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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVO_Energy
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OVO Energy
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["1 History","2 OVO Foundation","3 Energy and Renewables","4 Sustainability","5 Electricity","6 Gas","7 Solar","8 Products","9 Awards","10 Acquisitions and Investments","11 Energy market competition","12 Sponsorship","13 Management","14 Regulator action","15 References","16 External links"]
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Energy supply company based in Bristol, United Kingdom
OVO Energy LtdIndustryRetail supply of energyFounded2009; 15 years ago (2009)HeadquartersBristol, England, UKSubsidiaries
Home Telecom Ltd
Spark Energy Ltd
Websitewww.ovoenergy.com
OVO Energy is a major energy supplier based in Bristol, England.
It was founded by Stephen Fitzpatrick and began trading energy in September 2009, buying and selling electricity and gas to supply domestic properties throughout the UK. By June 2017 OVO had 680,000 customers, an increase of 10,000 over the previous year, representing a 2.5% domestic market share. In November 2018, OVO Energy acquired one of its largest competitors, Spark Energy. Although at first one of over 15 smaller energy companies competing with the Big Six which dominated the market, in January 2020 OVO completed the acquisition of the retail arm of SSE, becoming itself one of the Big Six and the country's third-largest domestic energy supply company.
History
OVO Energy is British-owned and privately backed, with its headquarters in Bristol. OVO Energy supplies gas and electricity to domestic customers since 2009. This sector of the UK economy is dominated by a number of larger companies known as the Big Six.
OVO Foundation
OVO’s charity arm, OVO Foundation, was founded in 2014 and supports climate action and education in schools across the UK and communities internationally.
Energy and Renewables
OVO’s aim is to move away from gas and help create an energy system driven entirely by renewable generation to decarbonise homes and power them with renewable energy. It partnered with multiple both large and small-scale renewable generators, including: Orsted , Ambition Community Energy, Genatec, St Fergus Energy Park and Atrato Onsite Energy plc .
Sustainability
Plan Zero is OVO’s response to the climate crisis. The three areas of focus include: Climate, Customers, and Culture. It outlines OVO's path to decarbonisation with a 2035 net-zero target. Since 2018, OVO has seen an over 50% reduction in operational emissions. OVO has committed to limiting its carbon offsetting to just 10% of its total emissions.
Electricity
Electricity supplied by OVO Energy comes directly to homes from the National Grid. As with all electricity this means it comes from various sources like wind, solar, natural gas and nuclear. In 2023 OVO stopped selling 100% renewable energy tariffs purely backed by renewable energy certificates known as REGOs OVO provides an add-on that allows customers to get 100% renewable electricity backed by power purchase agreements.
OVO's "pay as you go" product has been branded as Boost since 2017. After taking on customers from Economy Energy in 2019, the brand had around 350,000 customers.
Gas
OVO Energy sources its gas from the national grid. The majority of the UK's gas is sourced from the North Sea; the rest comes from Norway, Continental Europe and some from further afield. Increasingly, gas is imported as liquefied natural gas (LNG), natural gas cooled to about −165 °C (−265 °F) and compressed to make it easier to transport.
Solar
OVO launched OVO Solar in 2023. This offered customers solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, batteries, inverters and a Smart Export Guarantee (SEG) rate.
Products
Power Move: This challenges customers to move their non-essential electricity to a different time of day, and only use 12.50% or less of your electricity during peak hours of 4pm to 7pm, Monday to Friday. It allows customers to earn money off their energy bill when they complete this challenge.
Heat Pumps: Working in partnership with Heat Geek, OVO are offering Heat Pump Plus - this gives customers a rate of 15p per kWh, a cheaper alternative to gas boilers.
Corgi: In 2017 CORGI HomePlan became part of the OVO group. They’re a boiler and home emergency provider in the UK, that currently provide their services to more than 165,000 customers.
OVO Beyond: This is an exclusive app for OVO customers, allowing them to manage their energy and get personalised tips, exclusive offers and advice.
Charge Anytime: This allows customers to charge their EV from their home, accessing cheaper rates than they would in public (by charging your car at the cheapest times possible).
Awards
2020: BusinessGreen Leaders Award Company of the Decade.
2021: Best Energy Brand - Charge Awards.
2021: Best Energy Supplier - Better Society Awards.
2022: USwitch 2nd place for Best Customer Service, 1st Place for Best Online Experience.
2022: Energy Supplier of the Year at The Energy Awards.
2022: Company of the Year - National Sustainability Awards.
2023: Sunday Times Best Place to Work for Women and Top 10 for Very Big Organisation.
Acquisitions and Investments
Spark Energy:
In November 2018, OVO acquired one of its rivals, Spark Energy, after the troubled supplier ceased trading.
The 2018 acquisition of Spark Energy included a subsidiary, Home Telecom Limited, which specialises in providing telephone and broadband services to tenants of private landlords.
SSE Energy Services:
In September 2019, OVO agreed to pay £500 million for SSE Energy Services, the retail business of SSE plc, and the purchase – which included SSE's 8,000 employees and their phone, broadband and heating insurance customers – was completed in January 2020. This made OVO the UK's second-largest energy supply company (after British Gas) with around 5 million customers. OVO stated that the SSE brand would continue for the time being. SSE had earlier intended to merge the business with Innogy's subsidiary Npower, but this was called off in December 2018. Following OVO Energy's takeover of SSE, numerous reports of incorrect and inflated bills were reported by former SSE consumers who had their accounts transferred to OVO Energy.
Bonnet:
On Friday 24th November, London, OVO announced that it had successfully completed the acquisition of public EV charging consumer app Bonnet. It allows EV drivers to have access to over 27,000 chargers at 7,000 locations. EV drivers can locate, use and pay for public charge points without switching between different cards or logins.
Mitsubishi Corporation:
On 14 February 2019, Mitsubishi Corporation bought a 20 percent stake in OVO, valuing the company at £1bn.
Energy market competition
The entry of OVO into the UK supply market in 2009 was welcomed as it increased competition in a market that had been criticised for high prices.
In October 2013, OVO's Founder Stephen Fitzpatrick appeared at the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee, when energy companies were asked to justify recent gas and electricity price rises. Fitzpatrick explained to the committee that the 'wholesale gas price had actually got cheaper', contrary to the Big Six energy suppliers' assertions that international global prices of gas and electricity had consistently risen.
Following the collapse of Economy Energy in January 2019, regulator Ofgem announced that OVO Energy would take on Economy Energy's 235,000 customers.
Sponsorship
In 2016, OVO sponsored the Bristol leg of the Tour of Britain cycling race. In 2017, the company began sponsoring both The Women's Tour and the Tour of Britain, the longest cycle stage races taking place in the UK. In March 2018, OVO announced they would begin providing equal prize money for both tours.
They are no longer sponsoring either race as of 2021.
In October 2021, OVO Energy took over sponsorship of Glasgow's entertainment and multi-purpose indoor arena, which was rebranded as the OVO Hydro. OVO Live allows customers to get access to ticket presales, VIP queue-jump entry, and VIP lounges at OVO Hydro Glasgow and OVO Arena Wembley.
Management
Stacey Cartwright was appointed as chair of the retail board at OVO Energy in April 2020. She holds other directorships including at Savills, Genpact and the Football Association, and was deputy chair at retailer Harvey Nichols. Non-executive directors include Jonson Cox, chair of water regulator Ofwat.
Regulator action
In January 2020, OVO Energy agreed to pay £8.9m into Ofgem's voluntary redress fund, after an investigation by Ofgem found instances of undercharging and overcharging, and inaccurate annual statements sent to more than half a million customers between 2015 and 2018. Head of Ofgem enforcement, Anthony Pygram, said "The supplier did not prioritise putting these issues right whilst its business was expanding."
In March 2021, as part of a wider investigation into price protection failings by energy suppliers, OVO's practices were found to have caused detriment to 240,563 customers totalling over £2m, and the company was required to pay redress of over £2.8m – the highest amount of compensation among the 18 companies investigated.
Overcharging of consumers was reported several times in 2022. In May 2023, Ofgem found that OVO had charged almost 11,000 customers more than the maximum allowed under the Energy Price Guarantee scheme. The company was required to refund and compensate those customers, the average amount being £181 per customer; and to pay £10,000 into Ofgem's redress fund. The regulator stated that OVO had "quickly engaged Ofgem and resolved the issue in a timely manner."
In 2022, OVO Energy was ranked second worst (only behind Utilita) in customer service by Citizens Advice.
References
^ "Key facts about OVO Energy". www.ovoenergy.com. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
^ Mason, Rowena (7 July 2011). "Energy Secretary to help new suppliers break into market dominated by Big Six". The Daily Telegraph. London.
^ Eaton, George (28 October 2013). "New questions for the big six mean Miliband's price freeze will continue to dominate". New Statesman. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
^ "Plan Zero". OVO. 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "BusinessGreen reports on Plan Zero". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "OVO calls for an end to industry greenwashing". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "Greener Energy". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "About us". Boost. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ "Our fuel mix – Where does OVO get its electricity from?". www.ovoenergy.com.
^ "Solar panels". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "Power Move". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "Heat Pumps". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "Corgi". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "OVO Beyond". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "Charge Anytime". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "BusinessGreen Leaders Award Anytime". OVO. 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "Charge Awards". OVO. 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "Better Society Awards". OVO. 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "USwitch Awards". OVO. 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "Expert Reviews". Expert Reviews. 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "National Sustainability Awards". National Sustainability Awards. 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "Sunday Times Best Place to Work". Sunday Times Best Place to Work. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "Ofgem appoints OVO Energy to take on customers of Spark Energy Supply Limited". Ofgem. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
^ Dungay, David (17 May 2017). "Spark Takes Aim At Telecoms Partners With Home Telecom Purchase". Comms Business. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
^ "Home Telecom Limited: Financial Statements to 31 December 2018". Companies House. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
^ "Ovo to become UK's second largest energy supplier after £500m SSE deal". The Guardian. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
^ Stoker, Liam (13 September 2019). "OVO seals £500 million swoop for SSE supply division". Current News. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ a b Thicknesse, Edward (15 January 2020). "Ovo completes £500m purchase of SSE's retail business". CityAM. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ "Questions about OVO and SSE?". OVO Energy. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ "SSE weighs options as Innogy UK retail merger collapses". Reuters. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ "Customers 'receive £80k energy bills moving from SSE to OVO'". Energy Live News. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
^ Tims, Anna (23 November 2022). "UK energy customers receiving bills of up to £49,000 after Ovo takeover of SSE". Guardian UK. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^ "Mitsubishi buys 20% stake in greentech company Ovo Energy". Industry Europe. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
^ "Martin Hickman: Suppliers run rings around regulators". The Independent. London. 7 October 2009.
^ "Newcomers try to shake up the energy market". The Northern Echo.
^ "Ovo Energy boss 'confused' by larger firms' price rises". BBC News. London. 29 October 2013.
^ Peachey, Kevin (11 January 2019). "Winter 'will see more energy firms fail'". BBC News. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
^ "OVO Energy announced as Bristol sponsor for the Tour of Britain". Bristol City Council News. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
^ "New sponsor for 2017 Tour of Britain and Women's Tour". British Cycling. British Cycling Federation. 20 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
^ Cary, Tom (7 March 2018). "Women's Tour of Britain to be given prize money parity with men's race". The Telegraph.
^ "The OVO Hydro is the new name for Scotland's home of live entertainment". Ovo Hydro. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
^ Grundy, Alice (20 April 2020). "Chair of new OVO Energy Board appointed after SSE acquisition". Current News. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ Lempriere, Molly (6 August 2020). "OVO Energy continues to grow new board with appointment of non-executive director". Current News. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
^ "Who we are". Ofwat. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ "Ovo Energy to pay £8.9m for overcharging customers". BBC News. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
^ "Ovo Energy to pay £8.9m for overcharging customers". BBC News: Business. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
^ Williams, Martin (2 March 2021). "'Regret': Scots energy firms ordered to pay millions in compensation for overcharging". The Herald. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
^ Tims, Anna (2 November 2022). "£19,000 in debt to Ovo: customers' haunting tales of energy bill horror". Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ Deeney, Yvonne (22 November 2022). "Mum-of-three forced on to prepayment meter by Ovo after energy bill doubled within a month". Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
^ Hyland, Jennifer (6 November 2022). "Scots couple charged £13,000 by OVO Energy for energy bill in one night". Daily Record. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
^ "Good Energy Limited and OVO Energy Limited to pay £4 million for overcharging customers". Ofgem. 18 May 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
^ Jordan, Dearbail (18 May 2023). "Ovo and Good Energy forced to refund overcharged customers". BBC. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
^ "Worst customer service on record from energy companies, says Citizens Advice". Citizens Advice. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
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Although at first one of over 15 smaller energy companies competing with the Big Six which dominated the market, in January 2020 OVO completed the acquisition of the retail arm of SSE, becoming itself one of the Big Six and the country's third-largest domestic energy supply company.","title":"OVO Energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Big Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Six_energy_suppliers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"OVO Energy is British-owned and privately backed, with its headquarters in Bristol. OVO Energy supplies gas and electricity to domestic customers since 2009.[2] This sector of the UK economy is dominated by a number of larger companies known as the Big Six.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"OVO’s charity arm, OVO Foundation, was founded in 2014 and supports climate action and education in schools across the UK and communities internationally.","title":"OVO Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"OVO’s aim is to move away from gas and help create an energy system driven entirely by renewable generation to decarbonise homes and power them with renewable energy. It partnered with multiple both large and small-scale renewable generators, including: Orsted [2021], Ambition Community Energy, Genatec, St Fergus Energy Park and Atrato Onsite Energy plc [2023].","title":"Energy and Renewables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Plan Zero [4] is OVO’s response to the climate crisis. The three areas of focus include: Climate, Customers, and Culture. It outlines OVO's path to decarbonisation with a 2035 net-zero target. Since 2018, OVO has seen an over 50% reduction in operational emissions. OVO has committed to limiting its carbon offsetting to just 10% of its total emissions.[5]","title":"Sustainability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Electricity supplied by OVO Energy comes directly to homes from the National Grid. As with all electricity this means it comes from various sources like wind, solar, natural gas and nuclear. In 2023 OVO stopped selling 100% renewable energy tariffs purely backed by renewable energy certificates known as REGOs [6] OVO provides an add-on that allows customers to get 100% renewable electricity backed by power purchase agreements. [7]OVO's \"pay as you go\" product has been branded as Boost since 2017. After taking on customers from Economy Energy in 2019, the brand had around 350,000 customers.[8]","title":"Electricity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"liquefied natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas"}],"text":"OVO Energy sources its gas from the national grid.[9] The majority of the UK's gas is sourced from the North Sea; the rest comes from Norway, Continental Europe and some from further afield. Increasingly, gas is imported as liquefied natural gas (LNG), natural gas cooled to about −165 °C (−265 °F) and compressed to make it easier to transport.","title":"Gas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"OVO launched OVO Solar [10] in 2023. This offered customers solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, batteries, inverters and a Smart Export Guarantee (SEG) rate.","title":"Solar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Power Move: This challenges customers to move their non-essential electricity to a different time of day, and only use 12.50% or less of your electricity during peak hours of 4pm to 7pm, Monday to Friday. It allows customers to earn money off their energy bill when they complete this challenge. [11]Heat Pumps:[12] Working in partnership with Heat Geek, OVO are offering Heat Pump Plus - this gives customers a rate of 15p per kWh, a cheaper alternative to gas boilers.Corgi:[13] In 2017 CORGI HomePlan became part of the OVO group. They’re a boiler and home emergency provider in the UK, that currently provide their services to more than 165,000 customers.OVO Beyond: [14] This is an exclusive app for OVO customers, allowing them to manage their energy and get personalised tips, exclusive offers and advice.Charge Anytime: [15] This allows customers to charge their EV from their home, accessing cheaper rates than they would in public (by charging your car at the cheapest times possible).","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"2020: BusinessGreen Leaders Award Company of the Decade. \n[16]2021: Best Energy Brand - Charge Awards.[17]2021: Best Energy Supplier - Better Society Awards.[18]2022: USwitch 2nd place for Best Customer Service, 1st Place for Best Online Experience.[19]2022: Energy Supplier of the Year at The Energy Awards.\n[20]2022: Company of the Year - National Sustainability Awards. [21]2023: Sunday Times Best Place to Work for Women and Top 10 for Very Big Organisation. [22]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spark Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_Energy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"SSE plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSE_plc"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"},{"link_name":"British Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Gas"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Innogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innogy"},{"link_name":"Npower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Spark Energy:\nIn November 2018, OVO acquired one of its rivals, Spark Energy, after the troubled supplier ceased trading.[23]The 2018 acquisition of Spark Energy included a subsidiary, Home Telecom Limited, which specialises in providing telephone and broadband services to tenants of private landlords.[24][25]SSE Energy Services:\nIn September 2019, OVO agreed to pay £500 million for SSE Energy Services, the retail business of SSE plc,[26][27] and the purchase – which included SSE's 8,000 employees and their phone, broadband and heating insurance customers – was completed in January 2020.[28] This made OVO the UK's second-largest energy supply company (after British Gas) with around 5 million customers.[28] OVO stated that the SSE brand would continue for the time being.[29] SSE had earlier intended to merge the business with Innogy's subsidiary Npower, but this was called off in December 2018.[30] Following OVO Energy's takeover of SSE, numerous reports of incorrect and inflated bills were reported by former SSE consumers who had their accounts transferred to OVO Energy.[31][32]Bonnet:\nOn Friday 24th November, London, OVO announced that it had successfully completed the acquisition of public EV charging consumer app Bonnet. It allows EV drivers to have access to over 27,000 chargers at 7,000 locations. EV drivers can locate, use and pay for public charge points without switching between different cards or logins.Mitsubishi Corporation:\nOn 14 February 2019, Mitsubishi Corporation bought a 20 percent stake in OVO, valuing the company at £1bn.[33]","title":"Acquisitions and Investments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fitzpatrick"},{"link_name":"Energy and Climate Change Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_Climate_Change_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"Big Six energy suppliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Six_energy_suppliers"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The entry of OVO into the UK supply market in 2009 was welcomed as it increased competition in a market that had been criticised for high prices.[34][35]In October 2013, OVO's Founder Stephen Fitzpatrick appeared at the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee, when energy companies were asked to justify recent gas and electricity price rises. Fitzpatrick explained to the committee that the 'wholesale gas price had actually got cheaper', contrary to the Big Six energy suppliers' assertions that international global prices of gas and electricity had consistently risen.[36]Following the collapse of Economy Energy in January 2019, regulator Ofgem announced that OVO Energy would take on Economy Energy's 235,000 customers.[37]","title":"Energy market competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tour of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"The Women's Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Women%27s_Tour"},{"link_name":"cycle stage races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_stage_race"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OVO_Energy&action=edit"},{"link_name":"OVO Hydro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVO_Hydro"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"In 2016, OVO sponsored the Bristol leg of the Tour of Britain cycling race.[38] In 2017, the company began sponsoring both The Women's Tour and the Tour of Britain, the longest cycle stage races taking place in the UK.[39] In March 2018, OVO announced they would begin providing equal prize money for both tours.[40]\nThey are no longer sponsoring either race as of 2021[update].In October 2021, OVO Energy took over sponsorship of Glasgow's entertainment and multi-purpose indoor arena, which was rebranded as the OVO Hydro.[41] OVO Live allows customers to get access to ticket presales, VIP queue-jump entry, and VIP lounges at OVO Hydro Glasgow and OVO Arena Wembley.","title":"Sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savills"},{"link_name":"Genpact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genpact"},{"link_name":"Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Harvey Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Ofwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofwat"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Stacey Cartwright was appointed as chair of the retail board at OVO Energy in April 2020. She holds other directorships including at Savills, Genpact and the Football Association, and was deputy chair at retailer Harvey Nichols.[42] Non-executive directors include Jonson Cox, chair of water regulator Ofwat.[43][44]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ofgem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofgem"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Energy Price Guarantee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Price_Guarantee"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-52"},{"link_name":"Utilita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilita_Energy"},{"link_name":"Citizens Advice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Advice"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"In January 2020, OVO Energy agreed to pay £8.9m into Ofgem's voluntary redress fund, after an investigation by Ofgem found instances of undercharging and overcharging, and inaccurate annual statements sent to more than half a million customers between 2015 and 2018.[45] Head of Ofgem enforcement, Anthony Pygram, said \"The supplier did not prioritise putting these issues right whilst its business was expanding.\"[46]In March 2021, as part of a wider investigation into price protection failings by energy suppliers, OVO's practices were found to have caused detriment to 240,563 customers totalling over £2m, and the company was required to pay redress of over £2.8m – the highest amount of compensation among the 18 companies investigated.[47]Overcharging of consumers was reported several times in 2022.[48][49][50] In May 2023, Ofgem found that OVO had charged almost 11,000 customers more than the maximum allowed under the Energy Price Guarantee scheme. The company was required to refund and compensate those customers, the average amount being £181 per customer; and to pay £10,000 into Ofgem's redress fund. The regulator stated that OVO had \"quickly engaged Ofgem and resolved the issue in a timely manner.\"[51][52]In 2022, OVO Energy was ranked second worst (only behind Utilita) in customer service by Citizens Advice.[53]","title":"Regulator action"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Key facts about OVO Energy\". www.ovoenergy.com. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ovoenergy.com/about-ovo/media-centre/key-facts","url_text":"\"Key facts about OVO Energy\""}]},{"reference":"Mason, Rowena (7 July 2011). \"Energy Secretary to help new suppliers break into market dominated by Big Six\". The Daily Telegraph. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/8621131/Energy-Secretary-to-help-new-suppliers-break-into-market-dominated-by-Big-Six.html","url_text":"\"Energy Secretary to help new suppliers break into market dominated by Big Six\""}]},{"reference":"Eaton, George (28 October 2013). \"New questions for the big six mean Miliband's price freeze will continue to dominate\". New Statesman. Retrieved 24 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2013/10/new-questions-big-six-mean-milibands-price-freeze-will-continue-dominate","url_text":"\"New questions for the big six mean Miliband's price freeze will continue to dominate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plan Zero\". OVO. 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://company.ovo.com/planzero/","url_text":"\"Plan Zero\""}]},{"reference":"\"BusinessGreen reports on Plan Zero\". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessgreen.com/news/4141570/net-zero-ovo-limits-offsets-cent-emissions-beefed-net-zero-plan","url_text":"\"BusinessGreen reports on Plan Zero\""}]},{"reference":"\"OVO calls for an end to industry greenwashing\". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://company.ovo.com/ovo-calls-for-end-to-industry-greenwashing/","url_text":"\"OVO calls for an end to industry greenwashing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greener Energy\". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ovoenergy.com/greener-energy","url_text":"\"Greener Energy\""}]},{"reference":"\"About us\". Boost. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boostpower.co.uk/about/","url_text":"\"About us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our fuel mix – Where does OVO get its electricity from?\". www.ovoenergy.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ovoenergy.com/our-energy/where-our-energy-comes-from.html","url_text":"\"Our fuel mix – Where does OVO get its electricity from?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solar panels\". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ovoenergy.com/solar-panels/","url_text":"\"Solar panels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Power Move\". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ovoenergy.com/power-move","url_text":"\"Power Move\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heat Pumps\". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ovoenergy.com/heat-pumps","url_text":"\"Heat Pumps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corgi\". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://corgihomeplan.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Corgi\""}]},{"reference":"\"OVO Beyond\". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://beyond.ovoenergy.com/","url_text":"\"OVO Beyond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charge Anytime\". OVO. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ovoenergy.com/electric-cars/charge-anytime/","url_text":"\"Charge Anytime\""}]},{"reference":"\"BusinessGreen Leaders Award Anytime\". OVO. 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://company.ovo.com/ovo-wins-company-of-the-decade-award/#:~:text=London%2C%2016%20October%202020%20%E2%80%93%20OVO,last%20night%27s%20BusinessGreen%20Leaders%27%20Awards.","url_text":"\"BusinessGreen Leaders Award Anytime\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charge Awards\". OVO. 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://charge.events/charge-awards-2021/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CEveryone%20at%20OVO%20is%20delighted,to%20decarbonise%20our%20members%27%20homes.","url_text":"\"Charge Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Better Society Awards\". OVO. 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bettersociety.net/energyawards/winners21.php","url_text":"\"Better Society Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"USwitch Awards\". OVO. 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uswitch.com/gas-electricity/uswitch-energy-awards-2022","url_text":"\"USwitch Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Expert Reviews\". Expert Reviews. 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expertreviews.co.uk/energy/1417008/expert-reviews-energy-awards-2022-the-results","url_text":"\"Expert Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Sustainability Awards\". National Sustainability Awards. 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalsustainabilityawards.co.uk/winners22.php","url_text":"\"National Sustainability Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunday Times Best Place to Work\". Sunday Times Best Place to Work. 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://company.ovo.com/ovo-awarded-best-place-to-work-for-women-and-top-10-for-very-large-organisation-in-the-sunday-times-best-places-to-work/#:~:text=Bristol%2C%2012th%20May%202023%3A%20OVO,Places%20to%20Work%202023%20awards.","url_text":"\"Sunday Times Best Place to Work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ofgem appoints OVO Energy to take on customers of Spark Energy Supply Limited\". Ofgem. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/publications-and-updates/ofgem-appoints-ovo-energy-take-customers-spark-energy-supply-limited","url_text":"\"Ofgem appoints OVO Energy to take on customers of Spark Energy Supply Limited\""}]},{"reference":"Dungay, David (17 May 2017). \"Spark Takes Aim At Telecoms Partners With Home Telecom Purchase\". Comms Business. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commsbusiness.co.uk/news/spark-takes-aim-at-telecoms-partners-with-home-telecom-purchase/","url_text":"\"Spark Takes Aim At Telecoms Partners With Home Telecom Purchase\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home Telecom Limited: Financial Statements to 31 December 2018\". Companies House. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07412021/filing-history/MzI0OTMwNDg1MWFkaXF6a2N4/document?format=pdf&download=0","url_text":"\"Home Telecom Limited: Financial Statements to 31 December 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ovo to become UK's second largest energy supplier after £500m SSE deal\". The Guardian. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/sep/13/ovo-to-become-uk-second-largest-energy-supplier-after-500m-sse-deal","url_text":"\"Ovo to become UK's second largest energy supplier after £500m SSE deal\""}]},{"reference":"Stoker, Liam (13 September 2019). \"OVO seals £500 million swoop for SSE supply division\". Current News. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.current-news.co.uk/news/ovo-seals-500-million-swoop-for-sse-supply-division","url_text":"\"OVO seals £500 million swoop for SSE supply division\""}]},{"reference":"Thicknesse, Edward (15 January 2020). \"Ovo completes £500m purchase of SSE's retail business\". CityAM. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityam.com/ovo-completes-purchase-of-sses-retail-business/","url_text":"\"Ovo completes £500m purchase of SSE's retail business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Questions about OVO and SSE?\". OVO Energy. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ovoenergy.com/ovo-and-sse","url_text":"\"Questions about OVO and SSE?\""}]},{"reference":"\"SSE weighs options as Innogy UK retail merger collapses\". Reuters. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sse-innogy-britain-idUKKBN1OG0MG","url_text":"\"SSE weighs options as Innogy UK retail merger collapses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Customers 'receive £80k energy bills moving from SSE to OVO'\". Energy Live News. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/11/25/customers-receive-80k-energy-bills-moving-from-sse-to-ovo/","url_text":"\"Customers 'receive £80k energy bills moving from SSE to OVO'\""}]},{"reference":"Tims, Anna (23 November 2022). \"UK energy customers receiving bills of up to £49,000 after Ovo takeover of SSE\". Guardian UK. Retrieved 23 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/money/2022/nov/23/uk-energy-customers-bills-ovo-sse","url_text":"\"UK energy customers receiving bills of up to £49,000 after Ovo takeover of SSE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitsubishi buys 20% stake in greentech company Ovo Energy\". Industry Europe. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://industryeurope.com/api/content/46205a84-3036-11e9-a398-120e7ad5cf50/","url_text":"\"Mitsubishi buys 20% stake in greentech company Ovo Energy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Hickman: Suppliers run rings around regulators\". The Independent. London. 7 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/martin-hickman-suppliers-run-rings-around-regulators-1798702.html","url_text":"\"Martin Hickman: Suppliers run rings around regulators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newcomers try to shake up the energy market\". The Northern Echo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/business/4704693.Newcomers_try_to_shake_up_the_energy_market/","url_text":"\"Newcomers try to shake up the energy market\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ovo Energy boss 'confused' by larger firms' price rises\". BBC News. London. 29 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24728992","url_text":"\"Ovo Energy boss 'confused' by larger firms' price rises\""}]},{"reference":"Peachey, Kevin (11 January 2019). \"Winter 'will see more energy firms fail'\". BBC News. Retrieved 11 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46838689","url_text":"\"Winter 'will see more energy firms fail'\""}]},{"reference":"\"OVO Energy announced as Bristol sponsor for the Tour of Britain\". Bristol City Council News. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.bristol.gov.uk/news/ovo-energy-announced-as-bristol-sponsor-for-the-tour-of-britain","url_text":"\"OVO Energy announced as Bristol sponsor for the Tour of Britain\""}]},{"reference":"\"New sponsor for 2017 Tour of Britain and Women's Tour\". British Cycling. British Cycling Federation. 20 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/road/article/20170420-road-New-sponsor-for-2017-Tour-of-Britain-and-Women-s-Tour-0","url_text":"\"New sponsor for 2017 Tour of Britain and Women's Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cycling","url_text":"British Cycling"}]},{"reference":"Cary, Tom (7 March 2018). \"Women's Tour of Britain to be given prize money parity with men's race\". The Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cycling/2018/03/07/womens-tour-britain-given-prize-money-parity-mens-race/","url_text":"\"Women's Tour of Britain to be given prize money parity with men's race\""}]},{"reference":"\"The OVO Hydro is the new name for Scotland's home of live entertainment\". Ovo Hydro. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ovohydro.com/blog/detail/the-ovo-hydro-is-the-new-name-for-scotlands-home-of-live-entertainment","url_text":"\"The OVO Hydro is the new name for Scotland's home of live entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"Grundy, Alice (20 April 2020). \"Chair of new OVO Energy Board appointed after SSE acquisition\". Current News. Retrieved 23 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.current-news.co.uk/news/chair-of-new-ovo-energy-board-appointed-after-sse-acquisition","url_text":"\"Chair of new OVO Energy Board appointed after SSE acquisition\""}]},{"reference":"Lempriere, Molly (6 August 2020). \"OVO Energy continues to grow new board with appointment of non-executive director\". Current News. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.current-news.co.uk/news/ovo-energy-continues-to-grow-new-board-with-appointment-of-non-executive-director","url_text":"\"OVO Energy continues to grow new board with appointment of non-executive director\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who we are\". Ofwat. Retrieved 23 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/about-us/who-we-are/","url_text":"\"Who we are\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ovo Energy to pay £8.9m for overcharging customers\". BBC News. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51292695","url_text":"\"Ovo Energy to pay £8.9m for overcharging customers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ovo Energy to pay £8.9m for overcharging customers\". BBC News: Business. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51292695","url_text":"\"Ovo Energy to pay £8.9m for overcharging customers\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Martin (2 March 2021). \"'Regret': Scots energy firms ordered to pay millions in compensation for overcharging\". The Herald. Retrieved 24 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19128320.regret-scottishpower-sse-scottish-gas-ordered-pay-millions-compensation-overcharging/","url_text":"\"'Regret': Scots energy firms ordered to pay millions in compensation for overcharging\""}]},{"reference":"Tims, Anna (2 November 2022). \"£19,000 in debt to Ovo: customers' haunting tales of energy bill horror\". Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/money/2022/nov/02/19000-in-debt-to-ovo-customers-haunting-tales-of-energy-bill-horror","url_text":"\"£19,000 in debt to Ovo: customers' haunting tales of energy bill horror\""}]},{"reference":"Deeney, Yvonne (22 November 2022). \"Mum-of-three forced on to prepayment meter by Ovo after energy bill doubled within a month\". Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/cost-of-living/mum-three-forced-prepayment-meter-7849284","url_text":"\"Mum-of-three forced on to prepayment meter by Ovo after energy bill doubled within a month\""}]},{"reference":"Hyland, Jennifer (6 November 2022). \"Scots couple charged £13,000 by OVO Energy for energy bill in one night\". Daily Record. Retrieved 6 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scots-couple-charged-13000-ovo-28417575","url_text":"\"Scots couple charged £13,000 by OVO Energy for energy bill in one night\""}]},{"reference":"\"Good Energy Limited and OVO Energy Limited to pay £4 million for overcharging customers\". Ofgem. 18 May 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/publications/good-energy-limited-and-ovo-energy-limited-pay-ps4-million-overcharging-customers","url_text":"\"Good Energy Limited and OVO Energy Limited to pay £4 million for overcharging customers\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Dearbail (18 May 2023). \"Ovo and Good Energy forced to refund overcharged customers\". BBC. Retrieved 16 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65631546","url_text":"\"Ovo and Good Energy forced to refund overcharged customers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Worst customer service on record from energy companies, says Citizens Advice\". Citizens Advice. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/about-us/about-us1/media/press-releases/worst-customer-service-on-record-from-energy-companies-says-citizens-advice/","url_text":"\"Worst customer service on record from energy companies, says Citizens Advice\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.ovoenergy.com/","external_links_name":"www.ovoenergy.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OVO_Energy&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.ovoenergy.com/about-ovo/media-centre/key-facts","external_links_name":"\"Key facts about OVO Energy\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/8621131/Energy-Secretary-to-help-new-suppliers-break-into-market-dominated-by-Big-Six.html","external_links_name":"\"Energy Secretary to help new suppliers break into market dominated by Big Six\""},{"Link":"http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2013/10/new-questions-big-six-mean-milibands-price-freeze-will-continue-dominate","external_links_name":"\"New questions for the big six mean Miliband's price freeze will continue to dominate\""},{"Link":"https://company.ovo.com/planzero/","external_links_name":"\"Plan 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SSE?\""},{"Link":"https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sse-innogy-britain-idUKKBN1OG0MG","external_links_name":"\"SSE weighs options as Innogy UK retail merger collapses\""},{"Link":"https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/11/25/customers-receive-80k-energy-bills-moving-from-sse-to-ovo/","external_links_name":"\"Customers 'receive £80k energy bills moving from SSE to OVO'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/money/2022/nov/23/uk-energy-customers-bills-ovo-sse","external_links_name":"\"UK energy customers receiving bills of up to £49,000 after Ovo takeover of SSE\""},{"Link":"https://industryeurope.com/api/content/46205a84-3036-11e9-a398-120e7ad5cf50/","external_links_name":"\"Mitsubishi buys 20% stake in greentech company Ovo Energy\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/martin-hickman-suppliers-run-rings-around-regulators-1798702.html","external_links_name":"\"Martin Hickman: Suppliers run rings around 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arthur_Roebuck
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John Arthur Roebuck
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["1 Life","1.1 Political career","2 Works","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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British politician (1802–1879)
Portrait of John Arthur Roebuck
John Arthur Roebuck (28 December 1802 – 30 November 1879), British politician, was born at Madras, in India. He was raised in Canada, and moved to England in 1824, and became intimate with the leading radical and utilitarian reformers. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Bath from 1832 to 1847, and MP for the Sheffield constituency from 1849. He took up a general attitude of hostility to the government of the day, whatever it was, which he retained throughout his life. He twice came to public prominence: in 1838, when, although at the time without a seat in parliament, he appeared at the bar of the Commons to protest, in the name of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, against the suspension of the constitution of Lower Canada; and in 1855, when, having overthrown Lord Aberdeen's ministry by carrying a resolution for the appointment of a committee of inquiry into the mismanagement in the Crimean War, he presided over its proceedings.
Life
John Arthur Roebuck was born at Madras in 1801, was fifth son of Ebenezer Roebuck, a civil servant in India, and a grandson of the inventor John Roebuck. He was taken to England in 1807 following the death of his father. His mother remarried and he was taken to Canada, where he was educated. He returned to England in 1824, and was entered at the Inner Temple, and called to the bar in 1831. In 1834, he married, Henrietta Falconer, a daughter of Thomas Falconer. In 1835 he became the agent in England for the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada during the dispute between the executive government and the House of Assembly. In 1838, although at the time without a seat in Parliament, he appeared at the bar of the Commons to protest, in the name of the Lower Canada Assembly, against the suspension of the constitution of Lower Canada. In 1843 he was appointed Queen's Counsel, and was elected a bencher of his inn.
Political career
He was elected as a member of parliament for Bath in 1832, declaring himself "an independent member of that house". A disciple of Jeremy Bentham and a friend of John Stuart Mill, Roebuck professed advanced political opinions, which he resolved to uphold in the House of Commons. In general, he took up an attitude of hostility to the government of the day, whatever it was, which he retained throughout his life. He attacked everyone who differed from him with such vehemence as to earn the nickname of "Tear 'em." He was never sympathetic with the Whigs, and never let an opportunity go to exhibit his contempt for them. In 1852, he wrote "The whigs, have ever been an exclusive and aristocratic faction, though at times employing democratic principles and phrases as weapons of offence against their opponents. ... When out of office they are demagogues; in power they become exclusive oligarchs".
He opposed the use of coercion in Ireland; advocated the abolition of sinecures; and proposed withdrawing the veto from the House of Lords. In 1835 he collected in a volume a series of Pamphlets for the People in support of his political views. In one of his pamphlets Roebuck denounced newspapers and everybody connected with them. As a result, John Black, the then editor of The Morning Chronicle, challenged him to a duel which was fought on 19 November 1835. Neither party was injured. He failed to be re-elected for Bath in 1837, but he regained the seat in 1841.
In 1843, he proposed a motion in favour of secular education, which was rejected. In the debate on the Irish Colleges Bill, he taunted the Irish supporters of the bill with such bitterness that John Patrick Somers, MP for Sligo, threatened to challenge him to a duel. In April 1844 Roebuck defended the Home Secretary Sir James Graham from various charges, and was denounced by George Smythe, 7th Viscount Strangford, as the "Diogenes of Bath," whose actions were always contradictory. Roebuck's reply to this led to Smythe demanding a duel or a retraction.
Roebuck lost his seat in the general election of 1847. He spent some of his time in writing A Plan for Governing our English Colonies, which was published in 1849. He was returned to parliament for the Sheffield constituency in a by-election in 1849.
Roebuck championed a vigorous foreign policy. In 1850 he moved a strongly worded vote of confidence in Lord Palmerston's recent foreign policy, following the Don Pacifico affair. In 1854 he defended the Crimean War; but the inefficiency which soon became apparent in carrying it on excited his disgust. In 1855, when, having overthrown Lord Aberdeen's ministry by carrying a resolution for the appointment of a committee of inquiry into the mismanagement in the Crimean War, he presided over its proceedings.
In his latter years his political opinions became greatly modified. A speech at Salisbury in 1862, in which he alleged that working men were spendthrifts and wife-beaters, made him unpopular for a time. He strongly denounced the trade unionist Sheffield Outrages of 1867. During the American Civil War he firmly championed the slave-holders of the South, boasting that Lord Palmerston had confessed to him that he was on the same side. In June 1863 Roebuck moved a resolution in the House of Commons calling for the Government to "enter into negotiations with the Great Powers of Europe, for the purpose of obtaining their co-operation in the recognition of the independence of the Confederate States of North America." During the debate on the motion Roebuck claimed to have recently received an audience with the Emperor of the French who he said had assured him that France stood ready to recognise the Confederacy if the United Kingdom would do likewise. Roebuck later dropped the motion under pressure from the Government. Roebuck also defended Austrian rule in Italy. These uncompromising attitudes led to Roebuck's rejection by Sheffield voters at the election of 1868. He regained the seat in 1874. In 1878 he was made a privy councillor by the Tory government. He died at Westminster, in 1879. He was survived by his wife and a daughter.
Works
Remarks on the Proposed Union of the Canadas, 1822
Debate in the House of Commons, on 15 April 1834, on Mr. Roebuck's Motion for "a Select Committee to inquire the means of remedying the evils which exist in the form of the governments now existing in Upper and Lower Canada", 1834
The Canadas and Their Grievances, 1835
Existing Difficulties in the Government of the Canadas, 1836
The Colonies of England : A Plan for the Government of Portion of Our Colonial Possessions, 1849
History of the Whig Ministry of 1830, to the Passing of the Reform Bill, 1852
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Roebuck, John Arthur", Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 49
^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Roebuck, John Arthur". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 451.
^ "Resolution (1863)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 30 June 1863. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
^ "Order for Resuming Adjourned Debate (1863)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 13 July 1863. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
Further reading
Briggs, Asa. "John Arthur Roebuck and the Crimean War" in Briggs, Victorian People (1955) pp. 52–86. online
External links
Media related to John Arthur Roebuck at Wikimedia Commons
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Arthur Roebuck
"Roebuck, John Arthur" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
Life and Letters of John Arthur Roebuck, P.C., Q.C., M.P.: With Chapters of Autobiography, London: E. Arnold, 1897, 392 p. (online)
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byJohn ThynneCharles Palmer
Member of Parliament for Bath 1832–1837 With: Charles Palmer
Succeeded byThe Viscount PowerscourtWilliam Bruges
Preceded byThe Viscount PowerscourtWilliam Bruges
Member of Parliament for Bath 1841–1847 With: Viscount Duncan
Succeeded byLord AshleyViscount Duncan
Preceded byHenry George WardJohn Parker
Member of Parliament for Sheffield 1849–1868 With: John Parker to 1852George Hadfield from 1852
Succeeded byA. J. MundellaGeorge Hadfield
Preceded byGeorge HadfieldA. J. Mundella
Member of Parliament for Sheffield 1874–1879 With: A. J. Mundella
Succeeded bySamuel Danks WaddyA. J. Mundella
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He was taken to England in 1807 following the death of his father. His mother remarried and he was taken to Canada, where he was educated. He returned to England in 1824, and was entered at the Inner Temple, and called to the bar in 1831. In 1834, he married, Henrietta Falconer, a daughter of Thomas Falconer. In 1835 he became the agent in England for the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada during the dispute between the executive government and the House of Assembly.[1] In 1838, although at the time without a seat in Parliament, he appeared at the bar of the Commons to protest, in the name of the Lower Canada Assembly, against the suspension of the constitution of Lower Canada.[2] In 1843 he was appointed Queen's Counsel, and was elected a bencher of his inn.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Bentham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham"},{"link_name":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb1911-2"},{"link_name":"Whigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"coercion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion_Act"},{"link_name":"sinecures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinecure"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"John Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Black_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"The Morning Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"John Patrick Somers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patrick_Somers"},{"link_name":"Sligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Borough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sir James Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"George Smythe, 7th Viscount Strangford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smythe,_7th_Viscount_Strangford"},{"link_name":"Diogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"general election of 1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Sheffield constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Palmerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston"},{"link_name":"Don Pacifico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Pacifico"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb1911-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb1911-2"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Outrages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Outrages"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Emperor of the French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"election of 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"privy councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_councillor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"}],"sub_title":"Political career","text":"He was elected as a member of parliament for Bath in 1832, declaring himself \"an independent member of that house\". A disciple of Jeremy Bentham and a friend of John Stuart Mill, Roebuck professed advanced political opinions, which he resolved to uphold in the House of Commons.[1] In general, he took up an attitude of hostility to the government of the day, whatever it was, which he retained throughout his life.[2] He attacked everyone who differed from him with such vehemence as to earn the nickname of \"Tear 'em.\" He was never sympathetic with the Whigs, and never let an opportunity go to exhibit his contempt for them. In 1852, he wrote \"The whigs, have ever been an exclusive and aristocratic faction, though at times employing democratic principles and phrases as weapons of offence against their opponents. ... When out of office they are demagogues; in power they become exclusive oligarchs\".[1]He opposed the use of coercion in Ireland; advocated the abolition of sinecures; and proposed withdrawing the veto from the House of Lords. In 1835 he collected in a volume a series of Pamphlets for the People in support of his political views. In one of his pamphlets Roebuck denounced newspapers and everybody connected with them. As a result, John Black, the then editor of The Morning Chronicle, challenged him to a duel which was fought on 19 November 1835. Neither party was injured. He failed to be re-elected for Bath in 1837, but he regained the seat in 1841.[1]In 1843, he proposed a motion in favour of secular education, which was rejected. In the debate on the Irish Colleges Bill, he taunted the Irish supporters of the bill with such bitterness that John Patrick Somers, MP for Sligo, threatened to challenge him to a duel. In April 1844 Roebuck defended the Home Secretary Sir James Graham from various charges, and was denounced by George Smythe, 7th Viscount Strangford, as the \"Diogenes of Bath,\" whose actions were always contradictory. Roebuck's reply to this led to Smythe demanding a duel or a retraction.[1]Roebuck lost his seat in the general election of 1847. He spent some of his time in writing A Plan for Governing our English Colonies, which was published in 1849. He was returned to parliament for the Sheffield constituency in a by-election in 1849.[1]Roebuck championed a vigorous foreign policy. In 1850 he moved a strongly worded vote of confidence in Lord Palmerston's recent foreign policy, following the Don Pacifico affair. In 1854 he defended the Crimean War; but the inefficiency which soon became apparent in carrying it on excited his disgust.[1] In 1855, when, having overthrown Lord Aberdeen's ministry by carrying a resolution for the appointment of a committee of inquiry into the mismanagement in the Crimean War, he presided over its proceedings.[2]In his latter years his political opinions became greatly modified.[2] A speech at Salisbury in 1862, in which he alleged that working men were spendthrifts and wife-beaters, made him unpopular for a time. He strongly denounced the trade unionist Sheffield Outrages of 1867. During the American Civil War he firmly championed the slave-holders of the South, boasting that Lord Palmerston had confessed to him that he was on the same side. In June 1863 Roebuck moved a resolution in the House of Commons calling for the Government to \"enter into negotiations with the Great Powers of Europe, for the purpose of obtaining their co-operation in the recognition of the independence of the Confederate States of North America.\" During the debate on the motion Roebuck claimed to have recently received an audience with the Emperor of the French who he said had assured him that France stood ready to recognise the Confederacy if the United Kingdom would do likewise.[3] Roebuck later dropped the motion under pressure from the Government.[4] Roebuck also defended Austrian rule in Italy. These uncompromising attitudes led to Roebuck's rejection by Sheffield voters at the election of 1868. He regained the seat in 1874. In 1878 he was made a privy councillor by the Tory government. He died at Westminster, in 1879. He was survived by his wife and a daughter.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Remarks on the Proposed Union of the Canadas, 1822\nDebate in the House of Commons, on 15 April 1834, on Mr. Roebuck's Motion for \"a Select Committee to inquire the means of remedying the evils which exist in the form of the governments now existing in Upper and Lower Canada\", 1834\nThe Canadas and Their Grievances, 1835\nExisting Difficulties in the Government of the Canadas, 1836\nThe Colonies of England : A Plan for the Government of Portion of Our Colonial Possessions, 1849\nHistory of the Whig Ministry of 1830, to the Passing of the Reform Bill, 1852","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/victorianpeoplea000327mbp/page/n9/mode/2up"}],"text":"Briggs, Asa. \"John Arthur Roebuck and the Crimean War\" in Briggs, Victorian People (1955) pp. 52–86. online","title":"Further reading"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Davies_(director)
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Howard Davies (director)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 References","5 External links"]
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British theatre and television director
Howard DaviesBorn(1945-04-26)26 April 1945Reading, EnglandDied25 October 2016(2016-10-25) (aged 71)Alma materDurham UniversityBristol UniversityOccupationTheatre directorSpouses
Susan Wall (divorced)
Clare Holman (m. 2005)
Children2
Stephen Howard Davies, CBE (26 April 1945 – 25 October 2016) was a British theatre and television director.
Early life
Davies was the son of miner and glassblower Thomas Emrys Davies, from Maesteg, and Hilda Bevan. He was born in Reading, England. He was educated at Christ's Hospital school, Horsham and then studied at Durham University (1963-1966) and Bristol University, where he developed an appreciation for the works of Bertolt Brecht.
Career
In the early 1970s, Davies worked extensively with the Bristol Old Vic and the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, and he served as an associate director for both the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he directed Les liaisons dangereuses, Macbeth, and Troilus and Cressida. He also did much work for the Royal National Theatre, where his projects included Hedda Gabler, The House of Bernarda Alba, Pygmalion, The Crucible, The Shaughraun, and Paul., and where he directed Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard which opened in May 2011 and was broadcast on 30 June 2011 as part of National Theatre Live. At the Almeida Theatre he directed Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and The Play About the Baby, whilst at the Hampstead Theatre he directed the 2012 premiere of 55 Days.
His opera credits include Idomeneo, The Italian Girl in Algiers, Eugene Onegin, and I due Foscari, and he directed the opera-related play After Aida 1985–86 in Wales and at the Old Vic Theatre.
Davies' work in West End theatre won him the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Director for The Iceman Cometh, All My Sons and The White Guard; the London Critics Circle Award for Best Director for Mourning Becomes Electra and The Iceman Cometh; and the Evening Standard Award for Best Director for All My Sons and Flight.
Davies made his Broadway debut with Piaf in 1981. His Broadway credits also include Les liaisons dangereuses, the 1990 revival of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, the 1993 revival of My Fair Lady, Translations, the 1999 revival of The Iceman Cometh, the 2002 revival of Private Lives, and the 2007 revival of A Moon for the Misbegotten. He was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play thrice but did not win, and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play three times, winning for Les liaisons dangereuses.
Davies' screen credits include the television films Copenhagen and Blue/Orange and the feature film The Secret Rapture.
Davies was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours, for services to drama.
Personal life and death
Davies was married to actress Clare Holman. He was previously married to Susan Wall with whom he had two daughters, Hannah Davies, a journalist, and Kate Davies.
Davies died of oesophageal cancer on 25 October 2016 at the age of 71.
References
^ a b FilmReference.com
^ Hare, David (27 October 2016). "Howard Davies obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
^ "New Year Honours for Durham Alumni". Durham First (30): 26. 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ Eddershaw, Margaret, Performing Brecht. Taylor & Francis 1996. ISBN 0-415-08011-8, pp. 93–97
^ a b c d Gates, Anita (26 October 2016). "Howard Davies, Theatre Director in Britain and on Broadway, Dies at 71". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ a b Howard Davies biography at PBS.com
^ Howard Davies at the London Theatre Database Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Howard Davies biography at Chichester Festival Theatre website Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ Howard Davies at BritFilms.com Archived 2 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "No. 59647". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2010. p. 7.
^ Director Howard Davies dies aged 71
External links
Howard Davies at the Internet Broadway Database
Howard Davies at IMDb
Video interview
Awards for Howard Davies
vteCritics' Circle Theatre Award for Best Director
James Roose-Evans (1982)
Terry Hands / Giles Havergal (1983)
Peter Gill (1984)
Bill Bryden (1985)
Mike Alfreds (1986)
Declan Donnellan (1987)
Peter Brook (1988)
Nicholas Hytner (1989)
Peter Hall / Robert Lepage (1990)
Trevor Nunn (1991)
Stephen Daldry (1992)
Terry Hands (1993)
Sean Mathias (1994)
Sam Mendes (1995)
Richard Eyre (1996)
Richard Eyre (1997)
Howard Davies (1998)
Trevor Nunn (1999)
Michael Grandage (2000)
Robert Lepage (2001)
Sam Mendes (2002)
Howard Davies (2003)
Rufus Norris (2004)
Michael Grandage (2005)
John Tiffany (2006)
Rupert Goold (2007)
Michael Grandage (2008)
Rupert Goold (2009)
Michael Grandage / Thea Sharrock (2010)
Mike Leigh (2011)
Benedict Andrews (2012)
Lyndsey Turner (2013)
Ivo van Hove (2014)
Robert Icke (2015)
John Tiffany (2016)
Dominic Cooke (2017)
Stephen Daldry (2018)
Jamie Lloyd (2019)
Rebecca Frecknall (2022)
Rupert Goold (2023)
vteEvening Standard Theatre Award for Best Director
Trevor Nunn (1979)
Trevor Nunn and John Caird (1980)
Peter Hall (1981)
Richard Eyre (1982)
Yuri Lyubimov (1983)
Christopher Morahan (1984)
Bill Bryden (1985)
Núria Espert (1986)
Peter Hall (1987)
Deborah Warner (1988)
Nicholas Hytner (1989)
Richard Jones (1990)
Trevor Nunn (1991)
Stephen Daldry (1992)
Terry Hands (1993)
Sean Mathias (1994)
Matthew Warchus (1995)
Katie Mitchell (1996)
No award (1997)
No award (1998)
Trevor Nunn (1999)
Howard Davies (2000)
Deborah Warner (2001)
Sam Mendes (2002)
Polly Teale (2003)
Rufus Norris (2004)
Michael Grandage (2005)
Marianne Elliott (2006)
Rupert Goold (2007)
Michael Grandage (2008)
Rupert Goold (2009)
Howard Davies (2010)
Mike Leigh (2011)
Nicholas Hytner (2012)
Richard Eyre (2013)
Jeremy Herrin (2014)
Robert Icke (2015)
John Malkovich (2016)
Sam Mendes (2017)
Marianne Elliott (2018)
Robert Icke (2019)
Lynette Linton (2022)
Jamie Lloyd (2023)
vteDrama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play1975–2000
John Dexter (1975)
Ellis Rabb (1976)
Mike Nichols / Alan Schneider (1977)
Melvin Bernhardt (1978)
Jack Hofsiss (1979)
Vivian Matalon (1980)
Peter Hall (1981)
Tommy Tune (1982)
Trevor Nunn (1983)
Michael Blakemore (1984)
John Malkovich (1985)
Jerry Zaks (1986)
Howard Davies (1987)
John Dexter (1988)
Jerry Zaks (1989)
Frank Galati (1990)
Jerry Zaks (1991)
Patrick Mason (1992)
George C. Wolfe (1993)
Stephen Daldry (1994)
Gerald Gutierrez (1995)
Gerald Gutierrez (1996)
Trevor Nunn (1999)
Michael Blakemore (2000)
2001–present
Jack O'Brien (2001)
Mary Zimmerman (2002)
Robert Falls (2003)
Jack O'Brien (2004)
Doug Hughes (2005)
Nicholas Hytner (2006)
Jack O'Brien (2007)
Anna D. Shapiro (2008)
Matthew Warchus (2009)
Michael Grandage (2010)
Joel Grey and George C. Wolfe (2011)
Mike Nichols (2012)
Pam MacKinnon (2013)
Tim Carroll (2014)
Marianne Elliott (2015)
Ivo van Hove (2016)
Ruben Santiago-Hudson (2017)
John Tiffany (2018)
Sam Mendes (2019)
Stephen Daldry (2020)
No Award (2021)
Rebecca Frecknall (2022)
Max Webster (2023)
Daniel Aukin (2024)
vteLaurence Olivier Award for Best Director
Jonathan Miller (1976)
Clifford Williams (1977)
Terry Hands (1978)
Michael Bogdanov (1979)
Trevor Nunn / John Caird (1980)
Peter Wood (1981)
Richard Eyre (1982)
Terry Hands (1983)
Christopher Morahan (1984)
Bill Bryden (1985)
Bill Alexander (1986)
Declan Donnellan (1987)
Deborah Warner (1988)
Michael Bogdanov (1989/1990)
Richard Jones (1991, musical)
David Thacker (1991, play)
Simon Callow (1992, musical)
Deborah Warner (1992, play)
Nicholas Hytner (1993, musical)
Stephen Daldry (1993, play)
Declan Donnellan (1994, musical)
Stephen Daldry (1994, play)
Scott Ellis (1995, musical)
Declan Donnellan (1995, play)
Trevor Nunn (1995)
Sam Mendes (1996)
Des McAnuff (1997)
Richard Eyre (1998)
Howard Davies (1999)
Trevor Nunn (2000)
Howard Davies (2001)
Michael Boyd (2002)
Sam Mendes (2003)
Michael Grandage (2004)
Nicholas Hytner (2005)
Richard Eyre (2006)
Dominic Cooke (2007)
Rupert Goold (2008)
John Tiffany (2009)
Rupert Goold (2010)
Howard Davies (2011)
Matthew Warchus (2012)
Marianne Elliott (2013)
Lyndsey Turner (2014)
Ivo van Hove (2015)
Robert Icke (2016)
John Tiffany (2017)
Sam Mendes (2018)
Stephen Daldry (2019)
Miranda Cromwell and Marianne Elliott (2020)
No Ceremony (2021)
Rebecca Frecknall (2022)
Phelim McDermott (2023)
Jamie Lloyd (2024)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
SNAC
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He was born in Reading, England.[1] He was educated at Christ's Hospital school, Horsham[2] and then studied at Durham University (1963-1966)[3] and Bristol University, where he developed an appreciation for the works of Bertolt Brecht.[4][5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bristol Old Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Old_Vic"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Repertory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FilmRef-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"Les liaisons dangereuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_liaisons_dangereuses"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth"},{"link_name":"Troilus and Cressida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida"},{"link_name":"Royal National 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Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Aida"},{"link_name":"Old Vic Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Vic_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Laurence Olivier Award for Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"The Iceman Cometh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iceman_Cometh"},{"link_name":"All My Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Sons"},{"link_name":"The White Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Guard"},{"link_name":"London Critics Circle Award for Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Circle_Theatre_Award#Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Mourning Becomes Electra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_Becomes_Electra"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard Award for Best 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He also did much work for the Royal National Theatre, where his projects included Hedda Gabler, The House of Bernarda Alba, Pygmalion, The Crucible, The Shaughraun, and Paul.,[6][7] and where he directed Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard which opened in May 2011 and was broadcast on 30 June 2011 as part of National Theatre Live. At the Almeida Theatre he directed Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and The Play About the Baby, whilst at the Hampstead Theatre he directed the 2012 premiere of 55 Days.His opera credits include Idomeneo, The Italian Girl in Algiers, Eugene Onegin, and I due Foscari,[6][8] and he directed the opera-related play After Aida 1985–86 in Wales and at the Old Vic Theatre.Davies' work in West End theatre won him the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Director for The Iceman Cometh, All My Sons and The White Guard; the London Critics Circle Award for Best Director for Mourning Becomes Electra and The Iceman Cometh; and the Evening Standard Award for Best Director for All My Sons and Flight.[9]Davies made his Broadway debut with Piaf in 1981. His Broadway credits also include Les liaisons dangereuses, the 1990 revival of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, the 1993 revival of My Fair Lady, Translations, the 1999 revival of The Iceman Cometh, the 2002 revival of Private Lives, and the 2007 revival of A Moon for the Misbegotten. He was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play thrice but did not win, and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play three times, winning for Les liaisons dangereuses.Davies' screen credits include the television films Copenhagen and Blue/Orange and the feature film The Secret Rapture.Davies was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours, for services to drama.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clare Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Holman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT01-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT01-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT01-5"}],"text":"Davies was married to actress Clare Holman.[5] He was previously married to Susan Wall with whom he had two daughters, Hannah Davies, a journalist, and Kate Davies.[5]Davies died of oesophageal cancer on 25 October 2016 at the age of 71.[11][5]","title":"Personal life and death"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isha_Upanishad
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Isha Upanishad
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["1 Etymology","2 Chronology","3 Structure","3.1 Difference between recensions","4 Content","4.1 Monism versus theism","4.2 Pursuit of Karma versus pursuit of Self","4.3 Vidya versus Avidya","4.4 Virtue versus vice","5 Reception","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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One of the ancient Sanskrit scriptures of Hinduism
IshaIsha Upanishad, verses 1 to 3 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)DevanagariईशIASTīśāDate1st millennium BCTypeMukhya UpanishadLinked VedaShukla YajurvedaVerses17 or 18Commented byAdi Shankara, Madhvacharya
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The Isha Upanishad (Devanagari: ईशोपनिषद् IAST īśopaniṣad), also known as Shri Ishopanishad, Ishavasya Upanishad, or Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad, is one of the shortest Upanishads, embedded as the final chapter (adhyāya) of the Shukla Yajurveda. It is a Mukhya (primary, principal) Upanishad, and is known in two recensions, called Kanva (VSK) and Madhyandina (VSM). The Upanishad is a brief poem, consisting of 17 or 18 verses, depending on the recension.
It is a key scripture of the Vedanta sub-schools, and an influential Śruti to diverse schools of Hinduism. It is the 40th chapter of Yajurveda. The name of the text derives from its incipit, īśā vāsyam, "enveloped by the Lord", or "hidden in the Lord (Self)". The text discusses the Atman (Self) theory of Hinduism, and is referenced by both Dvaita (dualism) and Advaita (non-dualism) sub-schools of Vedanta.
It is classified as a "poetic Upanishad" along with Kena, Katha, Svetasvatara and Mundaka by Paul Deussen (1908).
Etymology
The root of the word Īśvara (ईश्वर, Ishvara) comes from īś- (ईश्, Ish) which means "capable of" and "owner, ruler, chief of", ultimately cognate with English own (Germanic *aigana-, PIE *aik-). The word Īśa (ईश) literally means "ruler, master, lord". The term vāsyam (वास्य) literally means "hidden in, covered with, enveloped by".
Ralph Griffith and Max Müller both interpret the term "Isha" in the Upanishad interchangeably as "Lord" and "Self" (one's Self). Puqun Li translates the title of the Upanishad as "the ruler of the Self".
The Upanishad is also known as Ishavasya Upanishad and Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad.
Chronology
The chronology of Isha Upanishad, along with other Vedic era literature, is unclear and contested by scholars. All opinions rest on scanty evidence, assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.
Buddhism scholars such as Richard King date Isha Upanishad's composition roughly to the second half of the first millennium BCE, chronologically placing it after the first Buddhist Pali canons.
Hinduism scholars such as Stephen Phillips note the disagreement between modern scholars. Phillips suggests that Isha Upanishad was likely one of the earliest Upanishads, composed in the 1st half of 1st millennium BCE, after Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya, but before Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Kena, Katha, Manduka, Prasna, Svetasvatara and Maitri Upanishads, as well as before the earliest Buddhist Pali and Jaina canons.
Earlier 19th- and 20th-century scholars have similarly expressed a spectrum of views. Isha Upanishad has been chronologically listed by them as being among early Upanishads to being one among the middle Upanishads. Deussen suggested, for example, that Isha was composed after ancient prose Upanishads – Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki and Kena; during a period when metrical poem-like Upanishads were being composed. Further, he suggests that Isha was composed before other prose Upanishads such as Prasna, Maitri, Mandukya and all post-Vedic era Upanishads.
Winternitz, suggests that Isha Upanishad was probably a pre-Buddha composition along with Katha, Svetasvatara, Mundaka and Prasna Upanishad, but after the first phase of ancient Upanishads that were composed in prose such as Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki and Kena. Winternitz states that Isha was likely composed before post-Buddhist Upanishads such as Maitri and Mandukya.
Ranade posits that Isha was composed in the second group of Upanishads along with Kena Upanishad, right after the first group of Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya, but chronologically before Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Katha, Mundaka, Svetasvatara, Prasna, Mandukya and Maitrayani.
Structure
A manuscript page from the Isha Upanisad.
Isha Upanishad is the only Upanishad that is attached to a Samhita, the most ancient layer of Vedic text known for their mantras and benedictions. Other Upanishads are attached to a later layer of Vedic texts such as Brahmanas and Aranyakas. Max Muller notes that this does not necessarily mean that Isha Upanishad is among the oldest, because Shukla Yajur Veda is acknowledged to be of a later origin than textual layers of other Vedas such as the Rig Veda.
The 8th-century Indian scholar Adi Shankara, in his Bhasya (review and commentary) noted that the mantras and hymns of Isha Upanishad are not used in rituals, because their purpose is to enlighten the reader as to "what is the nature of Self (Atman)?"; the Upanishad, thus, despite Yajurveda Samhita's liturgical focus, has not historically served as a liturgical text. Isha Upanishad is a philosophical text.
Difference between recensions
The Isha Upanishad manuscript differs in the two shakhas of the Shukla Yajurveda. These are called the Kanva (VSK) and Madhyandina (VSM) recensions. The order of verses 1–8 is the same in both, however, Kanva verses 9–14 correspond to Madhyandina verses 12, 13, 14, 9, 10, 11. Madhyandina verse 17 is a variation of Kanva 15, Kanva verse 16 is missing in Madhyandina, and Kanva verses 17–18 correspond to Madhyandina 15–16.
In both recensions, the Isha Upanishad is the 40th chapter of Shukla Yajur Veda. Versions with 18 verses refer to Kanva, while those with 17 verses are referring to the Madhyandina.
Kanva 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Madhyandina 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
12
13
14
9
10
11
(17)
–
15
16
Content
Monism versus theism
The Isha Upanishad is significant for its singular mention of the term "Isha" in the first hymn, a term it never repeats in other hymns. The concept "Isha" exhibits monism in one interpretation, or a form of monotheism in an alternative interpretation, referred to as "Self" or "Deity Lord" respectively.
Enveloped by the Lord must be This All — each thing that moves on earth.
With that renounced, enjoy thyself. Covet no wealth of any man.
— Isha Upanishad, Hymn 1
Ralph Griffith interprets the word "Isha" contextually, translates it as "the Lord", and clarifies that this "the Lord" means "the Self of All, and thy inmost Self – the only Absolute Reality". The term "This All" is the empirical reality, while the term "renounced" is referring the Indian concept of sannyasa, and "enjoy thyself" is referring to the "blissful delight of Self-realization".
The Advaita Vedanta scholar Shankara interprets the above hymn 1 as equating "the Lord" as the "Atman" (Self). In contrast, Madhvacharya, the Dvaita Vedanta scholar interprets the hymn as equating "the Lord" as Vishnu, or a monotheistic God in a henotheistic sense. Other interpretations have also been suggested. For example, the more recent scholar Mahīdhara suggested that hymn 1 may be referring to Buddha, an interpretation that Max Muller stated was inadmissible because of the fundamental difference between Hinduism and Buddhism, with Hinduism relying on the premise "Self, Self exists" and Buddhism relying on the premise "Soul, Self does not exist".
Pursuit of Karma versus pursuit of Self
The Isha Upanishad, in hymns 2–6, acknowledges the contrasting tension within Hinduism, between the empirical life of householder and action (karma) and the spiritual life of renunciation and knowledge (jnana).
Should one wish to live a hundred years on this earth, he should live doing Karma. While thus, as man, you live, there is no way other than this by which Karma will not cling to you. Those who partake the nature of the Asuras , are enveloped in blind darkness, and that is where they reside who ignore their Atman . For liberation, know your Atman, which is motionless yet faster than mind, it is distant, it is near, it is within all, it is without all this. It is all pervading. And he who beholds all beings in the Self, and the Self in all beings, he never turns away from it .
— Isha Upanishad, Hymns 2-6
Adi Shankara suggests that "he" in hymn 6 (last sentence in above quote) is the "seeker of emancipation, on a journey to realize Self and Oneness in innermost self and everyone, and includes those in sannyasa"; while Madhvacharya suggests "he" is "the individual Self in loving devotion of God, seeking to get infinitely close to the God Self".
Max Muller, in his review of commentaries by many ancient and medieval Indian scholars, states that these verses of Isha Upanishad are proclaiming the "uselessness of all rituals, whether related to sacrifices or precepts of dharma", but simultaneously acknowledging the "harmlessness and necessity of social activity, that may be seen as potentially intermediate preparation to the path of Knowledge". The Isha Upanishad, is reminding the reader that neither routine life and rituals are right nor are they wrong, states Max Muller. They may be necessary to many, nevertheless, to prepare a person for emancipation, to show the path where cravings feel meaningless, and to produce a serene mind that longs for meaning and one that can discern highest knowledge. Ralph Griffith suggests the verses 2–6 of Isha Upanishad are condemning those who perform Karma in order to "get future advantages in life or to gain a place in heaven", because that is ignorance. The avoidance of "Self knowledge and its eternal, all-pervasive nature" is akin to "killing one's Self" and living a dead life states Isha Upanishad, states Griffith. The pursuit of Self is the seeking of the eternal, the whole, the all-transcending, the self-depending, the Oneness and law of all nature and existence.
Vidya versus Avidya
The Isha Upanishad suggests that one root of sorrow and suffering is considering one's Self as distinct and conflicted with the Self of others, assuming that the nature of existence is a conflicted duality where one's happiness and suffering is viewed as different from another living being's happiness and suffering. Such sorrow and suffering cannot exist, suggests the Upanishad, if an individual realizes that the Self is in all things, understands the Oneness in all of existence, focuses beyond individual egos and in the pursuit of Universal values, the Self and Real Knowledge.
When to a man who understands,
the Self has become all things,
what sorrow, what trouble can there be,
to him who beholds that unity.
— Isha Upanishad, Hymn 7
The Isha Upanishad, in hymn 8 through 11, praises the study of Vidya (Real Knowledge, eternal truths) and Avidya (not Real Knowledge, empirical truths). It asserts that to he who knows both Vidya and Avidya, the Avidya empowers him to overcome death (makes one alive), while Vidya empowers him with immortality. The Real Knowledge delivers one to freedom, liberation from all sorrows and fears, to a blissful state of life. Mukherjee states that Isha Upanishad in verse 11 is recommending that one must pursue material knowledge and spiritual wisdom simultaneously, and that a fulfilling life results from the harmonious, balanced alignment of the individual and the social interests, the personal and the organizational goals, the material and the spiritual pursuits of life.
The hymns 12 through 14 of Isha Upanishad, caution against the pursuit of only manifested cause or only spiritual cause of anything, stating that one sided pursuits lead to darkness. To be enlightened, seek both (उभय सह, ubhayam saha), suggests the Upanishad. It asserts that he who knows both the Real and the Perishable, both the manifested not-True cause and the hidden True cause, is the one who is liberated unto immortality.
Virtue versus vice
In final hymns 15 through 18, the Upanishad asserts a longing for Knowledge, asserting that it is hidden behind the golden disc of light, but a light that one seeks. It reminds one's own mind to remember one's deeds, and accept its consequences. The Madhyandina recension and Kanva recension vary in relative sequencing of the hymns, but both assert the introspective precept, "O Agni (fire) and mind, lead me towards a life of virtues, guide me away from a life of vices", and thus unto the good path and the enjoyment of wealth (of both karma's honey and Self-realization). The final hymns of Isha Upanishad also declare the foundational premise, "I am He", equating one Self's oneness with cosmic Self.
पुरुषः सोऽहमस्मि
I am He, the Purusha within thee.
— Isha Upanishad, Hymn 16 Abridged
Reception
Mahatma Gandhi thought so highly of it that he remarked, "If all the Upanishads and all the other scriptures happened all of a sudden to be reduced to ashes, and if only the first verse in the Ishopanishad were left in the memory of the Hindus, Hinduism would live for ever."
Paul Deussen states that the first verses are notable for including ethics of one who knows the Ātman.
Swami Chinmayananda in his commentary states "The very first stanza of this matchless Upanishad is in itself a miniature philosophical textbook. Besides being comprehensive in its enunciation of Truth, it provides a vivid exposition of the technique of realising the Truth in a language unparalleled in philosophical beauty and literary perfection. Its mantras are the briefest exposition on philosophy and each one is an exercise in contemplation." Swami Chinmayananda notes in his commentary that the 18 verses (VSK recension) proceed over 7 "waves of thought" with the first 3 representing 3 distinct paths of life, 4–8 pointing out the Vision of Truth, 9–14 revealing the path of worship leading to purification, 15–17 revealing the call of the Rishis for man to awaken to his own Immortal state, and verse 18 the prayer to the Lord to bless all seekers with strength to live up to the teachings of the Upanishad.
See also
Brahma Sutras
Bhagavad Gita
Mahabharata
Bhagavata Purana
Kena Upanishad
References
^ Sharma, B.N.K: Philosophy of Sri Madhvacharya, page 363. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1962.
^ a b c d Ralph T. H. Griffith, The Texts of the White Yajurveda, pages 304-308
^ a b c Max Muller, The Upanishads, The Sacred Books of the East, Part 1, Oxford University Press, Reprinted by Routledge in 2013, ISBN 978-0700706006, Vol. 1, pages 311-319
^ AK Bhattacharyya, Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, ISBN 978-0595384556, pages 25-46
^ Madhava Acharya, The Commentary of Sri Madhva on Isha and Kena Upanishad, OCLC 24455623; also Isavasyopanisad bhasya sangraha, ISBN 978-8187177210, OCLC 81882275
^ Deussen, Paul (1908), The philosophy of the Upanishads
^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell (2004), A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120820005, page 47
^ iza Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cologne University, Germany
^ vAsya Archived 2016-03-14 at the Wayback Machine Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cologne University, Germany
^ P Li (2012), A Guide to Asian Philosophy Classics, Broadview Press, ISBN 978-1554810345, page 4
^ a b c d Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231144858, Chapter 1
^ Patrick Olivelle (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195124354, Introduction Chapter
^ Richard King (1995), Ācārya, Gauḍapāda - Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: the Mahāyāna context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2513-8, pages 51-54
^ Paul Deussen, The Philosophy of the Upanishads, pages 22-26
^ M Winternitz (2010), History of Indian Literature, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120802643
^ RD Ranade, A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy, Chapter 1, pages 13-18
^ a b Max Muller (Translator), Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad, Oxford University Press, Introduction section pages c-ci
^ a b c d e f g h The Isa, Kena and Mundaka Upanishads and Sri Sankara's Commentary Adi Shankara, SS Sastri (Translator), pages 1-29
^ a b c Charles Johnston (1920), The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom at Google Books, Reprinted by Ksetra Books, pages 49-83
^ Book the Fortieth White Yajurveda, Ralph Griffith (Translator), page 304-308
^ a b Book the Fortieth White Yajurveda, Ralph Griffith (Translator), page 304 with footnote 1
^ a b c d e f g h i Max Muller (Translator), Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad, Oxford University Press, pages 314-320
^ a b Isopanishad with commentary by Sri Madhavacharya Extracted pages 1-5 (in Sanskrit)
^ John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801585, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".
^ a b c Max Muller (Translator), Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad, Oxford University Press, pages 311-314
^ Astrid Fitzgerald (2002), Being Consciousness Bliss: A Seeker's Guide, Steiner, ISBN 978-0970109781, page 52
^ Richard H. Jones (1981), Vidyā and Avidyā in the Isha Upanishad, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Jan., 1981), pages 79-87
^ S Mukherjee (2011), Indian Management Philosophy, in The Palgrave Handbook of Spirituality and Business (Editors: Luk Bouckaert and Laszlo Zsolnai), Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0230238312, page 82
^ Sanskrit original: विद्यां चाविद्यां च यस्तद्वेदोभयँ सह । अविद्यया मृत्युं तीर्त्वा विद्ययाऽमृतमश्नुते ॥११॥ (...) सम्भूतिं च विनाशं च यस्तद्वेदोभयँ सह । विनाशेन मृत्युं तीर्त्वा सम्भूत्याऽमृतमश्नुते ॥१४॥ (Source: Wikisource);English Review and Translation: Max Muller (Translator), Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad, Oxford University Press, page 317
^ E Röer, Bibliotheca Indica: A Collection of Oriental Works, Isha Upanishad, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 15, pages 69-74
^ Easwaran, Eknath: The Upanishads, Translated for the Modern Reader, page 205. Nilgiri Press, 1987.
^ Paul Deussen (Translator), Sixty Upanisads of the Veda, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814691, page 547
^ Chinmayananda, Swami: "Isavasya Upanishad", preface.
^ Chinmayananda, "Isavasya Upanishad", pp.58-9
Albrecht Weber, The History of Indian Literature (1878).
N. Srinivasagopalan, Isa Upanisad Revisited, Oupanisada Publications, 16, Vayupuri, Secunderabad 500 094. 2004 ISBN 978-81-7525-831-0 The Subtitle is 'The Recipe for an Enlightened and Joyful Life of High Effectiveness and All-round success'
editions and translations
Sri Aurobindo, Aurobindo Ghosh (1972), Isha Upanishad (in English and Sanskrit), Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Wikidata Q108771474, Pondicherry. 1972.
S. Radhakrishnan. The Principal Upanishads. George Allen and Unwin Ltd. New York. 1969.
Swami Gambhirananda, Eight Upanishads, Vol.1. with the commentary of Shankaracharya. Tr. Advaita Ashrama, Calcutta, 2nd edn. 1989.
Bhānu Swāmī (transl.), Īśopaniṣad, with the commentary of Madhvācārya, Vedānta Deśika, Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa, Bhaktivinoda Thākura. Sri Vaikuntha Enterprises, Chennai, 2006.
Mario Petrucci (transl.), Isha Upanishad, Guillemot Press, UK. October 2019.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Isha Upanishad
Wikiquote has quotations related to Isha Upanishad.
Original text
Isha Upanishad in Sanskrit, Archived by SanskritDocuments.Org
Isha Upanishad, Manuscript in GRETIL etext, Archived by University of Göttingen
Commentary and translation
The Ishavasya Upanishad with Shankara’s Commentary Translated by M. Hiriyanna, online ebook
The Isopanisad with Madhva’s Commentary Translated by Srisa Chandra Vasu
Vagasaneyi Samhita Upanishad or Isa Upanishad translation by Max Müller – Kanva recension (18 hymns)
Isha Upanishad as Shukla Yajurveda Adhyaya 40 (White Yajurveda Chapter 40) A translation by Ralph T.H. Griffith, 1899 – Madhyandina recension (17 hymns)
Isha Upanishad Translations by Raja Ram Mohun Roy, Johnston, Nikhilānanda
Published commentaries on Isha Upanishad by Madhvacharya, Dvaita.org
Recitation
Downloadable Audio of 9 Classes on Isha Upanishad by Swami Tattwamayananda
Isha Upanishad recited by Pt. Ganesh Vidyalankar (with instrumental music)
Isha Upanishad recited by Pt. Parashurama Ghanapathi and Prof. K. Ramasubramanian
Resources
Video/Audio classes, Reference texts, Discussions and other Study material on Isha Upanishad at Vedanta Hub
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"IAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST"},{"link_name":"Upanishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads"},{"link_name":"Shukla Yajurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukla_Yajurveda"},{"link_name":"recension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recension"},{"link_name":"Vedanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta"},{"link_name":"Śruti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aruti"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Yajurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda"},{"link_name":"Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ralphgriffith-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmuller-3"},{"link_name":"Atman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Dvaita (dualism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta"},{"link_name":"Advaita (non-dualism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kena_Upanishad"},{"link_name":"Katha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katha_Upanishad"},{"link_name":"Svetasvatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetasvatara"},{"link_name":"Mundaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad"},{"link_name":"Paul Deussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Deussen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Isha Upanishad (Devanagari: ईशोपनिषद् IAST īśopaniṣad), also known as Shri Ishopanishad, Ishavasya Upanishad, or Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad, is one of the shortest Upanishads, embedded as the final chapter (adhyāya) of the Shukla Yajurveda. It is a Mukhya (primary, principal) Upanishad, and is known in two recensions, called Kanva (VSK) and Madhyandina (VSM). The Upanishad is a brief poem, consisting of 17 or 18 verses, depending on the recension.It is a key scripture of the Vedanta sub-schools, and an influential Śruti to diverse schools of Hinduism. It is the 40th chapter of Yajurveda. The name of the text derives from its incipit, īśā vāsyam, \"enveloped by the Lord\",[2] or \"hidden in the Lord (Self)\".[3] The text discusses the Atman (Self) theory of Hinduism, and is referenced by both Dvaita (dualism) and Advaita (non-dualism) sub-schools of Vedanta.[4][5]It is classified as a \"poetic Upanishad\" along with Kena, Katha, Svetasvatara and Mundaka by Paul Deussen (1908).[6]","title":"Isha Upanishad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Īśvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AA%C5%9Bvara"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"*aigana-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agnian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ralph Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_T._H._Griffith"},{"link_name":"Max Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ralphgriffith-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmuller-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmuller-3"}],"text":"The root of the word Īśvara (ईश्वर, Ishvara) comes from īś- (ईश्, Ish) which means \"capable of\" and \"owner, ruler, chief of\",[7] ultimately cognate with English own (Germanic *aigana-, PIE *aik-). The word Īśa (ईश) literally means \"ruler, master, lord\".[8] The term vāsyam (वास्य) literally means \"hidden in, covered with, enveloped by\".[9]Ralph Griffith and Max Müller both interpret the term \"Isha\" in the Upanishad interchangeably as \"Lord\" and \"Self\" (one's Self).[2][3] Puqun Li translates the title of the Upanishad as \"the ruler of the Self\".[10]The Upanishad is also known as Ishavasya Upanishad and Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad.[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stephenphillips-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stephenphillips-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stephenphillips-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stephenphillips-11"},{"link_name":"Deussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Deussen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The chronology of Isha Upanishad, along with other Vedic era literature, is unclear and contested by scholars.[11] All opinions rest on scanty evidence, assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.[11][12]Buddhism scholars such as Richard King date Isha Upanishad's composition roughly to the second half of the first millennium BCE, chronologically placing it after the first Buddhist Pali canons.[13]Hinduism scholars such as Stephen Phillips[11] note the disagreement between modern scholars. Phillips suggests that Isha Upanishad was likely one of the earliest Upanishads, composed in the 1st half of 1st millennium BCE, after Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya, but before Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Kena, Katha, Manduka, Prasna, Svetasvatara and Maitri Upanishads, as well as before the earliest Buddhist Pali and Jaina canons.[11]Earlier 19th- and 20th-century scholars have similarly expressed a spectrum of views. Isha Upanishad has been chronologically listed by them as being among early Upanishads to being one among the middle Upanishads. Deussen[14] suggested, for example, that Isha was composed after ancient prose Upanishads – Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki and Kena; during a period when metrical poem-like Upanishads were being composed. Further, he suggests that Isha was composed before other prose Upanishads such as Prasna, Maitri, Mandukya and all post-Vedic era Upanishads.Winternitz,[15] suggests that Isha Upanishad was probably a pre-Buddha composition along with Katha, Svetasvatara, Mundaka and Prasna Upanishad, but after the first phase of ancient Upanishads that were composed in prose such as Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki and Kena. Winternitz states that Isha was likely composed before post-Buddhist Upanishads such as Maitri and Mandukya.Ranade[16] posits that Isha was composed in the second group of Upanishads along with Kena Upanishad, right after the first group of Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya, but chronologically before Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Katha, Mundaka, Svetasvatara, Prasna, Mandukya and Maitrayani.","title":"Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MS_Indic_37,_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samhita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhita"},{"link_name":"Brahmanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanas"},{"link_name":"Aranyakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyaka"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmullercci-17"},{"link_name":"Adi Shankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmullercci-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adishankaraisha-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charlesjohnstoncomments-19"}],"text":"A manuscript page from the Isha Upanisad.Isha Upanishad is the only Upanishad that is attached to a Samhita, the most ancient layer of Vedic text known for their mantras and benedictions. Other Upanishads are attached to a later layer of Vedic texts such as Brahmanas and Aranyakas. Max Muller notes that this does not necessarily mean that Isha Upanishad is among the oldest,[17] because Shukla Yajur Veda is acknowledged to be of a later origin than textual layers of other Vedas such as the Rig Veda.The 8th-century Indian scholar Adi Shankara, in his Bhasya (review and commentary) noted that the mantras and hymns of Isha Upanishad are not used in rituals, because their purpose is to enlighten the reader as to \"what is the nature of Self (Atman)?\"; the Upanishad, thus, despite Yajurveda Samhita's liturgical focus, has not historically served as a liturgical text.[17][18] Isha Upanishad is a philosophical text.[19]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shakhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakha"},{"link_name":"Shukla Yajurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda#Shukla_Yajurveda"}],"sub_title":"Difference between recensions","text":"The Isha Upanishad manuscript differs in the two shakhas of the Shukla Yajurveda. These are called the Kanva (VSK) and Madhyandina (VSM) recensions. The order of verses 1–8 is the same in both, however, Kanva verses 9–14 correspond to Madhyandina verses 12, 13, 14, 9, 10, 11. Madhyandina verse 17 is a variation of Kanva 15, Kanva verse 16 is missing in Madhyandina, and Kanva verses 17–18 correspond to Madhyandina 15–16.In both recensions, the Isha Upanishad is the 40th chapter of Shukla Yajur Veda. Versions with 18 verses refer to Kanva, while those with 17 verses are referring to the Madhyandina.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara"},{"link_name":"monism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism"},{"link_name":"monotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ralphgriffith1-21"},{"link_name":"sannyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannyasa"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ralphgriffith1-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullercomments-22"},{"link_name":"Advaita Vedanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adishankaraisha-18"},{"link_name":"Madhvacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhvacharya"},{"link_name":"Dvaita Vedanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"henotheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotheism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madhavabhasya-23"},{"link_name":"Mahīdhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%ABdhara"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullercomments-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Monism versus theism","text":"The Isha Upanishad is significant for its singular mention of the term \"Isha\" in the first hymn, a term it never repeats in other hymns. The concept \"Isha\" exhibits monism in one interpretation, or a form of monotheism in an alternative interpretation, referred to as \"Self\" or \"Deity Lord\" respectively.Enveloped by the Lord must be This All — each thing that moves on earth.\nWith that renounced, enjoy thyself. Covet no wealth of any man.\n\n— Isha Upanishad, Hymn 1[20]Ralph Griffith interprets the word \"Isha\" contextually, translates it as \"the Lord\", and clarifies that this \"the Lord\" means \"the Self of All, and thy inmost Self – the only Absolute Reality\".[21] The term \"This All\" is the empirical reality, while the term \"renounced\" is referring the Indian concept of sannyasa, and \"enjoy thyself\" is referring to the \"blissful delight of Self-realization\".[21][22]The Advaita Vedanta scholar Shankara interprets the above hymn 1 as equating \"the Lord\" as the \"Atman\" (Self).[18] In contrast, Madhvacharya, the Dvaita Vedanta scholar interprets the hymn as equating \"the Lord\" as Vishnu, or a monotheistic God in a henotheistic sense.[23] Other interpretations have also been suggested. For example, the more recent scholar Mahīdhara suggested that hymn 1 may be referring to Buddha, an interpretation that Max Muller stated was inadmissible because of the fundamental difference between Hinduism and Buddhism, with Hinduism relying on the premise \"Self, Self exists\" and Buddhism relying on the premise \"Soul, Self does not exist\".[22][24]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma"},{"link_name":"jnana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ralphgriffith-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adishankaraisha-18"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullertrans-25"},{"link_name":"sannyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannyasa"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adishankaraisha-18"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madhavabhasya-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullercomments-22"},{"link_name":"dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullercomments-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullercomments-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ralphgriffith-2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Pursuit of Karma versus pursuit of Self","text":"The Isha Upanishad, in hymns 2–6, acknowledges the contrasting tension within Hinduism, between the empirical life of householder and action (karma) and the spiritual life of renunciation and knowledge (jnana).[2]Should one wish to live a hundred years on this earth, he should live doing Karma. While thus, as man, you live, there is no way other than this by which Karma will not cling to you. Those who partake the nature of the Asuras [evil], are enveloped in blind darkness, and that is where they reside who ignore their Atman [Self]. For liberation, know your Atman, which is motionless yet faster than mind, it is distant, it is near, it is within all, it is without all this. It is all pervading. And he who beholds all beings in the Self, and the Self in all beings, he never turns away from it [the Self].\n\n— Isha Upanishad, Hymns 2-6[18][25]Adi Shankara suggests that \"he\" in hymn 6 (last sentence in above quote) is the \"seeker of emancipation, on a journey to realize Self and Oneness in innermost self and everyone, and includes those in sannyasa\";[18] while Madhvacharya suggests \"he\" is \"the individual Self in loving devotion of God, seeking to get infinitely close to the God Self\".[23]Max Muller, in his review of commentaries by many ancient and medieval Indian scholars,[22] states that these verses of Isha Upanishad are proclaiming the \"uselessness of all rituals, whether related to sacrifices or precepts of dharma\", but simultaneously acknowledging the \"harmlessness and necessity of social activity, that may be seen as potentially intermediate preparation to the path of Knowledge\". The Isha Upanishad, is reminding the reader that neither routine life and rituals are right nor are they wrong, states Max Muller.[22] They may be necessary to many, nevertheless, to prepare a person for emancipation, to show the path where cravings feel meaningless, and to produce a serene mind that longs for meaning and one that can discern highest knowledge.[22] Ralph Griffith suggests the verses 2–6 of Isha Upanishad are condemning those who perform Karma in order to \"get future advantages in life or to gain a place in heaven\", because that is ignorance. The avoidance of \"Self knowledge and its eternal, all-pervasive nature\" is akin to \"killing one's Self\" and living a dead life states Isha Upanishad, states Griffith.[2] The pursuit of Self is the seeking of the eternal, the whole, the all-transcending, the self-depending, the Oneness and law of all nature and existence.[26]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charlesjohnstoncomments-19"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullertrans-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullercomments-22"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adishankaraisha-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullercomments-22"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adishankaraisha-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullercomments-22"}],"sub_title":"Vidya versus Avidya","text":"The Isha Upanishad suggests that one root of sorrow and suffering is considering one's Self as distinct and conflicted with the Self of others, assuming that the nature of existence is a conflicted duality where one's happiness and suffering is viewed as different from another living being's happiness and suffering. Such sorrow and suffering cannot exist, suggests the Upanishad, if an individual realizes that the Self is in all things, understands the Oneness in all of existence, focuses beyond individual egos and in the pursuit of Universal values, the Self and Real Knowledge.[19]When to a man who understands,\nthe Self has become all things,\nwhat sorrow, what trouble can there be,\nto him who beholds that unity.\n\n— Isha Upanishad, Hymn 7[25]The Isha Upanishad, in hymn 8 through 11, praises the study of Vidya (Real Knowledge, eternal truths) and Avidya (not Real Knowledge, empirical truths).[22][27] It asserts that to he who knows both Vidya and Avidya, the Avidya empowers him to overcome death (makes one alive), while Vidya empowers him with immortality. The Real Knowledge delivers one to freedom, liberation from all sorrows and fears, to a blissful state of life.[18][22] Mukherjee states that Isha Upanishad in verse 11 is recommending that one must pursue material knowledge and spiritual wisdom simultaneously, and that a fulfilling life results from the harmonious, balanced alignment of the individual and the social interests, the personal and the organizational goals, the material and the spiritual pursuits of life.[28]The hymns 12 through 14 of Isha Upanishad, caution against the pursuit of only manifested cause or only spiritual cause of anything, stating that one sided pursuits lead to darkness. To be enlightened, seek both (उभय सह, ubhayam saha), suggests the Upanishad.[29] It asserts that he who knows both the Real and the Perishable, both the manifested not-True cause and the hidden True cause, is the one who is liberated unto immortality.[18][22]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adishankaraisha-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charlesjohnstoncomments-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullercomments-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adishankaraisha-18"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Purusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusha"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxmullertrans-25"}],"sub_title":"Virtue versus vice","text":"In final hymns 15 through 18, the Upanishad asserts a longing for Knowledge, asserting that it is hidden behind the golden disc of light, but a light that one seeks. It reminds one's own mind to remember one's deeds, and accept its consequences.[18] The Madhyandina recension and Kanva recension vary in relative sequencing of the hymns, but both assert the introspective precept, \"O Agni (fire) and mind, lead me towards a life of virtues, guide me away from a life of vices\", and thus unto the good path and the enjoyment of wealth (of both karma's honey and Self-realization).[19][22] The final hymns of Isha Upanishad also declare the foundational premise, \"I am He\", equating one Self's oneness with cosmic Self.[18][30]पुरुषः सोऽहमस्मि\nI am He, the Purusha within thee.\n\n— Isha Upanishad, Hymn 16 Abridged[25]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Upanishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Paul Deussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Deussen"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Swami Chinmayananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Chinmayananda"},{"link_name":"year needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers"},{"link_name":"mantras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantras"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Mahatma Gandhi thought so highly of it that he remarked, \"If all the Upanishads and all the other scriptures happened all of a sudden to be reduced to ashes, and if only the first verse in the Ishopanishad were left in the memory of the Hindus, Hinduism would live for ever.\"[31]Paul Deussen states that the first verses are notable for including ethics of one who knows the Ātman.[32]Swami Chinmayananda in his commentary[year needed] states \"The very first stanza of this matchless Upanishad is in itself a miniature philosophical textbook. Besides being comprehensive in its enunciation of Truth, it provides a vivid exposition of the technique of realising the Truth in a language unparalleled in philosophical beauty and literary perfection. Its mantras are the briefest exposition on philosophy and each one is an exercise in contemplation.\"[33] Swami Chinmayananda notes in his commentary that the 18 verses (VSK recension) proceed over 7 \"waves of thought\" with the first 3 representing 3 distinct paths of life, 4–8 pointing out the Vision of Truth, 9–14 revealing the path of worship leading to purification, 15–17 revealing the call of the Rishis for man to awaken to his own Immortal state, and verse 18 the prayer to the Lord to bless all seekers with strength to live up to the teachings of the Upanishad.[34]","title":"Reception"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personico
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Personico
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Coat of arms","4 Demographics","5 Heritage sites of national significance","6 Politics","7 Economy","8 Religion","9 Education","10 References","11 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°22′N 8°55′E / 46.367°N 8.917°E / 46.367; 8.917Municipality in Ticino, SwitzerlandPersonicoMunicipality
Coat of armsLocation of Personico
PersonicoShow map of SwitzerlandPersonicoShow map of Canton of TicinoCoordinates: 46°22′N 8°55′E / 46.367°N 8.917°E / 46.367; 8.917CountrySwitzerlandCantonTicinoDistrictLeventinaGovernment • MayorSindacoArea • Total39.1 km2 (15.1 sq mi)Elevation325 m (1,066 ft)Population (31 December 2018) • Total335 • Density8.6/km2 (22/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)Postal code(s)6744SFOS number5076ISO 3166 codeCH-TISurrounded byBiasca, Bodio, Frasco, Gerra (Verzasca), Giornico, Iragna, Lavertezzo, PollegioWebsitehttps://www.personico.ch SFSO statistics
Personico is a municipality in the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
History
Personico is first mentioned in 1227 as Prexonego. During the Middle Ages, it belonged to the Vicinanza of Giornico. The village church of SS. Nazario e Celso was first mentioned in 1256. It belonged to the parish of Biasca until 1570, when it became an independent parish church. The church was restored in 1926 and again in 1978–79. Between 1736 and 1869 there was in a glass factory in operation in the village. A subsidiary factory was built in 1782 in Lodrino. The local economy mostly relied on livestock until the 19th century, when they began mining local stone. Between 1962 and 1967, the hydroelectric plant of Nuova Biaschina and dam in the Val d'Ambra was built. In 1999, another, smaller power plant was completed. In 2005, about 12% of the jobs were in the agricultural sector while about 46% were in industry and manufacturing.
Geography
Personico has an area, as of 1997, of 39.04 square kilometers (15.07 sq mi). Of this area, 0.55 km2 (0.21 sq mi) or 1.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 24.88 km2 (9.61 sq mi) or 63.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.61 km2 (0.24 sq mi) or 1.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.77 km2 (0.30 sq mi) or 2.0% is either rivers or lakes and 11.27 km2 (4.35 sq mi) or 28.9% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 0.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.4%. Out of the forested land, 48.8% of the total land area is heavily forested, while 12.9% is covered in small trees and shrubbery and 2.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.9% is used for growing crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 15.2% is unproductive vegetation and 13.6% is too rocky for vegetation.
The municipality is located in the Leventina district, on the left side of the lower Leventina valley.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a chamois' head couped Sable and in chief two mullets Gules.
Demographics
Personico has a population (as of December 2020) of 326. As of 2008, 19.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of -2.4%.
Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks Italian (95.5%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common ( 1.7%) and German being third ( 0.8%). Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000), 3 speak German, 2 people speak French, 337 people speak Italian. The remainder (11 people) speak another language.
As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. The population was made up of 144 Swiss men (39.3% of the population), and 37 (10.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 145 Swiss women (39.6%), and 40 (10.9%) non-Swiss women.
In 2008 there was 1 live birth to Swiss citizens and 2 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population decreased by 2. There was 1 Swiss man and 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 2 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources) was a decrease of 7 and the non-Swiss population change was a decrease of 5 people. This represents a population growth rate of -3.2%.
The age distribution, as of 2009, in Personico is; 33 children or 9.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 41 teenagers or 11.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 47 people or 12.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 39 people or 10.7% are between 30 and 39, 52 people or 14.2% are between 40 and 49, and 46 people or 12.6% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 48 people or 13.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 34 people or 9.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 26 people or 7.1% who are over 80.
As of 2000, there were 148 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. In 2000 there were 134 single family homes (or 79.3% of the total) out of a total of 169 inhabited buildings. There were 28 two family buildings (16.6%) and 5 multi-family buildings (3.0%). There were also 2 buildings in the municipality that were multipurpose buildings (used for both housing and commercial or another purpose).
The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008, was 0.87%. In 2000 there were 222 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 4 room apartment of which there were 79. There were 21 single room apartments and 44 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 148 apartments (66.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 69 apartments (31.1%) were seasonally occupied and 5 apartments (2.3%) were empty. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 2.7 new units per 1000 residents.
The historical population is given in the following table:
year
population
1745
269
1850
306
1900
288
1950
270
1990
379
2000
353
Heritage sites of national significance
The Centrale Elettrica Comandi Biaschina (the Biaschina power plant control station) is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 36.72% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (32.81%), the SP (18.53%) and the Ticino League (9.15%). In the federal election, a total of 115 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.3%.
In the 2007 Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 245 registered voters in Personico, of which 162 or 66.1% voted. 1 blank ballot was cast, leaving 161 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 60 or 37.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD+GenGiova (with 35 or 21.7%), the PS (with 29 or 18.0%) and the SSI (with 24 or 14.9%).
In the 2007 Consiglio di Stato election, 1 null ballot was cast, leaving 161 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 61 or 37.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD (with 35 or 21.7%), the PS (with 30 or 18.6%) and the SSI (with 20 or 12.4%).
Economy
As of 2007, Personico had an unemployment rate of 3.98%. As of 2005, there were 11 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. 34 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 5 businesses in this sector. 31 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 13 businesses in this sector. There were 154 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 33.8% of the workforce.
In 2000, there were 18 workers who commuted into the municipality and 121 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 6.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 5.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 74% used a private car. As of 2009, there was one hotel in Personico.
Religion
From the 2000 census, 306 or 86.7% were Roman Catholic, while 3 or 0.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There are 35 individuals (or about 9.92% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), and 9 individuals (or about 2.55% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Personico about 63.2% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
In Personico there were a total of 59 students (as of 2009). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Personico there were 10 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, 15 students attended the standard primary schools and 0 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 21 students in the two-year middle school, none in their pre-apprenticeship, and 6 students were in the four-year advanced program.
The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 3 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 4 who attend part-time.
As of 2000, there were 30 students from Personico who attended schools outside the municipality.
References
^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ a b c Personico in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ Altitudine, superficie, secondo il genere di utilizzazione, rilevazione 1992/1997, e densità della popolazione, nel 2000 Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian) accessed 25 October 2010
^ Flags of the World.com Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine accessed 12-November-2010
^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 (in German) accessed 19 June 2010
^ a b c d e f Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 12-November-2010
^ a b Popolazione residente, secondo la lingua principale e la religione, nel 2000 Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian) accessed 23 November 2010
^ a b 01.02.03 Popolazione residente permanente Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian) accessed 23 November 2010
^ 09.02.01 Edifici Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian) accessed 23 November 2010
^ a b 09.02.02 Abitazioni Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian) accessed 23 November 2010
^ Popolazione residente, dal 1850 Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian) accessed 23 November 2010
^ "Kantonsliste A-Objekte:Ticino" (PDF). KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton (in German) accessed 28 May 2010
^ a b Elezioni cantonali: Gran Consiglio, Consiglio di Stato Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian) accessed 23 November 2010
^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb Archived 2012-08-04 at archive.today (in German) accessed 24 June 2010
^ Settori alberghiero e paralberghiero Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian) accessed 23 November 2010
^ EDK/CDIP/IDES (2010). KANTONALE SCHULSTRUKTUREN IN DER SCHWEIZ UND IM FÜRSTENTUM LIECHTENSTEIN / STRUCTURES SCOLAIRES CANTONALES EN SUISSE ET DANS LA PRINCIPAUTÉ DU LIECHTENSTEIN (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 24 June 2010.
^ Allievi e studenti, secondo il genere di scuola, anno scolastico 2009/2010 Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian) accessed 23 November 2010
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Personico.
vteMunicipalities in the district of Leventina, Switzerland
Airolo
Bedretto
Bodio
Dalpe
Faido
Giornico
Personico
Pollegio
Prato Leventina
Quinto
Ticino
Districts of Canton Ticino
Municipalities of the canton of Ticino
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Leventina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leventina_(district)"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"}],"text":"Municipality in Ticino, SwitzerlandPersonico is a municipality in the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.","title":"Personico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-3"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Vicinanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgergemeinde"},{"link_name":"Giornico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornico"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Biasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biasca"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-3"}],"text":"Personico is first mentioned in 1227 as Prexonego.[3] During the Middle Ages, it belonged to the Vicinanza of Giornico. The village church of SS. Nazario e Celso was first mentioned in 1256. It belonged to the parish of Biasca until 1570, when it became an independent parish church. The church was restored in 1926 and again in 1978–79. Between 1736 and 1869 there was in a glass factory in operation in the village. A subsidiary factory was built in 1782 in Lodrino. The local economy mostly relied on livestock until the 19th century, when they began mining local stone. Between 1962 and 1967, the hydroelectric plant of Nuova Biaschina and dam in the Val d'Ambra was built. In 1999, another, smaller power plant was completed. In 2005, about 12% of the jobs were in the agricultural sector while about 46% were in industry and manufacturing.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Personico has an area, as of 1997[update], of 39.04 square kilometers (15.07 sq mi). Of this area, 0.55 km2 (0.21 sq mi) or 1.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 24.88 km2 (9.61 sq mi) or 63.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.61 km2 (0.24 sq mi) or 1.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.77 km2 (0.30 sq mi) or 2.0% is either rivers or lakes and 11.27 km2 (4.35 sq mi) or 28.9% is unproductive land.Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 0.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.4%. Out of the forested land, 48.8% of the total land area is heavily forested, while 12.9% is covered in small trees and shrubbery and 2.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.9% is used for growing crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 15.2% is unproductive vegetation and 13.6% is too rocky for vegetation.[4]The municipality is located in the Leventina district, on the left side of the lower Leventina valley.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a chamois' head couped Sable and in chief two mullets Gules.[5]","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat2020_TI-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_superweb-7"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang-9"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resident-10"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population growth rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth#Population_growth_rate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_superweb-7"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resident-10"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-09.02.02_Abitazioni-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-09.02.02_Abitazioni-12"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Personico has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 326.[6] As of 2008[update], 19.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals.[7] Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of -2.4%.Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks Italian (95.5%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common ( 1.7%) and German being third ( 0.8%).[8] Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000[update]), 3 speak German, 2 people speak French, 337 people speak Italian. The remainder (11 people) speak another language.[9]As of 2008[update], the gender distribution of the population was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. The population was made up of 144 Swiss men (39.3% of the population), and 37 (10.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 145 Swiss women (39.6%), and 40 (10.9%) non-Swiss women.[10]In 2008[update] there was 1 live birth to Swiss citizens and 2 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population decreased by 2. There was 1 Swiss man and 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 2 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources) was a decrease of 7 and the non-Swiss population change was a decrease of 5 people. This represents a population growth rate of -3.2%.[7]The age distribution, as of 2009[update], in Personico is; 33 children or 9.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 41 teenagers or 11.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 47 people or 12.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 39 people or 10.7% are between 30 and 39, 52 people or 14.2% are between 40 and 49, and 46 people or 12.6% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 48 people or 13.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 34 people or 9.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 26 people or 7.1% who are over 80.[10]As of 2000[update], there were 148 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household.[8] In 2000[update] there were 134 single family homes (or 79.3% of the total) out of a total of 169 inhabited buildings. There were 28 two family buildings (16.6%) and 5 multi-family buildings (3.0%). There were also 2 buildings in the municipality that were multipurpose buildings (used for both housing and commercial or another purpose).[11]The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008[update], was 0.87%. In 2000[update] there were 222 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 4 room apartment of which there were 79. There were 21 single room apartments and 44 apartments with five or more rooms.[12] Of these apartments, a total of 148 apartments (66.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 69 apartments (31.1%) were seasonally occupied and 5 apartments (2.3%) were empty.[12] As of 2007[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 2.7 new units per 1000 residents.[8]The historical population is given in the following table:[3][13]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heritage site of national significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Centrale Elettrica Comandi Biaschina (the Biaschina power plant control station) is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.[14]","title":"Heritage sites of national significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election"},{"link_name":"FDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals"},{"link_name":"CVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Ticino League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino_League"},{"link_name":"voter turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Gran Consiglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino#Government"},{"link_name":"PLRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals"},{"link_name":"PPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"PS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Election-16"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Election-16"}],"text":"In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 36.72% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (32.81%), the SP (18.53%) and the Ticino League (9.15%). In the federal election, a total of 115 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.3%.[15]In the 2007[update] Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 245 registered voters in Personico, of which 162 or 66.1% voted. 1 blank ballot was cast, leaving 161 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 60 or 37.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD+GenGiova (with 35 or 21.7%), the PS (with 29 or 18.0%) and the SSI (with 24 or 14.9%).[16]In the 2007[update] Consiglio di Stato election, 1 null ballot was cast, leaving 161 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 61 or 37.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD (with 35 or 21.7%), the PS (with 30 or 18.6%) and the SSI (with 20 or 12.4%).[16]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commuter-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"As of 2007[update], Personico had an unemployment rate of 3.98%. As of 2005[update], there were 11 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. 34 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 5 businesses in this sector. 31 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 13 businesses in this sector.[8] There were 154 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 33.8% of the workforce.In 2000[update], there were 18 workers who commuted into the municipality and 121 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 6.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.[17] Of the working population, 5.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 74% used a private car.[8] As of 2009[update], there was one hotel in Personico.[18]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Swiss Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang-9"}],"text":"From the 2000 census[update], 306 or 86.7% were Roman Catholic, while 3 or 0.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There are 35 individuals (or about 9.92% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), and 9 individuals (or about 2.55% of the population) did not answer the question.[9]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"education system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commuter-17"}],"text":"In Personico about 63.2% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).[8]In Personico there were a total of 59 students (as of 2009[update]). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Personico there were 10 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, 15 students attended the standard primary schools and 0 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 21 students in the two-year middle school, none in their pre-apprenticeship, and 6 students were in the four-year advanced program.The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student).[19] There were 3 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 4 who attend part-time.[20]As of 2000[update], there were 30 students from Personico who attended schools outside the municipality.[17]","title":"Education"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kelly_(American_actor)
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Michael Kelly (actor)
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 References","6 External links"]
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American actor
Michael KellyKelly in 2019Born (1969-05-22) May 22, 1969 (age 55)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Alma materCoastal Carolina UniversityOccupationActorYears active1994–presentSpouse
Karyn Kelly (m. 2005)Children2
Michael Kelly (born May 22, 1969) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Doug Stamper in the Netflix drama series House of Cards. He also appeared as CIA Agent Mike November in the Prime Video thriller series Jack Ryan.
Early life and education
Kelly was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Lawrenceville, Georgia, the son of Maureen and Michael Kelly. His father is of Irish descent, and his mother is of Italian ancestry. Kelly graduated from Coastal Carolina University in 1992 with a degree in performing arts.
Career
In addition to playing Doug Stamper in all six seasons of House of Cards, Kelly has appeared in films such as Changeling, Dawn of the Dead, The Adjustment Bureau, Chronicle, Now You See Me, and Everest. He also appeared in the television miniseries Generation Kill, six episodes of The Sopranos as Agent Ron Goddard, the Criminal Minds spin-off series Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior, and as Dr. Edgar Dumbarton in Taboo.
Personal life
Kelly resides in New York City. He and his wife Karyn married in 2005, and they have two children.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1998
Origin of the Species
Fisher
River Red
Frankie
1999
Man on the Moon
Michael Kaufman
2000
Unbreakable
Doctor Dubin
2004
Dawn of the Dead
CJ
2005
Loggerheads
George
Carlito's Way: Rise to Power
Rocco
Direct-to-DVD
2006
Out There
Mitchell
Invincible
Pete
2007
Broken English
Guy
Zoe's Day
Dad
Short film
Tooth & Nail
Viper
2008
Changeling
Detective Lester Ybarra
The Narrows
Danny
Tenderness
Gary
2009
Law Abiding Citizen
Bray
The Afterlight
Andrew
Defendor
Paul Carter
Did You Hear About the Morgans?
Vincent
2010
Nice Tie, Italiano!
The American
Short film
Fair Game
Jack
2011
The Adjustment Bureau
Charlie Traynor
2012
Chronicle
Richard Detmer
2013
Now You See Me
Agent Fuller
Man of Steel
Steve Lombard
2015
Everest
Jon Krakauer
Secret in Their Eyes
Reginald Siefert
2016
Viral
Michael Drakeford
2018
All Square
John Zbikowski
Also Producer
2021
Outside the Wire
Eckhart
2023
Transformers: Rise of the Beasts
Agent Burke
Cameo
2024
Rob Peace
Edwin Leahy
TBA
Night Always Comes
Filming
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994
Lifestories: Families in Crisis
Gym Manager
Episode: "A Body to Die For: The Aaron Henry Story"
2000–01
Level 9
Wilbert 'Tibbs' Thibodeaux
12 episodes
2000
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Vet Tech Barry
Episode: "Slaves"
2001
Third Watch
Chip Waller
Episode: "The Relay"
2002
The Shield
Sean Taylor
Episode: "Dragonchasers"
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Mark
Episode: "Disappearing Acts"
Law & Order
Douglas Karell
Episode: "Asterisk"
2003
Judging Amy
Jack Barrett
Episode: "Just Say Oops"
E.D.N.Y.
Anderson
Unsold TV pilot
2004
The Jury
Keen Dwyer
Episode "Last Rites"
2005
Kojak
Detective Bobby Crocker
9 episodes
2006–07
The Sopranos
Agent Ron Goddard
6 episodes
2006
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Luke Dixon
Episode: "Confrontation"
2007
CSI: Miami
Lucas Wade
Episode: "Born to Kill"
2008
Law & Order
Gary Talbot
Episode: "Falling"
Generation Kill
Capt. Bryan Patterson
Miniseries; 7 episodes
Fringe
John Mosley
Episode: "The Arrival"
2009
Washingtonienne
Paul Movius
Unsold TV pilot
2010
Criminal Minds
Jonathan "Prophet" Sims
Episode: "The Fight"
2011
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
Terrence Brooks
Episode: "Boots on the Ground"
Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior
Jonathan "Prophet" Sims
13 episodes
The Good Wife
Mickey Gunn
2 episodes
2011–13
Person of Interest
Mark Snow
7 episodes
2013–18
House of Cards
Douglas "Doug" Stamper
73 episodesNominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2015–17, 2019)Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television FilmNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2015–16)
2016
Black Mirror
Arquette
Episode: "Men Against Fire"
2017
Taboo
Dr. Edgar Dumbarton
7 episodes
The Long Road Home
Gary Volesky
6 episodes
2019–23
Jack Ryan
Mike November
Main cast
2020
The Comey Rule
Andrew McCabe
Miniseries; 2 episodes
2022–23
Pantheon
CEO, Van Leuwen, Air Force Officer, Angry Man (voices)
7 episodes
2023–present
Special Ops: Lioness
Byron Westfield
7 episodes
TBA
The Penguin
Johnny Vitti
Upcoming miniseries
References
^ "On This Date: Birthdays". The Modesto Bee. May 22, 2018. p. 2A. Actor Michael Kelly is 49.
^ Moore, Frazier (February 27, 2015). "Netflix's 'House of Cards' returns for full 3rd season". The Detroit News. The Associated Press. Retrieved November 5, 2023. Born in Philadelphia, Kelly, 45...
^ "Brookwood's own success - Michael Kelly". Gwinnett Citizen. November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
^ "House of Cards star Michael Kelly reveals his Irish ancestry | Goss.ie | First for Irish celebrity news". Goss.ie. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
^ "Michael Kelly on Twitter: "@Shaneleno @modekelly she is 100% Italian and Dad is 100% Irish. God bless em both. I love my folks!"". Twitter. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
^ "Nearly 1,300 Students Graduate from Coastal Carolina University". The Gaffney Ledger. June 26, 2020. p. 6.
^ "Michael Kelly". Biography. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
^ Shattuck, Kathryn (June 2, 2017). "How Michael Kelly, Actor on 'House of Cards,' Spends His Sundays". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
External links
Michael Kelly at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
|
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[{"reference":"\"On This Date: Birthdays\". The Modesto Bee. May 22, 2018. p. 2A. Actor Michael Kelly is 49.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Modesto_Bee","url_text":"The Modesto Bee"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Frazier (February 27, 2015). \"Netflix's 'House of Cards' returns for full 3rd season\". The Detroit News. The Associated Press. Retrieved November 5, 2023. Born in Philadelphia, Kelly, 45...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/2015/02/27/spacey-house-cards-netflix-third-season/24146115/","url_text":"\"Netflix's 'House of Cards' returns for full 3rd season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News","url_text":"The Detroit News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Associated_Press","url_text":"The Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Brookwood's own success - Michael Kelly\". Gwinnett Citizen. November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gwinnettcitizen.com/local-news/local-news/589-brookwood-s-own-success-michael-kelly","url_text":"\"Brookwood's own success - Michael Kelly\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Cards star Michael Kelly reveals his Irish ancestry | Goss.ie | First for Irish celebrity news\". Goss.ie. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004922/http://www.goss.ie/2015/03/house-of-cards-star-michael-kelly-reveals-his-irish-ancestry/","url_text":"\"House of Cards star Michael Kelly reveals his Irish ancestry | Goss.ie | First for Irish celebrity news\""},{"url":"http://www.goss.ie/2015/03/house-of-cards-star-michael-kelly-reveals-his-irish-ancestry/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Kelly on Twitter: \"@Shaneleno @modekelly she is 100% Italian and Dad is 100% Irish. God bless em both. I love my folks!\"\". Twitter. Retrieved February 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/michaeljkellyjr/status/300050977459945472","url_text":"\"Michael Kelly on Twitter: \"@Shaneleno @modekelly she is 100% Italian and Dad is 100% Irish. God bless em both. I love my folks!\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nearly 1,300 Students Graduate from Coastal Carolina University\". The Gaffney Ledger. June 26, 2020. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gaffney_Ledger","url_text":"The Gaffney Ledger"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Kelly\". Biography. Retrieved December 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biography.com/people/michael-kelly-090315","url_text":"\"Michael Kelly\""}]},{"reference":"Shattuck, Kathryn (June 2, 2017). \"How Michael Kelly, Actor on 'House of Cards,' Spends His Sundays\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/nyregion/sunday-routine-michael-kelly-house-of-cards.html","url_text":"\"How Michael Kelly, Actor on 'House of Cards,' Spends His Sundays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrutha_Varshini
|
Amruthavarshini (film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 Reception","5 Awards and honors","6 References","7 External links"]
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1997 Indian filmAmruthavarshiniTheatrical release posterDirected byDinesh BabooWritten byDinesh BabooProduced byBharathi DeviStarringSuhasiniSharath BabuRamesh AravindCinematographyDinesh BabooEdited byB S KemparajuMusic byDevaProductioncompanyChinni ChitraRelease date
29 January 1997 (1997-01-29)
Running time147 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageKannada
Amruthavarshini (transl. Rain of immortal nectar) is a 1997 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film written, photographed and directed by Dinesh Baboo. It stars Suhasini, Sarath Babu and Ramesh Aravind. Nivedita Jain appears in a cameo role. It features Ramesh Arvind playing a negative role for which he was widely praised. The film revolves around the three central characters of a husband (Sharath), wife (Suhasini) and a friend (Ramesh) who intrudes into the couple's life and turns their life into tragic events.
The film was produced by Bharathi Devi under the banner Chinni Chitra. Upon release, the film was declared a musical blockbuster hit with all the songs of the soundtrack composed by Deva becoming evergreen hits. The songs of the film continue to be favorites among the Kannada audience. The film was one of the highest grossers at the box-office for the year 1997. The film was awarded with multiple State Awards and Filmfare Awards, particularly for the story and acting.
The film was subsequently dubbed in Telugu with same title name and in Tamil as Uyirinum Melaaga. In Malayalam, the film was remade as Mazhavillu (1999) by the same director.
Plot
Hemanth heads an advertising firm and is happily married to Veena. His childhood friend and poet Abhishek Bharadwaj visits him and stays with the family for a while. Abhishek is depressed due to the death of his girlfriend, Shruti, due to cancer. Before her death, Shruthi had asked Abhishek to promise her that he would marry another girl after her death. A prolonged stay at Hemanth's leads to Abhishek becoming obsessed with Veena due to her strong resemblance to Shruthi. Hemanth learns of this but does not reveal it to Veena.
A few days later, the three, together with employees of Hemanth's firm, take a trip to Kodaikanal. Abhishek happens to drive Hemanth to a cliff by an off-road vehicle for the latter to photograph the sunset. Once there, Hemanth chides Abhishek over his advances towards Veena and asks him to return home before things worsen. However, Abhishek, in an attempt to kill him, puts the vehicle's gears on neutral hoping it would run him down the cliff. Hemanth survives the hit but is left hanging off the cliff, but is not saved by Abhishek.
Veena is distraught over her husband's death. Friends of Hemanth request Abhishek to stay with Veena at her residence until she recovers. However, Veena learns of Abhishek's intentions and confides in her friend, Dr. Vimala. She has also got hold of the negatives from her husband's motorised camera and develops them only to find that all of her husband's final moments were captured, including Abhishek watching on as he asked for help. However, she pretends to have moved on and suggests that she is ready to share her life with Abhishek and announces before her friends that she would marry him. A day later, she asks him to take her to the cliff where Hemanth died as it was his long-cherished dream to take photographs from there. Once there, she confronts and reveals that she knows what transpired on that fateful day before handing over a trembling Abhishek the developed photographs. She then kills her self by leaping from the cliff, in front of him, as a revenge.
Cast
Suhasini as Veena
Sharath Babu as Hemanth
Ramesh Aravind as Abhishek Bharadwaj
Ramakrishna as Janakiram
Nivedita Jain as Shruthi (cameo)
Tara as Vimala
Sathyapriya as Abhishek's mother
Kunigal Nagabhushan as Ranganna
Hema as Bhoomi
Vinayak Joshi as Peter, tourist guide in Kodaikanal (uncredited)
Soundtrack
Amrutha VarshiniSoundtrack album by DevaReleased18 September 1996GenreFeature film soundtrackLength34:45LabelLahari Music
Deva composed the music for the film and the soundtrack, with lyrics of the tracks penned by K. Kalyan. The soundtrack album has nine tracks. The male version of the song "Tunturu" appears for only 30 seconds in the movie — after climax during the end credits.
TracklistNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1."Tunturu (Female Version)"K. S. Chithra5:212."Ee Sundara"K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam5:163."Manase Baduku"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam5:044."Kannina Notagalu"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam5:305."Tampu Tangali"K. S. Chithra0:306."Bhale Bhale Chandadha"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam5:277."Yella Shilpagaligu"K. S. Chithra & S.P Balasubrahmanyam5:218."Gaali Gaali"K. S. Chithra1:519."Tunturu (Male Version)"Gangadhar0:25Total length:34:45
Reception
A critic from Rediff.com wrote that "What appears in print to be a trite, thrice-told tale reveals, on celluloid, an ability to grip, to carry the viewer along on a tide of emotions ranging from the soft through the turbulent into the increasingly darker shades. And a lot of the credit goes to the three major performers, with Suhasini showing no sign of rust from her layoff. What is interesting is the way the film -- by no means a whodunit, because you know right at the outset that Arvind is the culprit -- keeps you nailed, your sympathies oscillating between Arvind and Suhasini till the very end".
Awards and honors
It won the Arya Bhata Award and was also screened at the Indian Panorama Festival.
Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada 1997 - B. Jayashree Devi
Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada 1997 - Ramesh Aravind
Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada 1997 - Deva
Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay
Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor - Kemparaj
Screen Award for Best Actress (Kannada) – Suhasini Maniratnam
References
^ "Amruthavarshini". Chirag Entertainers. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
^ "Amrutha Varshini sequel in the works". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
^ "Romance all the way!". Sify. 13 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.
^ a b c Sharadhaa, A. (6 August 2018). "Sequel to 1997 film 'Amrutha Varshini' in the making". The New Indian Express.
^ "N. Chandrashekhar's 'America! America!' demolishes Kannada film-making myths".
^ http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/01/14/stories/09140222.htm
^ Jyothi, Y. Krishna; S. M., Shashiprasad (23 May 2023). "The top 5 films of Sarath Babu — across South film industries". South First.
^ "Amruthavarshini (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". iTunes. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
^ "- YouTube". YouTube.
^ Rajitha (1997). "Love, murder, guilt, revenge". Rediff.com.
^ "Amruthavarshini review". Chirag Entertainers. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
^ "45th Filmfare South Best Films Winners". Archived from the original on 5 February 2017.
^ "45th Filmfare South Best Music Directors". Archived from the original on 5 February 2017.
^ "45th Annual Filmfare Best Kannada Music Director". Archived from the original on 5 February 2017.
^ "Deva won Filmfare Best Kannada Music Director Award". Archived from the original on 5 February 2017.
^ "Karnata State Film Awards — Amrutha Varshini". Retrieved 29 November 2012.
^ "WHEN THE STARS DESCENDED ON CHENNAI..." Screen. Archived from the original on 13 May 1998. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
External links
Amruthavarshini at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Dinesh Baboo
Ananda Aradhanai (1987) (Tamil)
Suprabhatha (1988)
Idu Saadhya (1989)
Inspector Vikram (1989)
Hendthighelbedi (1989)
Maheshwara (1990)
Papa Kosam (1992) (Telugu)
Amruthavarshini (1997)
Laali (1997)
Nishyabda (1998)
Hendthige Helthini (1998)
Premotsava (1999)
Naanenu Madilla (1999)
Mazhavillu (1999) (Malayalam)
Deepavali (2000)
Nan Hendthi Chennagidale (2000)
Chitra (2001)
Chitte (2001)
Hollywood (2002)
Balagalittu Olage Baa (2002)
Abhi (2003)
Panchali (2003)
Kanakambari (2004)
Magic Ajji (2005)
Pandu Ranga Vittala (2005)
Neenello Naanalle (2006)
Ganesha (2007)
Mr. Garagasa (2008)
Akasha Gange (2008)
Janumada Gelathi (2009)
Bellary Naga (2009)
Mooru Guttu Ondu Sullu Ondu Nija (2009)
School Master (2010)
Eradane Maduve (2010)
Bhale Mogudu Bhale Pellam (2011) (Telugu)
Mathond Madhuvena (2011)
Naanalla (2011)
Ondu Kshanadalli (2012)
Golmaal Gayathri (2012)
Athi Aparoopa (2014)
Priyanka (2016)
Nanagista (2018)
Krishnam (2018) (Malayalam)
Preethi Keli Sneha Kaledukollabedi (2018)
Nanagista (2018)
Hagalu Kanasu (2019)
Kasthuri Mahal (2022)
|
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Rain of immortal nectar) is a 1997 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film written, photographed and directed by Dinesh Baboo. It stars Suhasini, Sarath Babu and Ramesh Aravind.[1][2] Nivedita Jain appears in a cameo role. It features Ramesh Arvind playing a negative role for which he was widely praised. The film revolves around the three central characters of a husband (Sharath), wife (Suhasini) and a friend (Ramesh) who intrudes into the couple's life and turns their life into tragic events.[3]The film was produced by Bharathi Devi under the banner Chinni Chitra. Upon release, the film was declared a musical blockbuster hit with all the songs of the soundtrack composed by Deva becoming evergreen hits.[4] The songs of the film continue to be favorites among the Kannada audience. The film was one of the highest grossers at the box-office for the year 1997.[5] The film was awarded with multiple State Awards and Filmfare Awards, particularly for the story and acting.The film was subsequently dubbed in Telugu with same title name and in Tamil as Uyirinum Melaaga.[6] In Malayalam, the film was remade as Mazhavillu (1999) by the same director.","title":"Amruthavarshini (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"depressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"link_name":"off-road vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindra_Major"},{"link_name":"negatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)"},{"link_name":"motorised camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_drive_(photography)"},{"link_name":"develops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_developer"}],"text":"Hemanth heads an advertising firm and is happily married to Veena. His childhood friend and poet Abhishek Bharadwaj visits him and stays with the family for a while. Abhishek is depressed due to the death of his girlfriend, Shruti, due to cancer. Before her death, Shruthi had asked Abhishek to promise her that he would marry another girl after her death. A prolonged stay at Hemanth's leads to Abhishek becoming obsessed with Veena due to her strong resemblance to Shruthi. Hemanth learns of this but does not reveal it to Veena.A few days later, the three, together with employees of Hemanth's firm, take a trip to Kodaikanal. Abhishek happens to drive Hemanth to a cliff by an off-road vehicle for the latter to photograph the sunset. Once there, Hemanth chides Abhishek over his advances towards Veena and asks him to return home before things worsen. However, Abhishek, in an attempt to kill him, puts the vehicle's gears on neutral hoping it would run him down the cliff. Hemanth survives the hit but is left hanging off the cliff, but is not saved by Abhishek.Veena is distraught over her husband's death. Friends of Hemanth request Abhishek to stay with Veena at her residence until she recovers. However, Veena learns of Abhishek's intentions and confides in her friend, Dr. Vimala. She has also got hold of the negatives from her husband's motorised camera and develops them only to find that all of her husband's final moments were captured, including Abhishek watching on as he asked for help. However, she pretends to have moved on and suggests that she is ready to share her life with Abhishek and announces before her friends that she would marry him. A day later, she asks him to take her to the cliff where Hemanth died as it was his long-cherished dream to take photographs from there. Once there, she confronts and reveals that she knows what transpired on that fateful day before handing over a trembling Abhishek the developed photographs. She then kills her self by leaping from the cliff, in front of him, as a revenge.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suhasini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhasini_Maniratnam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N-4"},{"link_name":"Sharath Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharath_Babu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ramesh Aravind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Aravind"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N-4"},{"link_name":"Ramakrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna_(Kannada_actor)"},{"link_name":"Nivedita Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivedita_Jain"},{"link_name":"Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Kannada_actress)"},{"link_name":"Sathyapriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathyapriya"},{"link_name":"Kunigal Nagabhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunigal_Nagabhushan"},{"link_name":"Vinayak Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinayak_Joshi"}],"text":"Suhasini as Veena[4]\nSharath Babu as Hemanth[7]\nRamesh Aravind as Abhishek Bharadwaj[4]\nRamakrishna as Janakiram\nNivedita Jain as Shruthi (cameo)\nTara as Vimala\nSathyapriya as Abhishek's mother\nKunigal Nagabhushan as Ranganna\nHema as Bhoomi\nVinayak Joshi as Peter, tourist guide in Kodaikanal (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(composer)"},{"link_name":"K. Kalyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Kalyan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"K. S. Chithra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._S._Chithra"},{"link_name":"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam"},{"link_name":"Gangadhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangadhar"}],"text":"Deva composed the music for the film and the soundtrack, with lyrics of the tracks penned by K. Kalyan. The soundtrack album has nine tracks.[8] The male version of the song \"Tunturu\" appears for only 30 seconds in the movie — after climax during the end credits.[9]TracklistNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1.\"Tunturu (Female Version)\"K. S. Chithra5:212.\"Ee Sundara\"K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam5:163.\"Manase Baduku\"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam5:044.\"Kannina Notagalu\"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam5:305.\"Tampu Tangali\"K. S. Chithra0:306.\"Bhale Bhale Chandadha\"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam5:277.\"Yella Shilpagaligu\"K. S. Chithra & S.P Balasubrahmanyam5:218.\"Gaali Gaali\"K. S. Chithra1:519.\"Tunturu (Male Version)\"Gangadhar0:25Total length:34:45","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rediff.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A critic from Rediff.com wrote that \"What appears in print to be a trite, thrice-told tale reveals, on celluloid, an ability to grip, to carry the viewer along on a tide of emotions ranging from the soft through the turbulent into the increasingly darker shades. And a lot of the credit goes to the three major performers, with Suhasini showing no sign of rust from her layoff. What is interesting is the way the film -- by no means a whodunit, because you know right at the outset that Arvind is the culprit -- keeps you nailed, your sympathies oscillating between Arvind and Suhasini till the very end\".[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Film_%E2%80%93_Kannada"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Kannada"},{"link_name":"Ramesh Aravind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Aravind"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Music_Director_%E2%80%93_Kannada"},{"link_name":"Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Editor"},{"link_name":"Screen Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Awards"},{"link_name":"Suhasini Maniratnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhasini_Maniratnam"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"It won the Arya Bhata Award and was also screened at the Indian Panorama Festival.[11]\nFilmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada 1997 - B. Jayashree Devi[12][13]\nFilmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada 1997 - Ramesh Aravind\nFilmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada 1997 - Deva[14][15]\nKarnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay[16]\nKarnataka State Film Award for Best Editor - Kemparaj\nScreen Award for Best Actress (Kannada) – Suhasini Maniratnam[17]","title":"Awards and honors"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwell
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Upwell
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[]
|
Coordinates: 52°35′44″N 0°12′48″E / 52.59564°N 0.21342°E / 52.59564; 0.21342Village in Norfolk, England
For the oceanic term, see Upwelling.
Human settlement in EnglandUpwellView of Upwell showing the Well Creek and Town StreetUpwellLocation within NorfolkArea27.65 km2 (10.68 sq mi)Population4,734 • Density171/km2 (440/sq mi)OS grid referenceTF500020Civil parishUpwellDistrictKing's Lynn and West NorfolkShire countyNorfolkRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWISBECHPostcode districtPE14PoliceNorfolkFireNorfolkAmbulanceEast of England
List of places
UK
England
Norfolk
52°35′44″N 0°12′48″E / 52.59564°N 0.21342°E / 52.59564; 0.21342
Upwell is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. Upwell village is on the A1101 road, as is Outwell, its conjoined village at the north. The nearest towns are Wisbech to the north-west and Downham Market to the east.
The parish covers an area of 27.65 km2 (10.68 sq mi) and had a population of 2,456 in 1,033 households at the 2001 census, increasing to 2,750 at the 2011 Census. And most recently, In the 2021 census the town population has nearly doubled to 4,734.
History
The villages name means 'higher well (= spring/stream)'. Originally, part of a single place called Well; 'upp' was prepended to distinguish from Outwell.
Upwell in 1202 had a market-place and a weekly market. Marmont Priory was endowed by Richard I with 300 acres in Upwell and Outwell. The priory of Gilbertines was founded in the reign of King John. Cultivation of flax and hemp is referred to in an order of Sessions of Sewers in 1340.
Upwell was connected with Wisbech by a steam tramway in 1884
William Wolsey a constable of Upwell, Outwell & Welney (and Robert Piggot of Wisbech) Protestants were tried at Ely for heresy and burnt at the stake in 1555.
In 1810 a building was being used as a temporary theatre by Joseph Smedley at a cost of five Guineas.
In 1869 Upwell St Peter, was the richest benefice of the English church, being returned in the clergy list as worth £3,058 a year, though worth considerably more, and had just become vacant by the death of the Rev. William Gale Townley, who had held it only seven years. The living was in the gift of B. G. Townley. In the same parish was the rectory of Christ Church, returned as being worth £1,594 year, also belonging to the Townley family.
Governance
Upwell has a parish council. The parish falls within the electoral ward of Upwell and Delph. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 4,827.
For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of King's Lynn and West Norfolk. Until 1974 it formed part of the Marshland Rural District.
See also
Upwell railway station
Further reading
Smith, William P (2021). The Ancient Town of Wella. Carillson Publications.
References
^ Census population and household counts for unparished urban areas and all parishes Archived 2017-02-11 at the Wayback Machine. Office for National Statistics & Norfolk County Council (2001). Retrieved 20 June 2009.
^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ "Upwell (Norfolk, East of England, United Kingdom) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
^ "Key to English Place-names".
^ F.J.Gardiner (1898). History of Wisbech and Neighbourhood. Gardiner & Co.
^ G.M.G. Woodgate (1931). Wisbech in the Ely Episcopal Registers. The Isle of Ely and Wisbech Advertiser. p. 28.
^ Neil R Wright (2016). Treading the Boards : Actors and theatres in Georgian Lincolnshire. SLHA. p. 69.
^ "Upwell St Peter". Essex Herald. 14 September 1869. p. 7.
^ "Upwell and Delph ward population 2011". Retrieved 30 August 2015.
External links
Media related to Upwell at Wikimedia Commons
GENUKI(tm) page
Map sources for Upwell
vteCivil parishes of King's Lynn and West Norfolk
Anmer
Bagthorpe with Barmer
Barton Bendish
Barwick
Bawsey
Bircham
Boughton
Brancaster
Burnham Market
Burnham Norton
Burnham Overy
Burnham Thorpe
Castle Acre
Castle Rising
Choseley
Clenchwarton
Congham
Crimplesham
Denver
Dersingham
Docking
Downham Market
Downham West
East Rudham
East Walton
East Winch
Emneth
Feltwell
Fincham
Flitcham with Appleton
Fordham
Fring
Gayton
Great Massingham
Grimston
Harpley
Heacham
Hilgay
Hillington
Hockwold cum Wilton
Holme-next-the-Sea
Houghton
Hunstanton
Ingoldisthorpe
Leziate
Little Massingham
Marham
Marshland St James
Methwold
Middleton
Nordelph
North Creake
North Runcton
Northwold
North Wootton
Old Hunstanton
Outwell
Pentney
Ringstead
Roydon
Runcton Holme
Ryston
Sandringham
Sedgeford
Shernborne
Shouldham
Shouldham Thorpe
Snettisham
South Creake
Southery
South Wootton
Stanhoe
Stoke Ferry
Stow Bardolph
Stradsett
Syderstone
Terrington St Clement
Terrington St John
Thornham
Tilney All Saints
Tilney St Lawrence
Titchwell
Tottenhill
Upwell
Walpole
Walpole Cross Keys
Walpole Highway
Walsoken
Watlington
Welney
Wereham
West Acre
West Dereham
West Rudham
West Walton
West Winch
Wiggenhall St Germans
Wiggenhall St Mary Magdalen
Wimbotsham
Wormegay
Wretton
See also
South Norfolk
Great Yarmouth
Broadland
North Norfolk
King's Lynn and West Norfolk
Breckland
This Norfolk location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Upwell railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwell_railway_station"}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Safin
|
Timur Safin
|
["1 Career","2 Medal Record","2.1 Olympic Games","2.2 World Championship","2.3 European Championship","2.4 Grand Prix","2.5 World Cup","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Russian fencer (born 1992)
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Marselevich and the family name is Safin.
Timur SafinPersonal informationFull nameTimur Marselevich SafinBorn (1992-08-04) 4 August 1992 (age 31)Tashkent, UzbekistanNationality RussianHeight1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)Weight82 kg (181 lb)SportCountry RussiaSportFencingWeaponFoil, SabreHandRight-handedNational coachStefano CerioniClub
Central Sports Army Club
Ufa Fencing Sports School of Olympic Reserve ; SDYUSSHOR No.19
Head coachRuslan Nasibullin, Lira GrushinaFIE rankingcurrent ranking
Medal record
Men's fencing
Representing ROC
Olympic Games
2020 Tokyo
Team foil
Representing Russia
Olympic Games
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Team foil
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Individual foil
World Championships
2014 Kazan
Individual foil
2018 Wuxi
Team foil
European Championships
2018 Novi Sad
Team foil
2016 Toruń
Individual foil
2016 Toruń
Team foil
2017 Tbilisi
Individual foil
2017 Tbilisi
Team foil
2014 Strasbourg
Team foil
European Games
2015 Baku
Team foil
Military World Games
2019 Wuhan
Individual foil
2019 Wuhan
Team foil
2019 Wuhan
Team sabre
Timur Marselevich Safin (Russian: Тимур Марселевич Сафин, IPA: ; born 4 August 1992) is a Russian right-handed foil fencer.
He is a two-time team European champion and 2016 individual European champion. A two-time Olympian, Safin is a 2021 team Olympic silver medalist, 2016 team Olympic champion, and 2016 individual Olympic bronze medalist. His clubs are the Central Sports Army Club , and the Ufa Fencing Sports School of Olympic Reserve.
Career
Safin, who is of Tatar descent, took up fencing when he was nine years old after a coach came to make a presentation at his school. He specialized in foil, joining the junior Russian team in 2009. He earned an individual bronze medal and a team silver medal in the 2011 U23 European Championships in Kazan. He won a team silver medal in the 2012 Junior European Championships and was crowned Junior World champion the same year in Moscow.
In the senior category, he made his breakthrough in the 2013–14 season. He won the Challenge Revenu after defeating in the final team Olympic champion Andrea Baldini. At the 2014 European Championships in Strasbourg, he was defeated in the table of 16 by eventual gold winner James-Andrew Davis, and in the team event he helped Russia conquer a bronze medal. In the 2014 World Championships in Kazan he made his way to the semifinals, defeating along the way German champion Peter Joppich. He lost by a single hit to world no.1 Ma Jianfei of China and came away with a bronze medal. For this performance he was named breakthrough of the year by the Russian Fencing Federation.
Safin at the 2014 European Fencing Championships.
Medal Record
Olympic Games
Year
Location
Event
Position
2016
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2016
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Team Men's Foil
1st
2021
Tokyo, Japan
Team Men's Foil
2nd
World Championship
Year
Location
Event
Position
2014
Kazan, Russia
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
2018
Wuxi, China
Team Men's Foil
3rd
European Championship
Year
Location
Event
Position
2014
Strasbourg, France
Team Men's Foil
3rd
2016
Toruń, Poland
Individual Men's Foil
1st
2016
Toruń, Poland
Team Men's Foil
1st
2017
Tbilisi, Georgia
Individual Men's Foil
2nd
2017
Tbilisi, Georgia
Team Men's Foil
2nd
2018
Novi Sad, Serbia
Team Men's Foil
1st
Grand Prix
Year
Location
Event
Position
03/17/2017
Long Beach, California
Individual Men's Foil
1st
12/01/2017
Turin, Italy
Individual Men's Foil
2nd
05/19/2018
Shanghai, China
Individual Men's Foil
2nd
05/17/2019
Shanghai, China
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
World Cup
Year
Location
Event
Position
10/16/2015
San Jose, California
Individual Men's Foil
1st
01/20/2017
Paris, France
Individual Men's Foil
2nd
02/10/2017
Bonn, Germany
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
05/05/2017
St. Petersburg, Russia
Individual Men's Foil
3rd
References
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ «Не только башкиры, уже и узбеки тянут на себя!»: как у татар «отбирают» чемпионов Рио
^ a b Победитель Первенства мира по фехтованию-2012 Тимур Сафин. Olimpik.ru (in Russian). 10 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
^ "La Russie triomphe". Le Parisien (in French). 14 April 2014.
^ Уфимский рапирист Тимур Сафин завоевал приз во всероссийской номинации «Прорыв года». BashInform.ru (in Russian). 20 November 2014.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ "INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Timur Safin.
Timur Safin at the International Fencing Federation
Timur Safin at the European Fencing Confederation (archive)
Timur Safin at the Russian Fencing Federation (in Russian) (in English) (archive)
Timur Safin at Olympics.com
Timur Safin at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
vteOlympic Fencing Champions in Men's Team Foil
1904: Fonst, Van Zo Post, Díaz (ZZX)
1920: Olivier, Baldi, Costantino, A. Nadi, N. Nadi, Puliti, Speciale, Terlizzi (ITA)
1924: Cattiau, Coutrot, de Luget, Ducret, Gaudin, Jobier, Labatut, Perotaux (FRA)
1928: Pignotti, Gaudini, Pessina, Guaragna, Puliti, Chiavacci (ITA)
1932: Gardère, Lemoine, Bondoux, Bougnol, Cattiau, Piot (FRA)
1936: Di Rosa, Gaudini, Guaragna, Marzi, Bocchino, Verratti (ITA)
1948: Bonin, Buhan, Lataste, Bougnol, d'Oriola, Rommel (FRA)
1952: Netter, Buhan, Lataste, Noël, d'Oriola, Rommel (FRA)
1956: Mangiarotti, Di Rosa, Bergamini, Spallino, Carpaneda, Lucarelli (ITA)
1960: Zhdanovich, Sisikin, Midler, Sveshnikov, Rudov (URS)
1964: Zhdanovich, Sisikin, Midler, Sveshnikov, Sharov (URS)
1968: Magnan, Revenu, Noël, Berolatti, Dimont (FRA)
1972: Woyda, Koziejowski, Kaczmarek, Dąbrowski, Godel (POL)
1976: Bach, Hein, Reichert, Behr, Sens-Gorius (FRG)
1980: Pietruszka, Flament, Jolyot, Bonnin, Boscherie (FRA)
1984: Numa, Borella, Cipressa, Cerioni, Scuri (ITA)
1988: Romankov, Mammadov, Aptsiauri, Ibragimov, Koretsky (URS)
1992: Wagner, Schreck, Weidner, Koch, Weißenborn (GER)
1996: Shevchenko, Mammadov, Pavlovich (RUS)
2000: Ferrari, Plumenail, Guyart, Lhotellier (FRA)
2004: Cassarà, Sanzo, Vanni (ITA)
2012: Baldini, Avola, Cassarà, Aspromonte (ITA)
2016: Safin, Cheremisinov, Akhmatkhuzin (RUS)
2020: Le Péchoux, Lefort, Mertine, Pauty (FRA)
|
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The International Fencing Federation official website\""},{"Link":"https://fie.org/athletes/25212","external_links_name":"Timur Safin"},{"Link":"https://www.eurofencing.info/competitions/fencers/case:fencer/licence:00002398","external_links_name":"Timur Safin"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20160812101637/http://www.eurofencing.info/athletes/biography/timur-safin","external_links_name":"archive"},{"Link":"http://rusfencing.ru/sportsmen_card.php?ID=181355","external_links_name":"Timur Safin"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://rusfencing.ru/sportsmen_card.php?ID=181355","external_links_name":"in English"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808062934/http://www.rusfencing.ru/cntnt/sbornye_ko/files31/profajly/timur_safi.html","external_links_name":"archive"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/timur-safin","external_links_name":"Timur Safin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/timur-safin-1.html","external_links_name":"Timur Safin"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim_Siong_Guan
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Lim Siong Guan
|
["1 Education","2 Career","3 Honour (Singapore)","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
|
Lim Siong Guan, DUNU (First Class) (Chinese: 林祥源; pinyin: Lín Xiángyuán, born 1947) is currently advisor to the group executive committee of GIC, Singapore's sovereign wealth fund. He was group president of GIC from 2007 until his retirement at the end of 2016.
Education
Lim was educated at the Anglo-Chinese School, Singapore. He was awarded the President's Scholarship to study at the University of Adelaide, Australia, where he graduated with First Class Honours in Mechanical Engineering in 1969. He attained a Postgraduate Diploma in Business Administration from the National University of Singapore in 1975.
Career
Lim was the head of the Singapore Civil Service from September 1999 to March 2005. He was the permanent secretary of the Ministry of Defence from July 1981 to May 1994, permanent secretary in the Prime Minister's Office from June 1994 to July 1998, (concurrently) permanent secretary of the Ministry of Education from April 1997 to June 1999, and permanent secretary of the Ministry of Finance (June 1999 to September 2006). He was the first principal private secretary to former prime minister Lee Kuan Yew from May 1978 to June 1981.
Lim was the chairman of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA) and the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore from 2004 to 2006. Previously he had been the chairman of the Central Provident Fund Board from 1986 to 1994 and deputy chairman of the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore (now absorbed into the Monetary Authority of Singapore)from 1999 to 2002. He was a board member of the Monetary Authority of Singapore from 1999 to 2006.
In 2005, Lim was one of the 3-member Presidential Elections Committee who reviewed the qualifications of candidates for the 2005 Singapore President Elections.
Lim is an adjunct professor of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and has been a member of the Lee Kuan Yew Exchange Fellowship from 2005 to 2006. He has been a director of Temasek Holdings Pte. Ltd., a director of DBS Bank Ltd, a director of Neptune Orient Lines Limited, and variously chairman or director of a number of companies which are now part of the Singapore Technologies Engineering group of companies. He is also a member of the international advisory panel of the Asian Competitiveness Institute.
He was chairman of the Economic Development Board from October 2006 to June 2009. He was first appointed group managing director of Government of Singapore Investment Corporation on 22 September 2007. Lim was appointed the group president of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC), a newly created role that oversees all three GIC investment units: GIC Real Estate, GIC Asset Management and GIC Special Investments on 1 July 2009.
Lim was awarded the Order of Nila Utama (First Class) in 2006, the Meritorious Service Medal in 1991 and the Public Administration Medal (Gold) in 1982.
In 2014, a book Lim co-authored with his daughter, Joanne H Lim, The Leader, The Teacher & You (World Scientific, 2013), co-won the Singapore Literature Prize for English Non-fiction. In 2016, Lim and his daughter released another book, Winning With Honour in Relationships, Family, Organisations, Leadership, And Life (World Scientific).
Honour (Singapore)
In August 2014, Lim founded Honour Singapore, a non-profit organisation advocating a culture of honour, as founding chairman. It attracted scrutiny on social media when it was revealed that all the original members of the board are also senior members of the Full Gospel Business (FGB) Singapore, a group that believes in bringing the Christian teachings to the "marketplace" and all levels of society.
Lim denied categorically that Honour Singapore had Christian inclination, and that Honour Singapore and FGB Singapore share the same office for convenience. The organisation has since added Mohammad Alami Musa, non-executive President of the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore, to its board in 2016.
Bibliography
Lim, Siong Guan (2018). Can Singapore fall? making the future for Singapore. IPS-Nathan lectures. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. ISBN 978-981-323-862-6.
The Leader, The Teacher & You (World Scientific, 2013) ISBN 978-1-783263-97-4
Winning With Honour in Relationships, Family, Organisations, Leadership, And Life (World Scientific, 2016) ISBN 978-981-3108-63-9
References
^ "GIC appoints Lim Chow Kiat as CEO; announces retirement of group president Lim Siong Guan". The Straits Times. 21 November 2016.
^ "Presidential Elections Committee " (PDF), Government Gazette, 27 May 2007, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2008.
^ "Lim Siong Guan to oversee GIC investment units". AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
^ "Lim Siong Guan to oversee GIC investment units". AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
^ Martin, Mayo (4 November 2014). "S'pore Literature Prize 2014 winners announced". MediaCorp. TODAY. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
^ Ho, Olivia (30 April 2016). "New book by Lim Siong Guan focuses on honour". Singapore Press Holdings. The Straits Times. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
^ "Honour in Singapore – About chairman Lim Siong Guan". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ "We don't have a religious agenda: Honour (Singapore)". TODAYonline.
^ "Honour Singapore addresses online flak for its Christian board members". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ "Explanatory Note Following Recent Comments on Honour (Singapore) - Honour Singapore". Honour Singapore. 7 April 2016.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
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United States
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He attained a Postgraduate Diploma in Business Administration from the National University of Singapore in 1975.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_and_Corporate_Regulatory_Authority"},{"link_name":"Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Revenue_Authority_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Central Provident Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund"},{"link_name":"Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Commissioners_of_Currency,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Monetary Authority of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"2005 Singapore President Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Singaporean_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew_School_of_Public_Policy"},{"link_name":"Temasek Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temasek_Holdings"},{"link_name":"DBS Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBS_Bank"},{"link_name":"Neptune Orient Lines Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_Orient_Lines_Limited"},{"link_name":"Singapore Technologies Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Technologies_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Economic Development Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Development_Board"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Government of Singapore Investment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singapore_Investment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Order of Nila Utama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjah_Utama_Nila_Utama"},{"link_name":"Meritorious Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingat_Jasa_Gemilang"},{"link_name":"Public Administration Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingat_Pentadbiran_Awam"},{"link_name":"World Scientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientific"},{"link_name":"Singapore Literature Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Literature_Prize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"World Scientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientific"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lim was the head of the Singapore Civil Service from September 1999 to March 2005. He was the permanent secretary of the Ministry of Defence from July 1981 to May 1994, permanent secretary in the Prime Minister's Office from June 1994 to July 1998, (concurrently) permanent secretary of the Ministry of Education from April 1997 to June 1999, and permanent secretary of the Ministry of Finance (June 1999 to September 2006). He was the first principal private secretary to former prime minister Lee Kuan Yew from May 1978 to June 1981.Lim was the chairman of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA) and the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore from 2004 to 2006. Previously he had been the chairman of the Central Provident Fund Board from 1986 to 1994 and deputy chairman of the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore (now absorbed into the Monetary Authority of Singapore)from 1999 to 2002. He was a board member of the Monetary Authority of Singapore from 1999 to 2006.In 2005, Lim was one of the 3-member Presidential Elections Committee who reviewed the qualifications of candidates for the 2005 Singapore President Elections.[2]Lim is an adjunct professor of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and has been a member of the Lee Kuan Yew Exchange Fellowship from 2005 to 2006. He has been a director of Temasek Holdings Pte. Ltd., a director of DBS Bank Ltd, a director of Neptune Orient Lines Limited, and variously chairman or director of a number of companies which are now part of the Singapore Technologies Engineering group of companies. He is also a member of the international advisory panel of the Asian Competitiveness Institute.He was chairman of the Economic Development Board from October 2006 to June 2009.[3] He was first appointed group managing director of Government of Singapore Investment Corporation on 22 September 2007. Lim was appointed the group president of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC), a newly created role that oversees all three GIC investment units: GIC Real Estate, GIC Asset Management and GIC Special Investments on 1 July 2009.[4]Lim was awarded the Order of Nila Utama (First Class) in 2006, the Meritorious Service Medal in 1991 and the Public Administration Medal (Gold) in 1982.In 2014, a book Lim co-authored with his daughter, Joanne H Lim, The Leader, The Teacher & You (World Scientific, 2013), co-won the Singapore Literature Prize for English Non-fiction.[5] In 2016, Lim and his daughter released another book, Winning With Honour in Relationships, Family, Organisations, Leadership, And Life (World Scientific).[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Islamic Religious Council of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Ugama_Islam_Singapura"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In August 2014, Lim founded Honour Singapore, a non-profit organisation advocating a culture of honour, as founding chairman. It attracted scrutiny on social media when it was revealed that all the original members of the board are also senior members of the Full Gospel Business (FGB) Singapore, a group that believes in bringing the Christian teachings to the \"marketplace\" and all levels of society.[7][8]Lim denied categorically that Honour Singapore had Christian inclination, and that Honour Singapore and FGB Singapore share the same office for convenience.[9] The organisation has since added Mohammad Alami Musa, non-executive President of the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore, to its board in 2016.[10]","title":"Honour (Singapore)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-981-323-862-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-323-862-6"},{"link_name":"The Leader, The Teacher & You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/P920"},{"link_name":"World Scientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientific"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-783263-97-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-783263-97-4"},{"link_name":"Winning With Honour in Relationships, Family, Organisations, Leadership, And Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10005"},{"link_name":"World Scientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientific"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-981-3108-63-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3108-63-9"}],"text":"Lim, Siong Guan (2018). Can Singapore fall? making the future for Singapore. IPS-Nathan lectures. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. ISBN 978-981-323-862-6.\nThe Leader, The Teacher & You (World Scientific, 2013) ISBN 978-1-783263-97-4\nWinning With Honour in Relationships, Family, Organisations, Leadership, And Life (World Scientific, 2016) ISBN 978-981-3108-63-9","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alesha_MacPhail
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Murder of Alesha MacPhail
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["1 Background","1.1 Alesha MacPhail","1.2 Aaron Campbell","2 Abduction and murder","3 Investigation","3.1 Search and discovery","3.2 Enquiries and arrest","4 Trial","4.1 Evidence","4.2 Defence","4.3 Verdict and confession","4.4 Appeal","5 Reaction and memorials","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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2018 child murder in Rothesay, Scotland
Murder of Alesha MacPhailBornAlesha Sarah MacPhail22 October 2011Glasgow, ScotlandDied2 July 2018 (aged 6)Rothesay, Isle of Bute, ScotlandCause of deathHomicide (pressure to the face and neck)Resting placeColtswood Cemetery, Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland55°52′19″N 4°01′37″W / 55.8720°N 4.0270°W / 55.8720; -4.0270 (approximate)Parent(s)Georgina LochraneRobert MacPhail
On 2 July 2018, six-year-old Scottish girl Alesha Sarah MacPhail was abducted from her bed and murdered by 16-year-old Aaron Campbell. Alesha, from Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, was three days into a stay with her grandparents on the Isle of Bute when Campbell entered their unlocked home at approximately 02:00 AM. The teenager had previously bought cannabis from Alesha's father Robert, who lived in the house, and initially went to steal the drug. Upon finding the child asleep, Campbell picked her up, carried her to the grounds of a demolished hotel, then raped and killed her by applying pressure to her face and neck. Alesha was reported missing at 06:23 GMT; her body was discovered by a member of the public at 08:54 GMT.
Police Scotland charged Campbell with abduction, rape and murder on 5 July 2018. He denied any involvement and pleaded "not guilty" when his trial began on 11 February 2019. He logged a "special defence of incrimination" by claiming that Robert's girlfriend, Toni McLachlan, was responsible for murdering the child and framing him. Campbell was tied to the crime by CCTV footage, DNA, and fibres from his clothing, and the jury returned a guilty verdict after three hours of deliberation. A ban on publicly naming Campbell was lifted following his conviction. On 21 March 2019, he was handed a life sentence with a minimum term of 27 years; subsequently reduced to 24 years on appeal. He confessed to the crime before his sentencing, adding that he was "quite satisfied with the murder".
The case generated a large amount of media interest in the United Kingdom, with the presiding judge Lord Matthews stating that he "could not think of a crime in recent times that has attracted such revulsion". The perceived safety of the Isle of Bute contributed to the public's shock, while the young age of the culprit prompted discussion and debate around the nature of underage murderers.
Background
Alesha MacPhail
Alesha Sarah MacPhail was born in Glasgow Royal Infirmary on 22 October 2011. She lived in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, with her mother Georgina Lochrane (aged 23 in 2018) and her younger sister She attended Chapelside School and had recently completed Primary Two at the time of her death. She was described by her headteacher as a "smiley and happy young girl" who "loved being at school and enjoyed all aspects of literacy, in particular writing." Her favourite activities included gymnastics and cake baking.
MacPhail's parents separated when she was three months old. Her father Robert (aged 26 in 2018) lived in Rothesay, the principal town on the Isle of Bute, with his parents and his girlfriend Toni McLachlan (aged 17 in 2018). Alesha would visit her father and grandparents every other weekend. On 28 June 2018, at six years old, she joined her family in Rothesay for what was meant to be three weeks of the school summer break.
Aaron Campbell
Aaron Campbell2018 police detention imageBornAaron Thomas Campbell (2002-05-07) 7 May 2002 (age 22)Shrewsbury, Shropshire, EnglandStatusIncarceratedCriminal chargeMurder, rape and abductionPenaltyLife imprisonment with a minimum term of 24 yearsDate apprehended4 July 2018Imprisoned atHMYOI Polmont
Aaron Thomas Campbell was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on 7 May 2002. He moved to the Isle of Bute when he was four or five years old with his mother Janette, father Christopher, and a younger sister.
Campbell's upbringing included elements of physical and emotional abuse, and he often argued with his alcoholic mother. He was tested for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and had a history of self harming and depression. Campbell attended Rothesay Academy and was popular among his friends, with whom he regularly drank alcohol and attended parties. He was fit and active, while also keen on gaming; he wished to be a YouTube star and posted several videos to the website.
When he was aged 15, Campbell began to consider "doing something excessive" such as rape. In 2017, he sent a Facebook message saying that he "might kill 1 day for the lifetime experience". He was entered into a rehabilitation programme when he was caught starting fires.
Campbell was acquainted with Robert MacPhail and Toni McLachlan, and claimed to have had a casual sexual relationship with McLachlan in the winter of 2017, although there is no evidence corroborating any of Campbell's outlandish claims and McLachlan denies this. He purchased cannabis from the couple on multiple occasions, but these interactions ceased in early 2018 following a disagreement and intervention from Campbell's mother.
Abduction and murder
On 1 July 2018, three days into her summer visit, MacPhail was put to bed in her room at her grandparents' seafront home with a Peppa Pig DVD playing. At around 23:00, McLachlan checked on the child and noticed that she was asleep. The key was left in the front door, as was common in Rothesay.
The same evening, 16 year-old Campbell invited fifteen friends to his house, where he became drunk. The party finished before midnight, but at 00:30 on 2 July, a friend returned and found Campbell in bed and "suicidal". Campbell claimed, "I was quite upset as my mum had been arguing with me most of the night." The friend was "quite worried for him" and offered to stay over, but Campbell declined and said he was going to "get stoned". He sent messages to several people asking if they were available to sell him cannabis, including Robert MacPhail. At 01:47 and 01:48 he called McLachlan but received no response.
Intending to steal cannabis, Campbell left his house at 01:54 armed with a kitchen knife. He entered the MacPhail property, roughly a five-minute walk away, where MacPhail's room was closest to the front door. When he found the sleeping girl, Campbell saw a "moment of opportunity", later claiming, "All I thought about was killing her once I saw her." He lifted a drowsy MacPhail from her bed, left the house without anyone noticing, and walked with her along the ocean shore. The child awoke in his arms during this walk and asked who he was; Campbell replied that he knew her father and was taking her home. He carried MacPhail to a secluded location then raped and murdered her. He threw his clothes into the sea, went home for a shower, then returned to the murder site to retrieve his phone.
Investigation
Search and discovery
MacPhail was staying with her father in the small town of Rothesay, Isle of Bute
At 06:00 on 2 July, Calum MacPhail awoke for work to find that his granddaughter was not in her bed and determined that she was nowhere in the house. She had never run away before, and her bike remained in the garden. Alesha's grandmother, Angela King, notified the police at 06:23 while the rest of the family began searching the local area and spreading word of her disappearance. King also made a plea on Facebook, encouraging members of the public to help. McLachlan noticed the missed calls from Campbell and tried phoning him. At 09:01 Campbell responded "Sorry doesn't matter" with two laughing emojis. When asked to look out for Alesha, he wrote, "Oh damn. Am sure she's not went too far x".
Police Scotland began a hunt for Alesha, utilising a helicopter to help with the search. A coastguard volunteer began searching the shoreline at 06:55, where he discovered the kitchen knife near the MacPhail home. Many members of the public also joined. At 08:54, the police were notified by Jorge Williams, a local man who had seen King's Facebook appeal, that he had discovered Alesha's lifeless and naked body. She was found in a wooded area within the grounds of a former hotel, a fifteen-minute walk from the MacPhail home. Georgina Lochrane, who was 70 miles (110 km) away in Airdrie, learned about her daughter's death via King's Facebook page before being escorted to Bute.
A postmortem examination was conducted on 3 July 2018. The autopsy concluded that MacPhail received 117 injuries, some of which were caused while she was alive and some of which may have been caused by vegetation. Injuries to her neck and face indicated that she had been gripped, while injuries to her nose and mouth indicated that she had been smothered. Her genitalia sustained "catastrophic" injuries. The pathologist determined her death to be "the result of significant forceful pressure to her neck and face”.
Enquiries and arrest
Police Scotland opened a murder investigation following the results of the autopsy. Chief Superintendent Hazel Hendren, the local police commander, stated that "Every available resource from across Police Scotland is being made available to this major investigation". Detective Superintendent Stuart Houston made a successful plea for information from the public. The police conducted searches at the MacPhail residence, while heavily patrolling the streets of Bute and making house-to-house inquiries. Several parts of the island were cordoned off while forensic experts searched for evidence. Investigators believed from an early stage that the murderer remained on Bute.
Janette Campbell, the mother of Aaron Campbell, helped with the initial search for Alesha. In response to the police request for information, she checked the CCTV system installed outside her home and found footage of her son leaving and returning twice during the hours that the girl disappeared. When she quizzed him over his whereabouts, Aaron insisted that he knew nothing about the case. Janette was pleased with his response, but nevertheless reported the footage to the police to remove any suspicion.
Aaron Campbell was initially interviewed by Detective Constable Gavin McKellar and Detective Sergeant Steven Hendrie as a possible witness. He co-operated with the questions, showing no signs of worry or intimidation, and claimed that he had been buying and smoking cannabis. He was arrested on suspicion of murder on 4 July, and taken to a police station in Glasgow, where he answered "no comment" to all questions. The following day, he was charged with the murder and rape of Alesha MacPhail and remanded in custody. On 13 July, he appeared at Greenock Sheriff Court and did not submit a plea.
Trial
Campbell appeared at the High Court in Glasgow on 10 December 2018 for indictment proceedings. He entered a "not guilty" plea to the charge of abducting, raping, and murdering Alesha MacPhail. A trial was set for February 2019, with Iain McSporran QC acting as prosecutor and Brian McConnachie QC acting as Campbell's defence advocate. A second charge of attempting to defeat the ends of justice was dropped during the trial. Because he was younger than 18, the media were banned from reporting Campbell's name for the duration of the trial.
Evidence
The trial took place at the High Court of Justiciary, Glasgow
The trial began on 11 February 2019, presided over by Judge Lord Matthews. The court was shown CCTV footage, from cameras installed by Campbell's mother, that captured the defendant leaving his house at 01:54 on 2 July, returning at 03:35, then leaving and returning again for two short periods before 04:07 . Additional CCTV footage, supplied by members of the public, showed an individual walking along the shoreline at 02:25 and 02:26, appearing to carry something in his arms. Pathologist John Williams testified that Alesha's feet were clean and uninjured, suggesting she had been carried.
Janette Campbell confirmed that several items recovered from the beach after Alesha's death – a fleece jacket, jogging bottoms, boxer shorts, a t-shirt, and a kitchen knife – belonged to her son and came from her kitchen. Fibres from the trousers were found on Alesha's discarded pyjamas, and forensic scientist Stuart Bailey testified that DNA matching the accused was found on the beach clothing. He further confirmed that a DNA sample taken from Alesha's neck had a billion-to-one chance of coming from anybody but Aaron Campbell. DNA matches were also found on Alesha's face, fourteen parts of her body, and some of her clothing. A cybercrime expert told the court that on 3 July 2018, Campbell used his phone to Google search "How do police find DNA", then visited a webpage titled "Collecting DNA evidence". A 16-year-old girl testified that hours after Alesha's body was discovered, Campbell filmed himself in a Snapchat video, sent to a group of 25 people, with the words "Found the guy who has done it."
Defence
In his defence, Campbell claimed that he spent the early hours of 2 July procuring cannabis and searching for his lost phone. Two young men testified that they had received messages from the defendant but did not meet him that night. Campbell logged a "special defence of incrimination", in which he argued that Toni McLachlan, the girlfriend of Alesha's father, was responsible for the murder. He took the witness stand and claimed that McLachlan had sex with him in a garage on the night of the killing; he then suggested that she killed Alesha and used a condom to plant his semen on the child's body. Campbell's lawyer asserted that McLachlan was jealous of the attention the child received and that her relationship with Alesha's father was physically abusive. McLachlan denied all of Campbell's claims, adding that she loved the child "to pieces". Angela King, MacPhail's grandmother, testified that Alesha and McLachlan had a "great" relationship. Unlike the defendant, 18 year-old McLachlan was named in the media throughout the trial.
Campbell answered questions for two hours, offering explanations for the prosecution's evidence while appearing "strikingly composed", "unfazed", and "articulate" according to a journalist for The Guardian. He told the court that he had never met Alesha and denied murdering her by stating, "Absolutely not. I could never do that." He agreed that placing the blame on an innocent person would be "evil". Campbell confirmed that he could bench press 50 kg (110 lb); the prosecution argued that McLachlan, conversely, did not have the strength to carry 22 kg (49 lb) Alesha from her house to the murder site.
Verdict and confession
The trial lasted nine days. The jury deliberated for three hours before returning a unanimous guilty verdict on 21 February. Lord Matthews described the evidence against Campbell as "overwhelming" and stated that the teenager had committed "some of the most wicked and evil crimes this court has ever heard of in decades of dealing with depravity". Campbell remained emotionless upon hearing his conviction. A group of media outlets made a legal bid for the teenager to be publicly identified, arguing that this transparency was in the public interest. Following the trial, Lord Matthews agreed to reverse the naming restriction – a first in Scottish history – due to the "unique" nature of the case.
Campbell re-appeared before Lord Matthews for his sentencing on 21 March. Reports prepared by Dr. Gary Macpherson, a consultant forensic clinical psychologist, revealed that Campbell had since confessed to the crime in detail. He told Dr. Macpherson that he was "quite satisfied with the murder" and said it took "everything to stop laughing" during points of the trial. The report stated that Campbell "continued to experience thoughts of killing and having sex with children and having sex with dead bodies". Lord Matthews described the teenager as a "cold, calculating, remorseless and dangerous individual ... completely lacking in victim empathy” before handing him a life sentence with a minimum term of 27 years. The judge stated that this term would have been higher for an adult, but observed that "reintegration or rehabilitation are remote possibilities”, perhaps "impossible". He stressed that the claims against McLachlan were a "travesty of the truth" and that the young woman was "completely innocent". Alesha's mother, Georgina Lochrane, shouted abuse at Campbell as the hearing ended, and subsequently told the media, "A life sentence should be a life sentence. He should have no human rights and doesn’t deserve anything because he is inhuman."
Appeal
On 10 September 2019, Campbell successfully appealed his sentence, reducing the minimum term from 27 years to 24 years; meaning he will be eligible to apply for parole when he is 40, in 2042. Three judges ruled that the original sentence had been excessive for his age, but they did not dispute Lord Matthews' suggestion that the appellant may never be released. Campbell is imprisoned at HM Young Offenders Institution Polmont and will be moved to an adult prison when he turns 21.
Reaction and memorials
Alesha MacPhail's murder received significant media attention in the United Kingdom: the presiding judge stated that he "could not think of a crime in recent times that has attracted such revulsion". The level of public outrage led to comparisons with the 1993 murder of James Bulger. Initial reports emphasised the unlikelihood of the crime occurring on the small Isle of Bute, which was once a popular tourist destination for Scotland's city dwellers. The local reverend Owain Jones commented, "Bute is one of these places that is incredibly safe, you take all sorts of things for granted here". At the time of the trial he acknowledged the lasting shock within the community, adding that "nothing feels the same". The revelations of casual teenage drinking, sex, and drug use on the island were also a source of surprise; Libby Brooks of The Guardian wrote that the MacPhail trial revealed "the reality of life on Bute beyond the picture postcard", where the population is declining and deprivation growing. Local young people were offered counselling services to help them deal with the repercussions of the case.
We can't miss this opportunity as a nation to understand how someone gets to that point, and what can be done when, for whatever reason, a child is vulnerable to acting in this way. We acknowledge that this was an unusual and exceptional case, but that should spur us on to do better.
— Fiona Dyer Interventions for Vulnerable Youth Project University of Strathclyde
A debate around childhood influences arose once the culprit was confirmed to be 16 year-old Campbell. In an effort to make sense of the crime, public and media comments focussed on " reported obsession with violent video games, in particular the Slender Man meme, lurid analysis of his YouTube posts and speculation that cannabis psychosis was linked to this and other killings." The case also prompted discussions of how to treat young offenders of serious crimes. John Marshall, who assessed Campbell after his conviction, argued that young children should be tested for psychopathic traits so that interventions can start early, a suggestion that caused controversy in the field of child psychology. Campbell's YouTube channel was removed from the website following his conviction.
Before the suspect was confirmed to be a local boy, rumours surfaced on social media – spearheaded by the right-wing commentator Katie Hopkins – that the culprit was one of the Syrian refugees housed on the island in 2015. Hopkins was condemned for making the implication without any evidence; Michael Russell MSP described the comments as "an awful, divisive, hate-filled lie", and Alan Smith of The Herald wrote that Alesha's "tragic death was being used to further the cause of the far-right".
A candlelit vigil for the victim was held in Rothesay shortly after her murder. The six-year-old's funeral took place in Coatbridge on 21 July 2018, attended by hundreds of mourners. She was buried in Coltswood Cemetery. On 25 May 2019, a pink memorial bench was unveiled on the Rothesay promenade. On 20 June, nearly a year after her death, Alesha's primary school opened a playhouse built in her memory, decorated with artwork designed by the pupils. It was funded with £22,000 donated by the public. MacPhail's family attended a memorial service at the school that included a song and poem written for Alesha.
See also
Child abduction
List of kidnappings
References
^ "Pink Themed Funeral Held for Six-year-old Alesha MacPhail". ITV. 21 July 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^ a b c Brooks, Libby (21 March 2019). "Aaron Campbell jailed for life for murder of Alesha MacPhail". The Guardian.
^ a b c d e f g h Brooks, Libby (22 February 2019). "Teenage murderer of Alesha MacPhail named as Aaron Campbell". The Guardian.
^ Aitchison, Jack (6 September 2019). "Alesha MacPhail Memorial Bench Set up in Airdrie Park". The Glasgow Times. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
^ a b c O'Hare, Paul (21 February 2019). "Alesha: The little girl with the big smile". BBC News.
^ a b "School's tribute to 'smiley, happy' Alesha MacPhail". BBC News. 3 July 2018.
^ Giordano, Chiara (21 July 2018). "Funeral held for 'special little girl' found dead on Isle of Bute". The Independent. Alesha MacPhail.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k O'Hare, Paul (21 March 2019). "The schoolboy who became an opportunistic killer". BBC News.
^ a b Quinn, Ben (10 September 2019). "Murderer of six-year-old Alesha MacPhail has sentence cut". The Guardian.
^ a b c d Brooks, Libby (21 February 2019). "Mother of Alesha MacPhail's killer led police to his door". The Guardian.
^ a b c d e f g "Alesha MacPhail murder accused had 'fantasy' killing chat". BBC News. 15 February 2019.
^ a b Horne, Marc (11 September 2019). "Alesha MacPhail's family outraged as killer Aaron Campbell has sentence cut". The Times.
^ McCann, David (14 February 2019). "I never had sex with accused, says partner of Alesha's father". The Times.
^ a b c "Alesha MacPhail's father 'sold cannabis to murder accused'". BBC News. 12 February 2019.
^ a b c d e "Woman denies killing six-year-old schoolgirl". BBC News. Alesha MacPhail. BBC. 13 February 2019.
^ a b Hind, Sally; Fitzgerald, Todd (22 March 2019). "'You've taken the wrong wee girl from the wrong family, you disgusting, vile rat': Mum says she looks forward to the day her daughter's killer is dead". Manchester Evening News.
^ a b c d e Brooks, Libby (14 February 2019). "Accused's mother testifies in court". The Guardian.
^ "HMA v Aaron Campbell". Judiciary of Scotland. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020.
^ a b c d "The teenage killer caught by his mother's CCTV". BBC News. 21 February 2019.
^ Barnes, Tom (13 February 2019). "Teenager accused of raping and killing six-year-old 'sent laughing emojis after she went missing'". The Independent.
^ a b c "Life sentence for Aaron Campbell after he admits guilt". BBC News. 21 March 2019.
^ Buck, Kate (3 July 2018). "Mum of girl, 6, found dead on Isle of Bute 'found out on Facebook'". Metro.
^ a b c d "Police treating Alesha MacPhail death as murder". BBC News. 4 July 2018.
^ a b "Six-year-old's injuries 'catastrophic'". BBC News. 14 February 2019.
^ a b "Boy arrested on suspicion of murder on Isle of Bute". Sky News. 5 July 2018.
^ a b c Simpson, Alan (5 July 2018). "Fury over 'divisive, hate-filled' Katie Hopkins tweet". The Herald Scotland.
^ Brooks, Libby (13 February 2019). "Girlfriend of Alesha MacPhail's father denies child's murder". The Guardian.
^ Cramb, Auslan (13 February 2019). "Girlfriend of Alesha MacPhail's father denies killing the six-year-old". The Telegraph.
^ "Accused gave 'no comment' when charged with Alesha MacPhail murder, court hears". Belfast Telegraph. 18 February 2019.
^ "Teenager charged in connection with death of Alesha MacPhail". Police Scotland. 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
^ "Boy remanded in custody accused of Alesha MacPhail murder". BBC News. 13 July 2018.
^ "Teenager denies Alesha rape and murder". BBC News. 10 December 2018.
^ McCahill, Elaine; Greer, Stuart (21 March 2019). "Aaron Campbell jailed for 27 years for murder of Alesha MacPhail". Manchester Evening News.
^ a b c d "Boy, 16, denies killing six-year-old girl". BBC News. 18 February 2019.
^ "Alesha MacPhail murder accused, aged 16, blames woman". BBC News. 11 February 2019.
^ a b "Jury told of DNA Google search". BBC News. 18 February 2019.
^ "DNA found on body 'matched accused'". BBC News. 19 February 2019.
^ "Boy, 16, found guilty". BBC News. 21 February 2019.
^ "Alesha MacPhail killer has sentence cut by three years". BBC News. 10 September 2019.
^ a b c d Brooks, Libby (11 April 2019). "Horror over Alesha MacPhail murder 'must not obscure lessons'". The Guardian.
^ Brooks, Libby (21 February 2019). "Teenager guilty of murdering six-year-old Alesha MacPhail". The Guardian.
^ Brooks, Libby (26 February 2019). "Why was Alesha MacPhail killed? Perhaps we should stop asking". The Guardian.
^ "Calls for children to be screened for 'psychopathic traits' in wake of Alesha MacPhail murder". The Scotsman. Edinburgh, UK. 2 April 2019.
^ Drury, Colin (24 February 2019). "YouTube removes horror game videos posted by teenager who raped and murdered 6 year-old girl". The Independent. Alesha MacPhail.
^ Lonergan, Aidan (5 July 2018). "Fury after Katie Hopkins uses Alesha MacPhail murder to push 'divisive, hate filled lie' as police arrest teenage boy". The Irish Post.
^ "Hundreds attend Alesha MacPhail farewell". BBC News. BBC. 21 July 2018.
^ "Alesha MacPhail's father unveils tribute on Isle of Bute". BBC News. 25 May 2019.
^ "Pupils and teachers remember murder victim". BBC News. 20 June 2019.
External links
Alesha MacPhail at Find a Grave
The Murder of Alesha MacPhail at crimeandinvestigation.co.uk
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abducted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abduction"},{"link_name":"Airdrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie,_North_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"North Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Isle of Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Bute"},{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"raped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_rape"},{"link_name":"Police Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Scotland"},{"link_name":"CCTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"life sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_sentence"},{"link_name":"minimum term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_term"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jailed-2"},{"link_name":"Lord Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Matthews,_Lord_Matthews"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-3"}],"text":"2018 child murder in Rothesay, ScotlandOn 2 July 2018, six-year-old Scottish girl Alesha Sarah MacPhail was abducted from her bed and murdered by 16-year-old Aaron Campbell. Alesha, from Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, was three days into a stay with her grandparents on the Isle of Bute when Campbell entered their unlocked home at approximately 02:00 AM. The teenager had previously bought cannabis from Alesha's father Robert, who lived in the house, and initially went to steal the drug. Upon finding the child asleep, Campbell picked her up, carried her to the grounds of a demolished hotel, then raped and killed her by applying pressure to her face and neck. Alesha was reported missing at 06:23 GMT; her body was discovered by a member of the public at 08:54 GMT.Police Scotland charged Campbell with abduction, rape and murder on 5 July 2018. He denied any involvement and pleaded \"not guilty\" when his trial began on 11 February 2019. He logged a \"special defence of incrimination\" by claiming that Robert's girlfriend, Toni McLachlan, was responsible for murdering the child and framing him. Campbell was tied to the crime by CCTV footage, DNA, and fibres from his clothing, and the jury returned a guilty verdict after three hours of deliberation. A ban on publicly naming Campbell was lifted following his conviction. On 21 March 2019, he was handed a life sentence with a minimum term of 27 years; subsequently reduced to 24 years on appeal. He confessed to the crime before his sentencing, adding that he was \"quite satisfied with the murder\".[2]The case generated a large amount of media interest in the United Kingdom, with the presiding judge Lord Matthews stating that he \"could not think of a crime in recent times that has attracted such revulsion\".[3] The perceived safety of the Isle of Bute contributed to the public's shock, while the young age of the culprit prompted discussion and debate around the nature of underage murderers.","title":"Murder of Alesha MacPhail"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow Royal Infirmary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Infirmary"},{"link_name":"Airdrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie,_North_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"North Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Primary Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Scotland#Stages_of_compulsory_education"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smile-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-school-6"},{"link_name":"gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rothesay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothesay"},{"link_name":"Isle of Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Bute"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smile-5"}],"sub_title":"Alesha MacPhail","text":"Alesha Sarah MacPhail was born in Glasgow Royal Infirmary on 22 October 2011. She lived in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, with her mother Georgina Lochrane (aged 23 in 2018) and her younger sister [4] She attended Chapelside School and had recently completed Primary Two at the time of her death.[5] She was described by her headteacher as a \"smiley and happy young girl\" who \"loved being at school and enjoyed all aspects of literacy, in particular writing.\"[6] Her favourite activities included gymnastics and cake baking.[7]MacPhail's parents separated when she was three months old. Her father Robert (aged 26 in 2018) lived in Rothesay, the principal town on the Isle of Bute, with his parents and his girlfriend Toni McLachlan (aged 17 in 2018). Alesha would visit her father and grandparents every other weekend. On 28 June 2018, at six years old, she joined her family in Rothesay for what was meant to be three weeks of the school summer break.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-3"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolboy-8"},{"link_name":"physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abuse"},{"link_name":"emotional abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_abuse"},{"link_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder"},{"link_name":"self harming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_harming"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolboy-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cut-9"},{"link_name":"Rothesay Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothesay_Academy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-led-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-3"},{"link_name":"gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolboy-8"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fantasy-11"},{"link_name":"starting fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson#Scotland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outrage-12"},{"link_name":"casual sexual relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_sex"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolboy-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cannabis-14"}],"sub_title":"Aaron Campbell","text":"Aaron Thomas Campbell[3] was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on 7 May 2002. He moved to the Isle of Bute when he was four or five years old with his mother Janette, father Christopher, and a younger sister.[8]Campbell's upbringing included elements of physical and emotional abuse, and he often argued with his alcoholic mother. He was tested for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and had a history of self harming and depression.[8][9] Campbell attended Rothesay Academy and was popular among his friends, with whom he regularly drank alcohol and attended parties.[3][10] He was fit and active,[3] while also keen on gaming; he wished to be a YouTube star and posted several videos to the website.When he was aged 15, Campbell began to consider \"doing something excessive\" such as rape.[8] In 2017, he sent a Facebook message saying that he \"might kill 1 day for the lifetime experience\".[11] He was entered into a rehabilitation programme when he was caught starting fires.[12]Campbell was acquainted with Robert MacPhail and Toni McLachlan, and claimed to have had a casual sexual relationship with McLachlan in the winter of 2017,[8] although there is no evidence corroborating any of Campbell's outlandish claims and McLachlan denies this.[13] He purchased cannabis from the couple on multiple occasions, but these interactions ceased in early 2018 following a disagreement and intervention from Campbell's mother.[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peppa Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppa_Pig"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smile-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cannabis-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolboy-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fantasy-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolboy-8"},{"link_name":"stoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_intoxication"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fantasy-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fantasy-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deny-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taken-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mother-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolboy-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolboy-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"On 1 July 2018, three days into her summer visit, MacPhail was put to bed in her room at her grandparents' seafront home with a Peppa Pig DVD playing. At around 23:00, McLachlan checked on the child and noticed that she was asleep.[5] The key was left in the front door, as was common in Rothesay.[14]The same evening, 16 year-old Campbell invited fifteen friends to his house, where he became drunk. The party finished before midnight, but at 00:30 on 2 July, a friend returned and found Campbell in bed and \"suicidal\".[8][11] Campbell claimed, \"I was quite upset as my mum had been arguing with me most of the night.\"[8] The friend was \"quite worried for him\" and offered to stay over, but Campbell declined and said he was going to \"get stoned\".[11] He sent messages to several people asking if they were available to sell him cannabis, including Robert MacPhail.[11] At 01:47 and 01:48 he called McLachlan but received no response.[15]Intending to steal cannabis, Campbell left his house at 01:54 armed with a kitchen knife.[16][17] He entered the MacPhail property, roughly a five-minute walk away, where MacPhail's room was closest to the front door. When he found the sleeping girl, Campbell saw a \"moment of opportunity\", later claiming, \"All I thought about was killing her once I saw her.\"[8] He lifted a drowsy MacPhail from her bed, left the house without anyone noticing, and walked with her along the ocean shore. The child awoke in his arms during this walk and asked who he was; Campbell replied that he knew her father and was taking her home. He carried MacPhail to a secluded location then raped and murdered her. He threw his clothes into the sea, went home for a shower, then returned to the murder site to retrieve his phone.[8][18]","title":"Abduction and murder"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serpentine,_Rothesay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1491327.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rothesay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothesay"},{"link_name":"Isle of Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Bute"},{"link_name":"run away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_(dependent)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cctv-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cannabis-14"},{"link_name":"laughing emojis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_with_Tears_of_Joy_emoji"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deny-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Police Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deny-15"},{"link_name":"coastguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastguard"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fantasy-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deny-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cctv-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"postmortem examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmortem_examination"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murder-23"},{"link_name":"pathologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologist"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mother-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-injuries-24"}],"sub_title":"Search and discovery","text":"MacPhail was staying with her father in the small town of Rothesay, Isle of ButeAt 06:00 on 2 July, Calum MacPhail awoke for work to find that his granddaughter was not in her bed and determined that she was nowhere in the house. She had never run away before, and her bike remained in the garden. Alesha's grandmother, Angela King, notified the police at 06:23 while the rest of the family began searching the local area and spreading word of her disappearance.[19] King also made a plea on Facebook, encouraging members of the public to help.[14] McLachlan noticed the missed calls from Campbell and tried phoning him. At 09:01 Campbell responded \"Sorry doesn't matter\" with two laughing emojis. When asked to look out for Alesha, he wrote, \"Oh damn. Am sure she's not went too far x\".[15][20]Police Scotland began a hunt for Alesha, utilising a helicopter to help with the search.[15] A coastguard volunteer began searching the shoreline at 06:55, where he discovered the kitchen knife near the MacPhail home.[11] Many members of the public also joined. At 08:54, the police were notified by Jorge Williams, a local man who had seen King's Facebook appeal, that he had discovered Alesha's lifeless and naked body. She was found in a wooded area within the grounds of a former hotel, a fifteen-minute walk from the MacPhail home.[15][19][21] Georgina Lochrane, who was 70 miles (110 km) away in Airdrie, learned about her daughter's death via King's Facebook page before being escorted to Bute.[22]A postmortem examination was conducted on 3 July 2018.[23] The autopsy concluded that MacPhail received 117 injuries, some of which were caused while she was alive and some of which may have been caused by vegetation. Injuries to her neck and face indicated that she had been gripped, while injuries to her nose and mouth indicated that she had been smothered. Her genitalia sustained \"catastrophic\" injuries. The pathologist determined her death to be \"the result of significant forceful pressure to her neck and face”.[17][24]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murder-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrest-25"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-school-6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrest-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fury-26"},{"link_name":"CCTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mother-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-injuries-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolboy-8"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolboy-8"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cctv-19"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"remanded in custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remand_(detention)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Greenock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Sheriff Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_Court"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Enquiries and arrest","text":"Police Scotland opened a murder investigation following the results of the autopsy. Chief Superintendent Hazel Hendren, the local police commander, stated that \"Every available resource from across Police Scotland is being made available to this major investigation\".[23] Detective Superintendent Stuart Houston made a successful plea for information from the public.[25] The police conducted searches at the MacPhail residence, while heavily patrolling the streets of Bute and making house-to-house inquiries. Several parts of the island were cordoned off while forensic experts searched for evidence.[6][25] Investigators believed from an early stage that the murderer remained on Bute.[26]Janette Campbell, the mother of Aaron Campbell, helped with the initial search for Alesha. In response to the police request for information, she checked the CCTV system installed outside her home and found footage of her son leaving and returning twice during the hours that the girl disappeared. When she quizzed him over his whereabouts, Aaron insisted that he knew nothing about the case. Janette was pleased with his response,[17] but nevertheless reported the footage to the police to remove any suspicion.[24]Aaron Campbell was initially interviewed by Detective Constable Gavin McKellar and Detective Sergeant Steven Hendrie as a possible witness. He co-operated with the questions, showing no signs of worry or intimidation,[8][27] and claimed that he had been buying and smoking cannabis.[28] He was arrested on suspicion of murder on 4 July,[8] and taken to a police station in Glasgow, where he answered \"no comment\" to all questions.[19][29] The following day, he was charged with the murder and rape of Alesha MacPhail and remanded in custody.[30] On 13 July, he appeared at Greenock Sheriff Court and did not submit a plea.[31]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary"},{"link_name":"indictment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor"},{"link_name":"defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(law)"},{"link_name":"advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocate"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"attempting to defeat the ends of justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boy-34"}],"text":"Campbell appeared at the High Court in Glasgow on 10 December 2018 for indictment proceedings. He entered a \"not guilty\" plea to the charge of abducting, raping, and murdering Alesha MacPhail. A trial was set for February 2019, with Iain McSporran QC acting as prosecutor and Brian McConnachie QC acting as Campbell's defence advocate.[32] A second charge of attempting to defeat the ends of justice was dropped during the trial.[33] Because he was younger than 18, the media were banned from reporting Campbell's name for the duration of the trial.[34]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Court_entrance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_495852.jpg"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Lord Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Matthews,_Lord_Matthews"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mother-17"},{"link_name":"Pathologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologist"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cctv-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mother-17"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dna-36"},{"link_name":"forensic scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_scientist"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"cybercrime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercrime"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dna-36"},{"link_name":"Snapchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fantasy-11"}],"sub_title":"Evidence","text":"The trial took place at the High Court of Justiciary, GlasgowThe trial began on 11 February 2019, presided over by Judge Lord Matthews.[35] The court was shown CCTV footage, from cameras installed by Campbell's mother, that captured the defendant leaving his house at 01:54 on 2 July, returning at 03:35, then leaving and returning again for two short periods before 04:07 .[17] Additional CCTV footage, supplied by members of the public, showed an individual walking along the shoreline at 02:25 and 02:26, appearing to carry something in his arms. Pathologist John Williams testified that Alesha's feet were clean and uninjured, suggesting she had been carried.[19]Janette Campbell confirmed that several items recovered from the beach after Alesha's death – a fleece jacket, jogging bottoms, boxer shorts, a t-shirt, and a kitchen knife – belonged to her son and came from her kitchen.[17] Fibres from the trousers were found on Alesha's discarded pyjamas,[36] and forensic scientist Stuart Bailey testified that DNA matching the accused was found on the beach clothing. He further confirmed that a DNA sample taken from Alesha's neck had a billion-to-one chance of coming from anybody but Aaron Campbell. DNA matches were also found on Alesha's face, fourteen parts of her body, and some of her clothing.[37] A cybercrime expert told the court that on 3 July 2018, Campbell used his phone to Google search \"How do police find DNA\", then visited a webpage titled \"Collecting DNA evidence\".[36] A 16-year-old girl testified that hours after Alesha's body was discovered, Campbell filmed himself in a Snapchat video, sent to a group of 25 people, with the words \"Found the guy who has done it.\"[11]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-led-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fantasy-11"},{"link_name":"condom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom"},{"link_name":"semen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boy-34"},{"link_name":"physically abusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deny-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-3"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-led-10"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boy-34"},{"link_name":"bench press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_press"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boy-34"}],"sub_title":"Defence","text":"In his defence, Campbell claimed that he spent the early hours of 2 July procuring cannabis and searching for his lost phone.[10] Two young men testified that they had received messages from the defendant but did not meet him that night.[11] Campbell logged a \"special defence of incrimination\", in which he argued that Toni McLachlan, the girlfriend of Alesha's father, was responsible for the murder. He took the witness stand and claimed that McLachlan had sex with him in a garage on the night of the killing; he then suggested that she killed Alesha and used a condom to plant his semen on the child's body.[34] Campbell's lawyer asserted that McLachlan was jealous of the attention the child received and that her relationship with Alesha's father was physically abusive. McLachlan denied all of Campbell's claims, adding that she loved the child \"to pieces\". Angela King, MacPhail's grandmother, testified that Alesha and McLachlan had a \"great\" relationship.[15] Unlike the defendant, 18 year-old McLachlan was named in the media throughout the trial.[3]Campbell answered questions for two hours, offering explanations for the prosecution's evidence while appearing \"strikingly composed\", \"unfazed\", and \"articulate\" according to a journalist for The Guardian.[10] He told the court that he had never met Alesha and denied murdering her by stating, \"Absolutely not. I could never do that.\"[34] He agreed that placing the blame on an innocent person would be \"evil\". Campbell confirmed that he could bench press 50 kg (110 lb); the prosecution argued that McLachlan, conversely, did not have the strength to carry 22 kg (49 lb) Alesha from her house to the murder site.[34]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-3"},{"link_name":"Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentence_investigation_report"},{"link_name":"forensic clinical psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_psychology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jailed-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-21"},{"link_name":"having sex with dead bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophilia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outrage-12"},{"link_name":"life sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_sentence"},{"link_name":"minimum term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_term"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jailed-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taken-16"}],"sub_title":"Verdict and confession","text":"The trial lasted nine days. The jury deliberated for three hours before returning a unanimous guilty verdict on 21 February. Lord Matthews described the evidence against Campbell as \"overwhelming\" and stated that the teenager had committed \"some of the most wicked and evil crimes this court has ever heard of in decades of dealing with depravity\". Campbell remained emotionless upon hearing his conviction.[38] A group of media outlets made a legal bid for the teenager to be publicly identified, arguing that this transparency was in the public interest. Following the trial, Lord Matthews agreed to reverse the naming restriction – a first in Scottish history – due to the \"unique\" nature of the case.[3]Campbell re-appeared before Lord Matthews for his sentencing on 21 March. Reports prepared by Dr. Gary Macpherson, a consultant forensic clinical psychologist, revealed that Campbell had since confessed to the crime in detail.[2] He told Dr. Macpherson that he was \"quite satisfied with the murder\" and said it took \"everything to stop laughing\" during points of the trial.[21] The report stated that Campbell \"continued to experience thoughts of killing and having sex with children and having sex with dead bodies\".[12] Lord Matthews described the teenager as a \"cold, calculating, remorseless and dangerous individual ... completely lacking in victim empathy” before handing him a life sentence with a minimum term of 27 years. The judge stated that this term would have been higher for an adult, but observed that \"reintegration or rehabilitation are remote possibilities”, perhaps \"impossible\".[2] He stressed that the claims against McLachlan were a \"travesty of the truth\" and that the young woman was \"completely innocent\".[21] Alesha's mother, Georgina Lochrane, shouted abuse at Campbell as the hearing ended, and subsequently told the media, \"A life sentence should be a life sentence. He should have no human rights and doesn’t deserve anything because he is inhuman.\"[16]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"appealed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cut-9"},{"link_name":"HM Young Offenders Institution Polmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMYOI_Polmont"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schoolboy-8"}],"sub_title":"Appeal","text":"On 10 September 2019, Campbell successfully appealed his sentence, reducing the minimum term from 27 years to 24 years; meaning he will be eligible to apply for parole when he is 40, in 2042.[39] Three judges ruled that the original sentence had been excessive for his age, but they did not dispute Lord Matthews' suggestion that the appellant may never be released.[9] Campbell is imprisoned at HM Young Offenders Institution Polmont and will be moved to an adult prison when he turns 21.[8]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-3"},{"link_name":"murder of James Bulger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_James_Bulger"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horror-40"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murder-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fury-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murder-23"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-led-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-3"},{"link_name":"University of Strathclyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horror-40"},{"link_name":"Slender Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slender_Man"},{"link_name":"meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme"},{"link_name":"psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horror-40"},{"link_name":"psychopathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathy"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"child psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_psychology"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horror-40"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"Katie Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Syrian refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_refugees"},{"link_name":"Michael Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Russell_(Scottish_politician)"},{"link_name":"MSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament"},{"link_name":"The Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fury-26"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Coatbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatbridge"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Alesha MacPhail's murder received significant media attention in the United Kingdom: the presiding judge stated that he \"could not think of a crime in recent times that has attracted such revulsion\".[3] The level of public outrage led to comparisons with the 1993 murder of James Bulger.[40] Initial reports emphasised the unlikelihood of the crime occurring on the small Isle of Bute, which was once a popular tourist destination for Scotland's city dwellers.[23][26] The local reverend Owain Jones commented, \"Bute is one of these places that is incredibly safe, you take all sorts of things for granted here\".[23] At the time of the trial he acknowledged the lasting shock within the community, adding that \"nothing feels the same\".[41] The revelations of casual teenage drinking, sex, and drug use on the island were also a source of surprise; Libby Brooks of The Guardian wrote that the MacPhail trial revealed \"the reality of life on Bute beyond the picture postcard\", where the population is declining and deprivation growing.[10] Local young people were offered counselling services to help them deal with the repercussions of the case.[3]We can't miss this opportunity as a nation to understand how someone gets to that point, and what can be done when, for whatever reason, a child is vulnerable to acting in this way. We acknowledge that this was an unusual and exceptional case, but that should spur us on to do better.\n\n\n— Fiona Dyer Interventions for Vulnerable Youth Project University of Strathclyde[40]A debate around childhood influences arose once the culprit was confirmed to be 16 year-old Campbell. In an effort to make sense of the crime, public and media comments focussed on \"[Campbell's] reported obsession with violent video games, in particular the Slender Man meme, lurid analysis of his YouTube posts and speculation that cannabis psychosis was linked to this and other killings.\"[42] The case also prompted discussions of how to treat young offenders of serious crimes.[40] John Marshall, who assessed Campbell after his conviction, argued that young children should be tested for psychopathic traits so that interventions can start early,[43] a suggestion that caused controversy in the field of child psychology.[40] Campbell's YouTube channel was removed from the website following his conviction.[44]Before the suspect was confirmed to be a local boy, rumours surfaced on social media – spearheaded by the right-wing commentator Katie Hopkins – that the culprit was one of the Syrian refugees housed on the island in 2015. Hopkins was condemned for making the implication without any evidence; Michael Russell MSP described the comments as \"an awful, divisive, hate-filled lie\", and Alan Smith of The Herald wrote that Alesha's \"tragic death was being used to further the cause of the far-right\".[26][45]A candlelit vigil for the victim was held in Rothesay shortly after her murder. The six-year-old's funeral took place in Coatbridge on 21 July 2018, attended by hundreds of mourners. She was buried in Coltswood Cemetery.[46] On 25 May 2019, a pink memorial bench was unveiled on the Rothesay promenade.[47] On 20 June, nearly a year after her death, Alesha's primary school opened a playhouse built in her memory, decorated with artwork designed by the pupils. It was funded with £22,000 donated by the public. MacPhail's family attended a memorial service at the school that included a song and poem written for Alesha.[48]","title":"Reaction and memorials"}]
|
[{"image_text":"MacPhail was staying with her father in the small town of Rothesay, Isle of Bute","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Serpentine%2C_Rothesay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1491327.jpg/220px-Serpentine%2C_Rothesay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1491327.jpg"},{"image_text":"The trial took place at the High Court of Justiciary, Glasgow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Court_entrance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_495852.jpg/220px-Court_entrance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_495852.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Child abduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abduction"},{"title":"List of kidnappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kidnappings"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Pink Themed Funeral Held for Six-year-old Alesha MacPhail\". ITV. 21 July 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/2018-07-21/funeral-to-be-held-for-six-year-old-alesha-macphail","url_text":"\"Pink Themed Funeral Held for Six-year-old Alesha MacPhail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)","url_text":"ITV"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Libby (21 March 2019). \"Aaron Campbell jailed for life for murder of Alesha MacPhail\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/mar/21/aaron-campbell-jailed-for-life-for-of-alesha-macphail-six","url_text":"\"Aaron Campbell jailed for life for murder of Alesha MacPhail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Libby (22 February 2019). \"Teenage murderer of Alesha MacPhail named as Aaron Campbell\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/feb/22/alesha-macphail-teenager-named-as-aaron-campbell","url_text":"\"Teenage murderer of Alesha MacPhail named as Aaron Campbell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Aitchison, Jack (6 September 2019). \"Alesha MacPhail Memorial Bench Set up in Airdrie Park\". The Glasgow Times. Retrieved 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/17887049.alesha-macphail-memorial-bench-set-airdrie-park/","url_text":"\"Alesha MacPhail Memorial Bench Set up in Airdrie Park\""}]},{"reference":"O'Hare, Paul (21 February 2019). \"Alesha: The little girl with the big smile\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47285138","url_text":"\"Alesha: The little girl with the big smile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"School's tribute to 'smiley, happy' Alesha MacPhail\". BBC News. 3 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44693943","url_text":"\"School's tribute to 'smiley, happy' Alesha MacPhail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Giordano, Chiara (21 July 2018). \"Funeral held for 'special little girl' found dead on Isle of Bute\". The Independent. Alesha MacPhail.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/alesha-macphail-funeral-dead-isle-of-bute-clude-boy-rape-murder-a8457961.html","url_text":"\"Funeral held for 'special little girl' found dead on Isle of Bute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"O'Hare, Paul (21 March 2019). \"The schoolboy who became an opportunistic killer\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47568603","url_text":"\"The schoolboy who became an opportunistic killer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Quinn, Ben (10 September 2019). \"Murderer of six-year-old Alesha MacPhail has sentence cut\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/10/murderer-of-six-year-old-alesha-macphail-has-sentence-cut","url_text":"\"Murderer of six-year-old Alesha MacPhail has sentence cut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Libby (21 February 2019). \"Mother of Alesha MacPhail's killer led police to his door\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/feb/21/mother-of-alesha-macphails-killer-led-police-to-his-door","url_text":"\"Mother of Alesha MacPhail's killer led police to his door\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Alesha MacPhail murder accused had 'fantasy' killing chat\". BBC News. 15 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47255119","url_text":"\"Alesha MacPhail murder accused had 'fantasy' killing chat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Horne, Marc (11 September 2019). \"Alesha MacPhail's family outraged as killer Aaron Campbell has sentence cut\". The Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/alesha-macphails-family-outraged-as-killer-aaron-campbell-has-sentence-cut-6x2s9gpsp","url_text":"\"Alesha MacPhail's family outraged as killer Aaron Campbell has sentence cut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"McCann, David (14 February 2019). \"I never had sex with accused, says partner of Alesha's father\". The Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/girlfriend-of-alesha-s-father-denies-having-sex-with-accused-5c5zcbt37","url_text":"\"I never had sex with accused, says partner of Alesha's father\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Alesha MacPhail's father 'sold cannabis to murder accused'\". BBC News. 12 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47211732","url_text":"\"Alesha MacPhail's father 'sold cannabis to murder accused'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Woman denies killing six-year-old schoolgirl\". BBC News. Alesha MacPhail. BBC. 13 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47226477","url_text":"\"Woman denies killing six-year-old schoolgirl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Hind, Sally; Fitzgerald, Todd (22 March 2019). \"'You've taken the wrong wee girl from the wrong family, you disgusting, vile rat': Mum says she looks forward to the day her daughter's killer is dead\". Manchester Evening News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/youve-taken-wrong-wee-girl-16011739","url_text":"\"'You've taken the wrong wee girl from the wrong family, you disgusting, vile rat': Mum says she looks forward to the day her daughter's killer is dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News","url_text":"Manchester Evening News"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Libby (14 February 2019). \"Accused's mother testifies in court\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/feb/14/pathologist-gives-evidence-in-alesha-macphail-trial","url_text":"\"Accused's mother testifies in court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"HMA v Aaron Campbell\". Judiciary of Scotland. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200127162901/http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/8/2163/HMA-v-Aaron-Campbell","url_text":"\"HMA v Aaron Campbell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Scotland","url_text":"Judiciary of Scotland"},{"url":"http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/8/2163/HMA-v-Aaron-Campbell","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The teenage killer caught by his mother's CCTV\". BBC News. 21 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47307765","url_text":"\"The teenage killer caught by his mother's CCTV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Tom (13 February 2019). \"Teenager accused of raping and killing six-year-old 'sent laughing emojis after she went missing'\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/alesha-macphail-trial-murder-rape-suspect-emojis-text-court-case-bute-scotland-a8777661.html","url_text":"\"Teenager accused of raping and killing six-year-old 'sent laughing emojis after she went missing'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Life sentence for Aaron Campbell after he admits guilt\". BBC News. 21 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47644414","url_text":"\"Life sentence for Aaron Campbell after he admits guilt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Kate (3 July 2018). \"Mum of girl, 6, found dead on Isle of Bute 'found out on Facebook'\". Metro.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.co.uk/2018/07/03/mum-of-girl-6-found-dead-on-isle-of-bute-found-out-on-facebook-7679622/","url_text":"\"Mum of girl, 6, found dead on Isle of Bute 'found out on Facebook'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police treating Alesha MacPhail death as murder\". BBC News. 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44704892","url_text":"\"Police treating Alesha MacPhail death as murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Six-year-old's injuries 'catastrophic'\". BBC News. 14 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47241322","url_text":"\"Six-year-old's injuries 'catastrophic'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Boy arrested on suspicion of murder on Isle of Bute\". Sky News. 5 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/alesha-macphail-boy-arrested-on-suspicion-of-murder-on-isle-of-bute-11426436","url_text":"\"Boy arrested on suspicion of murder on Isle of Bute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News","url_text":"Sky News"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Alan (5 July 2018). \"Fury over 'divisive, hate-filled' Katie Hopkins tweet\". The Herald Scotland.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16333399.alesha-macphail-murder-fury-over-divisive-hate-filled-katie-hopkins-tweet/","url_text":"\"Fury over 'divisive, hate-filled' Katie Hopkins tweet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)","url_text":"The Herald Scotland"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Libby (13 February 2019). \"Girlfriend of Alesha MacPhail's father denies child's murder\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/feb/13/girlfriend-alesha-macphails-father-denies-murder-involvement","url_text":"\"Girlfriend of Alesha MacPhail's father denies child's murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Cramb, Auslan (13 February 2019). \"Girlfriend of Alesha MacPhail's father denies killing the six-year-old\". The Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/13/girlfriend-alesha-macphails-father-denies-killing-six-year-old/","url_text":"\"Girlfriend of Alesha MacPhail's father denies killing the six-year-old\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Accused gave 'no comment' when charged with Alesha MacPhail murder, court hears\". Belfast Telegraph. 18 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/accused-gave-no-comment-when-charged-with-alesha-macphail-murder-court-hears-37826427.html","url_text":"\"Accused gave 'no comment' when charged with Alesha MacPhail murder, court hears\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph","url_text":"Belfast Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Teenager charged in connection with death of Alesha MacPhail\". Police Scotland. 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190214011118/http://www.scotland.police.uk/whats-happening/news/2018/july/teenager-charged-in-connection-with-death-of-alesha-macphail","url_text":"\"Teenager charged in connection with death of Alesha MacPhail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Scotland","url_text":"Police Scotland"},{"url":"https://www.scotland.police.uk/whats-happening/news/2018/july/teenager-charged-in-connection-with-death-of-alesha-macphail","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boy remanded in custody accused of Alesha MacPhail murder\". BBC News. 13 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44824278","url_text":"\"Boy remanded in custody accused of Alesha MacPhail murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Teenager denies Alesha rape and murder\". BBC News. 10 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-46504691","url_text":"\"Teenager denies Alesha rape and murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"McCahill, Elaine; Greer, Stuart (21 March 2019). \"Aaron Campbell jailed for 27 years for murder of Alesha MacPhail\". Manchester Evening News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk-news/aaron-campbell-jailed-alesha-macphail-16007759","url_text":"\"Aaron Campbell jailed for 27 years for murder of Alesha MacPhail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News","url_text":"Manchester Evening News"}]},{"reference":"\"Boy, 16, denies killing six-year-old girl\". BBC News. 18 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47291956","url_text":"\"Boy, 16, denies killing six-year-old girl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Alesha MacPhail murder accused, aged 16, blames woman\". BBC News. 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47202403","url_text":"\"Alesha MacPhail murder accused, aged 16, blames woman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Jury told of DNA Google search\". BBC News. 18 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47280996","url_text":"\"Jury told of DNA Google search\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"DNA found on body 'matched accused'\". BBC News. 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47291950","url_text":"\"DNA found on body 'matched accused'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Boy, 16, found guilty\". BBC News. 21 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-47322658","url_text":"\"Boy, 16, found guilty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Alesha MacPhail killer has sentence cut by three years\". BBC News. 10 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-49638211","url_text":"\"Alesha MacPhail killer has sentence cut by three years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Libby (11 April 2019). \"Horror over Alesha MacPhail murder 'must not obscure lessons'\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/11/horror-over-alesha-macphail-must-not-obscure-lessons","url_text":"\"Horror over Alesha MacPhail murder 'must not obscure lessons'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Libby (21 February 2019). \"Teenager guilty of murdering six-year-old Alesha MacPhail\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/feb/21/alesha-macphail-teenager-found-guilty-of","url_text":"\"Teenager guilty of murdering six-year-old Alesha MacPhail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Libby (26 February 2019). \"Why was Alesha MacPhail killed? Perhaps we should stop asking\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/26/alesha-macphail-killed-bute-aaron-campbell-trial","url_text":"\"Why was Alesha MacPhail killed? Perhaps we should stop asking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Calls for children to be screened for 'psychopathic traits' in wake of Alesha MacPhail murder\". The Scotsman. Edinburgh, UK. 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/calls-for-children-to-be-screened-for-psychopathic-traits-in-wake-of-alesha-macphail-murder-1-4899657","url_text":"\"Calls for children to be screened for 'psychopathic traits' in wake of Alesha MacPhail murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Drury, Colin (24 February 2019). \"YouTube removes horror game videos posted by teenager who raped and murdered 6 year-old girl\". The Independent. Alesha MacPhail.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alesha-macphail-youtube-aaron-campbel-killer-isle-of-bute-horror-games-a8794336.html","url_text":"\"YouTube removes horror game videos posted by teenager who raped and murdered 6 year-old girl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Lonergan, Aidan (5 July 2018). \"Fury after Katie Hopkins uses Alesha MacPhail murder to push 'divisive, hate filled lie' as police arrest teenage boy\". The Irish Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishpost.com/news/fury-katie-hopkins-uses-alesha-macphail-murder-push-divisive-hate-filled-lie-police-arrest-teenage-boy-156988","url_text":"\"Fury after Katie Hopkins uses Alesha MacPhail murder to push 'divisive, hate filled lie' as police arrest teenage boy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Post","url_text":"The Irish Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Hundreds attend Alesha MacPhail farewell\". BBC News. BBC. 21 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44903977","url_text":"\"Hundreds attend Alesha MacPhail farewell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Alesha MacPhail's father unveils tribute on Isle of Bute\". BBC News. 25 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-48407384","url_text":"\"Alesha MacPhail's father unveils tribute on Isle of Bute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Pupils and teachers remember murder victim\". BBC News. 20 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-48689910","url_text":"\"Pupils and teachers remember murder victim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Murder_of_Alesha_MacPhail¶ms=55.8720_N_4.0270_W_region:UK_type:landmark","external_links_name":"55°52′19″N 4°01′37″W / 55.8720°N 4.0270°W / 55.8720; -4.0270"},{"Link":"https://www.itv.com/news/2018-07-21/funeral-to-be-held-for-six-year-old-alesha-macphail","external_links_name":"\"Pink Themed Funeral Held for Six-year-old Alesha MacPhail\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/mar/21/aaron-campbell-jailed-for-life-for-of-alesha-macphail-six","external_links_name":"\"Aaron Campbell jailed for life for murder of Alesha MacPhail\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/feb/22/alesha-macphail-teenager-named-as-aaron-campbell","external_links_name":"\"Teenage murderer of Alesha MacPhail named as Aaron Campbell\""},{"Link":"https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/17887049.alesha-macphail-memorial-bench-set-airdrie-park/","external_links_name":"\"Alesha MacPhail Memorial Bench Set up in Airdrie Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47285138","external_links_name":"\"Alesha: The little girl with the big smile\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44693943","external_links_name":"\"School's tribute to 'smiley, happy' Alesha MacPhail\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/alesha-macphail-funeral-dead-isle-of-bute-clude-boy-rape-murder-a8457961.html","external_links_name":"\"Funeral held for 'special little girl' found dead on Isle of Bute\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47568603","external_links_name":"\"The schoolboy who became an opportunistic killer\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/10/murderer-of-six-year-old-alesha-macphail-has-sentence-cut","external_links_name":"\"Murderer of six-year-old Alesha MacPhail has sentence cut\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/feb/21/mother-of-alesha-macphails-killer-led-police-to-his-door","external_links_name":"\"Mother of Alesha MacPhail's killer led police to his door\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47255119","external_links_name":"\"Alesha MacPhail murder accused had 'fantasy' killing chat\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/alesha-macphails-family-outraged-as-killer-aaron-campbell-has-sentence-cut-6x2s9gpsp","external_links_name":"\"Alesha MacPhail's family outraged as killer Aaron Campbell has sentence cut\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/girlfriend-of-alesha-s-father-denies-having-sex-with-accused-5c5zcbt37","external_links_name":"\"I never had sex with accused, says partner of Alesha's father\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47211732","external_links_name":"\"Alesha MacPhail's father 'sold cannabis to murder accused'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47226477","external_links_name":"\"Woman denies killing six-year-old schoolgirl\""},{"Link":"https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/youve-taken-wrong-wee-girl-16011739","external_links_name":"\"'You've taken the wrong wee girl from the wrong family, you disgusting, vile rat': Mum says she looks forward to the day her daughter's killer is dead\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/feb/14/pathologist-gives-evidence-in-alesha-macphail-trial","external_links_name":"\"Accused's mother testifies in court\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200127162901/http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/8/2163/HMA-v-Aaron-Campbell","external_links_name":"\"HMA v Aaron Campbell\""},{"Link":"http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/8/2163/HMA-v-Aaron-Campbell","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47307765","external_links_name":"\"The teenage killer caught by his mother's CCTV\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/alesha-macphail-trial-murder-rape-suspect-emojis-text-court-case-bute-scotland-a8777661.html","external_links_name":"\"Teenager accused of raping and killing six-year-old 'sent laughing emojis after she went missing'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47644414","external_links_name":"\"Life sentence for Aaron Campbell after he admits guilt\""},{"Link":"https://metro.co.uk/2018/07/03/mum-of-girl-6-found-dead-on-isle-of-bute-found-out-on-facebook-7679622/","external_links_name":"\"Mum of girl, 6, found dead on Isle of Bute 'found out on Facebook'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44704892","external_links_name":"\"Police treating Alesha MacPhail death as murder\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47241322","external_links_name":"\"Six-year-old's injuries 'catastrophic'\""},{"Link":"https://news.sky.com/story/alesha-macphail-boy-arrested-on-suspicion-of-murder-on-isle-of-bute-11426436","external_links_name":"\"Boy arrested on suspicion of murder on Isle of Bute\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16333399.alesha-macphail-murder-fury-over-divisive-hate-filled-katie-hopkins-tweet/","external_links_name":"\"Fury over 'divisive, hate-filled' Katie Hopkins tweet\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/feb/13/girlfriend-alesha-macphails-father-denies-murder-involvement","external_links_name":"\"Girlfriend of Alesha MacPhail's father denies child's murder\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/13/girlfriend-alesha-macphails-father-denies-killing-six-year-old/","external_links_name":"\"Girlfriend of Alesha MacPhail's father denies killing the six-year-old\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/accused-gave-no-comment-when-charged-with-alesha-macphail-murder-court-hears-37826427.html","external_links_name":"\"Accused gave 'no comment' when charged with Alesha MacPhail murder, court hears\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190214011118/http://www.scotland.police.uk/whats-happening/news/2018/july/teenager-charged-in-connection-with-death-of-alesha-macphail","external_links_name":"\"Teenager charged in connection with death of Alesha MacPhail\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotland.police.uk/whats-happening/news/2018/july/teenager-charged-in-connection-with-death-of-alesha-macphail","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44824278","external_links_name":"\"Boy remanded in custody accused of Alesha MacPhail murder\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-46504691","external_links_name":"\"Teenager denies Alesha rape and murder\""},{"Link":"https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk-news/aaron-campbell-jailed-alesha-macphail-16007759","external_links_name":"\"Aaron Campbell jailed for 27 years for murder of Alesha MacPhail\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47291956","external_links_name":"\"Boy, 16, denies killing six-year-old girl\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47202403","external_links_name":"\"Alesha MacPhail murder accused, aged 16, blames woman\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47280996","external_links_name":"\"Jury told of DNA Google search\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47291950","external_links_name":"\"DNA found on body 'matched accused'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-47322658","external_links_name":"\"Boy, 16, found guilty\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-49638211","external_links_name":"\"Alesha MacPhail killer has sentence cut by three years\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/11/horror-over-alesha-macphail-must-not-obscure-lessons","external_links_name":"\"Horror over Alesha MacPhail murder 'must not obscure lessons'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/feb/21/alesha-macphail-teenager-found-guilty-of","external_links_name":"\"Teenager guilty of murdering six-year-old Alesha MacPhail\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/26/alesha-macphail-killed-bute-aaron-campbell-trial","external_links_name":"\"Why was Alesha MacPhail killed? Perhaps we should stop asking\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/calls-for-children-to-be-screened-for-psychopathic-traits-in-wake-of-alesha-macphail-murder-1-4899657","external_links_name":"\"Calls for children to be screened for 'psychopathic traits' in wake of Alesha MacPhail murder\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alesha-macphail-youtube-aaron-campbel-killer-isle-of-bute-horror-games-a8794336.html","external_links_name":"\"YouTube removes horror game videos posted by teenager who raped and murdered 6 year-old girl\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishpost.com/news/fury-katie-hopkins-uses-alesha-macphail-murder-push-divisive-hate-filled-lie-police-arrest-teenage-boy-156988","external_links_name":"\"Fury after Katie Hopkins uses Alesha MacPhail murder to push 'divisive, hate filled lie' as police arrest teenage boy\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44903977","external_links_name":"\"Hundreds attend Alesha MacPhail farewell\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-48407384","external_links_name":"\"Alesha MacPhail's father unveils tribute on Isle of Bute\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-48689910","external_links_name":"\"Pupils and teachers remember murder victim\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/191082297/alesha-sarah-macphail","external_links_name":"Alesha MacPhail"},{"Link":"https://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/articles/she-was-brightest-thing-murder-alesha-macphail","external_links_name":"The Murder of Alesha MacPhail"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing_software_development
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Crowdsourcing software development
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["1 Goals","2 Ecosystem","2.1 Architecture support","2.2 Social networks","2.3 Organization","2.4 Processes","2.5 Platforms","3 Sample processes","4 Theoretical issues","5 Reference architecture","6 Aspects and metrics","7 Levels","8 Significant events","9 Conferences and workshops","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
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Crowdsourcing software development or software crowdsourcing is an emerging area of software engineering. It is an open call for participation in any task of software development, including documentation, design, coding and testing. These tasks are normally conducted by either members of a software enterprise or people contracted by the enterprise. But in software crowdsourcing, all the tasks can be assigned to or are addressed by members of the general public. Individuals and teams may also participate in crowdsourcing contests.
Goals
Software crowdsourcing may have multiple goals.
Quality software: Crowdsourcing organizers need to define specific software quality goals and their evaluation criteria. Quality software often comes from competent contestants who can submit good solutions for rigorous evaluation.
Rapid acquisition: Instead of waiting for software to be developed, crowdsourcing organizers may post a competition hoping that something identical or similar has been developed already. This is to reduce software acquisition time.
Talent identification: A crowdsourcing organizer may be mainly interested in identifying talents as demonstrated by their performance in the competition.
Cost reduction: A crowdsourcing organizer may acquire software at a low cost by paying a small fraction of development cost as the price for award may include recognition awards.
Solution diversity: As teams will turn in different solutions for the same problem, the diversity in these solutions will be useful for fault-tolerant computing.
Ideas creation: One goal is to get new ideas from contestants and these ideas may lead to new directions.
Broadening participation: One goal is to recruit as many participants as possible to get best solution or to spread relevant knowledge.
Participant education: Organizers are interested in educating participants new knowledge. One example is nonamesite.com sponsored by DARPA to teach STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.
Fund leveraging: The goal is to stimulate other organizations to sponsor similar projects to leverage funds.
Marketing: Crowdsourcing projects can be used for brand recognition among participants.
Ecosystem
Architecture support
A crowdsourcing support system needs to include 1) Software development tools: requirement tools, design tools, coding tools, compilers, debuggers, IDE, performance analysis tools, testing tools, and maintenance tools.
2) Project management tools: ranking, reputation, and award systems for products and participants.
3) Social network tools: allow participants to communicate and support each other. 4) Collaborating tools: For example, a blackboard platform where participants can see a common area and suggest ideas to improve the solutions presented in the common area.
Social networks
Social networks can provide communication, documentation, blogs, twitters, wikis, comments, feedbacks, and indexing.
Organization
Processes
Any phase of software development can be crowdsourced, and that phase can be requirements (functional, user interface, performance), design (algorithm, architecture), coding (modules and components), testing (including security testing, user interface testing, user experience testing), maintenance, user experience, or any combination of these.
Existing software development processes can be modified to include crowdsourcing: 1) Waterfall model; 2) Agile processes; 3) Model-driven approach; 4) Open-Sourced approach; 5) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) approach where service components can be published, discovered, composed, customized, simulated, and tested; 6) formal methods: formal methods can be crowdsourced.
The crowdsourcing can be competitive or non-competitive. In competitive crowdsourcing, only selected participants will win, and in highly competitive projects, many contestants will compete but few will win. In non-competitive manner, either single individuals will participate in crowdsourcing or multiple individuals can collaborate to create software. Products produced can be cross evaluated to ensure the consistency and quality of products and to identify talents, and the cross evaluation can be evaluated by crowdsourcing.
Items developed by crowdsourcing can be evaluated by crowdsourcing to determine the work produced, and evaluation of evaluation can be crowdsourced to determine the quality of evaluation.
Notable crowdsourcing processes include AppStori and Topcoder processes.
Pre-selection of participants is important for quality software crowdsourcing. In competitive crowdsourcing, a low-ranked participant should not compete against a high-ranked participant.
Platforms
Software crowdsourcing platforms including Apple Inc.'s App Store, Topcoder, and uTest demonstrate the advantage of crowdsourcing in terms of software ecosystem expansion and product quality improvement. Apple’s App Store is an online iOS application market, where developers can directly deliver their creative designs and products to smartphone customers. These developers are motivated to contribute innovative designs for both reputation and payment by the micro-payment mechanism of the App Store. Within less than four years, Apple's App Store has become a huge mobile application ecosystem with 150,000 active publishers, and generated over 700,000 IOS applications. Around the App Store, there are many community-based, collaborative platforms for the smart-phone applications incubators. For example, AppStori introduces a crowd funding approach to build an online community for developing promising ideas about new iPhone applications. IdeaScale is another platform for software crowdsourcing.
Another crowdsourcing example—Topcoder—creates a software contest model where programming tasks are posted as contests and the developer of the best solution wins the top prize. Following this model, Topcoder has established an online platform to support its ecosystem and gathered a virtual global workforce with more than 1 million registered members and nearly 50,000 active participants. All these Topcoder members compete against each other in software development tasks such as requirement analysis, algorithm design, coding, and testing.
Sample processes
The Topcoder Software Development Process consists of a number of different phases, and within each phase there can be different competition types:
Architecture;
Component Production;
Application Assembly;
Deployment
Topcoder competition types and phases
Each step can be a crowdsourcing competition.
BugFinders testing process:
Engage BugFinders;
Define Projects;
Managed by BugFinders;
Review Bugs;
Get Bugs Fixed; and
Release Software.
Theoretical issues
Game theory has been used in the analysis of various software crowdsourcing projects.
Information theory can be a basis for metrics.
Economic models can provide incentives for participation in crowdsourcing efforts.
Reference architecture
Crowdsourcing software development may follow different software engineering methodologies using different process models, techniques, and tools. It also has specific crowdsourcing processes involving unique activities such as bidding tasks, allocating experts, evaluating quality, and integrating software. To support outsourcing process and facilitate community collaboration, a platform is usually built to provide necessary resources and services. For example, Topcoder follows the traditional software development process with competition rules embedded, and AppStori allow flexible processes and crowd may be involved in almost all aspects of software development including funding, project concepts, design, coding, testing, and evaluation.
The reference architecture hence defines umbrella activities and structure for crowd-based software development by unifying best practices and research achievements. In general, the reference architecture will address the following needs:
Customizable to support typical process models;
Configurable to compose different functional components;
Scalable to facilitate problem solution of varied size.
Particularly, crowdsourcing is used to develop large and complex software in a virtualized, decentralized manner. Cloud computing is a colloquial expression used to describe a variety of different types of computing concepts that involve a large number of computers connected through a real-time communication network (typically the Internet). Many advantages are to be found when moving crowdsourcing applications to the cloud: focus on project development rather than on the infrastructure that supports this process, foster the collaboration between geographically distributed teams, scale resources to the size of the projects, work in a virtualized, distributed, and collaborative environment.
Reference Architecture for Software Crowdsourcing
The demands on software crowdsourcing systems are ever evolving as new development philosophies and technologies gain favor. The reference architecture presented above is designed to encompass generality in many dimensions including, for example different software development methodologies, incentive schemes, and competitive/collaborative approaches. There are several clear research directions that could be investigated to enhance the architecture such as data analytics, service based delivery, and framework generalization. As systems grow understanding the use of the platform is an important consideration, data regarding users, projects, and interaction between the two can all be explored to investigate performance. These data may also provide helpful insights when developing tasks or selecting participants. Many of the components designed in the architecture are general purpose and could be delivered as hosted services. By hosting these services the barriers for entry would be significantly reduced. Finally, through deployments of this architecture there is potential to derive a general purpose framework that could be used for different software development crowdsourcing projects or more widely for other crowdsourcing applications. The creation of such frameworks has had transformative effects in other domains for instance the predominant use of BOINC in volunteer computing.
Aspects and metrics
Crowdsourcing in general is a multifaceted research topic. The use of crowdsourcing in software development is associated with a number of key tension points, or facets, which should be considered (see the figure below). At the same time, research can be conducted from the perspective of the three key players in crowdsourcing: the customer, the worker, and the platform.
Research framework for crowdsourcing software development
Task decomposition:
Coordination and communication:
Planning and scheduling:
Quality assurance: A software crowdsourcing process can be described in a game process, where one party tries to minimize an objective function, yet the other party tries to maximize the same objective function as though both parties compete with each other in the game. For example, a specification team needs to produce quality specifications for the coding team to develop the code; the specification team will minimize the software bugs in the specification, while the coding team will identify as many bugs as possible in the specification before coding.
The min-max process is important as it is a quality assurance mechanism and often a team needs to perform both. For example, the coding team needs to maximize the identification of bugs in the specification, but it also needs to minimize the number of bugs in the code it produces.
Bugcrowd showed that participants will follow the prisoner's dilemma to identify bugs for security testing.
Knowledge and Intellectual Property:
Motivation and Remuneration:
Levels
There are the following levels of crowdsourcing:
Level 1: single persons, well-defined modules, small size, limited time span (less than 2 months), quality products, current development processes such as the one by Topcoder and uTest. At this level, coders are ranked, websites contains online repository crowdsourcing materials, software can be ranked by participants, have communication tools such as wiki, blogs, comments, software development tools such as IDE, testing, compilers, simulation, modeling, and program analysis.
Level 2: teams of people (< 10), well-defined systems, medium large, medium time span (3 to 4 months), adaptive development processes with intelligent feedback in a blackboard architecture. At this level, a crowdsourcing website may support adaptive development process and even concurrent development processes with intelligent feedback with the blackboard architecture; intelligent analysis of coders, software products, and comments; multi-phase software testing and evaluation; Big Data analytics, automated wrapping software services into SaaS (Software-as-a-Service), annotate with ontology, cross reference to DBpedia, and Wikipedia; automated analysis and classification of software services; ontology annotation and reasoning such as linking those service with compatible input/output.
Level 3: teams of people (< 100 and > 10), well-defined system, large systems, long time span (< 2 years), automated cross verification and cross comparison among contributions. A crowdsourcing website at this level may contain automated matching of requirements to existing components including matching of specification, services, and tests; automated regression testing.
Level 4: multinational collaboration of large and adaptive systems. A crowdsourcing website at this level may contain domain-oriented crowdsourcing with ontology, reasoning, and annotation; automated cross verification and test generation processes; automated configuration of crowdsourcing platform; and may restructure the platform as SaaS with tenant customization.
Significant events
Microsoft crowdsourcing Windows 8 development. In 2011, Microsoft started blogs to encourage discussions among developers and general public. In 2013, Microsoft also started crowdsourcing their mobile devices for Windows 8. In June 2013, Microsoft also announced crowdsourcing software testing by offering $100K for innovative techniques to identify security bugs, and $50K for a solution to the problem identified.
In 2011 the United States Patent and Trademark Office launching a crowdsourcing challenge under the America COMPETES Act on the Topcoder platform to develop for image processing algorithms and software to recognize figure and part labels in patent documents with a prize pool of $50,000 USD. The contest resulted in 70 teams collectively making 1,797 code submissions. The solution of the contest winner achieved high accuracy in terms of recall and precision for the recognition of figure regions and part labels.
Oracle uses crowdsourcing in their CRM projects.
Conferences and workshops
A software crowdsourcing workshop was held at Dagstuhl, Germany in September 2013.
See also
Collaborative software development model
Commons-based peer production
Crowdsourcing
Open-source software
Open-source software development
References
^ Riedl, Christoph; Woolley, Anita (December 2016). "Teams vs. Crowds: A Field Test of the Relative Contribution of Incentives, Member Ability, and Collaboration to Crowd-Based Problem Solving Performance". Academy of Management Discoveries. in press (4): 382–403. doi:10.5465/amd.2015.0097.
^ a b Wu, Wenjun; W. T. Tsai; Wei Li (2013). "An Evaluation Framework for Software Crowdsourcing". Frontiers of Computer Science. 7 (5): 694–709. doi:10.1007/s11704-013-2320-2. S2CID 3352701.
^ Stol, Klaas-Jan; Fitzgerald, Brian (2014). Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: A Case Study of Crowdsourcing Software Development. 36th International Conference on Software Engineering. ACM. pp. 187–198. doi:10.1145/2568225.2568249. hdl:10344/3982.
^ Wu, Wenjun; W. T. Tsai; Wei Li (2013). "Creative Software Crowdsourcing". International Journal of Creative Computing. 1: 57. doi:10.1504/IJCRC.2013.056925.
^ "Crowdsourcing Software Gathers Stronger Ideas". IdeaScale. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
^ Bugfinders. "Software Testing in the Real World". Retrieved June 21, 2013.
^ Stol, K. J.; Fitzgerald, B. (2014). "Researching crowdsourcing software development: Perspectives and concerns". Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Crowd Sourcing in Software Engineering - CSI-SE 2014. p. 7. doi:10.1145/2593728.2593731. hdl:10344/3853. ISBN 9781450328579. S2CID 7531317.
^ "Crowdsourcing & the Prisoner's Dilemma — Delling Advisory". Dellingadvisory.com. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
^ Thomas, Stuart (August 16, 2011). "Microsoft launches crowdsourcing blog for Windows 8". Memeburn. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
^ Simpson, Scott (June 10, 2013). "CROWDSOURCE YOUR NEXT WINDOWS 8 DEVICE?". Retrieved June 21, 2013.
^ Bell, Lee (June 20, 2013). "Microsoft offers a $100,000 bug bounty for cracking Windows 8.1". Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Steffen, Robynn Sturm (16 December 2011). "New center for excellence fuels prize to help modernize tools for patent examination". The White House Blog. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
^ Riedl, C.; Zanibbi, R.; Hearst, M. A.; Zhu, S.; Menietti, M.; Crusan, J.; Metelsky, I.; Lakhani, K. (20 February 2016). "Detecting Figures and Part Labels in Patents: Competition-Based Development of Image Processing Algorithms". International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition. 19 (2): 155–172. arXiv:1410.6751. doi:10.1007/s10032-016-0260-8. S2CID 11873638.
^ Diana, Alison (March 16, 2011). "Oracle Integrates Crowdsourcing Into CRM". InformationWeek. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
^ Huhns, Michael N.; Li, Wei; Tsai, Wei-Tek (2013). "Schloss Dagstuhl : Seminar Homepage". Dagstuhl Reports. 3 (9). Dagstuhl.de: 34–58. doi:10.4230/DagRep.3.9.34. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
Further reading
Karim R. Lakhani, David A. Garvin, Eric Logstein, "TopCoder: Developing Software through Crowdsourcing," Harvard Business School Case 610-032, 2010.
External links
Crowdsourced WikiMedia development
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering"},{"link_name":"software development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development"},{"link_name":"documentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_documentation"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design"},{"link_name":"coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming"},{"link_name":"testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"crowdsourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing"},{"link_name":"contests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Programming_contests"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RiedlWooley-1"}],"text":"Crowdsourcing software development or software crowdsourcing is an emerging area of software engineering. It is an open call for participation in any task of software development, including documentation, design, coding and testing. These tasks are normally conducted by either members of a software enterprise or people contracted by the enterprise. But in software crowdsourcing, all the tasks can be assigned to or are addressed by members of the general public. Individuals and teams may also participate in crowdsourcing contests.[1]","title":"Crowdsourcing software development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wu_FCS_evaluation-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stol2014a-3"},{"link_name":"DARPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA"},{"link_name":"Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_Technology,_Engineering,_and_Mathematics"}],"text":"Software crowdsourcing may have multiple goals.[2][3]Quality software: Crowdsourcing organizers need to define specific software quality goals and their evaluation criteria. Quality software often comes from competent contestants who can submit good solutions for rigorous evaluation.Rapid acquisition: Instead of waiting for software to be developed, crowdsourcing organizers may post a competition hoping that something identical or similar has been developed already. This is to reduce software acquisition time.Talent identification: A crowdsourcing organizer may be mainly interested in identifying talents as demonstrated by their performance in the competition.Cost reduction: A crowdsourcing organizer may acquire software at a low cost by paying a small fraction of development cost as the price for award may include recognition awards.Solution diversity: As teams will turn in different solutions for the same problem, the diversity in these solutions will be useful for fault-tolerant computing.Ideas creation: One goal is to get new ideas from contestants and these ideas may lead to new directions.Broadening participation: One goal is to recruit as many participants as possible to get best solution or to spread relevant knowledge.Participant education: Organizers are interested in educating participants new knowledge. One example is nonamesite.com sponsored by DARPA to teach STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.Fund leveraging: The goal is to stimulate other organizations to sponsor similar projects to leverage funds.Marketing: Crowdsourcing projects can be used for brand recognition among participants.","title":"Goals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ecosystem"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Architecture support","text":"A crowdsourcing support system needs to include 1) Software development tools: requirement tools, design tools, coding tools, compilers, debuggers, IDE, performance analysis tools, testing tools, and maintenance tools. \n2) Project management tools: ranking, reputation, and award systems for products and participants. \n3) Social network tools: allow participants to communicate and support each other. 4) Collaborating tools: For example, a blackboard platform where participants can see a common area and suggest ideas to improve the solutions presented in the common area.","title":"Ecosystem"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Social networks","text":"Social networks can provide communication, documentation, blogs, twitters, wikis, comments, feedbacks, and indexing.","title":"Ecosystem"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Organization","title":"Ecosystem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wu_Creative_Computing-4"},{"link_name":"Topcoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topcoder"}],"sub_title":"Processes","text":"Any phase of software development can be crowdsourced, and that phase can be requirements (functional, user interface, performance), design (algorithm, architecture), coding (modules and components), testing (including security testing, user interface testing, user experience testing), maintenance, user experience, or any combination of these.[4]Existing software development processes can be modified to include crowdsourcing: 1) Waterfall model; 2) Agile processes; 3) Model-driven approach; 4) Open-Sourced approach; 5) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) approach where service components can be published, discovered, composed, customized, simulated, and tested; 6) formal methods: formal methods can be crowdsourced.The crowdsourcing can be competitive or non-competitive. In competitive crowdsourcing, only selected participants will win, and in highly competitive projects, many contestants will compete but few will win. In non-competitive manner, either single individuals will participate in crowdsourcing or multiple individuals can collaborate to create software. Products produced can be cross evaluated to ensure the consistency and quality of products and to identify talents, and the cross evaluation can be evaluated by crowdsourcing.Items developed by crowdsourcing can be evaluated by crowdsourcing to determine the work produced, and evaluation of evaluation can be crowdsourced to determine the quality of evaluation.Notable crowdsourcing processes include AppStori and Topcoder processes.Pre-selection of participants is important for quality software crowdsourcing. In competitive crowdsourcing, a low-ranked participant should not compete against a high-ranked participant.","title":"Ecosystem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"App Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)"},{"link_name":"Topcoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topcoder"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Topcoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topcoder"}],"sub_title":"Platforms","text":"Software crowdsourcing platforms including Apple Inc.'s App Store, Topcoder, and uTest demonstrate the advantage of crowdsourcing in terms of software ecosystem expansion and product quality improvement. Apple’s App Store is an online iOS application market, where developers can directly deliver their creative designs and products to smartphone customers. These developers are motivated to contribute innovative designs for both reputation and payment by the micro-payment mechanism of the App Store. Within less than four years, Apple's App Store has become a huge mobile application ecosystem with 150,000 active publishers, and generated over 700,000 IOS applications. Around the App Store, there are many community-based, collaborative platforms for the smart-phone applications incubators. For example, AppStori introduces a crowd funding approach to build an online community for developing promising ideas about new iPhone applications. IdeaScale is another platform for software crowdsourcing.[5]Another crowdsourcing example—Topcoder—creates a software contest model where programming tasks are posted as contests and the developer of the best solution wins the top prize. Following this model, Topcoder has established an online platform to support its ecosystem and gathered a virtual global workforce with more than 1 million registered members and nearly 50,000 active participants. All these Topcoder members compete against each other in software development tasks such as requirement analysis, algorithm design, coding, and testing.","title":"Ecosystem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topcoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topcoder"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TopCoder_competition_types_and_phases.png"},{"link_name":"Topcoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topcoder"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bugfinders-6"}],"text":"The Topcoder Software Development Process consists of a number of different phases, and within each phase there can be different competition types:[citation needed]Architecture;\nComponent Production;\nApplication Assembly;DeploymentTopcoder competition types and phasesEach step can be a crowdsourcing competition.BugFinders testing process:[6]Engage BugFinders;\nDefine Projects;\nManaged by BugFinders;\nReview Bugs;\nGet Bugs Fixed; and\nRelease Software.","title":"Sample processes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wu_FCS_evaluation-2"},{"link_name":"Information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"}],"text":"Game theory has been used in the analysis of various software crowdsourcing projects.[2]Information theory can be a basis for metrics.Economic models can provide incentives for participation in crowdsourcing efforts.","title":"Theoretical issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Topcoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topcoder"},{"link_name":"reference architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_architecture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cloud computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reference_architecture_of_crowdsourcing_software_development.jpg"}],"text":"Crowdsourcing software development may follow different software engineering methodologies using different process models, techniques, and tools. It also has specific crowdsourcing processes involving unique activities such as bidding tasks, allocating experts, evaluating quality, and integrating software.[citation needed] To support outsourcing process and facilitate community collaboration, a platform is usually built to provide necessary resources and services. For example, Topcoder follows the traditional software development process with competition rules embedded, and AppStori allow flexible processes and crowd may be involved in almost all aspects of software development including funding, project concepts, design, coding, testing, and evaluation.The reference architecture hence defines umbrella activities and structure for crowd-based software development by unifying best practices and research achievements. In general, the reference architecture will address the following needs:[citation needed]Customizable to support typical process models;\nConfigurable to compose different functional components;\nScalable to facilitate problem solution of varied size.Particularly, crowdsourcing is used to develop large and complex software in a virtualized, decentralized manner. Cloud computing is a colloquial expression used to describe a variety of different types of computing concepts that involve a large number of computers connected through a real-time communication network (typically the Internet). Many advantages are to be found when moving crowdsourcing applications to the cloud: focus on project development rather than on the infrastructure that supports this process, foster the collaboration between geographically distributed teams, scale resources to the size of the projects, work in a virtualized, distributed, and collaborative environment.Reference Architecture for Software CrowdsourcingThe demands on software crowdsourcing systems are ever evolving as new development philosophies and technologies gain favor. The reference architecture presented above is designed to encompass generality in many dimensions including, for example different software development methodologies, incentive schemes, and competitive/collaborative approaches. There are several clear research directions that could be investigated to enhance the architecture such as data analytics, service based delivery, and framework generalization. As systems grow understanding the use of the platform is an important consideration, data regarding users, projects, and interaction between the two can all be explored to investigate performance. These data may also provide helpful insights when developing tasks or selecting participants. Many of the components designed in the architecture are general purpose and could be delivered as hosted services. By hosting these services the barriers for entry would be significantly reduced. Finally, through deployments of this architecture there is potential to derive a general purpose framework that could be used for different software development crowdsourcing projects or more widely for other crowdsourcing applications. The creation of such frameworks has had transformative effects in other domains for instance the predominant use of BOINC in volunteer computing.","title":"Reference architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stol2014b-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Researchframework.png"},{"link_name":"specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_specification"},{"link_name":"software bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug"},{"link_name":"Bugcrowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugcrowd"},{"link_name":"prisoner's dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Crowdsourcing in general is a multifaceted research topic. The use of crowdsourcing in software development is associated with a number of key tension points, or facets, which should be considered (see the figure below). At the same time, research can be conducted from the perspective of the three key players in crowdsourcing: the customer, the worker, and the platform.[7]Research framework for crowdsourcing software developmentTask decomposition:Coordination and communication:Planning and scheduling:Quality assurance: A software crowdsourcing process can be described in a game process, where one party tries to minimize an objective function, yet the other party tries to maximize the same objective function as though both parties compete with each other in the game. For example, a specification team needs to produce quality specifications for the coding team to develop the code; the specification team will minimize the software bugs in the specification, while the coding team will identify as many bugs as possible in the specification before coding.The min-max process is important as it is a quality assurance mechanism and often a team needs to perform both. For example, the coding team needs to maximize the identification of bugs in the specification, but it also needs to minimize the number of bugs in the code it produces.Bugcrowd showed that participants will follow the prisoner's dilemma to identify bugs for security testing.[8]Knowledge and Intellectual Property:Motivation and Remuneration:","title":"Aspects and metrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Topcoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topcoder"},{"link_name":"ontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)"},{"link_name":"test generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_generation"}],"text":"There are the following levels of crowdsourcing:[citation needed]Level 1: single persons, well-defined modules, small size, limited time span (less than 2 months), quality products, current development processes such as the one by Topcoder and uTest. At this level, coders are ranked, websites contains online repository crowdsourcing materials, software can be ranked by participants, have communication tools such as wiki, blogs, comments, software development tools such as IDE, testing, compilers, simulation, modeling, and program analysis.Level 2: teams of people (< 10), well-defined systems, medium large, medium time span (3 to 4 months), adaptive development processes with intelligent feedback in a blackboard architecture. At this level, a crowdsourcing website may support adaptive development process and even concurrent development processes with intelligent feedback with the blackboard architecture; intelligent analysis of coders, software products, and comments; multi-phase software testing and evaluation; Big Data analytics, automated wrapping software services into SaaS (Software-as-a-Service), annotate with ontology, cross reference to DBpedia, and Wikipedia; automated analysis and classification of software services; ontology annotation and reasoning such as linking those service with compatible input/output.Level 3: teams of people (< 100 and > 10), well-defined system, large systems, long time span (< 2 years), automated cross verification and cross comparison among contributions. A crowdsourcing website at this level may contain automated matching of requirements to existing components including matching of specification, services, and tests; automated regression testing.Level 4: multinational collaboration of large and adaptive systems. A crowdsourcing website at this level may contain domain-oriented crowdsourcing with ontology, reasoning, and annotation; automated cross verification and test generation processes; automated configuration of crowdsourcing platform; and may restructure the platform as SaaS with tenant customization.","title":"Levels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_blog_2011-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_mobile_device-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_crowdsource_test_2013-11"},{"link_name":"United States Patent and Trademark Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"America COMPETES Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_COMPETES_Act"},{"link_name":"Topcoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topcoder"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USPTO_Contest-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oracle_CRM_2011-14"}],"text":"Microsoft crowdsourcing Windows 8 development. In 2011, Microsoft started blogs to encourage discussions among developers and general public.[9] In 2013, Microsoft also started crowdsourcing their mobile devices for Windows 8.[10] In June 2013, Microsoft also announced crowdsourcing software testing by offering $100K for innovative techniques to identify security bugs, and $50K for a solution to the problem identified.[11]In 2011 the United States Patent and Trademark Office launching a crowdsourcing challenge under the America COMPETES Act on the Topcoder platform to develop for image processing algorithms and software to recognize figure and part labels in patent documents with a prize pool of $50,000 USD.[12] The contest resulted in 70 teams collectively making 1,797 code submissions. The solution of the contest winner achieved high accuracy in terms of recall and precision for the recognition of figure regions and part labels.[13]Oracle uses crowdsourcing in their CRM projects.[14]","title":"Significant events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dagstuhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagstuhl"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A software crowdsourcing workshop was held at Dagstuhl, Germany in September 2013.[15]","title":"Conferences and workshops"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Karim R. Lakhani, David A. Garvin, Eric Logstein, \"TopCoder: Developing Software through Crowdsourcing,\" Harvard Business School Case 610-032, 2010.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Topcoder competition types and phases","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/TopCoder_competition_types_and_phases.png/220px-TopCoder_competition_types_and_phases.png"},{"image_text":"Reference Architecture for Software Crowdsourcing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Reference_architecture_of_crowdsourcing_software_development.jpg/220px-Reference_architecture_of_crowdsourcing_software_development.jpg"},{"image_text":"Research framework for crowdsourcing software development","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Researchframework.png/220px-Researchframework.png"}]
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[{"title":"Collaborative software development model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software_development_model"},{"title":"Commons-based peer production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production"},{"title":"Crowdsourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing"},{"title":"Open-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"title":"Open-source software development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_development"}]
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[{"reference":"Riedl, Christoph; Woolley, Anita (December 2016). \"Teams vs. Crowds: A Field Test of the Relative Contribution of Incentives, Member Ability, and Collaboration to Crowd-Based Problem Solving Performance\". Academy of Management Discoveries. in press (4): 382–403. doi:10.5465/amd.2015.0097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famd.2015.0097","url_text":"10.5465/amd.2015.0097"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Wenjun; W. T. Tsai; Wei Li (2013). \"An Evaluation Framework for Software Crowdsourcing\". Frontiers of Computer Science. 7 (5): 694–709. doi:10.1007/s11704-013-2320-2. S2CID 3352701.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11704-013-2320-2","url_text":"10.1007/s11704-013-2320-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3352701","url_text":"3352701"}]},{"reference":"Stol, Klaas-Jan; Fitzgerald, Brian (2014). Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: A Case Study of Crowdsourcing Software Development. 36th International Conference on Software Engineering. ACM. pp. 187–198. doi:10.1145/2568225.2568249. hdl:10344/3982.","urls":[{"url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2568249","url_text":"Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: A Case Study of Crowdsourcing Software Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2568225.2568249","url_text":"10.1145/2568225.2568249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10344%2F3982","url_text":"10344/3982"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Wenjun; W. T. Tsai; Wei Li (2013). \"Creative Software Crowdsourcing\". International Journal of Creative Computing. 1: 57. doi:10.1504/IJCRC.2013.056925.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIJCRC.2013.056925","url_text":"\"Creative Software Crowdsourcing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Creative_Computing","url_text":"International Journal of Creative Computing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIJCRC.2013.056925","url_text":"10.1504/IJCRC.2013.056925"}]},{"reference":"\"Crowdsourcing Software Gathers Stronger Ideas\". IdeaScale. Retrieved 2016-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://ideascale.com/crowdsourcing-software.html","url_text":"\"Crowdsourcing Software Gathers Stronger Ideas\""}]},{"reference":"Bugfinders. \"Software Testing in the Real World\". Retrieved June 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bugfinders.com/","url_text":"\"Software Testing in the Real World\""}]},{"reference":"Stol, K. J.; Fitzgerald, B. (2014). \"Researching crowdsourcing software development: Perspectives and concerns\". Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Crowd Sourcing in Software Engineering - CSI-SE 2014. p. 7. doi:10.1145/2593728.2593731. hdl:10344/3853. ISBN 9781450328579. S2CID 7531317.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2593728.2593731","url_text":"10.1145/2593728.2593731"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10344%2F3853","url_text":"10344/3853"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450328579","url_text":"9781450328579"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7531317","url_text":"7531317"}]},{"reference":"\"Crowdsourcing & the Prisoner's Dilemma — Delling Advisory\". Dellingadvisory.com. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 2016-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dellingadvisory.com/blog/2013/4/10/crowdsourcing-the-prisoners-dilemma","url_text":"\"Crowdsourcing & the Prisoner's Dilemma — Delling Advisory\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Stuart (August 16, 2011). \"Microsoft launches crowdsourcing blog for Windows 8\". Memeburn. Retrieved June 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://memeburn.com/2011/08/microsoft-launches-crowdsourcing-blog-for-windows-8/","url_text":"\"Microsoft launches crowdsourcing blog for Windows 8\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Scott (June 10, 2013). \"CROWDSOURCE YOUR NEXT WINDOWS 8 DEVICE?\". Retrieved June 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winrtsource.com/2013/06/10/crowdsource-your-next-windows-8-device/","url_text":"\"CROWDSOURCE YOUR NEXT WINDOWS 8 DEVICE?\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Lee (June 20, 2013). \"Microsoft offers a $100,000 bug bounty for cracking Windows 8.1\". Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130625021348/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2276303/microsoft-offers-a-usd100-000-bug-bounty-for-cracking-windows-81","url_text":"\"Microsoft offers a $100,000 bug bounty for cracking Windows 8.1\""}]},{"reference":"Steffen, Robynn Sturm (16 December 2011). \"New center for excellence fuels prize to help modernize tools for patent examination\". The White House Blog. Retrieved 30 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/12/16/new-center-excellence-fuels-prize-help-modernize-tools-patent-examination","url_text":"\"New center for excellence fuels prize to help modernize tools for patent examination\""}]},{"reference":"Riedl, C.; Zanibbi, R.; Hearst, M. A.; Zhu, S.; Menietti, M.; Crusan, J.; Metelsky, I.; Lakhani, K. (20 February 2016). \"Detecting Figures and Part Labels in Patents: Competition-Based Development of Image Processing Algorithms\". International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition. 19 (2): 155–172. arXiv:1410.6751. doi:10.1007/s10032-016-0260-8. S2CID 11873638.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_on_Document_Analysis_and_Recognition&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.6751","url_text":"1410.6751"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10032-016-0260-8","url_text":"10.1007/s10032-016-0260-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11873638","url_text":"11873638"}]},{"reference":"Diana, Alison (March 16, 2011). \"Oracle Integrates Crowdsourcing Into CRM\". InformationWeek. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_(RC%26BR)_railway_station
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Christchurch railway station (1862–1886)
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["1 The site today","2 References","3 Further reading"]
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Coordinates: 50°44′21″N 1°46′55″W / 50.7393°N 1.7820°W / 50.7393; -1.7820Disused railway station in Dorset, England
ChristchurchGeneral informationLocationChristchurch, DorsetEnglandGrid referenceSZ154934Platforms1Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryOriginal companyRingwood, Christchurch and Bournemouth RailwayPre-groupingLondon and South Western RailwayKey dates13 November 1862Opened30 May 1886Closed
Christchurch was a railway station in Christchurch in Dorset, England. It was opened on 13 November 1862 by the Ringwood, Christchurch and Bournemouth Railway. Becoming part of the London and South Western Railway, it was closed on 30 May 1886, and replaced by the current Christchurch railway station located to the west of the newly created junction with the rail route to Hinton Admiral, New Milton, Sway and Brockenhurst. In 1935 the line from Christchurch to Ringwood was closed.
The site today
Having closed to passengers the buildings remained open as a freight depot and sidings were used for the storage of wagons until about 1960. The site is now an industrial estate.
Preceding station
Disused railways
Following station
HurnLine and station closed
London and South Western RailwayRingwood, Christchurch and Bournemouth Railway
Bournemouth East
References
^ Quick, M E (2002). Railway passenger stations in England, Scotland and Wales – a chronology. Richmond: Railway and Canal Historical Society. p. 125. OCLC 931112387.
^ "Hurn". Disused Stations.
Further reading
Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-85260-508-1.
Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (1992). Branch Lines Around Wimborne. Middleton Press. ISBN 0-906520-97-5.
50°44′21″N 1°46′55″W / 50.7393°N 1.7820°W / 50.7393; -1.7820
vteClosed railway stations in HampshireBasingstoke and Alton Light Railway
Cliddesden
Herriard
Bentworth and Lasham
Bordon Light Railway
Kingsley Halt
Bordon
Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway
Woodhay
Highclere
Burghclere
Litchfield
Whitchurch Town
Barton Stacey
Sutton Scotney
Worthy Down Halt
King's Worthy
Winchester (Chesil)
Gosport and Cosham Railway lines
Fort Brockhurst
Gosport
Fawley Branch Line
Marchwood
Hythe
Hardley Halt
Fawley
Hayling Island Branch Line
Langston
North Hayling
Hayling Island
Lee-on-the-Solent Branch Line
Fort Gomer Halt
Browndown Halt
Elmore Halt
Lee-on-the-Solent
Lymington Branch Line
Shirley Holms Halt
Ampress Works Halt
Meon Valley Railway
Farringdon Halt
Tisted
Privett
West Meon
Droxford
Wickham
Salisbury and Dorset Junction Railway
Breamore
Fordingbridge
Southampton and Dorchester Railway
Ringwood
Holmsley
Southsea Railway
Jessie Road Bridge Halt
Albert Road Bridge Halt
East Southsea
Sprat and Winkle Line Fullerton to Hurstbourne Line
Andover Town
Clatford
Fullerton Junction
Stockbridge
Horsebridge
Mottisfont
Longparish
Wherwell
Stokes Bay Line
Gosport Road and Alverstone
Stokes Bay
West of England Main Line
Hurstbourne
Oakley
Other stations
Basingstoke
Bishops Waltham
Havant New
Durley Halt
Farlington Halt
Itchen Abbas
Knowle Halt
Northam
Nursling
Paulsgrove Halt
Southampton Terminus
Weyhill
Woodcroft Halt
Stations in Dorset since 1974Ringwood, Christchurch and Bournemouth Railway
Bournemouth East
Boscombe
Christchurch
Hurn
Avon Lodge
Southampton and Dorchester Railway
Bournemouth West
Meyrick Park Halt
vteChristchurch, Dorset
See also: History of Christchurch
Listed buildings in Christchurch
Areas
Blackwater
Burton
Christchurch Harbour
Fairmile
Friars Cliff
Highcliffe
Hoburne Park
Hurn
Jumpers Common
Mudeford
Portfield
Purewell
Somerford
Stanpit
Town Centre
Walkford
Winkton
Rivers
River Avon
Bure Brook
River Mude
River Stour
Attractions
Avon Beach
Christchurch Castle
Christchurch Harbour
Christchurch Priory
Highcliffe Castle
Knapp Mill
Mudeford Quay
The Museum of Electricity
The Town Hall
The Red House Museum
Stanpit Marsh
Tucktonia
Schools
Burton CE Primary
Christchurch Infants
Christchurch Junior
Highcliffe
Mudeford Infants
Mudeford Junior
The Priory CE Primary
Somerford Primary
The Grange
Twynham
Railwaystations
Christchurch (original)
Christchurch
Hurn
Air travel
Bournemouth Airport
Christchurch Airfield
RAF Christchurch
RAF Hurn
Hospital
Christchurch
Politics
Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)
New Forest and Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)
Christchurch and Lymington (UK Parliament constituency)
Bournemouth East and Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)
1993 Christchurch by-election
1844 Christchurch by-election
Christchurch Borough Council elections
2019 BCP election
History
Battle of Mudeford
Christchurch Rural District
Football club
Christchurch F.C.
Wards
Burton and Grange
Christchurch Town
Commons
Highcliffe and Walkford
Mudeford, Stanpit and West Highcliffe
This article about a railway station in South West England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest_and_Christchurch_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Christchurch and Lymington (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_and_Lymington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth East and Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_East_and_Christchurch_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1993 Christchurch by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Christchurch_by-election"},{"link_name":"1844 Christchurch by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_Christchurch_by-election"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Borough Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Borough_Council_elections"},{"link_name":"2019 BCP election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mudeford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mudeford"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Christchurch F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_F.C."},{"link_name":"Burton and Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_and_Grange_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Town_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Highcliffe and Walkford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highcliffe_and_Walkford_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Mudeford, Stanpit and West Highcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudeford,_Stanpit_and_West_Highcliffe_(ward)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virgin_Voyager_220003_2005-06-09_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"South West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christchurch_railway_station_(1862%E2%80%931886)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SouthWestEngland-railstation-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SouthWestEngland-railstation-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SouthWestEngland-railstation-stub"}],"text":"Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-85260-508-1.\nMitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (1992). Branch Lines Around Wimborne. Middleton Press. ISBN 0-906520-97-5.50°44′21″N 1°46′55″W / 50.7393°N 1.7820°W / 50.7393; -1.7820vteClosed railway stations in HampshireBasingstoke and Alton Light Railway\nCliddesden\nHerriard\nBentworth and Lasham\nBordon Light Railway\nKingsley Halt\nBordon\nDidcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway\nWoodhay\nHighclere\nBurghclere\nLitchfield\nWhitchurch Town\nBarton Stacey\nSutton Scotney\nWorthy Down Halt\nKing's Worthy\nWinchester (Chesil)\nGosport and Cosham Railway lines\nFort Brockhurst\nGosport\nFawley Branch Line\nMarchwood\nHythe\nHardley Halt\nFawley\nHayling Island Branch Line\nLangston\nNorth Hayling\nHayling Island\nLee-on-the-Solent Branch Line\nFort Gomer Halt\nBrowndown Halt\nElmore Halt\nLee-on-the-Solent\nLymington Branch Line\nShirley Holms Halt\nAmpress Works Halt\nMeon Valley Railway\nFarringdon Halt\nTisted\nPrivett\nWest Meon\nDroxford\nWickham\nSalisbury and Dorset Junction Railway\nBreamore\nFordingbridge\nSouthampton and Dorchester Railway\nRingwood\nHolmsley\nSouthsea Railway\nJessie Road Bridge Halt\nAlbert Road Bridge Halt\nEast Southsea\nSprat and Winkle Line Fullerton to Hurstbourne Line\nAndover Town\nClatford\nFullerton Junction\nStockbridge\nHorsebridge\nMottisfont\nLongparish\nWherwell\nStokes Bay Line\nGosport Road and Alverstone\nStokes Bay\nWest of England Main Line\nHurstbourne\nOakley\nOther stations\nBasingstoke\nBishops Waltham\nHavant New\nDurley Halt\nFarlington Halt\nItchen Abbas\nKnowle Halt\nNortham\nNursling\nPaulsgrove Halt\nSouthampton Terminus\nWeyhill\nWoodcroft Halt\nStations in Dorset since 1974Ringwood, Christchurch and Bournemouth Railway\nBournemouth East\nBoscombe\nChristchurch\nHurn\nAvon Lodge\nSouthampton and Dorchester Railway\nBournemouth West\nMeyrick Park HaltvteChristchurch, Dorset\nSee also: History of Christchurch\nListed buildings in Christchurch\nAreas\nBlackwater\nBurton\nChristchurch Harbour\nFairmile\nFriars Cliff\nHighcliffe\nHoburne Park\nHurn\nJumpers Common\nMudeford\nPortfield\nPurewell\nSomerford\nStanpit\nTown Centre\nWalkford\nWinkton\nRivers\nRiver Avon\nBure Brook\nRiver Mude\nRiver Stour\nAttractions\nAvon Beach\nChristchurch Castle\nChristchurch Harbour\nChristchurch Priory\nHighcliffe Castle\nKnapp Mill\nMudeford Quay\nThe Museum of Electricity\nThe Town Hall\nThe Red House Museum\nStanpit Marsh\nTucktonia\nSchools\nBurton CE Primary\nChristchurch Infants\nChristchurch Junior\nHighcliffe\nMudeford Infants\nMudeford Junior\nThe Priory CE Primary\nSomerford Primary\nThe Grange\nTwynham\nRailwaystations\nChristchurch (original)\nChristchurch\nHurn\nAir travel\nBournemouth Airport\nChristchurch Airfield\nRAF Christchurch\nRAF Hurn\nHospital\nChristchurch\nPolitics\nChristchurch (UK Parliament constituency)\nNew Forest and Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)\nChristchurch and Lymington (UK Parliament constituency)\nBournemouth East and Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)\n1993 Christchurch by-election\n1844 Christchurch by-election\nChristchurch Borough Council elections\n2019 BCP election\nHistory\nBattle of Mudeford\nChristchurch Rural District\nFootball club\nChristchurch F.C.\nWards\nBurton and Grange\nChristchurch Town\nCommons\nHighcliffe and Walkford\nMudeford, Stanpit and West HighcliffeThis article about a railway station in South West England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Quick, M E (2002). Railway passenger stations in England, Scotland and Wales – a chronology. Richmond: Railway and Canal Historical Society. p. 125. OCLC 931112387.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931112387","url_text":"931112387"}]},{"reference":"\"Hurn\". Disused Stations.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/h/hurn/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Hurn\""}]},{"reference":"Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-85260-508-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-508-1","url_text":"1-85260-508-1"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (1992). Branch Lines Around Wimborne. Middleton Press. ISBN 0-906520-97-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906520-97-5","url_text":"0-906520-97-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fehling
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Alexander Fehling
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["1 Life and career","2 Awards","3 Theater and filmography","3.1 Theater credits","3.2 Film","4 References","5 External links"]
|
German film and stage actor
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Alexander FehlingFehling after receiving the Shooting Stars Award 2011Born (1981-03-29) 29 March 1981 (age 43)East Berlin, East GermanyOccupationActorYears active2007–present
Alexander Fehling (born 29 March 1981) is a German film and stage actor. He is best known for portraying Master Sgt. Wilhelm in the 2009 Quentin Tarantino World War II film Inglourious Basterds and Jonas Hollander in the Showtime original series Homeland as the boyfriend of Claire Danes's character Carrie Mathison.
Life and career
Fehling was born in East Berlin, East Germany. He studied acting at the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts from 2003 until 2007.
He received the Förderpreis Deutscher Film award in the Actor category for his portrayal of Sven Lehnert in the 2006 film, And Along Come Tourists. He previously won the OE Hasse Prize from the Akademie der Künste, Berlin for his role as Prince in the theater production of Schneewittchen (Snow White).
Fehling is best known to English-speaking audiences for his role as German Master Sgt. Wilhelm in Quentin Tarantino's World War II 2009 film Inglourious Basterds. Fehling is incorrectly referred to as a Staff Sgt by the English captions. Fehling also dubs his performance in the German version of the film.
Fehling appeared as a series regular in the fifth season of the Showtime original series Homeland, which began airing in October 2015. He played Jonas Hollander, a legal counsel for the Düring Foundation and boyfriend of Claire Danes's character Carrie Mathison.
Awards
2005: The O.E. Hasse-Preis of the Akademie der Künste for his role as Prince in Robert Walser's 1901 drama Schneewittchen (Snow White)
2007: The Förderpreis Deutscher Film (Young German Cinema Award) in the best actor category for his role as Sven Lehnert in And Along Come Tourists (2006)
2011: The Shooting Stars Award by European Film Promotion at the Berlin International Film Festival.
Theater and filmography
Theater credits
Schneewittchen by Robert Walser, directed by Thorsten Lensing and Jan Hein (2005)
Glaube Liebe Hoffnung by Ödön von Horváth; directed by Thomas Dannemann (2005)
Die lustigen Nibelungen by Oscar Straus, directed by Robert Borgmann (2006)
Wallensteins Lager / Die Piccolomini / Wallensteins Tod by Friedrich Schiller, directed by Peter Stein (2007)
Film
And Along Come Tourists (2007, Director: Robert Thalheim) – Sven Lehnert
Buddenbrooks (2007, Director: Heinrich Breloer) – Morten Schwarzkopf
Storm (2009, Director: Hans-Christian Schmid) – Patrick Färber
Inglourious Basterds (2009, Director: Quentin Tarantino) – Master Sgt. Wilhelm / Pola Negri
13 Semester (2009, Director: Frieder Wittich) – Bernd
Goethe! (2010, Director: Philipp Stölzl) – Johann Goethe
If Not Us, Who? (2011) – Andreas Baader
The River Used to Be a Man (2011)
Shores of Hope (2012) – Cornelis Schmidt
Erased (The Expatriate) (2012) – Floyd
Buddy (2013, Director: Michael Bully Herbig) – Eddie Weber
Labyrinth of Lies (2014) – Johann Radmann
Posthumous (2014) – Erik Alder
Atomic Falafel (2015) – Oli
In Times of Fading Light (2017) – Sascha Umnitzer
Fatal News (2015) – David Burger
Three Peaks (2017, Director: Jan Zabeil) – Aaron
The Captain (2017) – Junker
Das Ende der Wahrheit (2019) – Patrick Lemke
A Hidden Life (2019) – Lawyer Feldman
Gut gegen Nordwind (2019) – Leo
Seneca – On the Creation of Earthquakes (2023) - Decimus
Scorched Earth (2024)
References
^ a b Shattuck, Kathryn (30 September 2015). "Alexander Fehling: A Wild Ride From Inglourious Basterds to Homeland". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
^ Agard, Chancellor (18 October 2015). "Meet Homeland's Alexander Fehling, Who Plays Carrie's Hot New Man". People. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
^ "Förderpreis Deutscher Film 2007 – Verleihung am 27.06.2007 im HVB Forum". Ganz München (in German). 27 June 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
^ Danielsen, Shane (31 January 2011). "Berlinale: Shooting stars 2011". Variety. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
^ van Hoeij, Boyd (7 January 2009). "Review: 'Buddenbrooks: The Decline of a Family'". Variety. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexander Fehling.
Alexander Fehling at IMDb
Horstermann Agency
Alexander Fehling Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine at shooting-stars.eu
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Inglourious Basterds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglourious_Basterds"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Claire Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Danes"},{"link_name":"Carrie Mathison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Mathison"}],"text":"Alexander Fehling (born 29 March 1981) is a German film and stage actor. He is best known for portraying Master Sgt. Wilhelm in the 2009 Quentin Tarantino World War II film Inglourious Basterds and Jonas Hollander in the Showtime original series Homeland as the boyfriend of Claire Danes's character Carrie Mathison.","title":"Alexander Fehling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shattuck-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Busch_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts"},{"link_name":"And Along Come Tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Along_Come_Tourists"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Akademie der Künste, Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Snow White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Inglourious Basterds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglourious_Basterds"},{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_(season_5)"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Claire Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Danes"},{"link_name":"Carrie Mathison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Mathison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shattuck-1"}],"text":"Fehling was born in East Berlin, East Germany.[1][2] He studied acting at the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts from 2003 until 2007.He received the Förderpreis Deutscher Film award in the Actor category for his portrayal of Sven Lehnert in the 2006 film, And Along Come Tourists.[3] He previously won the OE Hasse Prize from the Akademie der Künste, Berlin for his role as Prince in the theater production of Schneewittchen (Snow White).Fehling is best known to English-speaking audiences for his role as German Master Sgt. Wilhelm in Quentin Tarantino's World War II 2009 film Inglourious Basterds. Fehling is incorrectly referred to as a Staff Sgt by the English captions. Fehling also dubs his performance in the German version of the film.Fehling appeared as a series regular in the fifth season of the Showtime original series Homeland, which began airing in October 2015. He played Jonas Hollander, a legal counsel for the Düring Foundation and boyfriend of Claire Danes's character Carrie Mathison.[1]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akademie der Künste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Robert Walser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walser_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Snow White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White"},{"link_name":"And Along Come Tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Along_Come_Tourists"},{"link_name":"Shooting Stars Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_Stars_Award"},{"link_name":"European Film Promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Promotion"},{"link_name":"Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"2005: The O.E. Hasse-Preis of the Akademie der Künste for his role as Prince in Robert Walser's 1901 drama Schneewittchen (Snow White)\n2007: The Förderpreis Deutscher Film (Young German Cinema Award) in the best actor category for his role as Sven Lehnert in And Along Come Tourists (2006)\n2011: The Shooting Stars Award by European Film Promotion at the Berlin International Film Festival.[4]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theater and filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Walser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walser_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Ödön von Horváth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_von_Horv%C3%A1th"},{"link_name":"Oscar Straus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller"},{"link_name":"Peter Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stein_(director)"}],"sub_title":"Theater credits","text":"Schneewittchen by Robert Walser, directed by Thorsten Lensing and Jan Hein (2005)\nGlaube Liebe Hoffnung by Ödön von Horváth; directed by Thomas Dannemann (2005)\nDie lustigen Nibelungen by Oscar Straus, directed by Robert Borgmann (2006)\nWallensteins Lager / Die Piccolomini / Wallensteins Tod by Friedrich Schiller, directed by Peter Stein (2007)","title":"Theater and filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"And Along Come Tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Along_Come_Tourists"},{"link_name":"Robert Thalheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thalheim"},{"link_name":"Buddenbrooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddenbrooks_(film)"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Breloer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Breloer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Hans-Christian Schmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Christian_Schmid"},{"link_name":"Inglourious Basterds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglourious_Basterds"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"13 Semester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Semester"},{"link_name":"Goethe!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Goethe_in_Love"},{"link_name":"Philipp Stölzl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_St%C3%B6lzl"},{"link_name":"Johann Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Goethe"},{"link_name":"If Not Us, Who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Not_Us,_Who%3F"},{"link_name":"Andreas Baader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Baader"},{"link_name":"Shores of Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shores_of_Hope&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wir_wollten_aufs_Meer"},{"link_name":"Erased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erased_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Buddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddy_(2013_German_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_(2013)"},{"link_name":"Michael Bully Herbig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bully_Herbig"},{"link_name":"Labyrinth of Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth_of_Lies"},{"link_name":"Posthumous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_(film)"},{"link_name":"In Times of Fading Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Times_of_Fading_Light"},{"link_name":"Fatal News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal_News&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Fall_Barschel"},{"link_name":"Three Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Peaks_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jan Zabeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Zabeil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Captain_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"A Hidden Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hidden_Life_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Seneca – On the Creation of Earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_%E2%80%93_On_the_Creation_of_Earthquakes"},{"link_name":"Scorched Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_Earth_(2024_film)"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"And Along Come Tourists (2007, Director: Robert Thalheim) – Sven Lehnert\nBuddenbrooks (2007, Director: Heinrich Breloer)[5] – Morten Schwarzkopf\nStorm (2009, Director: Hans-Christian Schmid) – Patrick Färber\nInglourious Basterds (2009, Director: Quentin Tarantino) – Master Sgt. Wilhelm / Pola Negri\n13 Semester (2009, Director: Frieder Wittich) – Bernd\nGoethe! (2010, Director: Philipp Stölzl) – Johann Goethe\nIf Not Us, Who? (2011) – Andreas Baader\nThe River Used to Be a Man (2011)\nShores of Hope [de] (2012) – Cornelis Schmidt\nErased (The Expatriate) (2012) – Floyd\nBuddy [de] (2013, Director: Michael Bully Herbig) – Eddie Weber\nLabyrinth of Lies (2014) – Johann Radmann\nPosthumous (2014) – Erik Alder\nAtomic Falafel (2015) – Oli\nIn Times of Fading Light (2017) – Sascha Umnitzer\nFatal News [de] (2015) – David Burger\nThree Peaks (2017, Director: Jan Zabeil) – Aaron\nThe Captain (2017) – Junker\nDas Ende der Wahrheit (2019) – Patrick Lemke\nA Hidden Life (2019) – Lawyer Feldman\nGut gegen Nordwind (2019) – Leo\nSeneca – On the Creation of Earthquakes (2023) - Decimus\nScorched Earth (2024)","title":"Theater and filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Shattuck, Kathryn (30 September 2015). \"Alexander Fehling: A Wild Ride From Inglourious Basterds to Homeland\". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/04/arts/television/alexander-fehling-a-wild-ride-from-inglourious-basterds-to-homeland.html","url_text":"\"Alexander Fehling: A Wild Ride From Inglourious Basterds to Homeland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Agard, Chancellor (18 October 2015). \"Meet Homeland's Alexander Fehling, Who Plays Carrie's Hot New Man\". People. Retrieved 23 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/tv/homeland-meet-carries-hot-new-man-alexander-fehling/","url_text":"\"Meet Homeland's Alexander Fehling, Who Plays Carrie's Hot New Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"\"Förderpreis Deutscher Film 2007 – Verleihung am 27.06.2007 im HVB Forum\". Ganz München (in German). 27 June 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ganz-muenchen.de/kino/events/foerderpreis_deutscher_film/2007/archiv.html","url_text":"\"Förderpreis Deutscher Film 2007 – Verleihung am 27.06.2007 im HVB Forum\""}]},{"reference":"Danielsen, Shane (31 January 2011). \"Berlinale: Shooting stars 2011\". Variety. Retrieved 4 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2011/film/markets-festivals/berlinale-shooting-stars-2011-1118030764/","url_text":"\"Berlinale: Shooting stars 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"van Hoeij, Boyd (7 January 2009). \"Review: 'Buddenbrooks: The Decline of a Family'\". Variety. Retrieved 4 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2009/film/reviews/buddenbrooks-the-decline-of-a-family-1200473401/","url_text":"\"Review: 'Buddenbrooks: The Decline of a Family'\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bento_(carrack)
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São Bento (carrack)
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["1 Background","2 References","3 Further reading"]
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São Bento
Woodcut depicting the shipwreck of São Bento
History
FateWrecked 1554
General characteristics
Tonnage900 tons
The nau (carrack) was a type of vessel that was larger than a caravel but smaller than the later galleon
São Bento (Saint Benedict), commanded by captain Fernão de Álvares Cabral, the son of Pedro Álvares Cabral, was a Portuguese carrack of 900 tons wrecked in April 1554 near the mouth of the Msikaba River, midway between Port Edward and Port St. Johns on the Transkei coast of South Africa. The ship had left Cochin on 1 February 1554 and was en route to Lisbon with a cargo of spices, coconuts, silks, porcelain, cornelian beads, cotton cloth and other luxury goods. There are no hull remains at the site.
Background
On the night of 24 April 1554, São Bento was sailing in stormy weather off the Transkei coast. The ship was in a poor state of repair and overloaded, and when she ran aground, she quickly sank at the mouth of a gully on the seaward side of the island at the river mouth, with the loss of 44 Portuguese and over one hundred slaves. Two years earlier on 10 June 1552 São João had been wrecked along the same stretch of coast at Port Edward, almost certainly accounting for the name of the nearby settlement of Port St. Johns.
The survivors, one of whom was Manuel de Mesquita Perestrelo and who later wrote an account of the disaster, made camp on the south bank of the river and put up a shelter which was "a superb lodging made of rich carpets, pieces of good cloth and silk, put to very different use from that for which they were made."
On 28 April 1554, after crossing the Msikaba River on rafts made from barrels lashed together, a party of 224 slaves and 98 Portuguese headed north along the coast to the Portuguese trading post established at Inhambane in 1534, and a distance of some 970 km (600 mi) as the crow flies from the site of the wreck. Some able-bodied men were armed with lances and swords, but there was only one musket between the lot. "Having crossed the river, we put ourselves in marching order, carrying a crucifix bound upon a lance… We arranged ourselves in single file, and set our faces towards the interior by a path made by elephants, directing ourselves towards a height where it seemed to us we might discover some settlement."
Only twenty Portuguese survivors and three slaves managed to reach safety in Mozambique.
References
^ "The ship São Bento (St Benedict) is wrecked on the Transkei coast". South African History Online.
^ Burger, Elizabeth (23 April 2004). "Reinvestigating the Wreck of the Sixteenth Century Portuguese Galleon São João: A Historical Archaeological Perspective". Electronic Theses and Dissertations. University of Pretoria.
^ "Shipwreck Trail". OR Tambo Heritage Route.
^ Burger, Elizabeth (23 April 2004). "Reinvestigating the Wreck of the Sixteenth Century Portuguese Galleon São João: A Historical Archaeological Perspective" (PDF). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. University of Pretoria. Chapter 1.
^ a b D. J. Potgieter, M. A. (1973). Standard Encyclopedia of Southern Africa. Internet Archive. Cape Town. p. 492.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Shipwrecks". South Coast Tourism.
Further reading
Theal. Records of South-Eastern Africa. Vol. 1. pp. 218–285.
Auret, C; Maggs, T (1982). "The Great Ship São Bento: Remains from a Mid-Sixteenth-Century Wreck on the Pondoland Coast". Annals of the Natal Museum. 25 (1). Outubro, Pietermaritzburg: 1–39.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%C3%A3o_Bento00.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pedro Álvares Cabral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral"},{"link_name":"carrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrack"},{"link_name":"Port Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Edward,_KwaZulu-Natal"},{"link_name":"Port St. Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_St._Johns"},{"link_name":"Transkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkei"},{"link_name":"Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"cornelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"São Bento (Saint Benedict), commanded by captain Fernão de Álvares Cabral, the son of Pedro Álvares Cabral, was a Portuguese carrack of 900 tons wrecked in April 1554 near the mouth of the Msikaba River, midway between Port Edward and Port St. Johns on the Transkei coast of South Africa. The ship had left Cochin on 1 February 1554 and was en route to Lisbon with a cargo of spices, coconuts, silks, porcelain, cornelian beads, cotton cloth and other luxury goods. There are no hull remains at the site.[1][2][3]","title":"São Bento (carrack)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Manuel de Mesquita Perestrelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Mesquita_Perestrelo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stan01-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Inhambane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhambane"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stan01-5"}],"text":"On the night of 24 April 1554, São Bento was sailing in stormy weather off the Transkei coast. The ship was in a poor state of repair and overloaded, and when she ran aground, she quickly sank at the mouth of a gully on the seaward side of the island at the river mouth, with the loss of 44 Portuguese and over one hundred slaves. Two years earlier on 10 June 1552 São João had been wrecked along the same stretch of coast at Port Edward, almost certainly accounting for the name of the nearby settlement of Port St. Johns.[4]The survivors, one of whom was Manuel de Mesquita Perestrelo and who later wrote an account of the disaster,[5] made camp on the south bank of the river and put up a shelter which was \"a superb lodging made of rich carpets, pieces of good cloth and silk, put to very different use from that for which they were made.\"[6]On 28 April 1554, after crossing the Msikaba River on rafts made from barrels lashed together, a party of 224 slaves and 98 Portuguese headed north along the coast to the Portuguese trading post established at Inhambane in 1534, and a distance of some 970 km (600 mi) as the crow flies from the site of the wreck. Some able-bodied men were armed with lances and swords, but there was only one musket between the lot. \"Having crossed the river, we put ourselves in marching order, carrying a crucifix bound upon a lance… We arranged ourselves in single file, and set our faces towards the interior by a path made by elephants, directing ourselves towards a height where it seemed to us we might discover some settlement.\"[citation needed]Only twenty Portuguese survivors and three slaves managed to reach safety in Mozambique.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Theal. Records of South-Eastern Africa. Vol. 1. pp. 218–285.\nAuret, C; Maggs, T (1982). \"The Great Ship São Bento: Remains from a Mid-Sixteenth-Century Wreck on the Pondoland Coast\". Annals of the Natal Museum. 25 (1). Outubro, Pietermaritzburg: 1–39.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
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| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Leier
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Mark Leier
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["1 Works","2 References","3 External links"]
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Canadian historian
Mark Leier is a Canadian historian and, since 1994, a professor of working class and left-wing history at Simon Fraser University (SFU). From 2000 to 2010, he was the director of the Centre for Labour Studies at Simon Fraser.
Leier was born in Ladner, British Columbia. Prior to attending university, Leier was employed in various professions, including as a union carpenter and as a member of the Canadian Union of Public Employees. He earned his PhD in History from Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) in 1992.
Politically anarchist, Leier's books have mostly reflected on British Columbia's history of labour radicalism. His first book, Where the Fraser River Flows: The Industrial Workers of the World in British Columbia (1990) deals with the development of industrial unionism in the province. Red Flags and Red Tape: The Making of a Labour Bureaucracy (University of Toronto Press) deals with the institutionalization of a non-revolutionary labour movement. In Rebel Life: The Life and Times of Robert Gosden, Revolutionary, Mystic, Labour Spy (1999), Leier examines the life of an Industrial Workers of the World member (or "Wobbly") turned police labour spy. His fourth book, Bakunin: The Creative Passion is a political biography of the 19th-century Russian anarchist, Mikhail Bakunin.
As part of the Graphic History Collective, he helped produce May Day: A Graphic History of Protest.
A former folk singer, Leier is also known for bringing a banjo to his history classes.
Works
Where the Fraser River Flows: The Industrial Workers of the World in British Columbia. Vancouver: New Star, 1990.
Red Flags and Red Tape: The Making of a Labour Bureaucracy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995.
Bakunin: The Creative Passion. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2009.
Rebel Life: The Life and Times of Robert Gosden. Vancouver: New Star, 1999. Rev. Ed., 2013.
References
^ "Mark Leier". sfu.ca. Simon Fraser University.
^ "May Day Comic". Graphic History Collective. Graphic History Collective. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
^ "Dr. Mark Leier". www.sfu.ca.
^ http://catalog.sevenstories.com/products/bakunin Seven Stories Press
^ Mouat, Jeremy (2001). "Review of Rebel Life: The Life and Times of Robert Gosden, Revolutionary, Mystic, Labour Spy". Labour / Le Travail. 47: 224–226. doi:10.2307/25149124. ISSN 0700-3862. JSTOR 25149124.
External links
Mark Leier's page at Simon Fraser University
Review of Bakunin: A Biography by Kirkpatrick Sale in The American Conservative
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing"},{"link_name":"Simon Fraser University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University"},{"link_name":"Ladner, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladner,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canadian Union of Public Employees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Public_Employees"},{"link_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfu.ca-1"},{"link_name":"anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"industrial unionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_unionism"},{"link_name":"Industrial Workers of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Bakunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GHC-2"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mark Leier is a Canadian historian and, since 1994, a professor of working class and left-wing history at Simon Fraser University (SFU). From 2000 to 2010, he was the director of the Centre for Labour Studies at Simon Fraser.Leier was born in Ladner, British Columbia. Prior to attending university, Leier was employed in various professions, including as a union carpenter and as a member of the Canadian Union of Public Employees. He earned his PhD in History from Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) in 1992.[1]Politically anarchist, Leier's books have mostly reflected on British Columbia's history of labour radicalism. His first book, Where the Fraser River Flows: The Industrial Workers of the World in British Columbia (1990) deals with the development of industrial unionism in the province. Red Flags and Red Tape: The Making of a Labour Bureaucracy (University of Toronto Press) deals with the institutionalization of a non-revolutionary labour movement. In Rebel Life: The Life and Times of Robert Gosden, Revolutionary, Mystic, Labour Spy (1999), Leier examines the life of an Industrial Workers of the World member (or \"Wobbly\") turned police labour spy. His fourth book, Bakunin: The Creative Passion is a political biography of the 19th-century Russian anarchist, Mikhail Bakunin.As part of the Graphic History Collective, he helped produce May Day: A Graphic History of Protest.[2]A former folk singer, Leier is also known for bringing a banjo to his history classes.[3]","title":"Mark Leier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Where the Fraser River Flows: The Industrial Workers of the World in British Columbia. Vancouver: New Star, 1990.\nRed Flags and Red Tape: The Making of a Labour Bureaucracy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995.\nBakunin: The Creative Passion. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2009.[4]\nRebel Life: The Life and Times of Robert Gosden. Vancouver: New Star, 1999.[5] Rev. Ed., 2013.","title":"Works"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mark Leier\". sfu.ca. Simon Fraser University.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfu.ca/history/faculty-and-staff/faculty-by-name/mark-leier.html","url_text":"\"Mark Leier\""}]},{"reference":"\"May Day Comic\". Graphic History Collective. Graphic History Collective. Retrieved 23 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://graphichistorycollective.com/may-day-comic","url_text":"\"May Day Comic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Mark Leier\". www.sfu.ca.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfu.ca/sfublogs-archive/projects/tlcomm/803_dr-mark-leier.html","url_text":"\"Dr. Mark Leier\""}]},{"reference":"Mouat, Jeremy (2001). \"Review of Rebel Life: The Life and Times of Robert Gosden, Revolutionary, Mystic, Labour Spy\". Labour / Le Travail. 47: 224–226. doi:10.2307/25149124. ISSN 0700-3862. JSTOR 25149124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_/_Le_Travail","url_text":"Labour / Le Travail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25149124","url_text":"10.2307/25149124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0700-3862","url_text":"0700-3862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25149124","url_text":"25149124"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.sfu.ca/history/faculty-and-staff/faculty-by-name/mark-leier.html","external_links_name":"\"Mark Leier\""},{"Link":"http://graphichistorycollective.com/may-day-comic","external_links_name":"\"May Day Comic\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfu.ca/sfublogs-archive/projects/tlcomm/803_dr-mark-leier.html","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Mark Leier\""},{"Link":"http://catalog.sevenstories.com/products/bakunin","external_links_name":"http://catalog.sevenstories.com/products/bakunin"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25149124","external_links_name":"10.2307/25149124"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0700-3862","external_links_name":"0700-3862"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25149124","external_links_name":"25149124"},{"Link":"https://www.sfu.ca/history/faculty-and-staff/faculty-by-name/mark-leier.html","external_links_name":"Mark Leier's page at Simon Fraser University"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604222713/http://www.amconmag.com/article/2006/nov/06/00031/","external_links_name":"Review of Bakunin: A Biography"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-a-Bye_Your_Baby_with_a_Dixie_Melody
|
Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody
|
["1 Other recordings","2 Film appearances","3 References"]
|
1918 single by Al Jolson"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody"78rpm record labelSingle by Al JolsonB-side"Alice, I'm in Wonderland (Since the Day That I First Met You)" (Sterling Trio)ReleasedAugust 1918GenrePopularLength2:51LabelColumbia 2560Songwriter(s)Jean Schwartz, Sam M. Lewis, Joe YoungAl Jolson singles chronology
"Hello Central, Give Me No Man's Land" (1918)
"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" (1918)
"Tell That to the Marines" (1919)
Sheet music cover, 1918
"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" is a popular song written by Jean Schwartz, with lyrics by Sam M. Lewis and Joe Young. The song was introduced by Al Jolson in the Broadway musical Sinbad and published in 1918.
Probably the best-known version of the song was by Al Jolson who recorded it on March 13, 1918 and whose version reached No. 1 the same year.
Other recordings
Al Jolson recorded the song on December 20, 1932, with Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians. Jolson recorded the song again on March 27, 1946, with an orchestra under the direction of Morris Stoloff.
Arthur Fields - considered to be a No. 9 hit in 1918.
Dean Martin recorded the song on April 28, 1950.
Judy Garland included the song in her album Miss Show Business (1955) and her 1960 recording appeared in the compilation album The London Sessions. The song was also included in her live album Judy at Carnegie Hall (1961).
Jerry Lewis - his version was a Top 10 hit in 1956 and became a gold record
Aretha Franklin also recorded a version of this song for her album The Electrifying Aretha Franklin, which reached No. 24 in Cash Box and #37 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1961.
Film appearances
A Plantation Act (1926) - sung by Al Jolson
The Show of Shows (1929) - sung by Sid Silvers
The Singing Kid (1936) - sung by Al Jolson in the opening medley
Rose of Washington Square (1939) - performed by Al Jolson
The Merry Monahans (1944) - sung by Donald O'Connor
Terms of Endearment (1983) - Judy Garland version heard
References
^ Goldman, Herbert G. (1988). Jolson: The Legend Comes to Life. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 379. ISBN 0-19-506329-5.
^ Al Jolson, "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" Chart Position Retrieved September 14, 2013
^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 388. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 389. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 155. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
^ Tosches, Nick (1992). Dino: Living High in the Dirty Business of Dreams. New York: Dell Publishing. p. 581. ISBN 0-440-21412-2.
^ "allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits (8th ed.). New York: Billboard Books. p. 367. ISBN 0-8230-7499-4.
^ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 52 – The Soul Reformation: Phase three, soul music at the summit. : UNT Digital Library" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Track 2.
^ Aretha Franklin, "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" Chart Position Retrieved September 14, 2013
^ Copies on Wikimedia
^ "Internet Movie Database". imdb.com. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
^ "Internet Movie Database". imdb.com. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
^ "Internet Movie Database". imdb.com. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
^ Al Jolson singing "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" in Rose of Washington Square (1939) on YouTube (audio only)
^ "Internet Movie Database". imdb.com. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
^ "Internet Movie Database". imdb.com. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
vteAl JolsonSongs
"The Spaniard That Blighted My Life"
"You Made Me Love You"
"Sister Susie's Sewing Shirts for Soldiers"
"My Mammy"
"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody"
"Tell That to the Marines"
"Swanee"
"Avalon"
"April Showers"
"Juanita"
"California, Here I Come"
"I'm Sitting on Top of the World"
"When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)"
"Back in Your Own Backyard"
"There's a Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder"
"Sonny Boy"
"Liza (All the Clouds'll Roll Away)"
"You Are Too Beautiful"
"The Anniversary Song"
"Alexander's Ragtime Band"
"Carolina in the Morning"
Related articles
The Jolson Story
Jolson Sings Again
vteAretha FranklinStudio albums
Aretha (1961)
The Electrifying Aretha Franklin (1962)
The Tender, the Moving, the Swinging Aretha Franklin (1962)
Laughing on the Outside (1963)
Unforgettable: A Tribute to Dinah Washington (1964)
Runnin' Out of Fools (1964)
Yeah!!! (1965)
Songs of Faith (1965)
Soul Sister (1966)
Take It Like You Give It (1967)
I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You (1967)
Aretha Arrives (1967)
Lady Soul (1968)
Aretha Now (1968)
Soul '69 (1969)
Soft and Beautiful (1969)
This Girl's in Love with You (1970)
Spirit in the Dark (1970)
Young, Gifted and Black (1972)
Hey Now Hey (The Other Side of the Sky) (1973)
Let Me in Your Life (1974)
With Everything I Feel in Me (1974)
You (1975)
Sparkle (1976)
Sweet Passion (1977)
Almighty Fire (1978)
La Diva (1979)
Aretha (1980)
Love All the Hurt Away (1981)
Jump to It (1982)
Get It Right (1983)
Who's Zoomin' Who? (1985)
Aretha (1986)
Through the Storm (1989)
What You See Is What You Sweat (1991)
A Rose Is Still a Rose (1998)
So Damn Happy (2003)
This Christmas, Aretha (2008)
A Woman Falling Out of Love (2011)
Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics (2014)
Live albums
Aretha in Paris (1968)
Aretha Live at Fillmore West (1971)
Amazing Grace (1972)
One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism (1987)
Oh Me Oh My: Aretha Live in Philly, 1972 (2007)
Compilationalbums
Take a Look (1967)
Aretha's Gold (1969)
Aretha's Greatest Hits (1971)
The Best of Aretha Franklin (1973)
Aretha Sings the Blues (1980)
30 Greatest Hits (1985)
Queen of Soul: The Atlantic Recordings (1992/2014)
Greatest Hits: 1980–1994 (1994)
The Very Best of Aretha Franklin, Vol. 1 (1994)
Greatest Hits (1998)
Aretha's Best (2001)
Respect: The Very Best of Aretha Franklin (2002)
The Queen in Waiting: The Columbia Years (1960–1965) (2002)
Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul (2007)
Jewels in the Crown: All-Star Duets with the Queen (2007)
A Brand New Me (2017)
The Atlantic Singles Collection 1967–1970 (2018)
Singles
"Precious Lord (Part 1)" (1959)
"Today I Sing the Blues" (1960)
"Won't Be Long" (1960)
"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" (1961)
"Operation Heartbreak" (1961)
"I Surrender, Dear" (1962)
"Try a Little Tenderness" (1962)
"Say It Isn't So" (1963)
"Skylark" (1963)
"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" (1964)
"One Step Ahead" (1965)
"You Made Me Love You" (1965)
"Mockingbird" (1967)
"I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)" (1967)
"Respect" (1967)
"Baby I Love You" (1967)
"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" (1967)
"Do Right Woman, Do Right Man"
"Chain of Fools" (1967)
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (1968)
"(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone" (1968)
"Think" (1968)
"You Send Me" (1968)
"The House That Jack Built" (1968)
"I Say a Little Prayer" (1968)
"See Saw" (1968)
"My Song" (1968)
"The Weight" (1969)
"Tracks of My Tears" (1969)
"I Can't See Myself Leaving You" (1969)
"Gentle on My Mind" (1969)
"Share Your Love with Me" (1969)
"Eleanor Rigby" (1969)
"Call Me" (1970)
"Son of a Preacher Man" (1970)
"Spirit in the Dark" (1970)
"The Thrill Is Gone" (1970)
"Don't Play That Song" (1970)
"Border Song (Holy Moses)" (1970)
"You're All I Need to Get By" (1971)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" (1971)
"Spanish Harlem" (1971)
"Rock Steady" (1971)
"Day Dreaming" (1972)
"Angel" (1973)
"Until You Come Back to Me (That's What I'm Gonna Do)" (1973)
"I'm in Love" (1974)
"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" (1974)
"Something He Can Feel" (1976)
"Break It to Me Gently" (1977)
"What a Fool Believes" (1981)
"It's My Turn" (1981)
"Jump to It" (1982)
"Get It Right" (1983)
"Freeway of Love" (1985)
"Who's Zoomin' Who" (1985)
"Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves" (1985)
"Jumpin' Jack Flash" (1986)
"Jimmy Lee" (1986)
"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)" (1987)
"Oh Happy Day" (1988)
"Gimme Your Love" (1989)
"It Isn't, It Wasn't, It Ain't Never Gonna Be" (1989)
"Everyday People" (1991)
"Someday We'll All Be Free" (1992)
"Ever Changing Times" (1992)
"A Deeper Love" (1993)
"Willing to Forgive" (1994)
"A Rose Is Still a Rose" (1998)
"Here We Go Again" (1998)
"Put You Up on Game" (2007)
"Angels We Have Heard on High" (2009)
"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)" (2014)
Related
Awards and nominations
Discography
"Wood Beez (Pray Like Aretha Franklin)"
Amazing Grace (2018 film)
Genius (2021 television series)
Respect (2021 film)
Ted White
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
|
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Lewis and Joe Young. The song was introduced by Al Jolson in the Broadway musical Sinbad and published in 1918.Probably the best-known version of the song was by Al Jolson who recorded it on March 13, 1918[1] and whose version reached No. 1 the same year.[2]","title":"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Jolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jolson"},{"link_name":"Guy Lombardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Lombardo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Morris Stoloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Stoloff"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Arthur Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Fields"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Judy Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Garland"},{"link_name":"Miss Show Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Show_Business"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Judy at Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_at_Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"gold record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc52-9"},{"link_name":"The Electrifying Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Electrifying_Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Al Jolson recorded the song on December 20, 1932, with Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians.[3] Jolson recorded the song again on March 27, 1946, with an orchestra under the direction of Morris Stoloff.[4]\nArthur Fields - considered to be a No. 9 hit in 1918.[5]\nDean Martin recorded the song on April 28, 1950.[6]\nJudy Garland included the song in her album Miss Show Business (1955) and her 1960 recording appeared in the compilation album The London Sessions.[7] The song was also included in her live album Judy at Carnegie Hall (1961).\nJerry Lewis - his version was a Top 10 hit in 1956[8] and became a gold record\nAretha Franklin also recorded a version of this song[9] for her album The Electrifying Aretha Franklin, which reached No. 24 in Cash Box and #37 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1961.[10]","title":"Other recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Plantation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Plantation_Act"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Show of Shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Show_of_Shows"},{"link_name":"Sid Silvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Silvers"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Singing Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singing_Kid"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rose of Washington Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_Washington_Square"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Merry Monahans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Monahans"},{"link_name":"Donald O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Terms of Endearment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Endearment"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"A Plantation Act (1926) - sung by Al Jolson[11]\nThe Show of Shows (1929) - sung by Sid Silvers[12]\nThe Singing Kid (1936) - sung by Al Jolson in the opening medley[13]\nRose of Washington Square (1939) - performed by Al Jolson[14][15]\nThe Merry Monahans (1944) - sung by Donald O'Connor[16]\nTerms of Endearment (1983) - Judy Garland version heard[17]","title":"Film appearances"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sheet music cover, 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rockabye_dixie.jpg/220px-Rockabye_dixie.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_motion
|
Go motion
|
["1 History","2 Methods for creating motion blur","2.1 Petroleum jelly","2.2 Bumping the puppet","2.3 Moving the table","2.4 Go motion","3 Go motion today","4 See also","5 References","6 Works cited","7 External links"]
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Animation technique
Go motion is a variation of stop motion animation which incorporates motion blur into each frame involving motion. It was co-developed by Industrial Light & Magic and Phil Tippett. Stop motion animation can create a distinctive and disorienting staccato effect because the animated object is perfectly sharp in every frame, since each frame is shot with the object perfectly still. Real moving objects in similar scenes have motion blur because they move while the camera's shutter is open. Filmmakers use a variety of techniques to simulate motion blur, such as moving the model slightly during the exposure of each film frame, or placing a glass plate smeared with petroleum jelly in front of the camera lens to blur the moving areas.
History
In the 1920s, Ladislas Starevich started using this technique by the time he started making films in France. He moved the puppet or the set during the exposure of the frame to create motion blur. Some of this can be seen in films like The Midnight Wedding, Love in Black and White, The Voice of the Nightingale or The Little Parade and more extensively in the battle scene of The Queen of the Butterflies (1924) and The Mascot (1933).
Phil Tippett and Industrial Light & Magic later recreated the go motion technique for some shots of the tauntaun creatures and AT-AT walkers in the 1980 Star Wars film The Empire Strikes Back. After that, go motion was used for many other movies: for the dragon in Dragonslayer (1981), the dinosaurs in the prehistoric documentaries Prehistoric Beast (1984) and Dinosaur! (1985), the harpy sequence in Young Sherlock Holmes (1985), the lord demon creature in Howard the Duck (1986), the winged demon in The Golden Child (1986), the extraterrestrial living flying machines in Batteries Not Included (1987), and the two-headed Eborsisk dragon in Willow (1988). The last film using go motion was Coneheads (1993). Other minor sequences using go motion appeared in films like the first three Indiana Jones installments (1981–1989) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982).
With the completion of Jurassic Park (1993), Tippett Studio abandoned go motion and fully converted its teams and equipment to CG computer-graphics.
Methods for creating motion blur
Petroleum jelly
This crude but reasonably effective technique, known as vaselensing, involves smearing petroleum jelly ("Vaseline") on a plate of glass in front of the camera lens, then cleaning and reapplying it after each shot—a time-consuming process, but one which creates a blur around the model. The technique was used for the endoskeleton in The Terminator, by Jim Danforth to blur the pterodactyl's wings in Hammer Films' When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth, and by Randal William Cook on the "terror dogs" sequence in Ghostbusters.
Bumping the puppet
Gently bumping or flicking the puppet before taking the frame produces a slight blur; however, care must be taken that the puppet does not move too much, and that props or set pieces are not moved.
Moving the table
Moving the table on which the model is standing while the film is being exposed creates a slight, realistic blur. This technique was developed by Ladislas Starevich: when the characters ran, he moved the set in the opposite direction. This is seen in The Little Parade when the ballerina is chased by the devil. Starevich also used this technique on his films The Eyes of the Dragon, The Magical Clock and The Mascot. Aardman Animations used this for the train chase in The Wrong Trousers and again during the lorry chase in A Close Shave. In both cases the cameras were moved physically during a 1-2 second exposure. The technique was revived for the full-length Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit.
Go motion
The most sophisticated technique was originally developed for the film The Empire Strikes Back and used for some shots of the tauntauns and was later used on films like Dragonslayer and is quite different from traditional stop motion. The model is essentially a rod puppet. The rods are attached to motors which are linked to a computer that can record the movements as the model is traditionally animated. When enough movements have been made, the model is reset to its original position, the camera rolls and the model is moved across the table. Because the model is moving during shots, motion blur is created.
A variation of go motion was used in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to partially animate the children on their bicycles.
Go motion today
Go motion was originally planned to be used extensively for the dinosaurs in Jurassic Park, until Steven Spielberg decided to try out the swiftly developing techniques of CG instead.
Today, the mechanical method of achieving motion blur using go motion is rarely used, as it is more complicated, slow, and labor-intensive than computer generated effects. However, the motion blurring technique still has potential in real stop motion movies where the puppet's motions are supposed to be somewhat realistic. Many professional visual effects applications now allow for motion blur to be simulated in post production.
See also
Tippett Studio
References
^ Sawicki 2010, p. 122.
^ a b How the Special Effect of “Go Motion” Works
^ Smith 1986, p. 90.
^ a b Smith 1986, pp. 91–95.
^ "Phil Tippett's Prehistoric Beast" – via www.youtube.com.
^ Harry Walton talks about working at ILM, and stop motion animating the Harpy sequence from Young Sherlock Holmes, in this deleted scene from Sense of Scale
^ "Phil Tippett - Articles". Angelfire.
^ Smith 1986, p. 96.
Works cited
Smith, Thomas G. (1986). Industrial Light & Magic: The Art of Special Effects. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-32263-0.
Sawicki, Mark (2010). Animating with Stop Motion Pro. Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-81219-9.
External links
Explanation Stop Motion Works site with images and brief description of a Go motion mover used for the stop motion dragon puppet in the movie Dragonslayer (1981)
Phil Tippett on "go motion" and how it is shot
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However, the motion blurring technique still has potential in real stop motion movies where the puppet's motions are supposed to be somewhat realistic. Many professional visual effects applications now allow for motion blur to be simulated in post production.","title":"Go motion today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-345-32263-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-32263-0"},{"link_name":"Sawicki, Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sawicki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-240-81219-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81219-9"}],"text":"Smith, Thomas G. (1986). Industrial Light & Magic: The Art of Special Effects. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-32263-0.\nSawicki, Mark (2010). Animating with Stop Motion Pro. Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-81219-9.","title":"Works cited"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Tippett Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippett_Studio"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Phil Tippett's Prehistoric Beast\" – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlaXIRTjNfo","url_text":"\"Phil Tippett's Prehistoric Beast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phil Tippett - Articles\". Angelfire.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.angelfire.com/film/philtippett/articles/motion-control.html","url_text":"\"Phil Tippett - Articles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelfire","url_text":"Angelfire"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Thomas G. (1986). Industrial Light & Magic: The Art of Special Effects. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-32263-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-32263-0","url_text":"0-345-32263-0"}]},{"reference":"Sawicki, Mark (2010). Animating with Stop Motion Pro. Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-81219-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sawicki&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Sawicki, Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81219-9","url_text":"978-0-240-81219-9"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://filmschoolrejects.com/how-go-motion-animation-works/","external_links_name":"How the Special Effect of “Go Motion” Works"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlaXIRTjNfo","external_links_name":"\"Phil Tippett's Prehistoric Beast\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILXMCuwvwu8","external_links_name":"Harry Walton talks about working at ILM, and stop motion animating the Harpy sequence from Young Sherlock Holmes"},{"Link":"http://www.senseofscalefilm.com/","external_links_name":"Sense of Scale"},{"Link":"https://www.angelfire.com/film/philtippett/articles/motion-control.html","external_links_name":"\"Phil Tippett - Articles\""},{"Link":"http://www.stopmotionworks.com/mischtml/gomotion.htm","external_links_name":"Explanation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141001173156/http://c803844.r44.cf2.rackcdn.com/ev_monsters_07_tippett.mp4","external_links_name":"Phil Tippett on \"go motion\" and how it is shot"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Goodwin
|
Craig Goodwin
|
["1 Club career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Melbourne Heart","1.3 Newcastle Jets","1.4 Adelaide United","1.5 Sparta Rotterdam","1.6 Return to Adelaide United","1.7 Al-Wehda","1.8 Second return to Adelaide United","1.9 Return to Al-Wehda","2 International career","3 Career statistics","3.1 Club","3.2 International","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Australian soccer player
Not to be confused with Craig Goodwin (Welsh footballer).
Craig Goodwin
Goodwin with Adelaide United in 2021Personal informationFull name
Craig Alexander GoodwinDate of birth
(1991-12-16) 16 December 1991 (age 32)Place of birth
Adelaide, AustraliaHeight
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s)
Left wingerTeam informationCurrent team
Al-WehdaNumber
23Youth career
Munno Para City
Para Hills Knights
Adelaide RaidersSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2009–2010
Adelaide Raiders
33
(3)2011
Oakleigh Cannons
19
(2)2012
Melbourne Heart
4
(0)2012–2014
Newcastle Jets
44
(5)2014–2016
Adelaide United
55
(10)2016–2018
Sparta Rotterdam
47
(6)2018–2019
Adelaide United
29
(10)2019–2022
Al-Wehda
29
(4)2020–2021
→ Abha (loan)
16
(2)2021–2022
→ Adelaide United (loan)
45
(18)2022–2023
Adelaide United
28
(15)2023–
Al-Wehda
19
(6)International career‡2012
Australia U23
1
(0)2013–
Australia
25
(6)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 26 March 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 26 March 2024
Craig Alexander Goodwin (born 16 December 1991) is an Australian professional soccer player as a left winger for Saudi Professional League club Al-Wehda and the Australian national team. Known for his agility, crossing and shot placement, he is Adelaide United's all-time leading goalscorer, and considered one of Adelaide United's greatest players.
Club career
Early career
Goodwin started his career playing for amateur club Munno Para City Football Club. He later signed for one of the top local Adelaide sides Adelaide Raiders who play in the South Australian Super League. After being cut during the Adelaide United youth team trials he moved to Melbourne where he signed with Victorian Premier League side Oakleigh Cannons.
Melbourne Heart
On 2 September 2011, it was announced he had signed with the Melbourne Heart youth team who play in the National Youth League.
He made his senior professional debut for Melbourne Heart during the 2011–12 A-League campaign in a round 19 fixture against Melbourne Victory in which he received the man of the match award.
Newcastle Jets
On 7 May 2012, it was announced he had signed a two-year contract with A-League club Newcastle Jets. At Newcastle, Goodwin was known for his finishing and accurate crossing, which benefited strikers Emile Heskey and Ryan Griffiths. He scored his first A-League goal against Sydney FC on 13 October 2012. His goal proved to be the winner in a 3–2 victory. Due to his consistent amazing performances Craig was nominated for NAB Young Footballer of the Year in October.
On 8 April 2013 Goodwin joined English Premier League side Reading on trial for two weeks.
Adelaide United
On 7 September 2014, it was announced that Goodwin had signed with hometown A-League club Adelaide United, ending a two-year stay with Newcastle Jets.
Sparta Rotterdam
On 5 May 2016, it was announced that Goodwin had signed with Dutch club Sparta Rotterdam four days after Adelaide United's A-League Championship Grand Final victory against the Western Sydney Wanderers. He made his debut on 7 August 2016 against Ajax, coming on as a substitute for Iván Calero in the 68th minute. Goodwin scored his first goal for the club a week later, scoring the second goal for Sparta Rotterdam in their 3–0 victory over PEC Zwolle. On 1 May 2018, Goodwin and Sparta Rotterdam mutually agreed to prematurely end his contract after struggling for game time.
Return to Adelaide United
It was announced on 25 May 2018 that Goodwin had returned to Adelaide United on a 3-year contract. On 30 October 2018, he scored both of Adelaide United's goals in their FFA Cup Final victory over Sydney FC and won the Mark Viduka Medal, making him the first Australian to win the award.
Al-Wehda
On 15 July 2019, it was announced that Goodwin's buyout clause was met by Saudi Professional League side Al-Wehda for an estimated $450,000. On 17 July 2019, it was officially announced via the club's Twitter that he had signed on a two-year deal. Al-Wehda underwent a managerial change which saw a new player come in and replace Goodwin in the starting lineup, Goodwin signed a one-year contract extension and was immediately loaned out to Abha. Goodwin mutually terminated his loan with Abha over difficulties with himself and his partner living in the new city. Goodwin then returned to Adelaide United in February 2021, on a loan deal until the end of the 2020–21 A-League season. Goodwin's loan was then extended until the end of the 2021–22 A-League season.
Second return to Adelaide United
After two successive seasons on loan, Goodwin re-signed for Adelaide United in July 2022 on a three-year contract. In April 2022, while still on loan, Goodwin had become Adelaide's all-time leading goalscorer, overtaking former teammate Bruce Djite's tally of 44. He achieved this feat via a brace against Sydney FC in an A-League match. In June of 2023, Goodwin won the Johnny Warren Medal, awarded to the best player of the 2022-23 A-League Men season. He was just the second Adelaide player to win the award after Marcos Flores in 2011. Goodwin was also the only player in the league to record double digits in both goals and assists – 12 goals and 10 assists from 25 appearances.
On 8 September, 2023, it was announced that Goodwin would be departing Adelaide United, to make his return to the Saudi Pro League. Goodwin had stated the decision was "extremely difficult". He left the club remaining their all-time top scorer, with 60 goals across all competitions, including 53 league goals.
Return to Al-Wehda
Following his departure from Adelaide United, Al-Wehda announced the signing of Goodwin on a deal until 2025.
International career
Goodwin celebrating his goal in Australia's group game against France alongside Behich, Irvine, and McGree in the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
On 7 March 2012, Goodwin was selected to represent the Australia Olympic football team in an Asian Olympic Qualifier match against Iraq.
Goodwin made his international debut for Australia on 26 July 2013, coming on as a late substitute in a loss to Japan at the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup. He started the next match of the tournament, playing a full game in a 4–3 loss to China.
On 27 January 2022, he scored his first international goal against Vietnam in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification as Australia won 4–0 in Melbourne.
He was named in Australia's squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in November 2022. On 22 November 2022, Goodwin scored his second international goal and Australia's first World Cup goal from open play since the 2014 World Cup, in a 1–4 loss against France. In the last sixteen, his deflected strike, ultimately credited as an Argentine own goal by Enzo Fernández, halved the deficit in a 1–2 loss against eventual champions Argentina in Australia's round of 16 match. Strikes from Julian Alvarez and Lionel Messi stuck the blows against Goodwin's side.
Goodwin was again selected in Graham Arnold's squad for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar, which was moved to 2024. Goodwin played a practice match against Bahrain and also played in Australia's opening match of the tournament against India, but was substituted off in both matches since he was carrying a minor injury. Goodwin returned to the field as a substitute in the Round of 16 match against Indonesia and scored a goal and assisted Harry Souttar in an impressive performance off the bench. Goodwin scored the opening goal of the quarter-final against South Korea, but the Socceroos were knocked out of the tournament in extra time. Goodwin's two goals of the tournament equaled the tallies of teammates Jackson Irvine and Martin Boyle and he was rewarded with an exclusive selection in the Team of the Tournament.
Career statistics
Club
As of 26 March 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
National cup
Continental
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Melbourne Heart
2011-2012
A-League
4
0
–
–
4
0
Newcastle Jets
2012-2013
25
3
–
–
25
3
2013-2014
19
2
1
0
–
20
2
Total
44
5
1
0
–
45
5
Adelaide United
2014-2015
A-League
29
6
1
0
–
30
6
2015-2016
26
4
2
0
1
0
29
4
Total
55
10
3
0
1
0
59
10
Sparta Rotterdam
2016-2017
Eredivisie
27
4
3
0
-
30
4
2017-2018
20
2
1
0
-
21
2
Total
47
6
4
0
-
51
6
Adelaide United
2018-2019
A-League
29
10
4
5
-
33
15
Al-Wehda
2019-2020
SPL
29
4
4
1
-
33
5
Abha (loan)
2020-2021
16
2
2
0
-
18
2
Adelaide United (loan)
2020-2021
A-League
18
8
-
-
18
8
Adelaide United
2021-2022
27
10
1
1
-
28
11
2022-2023
28
15
2
1
-
30
16
Total
55
25
3
2
-
58
27
Al-Wehda
2023-2024
SPL
19
6
2
0
-
21
6
Career total
316
76
23
8
1
0
340
84
International
As of 26 March 2024
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
Australia
2013
2
0
2016
1
0
2019
2
0
2022
9
2
2023
6
0
2024
5
4
Total
25
6
List of international goals scored by Craig Goodwin
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
27 January 2022
Melbourne Rectangular Stadium, Melbourne, Australia
Vietnam
3–0
4–0
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
2
22 November 2022
Al Janoub Stadium, Al Wakrah, Qatar
France
1–0
1–4
2022 FIFA World Cup
3
28 January 2024
Jassim bin Hamad Stadium, Al Rayyan, Qatar
Indonesia
3–0
4–0
2023 AFC Asian Cup
4
2 February 2024
Al Janoub Stadium, Al Wakrah, Qatar
South Korea
1–0
1–2 (a.e.t.)
2023 AFC Asian Cup
5
26 March 2024
Canberra Stadium, Canberra, Australia
Lebanon
3–0
5–0
2026 FIFA World Cup qualification
6
5–0
Honours
Adelaide United
A-League Championship: 2015–16
A-League Premiership: 2015–16
FFA Cup: 2018
Individual
Adelaide United All-time leading goal scorer
PFA A-League Team of the Season: 2021–22, 2022–23
Adelaide United Player of the Year: 2015–16, 2021-22 and 2022-23.
Johnny Warren Medal: 2022–23
Mark Viduka Medal: 2018
A-Leagues All Star: 2022
AFC Asian Cup Team of the Tournament: 2023
References
^ a b c "FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™: List of Players: Australia" (PDF). FIFA. 15 November 2022. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ Aloisi Boys Heart In Coaching The Advertiser
^ "A-League Match Center". www.footballaustralia.com.au. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011.
^ "Jets secure Neville and Goodwin - Newcastle Jets FC 2013". www.footballaustralia.com.au. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013.
^ "Goodwin trains with Royals". Reading FC. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
^ "Goodwin returns home to Adelaide". FourFourTwo. 7 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
^ Migliaccio, Val (5 May 2016). "Goodwin signs for Dutch club Sparta Rotterdam". The Advertiser.
^ Huguenin, Michael; Bellemore, Damien (8 August 2016). "Aussies Abroad: Luongo, Jones shine in season-openers". Goal.com.
^ Surlis, Patrick (13 August 2016). "Eredivisie round-up: Ajax held by Roda JC in four-goal thriller". Sky Sports.
^ "Roda hit back to deny Ajax". Sporting Life. 13 August 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ Somerford, Ben (1 May 2018). "Socceroo Craig Goodwin searching for new club". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
^ "Goodwin returns home to Reds". Adelaide United. 25 May 2018.
^ Radbourne-Pugh, Lucas (25 May 2018). "Socceroo returns to Adelaide". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
^ Gatt, Ray (30 October 2018). "FFA Cup final: Craig Goodwin strikes gold for Reds". The Australian.
^ "Adelaidenow.com.au | Subscribe to The Advertiser for exclusive stories". The Advertiser. Adelaide. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
^ السعودي, نادي الوحدة (16 July 2019). "ادارة نادي #الوحدة توقع مع اللاعب الأسترالي كرايج قودوين قادمًا من نادي ادلايد الأسترالي .pic.twitter.com/rnMlfGz0OI". @alwehdaclub1 (in Arabic). Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ Lennon, Ben (10 February 2021). "Reds fan favourite Goodwin glad to be home". The Inner Sanctum. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Larkin, Steve (8 February 2021). "Goodwin returns to Adelaide in A-League". The West Australian. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
^ "GOODWIN EXTENDS LOAN STAY WITH REDS". Adelaide United. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^ "REDS AND GOODWIN AGREE DEAL UNTIL 2025". Adelaide United. 21 July 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^ Filosi, Gianluca (13 April 2022). "Goodwin humbled after becoming Reds' leading scorer". Adelaide United.
^ "Craig Goodwin wins 2023 Johnny Warren Medal". Socceroos. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
^ "Goodwin bound for Saudi Pro League after agreement reached". 8 September 2023.
^ "Adelaide United". Ultimate A-League. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
^ "Instagram".
^ "Vidmar names U23s squad to face Iraq @ Football Australia 2011". Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
^ "Goodwin makes debut as Socceroos lose 3–2". Newcastle Jets FC. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
^ "Australia 3–4 China PR" (PDF). EAFF. 28 July 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
^ Matthew Comito (27 January 2022). "Goodwin explains touching 'tribute' for first Oz goal". Keepup. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
^ "SOCCEROOS SQUAD ANNOUNCED: FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™". Socceroos. 8 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
^ Gibson, Tim (7 January 2024). "Goodwin praises Socceroos patience in Bahrain win". Socceroos.
^ "Socceroos vs Indonesia, Asian Cup 2023: Craig Goodwin's epic cameo sends message to Graham Arnold". Fox Sports. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
^ Smyth, Rob (3 February 2024). "Australia 1-2 South Korea (aet): Asian Cup quarter-final – as it happened". The Guardian.
^ "Asian Cup Team of the Tournament: Afif, Al-Taamari star". ESPN Australia. 12 February 2024.
^ "Craig Goodwin - Stats and titles". Footballdatabase.eu. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
^ "Craig Goodwin - Stats and titles". Footballdatabase.eu. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
^ "PFA reveals player-voted Austraffic A-League Men Team of the Season on eve of Grand Final". Professional Footballers Australia. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
^ Larkin, Steve (29 May 2023). "City's Bos leads PFA A-League Men team of the season". Narromine News. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
^ Dorman, Matt (30 October 2018). "Two-goal Adelaide hero Goodwin 'ecstatic' after fairytale FFA Cup Final 2018". FFA Cup. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
^ Harrington, Anna (20 May 2022). "ALM young guns get shot against Barcelona". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
^ "Team of the Tournament". Instagram.com. AFC Asian Cup. 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
External links
Craig Goodwin at Soccerway
Craig Goodwin at FootballDatabase.eu
vteAl-Wehda – current squad
1 Mohamedi
2 Al-Muwallad
3 Bukhari
4 Bakshween
5 El Yamiq
6 Duarte
7 Van Crooij
8 Al-Qarni
9 Ighalo
11 Al-Akouz
12 Al-Qahtani
13 Atiah
14 Malik
15 Al-Bishi
16 Al-Azizi
17 Al-Hafith
18 Al-Hajri
20 Asiri
21 Al-Hussaini
22 Makki
23 Goodwin
24 Noor
27 I. Hawsawi
28 Al-Eisa
30 Al-Rashidi
34 Makbashi
35 Al-Harbi
38 Kariri
50 Al-Khayri
55 N. Hawsawi
76 Fajr
80 Al-Najei
87 Anselmo
88 Al-Hejji
90 Al-Ghamdi
Manager: Donis
Australia squads
vteAustralia squad – 2022 FIFA World Cup
1 Ryan (c)
2 Degenek
3 Atkinson
4 Rowles
5 Karačić
6 Tilio
7 Leckie
8 Wright
9 Maclaren
10 Hrustic
11 Mabil
12 Redmayne
13 Mooy
14 McGree
15 Duke
16 Behich
17 Devlin
18 Vukovic
19 Souttar
20 Deng
21 Kuol
22 Irvine
23 Goodwin
24 King
25 Cummings
26 Baccus
Coach: Arnold
vteAustralia squad – 2023 AFC Asian Cup
1 Ryan (c)
2 Deng
3 Atkinson
4 Rowles
5 Bos
6 Boyle
7 Silvera
8 Metcalfe
9 Fornaroli
10 Yengi
11 Tilio
12 Thomas
13 O'Neill
14 McGree
15 Duke
16 Behich
17 Baccus
18 Gauci
19 Souttar
20 Miller
21 Burgess
22 Irvine
23 Goodwin
24 Yazbek
25 Jones
26 Iredale
Coach: Arnold
Awards
vteAdelaide United FC Player of the YearMen's winners
2004: Alagich
2006: Veart
2007: Spagnuolo
2008: Cássio
2009: Galekovic
2010: Galekovic
2011: Cássio
2012: Caravella
2013: Vidošić
2014: Isaías
2015: Cirio
2016: Goodwin
2017: Isaías
2018: Isaías
2019: Isaías
2020: McGree
2021: Halloran
2022: Goodwin
2023: Goodwin
2024: Clough
Women's winners
2008–09: Alagich
2009: Quigley
2011: Gunning
2012: Erceg
2013: Erceg
2013–14: McCormick
2014: Moore
2016: Dahlkemper
2017: Huerta
2018: Mautz
2019: Brooks
2020: Weber
2021: Waldus
2022: Worts
2023: Holmes
2024: Sasaki
vteMark Viduka Medal
2014: Cirio
2015: Barbarouses
2016: Fornaroli
2017: Mierzejewski
2018: Goodwin
2019: Toure
2020: not awarded
2021: Brimmer/Rowles
2022: Dávila
2023: Lolley
vteAustralia Cup top scorers
2014: Cirio
2015: Mooy
2016: Antelmi
2017: Bobô
2018: Goodwin
2019: Maclaren
2021: Dehmie
2022: Toure
2023: Brook
vteJohnny Warren MedalNSL
1990: Adžić
1991: Ivanović
1992: Biskic
1993: Trimboli
1994: Viduka
1995: Viduka
1996: Mori
1997: Marusic
1998: Trimboli
1999: Maloney
2000: Chipperfield
2001: Chipperfield
2002: Fernando
2003: Mori
2004: Milicic
A-League
2006: Despotovski
2007: Carle
2008: Griffiths
2009: Smeltz
2010: Hernández
2011: Flores
2012: Broich
2013: Rojas
2014: Broich
2015: Burns
2016: Castro
2017: Ninković
2018: Mierzejewski
2019: Krishna
2020: Diamanti
2021: Dávila & Ninković
2022: Brimmer
2023: Goodwin
2024: Nisbet
vte2021–22 A-League Men PFA Team of the Season
GK: Birighitti
DF: Geria
DF: Lacroix
DF: Good
DF: Davidson
MF: Brillante
MF: Berenguer
MF: Goodwin
MF: Brimmer
FW: D'Agostino
FW: Maclaren
Subs
Young
Garuccio
López
Metcalfe
Dávila
Penha
Kilkenny
vte2022–23 A-League Men PFA Team of the Season
GK: Gauci
DF: Marcelo
DF: Kaltak
DF: Bos
MF: O'Neill
MF: Nisbet
MF: Nieuwenhof
MF: Leckie
FW: Borrello
FW: Maclaren
FW: Goodwin
Subs
Thomas
Good
Triantis
O'Shea
Túlio
Cummings
Tilio
vtePFA Men's Footballer of the Year
2009: Cahill
2010: Schwarzer
2011: McKay
2012: Holman
2013: Kruse
2014: Jedinak
2015: Ryan
2016: Mooy
2017: Mooy
2018: Mooy
2019: Ryan
2020: Ryan
2021: Maclaren
2022: Rogic
2023: Goodwin
vte2023 AFC Asian Cup Team of the TournamentGoalkeeper
Meshaal Barsham
Defenders
Abdallah Nasib
Ali Al-Bulaihi
Lucas Mendes
Midfielders
Mehdi Ghayedi
Craig Goodwin
Hassan Al-Haydos
Lee Kang-in
Forwards
Akram Afif
Aymen Hussein
Yazan Al-Naimat
|
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Known for his agility, crossing and shot placement, he is Adelaide United's all-time leading goalscorer, and considered one of Adelaide United's greatest players.","title":"Craig Goodwin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Raiders"},{"link_name":"South Australian Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Adelaide United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victorian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Oakleigh Cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakleigh_Cannons_FC"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Goodwin started his career playing for amateur club Munno Para City Football Club. He later signed for one of the top local Adelaide sides Adelaide Raiders who play in the South Australian Super League. After being cut during the Adelaide United youth team trials he moved to Melbourne where he signed with Victorian Premier League side Oakleigh Cannons.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC"},{"link_name":"National Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_National_Youth_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC"},{"link_name":"2011–12 A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_A-League"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Melbourne Heart","text":"On 2 September 2011, it was announced he had signed with the Melbourne Heart youth team who play in the National Youth League.[2] \nHe made his senior professional debut for Melbourne Heart during the 2011–12 A-League campaign in a round 19 fixture against Melbourne Victory in which he received the man of the match award.[3]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Jets_FC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Emile Heskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Heskey"},{"link_name":"Ryan Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Griffiths_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"Sydney FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_FC"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodwin_on_trial-5"}],"sub_title":"Newcastle Jets","text":"On 7 May 2012, it was announced he had signed a two-year contract with A-League club Newcastle Jets.[4] At Newcastle, Goodwin was known for his finishing and accurate crossing, which benefited strikers Emile Heskey and Ryan Griffiths. He scored his first A-League goal against Sydney FC on 13 October 2012. His goal proved to be the winner in a 3–2 victory. Due to his consistent amazing performances Craig was nominated for NAB Young Footballer of the Year in October. \nOn 8 April 2013 Goodwin joined English Premier League side Reading on trial for two weeks.[5]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"Adelaide United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Adelaide United","text":"On 7 September 2014, it was announced that Goodwin had signed with hometown A-League club Adelaide United, ending a two-year stay with Newcastle Jets.[6]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sparta Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Western Sydney Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sydney_Wanderers_FC"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Iván Calero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Calero"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"PEC Zwolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEC_Zwolle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Sparta Rotterdam","text":"On 5 May 2016, it was announced that Goodwin had signed with Dutch club Sparta Rotterdam four days after Adelaide United's A-League Championship Grand Final victory against the Western Sydney Wanderers.[7] He made his debut on 7 August 2016 against Ajax, coming on as a substitute for Iván Calero in the 68th minute.[8] Goodwin scored his first goal for the club a week later, scoring the second goal for Sparta Rotterdam in their 3–0 victory over PEC Zwolle.[9][10] On 1 May 2018, Goodwin and Sparta Rotterdam mutually agreed to prematurely end his contract after struggling for game time.[11]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"FFA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Sydney FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_FC"},{"link_name":"Mark Viduka Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Viduka_Medal"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Return to Adelaide United","text":"It was announced on 25 May 2018 that Goodwin had returned to Adelaide United on a 3-year contract.[12][13] On 30 October 2018, he scored both of Adelaide United's goals in their FFA Cup Final victory over Sydney FC and won the Mark Viduka Medal, making him the first Australian to win the award.[14]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudi Professional League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Professional_League"},{"link_name":"Al-Wehda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wehda_Club_(Mecca)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Al-Wehda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wehda_Club_(Mecca)"},{"link_name":"Abha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abha_Club"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Abha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abha_Club"},{"link_name":"2020–21 A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_A-League"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2021–22 A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_A-League"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Al-Wehda","text":"On 15 July 2019, it was announced that Goodwin's buyout clause was met by Saudi Professional League side Al-Wehda for an estimated $450,000.[15] On 17 July 2019, it was officially announced via the club's Twitter that he had signed on a two-year deal.[16][non-primary source needed] Al-Wehda underwent a managerial change which saw a new player come in and replace Goodwin in the starting lineup, Goodwin signed a one-year contract extension and was immediately loaned out to Abha.[17] Goodwin mutually terminated his loan with Abha over difficulties with himself and his partner living in the new city. Goodwin then returned to Adelaide United in February 2021, on a loan deal until the end of the 2020–21 A-League season.[18] Goodwin's loan was then extended until the end of the 2021–22 A-League season.[19]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Bruce Djite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Djite"},{"link_name":"Sydney FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_FC"},{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Johnny Warren Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Warren_Medal"},{"link_name":"2022-23 A-League Men season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Adelaide_United_FC_players"},{"link_name":"Marcos Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_Flores"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_A-League"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Saudi Pro League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Pro_League"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Second return to Adelaide United","text":"After two successive seasons on loan, Goodwin re-signed for Adelaide United in July 2022 on a three-year contract.[20] In April 2022, while still on loan, Goodwin had become Adelaide's all-time leading goalscorer, overtaking former teammate Bruce Djite's tally of 44. He achieved this feat via a brace against Sydney FC in an A-League match.[21] In June of 2023, Goodwin won the Johnny Warren Medal, awarded to the best player of the 2022-23 A-League Men season. He was just the second Adelaide player to win the award after Marcos Flores in 2011. Goodwin was also the only player in the league to record double digits in both goals and assists – 12 goals and 10 assists from 25 appearances.[22]On 8 September, 2023, it was announced that Goodwin would be departing Adelaide United, to make his return to the Saudi Pro League. Goodwin had stated the decision was \"extremely difficult\".[23] He left the club remaining their all-time top scorer, with 60 goals across all competitions, including 53 league goals.[24]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Return to Al-Wehda","text":"Following his departure from Adelaide United, Al-Wehda announced the signing of Goodwin on a deal until 2025.[25]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022_FIFA_World_Cup_France_4%E2%80%931_Australia_-_(13).jpg"},{"link_name":"Behich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Behich"},{"link_name":"Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Irvine"},{"link_name":"McGree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_McGree"},{"link_name":"2022 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Australia Olympic football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Asian Olympic Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Asian_Qualifiers"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2013 EAFF East Asian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_EAFF_East_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2022 FIFA World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_AFC_third_round"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"2022 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Enzo Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Julian Alvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alvarez"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"Graham Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Arnold"},{"link_name":"2023 AFC Asian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Round of 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup#Round_of_16"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Harry Souttar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Souttar"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"quarter-final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup#Quarter-finals"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"tallies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup#Goalscorers"},{"link_name":"Jackson Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Irvine"},{"link_name":"Martin Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Boyle"},{"link_name":"Team of the Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup#Awards"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Goodwin celebrating his goal in Australia's group game against France alongside Behich, Irvine, and McGree in the 2022 FIFA World Cup.On 7 March 2012, Goodwin was selected to represent the Australia Olympic football team in an Asian Olympic Qualifier match against Iraq.[26]Goodwin made his international debut for Australia on 26 July 2013, coming on as a late substitute in a loss to Japan at the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup.[27] He started the next match of the tournament, playing a full game in a 4–3 loss to China.[28]On 27 January 2022, he scored his first international goal against Vietnam in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification as Australia won 4–0 in Melbourne.[29]He was named in Australia's squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in November 2022.[30] On 22 November 2022, Goodwin scored his second international goal and Australia's first World Cup goal from open play since the 2014 World Cup, in a 1–4 loss against France. In the last sixteen, his deflected strike, ultimately credited as an Argentine own goal by Enzo Fernández, halved the deficit in a 1–2 loss against eventual champions Argentina in Australia's round of 16 match. Strikes from Julian Alvarez and Lionel Messi stuck the blows against Goodwin's side.Goodwin was again selected in Graham Arnold's squad for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar, which was moved to 2024. Goodwin played a practice match against Bahrain[31] and also played in Australia's opening match of the tournament against India, but was substituted off in both matches since he was carrying a minor injury. Goodwin returned to the field as a substitute in the Round of 16 match against Indonesia and scored a goal and assisted Harry Souttar in an impressive performance off the bench.[32] Goodwin scored the opening goal of the quarter-final against South Korea, but the Socceroos were knocked out of the tournament in extra time.[33] Goodwin's two goals of the tournament equaled the tallies of teammates Jackson Irvine and Martin Boyle and he was rewarded with an exclusive selection in the Team of the Tournament.[34]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of 26 March 2024 [35]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"As of 26 March 2024[36]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_A-League"},{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_A-League"},{"link_name":"FFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"PFA A-League Team of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Footballer_of_the_Year_Awards"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-37"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Adelaide United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Adelaide_United_FC_season"},{"link_name":"Johnny Warren Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Warren_Medal"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"Mark Viduka Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Viduka_Medal"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FFA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-39"},{"link_name":"A-Leagues All Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Leagues_All_Stars_Game"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_A-Leagues_All_Stars_Game"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"AFC Asian Cup Team of the Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup_awards#Team_of_the_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Adelaide UnitedA-League Championship: 2015–16\nA-League Premiership: 2015–16\nFFA Cup: 2018IndividualAdelaide United All-time leading goal scorer\nPFA A-League Team of the Season: 2021–22,[37] 2022–23[38]\nAdelaide United Player of the Year: 2015–16, 2021-22 and 2022-23.\nJohnny Warren Medal: 2022–23\nMark Viduka Medal: 2018[39]\nA-Leagues All Star: 2022[40]\nAFC Asian Cup Team of the Tournament: 2023[41]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Goodwin celebrating his goal in Australia's group game against France alongside Behich, Irvine, and McGree in the 2022 FIFA World Cup.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2022_FIFA_World_Cup_France_4%E2%80%931_Australia_-_%2813%29.jpg/220px-2022_FIFA_World_Cup_France_4%E2%80%931_Australia_-_%2813%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™: List of Players: Australia\" (PDF). FIFA. 15 November 2022. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf","url_text":"\"FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™: List of Players: Australia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221218195301/https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A-League Match Center\". www.footballaustralia.com.au. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008100212/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/aleague/matchcentre/Melbourne-Heart-FC-v-Melbourne-Victory-FC-Hyundai-A-League/2184","url_text":"\"A-League Match Center\""},{"url":"http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/aleague/matchcentre/Melbourne-Heart-FC-v-Melbourne-Victory-FC-Hyundai-A-League/2184","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jets secure Neville and Goodwin - Newcastle Jets FC 2013\". www.footballaustralia.com.au. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215814/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/newcastlejets/news-display/Jets-secure-Neville-and-Goodwin/47214","url_text":"\"Jets secure Neville and Goodwin - Newcastle Jets FC 2013\""},{"url":"http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/newcastlejets/news-display/Jets-secure-Neville-and-Goodwin/47214","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Goodwin trains with Royals\". Reading FC. Retrieved 8 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/article/goodwin-trains-with-royals-080413-759348.aspx","url_text":"\"Goodwin trains with Royals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goodwin returns home to Adelaide\". FourFourTwo. 7 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140907200705/http://www.fourfourtwo.com/au/news/goodwin-returns-home-adelaide","url_text":"\"Goodwin returns home to Adelaide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FourFourTwo","url_text":"FourFourTwo"},{"url":"http://www.fourfourtwo.com/au/news/goodwin-returns-home-adelaide","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Migliaccio, Val (5 May 2016). \"Goodwin signs for Dutch club Sparta Rotterdam\". The Advertiser.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/football/a-league/teams/adelaide/adelaide-united-club-champion-craig-goodwin-signs-for-dutch-club-sparta-rotterdam/news-story/012591ab42f0ca3b02582e3d79775022","url_text":"\"Goodwin signs for Dutch club Sparta Rotterdam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Huguenin, Michael; Bellemore, Damien (8 August 2016). \"Aussies Abroad: Luongo, Jones shine in season-openers\". Goal.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en-au/news/4024/aussies-abroad/2016/08/08/26308162/aussies-abroad-luongo-jones-shine-in-season-openers","url_text":"\"Aussies Abroad: Luongo, Jones shine in season-openers\""}]},{"reference":"Surlis, Patrick (13 August 2016). \"Eredivisie round-up: Ajax held by Roda JC in four-goal thriller\". Sky Sports.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11906/10535782/eredivisie-round-up-ajax-held-by-roda-jc-in-four-goal-thriller","url_text":"\"Eredivisie round-up: Ajax held by Roda JC in four-goal thriller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports","url_text":"Sky Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"Roda hit back to deny Ajax\". Sporting Life. 13 August 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160916145355/http://www.sportinglife.com/football/news/article/165/10535888/eredivisie-review-roda-hit-back-to-draw-2-2-with-ajax","url_text":"\"Roda hit back to deny Ajax\""},{"url":"http://www.sportinglife.com/football/news/article/165/10535888/eredivisie-review-roda-hit-back-to-draw-2-2-with-ajax","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Somerford, Ben (1 May 2018). \"Socceroo Craig Goodwin searching for new club\". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161847/https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/socceroo-craig-goodwin-searching-for-new-club-489972","url_text":"\"Socceroo Craig Goodwin searching for new club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FourFourTwo","url_text":"FourFourTwo"},{"url":"https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/socceroo-craig-goodwin-searching-for-new-club-489972","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Goodwin returns home to Reds\". Adelaide United. 25 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adelaideunited.com.au/news/goodwin-returns-home-reds","url_text":"\"Goodwin returns home to Reds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC","url_text":"Adelaide United"}]},{"reference":"Radbourne-Pugh, Lucas (25 May 2018). \"Socceroo returns to Adelaide\". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180525212936/https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/socceroo-returns-to-adelaide-491749","url_text":"\"Socceroo returns to Adelaide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FourFourTwo","url_text":"FourFourTwo"},{"url":"https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/socceroo-returns-to-adelaide-491749","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gatt, Ray (30 October 2018). \"FFA Cup final: Craig Goodwin strikes gold for Reds\". The Australian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/football/ffa-cup-final-craig-goodwin-strikes-gold-for-reds/news-story/78c7c55a447127fb97a5f33f0cbf72a5","url_text":"\"FFA Cup final: Craig Goodwin strikes gold for Reds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"\"Adelaidenow.com.au | Subscribe to The Advertiser for exclusive stories\". The Advertiser. Adelaide. Retrieved 15 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=AAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaidenow.com.au%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Fa-league%2Fteams%2Fadelaide%2Fadelaide-united-star-craig-goodwin-on-cusp-of-finalising-move-to-saudi-arabian-club%2Fnews-story%2Fd84dcb261a458117fc0fb0941cbdf207&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=45d5d187a733355f16eb2c18f80d2a01-1563191656","url_text":"\"Adelaidenow.com.au | Subscribe to The Advertiser for exclusive stories\""}]},{"reference":"السعودي, نادي الوحدة (16 July 2019). \"ادارة نادي #الوحدة توقع مع اللاعب الأسترالي كرايج قودوين قادمًا من نادي ادلايد الأسترالي .pic.twitter.com/rnMlfGz0OI\". @alwehdaclub1 (in Arabic). Retrieved 16 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/alwehdaclub1/status/1151185526294233089","url_text":"\"ادارة نادي #الوحدة توقع مع اللاعب الأسترالي كرايج قودوين قادمًا من نادي ادلايد الأسترالي .pic.twitter.com/rnMlfGz0OI\""}]},{"reference":"Lennon, Ben (10 February 2021). \"Reds fan favourite Goodwin glad to be home\". The Inner Sanctum. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theinnersanctum.com.au/reds-fan-favourite-goodwin-glad-to-be-home/","url_text":"\"Reds fan favourite Goodwin glad to be home\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210210101520/https://www.theinnersanctum.com.au/reds-fan-favourite-goodwin-glad-to-be-home/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Steve (8 February 2021). \"Goodwin returns to Adelaide in A-League\". The West Australian. Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewest.com.au/sport/soccer/goodwin-returns-to-adelaide-in-a-league-ng-s-2048751","url_text":"\"Goodwin returns to Adelaide in A-League\""}]},{"reference":"\"GOODWIN EXTENDS LOAN STAY WITH REDS\". Adelaide United. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://adelaideunited.com.au/news/goodwin-extends-loan-stay-reds","url_text":"\"GOODWIN EXTENDS LOAN STAY WITH REDS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC","url_text":"Adelaide United"}]},{"reference":"\"REDS AND GOODWIN AGREE DEAL UNTIL 2025\". Adelaide United. 21 July 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://adelaideunited.com.au/news/reds-and-goodwin-agree-deal-until-2025","url_text":"\"REDS AND GOODWIN AGREE DEAL UNTIL 2025\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC","url_text":"Adelaide United"}]},{"reference":"Filosi, Gianluca (13 April 2022). \"Goodwin humbled after becoming Reds' leading scorer\". Adelaide United.","urls":[{"url":"https://adelaideunited.com.au/news/goodwin-humbled-after-becoming-reds-leading-scorer/","url_text":"\"Goodwin humbled after becoming Reds' leading scorer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craig Goodwin wins 2023 Johnny Warren Medal\". Socceroos. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.socceroos.com.au/news/craig-goodwin-wins-johnny-warren-medal","url_text":"\"Craig Goodwin wins 2023 Johnny Warren Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goodwin bound for Saudi Pro League after agreement reached\". 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://adelaideunited.com.au/news/goodwin-bound-for-saudi-pro-league-after-agreement-reached","url_text":"\"Goodwin bound for Saudi Pro League after agreement reached\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adelaide United\". Ultimate A-League. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimatealeague.com/club/?club_id=1&info=ap","url_text":"\"Adelaide United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw7kCdFoAr5/","url_text":"\"Instagram\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vidmar names U23s squad to face Iraq @ Football Australia 2011\". Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120609005106/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news-display/Vidmar-names-U23s-squad-to-face-Iraq/45985","url_text":"\"Vidmar names U23s squad to face Iraq @ Football Australia 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news-display/Vidmar-names-U23s-squad-to-face-Iraq/45985","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Goodwin makes debut as Socceroos lose 3–2\". Newcastle Jets FC. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170102003015/http://www.newcastlejets.com.au/article/goodwin-makes-debut-as-socceroos-lose-3-2/4xpau69wdz651funrigxpy5vk","url_text":"\"Goodwin makes debut as Socceroos lose 3–2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Jets_FC","url_text":"Newcastle Jets FC"},{"url":"http://www.newcastlejets.com.au/article/goodwin-makes-debut-as-socceroos-lose-3-2/4xpau69wdz651funrigxpy5vk","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Australia 3–4 China PR\" (PDF). EAFF. 28 July 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://eaff.com/img/competition/eafc2013/pdf/m5.pdf","url_text":"\"Australia 3–4 China PR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Football_Federation","url_text":"EAFF"}]},{"reference":"Matthew Comito (27 January 2022). \"Goodwin explains touching 'tribute' for first Oz goal\". Keepup. Retrieved 22 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://keepup.com.au/news/socceroos-vietnam-world-cup-qualifier-live-coverage-goals-highlights-video-score","url_text":"\"Goodwin explains touching 'tribute' for first Oz goal\""}]},{"reference":"\"SOCCEROOS SQUAD ANNOUNCED: FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™\". Socceroos. 8 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.socceroos.com.au/news/socceroos-squad-announced-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022tm","url_text":"\"SOCCEROOS SQUAD ANNOUNCED: FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™\""}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Tim (7 January 2024). \"Goodwin praises Socceroos patience in Bahrain win\". Socceroos.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.socceroos.com.au/news/goodwin-praises-socceroos-patience-bahrain-win","url_text":"\"Goodwin praises Socceroos patience in Bahrain win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Socceroos vs Indonesia, Asian Cup 2023: Craig Goodwin's epic cameo sends message to Graham Arnold\". Fox Sports. Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxsports.com.au/football/socceroos/socceroos-vs-indonesia-asian-cup-2023-craig-goodwins-epic-cameo-sends-message-to-graham-arnold-player-ratings-news/news-story/b23af1933c52e1018ef721a90fd052d1","url_text":"\"Socceroos vs Indonesia, Asian Cup 2023: Craig Goodwin's epic cameo sends message to Graham Arnold\""}]},{"reference":"Smyth, Rob (3 February 2024). \"Australia 1-2 South Korea (aet): Asian Cup quarter-final – as it happened\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2024/feb/02/australia-socceroos-vs-south-korea-asian-cup-quarter-final-live-updates-start-scores-results-time-kick-off-teams-squads-lineups","url_text":"\"Australia 1-2 South Korea (aet): Asian Cup quarter-final – as it happened\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asian Cup Team of the Tournament: Afif, Al-Taamari star\". ESPN Australia. 12 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com.au/football/story/_/id/39480199/asian-cup-team-tournament","url_text":"\"Asian Cup Team of the Tournament: Afif, Al-Taamari star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craig Goodwin - Stats and titles\". Footballdatabase.eu. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/161931-craig-goodwin","url_text":"\"Craig Goodwin - Stats and titles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craig Goodwin - Stats and titles\". Footballdatabase.eu. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/161931-craig-goodwin","url_text":"\"Craig Goodwin - Stats and titles\""}]},{"reference":"\"PFA reveals player-voted Austraffic A-League Men Team of the Season on eve of Grand Final\". Professional Footballers Australia. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pfa.net.au/player-awards/pfa-reveals-player-voted-austraffic-a-league-men-team-of-the-season-on-eve-of-grand-final/","url_text":"\"PFA reveals player-voted Austraffic A-League Men Team of the Season on eve of Grand Final\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Footballers_Australia","url_text":"Professional Footballers Australia"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Steve (29 May 2023). \"City's Bos leads PFA A-League Men team of the season\". Narromine News. Retrieved 29 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.narrominenewsonline.com.au/story/8213793/citys-bos-leads-pfa-a-league-men-team-of-the-season/","url_text":"\"City's Bos leads PFA A-League Men team of the season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narromine_News","url_text":"Narromine News"}]},{"reference":"Dorman, Matt (30 October 2018). \"Two-goal Adelaide hero Goodwin 'ecstatic' after fairytale FFA Cup Final 2018\". FFA Cup. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.australiacup.com.au/news/two-goal-adelaide-hero-goodwin-ecstatic-after-fairytale-ffa-cup-final-2018","url_text":"\"Two-goal Adelaide hero Goodwin 'ecstatic' after fairytale FFA Cup Final 2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221107163813/https://www.australiacup.com.au/news/two-goal-adelaide-hero-goodwin-ecstatic-after-fairytale-ffa-cup-final-2018","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harrington, Anna (20 May 2022). \"ALM young guns get shot against Barcelona\". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7747208/alm-young-guns-get-shot-against-barcelona/","url_text":"\"ALM young guns get shot against Barcelona\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Team of the Tournament\". Instagram.com. AFC Asian Cup. 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/afcasiancup/p/C3QKV9Juw4F/","url_text":"\"Team of the Tournament\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McShane
|
Ian McShane
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","4.3 Video games","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]
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British actor
This article is about the actor. For the Scottish professional footballer, see Ian McShane (footballer).
Ian McShaneMcShane in October 2022BornIan David McShane (1942-09-29) 29 September 1942 (age 81)Blackburn, Lancashire, EnglandAlma materRoyal Academy of Dramatic ArtOccupationActorYears active1962–presentSpouses
Suzan Farmer
(m. 1965; div. 1968)
Ruth Post
(m. 1970; div. 1975)
Gwen Humble (m. 1980)Children2ParentHarry McShane (father)
Ian David McShane (born 29 September 1942) is a British actor. He is known for his television performances, particularly as the title role in the BBC series Lovejoy (1986–1994), Al Swearengen in Deadwood (2004–2006) and its 2019 film continuation, as well as Mr. Wednesday in American Gods (2017–2021). For the original series of Deadwood, McShane won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama and received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. For the film, he (as producer) was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie.
His film roles include Harry Brown in The Wild and the Willing (1962), Charlie Cartwright in If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium (1969), Wolfe Lissner in Villain (1971), Teddy Bass in Sexy Beast (2000), Frank Powell in Hot Rod (2007), Captain Hook in Shrek the Third (2007), Tai Lung in Kung Fu Panda (2008) and Kung Fu Panda 4 (2024), Blackbeard in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011), and Winston Scott in the John Wick series (2014–present).
Early life
A young Ian McShane as Satan in the York Mystery Plays, 1963
McShane was born Ian David McShane in Blackburn, Lancashire, on 29 September 1942, the only child of Irene (née Cowley; 1922–2020) and professional footballer Harry McShane (1920–2012). His father was Scottish, from Holytown, Lanarkshire, and his mother, who was born in England, was of Irish and English descent. McShane grew up in Davyhulme, Manchester, and attended Stretford Grammar School. After being a member of the National Youth Theatre, he studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), with Anthony Hopkins and John Hurt. McShane shared a flat with Hurt, whom he called his "oldest friend in the business", and he was still a student at RADA when he appeared (with Hurt) in his first film The Wild and the Willing (1962). He later played Satan in the York Mystery Plays in 1963.
Career
In the United Kingdom, McShane's best known role is antiques dealer Lovejoy in the eponymous series. Long before Lovejoy, McShane was a pin-up as a result of appearances in television series, such as Wuthering Heights (1967, as Heathcliff), Jesus of Nazareth (1977, as Judas Iscariot), and Disraeli (1978)—as well as films like Sky West and Crooked (1965) and Battle of Britain (1969). The actor also enjoyed success in the United States as British film director Don Lockwood in Dallas.
In the United States, he is known for the role of historical figure Al Swearengen in the HBO series Deadwood, for which he won the 2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Drama. He was also nominated at the 2005 Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Awards.
Among science fiction fans, McShane is known for playing the character Robert Bryson in Babylon 5: The River of Souls. In a 2004 interview with The Independent, McShane stated that he wished that he had turned down the role of Bryson as he had struggled with the technical dialogue and found looking at Martin Sheen, who was wearing an eye in the middle of his forehead, to be the most embarrassing experience that he had ever had while acting.
In 1985, McShane appeared as an MC on Grace Jones' Slave to the Rhythm, a concept album which featured his narration interspersed throughout and which sold over a million copies worldwide.
In 1992, he recorded and released his own solo studio album, From Both Sides Now, which features McShane singing cover versions of popular songs. The album reached number 40 in the UK Albums Chart.
McShane in 2006
His other roles include that of armed robber and gangland boss Jack Last in the Minder episode The Last Video Show. As Captain Hook in Shrek the Third, Ragnar Sturlusson in The Golden Compass, Tai Lung in Kung Fu Panda (for which he received an Annie Award nomination), crime boss Teddy Bass in Sexy Beast, and Mr. Bobinsky in Coraline. In live-action, he has performed in Hot Rod, the action/thriller Death Race, and The Seeker. He has appeared in The West Wing as a Russian diplomat. During 2007–08, he starred as Max in the 40th anniversary Broadway revival of Harold Pinter's The Homecoming, co-starring Eve Best, Raúl Esparza, and Michael McKean, and directed by Daniel Sullivan, at the Cort Theatre (16 December 2007 – 13 April 2008).
In 2009, he appeared in Kings, which was based on the biblical story of David. His portrayal of King Silas Benjamin, an analogue of King Saul, was highly praised with one critic saying: "Whenever Kings seems to falter, McShane appears to put bite marks all over the scenery."
In 2010, McShane starred in The Pillars of the Earth as Bishop Waleran Bigod. The series was a historical drama set in 12th-century England and adapted from Ken Follett's novel of the same name. That same year, the Walt Disney Company confirmed that McShane would portray Blackbeard in On Stranger Tides.
In 2013, he played King Brahmwell in Bryan Singer's Jack the Giant Slayer.
Since 2010, McShane has narrated the opening teases for each round of ESPN's coverage of The Open Championship. In 2012, McShane had a guest role for two episodes as Murder Santa, a sadistic serial killer in the 1960s in the second season of American Horror Story. In 2016, he joined the cast of Game of Thrones in Season 6 as Septon Ray.
McShane announced on 20 April 2017 that a script for a two-hour Deadwood film had been submitted by creator David Milch to HBO and that a film was as close as ever to happening. " two-hour movie script has been delivered to HBO. If they don't deliver , blame them," McShane said. The film began production in October 2018. Deadwood: The Movie was released on 31 May 2019, concluding the story of the series.
Personal life
McShane married English actress Suzan Farmer in 1965 and they divorced in 1968. He married his second wife, English model Ruth Post, on 8 June 1968, and they had two children, Kate and Morgan. In 1977, he began a five-year relationship with Sylvia Kristel after meeting her on the set of The Fifth Musketeer; the affair ended his marriage to Post. On 30 August 1980, McShane married his third wife, American actress Gwen Humble. They live in Venice, California, United States. Through his eldest daughter, McShane has three grandchildren.
Filmography
Film
Film credits
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Refs.
1962
The Wild and the Willing
Harry Brown
1965
The Pleasure Girls
Keith Dexter
1966
Sky West and Crooked
Roibin
1969
If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium
Charlie Cartwright
1969
Battle of Britain
Sgt. Pilot Andy Moore
1970
Pussycat, Pussycat, I Love You
Fred C. Dobbs
1970
Tam-Lin
Tom Lynn
1971
Freelance
Mitch
1971
Villain
Wolfe Lissner
1972
Left Hand of Gemini
1972
Sitting Target
Birdy Williams
1973
The Last of Sheila
Anthony Wood
1974
Ransom
Ray Petrie
1975
Journey into Fear
Banat
1979
The Great Riviera Bank Robbery
The Brain
1979
The Fifth Musketeer
Fouquet
1979
Yesterday's Hero
Rod Turner
1981
Cheaper to Keep Her
Dr. Alfred Sunshine
1983
Exposed
Greg Miller
1985
Ordeal by Innocence
Philip Durant
1985
Too Scared to Scream
Vincent Hardwick
1985
Torchlight
Sidney
2000
Sexy Beast
Teddy Bass
2002
Bollywood Queen
Frank
2003
Agent Cody Banks
Dr. Brinkman
2003
Nemesis Game
Jeff Novak
2005
Nine Lives
Larry
2006
Scoop
Joe Strombel
2006
We Are Marshall
Paul Griffen
2007
Shrek the Third
Captain Hook
Voice
2007
Hot Rod
Frank Powell
2007
The Seeker
Merriman Lyon
2007
The Golden Compass
Ragnar Sturlusson
Voice
2008
Kung Fu Panda
Tai Lung
2008
Death Race
Coach
2009
Coraline
Mr. Bobinsky
Voice
2009
Case 39
Detective Mike Barron
2009
44 Inch Chest
Meredith
Also executive producer
2010
The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Narrator
Uncredited
2011
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
Blackbeard
2012
Snow White and the Huntsman
Beith
2013
Jack the Giant Slayer
King Brahmwell
2014
Cuban Fury
Ron Parfitt
2014
Hercules
Amphiaraus
2014
John Wick
Winston Scott
2014
El Niño
El Inglés
2015
Bilal: A New Breed of Hero
Umayya
Voice
2016
Grimsby
MI6 Spy Boss
Uncredited
2016
The Hollow Point
Sheriff Leland Kilbaught
2017
John Wick: Chapter 2
Winston Scott
2017
Jawbone
Joe Padgett
2017
Pottersville
Bart
2018
Here Comes the Grump
The Grump
Voice
2019
Hellboy
Trevor Bruttenholm
2019
Bolden
Judge Leander Perry
2019
John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum
Winston Scott
2022
My Father's Dragon
Saiwa the Gorilla
Voice
2023
John Wick: Chapter 4
Winston Scott
2024
American Star
Wilson
2024
Kung Fu Panda 4
Tai Lung
Voice
2025
John Wick Presents: Ballerina †
Winston Scott
Post-production
Key
†
Denotes films that have not yet been released
Television
Television credits
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Refs.
1963–1966
Play of the Week
Mick / Frank Barnes / Arthur
4 episodes
1964
Redcap
Sapper Russell
Episode: "Epitaph for a Sweat"
1964
The Sullavan Brothers
David Hemming
1 episode
1966
You Can't Win
Joe Lunn
7 episodes
1967
Wuthering Heights
Heathcliff
4 episodes
1972
Whose Life Is It Anyway?
Ken Harrison
Television play
1975
Space: 1999
Anton Zoref
Episode: "Force of Life"
1975
The Lives of Jenny Dolan
Saunders
Television film
1976
The Fantastic Journey
Sir James Camden
Episode: "The Fantastic Journey"
1977
Roots
Sir Eric Russell
Episode: "Part Nine"
1977
Jesus of Nazareth
Judas Iscariot
2 episodes
1977
Code Name: Diamond Head
Sean Donovan
Television film
1978
Will Shakespeare
Christopher Marlowe
Episode: "Dead Shepherd"
1978
Disraeli
Benjamin Disraeli
4 episodes
1978
The Pirate
Rashid
Television film
1980
Armchair Thriller - High Tide
Curtis
4 episodes
1981, 1982
Magnum, P.I.
David Norman / Edwin Clutterbuck
2 episodes
1982
The Letter
Geoff
Television film
1982
Marco Polo
Ali Ben Yussouf
2 episodes
1983
Bare Essence
Niko Theophilus
11 episodes
1983
Grace Kelly
Prince Rainier of Monaco
Television film
1985
Evergreen
Paul Lerner
3 episodes
1985
A.D.
Sejanus
5 episodes
1985
Braker
Alan Roswell
Television film
1986
American Playhouse
Willy Wax
Episode: "Rocket to the Moon"
1986–1994
Lovejoy
Lovejoy
Main role
1987
Grand Larceny
Flanagan
Television film
1987, 1989
Miami Vice
Esteban Montoya
2 episodes
1988
The Dirty Dozen
Lindberger
1 episode
1988
War and Remembrance
Philip Rule
4 episodes
1988
Chain Letter
The Messenger of Death
Television film
1989
Dallas
Don Lockwood
13 episodes
1989
Wonderworks: Young Charlie Chaplin
Charles Chaplin Sr.
6 episodes
1989
Minder
Jack Last
Episode: "The Last Video Show"
1989
Miami Vice
Gen. Manuel Borbon
Episode: "Freefall"
1989
Dick Francis Mysteries: Blood Sport
David Cleveland
Television film
1989
Dick Francis Mysteries: In The Frame
1989
Dick Francis Mysteries: Twice Shy
1990
Perry Mason: The Case of the Desperate Deception
Andre Marchand
1990
Columbo
Leland St. John
Episode: "Rest in Peace, Mrs. Columbo"
1990
Mistress of Suspense
Steven Castle
Episode: "Sauce for the Goose"
1994
White Goods
Ian Deegan
Television film
1995
Soul Survivors
Otis Cooke
2 episodes
1996
Madson
John Madson
6 episodes
1997
The Naked Truth
Leland Banks
2 episodes
1998
Babylon 5: The River of Souls
Robert Bryson, PhD
Television film
1999
D.R.E.A.M. Team
Oliver Maxwell
2001
Britain's Most Terrifying Ghost Stories
Narrator
Episode: "All"
2001
Thieves
Jack
Episode: "Jack's Back"
2002
The West Wing
Nikolai Ivanovich
Episode: "Enemies Foreign and Domestic"
2002
In Deep
Jamie Lamb
2 episodes
2002
Man and Boy
Marty Mann
Television film
2003
Trust
Alan Cooper-Fozzard
6 episodes
2003
The Twilight Zone
Dr. Chandler
Episode: "Cold Fusion"
2004–2006
Deadwood
Al Swearengen
36 episodes
2008
SpongeBob SquarePants
Gordon
Episode: "Dear Vikings"; voice
2009
Kings
King Silas Benjamin
12 episodes
2010
The Pillars of the Earth
Waleran Bigod
8 episodes
2012
American Horror Story: Asylum
Leigh Emerson
2 episodes
2015
Ray Donovan
Andrew Finney
9 episodes
2016
Doctor Thorne
Sir Roger Scatcherd
3 episodes
2016
Game of Thrones
Brother Ray
Episode: "The Broken Man"
2017–2021
American Gods
Mr. Wednesday
Main cast
2019
Deadwood: The Movie
Al Swearengen
Television film; also executive producer
2019
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Sir Tobias Moore
Episode: "I'm Going To Make You a Star"
2021
The Simpsons
Artemis
Voice, episode: "The Last Barfighter"
2023
One Piece
Narrator
Episode: "Romance Dawn"
Video games
Video game credits
Year
Title
Voice role
Refs.
2019
John Wick Hex
Winston
Awards and nominations
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
2004
Television Critics Association Awards
Individual Achievement in Drama
Deadwood
Won
2005
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor – Television Series Drama
Won
2005
Gotham Awards
Best Ensemble Cast
Nine Lives
Nominated
2005
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
Deadwood
Nominated
2005
Satellite Awards
Best Actor – Television Series Drama
Nominated
2005
Television Critics Association Awards
Individual Achievement in Drama
Nominated
2006
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
Nominated
2007
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
Nominated
2009
Annie Awards
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Featured Production
Kung Fu Panda
Nominated
2010
San Diego Film Critics Society Awards
Best Ensemble Performance
44 Inch Chest
Won
2010
Satellite Awards
Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
The Pillars of the Earth
Nominated
2011
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Nominated
2011
Golden Nymph Awards
Outstanding Actor in a Miniseries
Nominated
2011
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Villain
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
Nominated
2018
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Actor in a Drama Series
American Gods
Nominated
2019
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Television Movie (as executive producer)
Deadwood: The Movie
Nominated
References
^ "Ian McShane, Esq's Biography". Debrett's. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
^ a b c d e f g Gilbey, Ryan (16 March 2013). "Ian McShane: rogue trader". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
^ a b c Bertodano, Helena de (3 June 2017). "Ian McShane: 'Believe me, the hell-raising years were a lot of fun'". The Times. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
^ a b c Stevens, Christopher (2010). Born Brilliant: The Life of Kenneth Williams. John Murray. p. 385. ISBN 978-1-84854-195-5.
^ "Ian McShane biography". Film Reference. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
^ "Start building your family tree today". Thegenealogist.co.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
^ NIGHT, DAY & (7 March 2016). "Ian McShane: Working-class actors must get more help". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ "Ian McShane". TV Guide. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ "Filmography for Ian McShane". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ "Babylon 5: The River of Souls". scifimusings.blogspot.ca. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "Ian McShane: You Ask the Questions". The Independent. 15 September 2004. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ Billboard – Google Livros. 22 November 1986. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ Billboard – Google Livros. 13 December 1986. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ "Ian McShane - From Both Sides Now Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic" – via www.allmusic.com.
^ "Ian McShane - From Both Sides Now". 21 July 1992 – via www.discogs.com.
^ "IAN MCSHANE | Official Charts". Official Charts. 21 November 1992.
^ "#7.4 the Last Video Show".
^ Ebert, Roger. "The Golden Compass Movie Review (2007) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "Kung Fu Panda - Ian McShane Interview". movieweb.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "Coraline - Ian McShane Interview". movieweb.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "Ian McShane Joins The Cast of Hot Rod". movieweb.com. 18 June 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ Hewitt, Chris (8 August 2007). "Ian McShane Enters The Death Race". Empire. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "Interview: Ian McShane, Star of 'The Seeker: The Dark is Rising'". AOL Moviefone. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "35 People You Might Not Realize Appeared on 'The West Wing'". mentalfloss.com. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "The Homecoming @ Cort Theatre | Playbill". Playbill. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
^ Gordon Haber, David, My David: Israel's Most Charismatic King Comes to TV, forward.com, 25 March 2009.
^ Hale, Mike (22 July 2010). "Ian McShane in Starz Mini-Series of Ken Follett Book". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ MacInnes, Paul (16 October 2010). "The Pillars of the Earth: episode one". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
^ "EXCLUSIVE: 'Pirates 4' Producer Jerry Bruckheimer Confirms Geoffrey Rush Return, Penelope Cruz As Blackbeard's Daughter » MTV Movies Blog". Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
^ Kit, Borys (21 March 2011). "Ian McShane Joins Bryan Singer's 'Jack the Giant Killer'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
^ 2010 BRITISH OPEN THURSDAY on YouTube
^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (10 October 2012). "Horror Story Taps Deadwood's Ian McShane to 'Tussle' With Jessica Lange". TVLine. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "Ian McShane cast in Game of Thrones season 6". Watchers on the Wall. 1 August 2015.
^ "Ian McShane Has No Regrets About Spoiling Game of Thrones". Vulture.com. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ Gunderman, Dan (20 April 2017). "Actor Ian McShane says 'Deadwood' creator submitted revival movie script to HBO". Collider. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^ "'Deadwood' Movie Starts Filming with Majority of Cast Returning". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
^ HBO PR (21 March 2019). "HBO Films' DEADWOOD Debuts May 31". Medium. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
^ Ross, Deborah (30 June 2007). "Interview: Sylvia Kristel, the world's most famous porn star". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
^ a b c d e "Ian McShane (visual voices guide)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved 10 March 2024. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.
^ Maher, Kevin. "The Sorcerer's Apprentice".
^ Grater, Tom (5 October 2017). "Lily Collins, Ian McShane, Toby Kebbell to voice 'Here Comes The Grump' (exclusive)". Screen Daily. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Sachdeva, Maanya (29 December 2024). "Kung Fu Panda fans praise 'legendary' new villain as trailer for fourth film released". The Independent. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
^ "'Deadwood' Star Ian McShane Joins Showtime's 'Ray Donovan'". thewrap.com. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ Heritage, Stuart (7 March 2016). "Ian McShane: why he'll always be an antiques dealer with a mullet". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "Ian McShane to Star in 'American Gods' for Starz". The Hollywood Reporter. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
^ "Episode Title: (SI-3215) "The Last Barfighter"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ian McShane.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Ian McShane.
Ian McShane at IMDb
Ian McShane at the Internet Broadway Database
Ian McShane at the TCM Movie Database
Ian McShane at AllMovie
"A Conversation with Actor Ian McShane" (Max)—The Charlie Rose Show, PBS, broadcast of 24 March 2008. Accessed 25 March 2008. ("A conversation with actor Ian McShane about his role in the 40th Anniversary Broadway revival of Harold Pinter's The Homecoming.")
The Homecoming on Broadway—Official site of the 40th anniversary Broadway revival at the Cort Theatre. Accessed 25 March 2008.
Awards for Ian McShane
vteGolden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama
John Charles Daly (1961)
Richard Chamberlain (1962)
Gene Barry (1964)
David Janssen (1965)
Martin Landau (1967)
Carl Betz (1968)
Mike Connors (1969)
Peter Graves (1970)
Robert Young (1971)
Peter Falk (1972)
James Stewart (1973)
Telly Savalas (1974)
Robert Blake / Telly Savalas (1975)
Richard Jordan (1976)
Ed Asner (1977)
Michael Moriarty (1978)
Ed Asner (1979)
Richard Chamberlain (1980)
Daniel J. Travanti (1981)
John Forsythe (1982)
John Forsythe (1983)
Tom Selleck (1984)
Don Johnson (1985)
Edward Woodward (1986)
Richard Kiley (1987)
Ron Perlman (1988)
Ken Wahl (1989)
Kyle MacLachlan (1990)
Scott Bakula (1991)
Sam Waterston (1992)
David Caruso (1993)
Dennis Franz (1994)
Jimmy Smits (1995)
David Duchovny (1996)
Anthony Edwards (1997)
Dylan McDermott (1998)
James Gandolfini (1999)
Martin Sheen (2000)
Kiefer Sutherland (2001)
Michael Chiklis (2002)
Anthony LaPaglia (2003)
Ian McShane (2004)
Hugh Laurie (2005)
Hugh Laurie (2006)
Jon Hamm (2007)
Gabriel Byrne (2008)
Michael C. Hall (2009)
Steve Buscemi (2010)
Kelsey Grammer (2011)
Damian Lewis (2012)
Bryan Cranston (2013)
Kevin Spacey (2014)
Jon Hamm (2015)
Billy Bob Thornton (2016)
Sterling K. Brown (2017)
Richard Madden (2018)
Brian Cox (2019)
Josh O'Connor (2020)
Jeremy Strong (2021)
Kevin Costner (2022)
Kieran Culkin (2023)
vteTCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama
Andre Braugher (1997)
Andre Braugher (1998)
James Gandolfini / David E. Kelley (1999)
James Gandolfini (2000)
James Gandolfini (2001)
Michael Chiklis (2002)
Edie Falco (2003)
Ian McShane (2004)
Hugh Laurie (2005)
Hugh Laurie (2006)
Michael C. Hall (2007)
Paul Giamatti (2008)
Bryan Cranston (2009)
Julianna Margulies (2010)
Jon Hamm (2011)
Claire Danes (2012)
Tatiana Maslany (2013)
Matthew McConaughey (2014)
Jon Hamm (2015)
Sarah Paulson (2016)
Carrie Coon (2017)
Keri Russell (2018)
Michelle Williams (2019)
Regina King (2020)
Michaela Coel (2021)
Mandy Moore (2022)
Rhea Seehorn (2023)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
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Spain
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian McShane (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McShane_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ste-1"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grdn-2"},{"link_name":"Al Swearengen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Swearengen"},{"link_name":"Deadwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadwood_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"2019 film continuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadwood:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"American Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gods_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Television_Series_Drama"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Television_Movie"},{"link_name":"The Wild and the Willing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_and_the_Willing"},{"link_name":"If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_It%27s_Tuesday,_This_Must_Be_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villain_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Sexy Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_Beast"},{"link_name":"Hot Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rod_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Captain Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shrek_characters#Captain_Hook"},{"link_name":"Shrek the Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_the_Third"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu Panda 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_4"},{"link_name":"Blackbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_On_Stranger_Tides"},{"link_name":"John Wick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wick"}],"text":"This article is about the actor. For the Scottish professional footballer, see Ian McShane (footballer).Ian David McShane[1] (born 29 September 1942) is a British actor. He is known for his television performances, particularly as the title role in the BBC series Lovejoy (1986–1994),[2] Al Swearengen in Deadwood (2004–2006) and its 2019 film continuation, as well as Mr. Wednesday in American Gods (2017–2021). For the original series of Deadwood, McShane won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama and received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. For the film, he (as producer) was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie.His film roles include Harry Brown in The Wild and the Willing (1962), Charlie Cartwright in If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium (1969), Wolfe Lissner in Villain (1971), Teddy Bass in Sexy Beast (2000), Frank Powell in Hot Rod (2007), Captain Hook in Shrek the Third (2007), Tai Lung in Kung Fu Panda (2008) and Kung Fu Panda 4 (2024), Blackbeard in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011), and Winston Scott in the John Wick series (2014–present).","title":"Ian McShane"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ian_McShane,_York_Mystery_Plays,_1963.png"},{"link_name":"York Mystery Plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Mystery_Plays"},{"link_name":"Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Harry McShane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_McShane_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thetimes2017-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grdn-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Holytown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holytown"},{"link_name":"Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Davyhulme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davyhulme"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Stretford Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretford_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"National Youth Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"John Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hurt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thetimes2017-3"},{"link_name":"The Wild and the Willing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_and_the_Willing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grdn-2"},{"link_name":"York Mystery Plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Mystery_Plays"}],"text":"A young Ian McShane as Satan in the York Mystery Plays, 1963McShane was born Ian David McShane in Blackburn, Lancashire, on 29 September 1942, the only child of Irene (née Cowley; 1922–2020) and professional footballer Harry McShane (1920–2012).[3][2][4][5] His father was Scottish, from Holytown, Lanarkshire, and his mother, who was born in England, was of Irish and English descent.[6] McShane grew up in Davyhulme, Manchester, and attended Stretford Grammar School. After being a member of the National Youth Theatre,[7] he studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), with Anthony Hopkins and John Hurt. McShane shared a flat with Hurt, whom he called his \"oldest friend in the business\",[3] and he was still a student at RADA when he appeared (with Hurt) in his first film The Wild and the Willing (1962).[2] He later played Satan in the York Mystery Plays in 1963.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eponymous series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thetimes2017-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grdn-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens-4"},{"link_name":"Wuthering Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuthering_Heights_(1967_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Heathcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathcliff_(Wuthering_Heights)"},{"link_name":"Jesus of Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Judas Iscariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot"},{"link_name":"Disraeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disraeli_(TV_serial)"},{"link_name":"Sky West and Crooked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_West_and_Crooked"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Al Swearengen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Swearengen"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Deadwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadwood_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens-4"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grdn-2"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Babylon 5: The River of Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_5:_The_River_of_Souls"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"Martin Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Sheen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Grace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Jones"},{"link_name":"Slave to the Rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_to_the_Rhythm_(album)"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IanMcShane06.jpg"},{"link_name":"armed robber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_robber"},{"link_name":"gangland boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_boss"},{"link_name":"Minder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minder_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Captain Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Hook"},{"link_name":"Shrek the Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_the_Third"},{"link_name":"Ragnar Sturlusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iofur_Raknison"},{"link_name":"The Golden Compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Compass_(film)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tai Lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kung_Fu_Panda_characters#Tai_Lung"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_(film)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Annie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Award"},{"link_name":"Sexy Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_Beast_(film)"},{"link_name":"Coraline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraline_(film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hot Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rod_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Death Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Race_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Seeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seeker_(film)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theater"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter"},{"link_name":"The Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Homecoming"},{"link_name":"Eve Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Best"},{"link_name":"Raúl Esparza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Esparza"},{"link_name":"Michael McKean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McKean"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sullivan_(director)"},{"link_name":"Cort Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cort_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"King Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The Pillars of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pillars_of_the_Earth_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ken Follett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Follett"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pillars_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Blackbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard"},{"link_name":"On Stranger Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_On_Stranger_Tides"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Bryan Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Singer"},{"link_name":"Jack the Giant Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Giant_Slayer"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"The Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Asylum"},{"link_name":"American Horror Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Game of Thrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones"},{"link_name":"Season 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadwood:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Deadwood: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadwood:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"In the United Kingdom, McShane's best known role is antiques dealer Lovejoy in the eponymous series.[3][2][4] Long before Lovejoy, McShane was a pin-up as a result of appearances in television series, such as Wuthering Heights (1967, as Heathcliff), Jesus of Nazareth (1977, as Judas Iscariot), and Disraeli (1978)—as well as films like Sky West and Crooked (1965) and Battle of Britain (1969).[8][9] The actor also enjoyed success in the United States as British film director Don Lockwood in Dallas.In the United States, he is known for the role of historical figure Al Swearengen in the HBO series Deadwood,[4] for which he won the 2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Drama.[2] He was also nominated at the 2005 Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Awards.Among science fiction fans, McShane is known for playing the character Robert Bryson in Babylon 5: The River of Souls.[10] In a 2004 interview with The Independent, McShane stated that he wished that he had turned down the role of Bryson as he had struggled with the technical dialogue and found looking at Martin Sheen, who was wearing an eye in the middle of his forehead, to be the most embarrassing experience that he had ever had while acting.[11]In 1985, McShane appeared as an MC on Grace Jones' Slave to the Rhythm, a concept album which featured his narration interspersed throughout and which sold over a million copies worldwide.[12][13]In 1992, he recorded and released his own solo studio album, From Both Sides Now, which features McShane singing cover versions of popular songs.[14][15] The album reached number 40 in the UK Albums Chart.[16]McShane in 2006His other roles include that of armed robber and gangland boss Jack Last in the Minder episode The Last Video Show.[17] As Captain Hook in Shrek the Third, Ragnar Sturlusson in The Golden Compass,[18] Tai Lung in Kung Fu Panda[19] (for which he received an Annie Award nomination), crime boss Teddy Bass in Sexy Beast, and Mr. Bobinsky in Coraline.[20] In live-action, he has performed in Hot Rod,[21] the action/thriller Death Race,[22] and The Seeker.[23] He has appeared in The West Wing as a Russian diplomat.[24] During 2007–08, he starred as Max in the 40th anniversary Broadway revival of Harold Pinter's The Homecoming, co-starring Eve Best, Raúl Esparza, and Michael McKean, and directed by Daniel Sullivan, at the Cort Theatre (16 December 2007 – 13 April 2008).[25]In 2009, he appeared in Kings, which was based on the biblical story of David. His portrayal of King Silas Benjamin, an analogue of King Saul, was highly praised with one critic saying: \"Whenever Kings seems to falter, McShane appears to put bite marks all over the scenery.\"[26]In 2010, McShane starred in The Pillars of the Earth as Bishop Waleran Bigod.[27] The series was a historical drama set in 12th-century England and adapted from Ken Follett's novel of the same name.[28] That same year, the Walt Disney Company confirmed that McShane would portray Blackbeard in On Stranger Tides.[29]In 2013, he played King Brahmwell in Bryan Singer's Jack the Giant Slayer.[30]Since 2010, McShane has narrated the opening teases for each round of ESPN's coverage of The Open Championship.[31] In 2012, McShane had a guest role for two episodes as Murder Santa, a sadistic serial killer in the 1960s in the second season of American Horror Story.[32] In 2016, he joined the cast of Game of Thrones in Season 6 as Septon Ray.[33][34]McShane announced on 20 April 2017 that a script for a two-hour Deadwood film had been submitted by creator David Milch to HBO and that a film was as close as ever to happening. \"[A] two-hour movie script has been delivered to HBO. If they don't deliver [a finished product], blame them,\" McShane said.[35] The film began production in October 2018.[36] Deadwood: The Movie was released on 31 May 2019, concluding the story of the series.[37]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suzan Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzan_Farmer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grdn-2"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Kristel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Kristel"},{"link_name":"The Fifth Musketeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Musketeer"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Venice, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grdn-2"}],"text":"McShane married English actress Suzan Farmer in 1965 and they divorced in 1968. He married his second wife, English model Ruth Post, on 8 June 1968, and they had two children, Kate and Morgan.[2] In 1977, he began a five-year relationship with Sylvia Kristel after meeting her on the set of The Fifth Musketeer;[38] the affair ended his marriage to Post. On 30 August 1980, McShane married his third wife, American actress Gwen Humble. They live in Venice, California, United States. Through his eldest daughter, McShane has three grandchildren.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
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[{"image_text":"A young Ian McShane as Satan in the York Mystery Plays, 1963","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ian_McShane%2C_York_Mystery_Plays%2C_1963.png/220px-Ian_McShane%2C_York_Mystery_Plays%2C_1963.png"},{"image_text":"McShane in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/IanMcShane06.jpg/220px-IanMcShane06.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Ian McShane, Esq's Biography\". Debrett's. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110103193718/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/m/7849/Ian%20David%20McSHANE.aspx","url_text":"\"Ian McShane, Esq's Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/m/7849/Ian%20David%20McSHANE.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gilbey, Ryan (16 March 2013). \"Ian McShane: rogue trader\". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/mar/16/ian-mcshane-rogue-trader","url_text":"\"Ian McShane: rogue trader\""}]},{"reference":"Bertodano, Helena de (3 June 2017). \"Ian McShane: 'Believe me, the hell-raising years were a lot of fun'\". The Times. Retrieved 29 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ian-mcshane-believe-me-the-hell-raising-years-were-a-lot-of-fun-cdd7z8vpr","url_text":"\"Ian McShane: 'Believe me, the hell-raising years were a lot of fun'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Christopher (2010). Born Brilliant: The Life of Kenneth Williams. John Murray. p. 385. ISBN 978-1-84854-195-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-195-5","url_text":"978-1-84854-195-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Ian McShane biography\". Film Reference. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/16/Ian-McShane.html","url_text":"\"Ian McShane biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Start building your family tree today\". Thegenealogist.co.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thegenealogist.co.uk/treeview/tree_view.php?&&tree_id=2485","url_text":"\"Start building your family tree today\""}]},{"reference":"NIGHT, DAY & (7 March 2016). \"Ian McShane: Working-class actors must get more help\". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/650328/Ian-McShane-Working-class-actors-more-help","url_text":"\"Ian McShane: Working-class actors must get more help\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian McShane\". TV Guide. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/ian-mcshane/credits/154261/","url_text":"\"Ian McShane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filmography for Ian McShane\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/128774%7C72259/Ian-McShane/filmography-with-synopsis.html","url_text":"\"Filmography for Ian McShane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babylon 5: The River of Souls\". scifimusings.blogspot.ca. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://scifimusings.blogspot.ca/2009/12/babylon-5-river-of-souls.html","url_text":"\"Babylon 5: The River of Souls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian McShane: You Ask the Questions\". The Independent. 15 September 2004. Retrieved 11 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/ian-mcshane-you-ask-the-questions-32497.html","url_text":"\"Ian McShane: You Ask the Questions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Billboard – Google Livros. 22 November 1986. Retrieved 29 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9SQEAAAAMBAJ&q=billboard+grace+jones+inside+story&pg=PA2","url_text":"Billboard – Google Livros"}]},{"reference":"Billboard – Google Livros. 13 December 1986. Retrieved 29 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ICUEAAAAMBAJ&q=grace+jones+million&pg=PA74","url_text":"Billboard – Google Livros"}]},{"reference":"\"Ian McShane - From Both Sides Now Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic\" – via www.allmusic.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/from-both-sides-now-mw0001468790","url_text":"\"Ian McShane - From Both Sides Now Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian McShane - From Both Sides Now\". 21 July 1992 – via www.discogs.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/10270764-Ian-McShane-From-Both-Sides-Now","url_text":"\"Ian McShane - From Both Sides Now\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAN MCSHANE | Official Charts\". Official Charts. 21 November 1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/4817/ian-mcshane/","url_text":"\"IAN MCSHANE | Official Charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"#7.4 the Last Video Show\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minder.org/episodeguide/S07E04_TheLastVideoShow.htm","url_text":"\"#7.4 the Last Video Show\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger. \"The Golden Compass Movie Review (2007) | Roger Ebert\". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-golden-compass-2007","url_text":"\"The Golden Compass Movie Review (2007) | Roger Ebert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kung Fu Panda - Ian McShane Interview\". movieweb.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://movieweb.com/movie/kung-fu-panda/ian-mcshane-interview/","url_text":"\"Kung Fu Panda - Ian McShane Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coraline - Ian McShane Interview\". movieweb.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://movieweb.com/movie/coraline/ian-mcshane-interview/","url_text":"\"Coraline - Ian McShane Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian McShane Joins The Cast of Hot Rod\". movieweb.com. 18 June 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://movieweb.com/ian-mcshane-joins-the-cast-of-hot-rod/","url_text":"\"Ian McShane Joins The Cast of Hot Rod\""}]},{"reference":"Hewitt, Chris (8 August 2007). \"Ian McShane Enters The Death Race\". Empire. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/ian-mcshane-enters-death-race/","url_text":"\"Ian McShane Enters The Death Race\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Ian McShane, Star of 'The Seeker: The Dark is Rising'\". AOL Moviefone. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moviefone.com/2007/10/04/interview-ian-mcshane-star-of-the-seeker-the-dark-is-rising/","url_text":"\"Interview: Ian McShane, Star of 'The Seeker: The Dark is Rising'\""}]},{"reference":"\"35 People You Might Not Realize Appeared on 'The West Wing'\". mentalfloss.com. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mentalfloss.com/article/58074/35-people-you-might-not-realize-appeared-west-wing","url_text":"\"35 People You Might Not Realize Appeared on 'The West Wing'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Homecoming @ Cort Theatre | Playbill\". Playbill. Retrieved 10 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/production/the-homecoming-cort-theatre-vault-0000003466","url_text":"\"The Homecoming @ Cort Theatre | Playbill\""}]},{"reference":"Hale, Mike (22 July 2010). \"Ian McShane in Starz Mini-Series of Ken Follett Book\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/23/arts/television/23pillars.html","url_text":"\"Ian McShane in Starz Mini-Series of Ken Follett Book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"MacInnes, Paul (16 October 2010). \"The Pillars of the Earth: episode one\". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2010/oct/16/pillars-of-the-earth-episode-one","url_text":"\"The Pillars of the Earth: episode one\""}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE: 'Pirates 4' Producer Jerry Bruckheimer Confirms Geoffrey Rush Return, Penelope Cruz As Blackbeard's Daughter » MTV Movies Blog\". Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130120044438/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2010/03/22/pirates-4-producer-jerry-bruckheimer-confirms-geoffrey-rush-return-penelope-cruz-as-blackbeards-daughter/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: 'Pirates 4' Producer Jerry Bruckheimer Confirms Geoffrey Rush Return, Penelope Cruz As Blackbeard's Daughter » MTV Movies Blog\""},{"url":"http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2010/03/22/pirates-4-producer-jerry-bruckheimer-confirms-geoffrey-rush-return-penelope-cruz-as-blackbeards-daughter","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (21 March 2011). \"Ian McShane Joins Bryan Singer's 'Jack the Giant Killer'\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110323011217/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/ian-mcshane-joins-bryan-singers-169667","url_text":"\"Ian McShane Joins Bryan Singer's 'Jack the Giant Killer'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/ian-mcshane-joins-bryan-singers-169667","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mitovich, Matt Webb (10 October 2012). \"Horror Story Taps Deadwood's Ian McShane to 'Tussle' With Jessica Lange\". TVLine. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvline.com/2012/10/10/american-horror-story-asylum-ian-mcshane/","url_text":"\"Horror Story Taps Deadwood's Ian McShane to 'Tussle' With Jessica Lange\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian McShane cast in Game of Thrones season 6\". Watchers on the Wall. 1 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/WatchersOTWall/status/627550490839027716","url_text":"\"Ian McShane cast in Game of Thrones season 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian McShane Has No Regrets About Spoiling Game of Thrones\". Vulture.com. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2016/07/ian-mcshane-has-no-regrets-about-spoiling-got.html","url_text":"\"Ian McShane Has No Regrets About Spoiling Game of Thrones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com","url_text":"Vulture.com"}]},{"reference":"Gunderman, Dan (20 April 2017). \"Actor Ian McShane says 'Deadwood' creator submitted revival movie script to HBO\". Collider. Retrieved 20 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/ian-mcshane-deadwood-creator-submitted-script-hbo-article-1.3079637","url_text":"\"Actor Ian McShane says 'Deadwood' creator submitted revival movie script to HBO\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Deadwood' Movie Starts Filming with Majority of Cast Returning\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 5 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/deadwood-movie-starts-filming-majority-cast-returning-1158128","url_text":"\"'Deadwood' Movie Starts Filming with Majority of Cast Returning\""}]},{"reference":"HBO PR (21 March 2019). \"HBO Films' DEADWOOD Debuts May 31\". Medium. 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Retrieved 10 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Ian-Mcshane/","url_text":"\"Ian McShane (visual voices guide)\""}]},{"reference":"Maher, Kevin. \"The Sorcerer's Apprentice\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-sorcerers-apprentice-rxrs6jw65j7","url_text":"\"The Sorcerer's Apprentice\""}]},{"reference":"Grater, Tom (5 October 2017). \"Lily Collins, Ian McShane, Toby Kebbell to voice 'Here Comes The Grump' (exclusive)\". Screen Daily. Retrieved 1 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/news/lily-collins-ian-mcshane-toby-kebbell-to-voice-here-comes-the-grump-exclusive/5122965.article","url_text":"\"Lily Collins, Ian McShane, Toby Kebbell to voice 'Here Comes The Grump' (exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Sachdeva, Maanya (29 December 2024). \"Kung Fu Panda fans praise 'legendary' new villain as trailer for fourth film released\". The Independent. Retrieved 10 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/kung-fu-panda-4-trailer-cast-b2463500.html","url_text":"\"Kung Fu Panda fans praise 'legendary' new villain as trailer for fourth film released\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Deadwood' Star Ian McShane Joins Showtime's 'Ray Donovan'\". thewrap.com. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/deadwood-star-ian-mcshane-joins-showtimes-ray-donovan/","url_text":"\"'Deadwood' Star Ian McShane Joins Showtime's 'Ray Donovan'\""}]},{"reference":"Heritage, Stuart (7 March 2016). \"Ian McShane: why he'll always be an antiques dealer with a mullet\". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/mar/07/ian-mcshane-doctor-thorne-deadwood-game-of-thrones-why-hell-always-be-lovejoy-antiques-dealer-mullet","url_text":"\"Ian McShane: why he'll always be an antiques dealer with a mullet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian McShane to Star in 'American Gods' for Starz\". The Hollywood Reporter. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/ian-mcshane-star-american-gods-872269","url_text":"\"Ian McShane to Star in 'American Gods' for Starz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Episode Title: (SI-3215) \"The Last Barfighter\"\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 4 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20210430fox15/","url_text":"\"Episode Title: (SI-3215) \"The Last Barfighter\"\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps
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E. W. Scripps
|
["1 Early life","2 Newspaper career","3 Later life","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","6.1 Archives","7 External links"]
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American newspaper publisher (1854–1926)
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E. W. ScrippsA newspaper cutout of E. W. Scripps, c. 1912BornEdward Willis Scripps(1854-06-18)June 18, 1854Rushville, Illinois, U.S.DiedMarch 12, 1926(1926-03-12) (aged 71)Monrovia, LiberiaOccupation(s)Publisher, publishing magnateYears active1878–1926Known forFounder of The E. W. Scripps Company, (1878)Scripps Institution of Oceanography, (1907)United Press International, (1908; later known as "UPI News Service")"Science Service", (1921; later known as "Society for Science & the Public")SpouseNackie Benson Holtsinger (1866–1930)ChildrenJames George Scripps (1886–1921)John Paul Holtsinger Scripps (1889–1914)Dolla Blair Scripps (1890–1954)Edward MacLean Scripps (1891–1898)Robert Paine Scripps (1895–1938)Nackey Scripps Meanley (1898–1981)Parent(s)James Mogg ScrippsJulia Adeline OsborneRelativesJames E. Scripps, (1835–1906; half-brother)Ellen Browning Scripps, (1836–1932; half-sister)Samuel H. Scripps, (1927–2007; grandson)
Edward Willis Scripps (June 18, 1854 – March 12, 1926), was an American newspaper publisher and, together with his sister Ellen Browning Scripps, founder of The E. W. Scripps Company, a diversified media conglomerate, and United Press news service. It became United Press International (UPI) when International News Service (INS) merged with United Press in 1958. The E. W. Scripps School of Journalism at Ohio University is named for him.
Early life
E. W. Scripps was born and raised in Rushville, Illinois, to James Mogg Scripps from London, and Julia Adeline Osborne (third wife) from New York.
E. W., as with many businessmen of his day, went by his initials rather than writing out his first and middle name. He often signed his middle name as "Wyllis".
E. W. was a prolific consumer of whisky and cigars, according to his confidential assistant Gilson Gardner, and was said to drink a gallon (3.79 L) each day while bearing a lit cigar at all waking hours.
Newspaper career
Both E. W. and his half-sister Ellen worked with his older half-brother, James when he founded The Detroit News in 1873. E. W. started as an office boy at the paper. In 1878, with loans from his half-brothers, E. W. went on to found The Penny Press (later the Cleveland Press) in Cleveland. With financial support from sister Ellen, he went on to begin or acquire some 25 newspapers. This was the beginning of a media empire that is now the E. W. Scripps Company.
In 1907, Scripps created United Press Associations, now United Press International (UPI), from smaller regional news services. Scripps later said "I regard my life's greatest service to the people of this country to be the creation of the United Press", to provide competition to the Associated Press.
Scripps believed in editorial independence, stating:
A newspaper fairly and honestly conducted in the interests of the great masses of the public must at all times antagonize the selfish interests of that very class which furnishes the larger part of a newspaper's income. It must occasionally so antagonize this class as to cause it not only to cease patronage, to a greater or lesser extent, but to make actually offensive warfare against the newspaper.
Later life
In 1898, he finished building a home in San Diego, where his half-sister lived nearby, thinking that the dry, warm climate would help his lifelong allergic rhinitis. He built it as a winter home to escape the cold of West Chester (Butler County), Ohio, but eventually lived there year-round, and conducted his newspaper business from the ranch. His ranch encompassed what is today the community of Scripps Ranch as well as Marine Corps Air Station Miramar.
In 1903, he and his half-sister Ellen were the founding donors of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Initially, Scripps was reluctant to support the venture, thinking scientists could not be businesslike. However, he developed a deep friendship with the scientific director, William Emerson Ritter, and together they began to plan projects for the Institute. As the Institute started to succeed, he became an enthusiastic supporter and took a great interest in its work.
In 1921, Scripps founded Science Service, later named the Society for Science & the Public, with the goal of keeping the public informed of scientific achievements. Scripps College is also named in honor of his half-sister, Ellen Browning Scripps, because a large part of its endowment derives from the media fortune they had built.
Scripps died at the age of 71 on March 12, 1926, onboard his yacht Ohio as it lay anchored in Monrovia Bay, Liberia. Among his descendants was Samuel H. Scripps (1927–2007), grandson, who became a leading philanthropist for theater and dance in America in the late 20th century.
See also
Samuel H. Scripps – E. W. Scripps' grandson, a philanthropist in theater and dance
The Day Book – E. W. Scripps' six year experiment in ad-free journalism
References
^ Edward Willis Scripps at Brittannica.com
^ "Aide Says Scripps Defied All Maxims". The New York Times. February 18, 1932. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
^ Gardner, Gilson (1932). Lusty Scripps: The Life of E. W. Scripps (1854-1926). New York City. Retrieved May 2, 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Kovarik, Bill (August 27, 2015). "New Competition for the AP: United Press and International News". Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 204. ISBN 9781441185501.
^ MacColl, E. Kimbark (1979). The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915–1950. Portland, Oregon: The Georgian Press. ISBN 0-9603408-1-5.
^ "A Jew and the California Dream". San Diego Reader. March 29, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
^ "Turquoise". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
Further reading
E. W. Scripps (Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933) by Negley D. Cochran
E. W. Scripps and the Business of Newspapers (1999) by Gerald J. Baldasty. ISBN 0-252-06750-9.
Science Service as one Expression of E. W. Scripps's Philosophy of Life. (Washington, D.C.: Science Service, 1926) by William E. Ritter
"Newspaper Man", Time, March 22, 1926
Molly McClain, "The Scripps Family's San Diego Experiment," The Journal of San Diego History 56, nos. 1–2 (2010).
Molly McClain, Ellen Browning Scripps: New Money and American Philanthropy (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2017)
Scripps, E.W.; McCabe, Charles (March 2007). Damned Old Crank – A Self Portrait of E. W. Scripps Drawn From His Unpublished Writings (March 15, 2007). Mccabe Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-4067-6151-1.
Morris, Joe Alex (1968). Deadline Every Minute: The Story of the United Press (1968 reprint). Praeger (October 31, 1968). p. 356. ISBN 0-8371-0175-1.
Archives
E. W. Scripps Papers, Mahn Center for Archives & Special Collections, Ohio University Libraries, Athens, Ohio Archived June 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Manuscript collection, primarily correspondence.
Robert E. Burke Collection. 1892-1994. 60.43 cubic feet (68 boxes plus two oversize folders and one oversize vertical file). Contains material collected by Burke on E.W. Scripps from 1910-1994. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
External links
"How Scripps Institution Came To San Diego", The Journal of San Diego History 27:3 (Summer 1981) by Elizabeth N. Shor
vteE. W. Scripps Companysorted by primary channel network affiliationsABC
KATC
KERO-TV / KZKC-LD
KGTV / KZSD-LD
KGUN-TV
KIVI-TV / KSAW-LD
KMGH-TV / KZCO-LD
KNXV-TV
KTNV-TV
KXXV / KRHD-CD
WCPO-TV
WEWS-TV
WFTS-TV 9
WKBW-TV
WMAR-TV
WRTV
WTXL-TV
WXYZ-TV
CBS
KMTV-TV
KPAX-TV / KAJJ-CD
KRTV / KXLH-LD
KTVQ
KXLF-TV / KBZK
KZTV 1
WTKR
WTVF 5
WTVR-TV
The CW
KATC 3
KRIS-TV 3
KSBY 3
KTNV-TV 3 4
KWBA-TV
WGNT
WSFL-TV
WMYD 7
Fox
KSTU
WFLX 6
WFTX-TV
WSYM-TV
WXMI
NBC
KJRH-TV
KOAA-TV
KRIS-TV
KSBY
KSHB-TV
KTVH-DT / KTGF-LD
KTPX-TV 3 8
WGBA-TV
WLEX-TV
WPTV-TV
WTMJ-TV
Ion (O&O)
KFPX-TV
KKPX-TV
KPXB-TV
KPXD-TV
KPXG-TV
KPXL-TV
KPXM-TV
KPXN-TV
KPXR-TV
KRTV / KXLH-LD 3
KSPX-TV
KTPX-TV
KWPX-TV
KXLF-TV / KBZK 3
WBPX-TV / WPXG
WCPX-TV
WDPX-TV
WEPX-TV / WPXU-TV
WINP-TV
WIPL
WKOI-TV
WLPX-TV
WNPX-TV
WOPX-TV
WPPX-TV
WPXA-TV
WPXC-TV
WPXE-TV
WPXK-TV
WPXL-TV
WPXM-TV
WPXN-TV
WPXQ-TV
WPXR-TV
WPXW-TV / WWPX-TV
WQPX-TV
WRBU
WRPX-TV
WSPX-TV
WTPX-TV
WTVR-TV 3
WXPX-TV
WZRB
Other
Bounce TV
WSFJ-TV
WFPX-TV
Grit
WDPX-TV
Ion Mystery
KZCS-LD
Independent
KASW 2
KCDO-TV / KSBS-CD
KMCC
KMCI-TV
KUPX-TV
K22JA-D
WACY-TV
WHDT
MyNetworkTV
WSYM-TV 3
Scripps News
KILM
Telemundo
K47DF-D / KZTV 1 3
TV networks
Broadcast
Bounce TV
Court TV
Defy TV
Grit
Ion Television
Ion Mystery
Laff
Scripps News
OTT
Ion Plus
Defunct
Broadcast
Qubo
TrueReal
Programming
Scripps Sports
The List
Right This Minute
Yule Log
Acquisitions
Cordillera Communications
Ion Media
Journal Communications
McGraw-Hill
Katz Broadcasting
Digital
Scripps News
People
Adam P. Symson
Rich Boehne
Edward W. Estlow
Jack R. Howard
Roy W. Howard
Ted Knap
Jim G. Lucas
Ernie Pyle
Al Schottelkotte
Charles Scripps
E. W. Scripps
Related
National Journalism Awards
Newspaper Enterprise Association
National Spelling Bee
Scripps Howard Foundation
Scripps Networks Interactive
United Feature Syndicate
United Media
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
NOTES:
1 Scripps operates KZTV under a shared services agreement with SagamoreHill Broadcasting.
2 KNXV-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of sister independent station KASW for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
3 These stations broadcast these networks on their digital subchannels.
4 KTNV-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned CW station KVCW for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
5 WTVF provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of locally-owned and Sinclair Broadcast Group-operated Dabl station WNAB for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
6 Scripps operates WFLX under a shared services agreement with Gray Television.
7 WXYZ-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of sister CW station WMYD for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
8 KJRH-TV provides a standard definition simulcast of sister station, Ion Television O&O KTPX-TV.
9 WFTS-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of Hearst Television-owned independent station WMOR-TV for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Poland
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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It became United Press International (UPI) when International News Service (INS) merged with United Press in 1958. The E. W. Scripps School of Journalism at Ohio University is named for him.","title":"E. W. Scripps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rushville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scripps-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_1932-02-18-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gardner-3"}],"text":"E. W. Scripps was born and raised in Rushville, Illinois, to James Mogg Scripps from London, and Julia Adeline Osborne (third wife) from New York.E. W., as with many businessmen of his day, went by his initials rather than writing out his first and middle name. He often signed his middle name as \"Wyllis\".[1]E. W. was a prolific consumer of whisky and cigars, according to his confidential assistant Gilson Gardner, and was said to drink a gallon (3.79 L) each day while bearing a lit cigar at all waking hours.[2][3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Browning_Scripps"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Scripps"},{"link_name":"The Detroit News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Press"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"E. W. 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Scripps Company.In 1907, Scripps created United Press Associations, now United Press International (UPI), from smaller regional news services. Scripps later said \"I regard my life's greatest service to the people of this country to be the creation of the United Press\", to provide competition to the Associated Press.[4]Scripps believed in editorial independence, stating:A newspaper fairly and honestly conducted in the interests of the great masses of the public must at all times antagonize the selfish interests of that very class [the advertisers] which furnishes the larger part of a newspaper's income. It must occasionally so antagonize this class as to cause it not only to cease patronage, to a greater or lesser extent, but to make actually offensive warfare against the newspaper.[5]","title":"Newspaper career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"allergic rhinitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis"},{"link_name":"West Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Chester_Township,_Butler_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Butler County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Scripps Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Ranch,_San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar"},{"link_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography"},{"link_name":"William Emerson Ritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_Ritter"},{"link_name":"Society for Science & the Public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Science_%26_the_Public"},{"link_name":"Scripps College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_College"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Turquoise"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-7"},{"link_name":"Samuel H. Scripps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_H._Scripps"}],"text":"In 1898, he finished building a home in San Diego, where his half-sister lived nearby,[6] thinking that the dry, warm climate would help his lifelong allergic rhinitis. He built it as a winter home to escape the cold of West Chester (Butler County), Ohio, but eventually lived there year-round, and conducted his newspaper business from the ranch. His ranch encompassed what is today the community of Scripps Ranch as well as Marine Corps Air Station Miramar.In 1903, he and his half-sister Ellen were the founding donors of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Initially, Scripps was reluctant to support the venture, thinking scientists could not be businesslike. However, he developed a deep friendship with the scientific director, William Emerson Ritter, and together they began to plan projects for the Institute. As the Institute started to succeed, he became an enthusiastic supporter and took a great interest in its work.In 1921, Scripps founded Science Service, later named the Society for Science & the Public, with the goal of keeping the public informed of scientific achievements. Scripps College is also named in honor of his half-sister, Ellen Browning Scripps, because a large part of its endowment derives from the media fortune they had built.Scripps died at the age of 71 on March 12, 1926, onboard his yacht Ohio as it lay anchored in Monrovia Bay, Liberia.[7] Among his descendants was Samuel H. Scripps (1927–2007), grandson, who became a leading philanthropist for theater and dance in America in the late 20th century.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-252-06750-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06750-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4067-6151-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-6151-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8371-0175-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-0175-1"}],"text":"E. W. Scripps (Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933) by Negley D. Cochran\nE. W. Scripps and the Business of Newspapers (1999) by Gerald J. Baldasty. ISBN 0-252-06750-9.\nScience Service as one Expression of E. W. Scripps's Philosophy of Life. (Washington, D.C.: Science Service, 1926) by William E. Ritter\n\"Newspaper Man\", Time, March 22, 1926\nMolly McClain, \"The Scripps Family's San Diego Experiment,\" The Journal of San Diego History 56, nos. 1–2 (2010).\nMolly McClain, Ellen Browning Scripps: New Money and American Philanthropy (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2017)\nScripps, E.W.; McCabe, Charles (March 2007). Damned Old Crank – A Self Portrait of E. W. Scripps Drawn From His Unpublished Writings (March 15, 2007). Mccabe Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-4067-6151-1.\nMorris, Joe Alex (1968). Deadline Every Minute: The Story of the United Press (1968 reprint). Praeger (October 31, 1968). p. 356. ISBN 0-8371-0175-1.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps Papers, Mahn Center for Archives & Special Collections, Ohio University Libraries, Athens, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//media.library.ohiou.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/scripps"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170623141359/http://media.library.ohiou.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/scripps"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Burke Collection.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv96527"},{"link_name":"Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws"}],"sub_title":"Archives","text":"E. W. Scripps Papers, Mahn Center for Archives & Special Collections, Ohio University Libraries, Athens, Ohio Archived June 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Manuscript collection, primarily correspondence.Robert E. Burke Collection. 1892-1994. 60.43 cubic feet (68 boxes plus two oversize folders and one oversize vertical file). Contains material collected by Burke on E.W. Scripps from 1910-1994. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Samuel H. Scripps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_H._Scripps"},{"title":"The Day Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_Book"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Aide Says Scripps Defied All Maxims\". The New York Times. February 18, 1932. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/18/archives/aide-says-scripps-defied-all-maxims-publisher-drank-a-gallon-of.html","url_text":"\"Aide Says Scripps Defied All Maxims\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20180502232943/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/18/archives/aide-says-scripps-defied-all-maxims-publisher-drank-a-gallon-of.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Gilson (1932). Lusty Scripps: The Life of E. W. Scripps (1854-1926). New York City. Retrieved May 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lustyscrippsthel000659mbp","url_text":"Lusty Scripps: The Life of E. W. Scripps (1854-1926)"}]},{"reference":"Kovarik, Bill (August 27, 2015). \"New Competition for the AP: United Press and International News\". Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 204. ISBN 9781441185501.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F6ugBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22I+regard+my+life%27s+greatest+service+to+the+people+of+this+country+to+be+the+creation+of+the+United+Press%22%2C&pg=PA204","url_text":"Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441185501","url_text":"9781441185501"}]},{"reference":"MacColl, E. Kimbark (1979). The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915–1950. Portland, Oregon: The Georgian Press. ISBN 0-9603408-1-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon","url_text":"Portland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9603408-1-5","url_text":"0-9603408-1-5"}]},{"reference":"\"A Jew and the California Dream\". San Diego Reader. March 29, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2007/mar/29/jew-and-and-california-dream/#","url_text":"\"A Jew and the California Dream\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turquoise\". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved January 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/turquoise.html","url_text":"\"Turquoise\""}]},{"reference":"Scripps, E.W.; McCabe, Charles (March 2007). Damned Old Crank – A Self Portrait of E. W. Scripps Drawn From His Unpublished Writings (March 15, 2007). Mccabe Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-4067-6151-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-6151-1","url_text":"978-1-4067-6151-1"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Joe Alex (1968). Deadline Every Minute: The Story of the United Press (1968 reprint). Praeger (October 31, 1968). p. 356. ISBN 0-8371-0175-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-0175-1","url_text":"0-8371-0175-1"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Willis-Scripps","external_links_name":"Edward Willis Scripps"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/","external_links_name":"Brittannica.com"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/18/archives/aide-says-scripps-defied-all-maxims-publisher-drank-a-gallon-of.html","external_links_name":"\"Aide Says Scripps Defied All Maxims\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20180502232943/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/18/archives/aide-says-scripps-defied-all-maxims-publisher-drank-a-gallon-of.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lustyscrippsthel000659mbp","external_links_name":"Lusty Scripps: The Life of E. W. Scripps (1854-1926)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F6ugBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22I+regard+my+life%27s+greatest+service+to+the+people+of+this+country+to+be+the+creation+of+the+United+Press%22%2C&pg=PA204","external_links_name":"Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age"},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2007/mar/29/jew-and-and-california-dream/#","external_links_name":"\"A Jew and the California Dream\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/turquoise.html","external_links_name":"\"Turquoise\""},{"Link":"http://media.library.ohiou.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/scripps","external_links_name":"E. W. Scripps Papers, Mahn Center for Archives & Special Collections, Ohio University Libraries, Athens, Ohio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170623141359/http://media.library.ohiou.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/scripps","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv96527","external_links_name":"Robert E. Burke Collection."},{"Link":"http://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws","external_links_name":"Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections."},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1981/july/scripps/","external_links_name":"\"How Scripps Institution Came To San Diego\", The Journal of San Diego History 27:3 (Summer 1981) by Elizabeth N. Shor"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/190177/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000082433942","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/59886154","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHfXWFP4rbDxqrKvXrv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13736604w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13736604w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119069253","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007436939805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85185654","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p185549616","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810604051105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mg7z0g","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/082943524","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaRail
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SeaRail
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["1 See also","2 External links"]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "SeaRail" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
SeaRail OyHeadquartersTampere, FinlandArea servedFinlandServicesWarehousingOwnersVR (Finnish state railways)Websitewww.searail.net
SeaRail is a company based in Tampere, Finland operating a logistics terminal.
The company operated a train ferry for railway freight wagons between Turku, Finland, and Stockholm, Sweden. Because the 1,524 mm (5 ft) track gauge of the Finnish railways (VR) is 89 mm (3.5 in) wider than the standard gauge of much of the rest of Europe (including Sweden), a special fleet of freight wagons with interchangeable bogies is used. The break-of-gauge point is several hundred meters inside Finland at Turku and the bogies are exchanged in a specially-equipped depot; this procedure can be achieved in 10 minutes and involves jacking up each wagon. The short section of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge track at Turku is sometimes known as "Little Sweden".
The Tallink train ferry Sea Wind conveys the SeaRail wagons between Finland and Sweden. These operated twice-daily from Turku and Stockholm.
Rail car traffic onboard ferries from Turku to Stockholm were closed down on 30 April 2012.
See also
Bogie exchange
Ramsey Car Transfer Apparatus
Variable gauge axles
Wheelset
External links
Official website
KN Nordic Rail (rival)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"train ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_ferry"},{"link_name":"railway freight wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_car#Freight_cars"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"1,524 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"track gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gauge"},{"link_name":"VR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VR_Group"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"bogies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie"},{"link_name":"break-of-gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break-of-gauge"},{"link_name":"bogies are exchanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie_exchange"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Tallink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallink"},{"link_name":"Sea Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Sea_Wind"}],"text":"SeaRail is a company based in Tampere, Finland operating a logistics terminal.The company operated a train ferry for railway freight wagons between Turku, Finland, and Stockholm, Sweden. Because the 1,524 mm (5 ft) track gauge of the Finnish railways (VR) is 89 mm (3.5 in) wider than the standard gauge of much of the rest of Europe (including Sweden), a special fleet of freight wagons with interchangeable bogies is used. The break-of-gauge point is several hundred meters inside Finland at Turku and the bogies are exchanged in a specially-equipped depot; this procedure can be achieved in 10 minutes and involves jacking up each wagon. The short section of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge track at Turku is sometimes known as \"Little Sweden\".The Tallink train ferry Sea Wind conveys the SeaRail wagons between Finland and Sweden. These operated twice-daily from Turku and Stockholm.\nRail car traffic onboard ferries from Turku to Stockholm were closed down on 30 April 2012.","title":"SeaRail"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Bogie exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie_exchange"},{"title":"Ramsey Car Transfer Apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_Car_Transfer_Apparatus"},{"title":"Variable gauge axles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_gauge"},{"title":"Wheelset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelset_(railroad)"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SeaRail%22","external_links_name":"\"SeaRail\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SeaRail%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SeaRail%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SeaRail%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SeaRail%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SeaRail%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.searail.net/","external_links_name":"www.searail.net"},{"Link":"http://www.searail.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.kn-portal.com/location.cfm?page=europe/FI/fi_railfreight","external_links_name":"KN Nordic Rail"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_%26_Ulysses
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Flora & Ulysses
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["1 Plot","2 Awards","3 Reception","4 Film adaptation","5 References"]
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2013 American children's novel
For the film adaptation, see Flora & Ulysses (film).
Flora & Ulysses First editionAuthorKate DiCamilloIllustratorK.G. CampbellLanguageEnglishGenreChildren'sPublisherCandlewick PressPublication date2013Publication placeUnited StatesPages231 pp
Flora & Ulysses: The Illuminated Adventures is a children's novel by American author Kate DiCamillo and illustrated by K.G. Campbell, published in 2013 by Candlewick Press. It tells the story of Flora Belle Buckman and a squirrel named Ulysses.
The illustrations include full-page and small pencil drawings, together with comic-book panels describing the gang's adventures.
Plot
Set in the 21st century in a suburb town of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Flora Belle Buckman, a self-proclaimed cynic, spends her time reading comic books and struggling to understand her parents’ recent divorce. She is jolted into action when the neighbor runs over a squirrel with a vacuum cleaner. The vacuum cleaner is her neighbor's present for his wife. The squirrel's brush with death causes him to develop superpowers, allowing him to understand humans and become smarter. Flora then names the squirrel Ulysses after the vacuum cleaner accident. Flora explains to Ulysses that he must use his newfound powers to right wrongs, fight injustice, "or something." Ulysses decides to write on Flora's mother's typewriter, revealing he can write poetry.
When Flora confronts her mother about her desire to kill Ulysses, a shouting match erupts in which Flora comes to believe her mother does not love her. Flora, feeling hurt, declares that she will go home with her father. Ulysses writes a poem to explain Flora and her mother's real emotions, but Flora's mother kidnaps him before the poem can be read. Flora puts together a crack team to rescue Ulysses, who has already escaped, leaving Flora's mother to read his poem. The cast reunites in the father's apartment building where Flora's cynical exterior is cracked for good as she realizes her mother truly loves her.
Awards
Flora & Ulysses won the Newbery Medal for 2014.
Reception
The Horn Book review described the book as "heartwarming" with plenty of humor and a "quirky supporting cast", and notes that the illustrations "accentuate the mood".
Film adaptation
Main article: Flora & Ulysses (film)
On May 31, 2018, it was announced that Disney was developing a film adaptation of the novel for their streaming service, Disney+, with Brad Copeland writing the script. Matilda Lawler stars as Flora, and her parents are played by Alyson Hannigan and Ben Schwartz. The film was released on February 19, 2021, streaming on Disney+.
References
^ "2014 ALSC Media Awards". ALSC. 27 January 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
^ "Reviews of the 2014 Newbery Award winners", The Horn Book Magazine, January 27, 2014
^ Film News Roundup: Disney Developing ‘Flora and Ulysses’ for Streaming Service (EXCLUSIVE)
^ @rejectedjokes (August 24, 2019). "After 2 months & 44 shooting days..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Awards
Preceded byThe One and Only Ivan
Newbery Medal recipient 2014
Succeeded byThe Crossover
vteNewbery Medal–winning works1922–1925
The Story of Mankind (1922)
The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle (1923)
The Dark Frigate (1924)
Tales from Silver Lands (1925)
1926–1950
Shen of the Sea (1926)
Smoky the Cowhorse (1927)
Gay Neck, the Story of a Pigeon (1928)
The Trumpeter of Krakow (1929)
Hitty, Her First Hundred Years (1930)
The Cat Who Went to Heaven (1931)
Waterless Mountain (1932)
Young Fu of the Upper Yangtze (1933)
Invincible Louisa (1934)
Dobry (1935)
Caddie Woodlawn (1936)
Roller Skates (1937)
The White Stag (1938)
Thimble Summer (1939)
Daniel Boone (1940)
Call It Courage (1941)
The Matchlock Gun (1942)
Adam of the Road (1943)
Johnny Tremain (1944)
Rabbit Hill (1945)
Strawberry Girl (1946)
Miss Hickory (1947)
The Twenty-One Balloons (1948)
King of the Wind (1949)
The Door in the Wall (1950)
1951–1975
Amos Fortune, Free Man (1951)
Ginger Pye (1952)
Secret of the Andes (1953)
...And Now Miguel (1954)
The Wheel on the School (1955)
Carry On, Mr. Bowditch (1956)
Miracles on Maple Hill (1957)
Rifles for Watie (1958)
The Witch of Blackbird Pond (1959)
Onion John (1960)
Island of the Blue Dolphins (1961)
The Bronze Bow (1962)
A Wrinkle in Time (1963)
It's Like This, Cat (1964)
Shadow of a Bull (1965)
I, Juan de Pareja (1966)
Up a Road Slowly (1967)
From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1968)
The High King (1969)
Sounder (1970)
Summer of the Swans (1971)
Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH (1972)
Julie of the Wolves (1973)
The Slave Dancer (1974)
M. C. Higgins, the Great (1975)
1976–2000
The Grey King (1976)
Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry (1977)
Bridge to Terabithia (1978)
The Westing Game (1979)
A Gathering of Days (1980)
Jacob Have I Loved (1981)
A Visit to William Blake's Inn (1982)
Dicey's Song (1983)
Dear Mr. Henshaw (1984)
The Hero and the Crown (1985)
Sarah, Plain and Tall (1986)
The Whipping Boy (1987)
Lincoln (1988)
Joyful Noise (1989)
Number the Stars (1990)
Maniac Magee (1991)
Shiloh (1992)
Missing May (1993)
The Giver (1994)
Walk Two Moons (1995)
The Midwife's Apprentice (1996)
The View from Saturday (1997)
Out of the Dust (1998)
Holes (1999)
Bud, Not Buddy (2000)
2001–present
A Year Down Yonder (2001)
A Single Shard (2002)
Crispin (2003)
The Tale of Despereaux (2004)
Kira-Kira (2005)
Criss Cross (2006)
The Higher Power of Lucky (2007)
Good Masters! Sweet Ladies! (2008)
The Graveyard Book (2009)
When You Reach Me (2010)
Moon Over Manifest (2011)
Dead End in Norvelt (2012)
The One and Only Ivan (2013)
Flora & Ulysses (2014)
The Crossover (2015)
Last Stop on Market Street (2016)
The Girl Who Drank the Moon (2017)
Hello, Universe (2018)
Merci Suárez Changes Gears (2019)
New Kid (2020)
When You Trap a Tiger (2021)
The Last Cuentista (2022)
Freewater (2023)
The Eyes and the Impossible (2024)
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnadeva_Raya
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Krishnadevaraya
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["1 Early life","2 Military career","2.1 Success in Deccan","2.2 War with Kalinga","2.3 Final conflict and death","3 Internal affairs","4 Art and literature","4.1 Telugu literature","4.2 Kannada literature","4.3 Tamil literature","4.4 Sanskrit literature","5 Religion and culture","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]
|
Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1509 to 1529
"Sri Krishna Deva Raya" redirects here. For the 1970 film, see Sri Krishnadevaraya (film).
KrishnadevarayaMaharaja-dhirājaKannada Rajya Rama RamanaAndhra BhojaDakshinasamudradhiswaraMooru Rayara GandaAbhinava-BhojaGaubrahmana PratipalakaSculpture of Krishnadevaraya and his wives at Chandragiri MuseumVijayanagara EmperorReign26 July 1509 – 17 October 1529PredecessorViranarasimha RayaSuccessorAchyuta Deva RayaBorn(1471-01-17)17 January 1471Vijayanagara, Vijayanagara Empire (modern day Hampi, Karnataka, India)Died17 October 1529(1529-10-17) (aged 58)Vijayanagara, Vijayanagara Empire (modern day Hampi, Karnataka, India)ConsortTirumala DeviChinna DeviAnnapurna DeviIssue
Tirumalumba (from Tirumala Devi)
Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi)
Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi)(Crowned in 1524 at the age of 6 years, but died on 1525)
DynastyTuluvaFatherTuluva Narasa NayakaMotherNagala DeviReligionHinduism
Kannada inscription, dated 1513 CE, of Krishnadevaraya at the Krishna temple in Hampi describes his victories against the Gajapati Kingdom of Odisha.
Krishnadevaraya (17 January 1471 — 17 October 1529) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire reigning from 1509 to 1529. He was the third monarch of the Tuluva dynasty, and is considered to be one of the greatest rulers in Indian history. He ruled the largest empire in India after the fall of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate. Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by many Indians. Krishnadevaraya earned the titles Andhra Bhoja (lit. "Bhoja of Andhra"), Karnatakaratna Simhasanadeeshwara (lit. "Lord of the Jewelled Throne of Karnataka"), Yavana Rajya Pratistapanacharya (lit. "Establishment of the King to Bahmani Throne"), Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (lit. "Lord of the Kannada Empire), Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka (lit. "Protector of Brahmins and Cows") and Mooru Rayara Ganda (lit. "Lord of Three Kings"). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula by defeating the sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, the Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapatis of Odisha, and was one of the most powerful Hindu rulers in India.
Krishnadevaraya's rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation. This was the time when the land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna river (the Raichur doab) was acquired (1512), ruler of Odisha were subdued (1514) and severe defeats were inflicted on the Sultan of Bijapur (1520).
When the Mughal Emperor Babur was taking stock of the potentates of north India, he rated Krishnadevaraya the most powerful, with the most extensive empire in the subcontinent. The Portuguese travellers Domingo Paes and Duarte Barbosa visited the Vijayanagara Empire during his reign, and their travelogues indicate that the king was not only an able administrator but also an excellent general, leading from the front in battle and even attending to the wounded. On many occasions, the king changed battle plans abruptly, turning a losing battle into victory. The poet Mukku Timmanna praised him as the 'Destroyer of the Turks.' Krishnadevaraya benefited from the counsel of his prime minister Timmarusu, whom he regarded as the father figure responsible for his coronation. Krishnadevaraya was also advised by the witty Tenali Ramakrishna, who was employed in his court.
Early life
Krishnadevaraya was the son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka and his queen Nagamamba. Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was an army commander under Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, who later took control to prevent the disintegration of the empire and established the Tuluva dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. He accessed the throne after the death of his brother Viranarasimha. He was married to Srirangapatna's princess Tirumala Devi and his royal dancer from Kodagu, Chinna Devi. He was father to Tirumalamba (from Tirumala Devi), Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi) and Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi). His daughters were married to Prince Rama Raya of Vijayanagara and his brother Prince Tirumala Deva Raya.
Military career
His main enemies were the Bahamani Sultans (who, though divided into five small kingdoms, remained a constant threat), the Gajapatis of Odisha, who had been involved in constant conflict since the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, and Portugal, a rising maritime power which controlled much of the sea trade.
Success in Deccan
Main article: Krishnadevaraya's Bahamani Expedition
The raid and plunder of Vijayanagara towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya's rule. In 1509, Krishnadevaraya's armies clashed with them and Sultan Mahmud was severely injured and defeated. Yusuf Adil Shah was killed and the Raichur Doab was annexed. Taking advantage of the victory, the Raya reunited Bidar, Gulbarga, and Bijapur into Vijayanagara and earned the title "establisher of the Yavana kingdom" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de facto ruler. The Sultan of Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah was defeated by Timmarusu, the prime minister of Krishnadevaraya. In 1513, Krishnadevaraya personally engaged in battle with Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah at Pangal. The Vijayanagar army suffered defeat at the hands of the Golconda forces, resulting in the capture of the Pangal fort from Vijayanagar. As a consequence, Raya was compelled to retreat.
War with Kalinga
The Gajapatis of Odisha ruled a vast land comprising parts of Bengal, Andhra, and Odisha. Krishnadevaraya's success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into the coastal Andhra region, which was under the control of the Gajapati king Prataparudra Deva. The Vijayanagara army laid siege to the Udayagiri fort in 1512. The campaign lasted for a year before the Gajapati army disintegrated due to starvation. Krishnadevaraya offered prayers at Tirupati thereafter, along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinnama Devi. The Gajapati army was then met at Kondaveedu. The armies of Vijayanagara, after establishing a siege for a few months, began to retreat due to heavy casualties. Timmarusu discovered a secret entrance to the unguarded eastern gate of the fort and launched a night attack. This culminated with the capture of the fort and the imprisonment of Prince Virabhadra, the son of Prataparudra Deva. Vasireddy Mallikharjuna Nayaka took over as governor of Kondaveedu thereafter.
Krishnadevaraya planned an invasion of Kalinga, but Prataparudra learned of this plan and formulated his own plan to defeat the former at the fort of Kalinganagar. Timmarusu discovered Prataparudra's plan by bribing a Telugu deserter from the service of Prataparudra. When the Vijayanagara Empire did invade, Prataprudra was driven to Cuttack, the capital of the Gajapati Kingdom. Prataparudra eventually surrendered to the Vijayanagara Empire, and gave his daughter, Princess Jaganmohini, in marriage to Krishnadevaraya. Krishnadevaraya returned all the lands that the Vijayanagara Empire had captured north of the Krishna River; this made the Krishna river the boundary between the Vijayanagara and Gajapati Kingdoms.
Krishnadevaraya established friendly relations with the Portuguese in Goa in 1510. The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants. He also utilized Portuguese expertise to improve the water supply to the Vijayanagara capital.
Final conflict and death
See also: Battle of Raichur
Kannada inscription dated 1524 A.D., of Krishnadevaraya at the Anathasayana temple in Anathasayanagudi near Hampi. The temple was built in memory of his deceased son
The complicated alliances of the empire and the five Deccan sultanates meant that he was continually at war. In one campaign, he defeated Golconda and captured its commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed Bijapur and its sultan Ismail Adil Shah, and restored the Bahmani sultanate to the son of Muhammad Shah II.
The highlight of his conquests occurred on 19 May 1520 where he secured Raichur Fort from Ismail Adil Shah after a difficult siege in which 16,000 Vijayanagara soldiers were killed. The exploits of the military commander, Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu of the Pemmasani Nayaks, during the Battle of Raichur were distinguished and lauded by Krishnadevaraya. It is said that 700,000-foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry, and 550 elephants were used. Portuguese contingent commanded by Cristovão de Figueiredo with the use of fireweapons help to conquer the fortress.
Krishnadevaraya was brutal towards Bahmani Generals of Raichur. Many Bahmani generals lost their lands. The other Muslim kings sent envoys to the emperor on hearing of his success and received a haughty reply. The king conveyed that if Adil Shah would come to him, do obeisance, and kiss his foot, his lands would be restored to him. The submission never took place. Krishnadevaraya then led his army as far north as Bijapur and occupied it. He imprisoned three sons of a former king of the Bahmani dynasty, who had been held captive by the Adil Shah and he proclaimed the eldest as king of the Deccan.
Finally, in his last battle, he razed to the ground the fortress of Gulburga, the early capital of the Bahmani sultanate.
In 1524, Krishnadevaraya made his son Tirumala Raya the Yuvaraja (crown prince). The prince did not survive for long: he was poisoned. Suspecting Timmarusu, Krishnadevaraya had him blinded. At the same time, Krishnadevaraya was preparing for an attack on Belgaum, which was in the Adil Shah's possession. Around this time, Krishnadevaraya fell ill and eventually died in 1529, succeeded by his brother, Achyuta Deva Raya.
Internal affairs
Vitthala temple with musical pillars, Hoysala style multigonal base Hampi
During his reign he kept strict control over his ministers, and dealt severely with any minister who committed misdeeds. He abolished obnoxious taxes such as the marriage fee. To increase revenues, he brought new lands under cultivation, ordering the deforestation of some areas and undertook a large-scale work to obtain water for irrigation around Vijayanagara. Foreign travellers such as Paes, Nunez and Barbosa who visited Vijayanagara spoke highly of the efficiency of his administration and the prosperity of the people during his reign.
The administration of the empire was carried along the lines indicated in his Amuktamalyada. He was of the opinion that the King should always rule with an eye towards Dharma. His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire, during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and punish evildoers. With regard to the promotion of the economic progress of his people, Krishnadevaraya says: "the extent of the kingdom is the means for the acquisition of wealth. Therefore even if the land is limited in extent, excavate tanks and canals and increase the prosperity of the poor by leasing him the land for low ari and koru, so that you may obtain wealth as well as religious merit."
Art and literature
Kannada inscription describing the coronation of Krishnadevaraya at the entrance to Virupaksha temple, Hampi
Sculpture of Ranganayaka (Ranganatha) at Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam.
Krishnadevaraya was noted to be linguistically neutral as he ruled a multilingual empire. He is known to have patronised poets and issued inscriptions in languages as varied as Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil,. Krishnadevaraya himself was a polyglot, fluent in Kannada Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil. The official language of the Vijayanagara court was Kannada.
Krishnadevaraya patronized literature in various languages. The rule of Krishnadevaraya was an age of prolific literature in many languages, although it is particularly known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Telugu, Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor, who was fluent in many languages,. The king himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada. His Sanskrit works include ‘Madalasa Charita’, ‘Satyavadu Parinaya’, ‘Rasamanjari’ and ‘Jambavati Kalyana’.
The Telugu poet Mukku Timmanna praised him as a great general and stated: "O Krishnaraya, you Man-Lion. You destroyed the Turks from far away with just your great name's power. Oh Lord of the elephant king, just from seeing you the multitude of elephants ran away in horror."
Telugu literature
Main article: Astadiggajas
Ashtadiggajas in the court of Krishnadevaraya.
The rule of Krishnadevaraya is known as golden age of Telugu
literature. Eight Telugu poets were regarded as eight pillars of his literary assembly and known as Ashtadiggajas. Krishna Dev Raya himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada.
During the reign of Krishnadevaraya Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached their heyday. The great emperor was himself a celebrated poet having composed Amuktamalyada. In the olden days, it was believed that eight elephants were holding the earth in eight different directions. The title Ashtadiggajas celebrates this belief and hence the court was also called Bhuvana Vijayam (Conquest of the World). This period of the Empire is known as the "Prabandha Period," because of the quality of the prabandha literature it produced.
Allasani Peddana is considered to be the greatest and given the title of Andhra Kavita Pitamaha (the father of Telugu poetry). Svarocisha Sambhava or Manucharita, his popular prabandha work, was dedicated to Krishnadevaraya
Nandi Thimmana wrote Parijathapaharanam
Madayyagari Mallana wrote Rajasekhara Charitramu
Dhurjati wrote Kalahasti Mahatyamu
Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu wrote Sakalakatha Sangraha and Ramaabhyudayamu
Pingali Surana wrote Raghava Pandaviyamu, Kalapurnodayam and Prabhavate Pradyamana
– Raghavapandaveeyamu is a dual work with double meaning built into the text, describing both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
– Kalapurnodayam ("full bloom of art") has been considered the first original poetic novel in Telugu literature
Battumurthy, alias Ramarajabhushanudu, wrote Kavyalankarasangrahamu, Vasucharitra, Narasabhupaliyam and Harischandranalopakhyanamu, a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of King Harishchandra and Nala and Damayanti
Tenali Ramakrishna first wrote Udbhataradhya Charitramu, a Shaivite work. However, he later converted to Vaishnavism and wrote the Vaishnava devotional texts Panduranga Mahatmyamu, and Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu. Tenali Rama remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today, a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor.
Other well-known poets were Sankusala Nrisimha Kavi, who wrote Kavikarna Rasayana, Chintalapudi Ellaya, who wrote Radhamadhavavilasa and Vishnumayavilasa, the poet Molla, who wrote a version of the Ramayana, Kamsali Rudrakavi, who wrote Nirankusopakhyana, and Addamki Gangadhara, who wrote Tapatlsamvarana and Basavapurana. Manumanchi Bhatta wrote a scientific work on veterinary science called Haya lakshanasara.
Kannada literature
He patronised several Kannada poets. Among them Mallanarya, who wrote Veera-shaivamruta, Bhava-chinta-ratna and Satyendra Chola-kathe; Chatu Vittalanatha who wrote Bhagavatha and Timmanna Kavi wrote a eulogy of his king in Krishna Raya Bharata. Vyasatirtha, the noted Dvaita saint from Mysore (of the Madhva tradition) was the emperor's Rajaguru ("royal guru"). The writing Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari in Kannada is a recently discovered work. The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishnadevaraya's time in his personal diary. However, it is not yet clear if the record was written by the king himself.
Purandara Dasa, "widely considered the father of Carnatic music" was closely associated with the empire. He extolled the Madhwa philosophy in his compositions and was a disciple of the Rajaguru of the emperor. According to Sambamoorthy, he was born as Srinivasa and had his formal initiation by Vyasatirtha took place around 1525 when he was about 40 years of age, when he was given the name Purandara Dasa. Purandara Daasa traveled extensively in southern India composing and rendering them in praise of his god Purandara Vittala. He spent his last years in Hampi where he rendered his compositions in Krishnadevaraya's court.
Tamil literature
Tamil inscription of Krishnadevaraya, Severappoondi
Krishnadevaraya patronised the Tamil poet Haridasa, and Tamil literature soon began to flourish as the years passed by.
Sanskrit literature
In Sanskrit, Vyasatirtha wrote Bhedojjivana, Tatparyachandrika, Nyayamrita (a work directed against the Advaita philosophy) and Tarkatandava. Krishnadevaraya, himself an accomplished scholar, wrote Madalasa Charita, Satyavadu Parinaya and Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana.
Religion and culture
Tirumala Temple and Vaikuntam Queue Complex (semicircular building in the foreground) as seen from Srivari Padalu on Narayanagiri hill
Krishnadevaraya respected all sects of Hinduism. He is known to have encouraged and supported various sects and their places of worship. He rebuilt the Virupaksha Temple and other Shiva shrines. He gave land grants to the temples of Tirumala, Srisailam, Amaravati, Chidambaram, Ahobilam, and Tiruvannamalai. He lavished on the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple numerous objects of priceless value, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords to nine kinds of precious gems. Krishnadevaraya made Venkateshwara his patron deity. He visited the temple seven times. Out of the around 1,250 temple epigraphs published by the Tirumala Devasthanam, 229 are attributed to Krishnadevaraya. A statue of Krishnadevaraya with two of his wives is found at the temple complex of Tirumala. These statues are still visible at the temple at the exit. He also contributed in building parts of the Srisailam temple complex where he had rows of mandapas built.
Sri Vaishnavas claim that Krishnadevaraya himself was formally initiated into the Sri Vaishnava tradition and that's why he wrote a Telugu work on Andal, a Tamil Sri Vaishnava female saint, called the Amuktamalyada. They claim that Venkata Tathacharya of the Sri Vaishnava sect was Krishnadevaraya's rajaguru, and he was considered influential. But the Madhva text Vyasayogicarita the biography of Madhva seer Vyasatirtha says that the kulaguru of Krishnadevaraya. A manuscript from Madras Oriental Manuscript Library which is from a book written by Krishnadevaya himself in which Krishnadevaraya himself wrote that Vyasatirtha is his Rajaguru."
See also
Tuluva dynasty
References
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^ Cohen, B. (8 January 2007). Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan 1850–1948. Springer. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-230-60344-8. Vijayanagar king Krishnadevaraya opted to march against the Qutb Shah leader. He came with 30,000 horses and 3,000 foot soldiers. Quli Qutb responded, and the two armies met at Pangal where the Vijayanagar army had encamped. In battle, the Golconda forces were successful, forcing the retreat of Krishnadevaraya who left behind a small force to defend the fort. The fort occupants held out for nearly two months before capitulating to the besieging Qutb Shah forces.
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^ Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya. Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka. 2010. p. 48. A relieved Raya left for the capital and on the way visited the temple of Tirupati and gave numerous gifts to the Lord in gratefulness for the victory at Udaygiri.
^ Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya. Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka. 2010. p. 47. The Raya's soldiers had to virtually blast their way through huge boulders to go anywhere near the foot of the fort wall … The Gajapati did such a fine job of defending the fort that the siege dragged on for fourteen months.
^ Achintya Kumar Deb (1984). The Bhakti Movement in Orissa: A Comprehensive History. Kalyani Devi. p. 27. Pratapurdradeva could not protect it and he surrendered several military and civil officers, including Virabhadra, son of Prataparudredeva were taken captives by the king of Vijayanagar.
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^ Sharma, L.P (1987). History of Medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.). Konark Publishers. ISBN 978-8122000429. However, he returned after placing on the throne the eldest son of Muhammad Shah II.
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^ Prof K.A.N. Sastri, History of South India pp. 309–330
^ a b Jackson, William J. (2016). Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-317-00193-5.
^ Reddy, Pedarapu Chenna; Subrahmanyam, B. (2011). Gifts and Grants by Sri Krishnadevaraya: During His Visit to the Temples in Andhradesa. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 148.
^ a b c d e Rao, Ajay K. (2014). Re-figuring the Ramayana as Theology: A History of Reception in Premodern India. Routledge. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-1-134-07742-7.
^ Jackson, William J. (2007). Vijaynagar Visions: Religious Experience and Cultural Creativity in a South Indian Empire. OUP India. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-19-568320-2.
^ Reddy, Pedarapu Chenna; Subrahmanyam, B. (2011). Gifts and Grants by Sri Krishnadevaraya: During His Visit to the Temples in Andhradesa. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 99.
^ "Nagari Script". Department of Archeology, Government of Tamil Nadu.
Sources
Eaton, Richard M. (2013), "'Kiss My Foot,' Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy and the Battle for Raichur, 1520", in Richard M. Eaton; Munis D. Faruqui; David Gilmartin; Sunil Kumar (eds.), Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards, Cambridge University Press, pp. 275–298, ISBN 978-1-107-03428-0
Smith, Vincent, Oxford History of India, 4th ed., pp. 306–307, 312–313.
Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).
Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krishnadevaraya.
The Golden Era of Telugu Literature from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation
Krishnadevaraya's complex at Tirupati
Statues of Krishnadevaraya and his wives at Tirupati.
Gold coins issued during Krishnadevaraya's reign
A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagara): a contribution to the history of India (Translation of the Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell)
Preceded byViranarasimha Raya
Vijayanagara empire 1509–1529
Succeeded byAchyuta Deva Raya
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Krishnadevaraya_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kannada_inscription_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_(1513_AD)_at_the_Krishna_temple_in_Hampi.JPG"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tuluva dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuluva_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k302-7"},{"link_name":"Bhoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoja"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_empire"},{"link_name":"Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Shahi_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golconda_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Bahmani Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Gajapatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajapati_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"Tungabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungabhadra_River"},{"link_name":"Krishna river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"Raichur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raichur_Doab"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur"},{"link_name":"Mughal Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_emperors"},{"link_name":"Babur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k302-7"},{"link_name":"Domingo Paes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Paes"},{"link_name":"Duarte Barbosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara"},{"link_name":"Mukku Timmanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Thimmana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vijayanagara_Voices_p.124-8"},{"link_name":"Timmarusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmarusu"},{"link_name":"Tenali Ramakrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenali_Ramakrishna"}],"text":"Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1509 to 1529\"Sri Krishna Deva Raya\" redirects here. For the 1970 film, see Sri Krishnadevaraya (film).Kannada inscription, dated 1513 CE, of Krishnadevaraya at the Krishna temple in Hampi describes his victories against the Gajapati Kingdom of Odisha.Krishnadevaraya (17 January 1471 — 17 October 1529) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire reigning from 1509 to 1529. He was the third monarch of the Tuluva dynasty, and is considered to be one of the greatest rulers in Indian history.[6] He ruled the largest empire in India after the fall of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate.[7] Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by many Indians. Krishnadevaraya earned the titles Andhra Bhoja (lit. \"Bhoja of Andhra\"), Karnatakaratna Simhasanadeeshwara (lit. \"Lord of the Jewelled Throne of Karnataka\"), Yavana Rajya Pratistapanacharya (lit. \"Establishment of the King to Bahmani Throne\"), Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (lit. \"Lord of the Kannada Empire), Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka (lit. \"Protector of Brahmins and Cows\") and Mooru Rayara Ganda (lit. \"Lord of Three Kings\"). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula by defeating the sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, the Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapatis of Odisha, and was one of the most powerful Hindu rulers in India.[1]Krishnadevaraya's rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation. This was the time when the land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna river (the Raichur doab) was acquired (1512), ruler of Odisha were subdued (1514) and severe defeats were inflicted on the Sultan of Bijapur (1520).When the Mughal Emperor Babur was taking stock of the potentates of north India, he rated Krishnadevaraya the most powerful, with the most extensive empire in the subcontinent.[7] The Portuguese travellers Domingo Paes and Duarte Barbosa visited the Vijayanagara Empire during his reign, and their travelogues indicate that the king was not only an able administrator but also an excellent general, leading from the front in battle and even attending to the wounded. On many occasions, the king changed battle plans abruptly, turning a losing battle into victory. The poet Mukku Timmanna praised him as the 'Destroyer of the Turks.'[8] Krishnadevaraya benefited from the counsel of his prime minister Timmarusu, whom he regarded as the father figure responsible for his coronation. Krishnadevaraya was also advised by the witty Tenali Ramakrishna, who was employed in his court.","title":"Krishnadevaraya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuluva Narasa Nayaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuluva_Narasa_Nayaka"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parents-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluva_Narasimha_Deva_Raya"},{"link_name":"Tuluva dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuluva_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Srirangapatna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srirangapatna"},{"link_name":"Tirumala Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumala_Devi"},{"link_name":"Kodagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodagu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rama Raya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Raya_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"Tirumala Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumala_Deva_Raya"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Krishnadevaraya was the son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka[9][10] and his queen Nagamamba.[11][12] Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was an army commander under Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, who later took control to prevent the disintegration of the empire and established the Tuluva dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. He accessed the throne after the death of his brother Viranarasimha.[13][citation needed] He was married to Srirangapatna's princess Tirumala Devi and his royal dancer from Kodagu, Chinna Devi.[citation needed] He was father to Tirumalamba (from Tirumala Devi), Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi) and Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi). His daughters were married to Prince Rama Raya of Vijayanagara and his brother Prince Tirumala Deva Raya.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahamani Sultans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Gajapatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajapati_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluva_Narasimha_Deva_Raya"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"His main enemies were the Bahamani Sultans (who, though divided into five small kingdoms, remained a constant threat), the Gajapatis of Odisha, who had been involved in constant conflict since the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, and Portugal, a rising maritime power which controlled much of the sea trade.[14]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmood_Shah_Bahmani_II"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Adil Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah"},{"link_name":"Raichur Doab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raichur_Doab"},{"link_name":"Bidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Gulbarga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaburagi"},{"link_name":"Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sultan Quli Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Quli_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Success in Deccan","text":"The raid and plunder of Vijayanagara towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya's rule. In 1509, Krishnadevaraya's armies clashed with them and Sultan Mahmud was severely injured and defeated.[15] Yusuf Adil Shah was killed and the Raichur Doab was annexed. Taking advantage of the victory, the Raya reunited Bidar, Gulbarga, and Bijapur into Vijayanagara and earned the title \"establisher of the Yavana kingdom\" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de facto ruler.[16] The Sultan of Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah was defeated by Timmarusu, the prime minister of Krishnadevaraya.[17] In 1513, Krishnadevaraya personally engaged in battle with Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah at Pangal. The Vijayanagar army suffered defeat at the hands of the Golconda forces, resulting in the capture of the Pangal fort from Vijayanagar. As a consequence, Raya was compelled to retreat.[18]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gajapatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajapati_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"Andhra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Andhra"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Prataparudra Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prataparudra_Deva"},{"link_name":"Udayagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udayagiri,_Nellore_district"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tirupati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumala_Venkateswara_Temple"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Kondaveedu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondaveedu_Fort"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Timmarusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmarusu"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kondaveedu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondaveedu_Fort"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Kalinganagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinganagar"},{"link_name":"Cuttack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttack"},{"link_name":"Gajapati Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajapati_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Krishna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_India"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"War with Kalinga","text":"The Gajapatis of Odisha ruled a vast land comprising parts of Bengal, Andhra, and Odisha.[19] Krishnadevaraya's success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into the coastal Andhra region, which was under the control of the Gajapati king Prataparudra Deva. The Vijayanagara army laid siege to the Udayagiri fort in 1512.[20] The campaign lasted for a year before the Gajapati army disintegrated due to starvation.[21] Krishnadevaraya offered prayers at Tirupati thereafter, along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinnama Devi.[22] The Gajapati army was then met at Kondaveedu. The armies of Vijayanagara, after establishing a siege for a few months, began to retreat due to heavy casualties.[23] Timmarusu discovered a secret entrance to the unguarded eastern gate of the fort and launched a night attack. This culminated with the capture of the fort and the imprisonment of Prince Virabhadra, the son of Prataparudra Deva.[24] Vasireddy Mallikharjuna Nayaka took over as governor of Kondaveedu thereafter.[25]Krishnadevaraya planned an invasion of Kalinga, but Prataparudra learned of this plan and formulated his own plan to defeat the former at the fort of Kalinganagar. Timmarusu discovered Prataparudra's plan by bribing a Telugu deserter from the service of Prataparudra. When the Vijayanagara Empire did invade, Prataprudra was driven to Cuttack, the capital of the Gajapati Kingdom.[26] Prataparudra eventually surrendered to the Vijayanagara Empire, and gave his daughter, Princess Jaganmohini, in marriage to Krishnadevaraya.[27] Krishnadevaraya returned all the lands that the Vijayanagara Empire had captured north of the Krishna River; this made the Krishna river the boundary between the Vijayanagara and Gajapati Kingdoms.[28]Krishnadevaraya established friendly relations with the Portuguese in Goa in 1510.[29] The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants.[30][31] He also utilized Portuguese expertise to improve the water supply to the Vijayanagara capital.[32]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Raichur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raichur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kannada_inscription_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_(1524_AD)_at_Ananthasayana_temple_in_Ananthasayanagudi.JPG"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Deccan sultanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_sultanates"},{"link_name":"Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golconda"},{"link_name":"Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Ismail Adil Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Adil_Shah"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Bahmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Raichur Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raichur_Fort"},{"link_name":"Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemmasani_Ramalinga_Nayudu"},{"link_name":"Pemmasani Nayaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemmasani_Nayaks"},{"link_name":"Battle of Raichur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raichur"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Bahmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur,_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2013292-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Bahmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani"},{"link_name":"Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Gulburga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulburga"},{"link_name":"Bahmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Timmarusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmarusu"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Belgaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgaum"},{"link_name":"Achyuta Deva Raya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyuta_Deva_Raya"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Final conflict and death","text":"See also: Battle of RaichurKannada inscription dated 1524 A.D., of Krishnadevaraya at the Anathasayana temple in Anathasayanagudi near Hampi. The temple was built in memory of his deceased son[citation needed]The complicated alliances of the empire and the five Deccan sultanates meant that he was continually at war. In one campaign, he defeated Golconda and captured its commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed Bijapur and its sultan Ismail Adil Shah,[33] and restored the Bahmani sultanate to the son of Muhammad Shah II.[34][page needed]The highlight of his conquests occurred on 19 May 1520 where he secured Raichur Fort from Ismail Adil Shah after a difficult siege in which 16,000 Vijayanagara soldiers were killed. The exploits of the military commander, Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu of the Pemmasani Nayaks, during the Battle of Raichur were distinguished and lauded by Krishnadevaraya.[35] It is said that 700,000-foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry, and 550 elephants were used.[36] Portuguese contingent [37] commanded by Cristovão de Figueiredo[38] with the use of fireweapons help to conquer the fortress.Krishnadevaraya was brutal towards Bahmani Generals of Raichur. Many Bahmani generals lost their lands. The other Muslim kings sent envoys to the emperor on hearing of his success and received a haughty reply.[citation needed] The king conveyed that if Adil Shah would come to him, do obeisance, and kiss his foot, his lands would be restored to him. The submission never took place. Krishnadevaraya then led his army as far north as Bijapur and occupied it.[39][40] He imprisoned three sons of a former king of the Bahmani dynasty, who had been held captive by the Adil Shah and he proclaimed the eldest as king of the Deccan.[41]Finally, in his last battle, he razed to the ground the fortress of Gulburga, the early capital of the Bahmani sultanate.In 1524, Krishnadevaraya made his son Tirumala Raya the Yuvaraja (crown prince). The prince did not survive for long: he was poisoned.[42] Suspecting Timmarusu, Krishnadevaraya had him blinded.[43] At the same time, Krishnadevaraya was preparing for an attack on Belgaum, which was in the Adil Shah's possession. Around this time, Krishnadevaraya fell ill and eventually died in 1529, succeeded by his brother, Achyuta Deva Raya.[44]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_dilapidated_main_mantapa_at_the_Vitthala_templein_Hampi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vitthala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitthala"},{"link_name":"Hampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampi"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India_p.94-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India_p.94-45"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India_p.94-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India_p.94-45"},{"link_name":"Amuktamalyada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuktamalyada"},{"link_name":"Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reference-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reference-48"}],"text":"Vitthala temple with musical pillars, Hoysala style multigonal base HampiDuring his reign he kept strict control over his ministers, and dealt severely with any minister who committed misdeeds.[45] He abolished obnoxious taxes such as the marriage fee.[45] To increase revenues, he brought new lands under cultivation, ordering the deforestation of some areas[45] and undertook a large-scale work to obtain water for irrigation around Vijayanagara.[46][47] Foreign travellers such as Paes, Nunez and Barbosa who visited Vijayanagara spoke highly of the efficiency of his administration and the prosperity of the people during his reign.[45]The administration of the empire was carried along the lines indicated in his Amuktamalyada. He was of the opinion that the King should always rule with an eye towards Dharma. His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire, during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and punish evildoers. With regard to the promotion of the economic progress of his people, Krishnadevaraya says: \"the extent of the kingdom is the means for the acquisition of wealth.[48] Therefore even if the land is limited in extent, excavate tanks and canals and increase the prosperity of the poor by leasing him the land for low ari and koru, so that you may obtain wealth as well as religious merit.\"[48]","title":"Internal affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kannada_inscription_(1509_AD)_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sri_Ranganayaka_Swamy_temple_Srirangapur,_Wanaparthy_Telangana,_India_-_7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ranganatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranganatha"},{"link_name":"Ranganathaswamy Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam"},{"link_name":"Srirangam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srirangam"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Suryanath_U._Kamat166-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Amuktamalyada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuktamalyada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vijayanagara_Voices_p.124-8"}],"text":"Kannada inscription describing the coronation of Krishnadevaraya at the entrance to Virupaksha temple, HampiSculpture of Ranganayaka (Ranganatha) at Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam.Krishnadevaraya was noted to be linguistically neutral as he ruled a multilingual empire. He is known to have patronised poets and issued inscriptions in languages as varied as Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil,. Krishnadevaraya himself was a polyglot, fluent in Kannada Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil. The official language of the Vijayanagara court was Kannada.[49]Krishnadevaraya patronized literature in various languages. The rule of Krishnadevaraya was an age of prolific literature in many languages, although it is particularly known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Telugu, Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor, who was fluent in many languages,.[50][51] The king himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada. His Sanskrit works include ‘Madalasa Charita’, ‘Satyavadu Parinaya’, ‘Rasamanjari’ and ‘Jambavati Kalyana’.The Telugu poet Mukku Timmanna praised him as a great general and stated: \"O Krishnaraya, you Man-Lion. You destroyed the Turks from far away with just your great name's power. Oh Lord of the elephant king, just from seeing you the multitude of elephants ran away in horror.\"[8]","title":"Art and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Model_of_court_in_Sri_Krishnadevaraya_asthanam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ashtadiggajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtadiggajas"},{"link_name":"Ashtadiggajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtadiggajas"},{"link_name":"Amuktamalyada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuktamalyada"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jayapalan-52"},{"link_name":"Amuktamalyada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuktamalyada"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chenchiah-53"},{"link_name":"Ashtadiggajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtadiggajas"},{"link_name":"prabandha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabandha_(Telugu)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chenchiah-53"},{"link_name":"Allasani Peddana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allasani_Peddana"},{"link_name":"Nandi Thimmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Thimmana"},{"link_name":"Parijathapaharanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parijatapaharanamu"},{"link_name":"Madayyagari Mallana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madayyagari_Mallana"},{"link_name":"Dhurjati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhurjati"},{"link_name":"Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyalaraju_Ramabhadrudu"},{"link_name":"Pingali Surana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingali_Surana"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Telugu literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_literature"},{"link_name":"Ramarajabhushanudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramarajabhushanudu"},{"link_name":"Harishchandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harishchandra"},{"link_name":"Nala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nala"},{"link_name":"Damayanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damayanti"},{"link_name":"Tenali Ramakrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenali_Ramakrishna"},{"link_name":"Shaivite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivite"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Tenali Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenali_Rama"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chenchiah-53"},{"link_name":"Molla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molla_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chenchiah-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chenchiah-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chenchiah-53"},{"link_name":"Basavapurana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basava_Purana"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"veterinary science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_science"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chenchiah-53"}],"sub_title":"Telugu literature","text":"Ashtadiggajas in the court of Krishnadevaraya.The rule of Krishnadevaraya is known as golden age of Telugu\nliterature. Eight Telugu poets were regarded as eight pillars of his literary assembly and known as Ashtadiggajas. Krishna Dev Raya himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada.[52]During the reign of Krishnadevaraya Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached their heyday. The great emperor was himself a celebrated poet having composed Amuktamalyada.[53] In the olden days, it was believed that eight elephants were holding the earth in eight different directions. The title Ashtadiggajas celebrates this belief and hence the court was also called Bhuvana Vijayam (Conquest of the World). This period of the Empire is known as the \"Prabandha Period,\" because of the quality of the prabandha literature it produced.[53]Allasani Peddana is considered to be the greatest and given the title of Andhra Kavita Pitamaha (the father of Telugu poetry). Svarocisha Sambhava or Manucharita, his popular prabandha work, was dedicated to Krishnadevaraya\nNandi Thimmana wrote Parijathapaharanam\nMadayyagari Mallana wrote Rajasekhara Charitramu\nDhurjati wrote Kalahasti Mahatyamu\nAyyalaraju Ramabhadrudu wrote Sakalakatha Sangraha and Ramaabhyudayamu\nPingali Surana wrote Raghava Pandaviyamu, Kalapurnodayam and Prabhavate Pradyamana– Raghavapandaveeyamu is a dual work with double meaning built into the text, describing both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.\n– Kalapurnodayam (\"full bloom of art\") has been considered the first original poetic novel in Telugu literatureBattumurthy, alias Ramarajabhushanudu, wrote Kavyalankarasangrahamu, Vasucharitra, Narasabhupaliyam and Harischandranalopakhyanamu, a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of King Harishchandra and Nala and Damayanti\nTenali Ramakrishna first wrote Udbhataradhya Charitramu, a Shaivite work. However, he later converted to Vaishnavism and wrote the Vaishnava devotional texts Panduranga Mahatmyamu, and Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu. Tenali Rama remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today, a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor.Other well-known poets were Sankusala Nrisimha Kavi, who wrote Kavikarna Rasayana,[53] Chintalapudi Ellaya, who wrote Radhamadhavavilasa and Vishnumayavilasa, the poet Molla, who wrote a version of the Ramayana,[53] Kamsali Rudrakavi, who wrote Nirankusopakhyana,[53] and Addamki Gangadhara, who wrote Tapatlsamvarana[53] and Basavapurana.[clarification needed] Manumanchi Bhatta wrote a scientific work on veterinary science called Haya lakshanasara.[53]","title":"Art and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kannada1-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kannada2-55"},{"link_name":"Vyasatirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasatirtha"},{"link_name":"Dvaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita"},{"link_name":"Madhva tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhva_tradition"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rajguru-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dina-57"},{"link_name":"Purandara Dasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purandara_Dasa"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Kannada literature","text":"He patronised several Kannada poets. Among them Mallanarya, who wrote Veera-shaivamruta, Bhava-chinta-ratna and Satyendra Chola-kathe; Chatu Vittalanatha who wrote Bhagavatha and Timmanna Kavi wrote a eulogy of his king in Krishna Raya Bharata.[54][55] Vyasatirtha, the noted Dvaita saint from Mysore (of the Madhva tradition) was the emperor's Rajaguru (\"royal guru\").[56] The writing Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari in Kannada is a recently discovered work.[57] The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishnadevaraya's time in his personal diary. However, it is not yet clear if the record was written by the king himself.Purandara Dasa, \"widely considered the father of Carnatic music\" was closely associated with the empire. He extolled the Madhwa philosophy in his compositions and was a disciple of the Rajaguru of the emperor. According to Sambamoorthy,[58] he was born as Srinivasa and had his formal initiation by Vyasatirtha took place around 1525 when he was about 40 years of age, when he was given the name Purandara Dasa. Purandara Daasa traveled extensively in southern India composing and rendering them in praise of his god Purandara Vittala. He spent his last years in Hampi where he rendered his compositions in Krishnadevaraya's court.","title":"Art and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81.JPG"},{"link_name":"Haridasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridasa"},{"link_name":"Tamil literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tamil1-59"}],"sub_title":"Tamil literature","text":"Tamil inscription of Krishnadevaraya, SeverappoondiKrishnadevaraya patronised the Tamil poet Haridasa, and Tamil literature soon began to flourish as the years passed by.[59]","title":"Art and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vyasatirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasatirtha"},{"link_name":"Advaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kannada1-54"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanskrit2-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanskrit4-61"}],"sub_title":"Sanskrit literature","text":"In Sanskrit, Vyasatirtha wrote Bhedojjivana, Tatparyachandrika, Nyayamrita (a work directed against the Advaita philosophy) and Tarkatandava. Krishnadevaraya, himself an accomplished scholar, wrote Madalasa Charita, Satyavadu Parinaya and Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana.[54][60][61]","title":"Art and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tirumala_overview.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vaikuntam Queue Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikuntam_Queue_Complex"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-62"},{"link_name":"Virupaksha Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virupaksha_Temple,_Hampi"},{"link_name":"Tirumala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkateswara_Temple,_Tirumala"},{"link_name":"Srisailam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Temple,_Srisailam"},{"link_name":"Amaravati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amararama"},{"link_name":"Chidambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"Ahobilam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahobilam"},{"link_name":"Tiruvannamalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachalesvara_Temple"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-62"},{"link_name":"Tirumala Venkateswara Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumala_Venkateswara_Temple"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Venkateshwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkateswara"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Srisailam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srisailam"},{"link_name":"mandapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandapa"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Sri Vaishnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Andal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andal"},{"link_name":"Amuktamalyada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuktamalyada"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-64"},{"link_name":"Madhva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta"},{"link_name":"Vyasatirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasatirtha"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"Tirumala Temple and Vaikuntam Queue Complex (semicircular building in the foreground) as seen from Srivari Padalu on Narayanagiri hillKrishnadevaraya respected all sects of Hinduism. He is known to have encouraged and supported various sects and their places of worship.[62] He rebuilt the Virupaksha Temple and other Shiva shrines. He gave land grants to the temples of Tirumala, Srisailam, Amaravati, Chidambaram, Ahobilam, and Tiruvannamalai.[62] He lavished on the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple numerous objects of priceless value, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords to nine kinds of precious gems.[63] Krishnadevaraya made Venkateshwara his patron deity.[64] He visited the temple seven times.[64] Out of the around 1,250 temple epigraphs published by the Tirumala Devasthanam, 229 are attributed to Krishnadevaraya.[64] A statue of Krishnadevaraya with two of his wives is found at the temple complex of Tirumala.[65] These statues are still visible at the temple at the exit. He also contributed in building parts of the Srisailam temple complex where he had rows of mandapas built.[66]Sri Vaishnavas claim that Krishnadevaraya himself was formally initiated into the Sri Vaishnava tradition and that's why he wrote a Telugu work on Andal, a Tamil Sri Vaishnava female saint, called the Amuktamalyada.[64] They claim that Venkata Tathacharya of the Sri Vaishnava sect was Krishnadevaraya's rajaguru, and he was considered influential.[64] But the Madhva text Vyasayogicarita the biography of Madhva seer Vyasatirtha says that the kulaguru of Krishnadevaraya. A manuscript from Madras Oriental Manuscript Library which is from a book written by Krishnadevaya himself in which Krishnadevaraya himself wrote that Vyasatirtha is his Rajaguru.\"[67]","title":"Religion and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"'Kiss My Foot,' Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy and the Battle for Raichur, 1520\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA275"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-107-03428-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03428-0"}],"text":"Eaton, Richard M. (2013), \"'Kiss My Foot,' Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy and the Battle for Raichur, 1520\", in Richard M. Eaton; Munis D. Faruqui; David Gilmartin; Sunil Kumar (eds.), Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards, Cambridge University Press, pp. 275–298, ISBN 978-1-107-03428-0\nSmith, Vincent, Oxford History of India, 4th ed., pp. 306–307, 312–313.\nDr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).\nProf K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Kannada inscription, dated 1513 CE, of Krishnadevaraya at the Krishna temple in Hampi describes his victories against the Gajapati Kingdom of Odisha.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kannada_inscription_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_%281513_AD%29_at_the_Krishna_temple_in_Hampi.JPG/170px-Kannada_inscription_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_%281513_AD%29_at_the_Krishna_temple_in_Hampi.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kannada inscription dated 1524 A.D., of Krishnadevaraya at the Anathasayana temple in Anathasayanagudi near Hampi. The temple was built in memory of his deceased son[citation needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kannada_inscription_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_%281524_AD%29_at_Ananthasayana_temple_in_Ananthasayanagudi.JPG/170px-Kannada_inscription_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_%281524_AD%29_at_Ananthasayana_temple_in_Ananthasayanagudi.JPG"},{"image_text":"Vitthala temple with musical pillars, Hoysala style multigonal base Hampi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/View_of_dilapidated_main_mantapa_at_the_Vitthala_templein_Hampi.jpg/250px-View_of_dilapidated_main_mantapa_at_the_Vitthala_templein_Hampi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kannada inscription describing the coronation of Krishnadevaraya at the entrance to Virupaksha temple, Hampi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG/161px-Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sculpture of Ranganayaka (Ranganatha) at Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sri_Ranganayaka_Swamy_temple_Srirangapur%2C_Wanaparthy_Telangana%2C_India_-_7.jpg/220px-Sri_Ranganayaka_Swamy_temple_Srirangapur%2C_Wanaparthy_Telangana%2C_India_-_7.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ashtadiggajas in the court of Krishnadevaraya.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Model_of_court_in_Sri_Krishnadevaraya_asthanam.jpg/277px-Model_of_court_in_Sri_Krishnadevaraya_asthanam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tamil inscription of Krishnadevaraya, Severappoondi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81.JPG/220px-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tirumala Temple and Vaikuntam Queue Complex (semicircular building in the foreground) as seen from Srivari Padalu on Narayanagiri hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tirumala_overview.jpg/220px-Tirumala_overview.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Tuluva dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuluva_dynasty"}]
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[{"reference":"Pollock, Sheldon (2003). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. University of California Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-5202-4500-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock","url_text":"Pollock, Sheldon"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179","url_text":"The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5202-4500-8","url_text":"0-5202-4500-8"}]},{"reference":"Srinivasan, C. R. (1979). Kanchipuram Through the Ages. Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 200. OCLC 5834894. Retrieved 25 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dJEcAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Kanchipuram Through the Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5834894","url_text":"5834894"}]},{"reference":"Sivasankaranarayana, Bh.; Rajagopal, M. V.; Ramesan, N. (1970). Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: Anantapur. Director of Print. and Stationery at the Government Secretariat Press, copies can be had from:Government Publication Bureau. p. 63.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GJphAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: Anantapur"}]},{"reference":"T. K. T. Viraraghavacharya (1997). History of Tirupati: The Thiruvengadam Temple, Volume 2. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. p. 469.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sZLXAAAAMAAJ&q=son+death","url_text":"History of Tirupati: The Thiruvengadam Temple, Volume 2"}]},{"reference":"Pollock, Sheldon (2011). Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800. Durham and London: Duke University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0822349044. OCLC 1171392877.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock","url_text":"Pollock, Sheldon"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC","url_text":"Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press","url_text":"Duke University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822349044","url_text":"978-0822349044"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1171392877","url_text":"1171392877"}]},{"reference":"Temple, Richard Carnac, ed. (1985). Indian Antiquary. Vol. 27. Delhi: Swati Publications. p. 276. Nộisimha had two sons, Viranşisinha and Kșishộarâya, the former by one of his queens Tippâmbân,Nagamâmbâ.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carnac_Temple","url_text":"Temple, Richard Carnac"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8nJDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Indian Antiquary"}]},{"reference":"Mallappa, T. N. (1974). Kriyasakti Vidyaranya. Bangalore: Department of Publications & Extension Lectures, Bangalore University. p. 149. OCLC 2202269. In those days , king was regarded as God Vishnu , but in the case of Krishnadevaraya , such a feeling could not be expected as he was the son of an usurper of the kingdom by his concubine.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6KA5AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Kriyasakti Vidyaranya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_University","url_text":"Bangalore University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2202269","url_text":"2202269"}]},{"reference":"\"Krishnadevaraya (1471 AD −1530 AD) of Vijaynagar empire who destroyed turks terribly\". 30 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ambiladharma.com/2023/03/krishnadevaraya-who-destroyed-turks.html","url_text":"\"Krishnadevaraya (1471 AD −1530 AD) of Vijaynagar empire who destroyed turks terribly\""}]},{"reference":"H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy, R. Ramakrishnan (1977). A History of Karnataka, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. S. Chand. p. 188.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g09uAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"A History of Karnataka, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day"}]},{"reference":"P. Sree Rama Sarma (1992). A History of the Vijayanagar Empire. Prabhakar Publications. p. 135. The invaders were checked at Diwani (Unidentified). In a hotly contested battle fought at Diwani the Sultan himself was thrown off his horse. He sustained serious injuries.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Karnataka State Gazetteer: Dharwad District (including Gadag and Haveri Districts). Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer. 1993. p. 53.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d5RPAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Karnataka State Gazetteer: Dharwad District (including Gadag and Haveri Districts)"}]},{"reference":"P. Raghunadha Rao (1993). Ancient and Medieval history of Andhra Pradesh. Sterling Publishers. p. 87. Timmarasu himself took command, defeated the Golconda army and captured its commander Madurl Mulk","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cohen, B. (8 January 2007). Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan 1850–1948. Springer. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-230-60344-8. Vijayanagar king Krishnadevaraya opted to march against the Qutb Shah leader. He came with 30,000 horses and 3,000 foot soldiers. Quli Qutb responded, and the two armies met at Pangal where the Vijayanagar army had encamped. In battle, the Golconda forces were successful, forcing the retreat of Krishnadevaraya who left behind a small force to defend the fort. The fort occupants held out for nearly two months before capitulating to the besieging Qutb Shah forces.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sZKHDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan 1850–1948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60344-8","url_text":"978-0-230-60344-8"}]},{"reference":"Panigrahi, Krishna Chandra. History of Orissa. pp. 191, 194–196.","urls":[]},{"reference":"N. K. Sahu, P. K. Mishra, Jagna Kumar Sahu (1981). History of Orissa. Nalanola. p. 234. Krishnadevaraya started his expedition against Udayagiri early in A.D. 1512.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya. Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka. 2011. p. 48. Starving the defenders into surrender seemed to be the only way open to the Raya.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya. Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka. 2010. p. 48. A relieved Raya left for the capital and on the way visited the temple of Tirupati and gave numerous gifts to the Lord in gratefulness for the victory at Udaygiri.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya. Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka. 2010. p. 47. The Raya's soldiers had to virtually blast their way through huge boulders to go anywhere near the foot of the fort wall … The Gajapati did such a fine job of defending the fort that the siege dragged on for fourteen months.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NZ9VmTYloC","url_text":"Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya"}]},{"reference":"Achintya Kumar Deb (1984). The Bhakti Movement in Orissa: A Comprehensive History. Kalyani Devi. p. 27. Pratapurdradeva could not protect it [Kondaveedu Fort] and he surrendered several military and civil officers, including Virabhadra, son of Prataparudredeva were taken captives by the king of Vijayanagar.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_s8XAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Bhakti Movement in Orissa: A Comprehensive History"}]},{"reference":"\"Imperial Gazetteer 2 of India, Volume 15, pp. 393 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library\". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 10 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif","url_text":"\"Imperial Gazetteer 2 of India, Volume 15, pp. 393 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library\""}]},{"reference":"Andhra Pradesh (India). Dept. of Archaeology (1962). Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 15. Krishnadevaraya went as far as Cuttack","urls":[]},{"reference":"N. Saraswathi Nanaiah (1992). The Position of Women During Vijayanagara Period, 1336–1646. Southern Printers. p. 135. \"When Krishnadeva Raya won against Gajapathi, he gave a lot of dowry to Krishnadeva Raya and gave his","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K1AqAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Position of Women During Vijayanagara Period, 1336–1646"}]},{"reference":"K. Jayasree (1991). Agrarian Economy in Andhra under Vijayanagar. Navrang. p. 21. ISBN 978-8170130840. Krishnadevaraya returned all the territory north of the river Krishna to Prataparudra Gajapati.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MQbtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Agrarian Economy in Andhra under Vijayanagar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170130840","url_text":"978-8170130840"}]},{"reference":"Bowman, John (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0231500043. Krishnadevaraya pursues friendly relations with Europeans, granting Portuguese trading rights in exchange for access to trade goods.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231500043","url_text":"978-0231500043"}]},{"reference":"Powell, Salem (2001). Magill's Guide to Military History. Salem Press. p. 1609. ISBN 978-0893560140. the importation and use of Arabian war horses and guns [by the Vijayanagara Empire].","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetomi0000unse/page/1609","url_text":"Magill's Guide to Military History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetomi0000unse/page/1609","url_text":"1609"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0893560140","url_text":"978-0893560140"}]},{"reference":"Directorate of Archaeology and Museums (2010). Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya. Government of Karnataka. p. 267. The rulers of Vijayanagara and Bahmanis mainly depended on Portuguese and Arabs for the import of quality horses for military operations.","urls":[]},{"reference":"I. M. Muthanna (1962). Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture. p. 38. He [Krishnadevaraya] erected a huge embankement near Hosept with the assistance of the Portuguese engineers.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uCYdAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture"}]},{"reference":"PSR (Standard Issue) (2009). Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 16, No. 2. Baywolf Press. p. 27. In 1520, Ismail Adil Shah recaptured the Raichur Doab from Vijayanagara. In May 1520, Krishnadevaraya sent his forces to Raichur and in the battle that ensued, Adil Shah was defeated and his forces were routed.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sharma, L.P (1987). History of Medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.). Konark Publishers. ISBN 978-8122000429. However, he [Krishnadevaraya] returned after placing on the throne the eldest son of Muhammad Shah II.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"History of Medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8122000429","url_text":"978-8122000429"}]},{"reference":"G. Surya Prakash Rao (2004). Krishnadeva Raya: The Great Poet-emperor of Vijayanagara. Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University. p. 36. in this battle, Pemmasani Ramalinga Naidu, the Kamma chief of Gandikota family, distinguished himself from the Vijayanagara side.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jackson, William (2016). Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature. Routledge. pp. Ramalinga Nayadu received a token gift from the king. ISBN 978-1317001935. 124","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317001935","url_text":"978-1317001935"}]},{"reference":"Reddy, Kittu (2003). History of India: A New Approach. Standard Publishers. p. 184. It is said that his army consisted of about a million men, with over 700,000 fighting men and 550 elephants …","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ismāʿīl ʿĀdil Shāh | Bijāpur ruler | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ismail-Adil-Shah","url_text":"\"Ismāʿīl ʿĀdil Shāh | Bijāpur ruler | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 16, No. 2\". 15 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSiaBAAAQBAJ&q=Raichur+Portuguese&pg=PA27","url_text":"\"Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 16, No. 2\""}]},{"reference":"Vijayanagara, Progress of Research, Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, 1996, p. 200","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fStuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Vijayanagara, Progress of Research"}]},{"reference":"Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh (2003). Military History of Medieval India. Vision Books. p. 342.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pandurang Bhimarao Desai (1970). A History of Karnataka: From Pre-history to Unification. Kannada Research Institute, Karnataka University. p. 371. Raya crowned his six-years-old son Tirumala as yuvaraja and introduced him to the affairs of the state But within one year the young prince died. It was reported that he was a victim of poison...","urls":[]},{"reference":"P. Raghunadha Rao (1993). Ancient and Medieval history of Andhra Pradesh. Sterling Publishers. p. 88. Krishnadeva Raya learnt that his son was poisoned by Timma, the son of his great minister Timmarasu. Both the son and father were captured and blinded.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pran Nath Chopra; B.N. Puri; M.N. Das (2003). A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India. Sterling Publishers. p. 93. ISBN 978--8120725089 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7fUHMEDAyEC&pg=PA93","url_text":"A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978--8120725089","url_text":"978--8120725089"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh / Tirupati News : Krishnadevaraya was Telugu: V-C\". Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130421082022/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/14/stories/2010091462650700.htm","url_text":"\"The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh / Tirupati News : Krishnadevaraya was Telugu: V-C\""},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/14/stories/2010091462650700.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hindu : Entertainment Chennai / Music : Genius of Vaidyanatha Iyer\". Archived from the original on 14 September 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060914104423/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002710600.htm","url_text":"\"The Hindu : Entertainment Chennai / Music : Genius of Vaidyanatha Iyer\""},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002710600.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"N. Jayapalan (2001). History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited. p. 92. ISBN 978-8171569281.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC","url_text":"History of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171569281","url_text":"978-8171569281"}]},{"reference":"P.Chenchiah (1928). A History of Telugu Literature (PDF). The Association Press and the Oxford University Press. p. 69.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151098305701675.pdf","url_text":"A History of Telugu Literature"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, William J. (2016). Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-317-00193-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QymrCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-00193-5","url_text":"978-1-317-00193-5"}]},{"reference":"Reddy, Pedarapu Chenna; Subrahmanyam, B. (2011). Gifts and Grants by Sri Krishnadevaraya: During His Visit to the Temples in Andhradesa. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 148.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtSgDOQp8N4C","url_text":"Gifts and Grants by Sri Krishnadevaraya: During His Visit to the Temples in Andhradesa"}]},{"reference":"Rao, Ajay K. (2014). Re-figuring the Ramayana as Theology: A History of Reception in Premodern India. Routledge. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-1-134-07742-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=70uvBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Re-figuring the Ramayana as Theology: A History of Reception in Premodern India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07742-7","url_text":"978-1-134-07742-7"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, William J. (2007). Vijaynagar Visions: Religious Experience and Cultural Creativity in a South Indian Empire. OUP India. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-19-568320-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BP5jAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Vijaynagar Visions: Religious Experience and Cultural Creativity in a South Indian Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568320-2","url_text":"978-0-19-568320-2"}]},{"reference":"Reddy, Pedarapu Chenna; Subrahmanyam, B. (2011). Gifts and Grants by Sri Krishnadevaraya: During His Visit to the Temples in Andhradesa. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 99.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtSgDOQp8N4C","url_text":"Gifts and Grants by Sri Krishnadevaraya: During His Visit to the Temples in Andhradesa"}]},{"reference":"\"Nagari Script\". Department of Archeology, Government of Tamil Nadu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tnarch.gov.in/nagari-script","url_text":"\"Nagari Script\""}]},{"reference":"Eaton, Richard M. (2013), \"'Kiss My Foot,' Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy and the Battle for Raichur, 1520\", in Richard M. Eaton; Munis D. Faruqui; David Gilmartin; Sunil Kumar (eds.), Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards, Cambridge University Press, pp. 275–298, ISBN 978-1-107-03428-0","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA275","url_text":"\"'Kiss My Foot,' Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy and the Battle for Raichur, 1520\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03428-0","url_text":"978-1-107-03428-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby_Kids
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Booby Kids
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["1 Gameplay","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (August 2012) Click for important translation instructions.
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1987 video gameBooby KidsCover artDeveloper(s)Nihon BussanPublisher(s)Nihon BussanComposer(s)Kenji YoshidaPlatform(s)Family ComputerReleaseJP: July 10, 1987Genre(s)ActionMode(s)Single-player
Booby Kids (ブービーキッズ) is an action video game for the Nintendo Family Computer. This video game is the home conversion of Nichibutsu's arcade game, Kid no Hore Hore Daisakusen (キッドのホレホレ大作戦), that was originally supposed to be named Booby Kids.
In 1993, Nichibutsu released for the Game Boy a similar game entitled Booby Boys.
Gameplay
Gameplay of the game's first world.
Booby Kids is a game played from an overhead perspective, with the player taking on the role of one of the titular Booby Kids, named for their ability to instantly dig booby traps in front of where they stand and bury hostile enemies that attempt to seek out and ultimately destroy the Booby Kids. Compared to Kid no Hore Hore Daisakusen, the levels in Booby Kids feature more of a reliance on puzzle-solving in addition to the maze like structures of the original game.
Levels range from the conventional prehistory setting of the first four levels to feudal Japan and even some futuristic levels inspired by science fiction. There are 21 levels in this game with five different bonus levels to gain extra points in. Objects to acquire in the other time zones include coconuts (in the prehistoric era), ancient Japanese scrolls (in feudal Japan), radios (in the World War II era), bags of money (in the modern era), and computer monitors (retrieved in the future era).
See also
Cratermaze
References
^ Release information for Booby Kids at MobyGames
^ Booby Boys at GameFAQs
^ Booby Boys at HTI
^ Overview of Booby Kids Archived 2014-11-15 at the Wayback Machine at allgame
^ Advanced overview of Booby Kids at Something Awful
External links
Booby Kids at GameFAQs
This action game–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"Cratermaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratermaze"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_25
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Net 25
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["1 History","2 Digital television","3 Programming","4 Net 25 Eagle News Service","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Philippine television network
This article is about the television channel. Not to be confused with Net.
Television channel
Net 25Logo used since 2023TypeBroadcast UHF/cable satellite Internet television networkCountryPhilippinesProgrammingLanguage(s)Filipino (main)English (secondary)Picture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to 16:9 480i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerEagle Broadcasting CorporationKey peopleCaesar R. Vallejos (President and CEO)Wilma V. Galvante (Creative Consultant)HistoryLaunchedJuly 27, 1999; 24 years ago (1999-07-27)Former namesUltraVision 25 (1999–2000)Planet 25 (2000–2001)LinksWebsitewww.net25.com
"Eagle News" redirects here. For the newspapers serving central New York, see Eagle Newspapers (New York).
Net 25 (capitalized and stylized as NET25) is a Philippine television network owned and operated by the Eagle Broadcasting Corporation. The network is named for its flagship station in Metro Manila, DZEC-TV, which is carried on UHF Channel 25 on analog terrestrial TV and UHF Channel 28 on digital terrestrial TV and has carried by major cable operators in the country. The station's broadcast facilities are located at the EBC Building, #25 Central Ave., New Era, Quezon City.
Net 25 has been reaching television audiences on the United States, Canada, numerous Asian and European countries, Australia and New Zealand, as well as the Middle East and North Africa.
History
Net 25 started its operations on July 27, 1999 and was officially launched on April 23, 2000 through a multimedia exhibit dubbed Destination: NET 25.
In late April 2001, Net 25 (along with sister station DZEC-AM) was the only station airing live coverage of the Pro-Estrada Rally (also known as EDSA III) - the rally ended in a failed siege of the Malacañang Presidential Palace on May 1, 2001. When Net 25 became known for blow-by-blow accounts of Philippine Events including Philippine National Elections, Philippine presidential inauguration, the Philippine President's State of the Nation Address and the Iglesia ni Cristo's anniversary event (every July 27 of the year). The programming originally consisted of teleradyo programs such as Liwanagin Natin, Con Todos Recados and Openline, canned programs related to technology, arts, lifestyle, and culture, as well as religious programs from the Iglesia ni Cristo including Ang Tamang Daan.
Net 25 eventually began introducing more original programs such as Spoon, MOMents, and Tribe.
From September 1 until 7, 2009, Net 25 (along with CEBSI-owned GEM TV (now INC TV)) was the only station airing live coverage of the wake and funeral of Iglesia ni Cristo's executive minister Eraño Manalo. Prior to this, during the network's news update, then-Net 25 newscaster Eunice Mariño and then-INC spokesperson Bienvenido Santiago announced that Manalo died at the age of 84.
On November 2011, Net 25 introduced a new station ID introducing the tagline Dito na 'ko (I'm Here), which replaced the old tagline Feed Your Mind, signaling Net 25's thrust to appeal to a more mainstream audience.
On January 4, 2014, Net 25 introduced a new station ID with a simple blue text superimposed on a Philippine eagle-inspired logo.
During the week of July 21-27, 2014, Net 25 was the official broadcaster of the Iglesia ni Cristo centennial celebrations.
In July 2015, due to the onslaught of the INC leadership scandals, Net 25 was relaunched with the slogan I Am One With 25 (a secularly-altered version of the code for the INC's Executive Minister Eduardo Manalo, I Am One With EVM), for a new slogan of the network in line with its new programming thrusts through its support of the INC's Executive Minister Eduardo Manalo.
On August 27-31, 2015, Net 25 preempted all regular programming to give way to the coverage of the Iglesia ni Cristo peaceful assembly.
On May 6, 2018, Net 25 was the official broadcaster of the INC Worldwide Walk to Fight Poverty charity event.
On October 4, 2020, Net 25 relaunched its logo retaining the "Net 25" 2014 wordmark, changing its color to gold and added the golden Philippine Eagle on the top. At the same time, Net 25 introduced its new programs such as Tagisan ng Galing, Happy Time, Kesayasaya, and EBC Music: #EnjoyMusicBeyondTheCrisis.
On October 31, 2021, Net 25 relaunched again its slogan as Let's Net Together sa Net 25 with a new station jingle and new station ID, re-imaging itself as a station targeting not only Iglesia ni Cristo members, but also a broader audience.
On February 8, 2022, Net 25 covered the campaign events of then-presidential candidate and former senator Bongbong Marcos and then-vice presidential candidate and then-Davao City mayor Sara Duterte held in the Philippine Arena, Ciudad de Victoria, Bocaue, Bulacan during the network's primetime news program, Mata ng Agila.
On December 5, 2022, Eric Quizon was tapped by EBC/Net 25 management to become the head of Net 25's newest talent management arm, NET25 Star Center.
Digital television
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2021)
Net 25, with the help of GEMNET, had the first digital and full HD coverage of the 2010 Philippine elections via the ISDB-T system through their sister station's frequency, Channel 49. It also offered real-time election results via datacasting. However, the coverage was only available in some areas in the Philippines.
Programming
Main article: List of Net 25 original programming
With its initial partnership with ZDTV (later known as TechTV in 2001), Net 25 was a television station devoted to information technology. It previously carried programs like Call for Help, Fresh Gear, Extended Play, NET Café, Next Step, Computer Chronicle and Audio File. Previously, it also featured programs from DW-TV Germany.
Net 25 has been the official broadcaster of the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) religious programs, including Ang Tamang Daan and Ang Mga Nagsialis sa Samahang Ang Dating Daan, which rebukes and debates claims made against the INC organization by the UNTV 37 programs Ang Dating Daan and Itanong Mo Kay Soriano hosted by Bro. Eli Soriano of the rival religious group Ang Dating Daan. Currently, the INC programs are aired under the unofficial INC-TV on Net 25 block.
Net 25's programming consists of news and public affairs programs by Eagle News Service and edutainment programs by EBC Edutainment TV. The programming is similar to that of Sonshine Media Network International (SMNI), a broadcast arm of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ (KJC) led by international televangelist pastor Apollo Quiboloy, another long-time rival of the INC. Net 25 has also featured a number of Korean dramas, including The Snow Queen, Class 7 Civil Servant, Flower I Am, Never Twice, A Place in the Sun, Fatal Promise, Mysterious Personal Shopper, Unwanted Family, House of Bluebird, and Gracious Revenge.
Net 25 Eagle News Service
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Net 25" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Net 25 Eagle News Service (formerly known as Net 25 Integrated News and Current Affairs, Eagle News and also known as Net 25 News) is the network's official news, information and public affairs division of the whole Eagle Broadcasting Corporation. The Eagle News Service was created in November 2011 in order to compete with the news organizations of three major TV networks. The organization produces news and information content for the flagship TV station Net 25, flagship AM radio station DZEC Radyo Agila 1062 and the network's official online news portal.
See also
Eagle Broadcasting Corporation
References
^ "Profile". Archived from the original on April 2, 2004. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
^ Net 25 Special Coverage INC 107th anniversary 2021. NET25 YouTube channel. July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
^ "Programs". Archived from the original on April 2, 2004. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
^ Ang Tamang Daan First Appearance in TV. IglesianiCristoEmbed YouTube channel. September 28, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
^ "Schedule". Archived from the original on February 18, 2004.
^ Hutchinson, Greg (2001). Hot Money, Warm Bodies: The Downfall of President Joseph Estrada. Anvil Publishing. pp. 249–251. ISBN 9789712711046. Retrieved August 25, 2020 – via Google Books.
^ "Lifestyle". Archived from the original on December 15, 2007.
^ Xiao Archives: At Ka Eraño Manalo's Wake and Funeral (Xiao Salutes Ka Erdy), 3, 7 September 2009. June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
^ Ka Eraño Manalo Funeral Part 1. September 8, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
^ Ka Erano " Erdy " Manalo Died : 1925 - 2009. September 1, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
^ "BertoCastIV - It's You MTV". Retrieved April 5, 2023.
^ "Net 25 Station ID 2014".
^ "Ciudad De Victoria Inauguration".
^ Net 25 Official Station ID - "I am One With 25". Net 25 YouTube Channel. January 27, 2016. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
^ "Update on Iglesia Ni Cristo peaceful assembly in EDSA". Retrieved April 5, 2023.
^ "Ilang media outfit, tinutukan ang Worldwide Walk to Fight Poverty ng Iglesia Ni Cristo".
^ "NET25, Philippine's first digital TV soars with new shows, unveils new logo during the pandemic". Eagle News. October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
^ Net 25 Official Station ID 2021. Net 25 YouTube Channel. October 31, 2021. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
^ Senatorial bets ng BBM-Sara uniteam, naglatag ng plataporma. Eagle News YouTube Channel. February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
^ "Eric Quizon, kinuhang head para sa talent management arm ng NET25". Philippine Entertainment Portal. December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
^ "NET-25.com: Homepage Videos". www.net-25.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2010.
^ "Schedule". Archived from the original on August 5, 2002.
^ "Schedule". Archived from the original on May 6, 2006.
^ Eagle News. www.youtube.com. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
^ HIV Awareness episode with Dr. Louie Gangcuangco at Net 25's Taumbahay. www.youtube.com. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
^ "Journalists, social media personalities slam 'trash' news reporting of Net25". lionheartv.net. May 25, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
^ Class 7 Civil Servant on NET 25 Starting on Feb. 3 at 7:30 pm. YouTube. NET25 EBC. February 2, 2014. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021.
^ Never Twice | Official Trailer | Net25. YouTube. NET25. March 14, 2022.
^ A Place in the Sun: Ang pagsisimula. YouTube. NET25. June 27, 2022.
^ Fatal Promise | Teaser. YouTube. NET25. September 22, 2022.
^ NET25: Unwanted Family (tag-dub trailer) - simula July 10 na!. YouTube. holaphofficial. June 27, 2023.
^ NET25: House of Bluebird (teaser) - simula November 27 na!. YouTube. holaphofficial. November 14, 2023.
^ NET25: Gracious Revenge | Filipino dubbed (teaser) - simula January 8 na!. YouTube. holaphofficial. January 7, 2024.
^ Online portal
External links
Official website
vteEagle Broadcasting Corporation
President
Caesar R. Vallejos
Chairman
Theoben Jerdan C. Orosa
Broadcast TV network
Net 25 Net 25 Manila
Flagship radio stations
DZEC 1062 Radyo Agila
Eagle FM 95.5
Radio networks
Radyo Agila
DWIN 1080 Radyo Agila Dagupan
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Eagle Newspapers (New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Newspapers_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"television network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network"},{"link_name":"Eagle Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"DZEC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZEC-DTV"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"}],"text":"This article is about the television channel. Not to be confused with Net.Television channel\"Eagle News\" redirects here. For the newspapers serving central New York, see Eagle Newspapers (New York).Net 25 (capitalized and stylized as NET25) is a Philippine television network owned and operated by the Eagle Broadcasting Corporation. The network is named for its flagship station in Metro Manila, DZEC-TV, which is carried on UHF Channel 25 on analog terrestrial TV and UHF Channel 28 on digital terrestrial TV and has carried by major cable operators in the country. The station's broadcast facilities are located at the EBC Building, #25 Central Ave., New Era, Quezon City.Net 25 has been reaching television audiences on the United States, Canada, numerous Asian and European countries, Australia and New Zealand, as well as the Middle East and North Africa.","title":"Net 25"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"DZEC-AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZEC-AM"},{"link_name":"Pro-Estrada Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA_III"},{"link_name":"Philippine National Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Philippine presidential inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_presidential_inauguration"},{"link_name":"the Philippine President's State of the Nation Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_Address_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Iglesia ni Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Iglesia ni Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo"},{"link_name":"Ang Tamang Daan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Tamang_Daan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"CEBSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Era_Broadcasting_Service_International"},{"link_name":"GEM TV (now INC TV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZCE-TV"},{"link_name":"Eraño Manalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era%C3%B1o_Manalo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Philippine eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_eagle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Iglesia ni Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"INC leadership scandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Iglesia_ni_Cristo_leadership_controversy"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Manalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_V._Manalo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Iglesia ni Cristo peaceful assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Iglesia_ni_Cristo_protests"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Happy Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Time_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Kesayasaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesayasaya"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bongbong Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Davao City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davao_City"},{"link_name":"Sara Duterte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Duterte"},{"link_name":"Philippine Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Arena"},{"link_name":"Ciudad de Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_de_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bocaue, Bulacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocaue,_Bulacan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Eric Quizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Quizon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Net 25 started its operations on July 27, 1999 and was officially launched on April 23, 2000 through a multimedia exhibit dubbed Destination: NET 25.[1]In late April 2001, Net 25 (along with sister station DZEC-AM) was the only station airing live coverage of the Pro-Estrada Rally (also known as EDSA III) - the rally ended in a failed siege of the Malacañang Presidential Palace on May 1, 2001. When Net 25 became known for blow-by-blow accounts of Philippine Events including Philippine National Elections, Philippine presidential inauguration, the Philippine President's State of the Nation Address and the Iglesia ni Cristo's anniversary event (every July 27 of the year).[2] The programming originally consisted of teleradyo programs such as Liwanagin Natin, Con Todos Recados and Openline,[3] canned programs related to technology, arts, lifestyle, and culture, as well as religious programs from the Iglesia ni Cristo including Ang Tamang Daan.[4][5][6]Net 25 eventually began introducing more original programs such as Spoon, MOMents, and Tribe.[7]From September 1 until 7, 2009, Net 25 (along with CEBSI-owned GEM TV (now INC TV)) was the only station airing live coverage of the wake and funeral of Iglesia ni Cristo's executive minister Eraño Manalo.[8][9] Prior to this, during the network's news update, then-Net 25 newscaster Eunice Mariño and then-INC spokesperson Bienvenido Santiago announced that Manalo died at the age of 84.[10]On November 2011, Net 25 introduced a new station ID introducing the tagline Dito na 'ko (I'm Here), which replaced the old tagline Feed Your Mind, signaling Net 25's thrust to appeal to a more mainstream audience.[11]On January 4, 2014, Net 25 introduced a new station ID with a simple blue text superimposed on a Philippine eagle-inspired logo. [12]During the week of July 21-27, 2014, Net 25 was the official broadcaster of the Iglesia ni Cristo centennial celebrations. [13]In July 2015, due to the onslaught of the INC leadership scandals, Net 25 was relaunched with the slogan I Am One With 25 (a secularly-altered version of the code for the INC's Executive Minister Eduardo Manalo, I Am One With EVM), for a new slogan of the network in line with its new programming thrusts through its support of the INC's Executive Minister Eduardo Manalo.[14]On August 27-31, 2015, Net 25 preempted all regular programming to give way to the coverage of the Iglesia ni Cristo peaceful assembly.[15]On May 6, 2018, Net 25 was the official broadcaster of the INC Worldwide Walk to Fight Poverty charity event. [16]On October 4, 2020, Net 25 relaunched its logo retaining the \"Net 25\" 2014 wordmark, changing its color to gold and added the golden Philippine Eagle on the top. At the same time, Net 25 introduced its new programs such as Tagisan ng Galing, Happy Time, Kesayasaya, and EBC Music: #EnjoyMusicBeyondTheCrisis.[17]On October 31, 2021, Net 25 relaunched again its slogan as Let's Net Together sa Net 25 with a new station jingle and new station ID, re-imaging itself as a station targeting not only Iglesia ni Cristo members, but also a broader audience.[18]On February 8, 2022, Net 25 covered the campaign events of then-presidential candidate and former senator Bongbong Marcos and then-vice presidential candidate and then-Davao City mayor Sara Duterte held in the Philippine Arena, Ciudad de Victoria, Bocaue, Bulacan during the network's primetime news program, Mata ng Agila.[19]On December 5, 2022, Eric Quizon was tapped by EBC/Net 25 management to become the head of Net 25's newest talent management arm, NET25 Star Center.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 Philippine elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Philippine_general_election"},{"link_name":"Channel 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZCE-TV"},{"link_name":"datacasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datacasting"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Net 25, with the help of GEMNET, had the first digital and full HD coverage of the 2010 Philippine elections via the ISDB-T system through their sister station's frequency, Channel 49. It also offered real-time election results via datacasting. However, the coverage was only available in some areas in the Philippines.[21]","title":"Digital television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"DW-TV Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle"},{"link_name":"Iglesia ni Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Sonshine Media Network International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonshine_Media_Network_International"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)"},{"link_name":"Apollo Quiboloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Quiboloy"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Korean dramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama"},{"link_name":"The Snow Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_(South_Korean_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Class 7 Civil Servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Grade_Civil_Servant"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Flower I Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_Too,_Flower!"},{"link_name":"Never Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Twice"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"A Place in the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Place_in_the_Sun_(South_Korean_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Fatal Promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Promise"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Mysterious Personal Shopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysterious_Personal_Shopper"},{"link_name":"Unwanted Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unasked_Family"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"House of Bluebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bluebird"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Gracious Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracious_Revenge"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"With its initial partnership with ZDTV (later known as TechTV in 2001), Net 25 was a television station devoted to information technology. It previously carried programs like Call for Help, Fresh Gear, Extended Play, NET Café, Next Step, Computer Chronicle and Audio File.[22] Previously, it also featured programs from DW-TV Germany.Net 25 has been the official broadcaster of the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) religious programs, including Ang Tamang Daan and Ang Mga Nagsialis sa Samahang Ang Dating Daan, which rebukes and debates claims made against the INC organization by the UNTV 37 programs Ang Dating Daan and Itanong Mo Kay Soriano hosted by Bro. Eli Soriano of the rival religious group Ang Dating Daan. Currently, the INC programs are aired under the unofficial INC-TV on Net 25 block.[23]Net 25's programming consists of news and public affairs programs by Eagle News Service[24] and edutainment programs by EBC Edutainment TV.[25] The programming is similar to that of Sonshine Media Network International (SMNI), a broadcast arm of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ (KJC) led by international televangelist pastor Apollo Quiboloy, another long-time rival of the INC.[26] Net 25 has also featured a number of Korean dramas, including The Snow Queen, Class 7 Civil Servant,[27] Flower I Am, Never Twice,[28] A Place in the Sun,[29] Fatal Promise,[30] Mysterious Personal Shopper, Unwanted Family,[31] House of Bluebird,[32] and Gracious Revenge.[33]","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eagle Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"DZEC Radyo Agila 1062","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZEC-AM"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Net 25 Eagle News Service (formerly known as Net 25 Integrated News and Current Affairs, Eagle News and also known as Net 25 News) is the network's official news, information and public affairs division of the whole Eagle Broadcasting Corporation. The Eagle News Service was created in November 2011 in order to compete with the news organizations of three major TV networks. The organization produces news and information content for the flagship TV station Net 25, flagship AM radio station DZEC Radyo Agila 1062 and the network's official online news portal.[34]","title":"Net 25 Eagle News Service"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Eagle Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Broadcasting_Corporation"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Profile\". Archived from the original on April 2, 2004. Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040402170653/http://net-25.com/profile.html","url_text":"\"Profile\""},{"url":"http://net-25.com/profile.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Net 25 Special Coverage INC 107th anniversary 2021. NET25 YouTube channel. July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/live/x1QCg84PLoc?feature=share","url_text":"Net 25 Special Coverage INC 107th anniversary 2021"}]},{"reference":"\"Programs\". Archived from the original on April 2, 2004. Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040402172046/http://www.net-25.com/programs.html","url_text":"\"Programs\""},{"url":"http://www.net-25.com/programs.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ang Tamang Daan First Appearance in TV. IglesianiCristoEmbed YouTube channel. September 28, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6JJ4jyvTGrQ&feature=youtu.be","url_text":"Ang Tamang Daan First Appearance in TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Schedule\". Archived from the original on February 18, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040218071302/http://www.net-25.com/schedule.html","url_text":"\"Schedule\""},{"url":"http://www.net-25.com/schedule.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, Greg (2001). Hot Money, Warm Bodies: The Downfall of President Joseph Estrada. Anvil Publishing. pp. 249–251. ISBN 9789712711046. Retrieved August 25, 2020 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vLEMAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Hot Money, Warm Bodies: The Downfall of President Joseph Estrada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvil_Publishing","url_text":"Anvil Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789712711046","url_text":"9789712711046"}]},{"reference":"\"Lifestyle\". Archived from the original on December 15, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071215025143/http://www.net-25.com/lifestyle.html","url_text":"\"Lifestyle\""},{"url":"http://www.net-25.com/lifestyle.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Xiao Archives: At Ka Eraño Manalo's Wake and Funeral (Xiao Salutes Ka Erdy), 3, 7 September 2009. June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=3fjX_SDqE7A&feature=youtu.be","url_text":"Xiao Archives: At Ka Eraño Manalo's Wake and Funeral (Xiao Salutes Ka Erdy), 3, 7 September 2009"}]},{"reference":"Ka Eraño Manalo Funeral Part 1. September 8, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=RVigOjEEcfQ&feature=youtu.be","url_text":"Ka Eraño Manalo Funeral Part 1"}]},{"reference":"Ka Erano \" Erdy \" Manalo Died : 1925 - 2009. September 1, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=mqM0phqsqvc&feature=youtu.be","url_text":"Ka Erano \" Erdy \" Manalo Died : 1925 - 2009"}]},{"reference":"\"BertoCastIV - It's You MTV\". Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JanCIIqu_rE","url_text":"\"BertoCastIV - It's You MTV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Net 25 Station ID 2014\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nU02lU-ttnU","url_text":"\"Net 25 Station ID 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ciudad De Victoria Inauguration\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-zGA7rhZQg","url_text":"\"Ciudad De Victoria Inauguration\""}]},{"reference":"Net 25 Official Station ID - \"I am One With 25\". Net 25 YouTube Channel. January 27, 2016. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37PZCwVfhDI","url_text":"Net 25 Official Station ID - \"I am One With 25\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/37PZCwVfhDI","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Update on Iglesia Ni Cristo peaceful assembly in EDSA\". Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ev32r9sToEw","url_text":"\"Update on Iglesia Ni Cristo peaceful assembly in EDSA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ilang media outfit, tinutukan ang Worldwide Walk to Fight Poverty ng Iglesia Ni Cristo\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XZM9mE5qWA","url_text":"\"Ilang media outfit, tinutukan ang Worldwide Walk to Fight Poverty ng Iglesia Ni Cristo\""}]},{"reference":"\"NET25, Philippine's first digital TV soars with new shows, unveils new logo during the pandemic\". Eagle News. October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eaglenews.ph/net25-philippines-first-digital-tv-soars-with-new-shows-unveils-new-logo-during-the-pandemic/","url_text":"\"NET25, Philippine's first digital TV soars with new shows, unveils new logo during the pandemic\""}]},{"reference":"Net 25 Official Station ID 2021. Net 25 YouTube Channel. October 31, 2021. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=rcitqA3FBYs","url_text":"Net 25 Official Station ID 2021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/rcitqA3FBYs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Senatorial bets ng BBM-Sara uniteam, naglatag ng plataporma. Eagle News YouTube Channel. February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9yoL8p_bHDs","url_text":"Senatorial bets ng BBM-Sara uniteam, naglatag ng plataporma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Quizon, kinuhang head para sa talent management arm ng NET25\". Philippine Entertainment Portal. December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/pep-troika/170145/eric-quizon-net25-talent-management-a4118-20221205","url_text":"\"Eric Quizon, kinuhang head para sa talent management arm ng NET25\""}]},{"reference":"\"NET-25.com: Homepage Videos\". www.net-25.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101112015235/http://www.net-25.com/homepage_video_the%20nation%20decide.html","url_text":"\"NET-25.com: Homepage Videos\""},{"url":"http://www.net-25.com/homepage_video_the%20nation%20decide.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Schedule\". Archived from the original on August 5, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020805124337/http://www.net-25.com/schedule.html","url_text":"\"Schedule\""},{"url":"http://www.net-25.com/schedule.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Schedule\". 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rail_Journeys
|
Great Rail Journeys
|
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Tourism in the United Kingdom
Great Rail JourneysCompany typePrivateIndustryTour operatorFounded1973HeadquartersYork, UK.Key peopleDave Riley (CEO); Jonathan Skolnick (CFO); Lisa Wood (Marketing Director); Julian Appleyard (Commercial Director); Kerry Jenkins (IT Director); Steve Lee (Operations Director)ProductsEscorted Rail ToursOwnerDuke StreetNumber of employees130+SubsidiariesRail Discoveries, GRJ Independent, Great Cruise Journeys, Vacations By RailWebsitewww.greatrail.com
Great Rail Journeys, based in York, United Kingdom, is a tour operator that offers escorted worldwide rail tour holidays. The company is Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) and Air Travel Organisers' Licensing (ATOL)-bonded and is a member of the Association of Independent Tour Operators (AITO).
History
Previous owner, ECI Partners, sold its stake in Great Rail Journeys in July 2018. Duke Street Capital, the UK based mid-market private equity firm, acquired Great Rail Journeys on 2 July 2018 for a sum of around £100million.
In 2018, Great Rail Journeys acquired Vacations By Rail and labelling their journeys in the USA under Vacations By Rail, while shutting down their headquarters in New York and moving their operations to Chicago.
References
^ Staff (2012). "About Us". Great Rail Journeys. Great Rail Journeys. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^ "ECI on track to deliver 3.6x multiple with the sale of Great Rail Journeys".
^ "Duke Street acquires Great Rail Journeys from ECI - Duke Street".
^ "Great Rail Journeys acquired by Duke Street". Travel Weekly. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
^ "Rail travel group sets sale to Duke Street in £100m deal". Sky News. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
External links
Official website
The Times - To Rome By Rail
vteTourism in the United Kingdom
Tourism
Economy of the United Kingdom
Nations andregionsEngland
Hotels in England
Lists of tourist attractions in England
List of National Trust land in England
List of National Trust properties in England
London Tourist Board
Resorts in England
Tourism in Leeds
Tourism in London
Tourism in Yorkshire
VisitEngland
Welcome to Yorkshire
Northern Ireland
Hotels in Northern Ireland
List of museums in Northern Ireland
Nature reserves in Northern Ireland
List of tourist attractions in Ireland
List of National Trust properties in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland Tourist Board
Scotland
Minister for Business, Trade, Tourism and Enterprise
Resorts in Scotland
ScotlandWhisky
Scottish Youth Hostels Association
VisitScotland
Wales
Capital Region Tourism
Forgotten Landscapes Project
List of museums in Wales
South West Wales Tourism Partnership
Tourism Partnership North Wales
Visit Wales
UKOTs and CrownDependencies
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Anguilla
Bermuda
British Antarctic Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Falkland Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Alderney
Isle of Man
Jersey
Montserrat
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
CompaniesCurrent
ACE Cultural Tours
Airtours
Carnival Corporation & plc
Cunard
P&O Cruises
City Sightseeing
Co-op Ski, Co-op Travel, Co-op Holidays
Cosmos Holidays
Cox & Kings
Ebookers
Ffestiniog Travel
Flight Centre
Great Rail Journeys
Hays Travel
Holidaybreak
Jet2holidays
NST
Kuoni Travel
Lastminute.com
Martin Randall Travel
PGL
Superbreak
Swan Hellenic
NetFlights
Thomas Cook Holidays
TUI Group
Trailfinders
Traveleyes
Defunct
Clarksons Travel Group
Club 18-30
Court Line
Directline holidays
EasyCruise
First Choice
Hogg Robinson Group
Horizon Travel
Kiss Flights
Lunn Poly
Mark Hammerton
MyTravel
Palmair
Thomas Cook Group
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TUI Travel
XL Leisure
Organisations
Camping and Caravanning Club
Caravan and Motorhome Club
Landmark Trust
National Trust
Youth Hostels Association
Industry bodies
ABTA
Association of Independent Tour Operators
Confederation of Tourism and Hospitality
Tourism Concern
VisitBritain
Touristdestinations
Blue Badge tourist guide
Holiday
Les Routiers
List of airlines of the United Kingdom
List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies
List of museums in the United Kingdom
List of amusement parks in the United Kingdom
List of past and present youth hostels in England and Wales
Category
Commons
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Staff (2012). \"About Us\". Great Rail Journeys. Great Rail Journeys. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greatrail.com/about-us.aspx","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"ECI on track to deliver 3.6x multiple with the sale of Great Rail Journeys\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecipartners.com/news-and-insights/news/2018/eci-grj-exit","url_text":"\"ECI on track to deliver 3.6x multiple with the sale of Great Rail Journeys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Duke Street acquires Great Rail Journeys from ECI - Duke Street\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dukestreet.com/index/latest-news/duke-street-acquires-great-rail-journeys-from-eci.html","url_text":"\"Duke Street acquires Great Rail Journeys from ECI - Duke Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great Rail Journeys acquired by Duke Street\". Travel Weekly. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://travelweekly.co.uk/articles/306851/great-rail-journeys-acquired-by-duke-street","url_text":"\"Great Rail Journeys acquired by Duke Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rail travel group sets sale to Duke Street in £100m deal\". Sky News. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/rail-travel-group-sets-sale-to-duke-street-in-100m-deal-11402393","url_text":"\"Rail travel group sets sale to Duke Street in £100m deal\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.dukestreet.com/","external_links_name":"Duke Street"},{"Link":"https://www.greatrail.com/","external_links_name":"www.greatrail.com"},{"Link":"http://www.greatrail.com/about-us.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://www.ecipartners.com/news-and-insights/news/2018/eci-grj-exit","external_links_name":"\"ECI on track to deliver 3.6x multiple with the sale of Great Rail Journeys\""},{"Link":"https://www.dukestreet.com/index/latest-news/duke-street-acquires-great-rail-journeys-from-eci.html","external_links_name":"\"Duke Street acquires Great Rail Journeys from ECI - Duke Street\""},{"Link":"http://travelweekly.co.uk/articles/306851/great-rail-journeys-acquired-by-duke-street","external_links_name":"\"Great Rail Journeys acquired by Duke Street\""},{"Link":"https://news.sky.com/story/rail-travel-group-sets-sale-to-duke-street-in-100m-deal-11402393","external_links_name":"\"Rail travel group sets sale to Duke Street in £100m deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.greatrail.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/italy/article3931004.ece","external_links_name":"The Times - To Rome By Rail"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_at_Sea_from_Hawaii_to_Malaya
|
The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Preproduction","3.2 Filming","4 Reception","4.1 Box office","4.2 Critical response","4.3 Douglas MacArthur's response","4.4 Accolades","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
|
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (February 2024) Click for important translation instructions.
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1942 Japanese filmThe War at Sea from Hawaii to MalayaTheatrical release posterDirected byKajiro Yamamoto
Special effects byEiji Tsuburaya
Written byKajiro YamamotoProduced byNobuyoshi MoritaStarringKaoru ItoSusumu FujitaAkitake KohnoSetsuko HaraCinematographyAkira MimuraMitsuo MiuraEdited byFusao HataMusic bySeiichi SuzukiProductioncompanyTohoDistributed byFilm Distribution Corporation Release date
December 3, 1942 (1942-12-03) (Japan)
Running time117 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapaneseBudget¥1 million
The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya (Japanese: ハワイ・マレー沖海戦, Hepburn: Hawai Mare Oki Kaisen) is a 1942 Japanese epic war film directed by Kajiro Yamamoto, with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya. Produced by Toho and distributed by Film Distribution Corporation , the film is propaganda produced with support from the Navy Ministry that was intended to influence the Japanese public into believing they could prevail in the Pacific War.
The military reportedly converted the idea of a documentary film on the attack on Pearl Harbor that featured special effects since it was difficult to record footage of the attack. Prior to the attack and Japan's subsequent entry into World War II, an Imperial Japanese Navy official met Tsuburaya and requested the production of a film about the attack as soon as possible when the war broke out. Production took place from May to November 1942, on a record breaking budget of ¥770,000.
The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya was released on December 3, 1942, to critical acclaim. The film won Kinema Junpo's Best Picture Award and Tsuburaya received an award for his special effects. Reportedly viewed by 100 million people in Japan and its occupied territories, it became the highest-grossing film in the history of Japanese cinema upon its distribution.
Plot
In 1936, Imperial Japanese Navy pilot Tadaaki Tachibana visits his aunt's farm, where younger cousin Yoshikazu Tomoda expresses his wish to become a pilot. Tadaaki encourages Yoshikazu only after challenging him to a cliff jump.
Yoshikazu undergoes basic training from 1937, participating in rowing, kendō, wrestling, and rugby. His drill instructor introduces the notion of facing adversity with the proper "spirit". One morning, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident is reported in the cadets' newspaper. The cadets intensify their training as the events of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second World War in Europe unfold. Their drill instructor declares that the situation in China may only be resolved through the defeat of the United States and the British Empire.
After a brief visit to his family, Yoshikazu progresses to training as a fighter pilot. He experiences survivor guilt when another cadet dies during a training exercise aboard an aircraft carrier. Tadaaki advises him not to give up his training, citing his own experiences in the military. Yoshikazu's sister Kikuko is concerned about the explosion of a world war, but informs him that their mother has accepted his decision to fight.
In late 1941, Yoshikazu is among those aboard an aircraft carrier destined for Pearl Harbor, although their mission is not immediately clear. As the pilots prepare for the attack, the officers listen for results over an American radio station. The mission is portrayed as a success: the torpedoes hit their intended target ships, and reinforcements engage in a dogfight with USAAF fighter planes. However, in a "precious sacrifice", one damaged Japanese plane crashes into an American hangar.
Meanwhile in Japanese-occupied French Indochina, a separate unit receives a briefing concerning the movements of HMS Repulse and HMS Prince of Wales. An initial attempt to bomb the ships during their nighttime departure from Singapore is aborted. Despite the ships leaving the range of the bombers, their crews are instructed to re-attempt the mission. The crew of one bomber, acknowledging that they lack the fuel to return home, proceeds with the attack on the British fleet. This mission too is successful, although the Prince of Wales incidentally sinks after the bomber runs out of ammunition.
Yoshikazu's family listens to a report of the attack on the radio, as do the officers aboard the aircraft carrier. One officer expresses his pleasure at Japan's strategic position.
Cast
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023)
Susumu Fujita
Setsuko Hara
Fumito Matsuo
Kunio Mita
Denjirō Ōkōchi
Jiro Takano
Daihachiro Takebayashi
Haruo Tanaka
Frank Tokunaga as Bunroku Tokunaga
Hiroshi Yamagawa
Production
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023)
Preproduction
Before Japan officially entered the war on the same day as the Pearl Harbor attack, Michibu Navy Major Shōichi Hamada reportedly met Tsuburaya and requested the production of a film about the attack as soon as possible when the war broke out.
Filming
Film making; miniature set of the Pearl Harbor and American warships
Hawai Mare oki kaisen was the most costly film made in Japan up to that time, costing over $380,000, when a typical film cost no more than $40,000. It used special effects and miniature models to create realistic battle scenes. These were intercut with genuine newsreel material to make the appearance of a documentary. The film was released during the week of the first anniversary of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
The special effects are by Eiji Tsuburaya.
Reception
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023)
Box office
Within its first eight days at the Japanese box office, the film had grossed ¥1,115,000. According to Toho, it was viewed by 100 million people in Japan and the country's occupied territories.
Critical response
Joseph L. Anderson comments that Hawai Mare oki kaisen was "representative of the national-policy films", with the aim of dramatizing "the Navy Spirit as culminated at Pearl Harbor." Critics at the time considered it the best film of 1942.
Douglas MacArthur's response
The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya was confiscated by Supreme Command Allied Powers after the war, who mistook it for genuine news footage of the attack, and it was released by Movietone as such.
Accolades
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Kinema Junpo Awards
Best Picture Award
The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya
Won
Japan Motion Picture Cinematographers Association
Visual Effects
Eiji Tsuburaya
Won
See also
Storm Over the Pacific, Toho, 1960
Notes
^ The film had a production budget of ¥770,000, with advertising costing an additional ¥150,000. Joseph L. Anderson stated that its budget was over US$380,000.
References
^ 映画渡世・地の巻 マキノ雅弘自伝 (in Japanese). Heibonsha. 2002. ISBN 978-4582282023.
^ Tanaka, Jun'ichirō (1957). 日本映画発逹史 (in Japanese). Vol. 2. Chuokoron-Shinsha. p. 322.
^ a b Hirano, Kyōko (20 January 1998). 天皇と接吻 アメリカ占領下の日本映画検閲 (in Japanese). 草思社. p. 327. ISBN 9784794207760.
^ a b c d Anderson, Joseph L. (1982). The Japanese Film: Art and Industry. Princeton University Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-691-00792-6.
^ a b McDonald, Jason (2007). "Hawai Mare Oki Kaisen". Retrieved 11 March 2015.
^ IMDB: Cast. Accessed 19 January 2009
^ Ryfle, Steve; Godziszewski, Ed (2017). Ishiro Honda: A Life in Film, from Godzilla to Kurosawa. Wesleyan University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780819570871.
^ a b Ragone, August (6 May 2014). Eiji Tsuburaya: Master of Monsters (paperback ed.). Chronicle Books. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4521-3539-7.
External links
Hawai Mare oki kaisen at IMDb
Scene from the film on YouTube
vteEiji TsuburayaFilmsSpecial effects director
Princess Kaguya (1935)
The Daughter of the Samurai (1937)
The Abe Clan (1938)
The Burning Sky (1940)
The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya (1942)
The Opium War (1943)
Fire on that Flag! (1944)
General Kato's Falcon Fighters (1944)
An Enemy of the People (1946)
A Thousand and One Nights with Toho (1947)
Gate of Flesh (1948)
The Invisible Man Appears (1949)
Escape at Dawn (1950)
Listen to the Voices of the Sea (1950)
The Lady of Musashino (1951)
The Skin of the South (1952)
The Man Who Came to Port (1952)
Anatahan (1953)
Eagle of the Pacific (1953)
Farewell Rabaul (1954)
Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (1954)
Godzilla (1954)
The Invisible Avenger (1954)
Godzilla Raids Again (1955)
Half Human (1955)
The Maiden Courtesan (1956)
The Legend of the White Serpent (1956)
Rodan (1956)
Throne of Blood (1957)
The Mysterians (1957)
The H-Man (1958)
Varan the Unbelievable (1958)
The Hidden Fortress (1958)
Monkey Sun (1959)
Submarine I-57 Will Not Surrender (1959)
The Three Treasures (1959)
Battle in Outer Space (1959)
The Secret of the Telegian (1960)
Storm Over the Pacific (1960)
The Human Vapor (1960)
The Story of Osaka Castle (1961)
Mothra (1961)
The Last War (1961)
Gorath (1962)
The Big Wave (1962)
King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962)
Chūshingura (1962)
Attack Squadron! (1963)
The Love Eterne (1963)
Legacy of the 500,000 (1963)
Matango (1963)
The Lost World of Sinbad (1963)
Atragon (1963)
Whirlwind (1964)
Mothra vs. Godzilla (1964)
Dogora (1964)
Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (1964)
None but the Brave (1965)
Frankenstein vs. Baragon (1965)
The Crazy Adventure (1965)
Invasion of Astro-Monster (1965)
The War of the Gargantuas (1966)
Ebirah, Horror of the Deep (1966)
King Kong Escapes (1967)
Ultraman: Monster Movie Feature (1967)
Son of Godzilla (1967)
Destroy All Monsters (1968)
Admiral Yamamoto (1968)
Samurai Banners (1969)
Latitude Zero (1969)
Battle of the Japan Sea (1969)
All Monsters Attack (1969)
Miscellaneous
A Page of Madness (1926)
Princess Kaguya (1935)
Across the Equator (1936)
Invisible Man (1954)
Samurai Banners (1969)
Monster Seafood Wars (2020)
Television
Mighty Atom (1959–1960)
Ultra Q (1966)
Ultraman (1966–1967)
Booska the Friendly Beast (1966–1967)
Ultraseven (1967–1968)
Mighty Jack (1968)
Fight! Mighty Jack (1968)
Horror Theater Unbalance (1973)
Miscellaneous
Tsuburaya Productions
Toho
Ultraman
Godzilla
Hajime Tsuburaya
Noboru Tsuburaya
Akira Tsuburaya
Hiroshi Tsuburaya
Aōdō Denzen
vteKinema Junpo Award for Best Film1927–1940
Ashi ni sawatta onna (1927)
A Diary of Chuji's Travels (1928)
Jobless Samurai (1929)
Beheading Place (1930)
What Made Her Do It? (1931)
The Neighbor's Wife and Mine (1932)
I Was Born, But... (1933)
Passing Fancy (1934)
A Story of Floating Weeds (1935)
Wife! Be Like a Rose! (1936)
Sisters of the Gion (1937)
Limitless Advance (1938)
Five Scouts (1939)
Earth (1940)
1941–1960
Kojima no haru (1941)
The Brothers and Sisters of the Toda Family (1942)
The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malay (1943)
Morning for the Osone Family (1947)
A Ball at the Anjo House (1948)
Drunken Angel (1949)
Late Spring (1950)
Until We Meet Again (1951)
Early Summer (1952)
Ikiru (1953)
An Inlet of Muddy Water (1954)
Twenty-Four Eyes (1955)
Floating Clouds (1956)
Darkness at Noon (1957)
The Rice People (1958)
The Ballad of Narayama (1959)
Kiku to Isamu (1960)
1961–1980
Her Brother (1961)
Bad Boys (1962)
Being Two Isn't Easy (1963)
The Insect Woman (1964)
Woman in the Dunes (1965)
Red Beard (1966)
The Great White Tower (1967)
Samurai Rebellion (1968)
The Profound Desire of the Gods (1969)
Double Suicide (1970)
Where Spring Comes Late (1971)
The Ceremony (1972)
The Long Darkness (1973)
Tsugaru Folk Song (1974)
Sandakan No. 8 (1975)
Kenji Mizoguchi: The Life of a Film Director (1976)
The Youth Killer (1977)
The Yellow Handkerchief (1978)
Third Base (1979)
Vengeance Is Mine (1980)
1981–2000
Zigeunerweisen (1981)
Muddy River (1982)
Fall Guy (1983)
The Family Game (1984)
The Funeral (1985)
And Then (1986)
The Sea and Poison (1987)
A Taxing Woman (1988)
My Neighbor Totoro (1989)
Black Rain (1990)
The Cherry Orchard (1991)
My Sons (1992)
Sumo Do, Sumo Don't (1993)
All Under the Moon (1994)
A Dedicated Life (1995)
A Last Note (1996)
Shall We Dance? (1997)
The Eel (1998)
Fireworks (1998)
Wait and See (2000)
2001–present
Face (2001)
Go (2002)
The Twilight Samurai (2003)
A Boy's Summer in 1945 (2004)
Nobody Knows (2005)
Break Through! (2006)
Hula Girls (2007)
I Just Didn't Do It (2008)
Departures (2009)
Dear Doctor (2010)
Villain (2011)
Postcard (2012)
Our Homeland (2013)
Pecoross' Mother and Her Days (2014)
The Light Shines Only There (2015)
Three Stories of Love (2016)
In This Corner of the World (2017)
The Tokyo Night Sky Is Always the Densest Shade of Blue (2018)
Shoplifters (2019)
It Feels So Good (2020)
Wife of a Spy (2021)
Drive My Car (2022)
Small, Slow But Steady (2023)
Okiku and the World (2024)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_film"},{"link_name":"war film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film"},{"link_name":"Kajiro Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajiro_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"Eiji Tsuburaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiji_Tsuburaya"},{"link_name":"Toho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho"},{"link_name":"Film Distribution Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Film_Distribution_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E9%85%8D%E7%B5%A6%E7%A4%BE"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"Navy Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kinema Junpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinema_Junpo"},{"link_name":"Best Picture Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinema_Junpo_Award_for_Best_Film_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing film in the history of Japanese cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Japanese_films"}],"text":"1942 Japanese filmThe War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya (Japanese: ハワイ・マレー沖海戦, Hepburn: Hawai Mare Oki Kaisen) is a 1942 Japanese epic war film directed by Kajiro Yamamoto, with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya. Produced by Toho and distributed by Film Distribution Corporation [ja], the film is propaganda produced with support from the Navy Ministry that was intended to influence the Japanese public into believing they could prevail in the Pacific War.The military reportedly converted the idea of a documentary film on the attack on Pearl Harbor that featured special effects since it was difficult to record footage of the attack. Prior to the attack and Japan's subsequent entry into World War II, an Imperial Japanese Navy official met Tsuburaya and requested the production of a film about the attack as soon as possible when the war broke out. Production took place from May to November 1942, on a record breaking budget of ¥770,000.The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya was released on December 3, 1942, to critical acclaim. The film won Kinema Junpo's Best Picture Award and Tsuburaya received an award for his special effects. Reportedly viewed by 100 million people in Japan and its occupied territories, it became the highest-grossing film in the history of Japanese cinema upon its distribution.","title":"The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"cliff jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_jumping"},{"link_name":"kendō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendo"},{"link_name":"Marco Polo Bridge Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"survivor guilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_guilt"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"USAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"HMS Repulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)"},{"link_name":"HMS Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"}],"text":"In 1936, Imperial Japanese Navy pilot Tadaaki Tachibana visits his aunt's farm, where younger cousin Yoshikazu Tomoda expresses his wish to become a pilot. Tadaaki encourages Yoshikazu only after challenging him to a cliff jump.Yoshikazu undergoes basic training from 1937, participating in rowing, kendō, wrestling, and rugby. His drill instructor introduces the notion of facing adversity with the proper \"spirit\". One morning, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident is reported in the cadets' newspaper. The cadets intensify their training as the events of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second World War in Europe unfold. Their drill instructor declares that the situation in China may only be resolved through the defeat of the United States and the British Empire.After a brief visit to his family, Yoshikazu progresses to training as a fighter pilot. He experiences survivor guilt when another cadet dies during a training exercise aboard an aircraft carrier. Tadaaki advises him not to give up his training, citing his own experiences in the military. Yoshikazu's sister Kikuko is concerned about the explosion of a world war, but informs him that their mother has accepted his decision to fight.In late 1941, Yoshikazu is among those aboard an aircraft carrier destined for Pearl Harbor, although their mission is not immediately clear. As the pilots prepare for the attack, the officers listen for results over an American radio station. The mission is portrayed as a success: the torpedoes hit their intended target ships, and reinforcements engage in a dogfight with USAAF fighter planes. However, in a \"precious sacrifice\", one damaged Japanese plane crashes into an American hangar.Meanwhile in Japanese-occupied French Indochina, a separate unit receives a briefing concerning the movements of HMS Repulse and HMS Prince of Wales. An initial attempt to bomb the ships during their nighttime departure from Singapore is aborted. Despite the ships leaving the range of the bombers, their crews are instructed to re-attempt the mission. The crew of one bomber, acknowledging that they lack the fuel to return home, proceeds with the attack on the British fleet. This mission too is successful, although the Prince of Wales incidentally sinks after the bomber runs out of ammunition.Yoshikazu's family listens to a report of the attack on the radio, as do the officers aboard the aircraft carrier. One officer expresses his pleasure at Japan's strategic position.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Susumu Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Fujita"},{"link_name":"Setsuko Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setsuko_Hara"},{"link_name":"Denjirō Ōkōchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denjir%C5%8D_%C5%8Ck%C5%8Dchi"},{"link_name":"Haruo Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruo_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"Frank Tokunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tokunaga"}],"text":"Susumu Fujita\nSetsuko Hara\nFumito Matsuo\nKunio Mita\nDenjirō Ōkōchi\nJiro Takano\nDaihachiro Takebayashi\nHaruo Tanaka\nFrank Tokunaga as Bunroku Tokunaga\nHiroshi Yamagawa","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Preproduction","text":"Before Japan officially entered the war on the same day as the Pearl Harbor attack, Michibu Navy Major Shōichi Hamada reportedly met Tsuburaya and requested the production of a film about the attack as soon as possible when the war broke out.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PearlHarborMockUp.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson1982-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald-6"},{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"special effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effects"},{"link_name":"Eiji Tsuburaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiji_Tsuburaya"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Film making; miniature set of the Pearl Harbor and American warshipsHawai Mare oki kaisen was the most costly film made in Japan up to that time, costing over $380,000, when a typical film cost no more than $40,000.[4][5] It used special effects and miniature models to create realistic battle scenes. These were intercut with genuine newsreel material to make the appearance of a documentary. The film was released during the week of the first anniversary of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.The special effects are by Eiji Tsuburaya.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirano-3"},{"link_name":"Toho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Within its first eight days at the Japanese box office, the film had grossed ¥1,115,000.[3] According to Toho, it was viewed by 100 million people in Japan and the country's occupied territories.[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson1982-4"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Joseph L. Anderson comments that Hawai Mare oki kaisen was \"representative of the national-policy films\", with the aim of dramatizing \"the Navy Spirit as culminated at Pearl Harbor.\" Critics at the time considered it the best film of 1942.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Command Allied Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers"},{"link_name":"Movietone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movietone_News"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson1982-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald-6"}],"sub_title":"Douglas MacArthur's response","text":"The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya was confiscated by Supreme Command Allied Powers after the war, who mistook it for genuine news footage of the attack, and it was released by Movietone as such.[4][5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirano-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson1982-4"}],"text":"^ The film had a production budget of ¥770,000, with advertising costing an additional ¥150,000.[2][3] Joseph L. Anderson stated that its budget was over US$380,000.[4]","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Film making; miniature set of the Pearl Harbor and American warships","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PearlHarborMockUp.jpg/220px-PearlHarborMockUp.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Storm Over the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Over_the_Pacific_(film)"}]
|
[{"reference":"映画渡世・地の巻 マキノ雅弘自伝 [Film Passage: Earth Volume: Autobiography of Masahiro Makino] (in Japanese). Heibonsha. 2002. ISBN 978-4582282023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KcFNAQAAIAAJ&q=%E8%A3%BD%E4%BD%9C%E8%B2%BB%20%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E6%B2%96%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%A6","url_text":"映画渡世・地の巻 マキノ雅弘自伝"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heibonsha","url_text":"Heibonsha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4582282023","url_text":"978-4582282023"}]},{"reference":"Tanaka, Jun'ichirō (1957). 日本映画発逹史 [History of the Origin of Japanese Cinema] (in Japanese). Vol. 2. Chuokoron-Shinsha. p. 322.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuokoron-Shinsha","url_text":"Chuokoron-Shinsha"}]},{"reference":"Hirano, Kyōko (20 January 1998). 天皇と接吻 アメリカ占領下の日本映画検閲 [The Emperor and the Kiss: Japanese Film Censorship Under U.S. Occupation] (in Japanese). 草思社. p. 327. ISBN 9784794207760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784794207760","url_text":"9784794207760"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Joseph L. (1982). The Japanese Film: Art and Industry. Princeton University Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-691-00792-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C2z3otM-y5kC&pg=PA131","url_text":"The Japanese Film: Art and Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00792-6","url_text":"0-691-00792-6"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Jason (2007). \"Hawai Mare Oki Kaisen\". Retrieved 11 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldwar2database.com/gallery/wwii1236","url_text":"\"Hawai Mare Oki Kaisen\""}]},{"reference":"Ryfle, Steve; Godziszewski, Ed (2017). Ishiro Honda: A Life in Film, from Godzilla to Kurosawa. Wesleyan University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780819570871.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ishiro-honda-a-life-in-film-from-godzilla-to-kurosawa","url_text":"Ishiro Honda: A Life in Film, from Godzilla to Kurosawa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819570871","url_text":"9780819570871"}]},{"reference":"Ragone, August (6 May 2014). Eiji Tsuburaya: Master of Monsters (paperback ed.). Chronicle Books. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4521-3539-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_Books","url_text":"Chronicle Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-3539-7","url_text":"978-1-4521-3539-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopawar_Agency
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Bhopawar Agency
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["1 History","2 Princely states and their feudatory estates","2.1 Salute States","2.2 Non-salute states","3 References","4 External links and Sources"]
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Coordinates: 22°55′N 75°15′E / 22.917°N 75.250°E / 22.917; 75.250
Bhopawar AgencySub-agency of the Central India Agency1882–1937Map of the Central India Agency with the Bhopawar Agency located at its western endArea • 190119,902 km2 (7,684 sq mi)Population • 1901 547,546
History • Merger of Bhil Agency and Bhil Sub-agency 1882• Merger into Malwa Agency 1937
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Bhil Agency
Malwa Agency
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bhopawar". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Bhopawar Agency was a sub-agency of the Central India Agency in British India with the headquarters at the town of Bhopawar, so the name. Bhopawar Agency was created in 1882 from a number of princely states in the Western Nimar and Southern Malwa regions of Central India belonging to the former Bhil Agency and Bhil Sub-agency with the capitals at Bhopawar and Manpur. The agency was named after Bhopawar, a village in Sardarpur tehsil, Dhar District of present-day Madhya Pradesh state. Manpur remained a strictly British territory.
Princely state
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Agencies of British India
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vte
The other chief towns of this region were: Badnawar, Kukshi, Manawar and Sardarpur, Chadawad Estate, Dattigaon. The mighty Vindhya and Satpura ranges crossed the territory of the agency roughly from east to west, with the fertile valley of the Narmada River lying between them. The agency also included the "Bhil Country", inhabited by the Bhil people.
History
At the time of its 1882 establishment, the agency had a total area of 7,684 square miles (19,900 km2), and its population was 547,546 according to the 1901 census.
In 1904 certain districts were transferred from this agency to the Indore Residency, created in 1899, and the area of Bhopawar was thus reduced by 3,283 square miles (8,500 km2).
In 1925 Bhopawar Agency was merged into Malwa Agency, and in 1927 the agency was renamed the Malwa-Bhopawar States Agency, which was renamed again as the Malwa Agency in 1934.
After Indian Independence in 1947, the rulers of the princely states within Malwa-Bhopawar Agency acceded to the Union of India, and the region became part of the new state of Madhya Bharat. Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 1956.
Princely states and their feudatory estates
Bhopawar Agency Information
Salute States
Salute states in the agency, by precedence, with their feudatories :
Dhar, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 15-guns
Alirajpur, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
including the extinct State of Phulmaal, which was incorporated into it earlier as well as Fiefs (Jagirs)
Ondhwa
Sondhwa.
Barwani, title Maharana, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
Jhabua, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns (till 1927, later shifted to (Malwa Agency)
Non-salute states
Minor and petty Princely states in the agency included (alphabetically, with their feudatories) :
Amjhera, title Rao
Bakhatgarh
Chhadawad, title Rao
Jobat, title Raja
Kathiwara, title Thakur
Mathwar, title Rana
Multhan.
Ratanmal, title Thakur.
in Indore State Territory's few enclaves like - Petlawad Tehsil, Dahi Jagir etc.
also including around about seventeen Feudal lords (Jagirdars) who paid direct tribute to Indore Durbar .
Further estates, not named above, include :
References
^ Great Britain India Office. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 8, p. 145.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bhopawar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 846.
External links and Sources
Dictionaries of South Asia Library, Chicago University
vteFormer princely states in Central IndiaSalute states
Ajaigarh
Ali Rajpur
Baoni
Baraundha
Barwani
Benares (Ramnagar)
Bhopal
Bijawar
Charkhari
Datia
Dewas Junior
Dewas Senior
Dhar
Gwalior
Indore (Holkar)
Jaora
Jhabua
Khilchipur
Maihar
Narsinghgarh
Orchha
Panna
Rajgarh
Rampur
Ratlam
Rewa
Sailana
Samthar
Sitamau
Non-salute states
Alipura
Bhadaura
Basoda
Beri (Bundelkhand)
Bhaisaunda
Bihat
Bijairaghogarh
Chhatarpur
Garha
Garrauli
Gaurihar
Jaitpur
Jaso
Jigni
Jobat
Kamta-Rajaula
Kathiwara
Khaniadhana
Kothi
Kurwai (Korwai)
Lugasi
Makrai
Maksudangarh
Mathwar
Mohammadgarh
Nagod(h)(e)
Naigawan Rebai
Pahara
Paldeo
Paron
Pathari
Piploda
Raghogarh
Ratanmal
Sarila
Sohawal
Taraon
Umri
Agra Barkhera
Kathaun
Khiaoda
Sangul Wardha
Sirsi
Jagir estates
Kanda
Borjhad
Bakhatgarh
Banka–Pahari
Bhaisunda
Bijna
Bilheri
Dhotria
Dhurwai
Jamnia State
Kachhi-Baroda
Kali-Baori
Kamta-Rajaula
Multhan
Nimkhera
Ondhwa
Panth-Piploda
Rajgadh
Sondhwa
Tori Fatehpur
Extinguished (e)states
Amjhera
Banpur
Vijayraghavgarh
Chirgaon
Jaitpur
Jalaun
Jhansi
Khaddi
Purwa
Tiroha
Shahgarh
Related topics
Central India Agency
Bagelkhand Agency
Bhopal Agency
Bhopawar Agency
Bundelkhand Agency
Chaube Jagirs
Gwalior Residency
Hasht-Bhaiya
List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)
Malwa Agency
Princely states annexed by the British Raj
Saugor and Nerbudda Territories
22°55′N 75°15′E / 22.917°N 75.250°E / 22.917; 75.250
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Bhopawar Agency was created in 1882 from a number of princely states in the Western Nimar and Southern Malwa regions of Central India belonging to the former Bhil Agency and Bhil Sub-agency with the capitals at Bhopawar and Manpur.[1] The agency was named after Bhopawar, a village in Sardarpur tehsil, Dhar District of present-day Madhya Pradesh state. Manpur remained a strictly British territory.The other chief towns of this region were: Badnawar, Kukshi, Manawar and Sardarpur, Chadawad Estate, Dattigaon. The mighty Vindhya and Satpura ranges crossed the territory of the agency roughly from east to west, with the fertile valley of the Narmada River lying between them. 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(Bundelkhand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beri_State"},{"link_name":"Bhaisaunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaisaunda_State"},{"link_name":"Bihat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihat_State"},{"link_name":"Bijairaghogarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijairaghogarh"},{"link_name":"Chhatarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatarpur_State"},{"link_name":"Garha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garha_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Garrauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrauli_State"},{"link_name":"Gaurihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurihar_State"},{"link_name":"Jaitpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaitpur_State"},{"link_name":"Jaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaso_State"},{"link_name":"Jigni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigni_State"},{"link_name":"Jobat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobat_State"},{"link_name":"Kamta-Rajaula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamta-Rajaula_State"},{"link_name":"Kathiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiwara_State"},{"link_name":"Khaniadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaniadhana_State"},{"link_name":"Kothi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kothi_State"},{"link_name":"Kurwai (Korwai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurwai_State"},{"link_name":"Lugasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lugasi_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Makrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makrai_State"},{"link_name":"Maksudangarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maksudangarh_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mathwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathwar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohammadgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammadgarh_State"},{"link_name":"Nagod(h)(e)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagod_State"},{"link_name":"Naigawan Rebai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naigawan_Rebai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahra"},{"link_name":"Paldeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paldeo_State"},{"link_name":"Paron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paron_State"},{"link_name":"Pathari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathari_State"},{"link_name":"Piploda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piploda_State"},{"link_name":"Raghogarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghogarh_State"},{"link_name":"Ratanmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratanmal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarila_State"},{"link_name":"Sohawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohawal_State"},{"link_name":"Taraon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraon_State"},{"link_name":"Umri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umri_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agra Barkhera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agra_Barkhera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kathaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathaun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khiaoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khiaoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sangul Wardha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangul_Wardha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sirsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirsi_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jagir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagir"},{"link_name":"Kanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanda,_Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Borjhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borjhad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bakhatgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhatgarh"},{"link_name":"Banka–Pahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banka%E2%80%93Pahari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bhaisunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaisunda"},{"link_name":"Bijna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bijna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bilheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilheri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dhotria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhotria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dhurwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhurwai_State"},{"link_name":"Jamnia State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamnia_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kachhi-Baroda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kachhi-Baroda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kali-Baori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kali-Baori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kamta-Rajaula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamta-Rajaula_State"},{"link_name":"Multhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multhan"},{"link_name":"Nimkhera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimkhera"},{"link_name":"Ondhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ondhwa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panth-Piploda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panth-Piploda"},{"link_name":"Rajgadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgadh"},{"link_name":"Sondhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sondhwa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tori Fatehpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Fatehpur"},{"link_name":"Amjhera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amjhera"},{"link_name":"Banpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banpur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vijayraghavgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayraghavgarh"},{"link_name":"Chirgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirgaon"},{"link_name":"Jaitpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaitpur"},{"link_name":"Jalaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaun"},{"link_name":"Jhansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansi"},{"link_name":"Khaddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaddi"},{"link_name":"Purwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purwa"},{"link_name":"Tiroha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiroha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shahgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahgarh"},{"link_name":"Central India Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_India_Agency"},{"link_name":"Bagelkhand Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagelkhand_Agency"},{"link_name":"Bhopal Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_Agency"},{"link_name":"Bhopawar Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bundelkhand Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundelkhand_Agency"},{"link_name":"Chaube Jagirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaube_Jagirs"},{"link_name":"Gwalior Residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_Residency"},{"link_name":"Hasht-Bhaiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasht-Bhaiya"},{"link_name":"List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)"},{"link_name":"Malwa Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa_Agency"},{"link_name":"Princely states annexed by the British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Princely_states_annexed_by_the_British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Saugor and Nerbudda Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugor_and_Nerbudda_Territories"},{"link_name":"22°55′N 75°15′E / 22.917°N 75.250°E / 22.917; 75.250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bhopawar_Agency¶ms=22_55_N_75_15_E_source:kolossus-cawiki"}],"text":"Dictionaries of South Asia Library, Chicago UniversityvteFormer princely states in Central IndiaSalute states\nAjaigarh\nAli Rajpur\nBaoni\nBaraundha\nBarwani\nBenares (Ramnagar)\nBhopal\nBijawar\nCharkhari\nDatia\nDewas Junior\nDewas Senior\nDhar\nGwalior\nIndore (Holkar)\nJaora\nJhabua\nKhilchipur\nMaihar\nNarsinghgarh\nOrchha\nPanna\nRajgarh\nRampur\nRatlam\nRewa\nSailana\nSamthar\nSitamau\nNon-salute states\nAlipura\nBhadaura\nBasoda\nBeri (Bundelkhand)\nBhaisaunda\nBihat\nBijairaghogarh\nChhatarpur\nGarha\nGarrauli\nGaurihar\nJaitpur\nJaso\nJigni\nJobat\nKamta-Rajaula\nKathiwara\nKhaniadhana\nKothi\nKurwai (Korwai)\nLugasi\nMakrai\nMaksudangarh\nMathwar\nMohammadgarh\nNagod(h)(e)\nNaigawan Rebai\nPahara\nPaldeo\nParon\nPathari\nPiploda\nRaghogarh\nRatanmal\nSarila\nSohawal\nTaraon\nUmri\nAgra Barkhera\nKathaun\nKhiaoda\nSangul Wardha\nSirsi\nJagir estates\nKanda\nBorjhad\nBakhatgarh\nBanka–Pahari\nBhaisunda\nBijna\nBilheri\nDhotria\nDhurwai\nJamnia State\nKachhi-Baroda\nKali-Baori\nKamta-Rajaula\nMulthan\nNimkhera\nOndhwa\nPanth-Piploda\nRajgadh\nSondhwa\nTori Fatehpur\nExtinguished (e)states\nAmjhera\nBanpur\nVijayraghavgarh\nChirgaon\nJaitpur\nJalaun\nJhansi\nKhaddi\nPurwa\nTiroha\nShahgarh\nRelated topics\nCentral India Agency\nBagelkhand Agency\nBhopal Agency\nBhopawar Agency\nBundelkhand Agency\nChaube Jagirs\nGwalior Residency\nHasht-Bhaiya\nList of princely states of British India (alphabetical)\nMalwa Agency\nPrincely states annexed by the British Raj\nSaugor and Nerbudda Territories22°55′N 75°15′E / 22.917°N 75.250°E / 22.917; 75.250","title":"External links and Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Bhopawar Agency Information","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bhopawar_Agency_States_and_estates.jpg/220px-Bhopawar_Agency_States_and_estates.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Bhopawar\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 846.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bhopawar","url_text":"Bhopawar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bhopawar_Agency¶ms=22_55_N_75_15_E_source:kolossus-cawiki","external_links_name":"22°55′N 75°15′E / 22.917°N 75.250°E / 22.917; 75.250"},{"Link":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=8&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_151.gif","external_links_name":"Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 8, p. 145."},{"Link":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_153.gif","external_links_name":"Dictionaries of South Asia Library, Chicago University"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bhopawar_Agency¶ms=22_55_N_75_15_E_source:kolossus-cawiki","external_links_name":"22°55′N 75°15′E / 22.917°N 75.250°E / 22.917; 75.250"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance
|
International Planetary Data Alliance
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
International Planetary Data AllianceAbbreviationIPDAFormation2006TypeINGORegion served WorldwideOfficial language EnglishWebsiteIPDA Official website
The International Planetary Data Alliance (IPDA), founded in 2006, is a closely cooperating partnership to maintain the quality and performance of data (including data formats) from planetary research using instruments in space. Specific tasks include promoting the international exchange of high-quality scientific data, organized by a set of standards to facilitate data management. NASA's Planetary Data System is the de facto standard for archiving planetary data. Member organizations participate in both its Board and on specific projects related to building standards and interoperable systems.
In 2008, a Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) resolution made the IPDA an official body to set standards around the world regarding the archiving of planetary data.
See also
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
Le site du Centre national d'études spatiales
Centre National d'Études Spatiales
European Space Agency
German Aerospace Center
Indian Space Research Organisation
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
UK Space Agency
References
^ Yang, Xiaoyu; Wang, Lizhe; Jie, Wei (2011-05-26). Guide to e-Science: Next Generation Scientific Research and Discovery. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-85729-439-5.
External links
The International Planetary Data Alliance
ESA Planetary Science Archive
NASA Planetary Data System
vtePublic-sector space agenciesAfricaPan-Africanand Pan-Arab
RASCOM
Arabsat
National
ASAL
EGSA
NARSS
ESSTI
GSSTC
NASRDA
SANSA
AmericasNorth America
CSA
NASA
NESDIS
OSC
FAA/AST
FCC
USSF
USSPACECOM
NRO
Latin Americaand the Caribbean
ALCE
AEM
CONAE
ABE
AEB
DCTA
INPE
ITA
CCE
ABAE
IVIC
AsiaPan-Asian
APSCO
Central Asia
KazCosmos1
Roscosmos1
SRI
VK
TNSA1
East Asia
CNSA
SASTIND
CASC
CALT
CAST
CCF
CGWIC
PLAASF
CASIC
JAXA
ISAS
JSS
NICT
NATA
KASA
KARI
KASI
SaTReC
TASA
South Asia
SPARRSO
ISRO 2
Antrix Corp
DoS
NRSC
DSA
SUPARCO
Southeast Asia
LAPAN
MYSA
PhilSA
SSTL
GISTDA
VNSC
Southwest Asia
ArmCosmos1
MAKA1
NSSA
IRIAF
NEHSA
ISA
ISRC
ISA
NCSR
SSA
KACST-SRI
SSA2
GORS
TUA
TÜBİTAK UZAY
UAESA (MBRSC)
EuropePan-European
CEN/CENELEC
CEPT
ETSI
Eurocontrol
ECAC
ESA
ECSS
ESRTC
EAC
ESRIN
ECSAT
ESAC
ESOC
ESTRACK
Guiana Space Centre
EUMETSAT
EUTELSAT IGO
ESO
EU and EEA
DG DEFIS
EUSPA
EU SatCen
EASA
BEREC
ALR 2
BelSPo
BIRA-IASB
SRTI2
CSO2
DTU Space
ESO1
CNES2
AAE
CdE
DLR2
HSC
HSO2
ASI
LSA
LSO1
SRON
NSO
NSC
POLSA2
CBK PAN
UKE
KRRiT
ORO
ULC
PTSPACE
ROSA2
INTA
AEC
EAE
AEE
SNSA
Other
ArmCosmos1
MAKA1
BSA1
KazCosmos1
Roscosmos1
SRI
VKO
SSO
TUA
TÜBİTAK UZAY
SSAU1
UKSA 2
Oceania
ASA
CSIRO
NZSA
World
CCSDS
CEOS
COSPAR
IPDA
Cospas-Sarsat
GEO
GSC
IADC
ICSMD
IMSO
ISECG
ISS MCB
ITSO
Intersputnik
ODCWG
ITU-R
UNCOPUOS
UNOOSA
Former
BNSC
KCST
NAL
NASDA
SSP
Interkosmos
See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation
This article about a scientific organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"planetary research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_science"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Planetary Data System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Data_System"},{"link_name":"Committee on Space Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research"}],"text":"The International Planetary Data Alliance (IPDA), founded in 2006,[1] is a closely cooperating partnership to maintain the quality and performance of data (including data formats) from planetary research using instruments in space. Specific tasks include promoting the international exchange of high-quality scientific data, organized by a set of standards to facilitate data management. NASA's Planetary Data System is the de facto standard for archiving planetary data. Member organizations participate in both its Board and on specific projects related to building standards and interoperable systems.In 2008, a Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) resolution made the IPDA an official body to set standards around the world regarding the archiving of planetary data.","title":"International Planetary Data Alliance"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenzia_Spaziale_Italiana"},{"title":"Le site du Centre national d'études spatiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_site_du_Centre_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_spatiales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Centre National d'Études Spatiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_National_d%27%C3%89tudes_Spatiales"},{"title":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"title":"German Aerospace Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center"},{"title":"Indian Space Research Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation"},{"title":"Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency"},{"title":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"},{"title":"UK Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Space_Agency"}]
|
[{"reference":"Yang, Xiaoyu; Wang, Lizhe; Jie, Wei (2011-05-26). Guide to e-Science: Next Generation Scientific Research and Discovery. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-85729-439-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zN9ErDWtxc0C&pg=PA129","url_text":"Guide to e-Science: Next Generation Scientific Research and Discovery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85729-439-5","url_text":"978-0-85729-439-5"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://planetarydata.org/","external_links_name":"IPDA Official website"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zN9ErDWtxc0C&pg=PA129","external_links_name":"Guide to e-Science: Next Generation Scientific Research and Discovery"},{"Link":"http://planetarydata.org/","external_links_name":"The International Planetary Data Alliance"},{"Link":"http://www.rssd.esa.int/psa/","external_links_name":"ESA Planetary Science Archive"},{"Link":"https://pds.nasa.gov/","external_links_name":"NASA Planetary Data System"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Planetary_Data_Alliance&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Buses_in_London
|
Night buses in London
|
["1 History","2 Operation","3 N1","4 N2","5 N3","6 N5","7 N7","8 N8","9 N9","10 N10","11 N11","12 N13","13 N15","14 N16","15 N18","16 N19","17 N20","18 N21","19 N22","20 N25","21 N26","22 N27","23 N28","24 N29","25 N31","26 N32","27 N33","28 N35","29 N38","30 N41","31 N44","32 N53","33 N55","34 N63","35 N65","36 N68","37 N72","38 N73","39 N74","40 N83","41 N86","42 N87","43 N89","44 N91","45 N97","46 N98","47 N109","48 N113","49 N133","50 N136","51 N137","52 N155","53 N171","54 N199","55 N205","56 N207","57 N242","58 N250","59 N253","60 N271","61 N277","62 N279","63 N343","64 N381","65 N550","66 N551","67 See also","68 References"]
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Series of night bus routes that serve Greater London
First London Alexander Dennis Enviro400 on route N26 in July 2011
London General Wright Eclipse Gemini bodied Volvo B7TL on route N11 in July 2014
Arriva London Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B5LH on route N29 in June 2014
The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23:00 and 06:00.
Many services commence from or operate via Trafalgar Square and are extensions or variations of daytime routes and hence derive their number from these; for example, route N73 from Oxford Circus to Walthamstow Central follows that of route 73 as far as Stoke Newington, before continuing further north.
History
The first night bus was introduced in 1913. By 1920 there were two 'All Night Bus Services' in operation named the 94 and 94a running from 23:30 to 05:30. A few more services were introduced over the following decades, but all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s. In 1978 London Transport listed 21 all-night bus routes. On many of these routes, "all-night" service meant a departure frequency of no more than one bus an hour. In April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the peak service required 80 buses; by August 2013 this had grown to 890.
Originally the night bus network had its own fare structure, but with the introduction of the Oyster card in 2003, it was incorporated into the Transport for London fare structure. Until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes. However, as some routes merely mirrored their day time equivalents, the N prefixes were dropped and these routes became 24-hour services; for example, route N14 was no longer differentiated from route 14.
Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with those of the equivalent daytime routes and awarded for a five-year period, with an optional two-year extension based on performance standards being met. Some however are tendered individually.
With some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service at weekends from August 2016, a further eight routes commenced 24-hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes were made as the Night Tube network expanded.
In May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary.
Operation
Night Bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day.
However, there are a few N-prefixed route numbers that have no relation to their daytime equivalents: the N5, N20, and N97 all operate in a different part of London to their respective day routes. Also, the N550 and N551 (which provide night service on parts of the DLR network), and the N271 (whose daytime service was withdrawn on 4 February 2023) have no corresponding daytime routes.
There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night but usually with a lower frequency during the night hours. The vast majority run the same route at all times. With the introduction of the Night Tube, some day routes have been extended to run during Friday and Saturday nights to serve the stations.
Route
Start
End
Operator
N1
Thamesmead
Tottenham Court Road station
Go-Ahead London
N2
Crystal Palace bus station
Marylebone station
Arriva London
N3
Bromley North railway station
Oxford Circus
Transport UK London Bus
N5
Edgware bus station
Trafalgar Square
RATP Dev Transit London
N7
Northolt tube station
Oxford Circus
Metroline
N8
Hainault
Oxford Circus
Stagecoach London
N9
Heathrow Terminal 5
Aldwych
Metroline
N11
Ealing Broadway station
Whitehall
Go-Ahead London
N15
Romford Market
Oxford Circus
Go-Ahead London
N18
Harrow Weald bus garage
Trafalgar Square
RATP Dev Transit London
N19
Clapham Junction railway station
Finsbury Park bus station
Arriva London
N20
Barnet Hospital
Trafalgar Square
Metroline
N21
Bexleyheath Shopping Centre
Trafalgar Square
Go-Ahead London
N22
Fulwell
Oxford Circus
Go-Ahead London
N25
Ilford
Oxford Circus
Stagecoach London
N26
Chingford railway station
London Victoria station
Stagecoach London
N27
Hammersmith bus station
Chalk Farm
Transport UK London Bus
N28
Camden Town
Southside Wandsworth
Metroline
N29
Enfield Town
Trafalgar Square
Arriva London
N31
Camden Town
Clapham Junction railway station
Metroline
N32
Edgware bus station
London Victoria station
Metroline
N33
Fulwell railway station
Hammersmith bus station
RATP Dev Transit London
N38
Walthamstow bus station
Victoria bus station
Arriva London
N41
Tottenham Hale bus station
Trafalgar Square
Arriva London
N44
Sutton railway station
Aldwych
Go-Ahead London
N53
Plumstead railway station
Whitehall
Stagecoach London
N55
Woodford Wells
Oxford Circus
Stagecoach London
N63
Crystal Palace bus station
London King's Cross railway station
Transport UK London Bus
N65
Chessington World of Adventures
Ealing Broadway station
RATP Dev Transit London
N68
Old Coulsdon
Tottenham Court Road station
Transport UK London Bus
N72
East Acton
Roehampton
RATP Dev Transit London
N73
Walthamstow bus station
Oxford Circus
Arriva London
N74
Roehampton
Baker Street tube station
Go-Ahead London
N83
Ealing Hospital
Golders Green tube station
Metroline
N86
Harold Hill
Stratford bus station
Stagecoach London
N87
Fairfield bus station
Aldwych
Go-Ahead London
N89
Erith
Trafalgar Square
Go-Ahead London
N91
Cockfosters tube station
Trafalgar Square
Go-Ahead London
N97
Hammersmith bus station
Trafalgar Square
Go-Ahead London
N98
Stanmore tube station
Red Lion Square
Metroline
N109
Croydon
Oxford Circus
Transport UK London Bus
N113
Edgware bus station
Trafalgar Square
Metroline
N133
Morden tube station
Liverpool Street bus station
Transport UK London Bus
N136
Chislehurst
Oxford Circus
Go-Ahead London
N137
Crystal Palace bus station
Oxford Circus
Arriva London
N140
Harrow Weald bus garage
Heathrow Central bus station
Metroline
N155
Morden tube station
Aldwych
Go-Ahead London
N171
Hither Green railway station
Tottenham Court Road station
Go-Ahead London
N199
St Mary Cray railway station
Trafalgar Square
Stagecoach London
N205
Leyton
Paddington
Stagecoach London
N207
Uxbridge tube station
Bloomsbury Square
Transport UK London Bus
N242
Homerton University Hospital
Tottenham Court Road station
Stagecoach London
N250
Brixton
Fairfield Halls
Arriva London
N253
Aldgate bus station
Tottenham Court Road station
Arriva London
N266
Brent Cross bus station
Hammersmith bus station
RATP Dev Transit London
N271
Finsbury Square
Tally Ho Corner
Metroline
N277
Cubitt Town
Islington
Stagecoach London
N279
Waltham Cross
Trafalgar Square
Arriva London
N343
New Cross Gate
Trafalgar Square
Go-Ahead London
N381
Peckham
Whitehall
Transport UK London Bus
N550
Canning Town bus station
Trafalgar Square
Stagecoach London
N551
Gallions Reach Shopping Park
Trafalgar Square
Stagecoach London
N1
Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square. It was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London on 14 November 1998. On 8 January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, and in April 2000 withdrawn between Trafalgar Square and Aldwych being diverted to Tottenham Court Road station. Upon being re-tendered, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses on 15 October 2005.
In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to Go-Ahead London, which included a five-year contract to operate route N1.
Current route
Route N1 operates via these primary locations:
Thamesmead
Abbey Wood station
Plumstead station
Woolwich Arsenal station
Charlton station
Cutty Sark for Maritime Greenwich station
Deptford
Surrey Quays station
South Bermondsey station
Elephant & Castle station
Waterloo station
Aldwych
Holborn station
Tottenham Court Road station
N2
Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square. In October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet and south from West Norwood station to Crystal Palace bus station. In June 1995, it was withdrawn between Camden Town and Friern Barnet, and rerouted to Hampstead Heath. In November 1999, the Trafalgar Square to Hampstead Heath section was withdrawn and replaced by route N24. Upon being re-tendered, it passed from Metroline to Arriva London in April 2000.
Current route
Route N2 operates via these primary locations:
Crystal Palace bus station
West Norwood station
Tulse Hill station
Brixton station
Stockwell station
Vauxhall bus station
Pimlico station
Victoria station
Hyde Park Corner station
Marble Arch
Marylebone station
N3
Route N3 began operating on 27 October 1989 between Beckenham Junction station and Victoria bus station via Oxford Circus. In October 1993, it was extended to start back at Chislehurst. In May 2000, it was altered to operate between Bromley North station and Oxford Circus. Its operation passed from London Central to Connex on the same date.
Route N3 was included in the sale of Connex to Travel London in February 2004 which in turn was sold to Abellio London in May 2009. New Routemasters commenced operating route N3 on 8 February 2016.
Current route
Route N3 operates via these primary locations:
Bromley North station
Bromley South station
Beckenham War Memorial
Clock House station
Beckenham Road tram stop
Kent House station
Penge Pawleyne Arms
Anerley station
Crystal Palace station
Herne Hill station
Brixton station
Kennington
Lambeth Palace
Westminster station
Trafalgar Square
Piccadilly Circus station
Oxford Circus station
N5
Route N5 commenced operating on 28 October 1989 between Edgware station and Victoria bus station. In June 1995, it was withdrawn between Trafalgar Square and Victoria. It was operated by Metroline since its inception until July 2020 when it passed to London Sovereign.
Current route
Route N5 operates via these primary locations:
Edgware bus station
Burnt Oak station
Colindale station
Hendon station
Hendon Central station
Golders Green station
Hampstead station
Belsize Park station
Chalk Farm station
Camden Town station
Euston bus station
Leicester Square station
Trafalgar Square
N7
Route N7 commenced operating on 30 August 2003 between Northolt and Russell Square partly replacing route N23. It was initially operated by First London. Upon being re-tendered it passed to Metroline on 23 June 2007 who commenced a further contract on 21 June 2014. In October 2014 it was withdrawn between Oxford Circus station and Russell Square.
Current route
Route N7 operates via these primary locations:
Northolt station
Yeading White Hart Roundabout
Greenford Broadway
Ealing Broadway station
Ealing Common station
Acton Central station
East Acton station
Hammersmith Hospital
Ladbroke Grove station
Westbourne Grove
Paddington station
Marble Arch station
Oxford Circus station
N8
Route N8 commenced operating on 13 August 1988 between Bow Church and Queensbury station. In July 1992, the Marble Arch to Queensbury section was withdrawn, with the route redirected to Victoria bus station. In July 1995, it was altered to operate from Woodford Wells to Trafalgar Square. In June 1999, it once again began operating to Victoria, albeit via Piccadilly Circus. This was altered in April 2000 with it now routed via Berkeley Square. In June 2004, its eastern terminus was altered to Hainault. In June 2009, it was again withdrawn between Oxford Circus and Victoria being replaced by route C2.
Route N8 has been operated by Stagecoach London since its inception. On 28 June 2014, a further contract commenced with New Routemasters.
Current route
Route N8 operates via these primary locations:
Hainault The Lowe
Hainault station
Barkingside
Gants Hill station
Redbridge station
Wanstead station
Leytonstone bus station
Leytonstone High Road station
Maryland station
Stratford bus station
Old Ford
Bethnal Green station
Shoreditch High Street station
Liverpool Street station
Bank station
St Paul's station
City Thameslink station
Chancery Lane station
Holborn station
Tottenham Court Road station
Oxford Circus station
N9
Route N9 commenced operating on 25 February 1994 between Kingston and Trafalgar Square replacing parts of routes N65 and N97. In March 1997 it was extended from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych. On 29 September 2001, the Hammersmith bus station to Kingston section was withdrawn and the route diverted to Heathrow Central bus station, as well as the new Heathrow Terminal 5 from 2008. Route N9 has been operated by London United since its inception. On 27 January 2024, this route was transferred to Metroline from their Brentford garage.
Current route
Route N9 operates via these primary locations:
Heathrow Terminal 5
Heathrow Central bus station
Hounslow West station
West Thames College
Isleworth station
Brentford
Kew Bridge station
Turnham Green
Hammersmith bus station
High Street Kensington station
Knightsbridge station
Green Park station
Trafalgar Square
Charing Cross station
Aldwych
N10
Route N10 commenced operating on 29 September 2001 between Richmond and Archway station replacing route N9 between Richmond and Hammersmith bus station. Initially operated by London United on 3 September 2004, the route passed to First London. At the same time, the route was withdrawn between King's Cross station and Archway, being replaced by route N390. On 29 January 2010 route N10 was withdrawn and replaced by routes 10 and 33.
Former route
Route N10 operated via these primary locations:
Richmond
Kew Bridge station
Turnham Green
Hammersmith bus station
High Street Kensington station
Hyde Park Corner station
Marble Arch station
Tottenham Court Road station
Euston bus station
King's Cross station
N11
Route N11 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between Shepherd's Bush Green and Liverpool Street station. In April 1985 it was extended at both ends, westward to Acton Town and east to Hackney Central. It was extended east again in November 1985 to Hackney Wick. In August 1986 it was diverted at the western end from Shepherd's Bush to Turnham Green, this was reversed in February 1994.
Having been replaced between Trafalgar Square and Hackney Wick in October 1989 by route N6, it resumed operating to Liverpool Street in February 1994. In March 2001 it was diverted at Hammersmith to Wembley Stadium. Having been operated by London United since its inception, on 29 June 2003 it was taken over by London General. On 7 June 2008, route N11 was diverted at West Ealing to Ealing Broadway station being replaced by route 297.
On 23 November 2022, it was announced that route N11 would be rerouted to run to Whitehall instead of Shoreditch following a successful consultation. The withdrawn section of the route is now covered by an extended route N26. This change was implemented on 29 April 2023.
Current route
Route N11 operates via these primary locations:
Ealing Broadway station
Northfields station
Acton Town station
Turnham Green station
Hammersmith bus station
Charing Cross Hospital
Fulham Broadway station
Sloane Square station
Victoria station
Westminster station
Trafalgar Square
Charing Cross station
Whitehall Horse Guards Parade
N13
Route N13 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between North Finchley and Trafalgar Square, being extended on 27 October 1984 from North Finchley to Chipping Barnet and on 8 July 1992 from Trafalgar Square to Victoria bus station, the latter being reversed on 23 June 1995. Upon being re-tendered, on 1 September 2001, the route passed from Metroline to London Sovereign being extended from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych on the same day. It ceased on 1 April 2017 when route 13 was converted to 24-hour operation.
Former route
Route N13 operated via these primary locations:
North Finchley bus station
Finchley Central station
Golders Green station
Finchley Road & Frognal station
Finchley Road station
Swiss Cottage station
St John's Wood station
Baker Street station
Oxford Circus station
Piccadilly Circus station
Aldwych
N15
Route 15 corridor
Legend
15H151155 N15
•••
Piccadilly Circus
••
Trafalgar Square
••
Aldwych
••
Ludgate Circus
••
Tower Hill
••
Aldgate
••
Limehouse
••
Blackwall
••
Canning Town
••
East Ham
•••
Barking
•••
Becontree Heath
•••
Romford Market
15H151155 N15
This diagram: viewtalkedit
Route N15 commenced operating on 15 July 1995 between Becontree Heath and Paddington station to replace a section of withdrawn route N95 between Becontree Heath and Aldgate. In August 1998 the route was extended from Becontree Heath to Romford Market and withdrawn between Marble Arch and Paddington. The latter was reverted in May 2001. In October 2007 the route was extended from Paddington to Paddington Basin. In August 2010 the route was withdrawn between Regent Street and Paddington Basin, this section replaced by route 159. In May 2013 the route was withdrawn between Trafalgar Square and Regent Street.
Having been operated by East London since its inception, it was taken over by Go-Ahead London on 26 August 2017 from their Henley Road bus garage, having part of the allocation run from River Road bus garage and additional services run from Camberwell bus garage.
Current route
Route N15 operates via these primary locations:
Romford Market
Romford station
Barking station
Canning Town bus station
Limehouse station
Aldgate East station
Aldgate station
Monument station
Cannon Street station
Mansion House station
St Paul's Cathedral
City Thameslink station
Charing Cross station
Trafalgar Square
Piccadilly Circus station
Oxford Circus station
N16
Route N16 commenced operating on 19 January 1991 between Edgware bus station and Victoria bus station via Trafalgar Square. In October 2002 it was rerouted away from Trafalgar Square to run direct from Marble Arch via Park Lane to Victoria. It has been operated by Metroline since the start of service.
On 23 November 2022, it was announced that route N16 would be renumbered as N32 following a successful consultation, due to the re-routing of the daytime route 16. This change was implemented on 29 April 2023.
Former route
Route N16 operated via these primary locations:
Edgware bus station
Burnt Oak
Colindale
West Hendon
Staples Corner
Cricklewood bus garage
Kilburn station
Brondesbury station
Kilburn High Road station
Maida Vale station
Edgware Road station
Marble Arch station
Hyde Park Corner station
Victoria station
N18
Route N18 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between Sudbury and Liverpool Street station. In April 1985 it was extended from Sudbury to Harrow Weald via Edgware at its outer end and curtailed from Liverpool Street to Aldwych at its inner end. Having been operated by First London since privatisation, it was included in the sale of Willesden Junction garage to Metroline in June 2013. In November 2017 operation of the route passed to London United.
Current route
Route N18 operates via these primary locations:
Harrow Weald bus garage
Harrow & Wealdstone station
Harrow-on-the-Hill station
Northwick Park Hospital
Sudbury & Harrow Road station
Wembley Central station
Stonebridge Park station
Harlesden Jubilee Clock
Kensal Green station
Royal Oak station
Edgware Road station
Baker Street station
Great Portland Street station
Oxford Circus station
Piccadilly Circus station
Trafalgar Square
N19
Route N19 commenced operating on 28 October 1989 between Clapham Junction station and Finsbury Park station. London General operated it until April 2000 when it was taken over by Arriva London. London General won the route back when re-tendered from March 2012, before it returned to Arriva operation in April 2017.
Current route
Route N19 operates via these primary locations:
Clapham Junction station
Battersea Bridge
Sloane Square station
Hyde Park Corner station
Green Park station
Piccadilly Circus station
Tottenham Court Road station
Clerkenwell Road
Angel station
Highbury & Islington station
Finsbury Park station
N20
Route N20 commenced operating on 28 October 1989 from Chipping Barnet to Aldwych as route N1. It was curtailed from Aldwych to Trafalgar Square on 18 July 1992. It was renumbered as N20 on 24 June 1995. First London operated it from 15 July 1998 until it returned to Metroline on 25 August 2003.
Current route
Route N20 operates via these primary locations:
Barnet Hospital
Chipping Barnet
High Barnet station
Finchley Central station
East Finchley station
Highgate station
Archway station
Tufnell Park station
Kentish Town station
Camden Town station
Euston bus station
Tottenham Court Road station
Trafalgar Square
N21
Current route
Route N21 operates via these primary locations:
Bexleyheath Shopping Centre
Bexley station
Blackfen
Eltham High Street
Lee Green
Lewisham station
New Cross Gate station
Old Kent Road
Bricklayers Arms
London Bridge station
Monument station
City Thameslink station
Trafalgar Square
N22
Route N22 commenced operating on 24 November 2000 between Richmond and Piccadilly Circus replace the withdrawn section of route N9 between Richmond and Putney Bridge. On 29 September 2001, the route was extended from Richmond to Kingston. On 3 June 2006, it was withdrawn curtailed from Kingston to Fulwell. It has always been operated by London General (now Go-Ahead London). On 16 July 2017, the route was withdrawn between Green Park and Piccadilly Circus and diverted to Oxford Circus via Berkeley Square, partly replacing route C2.
Current route
Route N22 operates via these primary locations:
Fulwell Stanley Road
Twickenham
Richmond Bridge
Richmond station
Mortlake
Barnes Bridge station
Putney Common
Putney Bridge station
Chelsea
Sloane Square station
Knightsbridge station
Knightsbridge
Hyde Park Corner station
Piccadilly
Green Park station
Berkeley Square
Oxford Circus
N25
Route N25 commenced operation on 15 July 1995 between Romford station and Trafalgar Square. Initially operated by East London, upon being re-tendered it passed to First London on 26 July 1999. It ceased on 26 June 2004, when route 25 was converted to 24-hour operation. Route N25 was reintroduced on 1 December 2018 when route 25 ceased to be a 24-hour route with Tower Transit operating it. Upon being re-tendered, it was taken over by Stagecoach London on 23 May 2020.
Current route
Route N25 operates via these primary locations:
Ilford
Little Ilford
Manor Park
Woodgrange Park station
Forest Gate
Stratford bus station
Bow Church station
Bow Road station
Mile End station
Stepney Green station
Whitechapel station
Aldgate East station
Aldgate station
Bank station
St Paul's station
City Thameslink station
Holborn Circus
Chancery Lane station
Holborn station
Tottenham Court Road station
Oxford Circus station
N26
Route N26 commenced operation on 18 July 1992 between Walthamstow Central station and Victoria bus station. It was introduced to replace the withdrawn sections of route N6 between Trafalgar Square and Walthamstow. In 1995 it was curtailed from Victoria to Trafalgar Square but extended at the other end to Walthamstow Fulbourne Road. In 2001 it was rerouted from Walthamstow Central to Chingford station, instead of Fulbourne Road, partly replacing route N38.
On 23 November 2022, it was announced that a proposed extension of route N26 to Victoria, in line with a revised (daytime) route 26, would be going ahead following a consultation; it was implemented on 29 April 2023.
Current route
Route N26 operates via these primary locations:
Chingford station
Chingford Mount
Walthamstow bus station
Leyton Midland Road station
Hackney Wick
Hackney Central
Cambridge Heath station
Shoreditch High Street
Liverpool Street station
Bank station
Mansion House station
St Paul's Cathedral
City Thameslink station
Trafalgar Square
Whitehall
Victoria station
N27
Route N27 was introduced on 3 February 2001 between Turnham Green and Chalk Farm. It was operated by First London. It ceased on 19 March 2004 when route 27 was converted to 24-hour operation. It resumed on 9 March 2019 when route 27 ceased to be a 24-hour route, this time being operated by London United. On 9 November 2019, it was taken over by Abellio London.
Current route
Route N27 operates via these primary locations:
Hammersmith bus station
Kensington (Olympia) station
High Street Kensington station
Notting Hill Gate station
Paddington station
Baker Street station
Regent's Park station
Great Portland Street
Mornington Crescent station
Camden Town station
Chalk Farm Chalk Farm Road
N28
Routes N28 and N31 corridor
Legend
N28 N31 31
Camden Town station
Chalk Farm station
Swiss Cottage station
South Hampstead station
Golders Green station 328
West Hampstead West End Green
West Hampstead Thameslink station
West Hampstead stations
Kilburn High Road station
Kilburn Park station
Maida Hill The Chippenham
Kensal Rise station 28
Harrow Road Prince of Wales Hotel
Westbourne Park station
Notting Hill Gate station
Holland Park station
Shepherd's Bush stations
White City bus station 31
High Street Kensington station
Earl's Court station
World's End 328
Earl's Court station
Battersea
Clapham Junction station N31
Kensington (Olympia) station
West Kensington station
Fulham Broadway station
Imperial Wharf station
Wandsworth Bridge
Wandsworth Town station
Southside Wandsworth
N28 28
This diagram: viewtalkedit
Route N28 commenced operating on 29 May 1999 between Camden Town and Southside Wandsworth.
On 24 July 2023, the route was diverted via King's Road and Battersea Bridge and terminating at Clapham Junction station from 24 July until 29 July due to Wandsworth Bridge being closed. On 30 July 2023, the route was reinstated to Southside Wandsworth, but diverted via King's Road and Battersea Bridge from 30 July until 2 October, missing stops between New Kings Road and Bridgend Road in both directions due to the closure of Wandsworth Bridge. The route returned to normal running via Wandsworth Bridge when it reopened on 2 October 2023.
Current route
Route N28 operates via these primary locations:
Camden Town station
Mornington Crescent station
Camden Town station
Chalk Farm station
Swiss Cottage station
South Hampstead station
Kilburn High Road station
Kilburn Park station
Westbourne Park station
Notting Hill Gate station
High Street Kensington station
Kensington (Olympia) station
West Kensington station
Fulham Broadway station
Wandsworth Bridge
Wandsworth Town station
Southside Wandsworth
N29
Route N29 commenced operating on 27 February 1980 between Enfield Town and Trafalgar Square. On 14 January 2006 it was curtailed from Enfield Town to Ponders End with Mercedes-Benz O530G articulated buses introduced. On 26 November 2011 it was converted back to double deck operation.
Current route
Route N29 operates via these primary locations:
Enfield Town
Winchmore Hill
Palmers Green
Wood Green station
Turnpike Lane station
Harringay Green Lanes station
Manor House station
Finsbury Park station
Camden Road station
Camden Town station
Warren Street station
Tottenham Court Road station
Trafalgar Square
N31
Routes N28 and N31 corridor
Legend
N28 N31 31
Camden Town station
Chalk Farm station
Swiss Cottage station
South Hampstead station
Golders Green station 328
West Hampstead West End Green
West Hampstead Thameslink station
West Hampstead stations
Kilburn High Road station
Kilburn Park station
Maida Hill The Chippenham
Kensal Rise station 28
Harrow Road Prince of Wales Hotel
Westbourne Park station
Notting Hill Gate station
Holland Park station
Shepherd's Bush stations
White City bus station 31
High Street Kensington station
Earl's Court station
World's End 328
Earl's Court station
Battersea
Clapham Junction station N31
Kensington (Olympia) station
West Kensington station
Fulham Broadway station
Imperial Wharf station
Wandsworth Bridge
Wandsworth Town station
Southside Wandsworth
N28 28
This diagram: viewtalkedit
Route N31 commenced operation on 11 November 1989 between Camden Town and Notting Hill Gate. It initially operated on Friday and Saturday nights only until it became a seven days a week service on 18 July 1992 with the Alexander bodied Mercedes-Benz 811Ds were replaced by Wright Handybus bodied Dennis Darts that in turn were replaced by Marshall Capital bodied Dennis Darts in 1999.
On 29 May 1999, the route was diverted to terminate at Clapham Junction station. It was converted back to double decker operation in June 2004 with Wright Eclipse Gemini bodied Volvo B7TLs. It was included in the June 2013 sale of First London's Westbourne Park to Tower Transit. Upon being re-tendered, on 28 April 2018 the route passed to Metroline.
Current route
Route N31 operates via these primary locations:
Camden Town station
Chalk Farm station
Swiss Cottage station
South Hampstead station
Kilburn High Road station
Kilburn Park station
Westbourne Park station
Notting Hill Gate station
High Street Kensington station
Earl's Court station
Battersea
Clapham Junction station
N32
Route N32 corridor
Legend
N32 32
Edgware bus station
Burnt Oak Broadway
Colindale
West Hendon Broadway
Staples Corner
Brent Cross West station 316
Brent Park Superstores 16
Cricklewood bus garage
Cricklewood Broadway
Kilburn station
Brondesbury station
Kilburn High Road station
Kilburn Park station 32
Queen's Park station
Ladbroke Grove Sainsbury's
Latimer Road station
Shepherd's Bush stations
White City bus station 316
Maida Vale station
Edgware Road station
Paddington station 16
Marble Arch station
Hyde Park Corner station
Victoria station
N32
This diagram: viewtalkedit
Route N32 commenced operating on 29 April 2023 between Edgware bus station and Victoria station when route N16 was renumbered to route N32 as part of the Central London bus changes.
Current route
Route N32 operates via these primary locations:
Edgware bus station
Burnt Oak
Colindale
West Hendon
Staples Corner
Cricklewood bus garage
Kilburn station
Brondesbury station
Kilburn High Road station
Maida Vale station
Edgware Road station
Marble Arch station
Hyde Park Corner station
Victoria station
N33
Route N33 commenced operating on 18 May 2019 between Fulwell station and Hammersmith bus station with the curtailment of route 33 due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge.
Current route
Route N33 operates via these primary locations:
Fulwell station
Teddington
North Sheen
Barnes station
Putney Bridge
Charing Cross Hospital
Hammersmith bus station
N35
Route N35 commenced on 26 April 1997 between Clapham Junction station and Trafalgar Square. In April 2000, the route was withdrawn between Holborn and Trafalgar Square and diverted to Tottenham Court Road station. Having been operated by London Central since its inception, upon being re-tendered in 2009 it was taken over by Travel London. It was included in the May 2009 sale of Travel London to Abellio London. It ceased on 30 April 2016 when route 35 was converted to 24-hour operation.
Former route
Route N35 operated via these primary locations:
Clapham Junction station
Brixton station
Loughborough Junction station
Camberwell
Elephant & Castle station
London Bridge station
Bank station
Liverpool Street station
Old Street station
Clerkenwell
Tottenham Court Road station
N38
Route N38 commenced operating on 14 July 1995 as a half hourly service between Trafalgar Square and Chingford Mount with hourly bifurcation to Chingford station and Chingford Hatch, replacing most of Route N96. Initially operated by East London, upon being tendered it passed to Arriva London from 19 April 1997, being diverted to Victoria bus station on the same date. On 28 April 2001, the route was curtailed from Chingford to Walthamstow.
Current route
Route N38 operates via these primary locations:
Walthamstow bus station
Bakers Arms
Lea Bridge railway station
Clapton Pond Lea Bridge Roundabout
Hackney Central station
Hackney Downs station
Dalston Junction station
Essex Road station
Angel station
Tottenham Court Road station
Green Park station
Hyde Park Corner station
Victoria bus station
N41
Route N41 commenced operation on 9 December 2000 between Tottenham Hale bus station and Archway. On 5 February 2005 it extended from Archway to Trafalgar Square. It has always been operated by Arriva London.
Current route
Route N41 operates via these primary locations:
Tottenham Hale bus station
Seven Sisters station
Turnpike Lane station
Hornsey station
Crouch End Broadway
Hornsey Rise
Archway station
Upper Holloway station
Holloway Road station
Highbury & Islington station
Angel station
Leicester Square station
Trafalgar Square
N44
Route N44 commenced operating on 18 August 1995 between Sutton station and Trafalgar Square. On 26 April 1996 it was extended to Aldwych. It has always been operated by London General (now Go-Ahead London).
Current route
Route N44 operates via these primary locations:
Sutton station
Mitcham tram stop
Tooting station
Tooting Broadway station
Earlsfield station
Wandsworth Town station
Battersea Park station
Victoria Coach Station
Victoria station
Parliament Square
Trafalgar Square
Charing Cross station
Aldwych
N53
Route N53 commenced operating on 27 October 1989 between Erith and Victoria bus station. On 28 July 1995 the route was extended at either end to Thamesmead and Oxford Circus. On 8 January 2000 the Thamesmead to Plumstead section was withdrawn. On 28 June 2002, the route was withdrawn between Plumstead and Erith. On 15 February 2003 it was withdrawn between Whitehall and Oxford Circus. It ceased on 20 March 2004 when route 53 was converted to a 24-hour service. It was reinstated on 15 June 2019 when route 53 ceased to be a 24-hour service.
Current route
Route N53 operates via these primary locations:
Plumstead station
Plumstead Common
Woolwich Arsenal station
Charlton
Blackheath
Deptford Bridge station
New Cross station
New Cross Gate station
Old Kent Road
Elephant & Castle station
Lambeth North station
Westminster station
Whitehall Horse Guards Parade
N55
Route N55 commenced operating on 28 April 2001 between Whipps Cross and Oxford Circus station. On 25 June 2004 it was extended from Whipps Cross to Woodford Wells. It has always been operated by Stagecoach London.
Current route
Route N55 operates via these primary locations:
Woodford Wells
South Woodford station
Snaresbrook
Wanstead station
Whipps Cross
Bakers Arms
Lea Bridge station
Clapton station
Hackney Downs station
Hackney Central station
Cambridge Heath station
Old Street station
Tottenham Court Road station
Oxford Circus station
N63
Route N63 commenced operating on 16 November 2002 between Crystal Palace bus station and King's Cross station. It is operated by Transport UK London Bus.
Current route
Route N63 operates via these primary locations:
Crystal Palace bus station
Honor Oak
Peckham Rye station
Peckham
Old Kent Road
Bricklayers Arms
Elephant & Castle station
Southwark station
Blackfriars station
Ludgate Circus
City Thameslink station
Farringdon station
King's Cross station
N65
Route N65 commenced operating on 31 August 2002 between Kingston upon Thames and Ealing Broadway station. It ceased on 24 January 2004 when route 65 was converted to 24-hour operation. It was reintroduced on 25 October 2018 between Chessington World of Adventures and Ealing Broadway.
Current route
Route N65 operates via these primary locations:
Chessington World of Adventures
Chessington South station
Chessington North station
Surbiton station
Kingston station
Ham Common
Richmond station
Kew Bridge station
Brentford
South Ealing station
Ealing Broadway station
N68
Route SL6 corridor
Legend
N68
Old Coulsdon
Coulsdon South station
Coulsdon Town station
Reedham station
Purley
South Croydon South End 468
East Croydon station
Wellesley Road tram stop
West Croydon bus station SL6
Thornton Heath High Street
Selhurst Park
Upper Norwood
West Norwood station 68
Tulse Hill station
Herne Hill station
SL6
Denmark Hill
King's College Hospital
Camberwell Green
Elephant and Castle 468
Waterloo station
Aldwych
Holborn station
Russell Square SL6
Euston bus station 68
Tottenham Court Road station
N68
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Route N68 commenced operating on 27 March 1999 between Purley Cross and Trafalgar Square. On 28 April 2000, the route was diverted at Aldwych via Kingsway, and High Holborn to Tottenham Court Road station and extended from Purley to Old Coulsdon. Having been operated by Arriva London from its inception, on 31 March 2006 it was taken over by London Central and on 31 March 2018 by Abellio London.
Current route
Route N68 operates via these primary locations:
Old Coulsdon
Coulsdon South station
Coulsdon Town station
Reedham station
Purley
South Croydon
East Croydon station
Wellesley Road tram stop
Thornton Heath High Street
Selhurst Park
Upper Norwood
West Norwood station
Tulse Hill station
Herne Hill station
Denmark Hill
King's College Hospital
Camberwell Green
Elephant & Castle station
Waterloo station
Aldwych
Holborn station
Tottenham Court Road station
N72
Route N72 commenced operating on 5 September 1999 between East Acton and Roehampton. It ceased on 24 April 2004 when route 72 was converted to 24-hour operation. With the closure of Hammersmith Bridge, it was reintroduced on 18 May 2019.
Current route
Route N72 operates via these primary locations:
East Acton
East Acton station
White City station
Shepherd's Bush station
Hammersmith bus station
Charing Cross Hospital
Putney Bridge
Barnes station
Roehampton
N73
Route N73 commenced operating on 22 September 1989 between Walthamstow Central station and Victoria bus station. On 17 June 2017, it was withdrawn between Victoria and Oxford Circus, being replaced by route 390.
Current route
Route N73 operates via these primary locations:
Walthamstow bus station
Blackhorse Road station
Tottenham Hale station
Seven Sisters station
South Tottenham station
Stamford Hill
Stoke Newington station
Essex Road station
Angel station
King's Cross station
St Pancras International station
Euston bus station
Euston Square station
Tottenham Court Road station
Oxford Circus station
N74
Route N74 commenced operating on 23 November 2002 between Roehampton and Baker Street station.
Current route
Route N74 operates via these primary locations:
Roehampton
Putney station
Charing Cross Hospital
West Brompton station
South Kensington station
Knightsbridge station
Hyde Park Corner station
Marble Arch station
Baker Street station
N83
Route N83 commenced operating on 13 September 2002 between Ealing Hospital and Golders Green station. Operated by First London, it ceased on 16 April 2004 when route 83 became a 24-hour service.
It was reintroduced on 13 September 2016 when route 83 was curtailed to only operate between Alperton and Golders Green stations and route 483 introduced between Ealing Hospital and Harrow bus station.
Current route
Route N83 operates via these primary locations:
Ealing Hospital
Ealing Broadway station
North Ealing station
Hanger Lane station
Alperton station
Wembley Central station
Wembley Stadium station
West Hendon
Hendon station
Hendon Central station
Golders Green station
N86
Route N86 commenced operating on 26 June 2004 between Harold Hill and Stratford bus station replacing the withdrawn section of route N25 between Harold Hill and Ilford.
Current route
Route N86 operates via these primary locations:
Harold Hill
Gallows Corner
Romford station
Chadwell Heath
Seven Kings station
Ilford
Manor Park
Woodgrange Park station
Forest Gate
Stratford Broadway
Stratford bus station
N87
Route N77 commenced on 18 August 1995 between Tolworth and Trafalgar Square. On 3 June 2006 route N77 was renumbered N87 and curtailed between Tolworth and Fairfield bus station.
Current route
Route N87 operates via these primary locations:
Fairfield bus station
New Malden
Raynes Park station
Wimbledon station
Southfields
Wandsworth
Clapham Junction station
Nine Elms station
Vauxhall bus station
Westminster station
Charing Cross station
Aldwych
N89
Route N89 commenced operating on 28 June 2002 between Erith and Trafalgar Square.
Current route
Route N89 operates via these primary locations:
Erith
Slade Green station
Barnehurst station
Bexleyheath
Welling station
Shooter's Hill
Blackheath station
Lewisham
Deptford Bridge station
New Cross station
New Cross Gate station
Queens Road Peckham station
Camberwell Green
Elephant & Castle station
Southwark station
Blackfriars station
Aldwych
Trafalgar Square
N91
Route N91 commenced operating on 25 February 1994 between Hornsey Rise and Trafalgar Square. On 23 June 1995, the route was extended from Hornsey Rise to Potters Bar. Having been operated by MTL London since its inception, when re-tendered it passed to Capital Citibus on 31 January 1997. It passed with the Capital Citybus to First London in July 1998. When next tendered, it was awarded to Metroline from 6 February 2009.
Current route
Route N91 operates via these primary locations:
Cockfosters station
Oakwood station
Southgate station
Arnos Grove station
New Southgate station
Bounds Green station
Wood Green station
Turnpike Lane station
Caledonian Road station
Caledonian Road & Barnsbury station
King's Cross station
Euston bus station
Russell Square station
Holborn station
Charing Cross station
Trafalgar Square
N97
The route is primarily used as a night replacement for the Piccadilly line between Piccadilly Circus and Hammersmith stations. Passengers can then continue their journey using night routes N91 (to Cockfosters) or N9 (to Heathrow). There is currently no night service for the Uxbridge branch. Operation of the route passed from London United to Tower Transit on 5 March 2016.
Current route
Route N97 operates via these primary locations:
Hammersmith bus station
West Brompton station
Earl's Court station
South Kensington station
Knightsbridge station
Hyde Park Corner station
Piccadilly Circus station
Trafalgar Square
N98
Route N98 commenced operating on 19 August 1995 between Stanmore station and Trafalgar Square. On 29 April 2000 the route was diverted at Oxford Circus to Red Lion Square. Initially operated by CentreWest, since 3 February 2001 it has been operated by Metroline.
Current route
Route N98 operates via these primary locations:
Stanmore station
Queensbury station
Kingsbury station
Neasden
Willesden bus garage
Kilburn High Road station
Maida Vale station
Edgware Road station
Marble Arch station
Oxford Circus station
Tottenham Court Road station
Red Lion Square
N109
Route N109 commenced operating on 11 March 1994 between Coulsdon and Aldwych. It was withdrawn on 17 September 1999, being replaced by route N159. It was reintroduced on 28 August 2010 between Croydon and Oxford Circus station replacing route N159. Initially operated by Arriva London, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Abellio London on 31 January 2015.
Current route
Route N109 operates via these primary locations:
Croydon Library
West Croydon bus station
Norbury station
Streatham station
Streatham Hill station
Brixton station
Kennington
Lambeth North station
Westminster station
Trafalgar Square
Piccadilly Circus station
Oxford Circus station
N113
Route N113 commenced operating on 30 June 2012 between Edgware bus station and Trafalgar Square partly replacing route N13.
Current route
Route N113 operates via these primary locations:
Edgware bus station
Mill Hill Circus
Watford Way
Hendon Central station
Finchley Road & Frognal station
Finchley Road station
Swiss Cottage station
St John's Wood station
Baker Street station
Oxford Circus station
Piccadilly Circus station
Trafalgar Square
N133
Route N133 commenced operation on 24 January 2003 between Tooting and Liverpool Street bus station. On 1 September 2007 it was diverted at Streatham to Mitcham. Having been operated by London General since its inception, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Arriva London on 22 January 2010.
Current route
Route N133 operates via these primary locations:
Morden station
Mitcham tram stop
Streatham Common station
Streatham station
Streatham Hill station
Brixton station
Kennington station
Elephant & Castle station
Borough station
London Bridge station
Monument station
Bank station
Moorgate station
Liverpool Street bus station
N136
Route N136 commenced operating on 9 February 2008 between Chislehurst and Oxford Circus station replacing route N36 between Grove Park and Oxford Circus. Having been operated by Stagecoach London since its inception, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Go-Ahead London on 27 May 2017.
Current route
Route N136 operates via these primary locations:
Chislehurst
Grove Park station
Catford bus garage
Lewisham station
New Cross Gate station
Queens Road Peckham station
Camberwell Green
Oval station
Vauxhall bus station
Victoria station
Westminster station
Piccadilly Circus station
Oxford Circus station
N137
Route N137 commenced operating on 16 March 2001 between Crystal Palace bus station and Oxford Circus station. Having been operated by London Central since its inception, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Arriva London on 9 July 2004.
Current route
Route N137 operates via these primary locations:
Crystal Palace bus station
Streatham Hill station
Clapham Common station
Queenstown Road station
Battersea Park station
Sloane Square station
Knightsbridge station
Hyde Park Corner station
Marble Arch station
Bond Street station
Oxford Circus station
N155
Route N155 commenced operating on 18 August 1995 between Sutton station and Trafalgar Square. On 28 May 1999, the route was extended from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych. On 12 December 2003, it was withdrawn between Sutton and Morden, being replaced by route N44. It has been operated by London General (now Go-Ahead London) since its inception.
Current route
Route N155 operates via these primary locations:
Morden station
Morden Road tram stop
South Wimbledon station
Colliers Wood station
Tooting Broadway station
Tooting Bec station
Balham station
Clapham South station
Clapham Common station
Clapham High Street station
Clapham North station
Stockwell station
Oval station
Kennington station
Elephant & Castle station
Lambeth North station
Westminster station
Trafalgar Square
Charing Cross station
Aldwych
N171
Route N171 commenced operating on 27 April 1996 between Hither Green station and Trafalgar Square. In 2000 it route was diverted at Aldwych to Tottenham Court Road station instead of Trafalgar Square. In 2006, the route was changed to terminate at Catford bus garage instead of Hither Green, and so mirror the day 171 route.
On 30 April 2011 it was rerouted back to Hither Green station. It is operated by Go-Ahead London.
Current route
Route N171 operates via these primary locations:
Hither Green station
Catford Bridge station
Catford station
Crofton Park station
New Cross station
New Cross Gate station
Queens Road Peckham station
Elephant & Castle station
Waterloo station
Aldwych
Holborn station
Tottenham Court Road station
N199
Route N199 commenced operating on 12 September 2015 between St Mary Cray station and Trafalgar Square to replace discontinued night bus N47.
Current route
Route N199 operates via these primary locations:
St Mary Cray station
Orpington station
Petts Wood station
Bromley Common
Bromley South station
Downham
Catford
Ladywell
Lewisham station
Greenwich station
Deptford
Surrey Quays station
Canada Water station
Bermondsey station
London Bridge station
Monument station
Cannon Street station
Mansion House station
City Thameslink station
Aldwych
Charing Cross station
Trafalgar Square
N205
Route N205 was introduced on 31 August 2013 when route 205 ceased to be a 24-hour route. It has been operated by East London since its inception.
Current route
Route N205 operates via these primary locations:
Leyton Downsell Road
Stratford City bus station
Mile End station
Aldgate East station
Liverpool Street station
Old Street station
King's Cross station
Euston bus station
Paddington station
Paddington
N207
Route SL8 corridor
Legend
427
Uxbridge York Road
Uxbridge station N207 SL8
Uxbridge The Greenway
Hillingdon Heath Lees Road
Hayes End
Uxbridge Road Uxbridge County Court
Hayes the Grapes
Hayes Bypass 207
Southall Trinity Road
Southall station
Southall Merrick Road 427
Southall North Road
Southall Iron Bridge
Ealing Hospital
Hanwell Broadway
West Ealing Broadway
Ealing Broadway station
Ealing Common station
Acton Town Hall
Acton Central station
Acton Vale Bromyard Avenue
Uxbridge Road Adelaide Grove
Shepherd's Bush Market station
Shepherd's Bush stations
White City bus station SL8 207
Holland Park station
Notting Hill Gate station
Queensway station
Lancaster Gate station
Marble Arch station
Oxford Circus station
Tottenham Court Road station
Holborn station
Bloomsbury Square
N207
This diagram: viewtalkedit
Route N207 commenced operation on 11 October 1996 between Uxbridge station and Victoria bus station. On 12 November 1999 it was diverted at Oxford Circus to Aldwych. On 28 April 2000 it was again rerouted to Bloomsbury Square. Having been operated by First London since privatisation, it was included in the sale of Hayes garage to Metroline in June 2013. Upon being re-tendered, it passed to Abellio London on 6 April 2019.
Current route
Route N207 operates via these primary locations:
Uxbridge station
Hillingdon
Hayes End
Southall
Ealing Hospital
Hanwell
West Ealing
Ealing Broadway station
Ealing Common station
Acton
Shepherd's Bush Market station
Shepherd's Bush station
Holland Park station
Notting Hill Gate station
Marble Arch station
Tottenham Court Road station
Bloomsbury Square
N242
Route N242 commenced operating on 31 January 2003 between Homerton University Hospital and Tottenham Court Road station. It ceased on 23 April 2004 when route 242 was converted to a 24-hour service. It was reinstated on 15 June 2019 when route 242 ceased to be a 24-hour service.
Current route
Route N242 operates via these primary locations:
Homerton University Hospital
Hackney Central station
Shoreditch
Liverpool Street station
Bank station
St Paul's station
City Thameslink station
Tottenham Court Road station
N250
Route N250 commenced operating on 29 August 2003 between Brixton and Fairfield Halls. It ceased on 20 March 2004 when route 250 was converted to a 24-hour service. It was reinstated on 2 November 2019 when route 250 was withdrawn between Fairfield Halls and West Croydon bus station and also when route 250 ceased to be a 24-hour service.
Current route
Route N250 operates via these primary locations:
Brixton Stockwell Park Walk
Brixton station
Streatham Hill station
Streatham station
Norbury
Thornton Heath station
Croydon University Hospital
West Croydon bus station
Wellesley Road tram stop
Croydon Fairfield Halls
N253
Route N253 commenced operating on 3 September 1993 running between Aldgate bus station and Euston bus station. On 25 November 1994 it was extended to Trafalgar Square. On 29 May 1998, the route was withdrawn between Trafalgar Square and Tottenham Court Road station.
Current route
Route N253 operates via these primary locations:
Aldgate bus station
Aldgate East station
Whitechapel station
Bethnal Green station
Cambridge Heath station
Hackney Central station
Hackney Downs station
Clapton station
Stamford Hill station
Manor House station
Finsbury Park station
Holloway
Camden Road station
Camden Town station
Euston bus station
Tottenham Court Road station
N271
Route N271 commenced operating on 4 February 2023 between Finsbury Square and Tally Ho Corner following the withdrawal of daytime route 271.
Current route
Route N271 operates via these primary locations:
Moorgate Finsbury Square
Old Street station
Essex Road station
Highbury & Islington station
Holloway Road station
Upper Holloway station
Archway station
Highgate Village
East Finchley station
Tally Ho Corner
N277
Route N277 commenced operating on 30 June 2018 between Cubitt Town and Islington.
Current route
Route N277 operates via these primary locations:
Cubitt Town Asda
Mudchute station
Canary Wharf station
Mile End station
Dalston Junction station
Angel station
Islington White Lion Street
N279
Route N279 commenced operating on 26 April 1996 between Upshire and Victoria bus station. On 15 October 1999 it was withdrawn between Upshire and Waltham Cross. On 15 October 2004 it was cut back from Victoria to Trafalgar Square.
Current route
Route N279 operates via these primary locations:
Waltham Cross station
Edmonton Green station
Bruce Grove station
Seven Sisters station
Finsbury Park station
Camden Road station
Camden Town station
Tottenham Court Road station
Trafalgar Square
N343
Route N343 commenced operating on 2 February 2001 between New Cross garage and Victoria bus station. Having been operated by London Central since its inception, about being re-tendered it was taken over by Travel London in 2006. It was included in the sale of Travel London to Abellio London in May 2009. Upon being re-tendered it returned to Go-Ahead London on 13 February 2018.
Current route
Route N343 operates via these primary locations:
New Cross Gate
Brockley
Peckham Rye station
Elephant & Castle station
Borough station
London Bridge station
Aldwych
Charing Cross station
Trafalgar Square
N381
Route N381 commenced operating on 9 October 1999 between Peckham and Whitehall. Initially operated by London Central, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Connex on 9 October 2004. It was included in the sale of Connex to Travel London in February 2004 which in turn was sold to Abellio London in May 2009.
Current route
Route N381 operates via these primary locations:
Peckham
Surrey Quays station
Canada Water station
Rotherhithe station
Bermondsey station
London Bridge station
Southwark
Waterloo station
Westminster station
Whitehall Horse Guards Parade
N550
Route N550 commenced on 30 October 2008 between Canning Town bus station and Trafalgar Square replacing route N50 between Canning Town and East Beckton. Initially operated by East London, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Tower Transit on 31 August 2013. When next tendered it passed to CT Plus on 1 August 2018. It is now operated by Stagecoach London.
Current route
Route N550 operates via these primary locations:
Canning Town bus station
Leamouth
East India station
Blackwall
Cubitt Town
Island Gardens station
Millwall
Canary Wharf station
Westferry station
Limehouse station
Aldgate East station
Aldgate station
Bank station
Mansion House station
Blackfriars station
Embankment station
Trafalgar Square
N551
Route N551 commenced on 30 October 2008 between Gallions Reach Shopping Park and Trafalgar Square. Initially operated by Go-Ahead London, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Tower Transit on 31 August 2013. When next tendered it passed to CT Plus on 1 August 2018. It is now operated by Stagecoach London.
Current route
Route N551 operates via these primary locations:
Gallions Reach Shopping Park
Gallions Reach station
Beckton bus station
Prince Regent station
Custom House station
Canning Town bus station
Limehouse station
Aldgate station
Bank station
Mansion House station
City Thameslink station
Trafalgar Square
See also
Night Tube
References
^ Route N73 Transport for London
^ Route 73 Transport for London
^ "Central London Night Bus Map" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
^ "First Night Bus service, B-Type (B185) on route 94 outside Piccadilly Circus Underground station. Leslie Green station canopy clock gives time at 2.15am". London Transport Museum. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
^ "B/W print of poster, All Night Bus Services 94 & 94A, unknown, 1920". London Transport Museum. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
^ Melbin, Murray (February 1978). "Night As Frontier". American Sociological Review. 43 (1). Boston: American Sociological Association: 3–22. doi:10.2307/2094758. JSTOR 2094758. S2CID 147703422.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Wallis, Philip (2013). London's Night Buses 1984-2013 (2 ed.). London: Capital Transport Publishing. ISBN 978-1854143723.
^ Tender Results Stagecoach London 16 July 2014
^ "London's Bus Contracting and Tendering Process" (PDF). Transport for London.
^ TfL introduces new Friday and Saturday night bus services to support Night Tube Transport for London 17 August 2016
^ "The Night Bus" community on Arriva London buses Arriva London 11 May 2015
^ The Night Bus; nocturnal naughtiness on the N29 The Guardian 11 May 2015
^ Go-Ahead Acquires East Thames Buses Archived 22 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Go-Ahead Group 30 July 2009
^ Go-Ahead buys East Thames Buses Archived 24 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Bus & Coach Professional 3 August 2009
^ East Thames Buses Archived 24 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Go-Ahead London
^ Route N1 Map Transport for London
^ Route N2 Map Transport for London
^ a b National Express buys 200 London busesThe Daily Telegraph 27 February 2004
^ a b c d National Express Group plc agreement to sell Travel London National Express Group 21 May 2009
^ a b c d NedRailways acquisition reinforces long term commitment to UK transport market NedRailways 9 June 2009
^ Route N3 Map Transport for London
^ London bus contract changes announced Coach & Bus Week issue 1420 19 November 2019 page 10
^ Route N5 Map Transport for London
^ Bus tender results - Route 7/N7 Transport for London 2 November 2016
^ "Route 7 change reveals increased tendering competition" Buses issue 625 April 2007 page 20
^ Tender News Bus Talk issue 25 December 2013
^ Route N7 Map Transport for London
^ London Buses announces changes to bus routes 8, N8 and C2 Transport for London 23 June 2009
^ Major Routes Retained & First New Bus for London Stagecoach 1 February 2014
^
Tender News Bus Talk issue 26 February 2014
^ Service Changes 24 May to 5 July 2014 inclusive Transport for London 5 June 2014
^ Route N8 Map Transport for London
^ Five bus routes to the new Terminal 5 Transport for London 18 March 2008
^ Route N9 Map Transport for London
^ New night bus services in west London Transport for London 22 January 2010
^ Route 297 to become a 24-hour service Transport for London 3 June 2008
^ a b c d "Central London Bus Review 2022: Decision summary and next steps" (PDF). TfL Have Your Say. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^ a b c d "Central London bus changes". TfL. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
^ Route N11 Map Transport for London
^ Bus Service Changes 11 March to 16 April 2017 Transport for London 24 March 2017
^ Route N13 Map Transport for London
^ Major changes to routes 15, N15, 159 and N159 Transport for London 24 August 2010
^ Bus routes 6, 15 and N15 Transport for London 13 August 2018
^ Tender News Go-Ahead London 28 March 2017
^ Route N15 Map Transport for London
^ Route N16 Map Transport for London
^ a b Aberdeen firm FirstGroup sells off depots for £80m BBC News 9 April 2013
^ a b First quits London bus business Bus & Coach Professional 9 April 2013
^ Stagecoach lose out in bus tendering Coach & Bus Week issue 1285 5 April 2017
^ Route N18 Map Transport for London
^ Bus tender results - Route 19/N19 Transport for London 27 June 2011
^ Bus tender results - Route 19/N19 Transport for London 25 August 2016
^ Tender News Bus Talk issue 42 October 2016 page 12
^ Route N19 Map Transport for London
^ Route N20 Map Transport for London
^ Route N21 Map Transport for London
^ Bus service changes 16 June to 28 July 2017 Transport for London 30 June 2017
^ Route N22 Map Transport for London
^ Permanent Bus Changes 2 November to 14 December 2018 Transport for London 26 November 2018
^ Success for Stagecoach in London Coach & Bus Week issue 1404 30 July 2019 page 7
^ Route N25 Map Transport for London
^ Route N26 Map Transport for London
^ Permanent Bus Changes 8 March to 19 April 2019 Transport for London 22 March 2019
^ Abellio, Stagecoach gain in TfL tender results Coach & Bus Week issue 1387 2 April 2019
^ Route N27 Map Transport for London
^ "Next phase of Wandsworth Bridge repair programme underway". Wandsworth Council. 23 August 2023.
^ "Next phase of Wandsworth Bridge repair programme underway". Wandsworth Council. 23 August 2023.
^ Route N28 Map Transport for London
^ Route N29 Map Transport for London
^ Tower Transit announces First Group partial acquisition Tower Transit 9 April 2013
^ First confirms London sell-off Coach & Bus Week 16 April 2013
^ Bus tender results - Route 31/N31 Transport for London 24 August 2017
^ Latest tendered service awards Buses issue 751 October 2017 page 21
^ Route N31 Map Transport for London
^ Route N32 Map Transport for London
^ a b c d e Permanent Bus Changes 12 April 2019 to 30 June 2019 Transport for London 7 June 2019
^ Route N33 Map Transport for London
^ Bus tender results - Route 35/N35 Transport for London 15 September 2008
^ Bus service proposal: 35 and N35 Transport for London 18 March 2016
^ Route N35 map Transport for London
^ Route N38 Map Transport for London
^ Route N41 Map Transport for London
^ Route N44 Map Transport for London
^ Route N53 Map Transport for London
^ Route N55 Map Transport for London
^ Route N63 Map Transport for London
^ Permanent Bus Changes 5 October to 16 November 2018 Transport for London 23 October 2018
^ Route N65 Map Transport for London
^ London Central loses out in tender round Coach & Bus Week 1303 8 August 2017 page 7
^ Route N68 Map Transport for London
^ Route N72 Map Transport for London
^ Bus service changes 19 May to 30 June 2017 Transport for London 2 June 2017
^ Route N73 Map Transport for London
^ Route N74 Map Transport for London
^ Changes to route 83 and the introduction of new route 483 Archived 8 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine Transport for London 7 June 2016
^ Bus Service Changes 5 August to 24 September inclusive Transport for London 27 August 2016
^ Route N83 Map Transport for London
^ Route N86 Map Transport for London
^ Route N87 Map Transport for London
^ Route N89 Map Transport for London
^ Bus tender results - Route 91/N91 Transport for London 19 June 2008
^ Route N91 Map Transport for London
^ Over 50 new electric buses on their way to London Coach & Bus Week issue 1198 21 July 2015 page 6
^ Route N97 Map Transport for London
^ Route N98 Map Transport for London
^ Bus tender results - Route 109/N109 Transport for London 17 April 2014
^ Abellio continues its winning streak Buses issue 711 June 2014 page 19
^ Route N109 Map Transport for London
^ Bus service proposal: new night bus route N113 and changes to route N13 Transport for London 1 June 2012
^ New night bus N113 links Mill Hill, Watford Way and Hendon Way with central London Transport for London 26 June 2012
^ Route N113 Map Transport for London
^ Bus tender results - Route 133/N133 Transport for London 14 September 2009
^ Route N133 Map Transport for London
^ Sullivan Buses and London Central gain London bus tenders Coach & Bus Week issue 1266 15 November 2016 page 9
^ Route N136 Map Transport for London
^ Bus tender results - Route 137/N137 Transport for London 2 February 2004
^ Route N137 Map Transport for London
^ Route N155 Map Transport for London
^ Bus service proposal: route N171 Transport for London
^ Route N171 Map Transport for London
^ "Have Your Say Transport for London" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ Route N199 Map Transport for London
^ Have your say on proposals for bus services to serve the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park Transport for London August 2013
^ Six routes transfer in latest TfL tender results Coach & Bus Week issue 1375 8 January 2019 page 7
^ Route N205 Map Transport for London
^ Bus tender results - Route 207/N207 Transport for London 11 July 2018
^ Metrobus and Abellio gain TfL contracts Coach & Bus Week issue 1351 17 July 2018 page 7
^ Route N207 Map Transport for London
^ Route N242 Map Transport for London
^ Route N250 Map Transport for London
^ Route N253 Map Transport for London
^ Bus Changes Transport for London 1 February 2023
^ Route N271 Map Transport for London
^ Permanent Bus Changes 1 June to 13 July 2018 Transport for London 15 June 2018
^ Route N277 Map Transport for London
^ Route N279 Map Transport for London
^ Bus tender results - Route 343/N343 Transport for London 9 March 2005
^ Successful TfL tender round for London Central - Coach & Bus Week issue 1299 11 July 2017 page 7
^ Route N343 Map Transport for London
^ Bus tender results - Route 381/N381 Transport for London 15 March 2004
^ Route N381 Map Transport for London
^ a b Contracts awards show an enthusiasm for night work Buses December 2012 page 18
^ a b HCT wins three new London red bus routes HCT Group 13 December 2017
^ Route N550 Map Transport for London
^ Route N551 Map Transport for London
vteLondon bus routes1–99
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Letter prefix
A10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B16
C1
C3
C10
C11
D3
D6
D7
D8
E1
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H98
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P13
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R70
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W7
W8
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_London_N26_route_SN11_BNF_DN33620.jpg"},{"link_name":"First London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dennis Enviro400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Enviro400"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_General_WVL8_on_Route_N11,_Hammersmith,_27_May_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"London General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"Wright Eclipse Gemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Eclipse_Gemini"},{"link_name":"Volvo B7TL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B7TL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Park_Gardens,_Big_Route_(14416024946).jpg"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"Wright Eclipse Gemini 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Eclipse_Gemini_2"},{"link_name":"Volvo B5LH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B5LH"},{"link_name":"night bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_bus_service"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_bus_station"},{"link_name":"route 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_73"},{"link_name":"Stoke Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Newington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"First London Alexander Dennis Enviro400 on route N26 in July 2011London General Wright Eclipse Gemini bodied Volvo B7TL on route N11 in July 2014Arriva London Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B5LH on route N29 in June 2014The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23:00 and 06:00.Many services commence from or operate via Trafalgar Square and are extensions or variations of daytime routes and hence derive their number from these; for example, route N73 from Oxford Circus to Walthamstow Central follows that of route 73 as far as Stoke Newington, before continuing further north.[1][2][3]","title":"Night buses in London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"trams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_London"},{"link_name":"trolleybuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Oyster card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_card"},{"link_name":"Transport for London fare structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London#Fares"},{"link_name":"route 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"24-hour service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Tube"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The first night bus was introduced in 1913.[4] By 1920 there were two 'All Night Bus Services' in operation named the 94 and 94a running from 23:30 to 05:30.[5] A few more services were introduced over the following decades, but all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s. In 1978 London Transport listed 21 all-night bus routes. On many of these routes, \"all-night\" service meant a departure frequency of no more than one bus an hour.[6] In April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the peak service required 80 buses; by August 2013 this had grown to 890.[7]Originally the night bus network had its own fare structure, but with the introduction of the Oyster card in 2003, it was incorporated into the Transport for London fare structure. Until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes. However, as some routes merely mirrored their day time equivalents, the N prefixes were dropped and these routes became 24-hour services; for example, route N14 was no longer differentiated from route 14.[7]Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with those of the equivalent daytime routes and awarded for a five-year period, with an optional two-year extension based on performance standards being met. Some however are tendered individually.[7][8][9]With some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service at weekends from August 2016, a further eight routes commenced 24-hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights.[10] Further changes were made as the Night Tube network expanded.In May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary.[11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Tube"}],"text":"Night Bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day.However, there are a few N-prefixed route numbers that have no relation to their daytime equivalents: the N5, N20, and N97 all operate in a different part of London to their respective day routes. Also, the N550 and N551 (which provide night service on parts of the DLR network), and the N271 (whose daytime service was withdrawn on 4 February 2023) have no corresponding daytime routes.There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night but usually with a lower frequency during the night hours. The vast majority run the same route at all times. With the introduction of the Night Tube, some day routes have been extended to run during Friday and Saturday nights to serve the stations.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plumstead garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkent#Plumstead_(PD)"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"London Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"First London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"Thamesmead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamesmead"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"link_name":"East Thames Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thames_Buses"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Thamesmead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamesmead"},{"link_name":"Abbey Wood station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Wood_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Plumstead station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumstead_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Woolwich Arsenal station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich_Arsenal_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Charlton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Cutty Sark for Maritime Greenwich station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutty_Sark_for_Maritime_Greenwich_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Deptford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford"},{"link_name":"Surrey Quays station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Quays_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"South Bermondsey station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bermondsey_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Waterloo station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"Holborn station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square. It was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London on 14 November 1998. On 8 January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, and in April 2000 withdrawn between Trafalgar Square and Aldwych being diverted to Tottenham Court Road station. Upon being re-tendered, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses on 15 October 2005.[7]In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to Go-Ahead London, which included a five-year contract to operate route N1.[13][14][15]Current routeRoute N1 operates via these primary locations:[16]Thamesmead\nAbbey Wood station \nPlumstead station \nWoolwich Arsenal station \nCharlton station \nCutty Sark for Maritime Greenwich station \nDeptford\nSurrey Quays station \nSouth Bermondsey station \nElephant & Castle station \nWaterloo station \nAldwych\nHolborn station \nTottenham Court Road station","title":"N1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Norwood station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norwood_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Friern Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friern_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Camden Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Heath"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_bus_station"},{"link_name":"West Norwood station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norwood_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Tulse Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulse_Hill_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Brixton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Stockwell station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockwell_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Pimlico station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Victoria station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Corner station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch"},{"link_name":"Marylebone station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square. In October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet and south from West Norwood station to Crystal Palace bus station. In June 1995, it was withdrawn between Camden Town and Friern Barnet, and rerouted to Hampstead Heath. In November 1999, the Trafalgar Square to Hampstead Heath section was withdrawn and replaced by route N24. Upon being re-tendered, it passed from Metroline to Arriva London in April 2000.[7]Current routeRoute N2 operates via these primary locations:[17]Crystal Palace bus station\nWest Norwood station \nTulse Hill station \nBrixton station \nStockwell station \nVauxhall bus station \nPimlico station \nVictoria station \nHyde Park Corner station \nMarble Arch\nMarylebone station","title":"N2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beckenham Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenham_Junction_station"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus"},{"link_name":"Chislehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chislehurst"},{"link_name":"Bromley North station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley_North_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"Connex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connex_Bus_UK"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Travel London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_London"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DT270204-18"},{"link_name":"Abellio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellio_London"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NX210509-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abellio210509-20"},{"link_name":"New Routemasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Routemaster"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bromley North station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley_North_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Bromley South station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley_South_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Beckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenham"},{"link_name":"Clock House station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_House_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Beckenham Road tram stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenham_Road_tram_stop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"link_name":"Kent House station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_House_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Penge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penge"},{"link_name":"Anerley station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anerley_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Herne Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne_Hill_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Brixton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Kennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennington"},{"link_name":"Lambeth Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Palace"},{"link_name":"Westminster station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N3 began operating on 27 October 1989 between Beckenham Junction station and Victoria bus station via Oxford Circus. In October 1993, it was extended to start back at Chislehurst. In May 2000, it was altered to operate between Bromley North station and Oxford Circus. Its operation passed from London Central to Connex on the same date.[7]Route N3 was included in the sale of Connex to Travel London in February 2004[18] which in turn was sold to Abellio London in May 2009.[19][20] New Routemasters commenced operating route N3 on 8 February 2016.Current routeRoute N3 operates via these primary locations:[21]Bromley North station \nBromley South station \nBeckenham War Memorial\nClock House station \nBeckenham Road tram stop \nKent House station \nPenge Pawleyne Arms\nAnerley station \nCrystal Palace station \nHerne Hill station \nBrixton station \nKennington\nLambeth Palace\nWestminster station \nTrafalgar Square\nPiccadilly Circus station \nOxford Circus station","title":"N3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgware station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"London Sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Sovereign"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Edgware bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Burnt Oak station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_Oak_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Colindale station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colindale_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hendon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Hendon Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon_Central_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Golders Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hampstead station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Belsize Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belsize_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Chalk Farm station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Farm_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Camden Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Euston bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Leicester Square station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Square_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N5 commenced operating on 28 October 1989 between Edgware station and Victoria bus station. In June 1995, it was withdrawn between Trafalgar Square and Victoria. It was operated by Metroline since its inception until July 2020 when it passed to London Sovereign.[7][22]Current routeRoute N5 operates via these primary locations:[23]Edgware bus station \nBurnt Oak station \nColindale station \nHendon station \nHendon Central station \nGolders Green station \nHampstead station \nBelsize Park station \nChalk Farm station \nCamden Town station \nEuston bus station \nLeicester Square station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northolt"},{"link_name":"Russell Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Square"},{"link_name":"First London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Northolt station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northolt_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Yeading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeading"},{"link_name":"Greenford Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenford_Broadway"},{"link_name":"Ealing Broadway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Broadway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Ealing Common station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Common_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Acton Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Central_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"East Acton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Acton_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Ladbroke Grove station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladbroke_Grove_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Westbourne Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbourne_Grove"},{"link_name":"Paddington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Paddington_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N7 commenced operating on 30 August 2003 between Northolt and Russell Square partly replacing route N23. It was initially operated by First London. Upon being re-tendered it passed to Metroline on 23 June 2007[24][25] who commenced a further contract on 21 June 2014.[26] In October 2014 it was withdrawn between Oxford Circus station and Russell Square.Current routeRoute N7 operates via these primary locations:[27]Northolt station \nYeading White Hart Roundabout\nGreenford Broadway\nEaling Broadway station \nEaling Common station \nActon Central station \nEast Acton station \nHammersmith Hospital\nLadbroke Grove station \nWestbourne Grove\nPaddington station \nMarble Arch station \nOxford Circus station","title":"N7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bow Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Church"},{"link_name":"Queensbury station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensbury_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Woodford Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford_Wells"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Square"},{"link_name":"Hainault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainault,_London"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus"},{"link_name":"route C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_C2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"New Routemasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Routemaster"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Hainault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainault,_London"},{"link_name":"Hainault station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainault_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Barkingside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkingside"},{"link_name":"Gants Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gants_Hill_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Redbridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbridge_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Wanstead station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanstead_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone High Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone_High_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Maryland station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Stratford bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Old Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Ford"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Shoreditch High Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreditch_High_Street_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Bank station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"St Paul's station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"City Thameslink station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Chancery Lane station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancery_Lane_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Holborn station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N8 commenced operating on 13 August 1988 between Bow Church and Queensbury station. In July 1992, the Marble Arch to Queensbury section was withdrawn, with the route redirected to Victoria bus station. In July 1995, it was altered to operate from Woodford Wells to Trafalgar Square. In June 1999, it once again began operating to Victoria, albeit via Piccadilly Circus. This was altered in April 2000 with it now routed via Berkeley Square. In June 2004, its eastern terminus was altered to Hainault. In June 2009, it was again withdrawn between Oxford Circus and Victoria being replaced by route C2.[7][28]Route N8 has been operated by Stagecoach London since its inception. On 28 June 2014, a further contract commenced with New Routemasters.[29][30][31]Current routeRoute N8 operates via these primary locations:[32]Hainault The Lowe\nHainault station \nBarkingside\nGants Hill station \nRedbridge station \nWanstead station \nLeytonstone bus station\nLeytonstone High Road station \nMaryland station \nStratford bus station \nOld Ford\nBethnal Green station \nShoreditch High Street station \nLiverpool Street station \nBank station \nSt Paul's station \nCity Thameslink station \nChancery Lane station \nHolborn station \nTottenham Court Road station \nOxford Circus station","title":"N8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Central bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Central_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Terminal 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_5"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"London United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_United_Busways"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Terminal 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Central bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Central_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Hounslow West station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounslow_West_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"West Thames College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Thames_College"},{"link_name":"Isleworth station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleworth_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford"},{"link_name":"Kew Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Bridge_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Turnham Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnham_Green"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"High Street Kensington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Street_Kensington_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Knightsbridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightsbridge_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Green Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"}],"text":"Route N9 commenced operating on 25 February 1994 between Kingston and Trafalgar Square replacing parts of routes N65 and N97. In March 1997 it was extended from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych. On 29 September 2001, the Hammersmith bus station to Kingston section was withdrawn and the route diverted to Heathrow Central bus station, as well as the new Heathrow Terminal 5 from 2008.[33] Route N9 has been operated by London United since its inception. On 27 January 2024, this route was transferred to Metroline from their Brentford garage.[7]Current routeRoute N9 operates via these primary locations:[34]Heathrow Terminal 5 \nHeathrow Central bus station \nHounslow West station \nWest Thames College\nIsleworth station \nBrentford\nKew Bridge station \nTurnham Green\nHammersmith bus station \nHigh Street Kensington station \nKnightsbridge station \nGreen Park station \nTrafalgar Square\nCharing Cross station \nAldwych","title":"N9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_London"},{"link_name":"Archway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archway_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station"},{"link_name":"London United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_United_Busways"},{"link_name":"First London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"King's Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_10"},{"link_name":"33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_33"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_London"},{"link_name":"Kew Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Bridge_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Turnham Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnham_Green"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"High Street Kensington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Street_Kensington_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Corner station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Euston bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"King's Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N10 commenced operating on 29 September 2001 between Richmond and Archway station replacing route N9 between Richmond and Hammersmith bus station. Initially operated by London United on 3 September 2004, the route passed to First London. At the same time, the route was withdrawn between King's Cross station and Archway, being replaced by route N390. On 29 January 2010 route N10 was withdrawn and replaced by routes 10 and 33.[7][35]Former routeRoute N10 operated via these primary locations:Richmond\nKew Bridge station \nTurnham Green\nHammersmith bus station \nHigh Street Kensington station \nHyde Park Corner station \nMarble Arch station \nTottenham Court Road station \nEuston bus station \nKing's Cross station","title":"N10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shepherd's Bush Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Green"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station"},{"link_name":"Acton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Town"},{"link_name":"Hackney Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Central"},{"link_name":"Hackney Wick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Wick"},{"link_name":"Turnham Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnham_Green"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"London United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_United_Busways"},{"link_name":"London General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"West Ealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ealing"},{"link_name":"Ealing Broadway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Broadway_station"},{"link_name":"route 297","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_297"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TfL231122-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clchanges2023-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Ealing Broadway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Broadway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Northfields station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfields_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Acton Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Town_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Turnham Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnham_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Fulham Broadway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_Broadway_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Sloane Square station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloane_Square_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Victoria station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Westminster station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade"}],"text":"Route N11 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between Shepherd's Bush Green and Liverpool Street station. In April 1985 it was extended at both ends, westward to Acton Town and east to Hackney Central. It was extended east again in November 1985 to Hackney Wick. In August 1986 it was diverted at the western end from Shepherd's Bush to Turnham Green, this was reversed in February 1994.[7]Having been replaced between Trafalgar Square and Hackney Wick in October 1989 by route N6, it resumed operating to Liverpool Street in February 1994. In March 2001 it was diverted at Hammersmith to Wembley Stadium. Having been operated by London United since its inception, on 29 June 2003 it was taken over by London General. On 7 June 2008, route N11 was diverted at West Ealing to Ealing Broadway station being replaced by route 297.[7][36]On 23 November 2022, it was announced that route N11 would be rerouted to run to Whitehall instead of Shoreditch following a successful consultation. The withdrawn section of the route is now covered by an extended route N26. This change was implemented on 29 April 2023.[37][38]Current routeRoute N11 operates via these primary locations:[39]Ealing Broadway station \nNorthfields station \nActon Town station \nTurnham Green station \nHammersmith bus station \nCharing Cross Hospital\nFulham Broadway station \nSloane Square station \nVictoria station \nWestminster station \nTrafalgar Square\nCharing Cross station \nWhitehall Horse Guards Parade","title":"N11"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Finchley"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Chipping Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"London Sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Sovereign"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"route 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_13"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"North Finchley bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Finchley_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Finchley Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Central_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Golders Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Finchley Road & Frognal station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Road_%26_Frognal_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Finchley Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Road_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cottage station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cottage_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"St John's Wood station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Baker Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"}],"text":"Route N13 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between North Finchley and Trafalgar Square, being extended on 27 October 1984 from North Finchley to Chipping Barnet and on 8 July 1992 from Trafalgar Square to Victoria bus station, the latter being reversed on 23 June 1995. Upon being re-tendered, on 1 September 2001, the route passed from Metroline to London Sovereign being extended from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych on the same day.[7] It ceased on 1 April 2017 when route 13 was converted to 24-hour operation.[40]Former routeRoute N13 operated via these primary locations:[41]North Finchley bus station\nFinchley Central station \nGolders Green station \nFinchley Road & Frognal station \nFinchley Road station \nSwiss Cottage station \nSt John's Wood station \nBaker Street station \nOxford Circus station \nPiccadilly Circus station \nAldwych","title":"N13"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Becontree Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becontree_Heath"},{"link_name":"Paddington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Aldgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate"},{"link_name":"Romford Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford_Market"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Paddington Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_Basin"},{"link_name":"Regent Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_Street"},{"link_name":"route 159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_159"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_London"},{"link_name":"Henley Road bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Road_bus_garage"},{"link_name":"River Road bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Road_bus_garage"},{"link_name":"Camberwell bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell_bus_garage"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Romford Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford_Market"},{"link_name":"Romford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Barking station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barking_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Canning Town bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Town_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Limehouse station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldgate East station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_East_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Aldgate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Monument station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Cannon Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Mansion House station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_House_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"City Thameslink station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N15 commenced operating on 15 July 1995 between Becontree Heath and Paddington station to replace a section of withdrawn route N95 between Becontree Heath and Aldgate. In August 1998 the route was extended from Becontree Heath to Romford Market and withdrawn between Marble Arch and Paddington. The latter was reverted in May 2001.[7] In October 2007 the route was extended from Paddington to Paddington Basin. In August 2010 the route was withdrawn between Regent Street and Paddington Basin, this section replaced by route 159.[42] In May 2013 the route was withdrawn between Trafalgar Square and Regent Street.[43]Having been operated by East London since its inception, it was taken over by Go-Ahead London on 26 August 2017 from their Henley Road bus garage, having part of the allocation run from River Road bus garage and additional services run from Camberwell bus garage.[44]Current routeRoute N15 operates via these primary locations:[45]Romford Market\nRomford station \nBarking station \nCanning Town bus station \nLimehouse station \nAldgate East station \nAldgate station \nMonument station \nCannon Street station \nMansion House station \nSt Paul's Cathedral\nCity Thameslink station \nCharing Cross station \nTrafalgar Square\nPiccadilly Circus station \nOxford Circus station","title":"N15"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgware bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch"},{"link_name":"Park Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Lane"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"route 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_16"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TfL231122-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clchanges2023-38"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Edgware bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Burnt Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_Oak"},{"link_name":"Colindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colindale"},{"link_name":"West Hendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hendon"},{"link_name":"Staples Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_Corner"},{"link_name":"Cricklewood bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricklewood_bus_garage"},{"link_name":"Kilburn station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Brondesbury station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brondesbury_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Kilburn High Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_High_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Maida Vale station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Edgware Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_Road_tube_station_(Bakerloo_line)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Corner station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Victoria station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N16 commenced operating on 19 January 1991 between Edgware bus station and Victoria bus station via Trafalgar Square. In October 2002 it was rerouted away from Trafalgar Square to run direct from Marble Arch via Park Lane to Victoria. It has been operated by Metroline since the start of service.[7]On 23 November 2022, it was announced that route N16 would be renumbered as N32 following a successful consultation, due to the re-routing of the daytime route 16. This change was implemented on 29 April 2023.[37][38]Former routeRoute N16 operated via these primary locations:[46]Edgware bus station \nBurnt Oak\nColindale\nWest Hendon\nStaples Corner\nCricklewood bus garage\nKilburn station \nBrondesbury station \nKilburn High Road station \nMaida Vale station \nEdgware Road station \nMarble Arch station \nHyde Park Corner station \nVictoria station","title":"N16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sudbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury,_London"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Harrow Weald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_Weald"},{"link_name":"Edgware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"First London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"Willesden Junction garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline#Willesden_Junction_(WJ)"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC090413-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCP090413-48"},{"link_name":"London United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_United_Busways"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Harrow Weald bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_Weald_bus_garage"},{"link_name":"Harrow & Wealdstone station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_%26_Wealdstone_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Harrow-on-the-Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow-on-the-Hill_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Northwick Park Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwick_Park_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Sudbury & Harrow Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_%26_Harrow_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Wembley Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Central_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Stonebridge Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonebridge_Park_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Harlesden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlesden"},{"link_name":"Kensal Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensal_Green_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Royal Oak station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Edgware Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_Road_tube_station_(Bakerloo_line)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Baker Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Great Portland Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Portland_Street_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N18 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between Sudbury and Liverpool Street station. In April 1985 it was extended from Sudbury to Harrow Weald via Edgware at its outer end and curtailed from Liverpool Street to Aldwych at its inner end.[7] Having been operated by First London since privatisation, it was included in the sale of Willesden Junction garage to Metroline in June 2013.[47][48] In November 2017 operation of the route passed to London United.[49]Current routeRoute N18 operates via these primary locations:[50]Harrow Weald bus garage\nHarrow & Wealdstone station \nHarrow-on-the-Hill station \nNorthwick Park Hospital\nSudbury & Harrow Road station \nWembley Central station \nStonebridge Park station \nHarlesden Jubilee Clock\nKensal Green station \nRoyal Oak station \nEdgware Road station \nBaker Street station \nGreat Portland Street station \nOxford Circus station \nPiccadilly Circus station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clapham Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Clapham Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Battersea Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Sloane Square station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloane_Square_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Corner station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Green Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Clerkenwell Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkenwell_Road"},{"link_name":"Angel station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Highbury & Islington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbury_%26_Islington_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N19 commenced operating on 28 October 1989 between Clapham Junction station and Finsbury Park station. London General operated it until April 2000 when it was taken over by Arriva London. London General won the route back when re-tendered from March 2012,[51] before it returned to Arriva operation in April 2017.[7][52][53]Current routeRoute N19 operates via these primary locations:[54]Clapham Junction station \nBattersea Bridge\nSloane Square station \nHyde Park Corner station \nGreen Park station \nPiccadilly Circus station \nTottenham Court Road station \nClerkenwell Road\nAngel station \nHighbury & Islington station \nFinsbury Park station","title":"N19"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chipping Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"First London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Barnet Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Chipping Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Barnet"},{"link_name":"High Barnet station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Barnet_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Finchley Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Central_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"East Finchley station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Finchley_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Highgate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Archway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archway_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tufnell Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufnell_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Kentish Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentish_Town_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Camden Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Euston bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N20 commenced operating on 28 October 1989 from Chipping Barnet to Aldwych as route N1. It was curtailed from Aldwych to Trafalgar Square on 18 July 1992. It was renumbered as N20 on 24 June 1995. First London operated it from 15 July 1998 until it returned to Metroline on 25 August 2003.[7]Current routeRoute N20 operates via these primary locations:[55]Barnet Hospital\nChipping Barnet\nHigh Barnet station \nFinchley Central station \nEast Finchley station \nHighgate station \nArchway station \nTufnell Park station \nKentish Town station \nCamden Town station \nEuston bus station \nTottenham Court Road station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Bexleyheath Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Shopping_Centre,_Bexleyheath"},{"link_name":"Bexley station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexley_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Blackfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfen"},{"link_name":"Eltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham"},{"link_name":"Lee Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Green"},{"link_name":"Lewisham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"New Cross Gate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cross_Gate_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Old Kent Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kent_Road"},{"link_name":"Bricklayers Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricklayers_Arms"},{"link_name":"London Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Monument station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"City Thameslink station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Current routeRoute N21 operates via these primary locations:[56]Bexleyheath Shopping Centre\nBexley station \nBlackfen\nEltham High Street\nLee Green\nLewisham station \nNew Cross Gate station \nOld Kent Road\nBricklayers Arms\nLondon Bridge station \nMonument station \nCity Thameslink station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N21"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_London"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus"},{"link_name":"Putney Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"Fulwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulwell,_London"},{"link_name":"London General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Green Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Park"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Square"},{"link_name":"route C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_C2"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Fulwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulwell,_London"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham"},{"link_name":"Richmond Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Bridge,_London"},{"link_name":"Richmond station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_station_(London)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Mortlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortlake"},{"link_name":"Barnes Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_Bridge_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Putney Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney_Common"},{"link_name":"Putney Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney_Bridge_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"Sloane Square station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloane_Square_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Knightsbridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightsbridge_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Knightsbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightsbridge"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Corner station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly"},{"link_name":"Green Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Square"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus"}],"text":"Route N22 commenced operating on 24 November 2000 between Richmond and Piccadilly Circus replace the withdrawn section of route N9 between Richmond and Putney Bridge. On 29 September 2001, the route was extended from Richmond to Kingston. On 3 June 2006, it was withdrawn curtailed from Kingston to Fulwell. It has always been operated by London General (now Go-Ahead London).[7] On 16 July 2017, the route was withdrawn between Green Park and Piccadilly Circus and diverted to Oxford Circus via Berkeley Square, partly replacing route C2.[57]Current routeRoute N22 operates via these primary locations:[58]Fulwell Stanley Road\nTwickenham\nRichmond Bridge\nRichmond station \nMortlake\nBarnes Bridge station \nPutney Common\nPutney Bridge station \nChelsea\nSloane Square station \nKnightsbridge station \nKnightsbridge\nHyde Park Corner station \nPiccadilly\nGreen Park station \nBerkeley Square\nOxford Circus","title":"N22"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"First London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"route 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_25"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Tower Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Transit"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Ilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilford"},{"link_name":"Little Ilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ilford"},{"link_name":"Manor Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Woodgrange Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodgrange_Park_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Forest Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Gate"},{"link_name":"Stratford bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Bow Church station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Church_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Bow Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Road_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Mile End station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_End_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Stepney Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepney_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"Aldgate East station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_East_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Aldgate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bank station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"St Paul's station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"City Thameslink station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Holborn Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_Circus"},{"link_name":"Chancery Lane station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancery_Lane_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Holborn station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N25 commenced operation on 15 July 1995 between Romford station and Trafalgar Square. Initially operated by East London, upon being re-tendered it passed to First London on 26 July 1999. It ceased on 26 June 2004, when route 25 was converted to 24-hour operation.[7] Route N25 was reintroduced on 1 December 2018 when route 25 ceased to be a 24-hour route with Tower Transit operating it.[59] Upon being re-tendered, it was taken over by Stagecoach London on 23 May 2020.[60]Current routeRoute N25 operates via these primary locations:[61]Ilford\nLittle Ilford\nManor Park\nWoodgrange Park station \nForest Gate\nStratford bus station \nBow Church station \nBow Road station \nMile End station \nStepney Green station \nWhitechapel station \nAldgate East station \nAldgate station \nBank station \nSt Paul's station \nCity Thameslink station \nHolborn Circus\nChancery Lane station \nHolborn station \nTottenham Court Road station \nOxford Circus station","title":"N25"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walthamstow Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Central_station"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Chingford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"N38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_N38"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_station"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TfL231122-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clchanges2023-38"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Chingford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Chingford Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford_Mount"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Leyton Midland Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Midland_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Hackney Wick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Wick"},{"link_name":"Hackney Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Central"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Heath station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Heath_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Shoreditch High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreditch_High_Street"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Bank station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Mansion House station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_House_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"City Thameslink station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"Victoria station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N26 commenced operation on 18 July 1992 between Walthamstow Central station and Victoria bus station. It was introduced to replace the withdrawn sections of route N6 between Trafalgar Square and Walthamstow. In 1995 it was curtailed from Victoria to Trafalgar Square but extended at the other end to Walthamstow Fulbourne Road. In 2001 it was rerouted from Walthamstow Central to Chingford station, instead of Fulbourne Road, partly replacing route N38.[7]On 23 November 2022, it was announced that a proposed extension of route N26 to Victoria, in line with a revised (daytime) route 26, would be going ahead following a consultation; it was implemented on 29 April 2023.[37][38]Current routeRoute N26 operates via these primary locations:[62]Chingford station \nChingford Mount\nWalthamstow bus station \nLeyton Midland Road station \nHackney Wick\nHackney Central\nCambridge Heath station \nShoreditch High Street\nLiverpool Street station \nBank station \nMansion House station \nSt Paul's Cathedral\nCity Thameslink station \nTrafalgar Square\nWhitehall\nVictoria station","title":"N26"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turnham Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnham_Green"},{"link_name":"Chalk Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Farm"},{"link_name":"First London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"route 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"London United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_United_Busways"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Abellio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellio_London"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Kensington (Olympia) station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_(Olympia)_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"High Street Kensington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Street_Kensington_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Gate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Gate_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Paddington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Paddington_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Baker Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Regent's Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Great Portland Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Portland_Street_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Mornington Crescent station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Crescent_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Camden Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Chalk Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Farm"},{"link_name":"Chalk Farm Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Farm_Road"}],"text":"Route N27 was introduced on 3 February 2001 between Turnham Green and Chalk Farm. It was operated by First London. It ceased on 19 March 2004 when route 27 was converted to 24-hour operation.[7] It resumed on 9 March 2019 when route 27 ceased to be a 24-hour route, this time being operated by London United.[63] On 9 November 2019, it was taken over by Abellio London.[64]Current routeRoute N27 operates via these primary locations:[65]Hammersmith bus station \nKensington (Olympia) station \nHigh Street Kensington station \nNotting Hill Gate station \nPaddington station \nBaker Street station \nRegent's Park station \nGreat Portland Street \nMornington Crescent station \nCamden Town station \nChalk Farm Chalk Farm Road","title":"N27"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camden Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town"},{"link_name":"Southside Wandsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside_Wandsworth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"King's Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Road"},{"link_name":"Battersea Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Clapham Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Southside Wandsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside_Wandsworth"},{"link_name":"King's Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Road"},{"link_name":"Battersea Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Camden Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Mornington Crescent station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Crescent_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Camden Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Chalk Farm station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Farm_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cottage station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cottage_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"South Hampstead station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Hampstead_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Kilburn High Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_High_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kilburn Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Westbourne Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbourne_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Gate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Gate_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"High Street Kensington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Street_Kensington_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Kensington (Olympia) station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_(Olympia)_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"West Kensington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kensington_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Fulham Broadway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_Broadway_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth_Town_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Southside Wandsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside_Wandsworth"}],"text":"Route N28 commenced operating on 29 May 1999 between Camden Town and Southside Wandsworth.[7]\nOn 24 July 2023, the route was diverted via King's Road and Battersea Bridge and terminating at Clapham Junction station from 24 July until 29 July due to Wandsworth Bridge being closed.[66] On 30 July 2023, the route was reinstated to Southside Wandsworth, but diverted via King's Road and Battersea Bridge from 30 July until 2 October, missing stops between New Kings Road and Bridgend Road in both directions due to the closure of Wandsworth Bridge. The route returned to normal running via Wandsworth Bridge when it reopened on 2 October 2023.[67]Current routeRoute N28 operates via these primary locations:[68]Camden Town station \nMornington Crescent station \nCamden Town station \nChalk Farm station \nSwiss Cottage station \nSouth Hampstead station \nKilburn High Road station\nKilburn Park station \nWestbourne Park station \nNotting Hill Gate station \nHigh Street Kensington station \nKensington (Olympia) station \nWest Kensington station \nFulham Broadway station \nWandsworth Bridge\nWandsworth Town station \nSouthside Wandsworth","title":"N28"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield_Town"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Ponders End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponders_End"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz O530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_O530"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Enfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield_Town"},{"link_name":"Winchmore Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchmore_Hill"},{"link_name":"Palmers Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmers_Green"},{"link_name":"Wood Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Turnpike Lane station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnpike_Lane_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Harringay Green Lanes station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harringay_Green_Lanes_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Manor House station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_House_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Camden Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Camden Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Warren Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Street_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N29 commenced operating on 27 February 1980 between Enfield Town and Trafalgar Square. On 14 January 2006 it was curtailed from Enfield Town to Ponders End with Mercedes-Benz O530G articulated buses introduced. On 26 November 2011 it was converted back to double deck operation.[7]Current routeRoute N29 operates via these primary locations:[69]Enfield Town\nWinchmore Hill\nPalmers Green\nWood Green station \nTurnpike Lane station \nHarringay Green Lanes station \nManor House station \nFinsbury Park station \nCamden Road station \nCamden Town station \nWarren Street station \nTottenham Court Road station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camden Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Gate"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Alexander_Coachbuilders"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz 811Ds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_T2"},{"link_name":"Wright Handybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Handybus"},{"link_name":"Dennis Darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Dart"},{"link_name":"Marshall Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Capital"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Clapham Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wright Eclipse Gemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Eclipse_Gemini"},{"link_name":"Volvo B7TLs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B7TL"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Westbourne Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Transit#Westbourne_Park_(X)"},{"link_name":"Tower Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Transit"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First090413-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBW160413-71"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Camden Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Chalk Farm station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Farm_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cottage station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cottage_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"South Hampstead station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Hampstead_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Kilburn High Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_High_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Kilburn Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Westbourne Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbourne_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Gate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Gate_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"High Street Kensington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Street_Kensington_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Earl's Court station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%27s_Court_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Battersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea"},{"link_name":"Clapham Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N31 commenced operation on 11 November 1989 between Camden Town and Notting Hill Gate. It initially operated on Friday and Saturday nights only until it became a seven days a week service on 18 July 1992 with the Alexander bodied Mercedes-Benz 811Ds were replaced by Wright Handybus bodied Dennis Darts that in turn were replaced by Marshall Capital bodied Dennis Darts in 1999.[7]On 29 May 1999, the route was diverted to terminate at Clapham Junction station. It was converted back to double decker operation in June 2004 with Wright Eclipse Gemini bodied Volvo B7TLs.[7] It was included in the June 2013 sale of First London's Westbourne Park to Tower Transit.[70][71] Upon being re-tendered, on 28 April 2018 the route passed to Metroline.[72][73]Current routeRoute N31 operates via these primary locations:[74]Camden Town station \nChalk Farm station \nSwiss Cottage station \nSouth Hampstead station \nKilburn High Road station \nKilburn Park station \nWestbourne Park station \nNotting Hill Gate station \nHigh Street Kensington station \nEarl's Court station \nBattersea\nClapham Junction station","title":"N31"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgware bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Victoria station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_station"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TfL231122-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clchanges2023-38"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Edgware bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Burnt Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_Oak"},{"link_name":"Colindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colindale"},{"link_name":"West Hendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hendon"},{"link_name":"Staples Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_Corner"},{"link_name":"Cricklewood bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricklewood_bus_garage"},{"link_name":"Kilburn station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Brondesbury station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brondesbury_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Kilburn High Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_High_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Maida Vale station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Edgware Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_Road_tube_station_(Bakerloo_line)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Corner station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Victoria station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N32 commenced operating on 29 April 2023 between Edgware bus station and Victoria station when route N16 was renumbered to route N32 as part of the Central London bus changes.[37][38]Current routeRoute N32 operates via these primary locations:[75]Edgware bus station \nBurnt Oak\nColindale\nWest Hendon\nStaples Corner\nCricklewood bus garage\nKilburn station \nBrondesbury station \nKilburn High Road station \nMaida Vale station \nEdgware Road station \nMarble Arch station \nHyde Park Corner station \nVictoria station","title":"N32"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fulwell station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulwell_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station"},{"link_name":"route 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_33"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TfL070619-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Fulwell station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulwell_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Teddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddington"},{"link_name":"North Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sheen"},{"link_name":"Barnes station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Putney Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station"}],"text":"Route N33 commenced operating on 18 May 2019 between Fulwell station and Hammersmith bus station with the curtailment of route 33 due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge.[76]Current routeRoute N33 operates via these primary locations:[77]Fulwell station \nTeddington\nNorth Sheen\nBarnes station \nPutney Bridge\nCharing Cross Hospital\nHammersmith bus station","title":"N33"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clapham Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"link_name":"London Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"Travel London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_London"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Abellio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellio_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NX210509-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abellio210509-20"},{"link_name":"route 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_35"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Clapham Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Brixton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Loughborough Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough_Junction_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Camberwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"London Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Bank station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Old Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Clerkenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkenwell"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"}],"text":"Route N35 commenced on 26 April 1997 between Clapham Junction station and Trafalgar Square. In April 2000, the route was withdrawn between Holborn and Trafalgar Square and diverted to Tottenham Court Road station. Having been operated by London Central since its inception, upon being re-tendered in 2009 it was taken over by Travel London.[78] It was included in the May 2009 sale of Travel London to Abellio London.[7][19][20] It ceased on 30 April 2016 when route 35 was converted to 24-hour operation.[79]Former routeRoute N35 operated via these primary locations:[80]Clapham Junction station \nBrixton station \nLoughborough Junction station \nCamberwell\nElephant & Castle station \nLondon Bridge station \nBank station \nLiverpool Street station \nOld Street station \nClerkenwell\nTottenham Court Road station","title":"N35"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Chingford Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford_Mount"},{"link_name":"Chingford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chingford Hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford_Hatch"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Bakers Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakers_Arms"},{"link_name":"Lea Bridge railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Bridge_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Clapton Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapton_Pond"},{"link_name":"Hackney Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Central_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Hackney Downs station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Downs_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Dalston Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalston_Junction_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Essex Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Angel station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Green Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Corner station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N38 commenced operating on 14 July 1995 as a half hourly service between Trafalgar Square and Chingford Mount with hourly bifurcation to Chingford station and Chingford Hatch, replacing most of Route N96. Initially operated by East London, upon being tendered it passed to Arriva London from 19 April 1997, being diverted to Victoria bus station on the same date. On 28 April 2001, the route was curtailed from Chingford to Walthamstow.[7]Current routeRoute N38 operates via these primary locations:[81]Walthamstow bus station \nBakers Arms\nLea Bridge railway station \nClapton Pond Lea Bridge Roundabout\nHackney Central station \nHackney Downs station \nDalston Junction station \nEssex Road station \nAngel station \nTottenham Court Road station \nGreen Park station \nHyde Park Corner station \nVictoria bus station","title":"N38"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tottenham Hale bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hale_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Archway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archway_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hale bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hale_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Seven Sisters station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Turnpike Lane station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnpike_Lane_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hornsey station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsey_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Crouch End Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouch_End"},{"link_name":"Hornsey Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsey_Rise"},{"link_name":"Archway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archway_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Upper Holloway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Holloway_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Holloway Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway_Road_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Highbury & Islington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbury_%26_Islington_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Angel station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Leicester Square station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Square_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N41 commenced operation on 9 December 2000 between Tottenham Hale bus station and Archway. On 5 February 2005 it extended from Archway to Trafalgar Square. It has always been operated by Arriva London.[7]Current routeRoute N41 operates via these primary locations:[82]Tottenham Hale bus station \nSeven Sisters station \nTurnpike Lane station \nHornsey station \nCrouch End Broadway\nHornsey Rise\nArchway station \nUpper Holloway station \nHolloway Road station \nHighbury & Islington station \nAngel station \nLeicester Square station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N41"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sutton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_railway_station_(London)"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"London General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Sutton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_railway_station,_London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Mitcham tram stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitcham_tram_stop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"link_name":"Tooting station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooting_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tooting Broadway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooting_Broadway_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Earlsfield station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlsfield_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth_Town_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Battersea Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Park_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Victoria Coach Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station"},{"link_name":"Victoria station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Parliament Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Square"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"}],"text":"Route N44 commenced operating on 18 August 1995 between Sutton station and Trafalgar Square. On 26 April 1996 it was extended to Aldwych. It has always been operated by London General (now Go-Ahead London).[7]Current routeRoute N44 operates via these primary locations:[83]Sutton station \nMitcham tram stop \nTooting station \nTooting Broadway station \nEarlsfield station \nWandsworth Town station \nBattersea Park station \nVictoria Coach Station\nVictoria station \nParliament Square\nTrafalgar Square\nCharing Cross station \nAldwych","title":"N44"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erith"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Thamesmead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamesmead"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus"},{"link_name":"route 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_53"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TfL070619-76"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Plumstead station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumstead_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Plumstead Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumstead_Common"},{"link_name":"Woolwich Arsenal station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich_Arsenal_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Charlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton,_London"},{"link_name":"Blackheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_London"},{"link_name":"Deptford Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford_Bridge_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"New Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cross_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"New Cross Gate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cross_Gate_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Old Kent Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kent_Road"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Lambeth North station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_North_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Westminster station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade"}],"text":"Route N53 commenced operating on 27 October 1989 between Erith and Victoria bus station. On 28 July 1995 the route was extended at either end to Thamesmead and Oxford Circus. On 8 January 2000 the Thamesmead to Plumstead section was withdrawn. On 28 June 2002, the route was withdrawn between Plumstead and Erith. On 15 February 2003 it was withdrawn between Whitehall and Oxford Circus. It ceased on 20 March 2004 when route 53 was converted to a 24-hour service.[7] It was reinstated on 15 June 2019 when route 53 ceased to be a 24-hour service.[76]Current routeRoute N53 operates via these primary locations:[84]Plumstead station \nPlumstead Common\nWoolwich Arsenal station \nCharlton\nBlackheath\nDeptford Bridge station \nNew Cross station \nNew Cross Gate station \nOld Kent Road\nElephant & Castle station \nLambeth North station \nWestminster station \nWhitehall Horse Guards Parade","title":"N53"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whipps Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipps_Cross"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Woodford Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford_Wells"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Woodford Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford_Wells"},{"link_name":"South Woodford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Woodford_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Snaresbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaresbrook"},{"link_name":"Wanstead station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanstead_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Whipps Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipps_Cross"},{"link_name":"Bakers Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakers_Arms"},{"link_name":"Lea Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Bridge_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Clapton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapton_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Hackney Downs station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Downs_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Hackney Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Central_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Heath station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Heath_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Old Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N55 commenced operating on 28 April 2001 between Whipps Cross and Oxford Circus station. On 25 June 2004 it was extended from Whipps Cross to Woodford Wells. It has always been operated by Stagecoach London.[7]Current routeRoute N55 operates via these primary locations:[85]Woodford Wells\nSouth Woodford station \nSnaresbrook\nWanstead station \nWhipps Cross\nBakers Arms\nLea Bridge station \nClapton station \nHackney Downs station \nHackney Central station \nCambridge Heath station \nOld Street station \nTottenham Court Road station \nOxford Circus station","title":"N55"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crystal Palace bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_bus_station"},{"link_name":"King's Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Transport UK London Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_UK_London_Bus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Honor Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_Oak"},{"link_name":"Peckham Rye station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peckham_Rye_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peckham"},{"link_name":"Old Kent Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kent_Road"},{"link_name":"Bricklayers Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricklayers_Arms"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Southwark station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Ludgate Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludgate_Circus"},{"link_name":"City Thameslink station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Farringdon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farringdon_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"King's Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N63 commenced operating on 16 November 2002 between Crystal Palace bus station and King's Cross station. It is operated by Transport UK London Bus.[7]Current routeRoute N63 operates via these primary locations:[86]Crystal Palace bus station\nHonor Oak\nPeckham Rye station \nPeckham\nOld Kent Road\nBricklayers Arms\nElephant & Castle station \nSouthwark station \nBlackfriars station \nLudgate Circus\nCity Thameslink station \nFarringdon station \nKing's Cross station","title":"N63"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"Ealing Broadway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Broadway_railway_station"},{"link_name":"route 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_65"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Chessington World of Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessington_World_of_Adventures"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Chessington World of Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessington_World_of_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Chessington South station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessington_South_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Chessington North station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessington_North_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Surbiton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surbiton_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Kingston station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_railway_station_(England)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Ham Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_Common,_London"},{"link_name":"Richmond station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_station_(London)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Kew Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Bridge_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford"},{"link_name":"South Ealing station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ealing_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Ealing Broadway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Broadway_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N65 commenced operating on 31 August 2002 between Kingston upon Thames and Ealing Broadway station. It ceased on 24 January 2004 when route 65 was converted to 24-hour operation.[7] It was reintroduced on 25 October 2018 between Chessington World of Adventures and Ealing Broadway.[87]Current routeRoute N65 operates via these primary locations:[88]Chessington World of Adventures\nChessington South station \nChessington North station \nSurbiton station \nKingston station \nHam Common\nRichmond station \nKew Bridge station \nBrentford\nSouth Ealing station \nEaling Broadway station","title":"N65"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Purley Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purley,_London"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"High Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Holborn"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Old Coulsdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Coulsdon"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"London Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"Abellio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellio_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Old Coulsdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Coulsdon"},{"link_name":"Coulsdon South station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulsdon_South_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Coulsdon Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulsdon_Town_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Reedham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reedham_railway_station_(London)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Purley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purley,_London"},{"link_name":"South Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Croydon"},{"link_name":"East Croydon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Croydon_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Wellesley Road tram stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_Road_tram_stop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"link_name":"Thornton Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_Heath"},{"link_name":"Selhurst Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selhurst_Park"},{"link_name":"Upper Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Norwood"},{"link_name":"West Norwood station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norwood_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Tulse Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulse_Hill_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Herne Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne_Hill_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Denmark Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_Hill"},{"link_name":"King's College Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Camberwell Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell_Green"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Waterloo station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"Holborn station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N68 commenced operating on 27 March 1999 between Purley Cross and Trafalgar Square. On 28 April 2000, the route was diverted at Aldwych via Kingsway, and High Holborn to Tottenham Court Road station and extended from Purley to Old Coulsdon. Having been operated by Arriva London from its inception, on 31 March 2006 it was taken over by London Central and on 31 March 2018 by Abellio London.[7][89]Current routeRoute N68 operates via these primary locations:[90]Old Coulsdon\nCoulsdon South station \nCoulsdon Town station \nReedham station \nPurley\nSouth Croydon\nEast Croydon station \nWellesley Road tram stop \nThornton Heath High Street\nSelhurst Park\nUpper Norwood\nWest Norwood station \nTulse Hill station \nHerne Hill station \nDenmark Hill\nKing's College Hospital\nCamberwell Green\nElephant & Castle station \nWaterloo station \nAldwych\nHolborn station \nTottenham Court Road station","title":"N68"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Acton"},{"link_name":"Roehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roehampton"},{"link_name":"route 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_72"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TfL070619-76"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"East Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Acton"},{"link_name":"East Acton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Acton_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"White City station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_City_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Shepherd's Bush station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Putney Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Barnes station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Roehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roehampton"}],"text":"Route N72 commenced operating on 5 September 1999 between East Acton and Roehampton. It ceased on 24 April 2004 when route 72 was converted to 24-hour operation.[7] With the closure of Hammersmith Bridge, it was reintroduced on 18 May 2019.[76]Current routeRoute N72 operates via these primary locations:[91]East Acton\nEast Acton station \nWhite City station \nShepherd's Bush station \nHammersmith bus station \nCharing Cross Hospital\nPutney Bridge\nBarnes station \nRoehampton","title":"N72"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walthamstow Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Central_station"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Blackhorse Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhorse_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hale station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hale_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Seven Sisters station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"South Tottenham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tottenham_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Stamford Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Hill"},{"link_name":"Stoke Newington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Newington_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Essex Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Angel station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"King's Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"St Pancras International station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Euston bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Euston Square station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_Square_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N73 commenced operating on 22 September 1989 between Walthamstow Central station and Victoria bus station. On 17 June 2017, it was withdrawn between Victoria and Oxford Circus, being replaced by route 390.[7][92]Current routeRoute N73 operates via these primary locations:[93]Walthamstow bus station \nBlackhorse Road station \nTottenham Hale station \nSeven Sisters station \nSouth Tottenham station \nStamford Hill\nStoke Newington station \nEssex Road station \nAngel station \nKing's Cross station \nSt Pancras International station \nEuston bus station \nEuston Square station \nTottenham Court Road station \nOxford Circus station","title":"N73"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roehampton"},{"link_name":"Baker Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Roehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roehampton"},{"link_name":"Putney station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_Hospital"},{"link_name":"West Brompton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Brompton_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"South Kensington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kensington_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Knightsbridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightsbridge_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Corner station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Baker Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N74 commenced operating on 23 November 2002 between Roehampton and Baker Street station.[7]Current routeRoute N74 operates via these primary locations:[94]Roehampton\nPutney station \nCharing Cross Hospital\nWest Brompton station \nSouth Kensington station \nKnightsbridge station \nHyde Park Corner station \nMarble Arch station \nBaker Street station","title":"N74"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ealing Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Golders Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green_tube_station"},{"link_name":"First London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"route 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_83"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"route 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_83"},{"link_name":"Alperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alperton_tube_station"},{"link_name":"route 483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_483"},{"link_name":"Harrow bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_bus_station"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Ealing Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Ealing Broadway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Broadway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"North Ealing station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ealing_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hanger Lane station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanger_Lane_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Alperton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alperton_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Wembley Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Central_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"West Hendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hendon"},{"link_name":"Hendon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Hendon Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon_Central_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Golders Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N83 commenced operating on 13 September 2002 between Ealing Hospital and Golders Green station. Operated by First London, it ceased on 16 April 2004 when route 83 became a 24-hour service.[7]It was reintroduced on 13 September 2016 when route 83 was curtailed to only operate between Alperton and Golders Green stations and route 483 introduced between Ealing Hospital and Harrow bus station.[95][96]Current routeRoute N83 operates via these primary locations:[97]Ealing Hospital\nEaling Broadway station \nNorth Ealing station \nHanger Lane station \nAlperton station \nWembley Central station \nWembley Stadium station \nWest Hendon\nHendon station \nHendon Central station \nGolders Green station","title":"N83"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harold Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hill"},{"link_name":"Stratford bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Ilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilford"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Harold Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hill"},{"link_name":"Gallows Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallows_Corner"},{"link_name":"Romford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Chadwell Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadwell_Heath"},{"link_name":"Seven Kings station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Kings_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"Ilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilford"},{"link_name":"Manor Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Woodgrange Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodgrange_Park_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Forest Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Gate"},{"link_name":"Stratford Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_London"},{"link_name":"Stratford bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N86 commenced operating on 26 June 2004 between Harold Hill and Stratford bus station replacing the withdrawn section of route N25 between Harold Hill and Ilford.[7]Current routeRoute N86 operates via these primary locations:[98]Harold Hill\nGallows Corner\nRomford station \nChadwell Heath\nSeven Kings station \nIlford\nManor Park\nWoodgrange Park station \nForest Gate\nStratford Broadway\nStratford bus station","title":"N86"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tolworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolworth"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Tolworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolworth"},{"link_name":"Fairfield bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_bus_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Fairfield bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"New Malden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Malden"},{"link_name":"Raynes Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynes_Park_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Southfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfields"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth"},{"link_name":"Clapham Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Nine Elms station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Elms_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Westminster station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"}],"text":"Route N77 commenced on 18 August 1995 between Tolworth and Trafalgar Square. On 3 June 2006 route N77 was renumbered N87 and curtailed between Tolworth and Fairfield bus station.[7]Current routeRoute N87 operates via these primary locations:[99]Fairfield bus station \nNew Malden\nRaynes Park station \nWimbledon station \nSouthfields\nWandsworth\nClapham Junction station \nNine Elms station \nVauxhall bus station \nWestminster station \nCharing Cross station \nAldwych","title":"N87"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erith"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Erith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erith"},{"link_name":"Slade Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade_Green_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Barnehurst station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnehurst_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Bexleyheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexleyheath"},{"link_name":"Welling station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welling_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Shooter's Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooter%27s_Hill"},{"link_name":"Blackheath station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Lewisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham"},{"link_name":"Deptford Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford_Bridge_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"New Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cross_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"New Cross Gate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cross_Gate_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Queens Road Peckham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Road_Peckham_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Camberwell Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell_Green"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Southwark station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N89 commenced operating on 28 June 2002 between Erith and Trafalgar Square.[7]Current routeRoute N89 operates via these primary locations:[100]Erith\nSlade Green station \nBarnehurst station \nBexleyheath\nWelling station \nShooter's Hill\nBlackheath station \nLewisham\nDeptford Bridge station \nNew Cross station \nNew Cross Gate station \nQueens Road Peckham station \nCamberwell Green\nElephant & Castle station \nSouthwark station \nBlackfriars station \nAldwych\nTrafalgar Square","title":"N89"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hornsey Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsey_Rise"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Potters Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potters_Bar"},{"link_name":"MTL London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTL_(transport_company)#MTL_London"},{"link_name":"First London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Cockfosters station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockfosters_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oakwood station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakwood_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Southgate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southgate_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Arnos Grove station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnos_Grove_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"New Southgate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Southgate_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Bounds Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounds_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Wood Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Turnpike Lane station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnpike_Lane_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Road_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Road & Barnsbury station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Road_%26_Barnsbury_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"King's Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Euston bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Russell Square station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Square_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Holborn station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N91 commenced operating on 25 February 1994 between Hornsey Rise and Trafalgar Square. On 23 June 1995, the route was extended from Hornsey Rise to Potters Bar. Having been operated by MTL London since its inception, when re-tendered it passed to Capital Citibus on 31 January 1997. It passed with the Capital Citybus to First London in July 1998. When next tendered, it was awarded to Metroline from 6 February 2009.[7][101]Current routeRoute N91 operates via these primary locations:[102]Cockfosters station \nOakwood station \nSouthgate station \nArnos Grove station \nNew Southgate station \nBounds Green station \nWood Green station \nTurnpike Lane station \nCaledonian Road station \nCaledonian Road & Barnsbury station \nKing's Cross station \nEuston bus station \nRussell Square station \nHolborn station \nCharing Cross station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N91"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"N91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_N91"},{"link_name":"N9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_N9"},{"link_name":"London United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_United_Busways"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"West Brompton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Brompton_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Earl's Court station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%27s_Court_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"South Kensington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kensington_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Knightsbridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightsbridge_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Corner station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"The route is primarily used as a night replacement for the Piccadilly line between Piccadilly Circus and Hammersmith stations. Passengers can then continue their journey using night routes N91 (to Cockfosters) or N9 (to Heathrow). There is currently no night service for the Uxbridge branch. Operation of the route passed from London United to Tower Transit on 5 March 2016.[103]Current routeRoute N97 operates via these primary locations:[104]Hammersmith bus station \nWest Brompton station \nEarl's Court station \nSouth Kensington station \nKnightsbridge station \nHyde Park Corner station \nPiccadilly Circus station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N97"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanmore station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanmore_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Red Lion Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lion_Square"},{"link_name":"CentreWest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Stanmore station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanmore_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Queensbury station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensbury_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Kingsbury station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsbury_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Neasden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neasden"},{"link_name":"Willesden bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willesden_bus_garage"},{"link_name":"Kilburn High Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_High_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Maida Vale station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Edgware Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_Road_tube_station_(Bakerloo_line)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Red Lion Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lion_Square"}],"text":"Route N98 commenced operating on 19 August 1995 between Stanmore station and Trafalgar Square. On 29 April 2000 the route was diverted at Oxford Circus to Red Lion Square. Initially operated by CentreWest, since 3 February 2001 it has been operated by Metroline.[7]Current routeRoute N98 operates via these primary locations:[105]Stanmore station \nQueensbury station \nKingsbury station \nNeasden\nWillesden bus garage\nKilburn High Road station \nMaida Vale station \nEdgware Road station \nMarble Arch station \nOxford Circus station \nTottenham Court Road station \nRed Lion Square","title":"N98"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coulsdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulsdon"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"Abellio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellio_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"West Croydon bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Croydon_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Norbury station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbury_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Streatham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Streatham Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_Hill_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Brixton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Kennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennington"},{"link_name":"Lambeth North station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_North_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Westminster station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N109 commenced operating on 11 March 1994 between Coulsdon and Aldwych. It was withdrawn on 17 September 1999, being replaced by route N159. It was reintroduced on 28 August 2010 between Croydon and Oxford Circus station replacing route N159. Initially operated by Arriva London, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Abellio London on 31 January 2015.[7][106][107]Current routeRoute N109 operates via these primary locations:[108]Croydon Library\nWest Croydon bus station \nNorbury station \nStreatham station \nStreatham Hill station \nBrixton station \nKennington\nLambeth North station \nWestminster station \nTrafalgar Square\nPiccadilly Circus station \nOxford Circus station","title":"N109"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgware bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Edgware bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Mill Hill Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Hill"},{"link_name":"Watford Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_Way"},{"link_name":"Hendon Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon_Central_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Finchley Road & Frognal station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Road_%26_Frognal_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Finchley Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Road_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cottage station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cottage_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"St John's Wood station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Baker Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N113 commenced operating on 30 June 2012 between Edgware bus station and Trafalgar Square partly replacing route N13.[109][110]Current routeRoute N113 operates via these primary locations:[111]Edgware bus station \nMill Hill Circus\nWatford Way\nHendon Central station \nFinchley Road & Frognal station \nFinchley Road station \nSwiss Cottage station \nSt John's Wood station \nBaker Street station \nOxford Circus station \nPiccadilly Circus station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N113"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooting"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Streatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham"},{"link_name":"Mitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitcham"},{"link_name":"London General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Morden station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morden_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Mitcham tram stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitcham_tram_stop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"link_name":"Streatham Common station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_Common_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Streatham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Streatham Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_Hill_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Brixton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Kennington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennington_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Borough station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"London Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Monument station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bank station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Moorgate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorgate_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"Route N133 commenced operation on 24 January 2003 between Tooting and Liverpool Street bus station. On 1 September 2007 it was diverted at Streatham to Mitcham. Having been operated by London General since its inception, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Arriva London on 22 January 2010.[7][112]Current routeRoute N133 operates via these primary locations:[113]Morden station \nMitcham tram stop \nStreatham Common station \nStreatham station \nStreatham Hill station \nBrixton station \nKennington station \nElephant & Castle station \nBorough station \nLondon Bridge station \nMonument station \nBank station \nMoorgate station \nLiverpool Street bus station","title":"N133"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chislehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chislehurst"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Grove Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Park,_Lewisham"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkent"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Chislehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chislehurst"},{"link_name":"Grove Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Park_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Catford bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catford_bus_garage"},{"link_name":"Lewisham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"New Cross Gate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cross_Gate_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Queens Road Peckham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Road_Peckham_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Camberwell Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell_Green"},{"link_name":"Oval station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Victoria station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Westminster station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N136 commenced operating on 9 February 2008 between Chislehurst and Oxford Circus station replacing route N36 between Grove Park and Oxford Circus. Having been operated by Stagecoach London since its inception, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Go-Ahead London on 27 May 2017.[7][114]Current routeRoute N136 operates via these primary locations:[115]Chislehurst\nGrove Park station \nCatford bus garage\nLewisham station \nNew Cross Gate station \nQueens Road Peckham station \nCamberwell Green\nOval station \nVauxhall bus station \nVictoria station \nWestminster station \nPiccadilly Circus station \nOxford Circus station","title":"N136"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crystal Palace bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"link_name":"London Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Streatham Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_Hill_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Clapham Common station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Common_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Queenstown Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Battersea Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Park_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Sloane Square station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloane_Square_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Knightsbridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightsbridge_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Corner station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bond Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N137 commenced operating on 16 March 2001 between Crystal Palace bus station and Oxford Circus station. Having been operated by London Central since its inception, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Arriva London on 9 July 2004.[7][116]Current routeRoute N137 operates via these primary locations:[117]Crystal Palace bus station\nStreatham Hill station \nClapham Common station \nQueenstown Road station \nBattersea Park station \nSloane Square station \nKnightsbridge station \nHyde Park Corner station \nMarble Arch station \nBond Street station \nOxford Circus station","title":"N137"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sutton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_railway_station,_London"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"London General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Morden station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morden_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Morden Road tram stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morden_Road_tram_stop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"link_name":"South Wimbledon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wimbledon_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Colliers Wood station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Wood_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tooting Broadway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooting_Broadway_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tooting Bec station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooting_Bec_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Balham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balham_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Clapham South station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_South_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Clapham Common station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Common_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Clapham High Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_High_Street_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Clapham North station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_North_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Stockwell station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockwell_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Oval station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Kennington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennington_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Lambeth North station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_North_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Westminster station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"}],"text":"Route N155 commenced operating on 18 August 1995 between Sutton station and Trafalgar Square. On 28 May 1999, the route was extended from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych. On 12 December 2003, it was withdrawn between Sutton and Morden, being replaced by route N44. It has been operated by London General (now Go-Ahead London) since its inception.[7]Current routeRoute N155 operates via these primary locations:[118]Morden station \nMorden Road tram stop \nSouth Wimbledon station \nColliers Wood station \nTooting Broadway station \nTooting Bec station \nBalham station \nClapham South station \nClapham Common station \nClapham High Street station \nClapham North station \nStockwell station \nOval station \nKennington station \nElephant & Castle station \nLambeth North station \nWestminster station \nTrafalgar Square\nCharing Cross station \nAldwych","title":"N155"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hither Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hither_Green_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Catford bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catford_bus_garage"},{"link_name":"171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_171"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Hither Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hither_Green_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Hither Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hither_Green_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Catford Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catford_Bridge_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Catford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catford_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Crofton Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofton_Park_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"New Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cross_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"New Cross Gate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cross_Gate_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Queens Road Peckham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Road_Peckham_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Waterloo station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"Holborn station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N171 commenced operating on 27 April 1996 between Hither Green station and Trafalgar Square. In 2000 it route was diverted at Aldwych to Tottenham Court Road station instead of Trafalgar Square. In 2006, the route was changed to terminate at Catford bus garage instead of Hither Green, and so mirror the day 171 route.[7]On 30 April 2011 it was rerouted back to Hither Green station.[119] It is operated by Go-Ahead London.Current routeRoute N171 operates via these primary locations:[120]Hither Green station \nCatford Bridge station \nCatford station \nCrofton Park station \nNew Cross station \nNew Cross Gate station \nQueens Road Peckham station \nElephant & Castle station \nWaterloo station \nAldwych\nHolborn station \nTottenham Court Road station","title":"N171"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Mary Cray station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Cray_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"St Mary Cray station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Cray_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Orpington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpington_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Petts Wood station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petts_Wood_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Bromley Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley_Common"},{"link_name":"Bromley South station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley_South_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Downham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downham,_London"},{"link_name":"Catford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catford"},{"link_name":"Ladywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladywell"},{"link_name":"Lewisham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Greenwich station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Deptford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford"},{"link_name":"Surrey Quays station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Quays_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Canada Water station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Water_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bermondsey station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermondsey_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"London Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Monument station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Cannon Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Mansion House station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_House_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"City Thameslink station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N199 commenced operating on 12 September 2015 between St Mary Cray station and Trafalgar Square to replace discontinued night bus N47.[121]Current routeRoute N199 operates via these primary locations:[122]St Mary Cray station \nOrpington station \nPetts Wood station \nBromley Common\nBromley South station \nDownham\nCatford\nLadywell\nLewisham station \nGreenwich station \nDeptford\nSurrey Quays station \nCanada Water station \nBermondsey station \nLondon Bridge station \nMonument station \nCannon Street station \nMansion House station \nCity Thameslink station \nAldwych\nCharing Cross station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N199"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"route 205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_205"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton"},{"link_name":"Stratford City bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_City_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Mile End station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_End_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Aldgate East station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_East_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Old Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"King's Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Euston bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Paddington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Paddington_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington"}],"text":"Route N205 was introduced on 31 August 2013 when route 205 ceased to be a 24-hour route. It has been operated by East London since its inception.[123][124]Current routeRoute N205 operates via these primary locations:[125]Leyton Downsell Road\nStratford City bus station \nMile End station \nAldgate East station \nLiverpool Street station \nOld Street station \nKing's Cross station \nEuston bus station \nPaddington station \nPaddington","title":"N205"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uxbridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxbridge_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Square"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"First London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_London"},{"link_name":"Hayes garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline#Hayes_(HS)"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC090413-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCP090413-48"},{"link_name":"Abellio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellio_London"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Uxbridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxbridge_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Hillingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillingdon"},{"link_name":"Hayes End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_End"},{"link_name":"Southall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall"},{"link_name":"Ealing Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Hanwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanwell"},{"link_name":"West Ealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ealing"},{"link_name":"Ealing Broadway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Broadway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Ealing Common station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Common_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton,_London"},{"link_name":"Shepherd's Bush Market station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Market_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Shepherd's Bush station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Holland Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Gate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Gate_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Square"}],"text":"Route N207 commenced operation on 11 October 1996 between Uxbridge station and Victoria bus station. On 12 November 1999 it was diverted at Oxford Circus to Aldwych. On 28 April 2000 it was again rerouted to Bloomsbury Square.[7] Having been operated by First London since privatisation, it was included in the sale of Hayes garage to Metroline in June 2013.[47][48] Upon being re-tendered, it passed to Abellio London on 6 April 2019.[126][127]Current routeRoute N207 operates via these primary locations:[128]Uxbridge station \nHillingdon\nHayes End\nSouthall\nEaling Hospital\nHanwell\nWest Ealing\nEaling Broadway station \nEaling Common station \nActon\nShepherd's Bush Market station \nShepherd's Bush station \nHolland Park station \nNotting Hill Gate station \nMarble Arch station \nTottenham Court Road station \nBloomsbury Square","title":"N207"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homerton University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerton_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"link_name":"route 242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_242"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TfL070619-76"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Homerton University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerton_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Hackney Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Central_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Shoreditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreditch"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Bank station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"St Paul's station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"City Thameslink station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"text":"Route N242 commenced operating on 31 January 2003 between Homerton University Hospital and Tottenham Court Road station. It ceased on 23 April 2004 when route 242 was converted to a 24-hour service.[7] It was reinstated on 15 June 2019 when route 242 ceased to be a 24-hour service.[76]Current routeRoute N242 operates via these primary locations:[129]Homerton University Hospital\nHackney Central station \nShoreditch\nLiverpool Street station \nBank station \nSt Paul's station \nCity Thameslink station \nTottenham Court Road station","title":"N242"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brixton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton"},{"link_name":"Fairfield Halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_Halls"},{"link_name":"route 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_250"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"Fairfield Halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_Halls"},{"link_name":"West Croydon bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Croydon_bus_station"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TfL070619-76"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Brixton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton"},{"link_name":"Brixton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Streatham Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_Hill_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Streatham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Norbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbury"},{"link_name":"Thornton Heath station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_Heath_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Croydon University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"West Croydon bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Croydon_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"link_name":"Wellesley Road tram stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_Road_tram_stop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"Fairfield Halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_Halls"}],"text":"Route N250 commenced operating on 29 August 2003 between Brixton and Fairfield Halls. It ceased on 20 March 2004 when route 250 was converted to a 24-hour service.[7] It was reinstated on 2 November 2019 when route 250 was withdrawn between Fairfield Halls and West Croydon bus station and also when route 250 ceased to be a 24-hour service.[76]Current routeRoute N250 operates via these primary locations:[130]Brixton Stockwell Park Walk\nBrixton station \nStreatham Hill station \nStreatham station \nNorbury\nThornton Heath station \nCroydon University Hospital\nWest Croydon bus station \nWellesley Road tram stop \nCroydon Fairfield Halls","title":"N250"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldgate bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Euston bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Aldgate bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Aldgate East station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_East_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Heath station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Heath_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Hackney Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Central_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Hackney Downs station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Downs_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Clapton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapton_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Stamford Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Hill_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Manor House station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_House_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway,_London"},{"link_name":"Camden Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Camden Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Euston bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"}],"text":"Route N253 commenced operating on 3 September 1993 running between Aldgate bus station and Euston bus station. On 25 November 1994 it was extended to Trafalgar Square. On 29 May 1998, the route was withdrawn between Trafalgar Square and Tottenham Court Road station.[7]Current routeRoute N253 operates via these primary locations:[131]Aldgate bus station \nAldgate East station \nWhitechapel station \nBethnal Green station \nCambridge Heath station \nHackney Central station \nHackney Downs station \nClapton station \nStamford Hill station \nManor House station \nFinsbury Park station \nHolloway\nCamden Road station \nCamden Town station \nEuston bus station \nTottenham Court Road station","title":"N253"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finsbury Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Square"},{"link_name":"Tally Ho Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally_Ho_Corner"},{"link_name":"route 271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_271"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Moorgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorgate"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Square"},{"link_name":"Old Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Street_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Essex Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Highbury & Islington station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbury_%26_Islington_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Holloway Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway_Road_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Upper Holloway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Holloway_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Archway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archway_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Highgate Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Village"},{"link_name":"East Finchley station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Finchley_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tally Ho Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally_Ho_Corner"}],"text":"Route N271 commenced operating on 4 February 2023 between Finsbury Square and Tally Ho Corner following the withdrawal of daytime route 271.[132]Current routeRoute N271 operates via these primary locations:[133]Moorgate Finsbury Square\nOld Street station \nEssex Road station \nHighbury & Islington station \nHolloway Road station \nUpper Holloway station \nArchway station \nHighgate Village\nEast Finchley station \nTally Ho Corner","title":"N271"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cubitt Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubitt_Town"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Cubitt Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubitt_Town"},{"link_name":"Mudchute station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudchute_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Canary Wharf station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"Mile End station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_End_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Dalston Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalston_Junction_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Angel station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington"}],"text":"Route N277 commenced operating on 30 June 2018 between Cubitt Town and Islington.[134]Current routeRoute N277 operates via these primary locations:[135]Cubitt Town Asda\nMudchute station \nCanary Wharf station \nMile End station \nDalston Junction station \nAngel station \nIslington White Lion Street","title":"N277"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upshire"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Waltham Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Cross"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Waltham Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Green station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Green_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Bruce Grove station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Grove_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Seven Sisters station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Camden Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Road_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Camden Town station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N279 commenced operating on 26 April 1996 between Upshire and Victoria bus station. On 15 October 1999 it was withdrawn between Upshire and Waltham Cross. On 15 October 2004 it was cut back from Victoria to Trafalgar Square.[7]Current routeRoute N279 operates via these primary locations:[136]Waltham Cross station \nEdmonton Green station \nBruce Grove station \nSeven Sisters station \nFinsbury Park station \nCamden Road station \nCamden Town station \nTottenham Court Road station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N279"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Cross garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central#New_Cross_(NX)"},{"link_name":"Victoria bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_bus_station"},{"link_name":"London Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"Travel London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_London"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Abellio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellio_London"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NX210509-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abellio210509-20"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"New Cross Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cross_Gate"},{"link_name":"Brockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockley"},{"link_name":"Peckham Rye station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peckham_Rye_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Borough station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"London Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldwych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N343 commenced operating on 2 February 2001 between New Cross garage and Victoria bus station. Having been operated by London Central since its inception, about being re-tendered it was taken over by Travel London in 2006.[137] It was included in the sale of Travel London to Abellio London in May 2009.[19][20] Upon being re-tendered it returned to Go-Ahead London on 13 February 2018.[138]Current routeRoute N343 operates via these primary locations:[139]New Cross Gate\nBrockley\nPeckham Rye station \nElephant & Castle station \nBorough station \nLondon Bridge station \nAldwych\nCharing Cross station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N343"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peckham"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"London Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"Connex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connex_Bus_UK"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Travel London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_London"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DT270204-18"},{"link_name":"Abellio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellio_London"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NX210509-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abellio210509-20"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peckham"},{"link_name":"Surrey Quays station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Quays_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Canada Water station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Water_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Rotherhithe station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherhithe_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Bermondsey station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermondsey_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"London Bridge station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"Waterloo station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Westminster station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade"}],"text":"Route N381 commenced operating on 9 October 1999 between Peckham and Whitehall. Initially operated by London Central, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Connex on 9 October 2004.[140] It was included in the sale of Connex to Travel London in February 2004[18] which in turn was sold to Abellio London in May 2009.[19][20]Current routeRoute N381 operates via these primary locations:[141]Peckham\nSurrey Quays station \nCanada Water station \nRotherhithe station \nBermondsey station \nLondon Bridge station \nSouthwark\nWaterloo station \nWestminster station \nWhitehall Horse Guards Parade","title":"N381"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canning Town bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Town_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"East Beckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Beckton"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Tower Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Transit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buses693-142"},{"link_name":"CT Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_Plus"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCT131217-143"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Canning Town bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Town_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Leamouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leamouth"},{"link_name":"East India station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Blackwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall,_London"},{"link_name":"Cubitt Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubitt_Town"},{"link_name":"Island Gardens station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Gardens_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall"},{"link_name":"Canary Wharf station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"Westferry station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westferry_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Limehouse station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldgate East station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_East_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Aldgate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bank station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Mansion House station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_House_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Embankment station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N550 commenced on 30 October 2008 between Canning Town bus station and Trafalgar Square replacing route N50 between Canning Town and East Beckton. Initially operated by East London, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Tower Transit on 31 August 2013.[7][142] When next tendered it passed to CT Plus on 1 August 2018.[143] It is now operated by Stagecoach London.Current routeRoute N550 operates via these primary locations:[144]Canning Town bus station \nLeamouth\nEast India station \nBlackwall\nCubitt Town\nIsland Gardens station \nMillwall\nCanary Wharf station \nWestferry station \nLimehouse station \nAldgate East station \nAldgate station \nBank station \nMansion House station \nBlackfriars station \nEmbankment station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N550"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallions Reach Shopping Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallions_Reach_Shopping_Park"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Buses"},{"link_name":"Tower Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Transit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-7"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buses693-142"},{"link_name":"CT Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_Plus"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCT131217-143"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Gallions Reach Shopping Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallions_Reach_Shopping_Park"},{"link_name":"Gallions Reach station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallions_Reach_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Beckton bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckton_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Prince Regent station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Regent_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Custom House station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_House_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"Canning Town bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Town_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Limehouse station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aldgate station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bank station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Mansion House station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_House_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"City Thameslink station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Thameslink_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"}],"text":"Route N551 commenced on 30 October 2008 between Gallions Reach Shopping Park and Trafalgar Square. Initially operated by Go-Ahead London, upon being re-tendered it was taken over by Tower Transit on 31 August 2013.[7][142] When next tendered it passed to CT Plus on 1 August 2018.[143] It is now operated by Stagecoach London.Current routeRoute N551 operates via these primary locations:[145]Gallions Reach Shopping Park\nGallions Reach station \nBeckton bus station\nPrince Regent station \nCustom House station \nCanning Town bus station \nLimehouse station \nAldgate station \nBank station \nMansion House station \nCity Thameslink station \nTrafalgar Square","title":"N551"}]
|
[{"image_text":"First London Alexander Dennis Enviro400 on route N26 in July 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/First_London_N26_route_SN11_BNF_DN33620.jpg/220px-First_London_N26_route_SN11_BNF_DN33620.jpg"},{"image_text":"London General Wright Eclipse Gemini bodied Volvo B7TL on route N11 in July 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/London_General_WVL8_on_Route_N11%2C_Hammersmith%2C_27_May_2014.jpg/220px-London_General_WVL8_on_Route_N11%2C_Hammersmith%2C_27_May_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arriva London Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B5LH on route N29 in June 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Little_Park_Gardens%2C_Big_Route_%2814416024946%29.jpg/220px-Little_Park_Gardens%2C_Big_Route_%2814416024946%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Night Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Tube"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Central London Night Bus Map\" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170828193102/http://content.tfl.gov.uk:80/bus-route-maps/central-london-night-bus-map.pdf","url_text":"\"Central London Night Bus Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/central-london-night-bus-map.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"First Night Bus service, B-Type (B185) on route 94 outside Piccadilly Circus Underground station. Leslie Green station canopy clock gives time at 2.15am\". London Transport Museum. Retrieved 25 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/collections-online/photographs/item/1998-85474","url_text":"\"First Night Bus service, B-Type (B185) on route 94 outside Piccadilly Circus Underground station. Leslie Green station canopy clock gives time at 2.15am\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Transport_Museum","url_text":"London Transport Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"B/W print of poster, All Night Bus Services 94 & 94A, unknown, 1920\". London Transport Museum. Retrieved 25 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/collections-online/posters/item/2004-20462-part-54","url_text":"\"B/W print of poster, All Night Bus Services 94 & 94A, unknown, 1920\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Transport_Museum","url_text":"London Transport Museum"}]},{"reference":"Melbin, Murray (February 1978). \"Night As Frontier\". American Sociological Review. 43 (1). Boston: American Sociological Association: 3–22. doi:10.2307/2094758. JSTOR 2094758. S2CID 147703422.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2094758","url_text":"\"Night As Frontier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2094758","url_text":"10.2307/2094758"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2094758","url_text":"2094758"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147703422","url_text":"147703422"}]},{"reference":"Wallis, Philip (2013). London's Night Buses 1984-2013 (2 ed.). London: Capital Transport Publishing. ISBN 978-1854143723.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1854143723","url_text":"978-1854143723"}]},{"reference":"\"London's Bus Contracting and Tendering Process\" (PDF). Transport for London.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.tfl.gov.uk/uploads/forms/lbsl-tendering-and-contracting.pdf","url_text":"\"London's Bus Contracting and Tendering Process\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Central London Bus Review 2022: Decision summary and next steps\" (PDF). TfL Have Your Say. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ehq-production-europe.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/6d06c2e4078dd9f773d953da7d536fd1dc91a2a3/original/1669194388/1d3e2bafe8ff45f098ca19d41c3031ad_central-london-bus-review-2022-decision-summary-and-next-steps.pdf","url_text":"\"Central London Bus Review 2022: Decision summary and next steps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Central London bus changes\". TfL. Retrieved 3 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/buses/central-london-bus-changes","url_text":"\"Central London bus changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Next phase of Wandsworth Bridge repair programme underway\". Wandsworth Council. 23 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/news/news-august-2023/next-phase-of-wandsworth-bridge-repair-programme-underway/","url_text":"\"Next phase of Wandsworth Bridge repair programme underway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth_London_Borough_Council","url_text":"Wandsworth Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Next phase of Wandsworth Bridge repair programme underway\". Wandsworth Council. 23 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/news/news-august-2023/next-phase-of-wandsworth-bridge-repair-programme-underway/","url_text":"\"Next phase of Wandsworth Bridge repair programme underway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth_London_Borough_Council","url_text":"Wandsworth Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Have Your Say Transport for London\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://consultations.tfl.gov.uk/buses/night-bus-review/user_uploads/night-bus-changes-from-12-september-2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Have Your Say Transport for London\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190107/https://consultations.tfl.gov.uk/buses/night-bus-review/user_uploads/night-bus-changes-from-12-september-2015.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I
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List of military engagements of World War I
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["1 Western Front","2 Italian Campaign","3 Eastern Front","4 Romanian Campaign","5 Caucasus Campaign","6 Serbian Campaign","7 Gallipoli Campaign","8 Macedonian front","9 Sinai and Palestine Campaign","10 Mesopotamian Campaign","11 African theatre of World War I","12 Asia-Pacific theatre","13 Naval engagements","13.1 Atlantic Theatre","13.2 Mediterranean","13.3 Asia-Pacific Theatre","14 Air engagements","15 Co-belligerent conflicts","15.1 Pre-First World War","15.2 During the First World War","15.3 Post-First World War","16 References","17 Sources"]
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This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2023)
This list of military engagements of World War I covers terrestrial, maritime, and aerial conflicts, including campaigns, operations, defensive positions, and sieges. Campaigns generally refer to broader strategic operations conducted over a large bit of territory and over a long period of time. Battles generally refer to short periods of intense combat localized to a specific area and over a specific period of time. However, use of the terms in naming such events is not consistent. For example, the First Battle of the Atlantic was more or less an entire theatre of war, and the so-called battle lasted for the duration of the entire war.
Western Front
List of Canadian battles during the First World War on the Western Front plaque in Currie Hall, Royal Military College of Canada
The Western Front comprised the fractious borders between France, Germany, and the neighboring countries. It was infamous for the nature of the fight that developed there; after almost a full year of inconclusive fighting, the front had become a giant trench line stretching from one end of Europe to the other.
1914
Battle of Liège
A diagram of the fortifications surrounding the city
The Battle of Liège was the first battle of the war, and could be considered a moral victory for the allies, as the heavily outnumbered Belgians held out against the German Army for 12 days. From 5–16 August 1914, the Belgians successfully resisted the numerically superior Germans, and inflicted surprisingly heavy losses on their aggressors. The German Second Army, comprising 320,000 men, crossed into neutral Belgium in keeping to the Schlieffen Plan, with the ultimate goal of attacking France from the north. Liège was key strategically as it held a position at the head of a pass through the Ardennes, which made it the best possible route into the heart of Belgium itself.
The city was surrounded by a ring of 12 heavily armed forts, garrisoned by 70,000 men under the command of Gérard Leman. A night attack on 5 August was repulsed with heavy losses to the Germans to the extreme surprise of the supremely confident German army. The next day, rather than confront the forts in battle, the German commander Erich Ludendorff attacked the city through the back, through a break in the line of fortresses that the Belgians had intended to fortify, but never did so. Although they succeeded in capturing the city, the Germans knew that they could not continue advancing troops into Belgium without first breaking down the forts. Aided by 17-inch Howitzers, the Germans finally succeeded in bringing down the forts on 16 August.
The unprecedented Belgian resistance seriously prolonged the opening German assault at the outbreak of World War I, allowing France and Britain time to organize themselves and a defense of Paris. In addition, it was an important moral victory for the Allies.
Battle of the Frontiers
The early French initiative, to capture territory lost to the Germans in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War, which France started, was played out in a series of frontier battles between the Germans and the French, known collectively as the Battle of the Frontiers. The battles at Mulhouse, Lorraine, the Ardennes, Charleroi, and Mons were launched more or less simultaneously, and marked the collision of the German and French war plans, the Schlieffen Plan and Plan XVII, respectively.
Battle of Mülhausen
The Battle of Mülhausen was the opening attack by the French against the Germans. The battle was part of a French attempt to conquer the province of Alsace, which had been lost as a consequence of having lost the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, as it had a majority of ethnic Germans. A French force under General Louis Bonneau detached from the French First Corps and invaded the frontier on August 8, 1914. Opposing them was the German 7th Division. The capture of the area, preordained by the French Plan XVII, was to boost national pride—and to provide a guard force for the flank of subsequent invasions.
The French quickly captured the border town of Altkirch with a bayonet charge. Bonneau, suspicious of the little German resistance, was wary of a carefully planned German trap. However, under orders the next day he advanced to Mülhausen, capturing it with little effort, for the Germans had already abandoned it.
In France, the conquering of the German city Mülhausen, without a fight, was celebrated greatly. However, with the arrival of German reserves from Straßburg, the tides were turned, and the Germans mounted a counterattack on nearby Cernay. Unable to mount an all-encompassing defense, and unable to call on reserves of his own, Bonneau began a slow withdrawal from the region. Support troops hastily sent by the French commander-in-chief Joseph Joffre arrived too late to prevent Bonneau from retiring. Joffre was immensely angry with Bonneau, charging him with a "lack of aggression" and immediately relieving him of command. Realizing the psychological magnitude of the loss, he assembled a force, led by Paul Pau, which tried unsuccessfully to recapture the province.
Battle of Lothringen
French heavy cavalry on the way to battle, Paris, August 1914.
The invasion and recapture of Lorraine formed one of the major parts of the French pre-war strategy, Plan XVII. The loss of Lorraine (and Alsace; see above) to the Prussians in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War was seen as a national humiliation by the public and military alike, and was at the forefront of their minds for the next war against the Germans.
The battle was initiated by the French First and Second armies. The First, led by General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, whilst the Second, led by General Noel de Castelnau, intended to take Morhange. Both towns were well fortified, and the task of defending them fell to Crown Prince Rupprecht, who had overall control of the German Sixth and Seventh armies.
Rupprecht adopted a strategy in which he would fall back under the French attacks, then counter-attack once he lured the French all the way to his fortifications. As the French army advanced, it met stern resistance in the form of German artillery and machine-gun fire. Army Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke authorized a more aggressive tactic soon after, and on August 20, the German army started to roll back the French. Caught by surprise and without the assistance of entrenched positions, the Second Army was pushed back quickly, eventually into France itself. A gap was exposed between the forces in Mulhouse and those in Lorraine; the forces in Mulhouse were withdrawn to keep the gap from being taken advantage of by the Germans.
Diverging from the Schlieffen Plan, Rupprecht received reinforcements and attacked the French line near the Trouée de Charmes; however, through the use of reconnaissance aircraft, the French spotted the German buildup, and were able to build an adequate defence. Thus the German gains were minimized, and were eradicated by a following French counter-assault on the 25th. Fighting continued there until the end of August, and quickly ground into a stalemate and trench warfare.
Battle of the Ardennes
The Battle of Ardennes, fought between 21 and 23 August 1914, was another of the early frontier battles, conducted during the first month of the war. The battle was sparked by the mutual collision of French and German invasion forces in the lower Ardennes Forest.
The pre-war French strategy expected German forces in the area to be light, and the French light, rapid firing artillery was expected to convey an advantage in forested terrain over the bigger German guns. Instead, it became increasingly apparent to all of the commanders in the region that a significant enemy presence was gathering, for the Germans had planned an offensive through the area.
The sets of armies joined battle on both sides. General Pierre Ruffey's Third Army to the south and Fernand de Langle de Cary's Fourth Army to the north, fighting Germany's Fourth, led by Duke Albrecht, and Fifth army, led by Crown Prince Wilhelm.
The German troops started moving through the forest on 19 August. Conditions worsened, and by the time the two armies met, the forest was covered in a deep fog, resulting in the two forces stumbling into one another. At first, the French took the Germans as a light screening force; however, in reality the French were heavily outnumbered. The first day of the battle consisted of light skirmishes; the main battle did not begin until 21 August.
According to the pre-war French strategy document, Plan XVII, German forces in the area were only expected to be light, with French light, rapid-firing artillery proving advantageous in a wooded terrain such as that found in the Ardennes. However, what emerged was totally opposite; the French eagerly charged at German positions in the woods, and were mowed down by machine-gun fire. The French armies retreated hurriedly in the face of superior German tactical positioning, and the Germans chased them all the way back into the French border. In addition to losing a key strategic position, the French forfeited iron resources in the region as well.
Battle of Charleroi
The Battle of Charleroi, another of the frontier battles, was an action taking place 12–23 August 1914. The battle was joined by the French Fifth Army, advancing north towards the River Sambre, and the German Second and Third armies, moving southwest through Belgium. The Fifth army was meant to join the Third and Fourth armies in their attack through the Ardennes. However, this plan was put into effect assuming the Germans were not considering an assault further north, through Belgium—which was the German plan all along. Charles Lanrezac, commander of the Fifth Army, was strongly against the idea, fearing an attack from the north. However Joseph Joffre, chief-of-staff, rejected any such idea; after much persuasion, Lanrezac finally convinced him to move the Fifth Army northwards.
However, by the time the Fifth Army arrived, units of the German Second Army were already in the area. Joffre authorized an attack across the Sambre, predicting that the German force had 18 divisions, comparable to Lanrezac's 15, plus another 3 British reinforcements (the British Expeditionary Force). However, Lanrezac predicted much higher numbers, closer to the actual number—32 German divisions. He preferred to wait for reinforcements, however that same day the Germans attacked across the river and established two beachheads, neither of which fell despite several French counterattacks.
The next day, the main attack began; the fighting carried on through the day, and into the next. The French centre suffered severe losses and retreated; but the west and east flanks both held their ground. However, the retreat of cavalry divisions to the far west exposed the French west flank. With news of his situation, and the fact that his flanks could give and be completely enwrapped, Lanrezac ordered a general retreat into northern France.
Siege of Maubeuge
The French town of Maubeuge was a major fort on the French side of the border. With a junction of no fewer than five major railway lines, it was recognized as a key strategic position by both sides; hence the construction of 15 forts and gun batteries ringing it, a total of 435 guns, and a permanent garrison of 35,000 troops. These were further bolstered by the choosing of the town as the advance base of the British Expeditionary Force. However, when these and the French Fifth Army retreated following the events at Charleroi, the town was cut off from allied support, and subsequently besieged on August 25. The German heavy artillery succeeded in demolishing the key forts around the city, and General Joseph Anthelme Fournier, in command of the garrison in the city, surrendered to the Germans some 13 days later.
1914
Skirmish at Joncherey
Battle of Mons
Battle of Le Cateau
Battle of St. Quentin, also called the Battle of Guise
First Battle of the Marne
First Battle of the Aisne
Siege of Antwerp
First Battle of Albert
First Battle of Arras
Battle of Messines (1914)
Battle of the Yser
Battle of Armentières
First Battle of Ypres
First Battle of Champagne
1915
Winter operations 1914–1915
Battle of Neuve Chapelle
Second Battle of Ypres
Second Battle of Artois
Battle of Festubert
Battle of Loos
Actions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt
Second Battle of Champagne
1916
Actions of the Bluff, 1916
Battle of Verdun
Battle of Hulluch
Battle of Mont Sorrel
Battle of the Somme
Battle of Fromelles
Battle of Pozières
Battle of Ginchy
1917
Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917
Operation Alberich
Nivelle Offensive
Battle of Arras (1917)
Battle of Vimy Ridge
Second Battle of the Aisne, also called the Third Battle of Champagne
Battle of Messines
Third Battle of Ypres, also called the Battle of Passchendaele
Battle of La Malmaison
Battle of Cambrai (1917)
1918
German spring offensive
Battle of the Lys, also known as the Fourth Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Estaires
Third Battle of the Aisne
Battle of Cantigny
Battle of Belleau Wood
Second Battle of the Marne
Battle of Soissons (1918)
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
Hundred Days Offensive
Battle of Amiens
Second Battle of the Somme, also known as the Battle of St. Quentin
Battle of the Scarpe (1918)
Battle of Havrincourt
Battle of Saint-Mihiel
Battle of Epéhy
Battle of the Canal du Nord
Fifth Battle of Ypres
Battle of the Hindenburg Line
Meuse-Argonne Offensive, also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest
Battle of Cambrai (1918)
Battle of the Selle
Battle of Valenciennes (1918)
Battle of the Sambre (1918), also known as the Second Battle of the Sambre
Italian Campaign
First Battle of the Isonzo
Second Battle of the Isonzo
Third Battle of the Isonzo
Fourth Battle of the Isonzo
Fifth Battle of the Isonzo
Trentino Offensive or the "Battle of Asiago"
Sixth Battle of the Isonzo or the "Battle of Gorizia"
Seventh Battle of the Isonzo
Eighth Battle of the Isonzo
Ninth Battle of the Isonzo
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo
Battle of mount Ortigara
Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo
Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo or the "Battle of Caporetto"
Battle of the Piave River
Battle of San Matteo
Battle of Vittorio Veneto
Air Battle on Istrana
Eastern Front
Campaign of 1914 (Entente victory; Russia captures Galicia and part of the Carpathian Mountains, And also knocks out the Germans from Poland, disrupting their plans to destroy a group of Russian troops. As well as disrupts the Schlieffen plan, forcing Germany to fight on two fronts)
East Prussian campaign (German victory)
Battle of Stallupönen (Russian victory)
Battle of Orlau (Russian victory)
Battle of Gumbinnen (Russian victory)
Battle of Kaushen (Russian victory)
Battle of Gross-Bresau (Russian victory)
Battle of Gumbinnen (Russian victory)
Battle of Tannenberg (German victory)
Battle of Galicia (Decisive Russian victory)
Battle of Kraśnik (Austro-Hungarian victory)
Battle of Komarów (1914) (Austro-Hungarian victory)
Battle of Gnila Lipa (Russian victory)
Battle of Rawa (Key Russian victory)
Battle of Gorodek (1914) (Russian victory)
Halich-Lviv offensive (Russian victory)
Battle of Yaroslavitsy (1914) (Russian victory)
Battle of Laski and Anielin (Russian victory)
Battle of Mołotków (Russian victory)
First Battle of the Masurian Lakes (German victory)
Battle of Augustów (1914) (Russian victory)
Second Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914) (Russian victory)
Raid on Memel (successful Russian raid on East Prussia)
Battle of the Vistula River (Decisive Russian victory)
Battle of Łódź (1914) (Russian tactical victory; German strategic victory)
Battle of the San river (Russian victory)
Battle of Limanowa (Central powers victory)
Battle of the Lupovsky Pass (Russian victory)
Campaign of 1915 (Central powers victory, however, the Germans are unable to bring Russia out of the war. Russians return a wide strip to Galicia)
Battle of Pakoslaw (Russian victory)
Battle of Carpathians (Russian victory)
Siege of Przemysl (Russian victory)
Kozevo offensive (Russian victory)
Battle for Height 958 (Russian victory)
Battle of Bolimov (Indecisive)
First Battle of Przasnysz (Russian victory)
Battle of Łomża (Partial Russian victory)
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes (German victory)
Easter battle at Kalvarija (Indecisive)
Second Battle of the Vistula River (Russian victory)
Great Retreat (Russian) (German victory)
Gorlice–Tarnów offensive (Central powers victory)
Battle of Syniava (Russian victory)
Vistula–Bug offensive (German victory)
Bug–Narew Offensive (German victory)
Skoropadsky's attack under Kraupishken(Russian victory)
Second battle of Przasnysz (German Tactical victory, Russian strategic victory)
Attack of the Dead Men (Russian victory)
March on Grubeshov (Russian victory)
Battle of Dniestr and Zolota Lypa (Partial Russian victory)
Riga–Schaulen offensive (German victory)
Siege of Kovno (German victory)
Siege of Novogeorgievsk (German victory)
Strypa offensive (Central powers major victory)
Prut operation (Russian victory)
Battle of Smorgon (Russian victory)
Battle of Zurvno (Russian victory)
Vilno-Dvinsk offensive (Key Russian victory)
Sventiany Offensive (Indecisive)
Campaign of 1916 (Russian victory; recapture Galicia and Bukovina; the Russians are forcing the Germans to stop the attacks on Verdun by their actions)
Lake Naroch Offensive (Tactical German victory; strategic Entente victory)
Baranovichi offensive (Central powers victory)
Brusilov Offensive (Russian victory)
Battle of Lutsk (Russian victory)
Battle of Kostiuchnówka (Russian victory)
Battle of Kowel (Central powers victory)
Campaign of 1917 (Central powers victory)
Christmas Battles (Russian victory)
February Revolution (Partial destruction of the Russian army due to the democratization of troops)
Kerensky Offensive (Central powers victory)
Battle of Zborov (1917) (Entente victory)
Battle of Borders (Russian victory; Central Powers retreat on Austria territory)
Riga offensive (1917) (German victory)
Russian Revolution (Russian army has been destroyed from the inside)
Campaign of 1918 (Central powers victory; Russia is coming out of the war)
Operation Faustschlag (Decisive central powers victory; end of Eastern front)
Battle of Bakhmach (Soviet victory)
Crimea Operation (1918) (German-Ukraine victory)
Battle of Chongar Bridge (Ukraine victory)
Sivash breakthrough (Ukraine victory)
Battle of the Salt Lake (Ukraine-Cossack victory)
Battle of Sevastopol (1918) (German-Ukraine victory)
Romanian Campaign
1916
Battle of Transylvania (Central Powers victory)
Battle of Turtucaia (Central Powers victory)
Battle of Dobrich (Bulgarian victory)
First Battle of Cobadin (Romanian-Russian victory)
Battle of Sibiu (1916) (Central Powers victory)
Battle of the Olt Valley (Romanian victory)
Nagyszeben Offensive (Romanian victory)
Flămânda Offensive (Central Powers victory)
Battle of Brassó (1916) (Central Powers victory)
Battle of Bran-Câmpulung Area (Romanian victory)
Battle of Prahova Valley (Romanian victory)
First Battle of Oituz (Romanian victory)
Second Battle of Cobadin (Central Powers victory)
First Battle of the Jiu Valley (Romanian victory)
Second Battle of the Jiu Valley (Central Powers victory)
Battle of Vulcan Pass (Central Powers victory)
Second Battle of Oituz (Romanian victory)
Battle of Târgu Jiu (Central Powers victory)
Battle of Robănești (German victory)
Battle of Bucharest (Central Powers victory)
Prunaru Charge (Central Powers victory)
Battle of the Argeș (Central Powers victory)
Battle of Râmnicu Sărat (Central Powers victory)
1917
Romanian Campaign (1917)(Russo-Romanian victory)
Battle of Mărăști (Romanian-Russian victory)
Battle of Mărășești (Romanian-Russian victory)
Third Battle of Oituz (Romanian-Russian victory)
Caucasus Campaign
1914
Black Sea raid (Ottoman victory)
Capture of Bajazet (Russian victory)
Bergmann Offensive (Ottoman victory)
Battle of Sarikamish (Decisive Russian victory)
Battle of Ardahan (Russian victory)
Battle of Cape Sarych (Russian victory)
1915
Defense of Van (1915) (Russo-Armenian victory)
Battle of Manzikert (1915) (Ottoman victory)
Battle of Kara Killisse (Russian victory)
Battle of Dilman (Russian victory)
Zeitun Resistance (1915) (Armenian victory)
Battle of Kirpen Island (Russian victory)
Battle of the Bosporus (Russian victory)
1916
Action of 8 January 1916 (Russian victory)
Airstrike on Zonguldak (Russian victory)
Erzurum Offensive (Russian victory)
Battle of Muş (Russian victory)
Battle of Koprukoy (Russian victory)
Trebizond Campaign (Russian victory)
Lazistan offensive (Russian victory)
Landing in Riza (Russian victory)
Battle of Çapakçur (Ottoman victory)
Battle of Erzincan (Russian victory)
Battle of Bitlis (Russian victory)
Battle of Kop Mount (Russian victory)
1917
Senenj-Kermanshah offensive (Russian victory)
1918
Battle of Goychay (Ottoman victory)
Battle of Choloki (1918) (Transcaucasian victory)
Battle of Binagadi (Ottoman victory)
Battle of Kurdamir (Ottoman victory)
Battle of Abaran (Armenian victory)
Battle of Karakilisa (Armenian victory)
Battle of Baku (Ottoman victory)
Battle of Sardarabad (Decisive Armenian victory)
Bicheharov offensive in Dagestan (White Russian victory)
First siege of Petrovsk (Russian victory)
Izzet Pasha's offensive in Dagestan (Ottoman victory)
Dagestan Campaign (1918) (The Biceharists successfully counteract the Turks, but are forced to temporarily leave Dagestan; Ottoman output from Dagestan)
Battle of Tarkin heights (Ky Russian victory; Ottomans failure to capture Petrovsk)
Battle of Mammadkali (Key Russian victory; The Biceharists maintain the unity of the Army, the Turks temporarily retreat)
Second Siege of Petrovsk (Ottoman victory)
Serbian Campaign
Battle of Cer
Srem Offensive
First bombardment of mount Lovćen
Battle of Drina
Second bombardment of mount Lovćen
Battle of Kolubara
Battle of Morava
Battle of Kosovo (1915)
Battle of Ovche Pole
Montenegrin campaign
Battle of Mojkovac
Third bombardment of mount Lovćen
Gallipoli Campaign
W Beach, Helles, on January 7, 1916, just prior to the final evacuation of British forces during the Gallipoli Campaign.
The Gallipoli Campaign (also called the "Dardanelles Campaign"), was a number of battles fought between 1915 and 1916.
Landing at Anzac Cove
Landing at Cape Helles
First Battle of Krithia
Second Battle of Krithia
Third Battle of Krithia
Battle of Gully Ravine
Battle of Sari Bair
Battle of Krithia Vineyard
Battle of Lone Pine
Battle of the Nek
Battle of Chunuk Bair
Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)
Battle of Scimitar Hill
Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign
Macedonian front
Battle of Krivolak
Battle of Kosturino
1st Battle of Doiran
Battle of Florina
Battle of Struma
Monastir Offensive
Battle of Malka Nidzhe
Battle of Kajmakchalan
1st Battle of Cerna Bend
2nd Battle of Monastir
2nd Battle of Doiran
2nd Battle of Cerna Bend
Battle of Skra-di-Legen
Vardar Offensive
Battle of Dobro Pole
3rd Battle of Doiran
Sinai and Palestine Campaign
First Suez Offensive
Battle of Romani or "The Second Suez Offensive"
Battle of Bir el Abd
Battle of Magdhaba
Battle of Rafa
Battle of Mughar Ridge
Battle of Jerusalem
Fall of Damascus
First Battle of Gaza
Second Battle of Gaza
Third Battle of Gaza or the "Battle of Beersheba"
Battle of Beersheba
Battle of Megiddo
Mesopotamian Campaign
Fao Landing
Fall of Basra
Battle of Qurna
Battle of Shaiba
Capture of Amara
Battle of Nasiriyah
Battle of Es Sinn
Battle of Ctesiphon
Siege of Kut
Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad
Battle of the Wadi
Battle of Hanna
Battle of Dujaila Redoubt
First Battle of Kut
Battle of Khanaqin
Second Battle of Kut
Fall of Baghdad
Samarra offensive
Battle of Jebel Hamlin
Battle of Istabulat
Battle of Ramadi
Capture of Tikrit
Battle of Sharqat
African theatre of World War I
Fall of Cameroon
Fall of German South-West Africa (Namibia)
Fall of Togo
Fall of German East Africa
Senussi Campaign
Battle of Tanga or Battle of the Bees
Battle of Rufiji Delta
Battle of Kilimanjaro
Battle of Sandfontein
Battle of Segale
Battle of Agagia
Battle of Chra
Battle of Namacurra
Battle of Lioma
Asia-Pacific theatre
Swedish intervention in Persia
Siege of Tsingtao
Occupation of German Samoa
Battle of Bita Paka
Siege of Toma
Central Asian revolt of 1916
Kelentan Rebellion
Japanese Occupation Of German Pacific Colonial Possessions
Naval engagements
See also: Naval warfare of World War I
Atlantic Theatre
First Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)
Battle of Coronel (1914)
Battle of the Falkland Islands (1914)
Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby (1914)
Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)
Otranto Barrage (1915–1918)
Battle of Jutland (1916)
Battle of Dover Strait (1917)
Second Battle of Heligoland Bight (1917)
Zeebrugge Raid (1918)
Mediterranean
Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau (1914)
Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign (1915–1916)
Battle of the Otranto Straits (1917)
Battle of Imbros (1918)
Asia-Pacific Theatre
Battle of Rabaul
Battle of Tsingtao (1914)
Battle of Penang (1914)
Battle of Coronel (1914)
Battle of Cocos (1914)
Japanese Occupation Of German Pacific Colonial Possessions
Air engagements
World War I was the first war to see major use of planes for offensive, defensive and reconnaissance operations, and both the Entente Powers and the Central Powers used planes extensively. Almost as soon as they were invented, planes were drafted for military service.
See also the following articles:
Aviation in World War I
Aviation history (1914–1918)
Flying aces
List of World War I flying aces
Strategic bombing during World War I
Zeppelins in World War I
Co-belligerent conflicts
These conflicts are considered part of the First World War because one or more of the combatants were aligned with a main belligerent power which may have provided materiel, military, financial, or political support.
Pre-First World War
Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)
Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912)
First Balkan War (1912–13)
Second Balkan War (1913)
Muscat rebellion (1913–20)
Zaian War (1914–21)
Kurdish rebellions during World War I (1914–17)
During the First World War
Maritz Rebellion (1914–15)
Easter Rising (1916)
Warlord Era (1916–1928)
Senussi Campaign (1915–17)
Arab Revolt (1916–1918)
Russian Revolution (1917)
Finnish Civil War (1918)
Russian Civil War (1918–22)
North Russia Campaign (1918–19)
Russian westward offensive (1918–19)
Post-First World War
Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)
Hungarian-Romanian War (1918–19)
Polish-Soviet War (1919–21)
Latvian War of Independence (1918–20)
Irish War of Independence (1919–21)
Turkish War of Independence (1919–23)
Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)
Vlora War (1920)
Irish Civil War (1922–23)
References
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^ Олейников А. Россия-щит Антанты. С предисловием Николая Старикова.-СПб.:Питер, 2016.-336 с.-( серия «Николай Стариков рекомендует прочитать») ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4
^ a b c B. V. Nikitin, 1938, The Fatal Years. Fresh Revelations on a Chapter of Underground History
^ Шуберт К. К. Русский отряд парусных судов на Каспийском море // Флот в Белой борьбе (Сост. С. В. Волков). — М.: ЗАО Центрполиграф, 2002. — 607 с. — ISBN 5-9524-0028-0
Sources
James M. McPherson; Stephen B. Oates; Celab Carr; Geoffrey Ward; Richard M. Ketchum; et al. (2001). Robert Cowley; Geoffrey Parker (eds.). A Reader's Campanion to Military History (Paperback ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-12742-9.
Олейников, Алексей (2016). Россия-щит Антанты. С предисловием Николая Старикова. St. Petersburg: Питер. ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4.
Брусилов, Алексей (2023). Мои воспоминания. Из царской армии в Красную. Moscow: Москва. ISBN 978-5-04-176827-0.
vteWorld War I
Outline
Military engagements
Aftermath
Economic history
Geography
Historiography
Home fronts
Memorials
Opposition
Popular culture
Propaganda
Puppet states
Technology
TheatresEuropean
Balkans
Serbia
Western Front
Eastern Front
Romania
Italian Front
Middle Eastern
Gallipoli
Sinai and Palestine
Caucasus
Persia
Mesopotamia
South Arabia
Central Arabia
African
South West
East
Kamerun
Togoland
North
Asian and Pacific
Tsingtao
German Samoa
German New Guinea
Naval warfare
U-boat campaign
North Atlantic
Mediterranean
PrincipalparticipantsEntente Powers
Leaders
Belgium
Brazil
China
France
French Empire
Greece
Italy
Japan
Empire of Japan
Montenegro
Portuguese Empire
Romania
Russia
Russian Empire
Russian Republic
Serbia
Siam
United Kingdom
British Empire
United States
Central Powers
Leaders
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Senussi
South African Republic
Darfur
TimelinePre-War conflicts
Franco-Prussian War (1870–71)
Scramble for Africa (1880–1914)
Russo-Japanese War (1905)
Tangier Crisis (1905–06)
Bosnian Crisis (1908–09)
Agadir Crisis (1911)
Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)
First Balkan War (1912–13)
Second Balkan War (1913)
Prelude
Origins
Historiography
Sarajevo assassination
Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
July Crisis
1914
German invasion of Belgium
Battle of the Frontiers
Battle of Cer
Battle of Galicia
Russian invasion of East Prussia
Battle of Tannenberg
Siege of Tsingtao
First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
Battle of Grand Couronné
First Battle of the Marne
Siege of Przemyśl
Race to the Sea
First Battle of Ypres
Black Sea raid
Battle of Kolubara
Battle of Sarikamish
Christmas truce
1915
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
Battle of Łomża
Second Battle of Ypres
Sinking of the RMS Lusitania
Battle of Gallipoli
Second Battle of Artois
Battles of the Isonzo
Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
Great Retreat
Bug-Narew Offensive
Siege of Novogeorgievsk
Vistula–Bug offensive
Second Battle of Champagne
Kosovo offensive
Siege of Kut
Battle of Loos
Battle of Robat Karim
1916
Erzurum offensive
Battle of Verdun
Lake Naroch offensive
Battle of Asiago
Battle of Jutland
Battle of the Somme
first day
Brusilov offensive
Baranovichi offensive
Battle of Romani
Monastir offensive
Battle of Transylvania
1917
Capture of Baghdad
February Revolution
Zimmermann Telegram
Second Battle of Arras
Second Battle of the Aisne
Kerensky offensive
Battle of Mărăști
Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
Battle of Mărășești
Third Battle of Oituz
Battle of Caporetto
Southern Palestine offensive
October Revolution
Battle of La Malmaison
Battle of Cambrai
Armistice of Focșani
Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1918
Operation Faustschlag
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
German spring offensive
Zeebrugge Raid
Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
Battle of Goychay
Second Battle of the Piave River
Second Battle of the Marne
Hundred Days Offensive
Vardar offensive
Battle of Megiddo
Third Transjordan attack
Meuse–Argonne offensive
Battle of Vittorio Veneto
Armistice of Salonica
Armistice of Mudros
Armistice of Villa Giusti
Second Romanian campaign
Armistice with Germany
Armistice of Belgrade
Co-belligerent conflicts
Somaliland campaign (1900–1920)
Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)
Maritz rebellion (1914–15)
Muscat rebellion (1913–1920)
Zaian War (1914–1921)
Kurdish rebellions (1914–1917)
Ovambo Uprising (1914-1917)
Kelantan rebellion (1915)
Senussi campaign (1915–1917)
Volta-Bani War (1915–1917)
National Protection War
Arab Revolt (1916-1918)
Central Asian Revolt (1916–17)
Invasion of Darfur (1916)
Easter Rising (1916)
Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
Russian Revolution (1917)
Finnish Civil War (1918)
Post-War conflicts
Russian Civil War (1917–1921)
Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921)
Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920)
Armeno-Georgian War (1918)
German Revolution (1918–19)
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)
Hungarian–Romanian War (1918–19)
Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)
Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920)
Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920)
Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–1920)
Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19)
Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
Egyptian Revolution (1919)
Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920)
Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921)
Irish War of Independence (1919–1921)
Turkish War of Independence
Franco-Turkish War (1918–1921)
Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
Turkish–Armenian War (1920)
Iraqi Revolt (1920)
Vlora War (1920)
Franco-Syrian War (1920)
Soviet–Georgian War (1921)
AspectsWarfare
Aviation
Strategic bombing
Chemical weapons
Cryptography
Horses
Logistics
Naval warfare
Convoy system
Trench warfare
Conscription
Australia
Canada
Ottoman Empire
United Kingdom
Ireland
United States
Casualties /Civilian impact
British casualties
Parliamentarians
Ottoman casualties
Sports
Rugby
Olympians
Disease
1899–1923 cholera pandemic
1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
Spanish flu
Occupations
Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
Bulgarian occupations
Albania
Serbia
German occupations
Belgium
Luxembourg
Northeast France
Ober Ost
Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
Russian occupations
Eastern Galicia
Western Armenia
POWs
Germans
in the United States
Italians
POW locations
Canada
Germany / camps
Switzerland
Refugees
Belgian refugees
Netherlands
United Kingdom
War crimes
Allied blockades
Eastern Mediterranean
Mount Lebanon famine
Germany
Deportations from East Prussia
Destruction of Kalisz
Sack of Dinant
Late Ottoman genocides
Armenian genocide
Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
Pontic Greek genocide
Rape of Belgium
Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
Massacres of Albanians
Ukrainian Canadian internment
DiplomacyEntry into the war
Austria-Hungary
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Ottoman Empire
Russia
United Kingdom
United States
Declarations of war
Austria-Hungary against Serbia
UK against Germany
Ottomans against the Triple Entente
USA against Germany
USA against Austria-Hungary
Agreements
Constantinople Agreement
Treaty of London
Damascus Protocol
Bulgaria–Germany treaty
Treaty of Darin
Sykes–Picot Agreement
Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
Paris Economy Pact
Treaty of Bucharest
Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Peace treaties
Modus vivendi of Acroma
Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
Russia–Central Powers
Ukraine–Central Powers
Treaty of Bucharest
Paris Peace Conference
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of St. Germain
Treaty of Neuilly
Treaty of Trianon
Treaty of Sèvres
Treaty of Lausanne
Other
Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
Mutilated victory
The Golden Virgin
They shall not pass
Category
|
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Mülhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mulhouse"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Louis Bonneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bonneau"},{"link_name":"French First Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Corps_(France)"},{"link_name":"German 7th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Division_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Plan XVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_XVII"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwonline-mulhouse-4"},{"link_name":"Altkirch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altkirch"},{"link_name":"bayonet 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Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Army"},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Charleroi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwonline-maubeuge-7"},{"link_name":"Skirmish at Joncherey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmish_at_Joncherey"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons"},{"link_name":"Battle of Le Cateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Cateau"},{"link_name":"Battle of St. Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"First Battle of the Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne"},{"link_name":"First Battle of the Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Siege of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_(1914)"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Messines (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Yser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yser"},{"link_name":"Battle of Armentières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Armenti%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Winter operations 1914–1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_operations_1914%E2%80%931915"},{"link_name":"Battle of Neuve Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"Battle of Festubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Festubert"},{"link_name":"Battle of Loos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loos"},{"link_name":"Actions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actions_of_the_Hohenzollern_Redoubt"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Actions of the Bluff, 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actions_of_the_Bluff,_1916"},{"link_name":"Battle of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hulluch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hulluch"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mont Sorrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mont_Sorrel"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fromelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fromelles"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pozières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ginchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ginchy"},{"link_name":"Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre,_January%E2%80%93March_1917"},{"link_name":"Operation Alberich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Alberich"},{"link_name":"Nivelle Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arras (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vimy Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Battle of Messines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Battle of Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"Battle of La Malmaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cambrai (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)"},{"link_name":"German spring offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spring_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Fourth Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Battle of Estaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Estaires"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of the Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cantigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cantigny"},{"link_name":"Battle of Belleau Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne"},{"link_name":"Battle of Soissons (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Scarpe (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Havrincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Havrincourt"},{"link_name":"Battle of Saint-Mihiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel"},{"link_name":"Battle of Epéhy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ep%C3%A9hy"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Canal du Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord"},{"link_name":"Fifth Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Hindenburg Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hindenburg_Line"},{"link_name":"Meuse-Argonne Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Argonne Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Argonne_Forest"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cambrai (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Selle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Selle"},{"link_name":"Battle of Valenciennes (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Sambre (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Sambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Sambre"}],"text":"List of Canadian battles during the First World War on the Western Front plaque in Currie Hall, Royal Military College of CanadaThe Western Front comprised the fractious borders between France, Germany, and the neighboring countries. It was infamous for the nature of the fight that developed there; after almost a full year of inconclusive fighting, the front had become a giant trench line stretching from one end of Europe to the other.[1]1914Battle of LiègeA diagram of the fortifications surrounding the cityThe Battle of Liège was the first battle of the war, and could be considered a moral victory for the allies, as the heavily outnumbered Belgians held out against the German Army for 12 days. From 5–16 August 1914, the Belgians successfully resisted the numerically superior Germans, and inflicted surprisingly heavy losses on their aggressors. The German Second Army, comprising 320,000 men, crossed into neutral Belgium in keeping to the Schlieffen Plan, with the ultimate goal of attacking France from the north. Liège was key strategically as it held a position at the head of a pass through the Ardennes, which made it the best possible route into the heart of Belgium itself.[2]The city was surrounded by a ring of 12 heavily armed forts, garrisoned by 70,000 men under the command of Gérard Leman. A night attack on 5 August was repulsed with heavy losses to the Germans to the extreme surprise of the supremely confident German army.[citation needed] The next day, rather than confront the forts in battle, the German commander Erich Ludendorff attacked the city through the back, through a break in the line of fortresses that the Belgians had intended to fortify, but never did so. Although they succeeded in capturing the city, the Germans knew that they could not continue advancing troops into Belgium without first breaking down the forts. Aided by 17-inch Howitzers, the Germans finally succeeded in bringing down the forts on 16 August.[2]The unprecedented Belgian resistance seriously prolonged the opening German assault at the outbreak of World War I, allowing France and Britain time to organize themselves and a defense of Paris. In addition, it was an important moral victory for the Allies.Battle of the FrontiersThe early French initiative, to capture territory lost to the Germans in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War, which France started, was played out in a series of frontier battles between the Germans and the French, known collectively as the Battle of the Frontiers. The battles at Mulhouse, Lorraine, the Ardennes, Charleroi, and Mons were launched more or less simultaneously, and marked the collision of the German and French war plans, the Schlieffen Plan and Plan XVII, respectively.[1][3]Battle of MülhausenThe Battle of Mülhausen was the opening attack by the French against the Germans. The battle was part of a French attempt to conquer the province of Alsace, which had been lost as a consequence of having lost the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, as it had a majority of ethnic Germans. A French force under General Louis Bonneau detached from the French First Corps and invaded the frontier on August 8, 1914. Opposing them was the German 7th Division. The capture of the area, preordained by the French Plan XVII, was to boost national pride—and to provide a guard force for the flank of subsequent invasions.[4]The French quickly captured the border town of Altkirch with a bayonet charge. Bonneau, suspicious of the little German resistance, was wary of a carefully planned German trap. However, under orders the next day he advanced to Mülhausen, capturing it with little effort, for the Germans had already abandoned it.[4]In France, the conquering of the German city Mülhausen, without a fight, was celebrated greatly. However, with the arrival of German reserves from Straßburg, the tides were turned, and the Germans mounted a counterattack on nearby Cernay. Unable to mount an all-encompassing defense, and unable to call on reserves of his own, Bonneau began a slow withdrawal from the region. Support troops hastily sent by the French commander-in-chief Joseph Joffre arrived too late to prevent Bonneau from retiring. Joffre was immensely angry with Bonneau, charging him with a \"lack of aggression\" and immediately relieving him of command. Realizing the psychological magnitude of the loss, he assembled a force, led by Paul Pau, which tried unsuccessfully to recapture the province.[4]Battle of LothringenFrench heavy cavalry on the way to battle, Paris, August 1914.The invasion and recapture of Lorraine formed one of the major parts of the French pre-war strategy, Plan XVII. The loss of Lorraine (and Alsace; see above) to the Prussians in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War was seen as a national humiliation by the public and military alike, and was at the forefront of their minds for the next war against the Germans.[5]The battle was initiated by the French First and Second armies. The First, led by General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, whilst the Second, led by General Noel de Castelnau, intended to take Morhange. Both towns were well fortified, and the task of defending them fell to Crown Prince Rupprecht, who had overall control of the German Sixth and Seventh armies.[5]Rupprecht adopted a strategy in which he would fall back under the French attacks, then counter-attack once he lured the French all the way to his fortifications. As the French army advanced, it met stern resistance in the form of German artillery and machine-gun fire. Army Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke authorized a more aggressive tactic soon after, and on August 20, the German army started to roll back the French. Caught by surprise and without the assistance of entrenched positions, the Second Army was pushed back quickly, eventually into France itself. A gap was exposed between the forces in Mulhouse and those in Lorraine; the forces in Mulhouse were withdrawn to keep the gap from being taken advantage of by the Germans.[5]Diverging from the Schlieffen Plan, Rupprecht received reinforcements and attacked the French line near the Trouée de Charmes; however, through the use of reconnaissance aircraft, the French spotted the German buildup, and were able to build an adequate defence. Thus the German gains were minimized, and were eradicated by a following French counter-assault on the 25th. Fighting continued there until the end of August, and quickly ground into a stalemate and trench warfare.[5]Battle of the ArdennesThe Battle of Ardennes, fought between 21 and 23 August 1914, was another of the early frontier battles, conducted during the first month of the war. The battle was sparked by the mutual collision of French and German invasion forces in the lower Ardennes Forest.[6]The pre-war French strategy expected German forces in the area to be light, and the French light, rapid firing artillery was expected to convey an advantage in forested terrain over the bigger German guns. Instead, it became increasingly apparent to all of the commanders in the region that a significant enemy presence was gathering, for the Germans had planned an offensive through the area.[6]The sets of armies joined battle on both sides. General Pierre Ruffey's Third Army to the south and Fernand de Langle de Cary's Fourth Army to the north, fighting Germany's Fourth, led by Duke Albrecht, and Fifth army, led by Crown Prince Wilhelm.[6]The German troops started moving through the forest on 19 August. Conditions worsened, and by the time the two armies met, the forest was covered in a deep fog, resulting in the two forces stumbling into one another. At first, the French took the Germans as a light screening force; however, in reality the French were heavily outnumbered. The first day of the battle consisted of light skirmishes; the main battle did not begin until 21 August.[6]According to the pre-war French strategy document, Plan XVII, German forces in the area were only expected to be light, with French light, rapid-firing artillery proving advantageous in a wooded terrain such as that found in the Ardennes. However, what emerged was totally opposite; the French eagerly charged at German positions in the woods, and were mowed down by machine-gun fire. The French armies retreated hurriedly in the face of superior German tactical positioning, and the Germans chased them all the way back into the French border. In addition to losing a key strategic position, the French forfeited iron resources in the region as well.[6]Battle of CharleroiThe Battle of Charleroi, another of the frontier battles, was an action taking place 12–23 August 1914. The battle was joined by the French Fifth Army, advancing north towards the River Sambre, and the German Second and Third armies, moving southwest through Belgium. The Fifth army was meant to join the Third and Fourth armies in their attack through the Ardennes. However, this plan was put into effect assuming the Germans were not considering an assault further north, through Belgium—which was the German plan all along. Charles Lanrezac, commander of the Fifth Army, was strongly against the idea, fearing an attack from the north. However Joseph Joffre, chief-of-staff, rejected any such idea; after much persuasion, Lanrezac finally convinced him to move the Fifth Army northwards.However, by the time the Fifth Army arrived, units of the German Second Army were already in the area. Joffre authorized an attack across the Sambre, predicting that the German force had 18 divisions, comparable to Lanrezac's 15, plus another 3 British reinforcements (the British Expeditionary Force). However, Lanrezac predicted much higher numbers, closer to the actual number—32 German divisions. He preferred to wait for reinforcements, however that same day the Germans attacked across the river and established two beachheads, neither of which fell despite several French counterattacks.The next day, the main attack began; the fighting carried on through the day, and into the next. The French centre suffered severe losses and retreated; but the west and east flanks both held their ground. However, the retreat of cavalry divisions to the far west exposed the French west flank. With news of his situation, and the fact that his flanks could give and be completely enwrapped, Lanrezac ordered a general retreat into northern France.Siege of MaubeugeThe French town of Maubeuge was a major fort on the French side of the border. With a junction of no fewer than five major railway lines, it was recognized as a key strategic position by both sides; hence the construction of 15 forts and gun batteries ringing it, a total of 435 guns, and a permanent garrison of 35,000 troops. These were further bolstered by the choosing of the town as the advance base of the British Expeditionary Force. However, when these and the French Fifth Army retreated following the events at Charleroi, the town was cut off from allied support, and subsequently besieged on August 25. The German heavy artillery succeeded in demolishing the key forts around the city, and General Joseph Anthelme Fournier, in command of the garrison in the city, surrendered to the Germans some 13 days later.[7]1914Skirmish at Joncherey\nBattle of Mons\nBattle of Le Cateau\nBattle of St. Quentin, also called the Battle of Guise\nFirst Battle of the Marne\nFirst Battle of the Aisne\nSiege of Antwerp\nFirst Battle of Albert\nFirst Battle of Arras\nBattle of Messines (1914)\nBattle of the Yser\nBattle of Armentières\nFirst Battle of Ypres\nFirst Battle of Champagne1915Winter operations 1914–1915\nBattle of Neuve Chapelle\nSecond Battle of Ypres\nSecond Battle of Artois\nBattle of Festubert\nBattle of Loos\nActions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt\nSecond Battle of Champagne1916Actions of the Bluff, 1916\nBattle of Verdun\nBattle of Hulluch\nBattle of Mont Sorrel\nBattle of the Somme\nBattle of Fromelles\nBattle of Pozières\nBattle of Ginchy1917Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917\nOperation Alberich\nNivelle Offensive\nBattle of Arras (1917)\nBattle of Vimy Ridge\nSecond Battle of the Aisne, also called the Third Battle of Champagne\nBattle of Messines\nThird Battle of Ypres, also called the Battle of Passchendaele\nBattle of La Malmaison\nBattle of Cambrai (1917)1918German spring offensive\nBattle of the Lys, also known as the Fourth Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Estaires\nThird Battle of the Aisne\nBattle of Cantigny\nBattle of Belleau Wood\nSecond Battle of the Marne\nBattle of Soissons (1918)\nBattle of Château-Thierry (1918)\nHundred Days Offensive\nBattle of Amiens\nSecond Battle of the Somme, also known as the Battle of St. Quentin\nBattle of the Scarpe (1918)\nBattle of Havrincourt\nBattle of Saint-Mihiel\nBattle of Epéhy\nBattle of the Canal du Nord\nFifth Battle of Ypres\nBattle of the Hindenburg Line\nMeuse-Argonne Offensive, also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest\nBattle of Cambrai (1918)\nBattle of the Selle\nBattle of Valenciennes (1918)\nBattle of the Sambre (1918), also known as the Second Battle of the Sambre","title":"Western Front"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Fourth Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Fifth Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Trentino Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Asiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago"},{"link_name":"Sixth Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gorizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gorizia"},{"link_name":"Seventh Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Eighth Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Ninth Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Tenth Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Battle of mount Ortigara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Ortigara"},{"link_name":"Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Battle_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Battle of Caporetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Piave River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Piave_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of San Matteo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Matteo"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vittorio Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Air Battle on Istrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Battle_on_Istrana"}],"text":"First Battle of the Isonzo\nSecond Battle of the Isonzo\nThird Battle of the Isonzo\nFourth Battle of the Isonzo\nFifth Battle of the Isonzo\nTrentino Offensive or the \"Battle of Asiago\"\nSixth Battle of the Isonzo or the \"Battle of Gorizia\"\nSeventh Battle of the Isonzo\nEighth Battle of the Isonzo\nNinth Battle of the Isonzo\nTenth Battle of the Isonzo\nBattle of mount Ortigara\nEleventh Battle of the Isonzo\nTwelfth Battle of the Isonzo or the \"Battle of Caporetto\"\nBattle of the Piave River\nBattle of San Matteo\nBattle of Vittorio Veneto\nAir Battle on Istrana","title":"Italian Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"East Prussian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stallupönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stallup%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"Battle of Orlau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Orlau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gumbinnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gumbinnen"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kaushen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kaushen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gross-Bresau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-Bresau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gumbinnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gumbinnen"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tannenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kraśnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kra%C5%9Bnik"},{"link_name":"Battle of Komarów (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Komar%C3%B3w_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gnila Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gnila_Lipa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rawa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gorodek (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gorodek_(1914)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Halich-Lviv offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halich-Lviv_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Battle of Yaroslavitsy (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Yaroslavitsy_(1914)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83_%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86"},{"link_name":"Battle of Laski and Anielin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Laski_and_Anielin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mołotków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mo%C5%82otk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"First Battle of the Masurian Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Battle of Augustów (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_August%C3%B3w_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Second Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Raid on Memel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_Memel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Vistula River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vistula_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of Łódź (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the San river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov#First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B22023122-126-18"},{"link_name":"Battle of Limanowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Limanowa"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Lupovsky Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Lupovsky_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pakoslaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pakoslaw"},{"link_name":"Battle of Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Front"},{"link_name":"Siege of Przemysl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Przemysl"},{"link_name":"Kozevo offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kozevo_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE"},{"link_name":"Battle for Height 958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Height_958"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bolimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bolimov"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Przasnysz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Przasnysz"},{"link_name":"Battle of Łomża","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Easter battle at Kalvarija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_battle_at_Kalvarija"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Vistula River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Vistula_River"},{"link_name":"Great Retreat (Russian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russian)"},{"link_name":"Gorlice–Tarnów offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Syniava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Syniava"},{"link_name":"Vistula–Bug offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive"},{"link_name":"Bug–Narew Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Skoropadsky's attack under Kraupishken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skoropadsky%27s_attack_under_Kraupishken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Second battle of Przasnysz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_battle_of_Przasnysz"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Attack of the Dead Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_of_the_Dead_Men"},{"link_name":"March on Grubeshov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_on_Grubeshov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dniestr and Zolota Lypa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dniestr_and_Zolota_Lypa"},{"link_name":"Riga–Schaulen offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga%E2%80%93Schaulen_offensive"},{"link_name":"Siege of Kovno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kovno"},{"link_name":"Siege of Novogeorgievsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk"},{"link_name":"Strypa offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strypa_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Prut operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prut_operation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Battle of Smorgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Smorgon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zurvno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zurvno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vilno-Dvinsk offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilno-Dvinsk_offensive"},{"link_name":"Sventiany Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sventiany_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Lake Naroch Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naroch_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Baranovichi offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive"},{"link_name":"Brusilov Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusilov_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lutsk"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kostiuchnówka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kostiuchn%C3%B3wka"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kowel"},{"link_name":"Christmas Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Battles"},{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Kerensky Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerensky_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zborov (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zborov_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borders&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Riga offensive (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga_offensive_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"coming out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"Operation Faustschlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bakhmach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmach"},{"link_name":"Crimea Operation (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea_Operation_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chongar Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chongar_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Sivash breakthrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sivash_breakthrough&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Salt_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sevastopol (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sevastopol_(1918)"}],"text":"Campaign of 1914 (Entente victory; Russia captures Galicia and part of the Carpathian Mountains, And also knocks out the Germans from Poland, disrupting their plans to destroy a group of Russian troops. As well as disrupts the Schlieffen plan, forcing Germany to fight on two fronts)[8][9][10]East Prussian campaign (German victory)\nBattle of Stallupönen (Russian victory)\nBattle of Orlau (Russian victory)[11]\nBattle of Gumbinnen (Russian victory)\nBattle of Kaushen (Russian victory)[12][13]\nBattle of Gross-Bresau (Russian victory)[14]\nBattle of Gumbinnen (Russian victory)\nBattle of Tannenberg (German victory)\nBattle of Galicia (Decisive Russian victory)\nBattle of Kraśnik (Austro-Hungarian victory)\nBattle of Komarów (1914) (Austro-Hungarian victory)\nBattle of Gnila Lipa (Russian victory)\nBattle of Rawa (Key Russian victory)\nBattle of Gorodek (1914) (Russian victory)[15]\nHalich-Lviv offensive (Russian victory)[16]\nBattle of Yaroslavitsy (1914) [Ru] (Russian victory)\nBattle of Laski and Anielin (Russian victory)\nBattle of Mołotków (Russian victory)\nFirst Battle of the Masurian Lakes (German victory)\nBattle of Augustów (1914) (Russian victory)\nSecond Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914) (Russian victory)\nRaid on Memel (successful Russian raid on East Prussia)[17]\nBattle of the Vistula River (Decisive Russian victory)\nBattle of Łódź (1914) (Russian tactical victory; German strategic victory)\nBattle of the San river (Russian victory)[18]\nBattle of Limanowa (Central powers victory)\nBattle of the Lupovsky Pass (Russian victory)Campaign of 1915 (Central powers victory, however, the Germans are unable to bring Russia out of the war. Russians return a wide strip to Galicia[19])[20][21]Battle of Pakoslaw (Russian victory)\nBattle of Carpathians (Russian victory)\nSiege of Przemysl (Russian victory)\nKozevo offensive [ru] (Russian victory)\nBattle for Height 958 (Russian victory)\nBattle of Bolimov (Indecisive)\nFirst Battle of Przasnysz (Russian victory)\nBattle of Łomża (Partial Russian victory)\nSecond Battle of the Masurian Lakes (German victory)\nEaster battle at Kalvarija (Indecisive)\nSecond Battle of the Vistula River (Russian victory)\nGreat Retreat (Russian) (German victory)\nGorlice–Tarnów offensive (Central powers victory)\nBattle of Syniava (Russian victory)\nVistula–Bug offensive (German victory)\nBug–Narew Offensive (German victory)\nSkoropadsky's attack under Kraupishken(Russian victory)[22]\nSecond battle of Przasnysz (German Tactical victory, Russian strategic victory[23])\nAttack of the Dead Men (Russian victory)\nMarch on Grubeshov (Russian victory)\nBattle of Dniestr and Zolota Lypa (Partial Russian victory)\nRiga–Schaulen offensive (German victory)\nSiege of Kovno (German victory)\nSiege of Novogeorgievsk (German victory)\nStrypa offensive (Central powers major victory)[24]\nPrut operation (Russian victory)[25]\nBattle of Smorgon [Ru] (Russian victory)\nBattle of Zurvno (Russian victory)\nVilno-Dvinsk offensive (Key Russian victory)\nSventiany Offensive (Indecisive)Campaign of 1916 (Russian victory; recapture Galicia and Bukovina; the Russians are forcing the Germans to stop the attacks on Verdun by their actions)Lake Naroch Offensive (Tactical German victory; strategic Entente victory)\nBaranovichi offensive (Central powers victory)\nBrusilov Offensive (Russian victory)\nBattle of Lutsk (Russian victory)\nBattle of Kostiuchnówka (Russian victory)\nBattle of Kowel (Central powers victory)Campaign of 1917 (Central powers victory)Christmas Battles (Russian victory)\nFebruary Revolution (Partial destruction of the Russian army due to the democratization of troops)\nKerensky Offensive (Central powers victory)\nBattle of Zborov (1917) (Entente victory)\nBattle of Borders (Russian victory; Central Powers retreat on Austria territory)[26]\nRiga offensive (1917) (German victory)\nRussian Revolution (Russian army has been destroyed from the inside)Campaign of 1918 (Central powers victory; Russia is coming out of the war)Operation Faustschlag (Decisive central powers victory; end of Eastern front)\nBattle of Bakhmach (Soviet victory)\nCrimea Operation (1918) (German-Ukraine victory)\nBattle of Chongar Bridge [ru] (Ukraine victory)\nSivash breakthrough (Ukraine victory)\nBattle of the Salt Lake (Ukraine-Cossack victory)[27]\nBattle of Sevastopol (1918) (German-Ukraine victory)","title":"Eastern Front"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Turtucaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Turtucaia"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dobrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dobrich"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Cobadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cobadin"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sibiu (1916)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sibiu_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Olt Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Olt_Valley"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Nagyszeben Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyszeben_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Flămânda Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C4%83m%C3%A2nda_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Brassó (1916)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brass%C3%B3_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bran-Câmpulung Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bran-C%C3%A2mpulung_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_din_zona_Bran-C%C3%A2mpulung_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Prahova Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Prahova_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_pe_Valea_Prahovei_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Oituz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Oituz"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Cobadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cobadin"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"First Battle of the Jiu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Jiu_Valley"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Jiu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Jiu_Valley"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vulcan Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vulcan_Pass"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Oituz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Oituz"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Battle of Târgu Jiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Robănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rob%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Prunaru Charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunaru_Charge"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Argeș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Arge%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Râmnicu Sărat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_R%C3%A2mnicu_S%C4%83rat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_R%C3%A2mnicu_S%C4%83rat_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Romanian Campaign (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mărăști","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mărășești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Oituz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz"}],"text":"1916Battle of Transylvania (Central Powers victory)\nBattle of Turtucaia (Central Powers victory)\nBattle of Dobrich (Bulgarian victory)\nFirst Battle of Cobadin (Romanian-Russian victory)\nBattle of Sibiu (1916) (Central Powers victory)\nBattle of the Olt Valley (Romanian victory)\nNagyszeben Offensive (Romanian victory)\nFlămânda Offensive (Central Powers victory)\nBattle of Brassó (1916) (Central Powers victory)\nBattle of Bran-Câmpulung Area [ro] (Romanian victory)\nBattle of Prahova Valley [ro] (Romanian victory)\nFirst Battle of Oituz (Romanian victory)\nSecond Battle of Cobadin (Central Powers victory)\nFirst Battle of the Jiu Valley (Romanian victory)\nSecond Battle of the Jiu Valley (Central Powers victory)\nBattle of Vulcan Pass (Central Powers victory)\nSecond Battle of Oituz (Romanian victory)\nBattle of Târgu Jiu [ro] (Central Powers victory)\nBattle of Robănești (German victory)\nBattle of Bucharest (Central Powers victory)\nPrunaru Charge (Central Powers victory)\nBattle of the Argeș (Central Powers victory)\nBattle of Râmnicu Sărat [ro] (Central Powers victory)1917Romanian Campaign (1917)(Russo-Romanian victory)\nBattle of Mărăști (Romanian-Russian victory)\nBattle of Mărășești (Romanian-Russian victory)\nThird Battle of Oituz (Romanian-Russian victory)","title":"Romanian Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Sea raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_raid"},{"link_name":"Capture of Bajazet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Bajazet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Bergmann Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sarikamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ardahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ardahan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Sarych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Sarych"},{"link_name":"Defense of Van (1915)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Manzikert (1915)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kara Killisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kara_Killisse"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dilman"},{"link_name":"Zeitun Resistance (1915)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitun_Resistance_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kirpen Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kirpen_Island"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bosporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bosporus"},{"link_name":"Action of 8 January 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_8_January_1916"},{"link_name":"Airstrike on Zonguldak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrike_on_Zonguldak"},{"link_name":"Erzurum Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Muş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Battle of Koprukoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Koprukoy"},{"link_name":"Trebizond Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebizond_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Lazistan offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lazistan_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Landing in Riza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landing_in_Riza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Çapakçur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87apak%C3%A7ur"},{"link_name":"Battle of Erzincan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Erzincan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bitlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kop Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kop_Mount&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Senenj-Kermanshah offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senenj-Kermanshah_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Battle of Goychay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay"},{"link_name":"Battle of Choloki (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Choloki_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Binagadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Binagadi"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kurdamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kurdamir"},{"link_name":"Battle of Abaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Abaran"},{"link_name":"Battle of Karakilisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karakilisa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baku"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sardarabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad"},{"link_name":"Bicheharov offensive in Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicheharov_offensive_in_Dagestan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5"},{"link_name":"First siege of Petrovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_siege_of_Petrovsk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Izzet Pasha's offensive in Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izzet_Pasha%27s_offensive_in_Dagestan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikitin_B._V._Fatal_years-30"},{"link_name":"Dagestan Campaign (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan_Campaign_(1918)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tarkin heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan_Campaign_(1918)#Battle_of_Tarkin_heights"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikitin_B._V._Fatal_years-30"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mammadkali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan_Campaign_(1918)#Campaign"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikitin_B._V._Fatal_years-30"},{"link_name":"Second Siege of Petrovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Siege_of_Petrovsk&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1914Black Sea raid (Ottoman victory)\nCapture of Bajazet (Russian victory)[28]\nBergmann Offensive (Ottoman victory)\nBattle of Sarikamish (Decisive Russian victory)\nBattle of Ardahan (Russian victory)\nBattle of Cape Sarych (Russian victory)1915Defense of Van (1915) (Russo-Armenian victory)\nBattle of Manzikert (1915) (Ottoman victory)\nBattle of Kara Killisse (Russian victory)\nBattle of Dilman (Russian victory)\nZeitun Resistance (1915) (Armenian victory)\nBattle of Kirpen Island (Russian victory)\nBattle of the Bosporus (Russian victory)1916Action of 8 January 1916 (Russian victory)\nAirstrike on Zonguldak (Russian victory)\nErzurum Offensive (Russian victory)\nBattle of Muş (Russian victory)\nBattle of Koprukoy (Russian victory)\nTrebizond Campaign (Russian victory)\nLazistan offensive (Russian victory)\nLanding in Riza (Russian victory)\nBattle of Çapakçur (Ottoman victory)\nBattle of Erzincan (Russian victory)\nBattle of Bitlis (Russian victory)\nBattle of Kop Mount (Russian victory)1917Senenj-Kermanshah offensive (Russian victory)[29]1918Battle of Goychay (Ottoman victory)\nBattle of Choloki (1918) (Transcaucasian victory)\nBattle of Binagadi (Ottoman victory)\nBattle of Kurdamir (Ottoman victory)\nBattle of Abaran (Armenian victory)\nBattle of Karakilisa (Armenian victory)\nBattle of Baku (Ottoman victory)\nBattle of Sardarabad (Decisive Armenian victory)\nBicheharov offensive in Dagestan [ru] (White Russian victory)\nFirst siege of Petrovsk (Russian victory)\nIzzet Pasha's offensive in Dagestan (Ottoman victory)[30]\nDagestan Campaign (1918) (The Biceharists successfully counteract the Turks, but are forced to temporarily leave Dagestan; Ottoman output from Dagestan)[31]\n Battle of Tarkin heights (Ky Russian victory; Ottomans failure to capture Petrovsk)[30]\nBattle of Mammadkali (Key Russian victory; The Biceharists maintain the unity of the Army, the Turks temporarily retreat)[30]\nSecond Siege of Petrovsk (Ottoman victory)","title":"Caucasus Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Cer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cer"},{"link_name":"Srem Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srem_Offensive"},{"link_name":"First bombardment of mount Lovćen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov%C4%87en#Great_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Drina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drina"},{"link_name":"Second bombardment of mount Lovćen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov%C4%87en#Great_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kolubara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara"},{"link_name":"Battle of Morava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Morava"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kosovo (1915)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ovche Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ovche_Pole"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mojkovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mojkovac"},{"link_name":"Third bombardment of mount Lovćen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov%C4%87en#Great_War"}],"text":"Battle of Cer\nSrem Offensive\nFirst bombardment of mount Lovćen\nBattle of Drina\nSecond bombardment of mount Lovćen\nBattle of Kolubara\nBattle of Morava\nBattle of Kosovo (1915)\nBattle of Ovche Pole\nMontenegrin campaign\nBattle of Mojkovac\nThird bombardment of mount Lovćen","title":"Serbian Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:W_Beach_Helles_Gallipoli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Landing at Anzac Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove"},{"link_name":"Landing at Cape Helles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Cape_Helles"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Krithia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Krithia"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Krithia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Krithia"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Krithia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Krithia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gully Ravine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gully_Ravine"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sari Bair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair"},{"link_name":"Battle of Krithia Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krithia_Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lone Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lone_Pine"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Nek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chunuk Bair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_(Gallipoli)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Scimitar Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Scimitar_Hill"},{"link_name":"Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_Dardanelles_Campaign"}],"text":"W Beach, Helles, on January 7, 1916, just prior to the final evacuation of British forces during the Gallipoli Campaign.The Gallipoli Campaign (also called the \"Dardanelles Campaign\"), was a number of battles fought between 1915 and 1916.Landing at Anzac Cove\nLanding at Cape Helles\nFirst Battle of Krithia\nSecond Battle of Krithia\nThird Battle of Krithia\nBattle of Gully Ravine\nBattle of Sari Bair\nBattle of Krithia Vineyard\nBattle of Lone Pine\nBattle of the Nek\nBattle of Chunuk Bair\nBattle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)\nBattle of Scimitar Hill\nNaval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign","title":"Gallipoli Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Krivolak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krivolak"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kosturino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosturino"},{"link_name":"1st Battle of Doiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Florina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Florina"},{"link_name":"Battle of Struma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Struma"},{"link_name":"Monastir Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastir_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Malka Nidzhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malka_Nidzhe"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kajmakchalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kajmakchalan"},{"link_name":"1st Battle of Cerna Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cerna_Bend_(1916)"},{"link_name":"2nd Battle of Monastir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir_(1917)"},{"link_name":"2nd Battle of Doiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1917)"},{"link_name":"2nd Battle of Cerna Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cerna_Bend_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Skra-di-Legen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Skra-di-Legen"},{"link_name":"Vardar Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dobro Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole"},{"link_name":"3rd Battle of Doiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1918)"}],"text":"Battle of Krivolak\nBattle of Kosturino\n1st Battle of Doiran\nBattle of Florina\nBattle of Struma\nMonastir Offensive\nBattle of Malka Nidzhe\nBattle of Kajmakchalan\n1st Battle of Cerna Bend\n2nd Battle of Monastir\n2nd Battle of Doiran\n2nd Battle of Cerna Bend\nBattle of Skra-di-Legen\nVardar Offensive\nBattle of Dobro Pole\n3rd Battle of Doiran","title":"Macedonian front"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Suez Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Suez_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Romani"},{"link_name":"The Second Suez Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Romani"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bir el Abd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_el_Abd"},{"link_name":"Battle of Magdhaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Magdhaba"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rafa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mughar Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mughar_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Fall of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus_(1918)"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Gaza"},{"link_name":"Battle of Beersheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Beersheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Megiddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)"}],"text":"First Suez Offensive\nBattle of Romani or \"The Second Suez Offensive\"\nBattle of Bir el Abd\nBattle of Magdhaba\nBattle of Rafa\nBattle of Mughar Ridge\nBattle of Jerusalem\nFall of Damascus\nFirst Battle of Gaza\nSecond Battle of Gaza\nThird Battle of Gaza or the \"Battle of Beersheba\"\nBattle of Beersheba\nBattle of Megiddo","title":"Sinai and Palestine Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fao Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fao_Landing"},{"link_name":"Fall of Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Basra"},{"link_name":"Battle of Qurna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qurna"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shaiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shaiba"},{"link_name":"Capture of Amara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amara"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nasiriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Es Sinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Es_Sinn"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ctesiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Kut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kut"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sheikh_Sa%27ad"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Wadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wadi"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hanna"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dujaila Redoubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dujaila_Redoubt"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Kut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kut"},{"link_name":"Battle of Khanaqin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khanaqin"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Kut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kut"},{"link_name":"Fall of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_1917"},{"link_name":"Samarra offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarra_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jebel Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jebel_Hamlin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Istabulat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Istabulat"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ramadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Capture of Tikrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Tikrit"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sharqat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sharqat"}],"text":"Fao Landing\nFall of Basra\nBattle of Qurna\nBattle of Shaiba\nCapture of Amara\nBattle of Nasiriyah\nBattle of Es Sinn\nBattle of Ctesiphon\nSiege of Kut\nBattle of Sheikh Sa'ad\nBattle of the Wadi\nBattle of Hanna\nBattle of Dujaila Redoubt\nFirst Battle of Kut\nBattle of Khanaqin\nSecond Battle of Kut\nFall of Baghdad\nSamarra offensive\nBattle of Jebel Hamlin\nBattle of Istabulat\nBattle of Ramadi\nCapture of Tikrit\nBattle of Sharqat","title":"Mesopotamian Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fall of Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun_campaign"},{"link_name":"Fall of German South-West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-West_Africa_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Fall of Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togoland_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Fall of German East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa_Campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Senussi Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senussi_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tanga"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bees"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rufiji Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rufiji_Delta"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sandfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandfontein"},{"link_name":"Battle of Segale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Segale"},{"link_name":"Battle of Agagia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_Agagia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chra"},{"link_name":"Battle of Namacurra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Namacurra"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lioma"}],"text":"Fall of Cameroon\nFall of German South-West Africa (Namibia)\nFall of Togo\nFall of German East Africa\nSenussi Campaign\nBattle of Tanga or Battle of the Bees\nBattle of Rufiji Delta\nBattle of Kilimanjaro\nBattle of Sandfontein\nBattle of Segale\nBattle of Agagia\nBattle of Chra\nBattle of Namacurra\nBattle of Lioma","title":"African theatre of World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish intervention in Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_Persia"},{"link_name":"Siege of Tsingtao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao"},{"link_name":"Occupation of German Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bita Paka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bita_Paka"},{"link_name":"Siege of Toma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Toma"},{"link_name":"Central Asian revolt of 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916"},{"link_name":"Kelentan Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Japanese Occupation Of German Pacific Colonial Possessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_Of_German_Colonial_Possessions#Background"}],"text":"Swedish intervention in Persia\nSiege of Tsingtao\nOccupation of German Samoa\nBattle of Bita Paka\nSiege of Toma\nCentral Asian revolt of 1916\nKelentan Rebellion\nJapanese Occupation Of German Pacific Colonial Possessions","title":"Asia-Pacific theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naval warfare of World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I"}],"text":"See also: Naval warfare of World War I","title":"Naval engagements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_Bight_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Coronel"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Scarborough,_Hartlepool_and_Whitby"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Otranto Barrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otranto_Barrage"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dover Strait (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dover_Strait_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Heligoland Bight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Heligoland_Bight"},{"link_name":"Zeebrugge Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid"}],"sub_title":"Atlantic Theatre","text":"First Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)\nBattle of Coronel (1914)\nBattle of the Falkland Islands (1914)\nRaid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby (1914)\nBattle of Dogger Bank (1915)\nOtranto Barrage (1915–1918)\nBattle of Jutland (1916)\nBattle of Dover Strait (1917)\nSecond Battle of Heligoland Bight (1917)\nZeebrugge Raid (1918)","title":"Naval engagements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursuit_of_Goeben_and_Breslau"},{"link_name":"Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign (1915–1916)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_Dardanelles_campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Otranto Straits (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Imbros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Imbros"}],"sub_title":"Mediterranean","text":"Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau (1914)\nNaval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign (1915–1916)\nBattle of the Otranto Straits (1917)\nBattle of Imbros (1918)","title":"Naval engagements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Rabaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Naval_and_Military_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tsingtao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tsingtao"},{"link_name":"Battle of Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Penang"},{"link_name":"Battle of Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Coronel"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cocos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cocos"},{"link_name":"Japanese Occupation Of German Pacific Colonial Possessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_Of_German_Colonial_Possessions#Background"}],"sub_title":"Asia-Pacific Theatre","text":"Battle of Rabaul\nBattle of Tsingtao (1914)\nBattle of Penang (1914)\nBattle of Coronel (1914)\nBattle of Cocos (1914)\nJapanese Occupation Of German Pacific Colonial Possessions","title":"Naval engagements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entente Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Aviation in World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Aviation history (1914–1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_history#1914_%E2%80%93_1918:_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Flying aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace#World_War_I"},{"link_name":"List of World War I flying aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_flying_aces"},{"link_name":"Strategic bombing during World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Zeppelins in World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin#Zeppelins_in_World_War_I"}],"text":"World War I was the first war to see major use of planes for offensive, defensive and reconnaissance operations, and both the Entente Powers and the Central Powers used planes extensively. Almost as soon as they were invented, planes were drafted for military service.See also the following articles:Aviation in World War I\nAviation history (1914–1918)\nFlying aces\nList of World War I flying aces\nStrategic bombing during World War I\nZeppelins in World War I","title":"Air engagements"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"These conflicts are considered part of the First World War because one or more of the combatants were aligned with a main belligerent power which may have provided materiel, military, financial, or political support.","title":"Co-belligerent conflicts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Italo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"First Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Second Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Muscat rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Zaian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaian_War"},{"link_name":"Kurdish rebellions during World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I"}],"sub_title":"Pre-First World War","text":"Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)\nItalo-Turkish War (1911–1912)\nFirst Balkan War (1912–13)\nSecond Balkan War (1913)\nMuscat rebellion (1913–20)\nZaian War (1914–21)\nKurdish rebellions during World War I (1914–17)","title":"Co-belligerent conflicts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maritz Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"Warlord Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_Era"},{"link_name":"Senussi Campaign (1915–17)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senussi_campaign"},{"link_name":"Arab Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Finnish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"North Russia Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Russia_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Russian westward offensive (1918–19)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919"}],"sub_title":"During the First World War","text":"Maritz Rebellion (1914–15)\nEaster Rising (1916)\nWarlord Era (1916–1928)\nSenussi Campaign (1915–17)\nArab Revolt (1916–1918)\nRussian Revolution (1917)\nFinnish Civil War (1918)\nRussian Civil War (1918–22)\nNorth Russia Campaign (1918–19)\nRussian westward offensive (1918–19)","title":"Co-belligerent conflicts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"Hungarian-Romanian War (1918–19)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War"},{"link_name":"Polish-Soviet War (1919–21)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Latvian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Turkish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"Vlora War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlora_War"},{"link_name":"Irish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War"}],"sub_title":"Post-First World War","text":"Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)\nHungarian-Romanian War (1918–19)\nPolish-Soviet War (1919–21)\nLatvian War of Independence (1918–20)\nIrish War of Independence (1919–21)\nTurkish War of Independence (1919–23)\nGreco-Turkish War (1919–22)\nVlora War (1920)\nIrish Civil War (1922–23)","title":"Co-belligerent conflicts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-618-12742-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-12742-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-496-01795-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-496-01795-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-04-176827-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-04-176827-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_War_I"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Military engagements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Home fronts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_memorials"},{"link_name":"Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Puppet states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states"},{"link_name":"Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans_theatre"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_campaign"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Italian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign"},{"link_name":"Sinai and Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_campaign"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign"},{"link_name":"South Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Arabia_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Central Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Saudi-Rashidi_War_(1915-1918)"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Kamerun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun_campaign"},{"link_name":"Togoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togoland_campaign"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Asian and Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Tsingtao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao"},{"link_name":"German Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa"},{"link_name":"German New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Naval warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"U-boat campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat_campaign"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Entente Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914%E2%80%931916"},{"link_name":"Russian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914%E2%80%931918)"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Senussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senussi_Campaign"},{"link_name":"South African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Scramble for Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Tangier Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Agadir Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Italo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"First Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Second Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand"},{"link_name":"Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"July Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis"},{"link_name":"German invasion of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Frontiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cer"},{"link_name":"Battle of Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tannenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg"},{"link_name":"Siege of Tsingtao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao"},{"link_name":"First Battle of the Masurian Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Battle of Grand Couronné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"First Battle of the Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne"},{"link_name":"Siege of Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"Race to the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Black Sea raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_raid"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kolubara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sarikamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish"},{"link_name":"Christmas truce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_truce"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Battle of Łomża","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Sinking of the RMS Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"Battles of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Gorlice–Tarnów offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive"},{"link_name":"Great Retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Bug-Narew Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Siege of Novogeorgievsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk"},{"link_name":"Vistula–Bug offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Kosovo offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Kut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kut"},{"link_name":"Battle of Loos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loos"},{"link_name":"Battle of Robat Karim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim"},{"link_name":"Erzurum offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"Lake Naroch offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Asiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"first day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Brusilov offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusilov_offensive"},{"link_name":"Baranovichi offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Romani"},{"link_name":"Monastir offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastir_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)"},{"link_name":"Capture of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)"},{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Zimmermann Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Kerensky offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerensky_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mărăști","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mărășești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Oituz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz"},{"link_name":"Battle of Caporetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto"},{"link_name":"Southern Palestine offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Battle of La Malmaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Focșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)"},{"link_name":"Operation Faustschlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"German spring 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War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War"},{"link_name":"Polish–Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Turkish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Franco-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"Greco-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"Turkish–Armenian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Vlora War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlora_War"},{"link_name":"Franco-Syrian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Georgian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Strategic bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Chemical weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography"},{"link_name":"Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Naval warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Convoy system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Trench warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seferberlik"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Casualties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_casualties"},{"link_name":"Parliamentarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Ottoman casualties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Olympians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"1899–1923 cholera pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic"},{"link_name":"1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Spanish flu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Northeast France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ober Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ober_Ost"},{"link_name":"Occupied Enemy Territory Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration"},{"link_name":"Eastern Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)"},{"link_name":"Western Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"War crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"Deportations from East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Destruction of Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz"},{"link_name":"Sack of Dinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant"},{"link_name":"Late Ottoman genocides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo"},{"link_name":"Pontic Greek genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_genocide"},{"link_name":"Rape of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916"},{"link_name":"Massacres of Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Canadian internment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment"},{"link_name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Declarations of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary against Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_my_peoples"},{"link_name":"UK against Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Ottomans against the Triple Entente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad"},{"link_name":"USA against Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)"},{"link_name":"USA against Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Constantinople Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Damascus Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria–Germany treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Darin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin"},{"link_name":"Sykes–Picot Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Paris Economy Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne"},{"link_name":"Modus vivendi of Acroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma"},{"link_name":"Russia–Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"Ukraine–Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Treaty of St. Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Neuilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Sèvres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Mutilated victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutilated_victory"},{"link_name":"The Golden Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin"},{"link_name":"They shall not pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_shall_not_pass"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_I"}],"text":"James M. McPherson; Stephen B. Oates; Celab Carr; Geoffrey Ward; Richard M. Ketchum; et al. (2001). Robert Cowley; Geoffrey Parker (eds.). A Reader's Campanion to Military History (Paperback ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-12742-9.\nОлейников, Алексей (2016). Россия-щит Антанты. С предисловием Николая Старикова. St. Petersburg: Питер. ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4.\nБрусилов, Алексей (2023). Мои воспоминания. Из царской армии в Красную. Moscow: Москва. ISBN 978-5-04-176827-0.vteWorld War I\nOutline\nMilitary engagements\nAftermath\nEconomic history\nGeography\nHistoriography\nHome fronts\nMemorials\nOpposition\nPopular culture\nPropaganda\nPuppet states\nTechnology\nTheatresEuropean\nBalkans\nSerbia\nWestern Front\nEastern Front\nRomania\nItalian Front\nMiddle Eastern\nGallipoli\nSinai and Palestine\nCaucasus\nPersia\nMesopotamia\nSouth Arabia\nCentral Arabia\nAfrican\nSouth West\nEast\nKamerun\nTogoland\nNorth\nAsian and Pacific\nTsingtao\nGerman Samoa\nGerman New Guinea\nNaval warfare\nU-boat campaign\nNorth Atlantic\nMediterranean\nPrincipalparticipantsEntente Powers\nLeaders\nBelgium\nBrazil\nChina\nFrance\nFrench Empire\nGreece\nItaly\nJapan\nEmpire of Japan\nMontenegro\nPortuguese Empire\nRomania\nRussia\nRussian Empire\nRussian Republic\nSerbia\nSiam\nUnited Kingdom\nBritish Empire\nUnited States\nCentral Powers\nLeaders\nGermany\nAustria-Hungary\nOttoman Empire\nBulgaria\nSenussi\nSouth African Republic\nDarfur\nTimelinePre-War conflicts\nFranco-Prussian War (1870–71)\nScramble for Africa (1880–1914)\nRusso-Japanese War (1905)\nTangier Crisis (1905–06)\nBosnian Crisis (1908–09)\nAgadir Crisis (1911)\nItalo-Turkish War (1911–12)\nFirst Balkan War (1912–13)\nSecond Balkan War (1913)\nPrelude\nOrigins\nHistoriography\nSarajevo assassination\nAnti-Serb riots in Sarajevo\nJuly Crisis\n1914\nGerman invasion of Belgium\nBattle of the Frontiers\nBattle of Cer\nBattle of Galicia\nRussian invasion of East Prussia\nBattle of Tannenberg\nSiege of Tsingtao\nFirst Battle of the Masurian Lakes\nBattle of Grand Couronné\nFirst Battle of the Marne\nSiege of Przemyśl\nRace to the Sea\nFirst Battle of Ypres\nBlack Sea raid\nBattle of Kolubara\nBattle of Sarikamish\nChristmas truce\n1915\nSecond Battle of the Masurian Lakes\nBattle of Łomża\nSecond Battle of Ypres\nSinking of the RMS Lusitania\nBattle of Gallipoli\nSecond Battle of Artois\nBattles of the Isonzo\nGorlice–Tarnów offensive\nGreat Retreat\nBug-Narew Offensive\nSiege of Novogeorgievsk\nVistula–Bug offensive\nSecond Battle of Champagne\nKosovo offensive\nSiege of Kut\nBattle of Loos\nBattle of Robat Karim\n1916\nErzurum offensive\nBattle of Verdun\nLake Naroch offensive\nBattle of Asiago\nBattle of Jutland\nBattle of the Somme\nfirst day\nBrusilov offensive\nBaranovichi offensive\nBattle of Romani\nMonastir offensive\nBattle of Transylvania\n1917\nCapture of Baghdad\nFebruary Revolution\nZimmermann Telegram\nSecond Battle of Arras\nSecond Battle of the Aisne\nKerensky offensive\nBattle of Mărăști\nThird Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)\nBattle of Mărășești\nThird Battle of Oituz\nBattle of Caporetto\nSouthern Palestine offensive\nOctober Revolution\nBattle of La Malmaison\nBattle of Cambrai\nArmistice of Focșani\nArmistice between Russia and the Central Powers\n1918\nOperation Faustschlag\nTreaty of Brest-Litovsk\nGerman spring offensive\nZeebrugge Raid\nTreaty of Bucharest of 1918\nBattle of Goychay\nSecond Battle of the Piave River\nSecond Battle of the Marne\nHundred Days Offensive\nVardar offensive\nBattle of Megiddo\nThird Transjordan attack\nMeuse–Argonne offensive\nBattle of Vittorio Veneto\nArmistice of Salonica\nArmistice of Mudros\nArmistice of Villa Giusti\nSecond Romanian campaign\nArmistice with Germany\nArmistice of Belgrade\nCo-belligerent conflicts\nSomaliland campaign (1900–1920)\nMexican Revolution (1910–1920)\nMaritz rebellion (1914–15)\nMuscat rebellion (1913–1920)\nZaian War (1914–1921)\nKurdish rebellions (1914–1917)\nOvambo Uprising (1914-1917)\nKelantan rebellion (1915)\nSenussi campaign (1915–1917)\nVolta-Bani War (1915–1917)\nNational Protection War\nArab Revolt (1916-1918)\nCentral Asian Revolt (1916–17)\nInvasion of Darfur (1916)\nEaster Rising (1916)\nKaocen revolt (1916–17)\nRussian Revolution (1917)\nFinnish Civil War (1918)\nPost-War conflicts\nRussian Civil War (1917–1921)\nUkrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921)\nArmenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920)\nArmeno-Georgian War (1918)\nGerman Revolution (1918–19)\nRevolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)\nHungarian–Romanian War (1918–19)\nGreater Poland Uprising (1918–19)\nEstonian War of Independence (1918–1920)\nLatvian War of Independence (1918–1920)\nLithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–1920)\nPolish–Ukrainian War (1918–19)\nThird Anglo-Afghan War (1919)\nEgyptian Revolution (1919)\nPolish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920)\nPolish–Soviet War (1919–1921)\nIrish War of Independence (1919–1921)\nTurkish War of Independence\nFranco-Turkish War (1918–1921)\nGreco-Turkish War (1919–1922)\nTurkish–Armenian War (1920)\nIraqi Revolt (1920)\nVlora War (1920)\nFranco-Syrian War (1920)\nSoviet–Georgian War (1921)\nAspectsWarfare\nAviation\nStrategic bombing\nChemical weapons\nCryptography\nHorses\nLogistics\nNaval warfare\nConvoy system\nTrench warfare\n Conscription\nAustralia\nCanada\nOttoman Empire\nUnited Kingdom\nIreland\nUnited States\n\nCasualties /Civilian impact\nBritish casualties\nParliamentarians\nOttoman casualties\nSports\nRugby\nOlympians\n Disease\n1899–1923 cholera pandemic\n1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia\nSpanish flu\nOccupations\nAustro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia\nBulgarian occupations\nAlbania\nSerbia\nGerman occupations\nBelgium\nLuxembourg\nNortheast France\nOber Ost\nOccupied Enemy Territory Administration\nRussian occupations\nEastern Galicia\nWestern Armenia\nPOWs\nGermans\nin the United States\nItalians\nPOW locations\nCanada\nGermany / camps\nSwitzerland\nRefugees\nBelgian refugees\nNetherlands\nUnited Kingdom\nWar crimes\nAllied blockades\nEastern Mediterranean\nMount Lebanon famine\nGermany\nDeportations from East Prussia\nDestruction of Kalisz\nSack of Dinant\nLate Ottoman genocides\nArmenian genocide\nAssyrian genocide (Sayfo)\nPontic Greek genocide\nRape of Belgium\nUrkun (Kyrgyzstan)\nMassacres of Albanians\nUkrainian Canadian internment\n\nDiplomacyEntry into the war\nAustria-Hungary\nFrance\nGermany\nItaly\nJapan\nOttoman Empire\nRussia\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nDeclarations of war\nAustria-Hungary against Serbia\nUK against Germany\nOttomans against the Triple Entente\nUSA against Germany\nUSA against Austria-Hungary\nAgreements\nConstantinople Agreement\nTreaty of London\nDamascus Protocol\nBulgaria–Germany treaty\nTreaty of Darin\nSykes–Picot Agreement\nSazonov–Paléologue Agreement\nParis Economy Pact\nTreaty of Bucharest\nAgreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne\nPeace treaties\nModus vivendi of Acroma\nTreaties of Brest-Litovsk\nRussia–Central Powers\nUkraine–Central Powers\nTreaty of Bucharest\nParis Peace Conference\nTreaty of Versailles\nTreaty of St. Germain\nTreaty of Neuilly\nTreaty of Trianon\nTreaty of Sèvres\nTreaty of Lausanne\nOther\nArrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo\nMutilated victory\nThe Golden Virgin\nThey shall not pass\n\nCategory","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Iudovich_Ivanov
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Nikolai Ivanov (general)
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["1 Family","2 Early life","3 Russo-Japanese War","4 World War I","4.1 February Revolution","5 Russian Civil War","6 Honors","7 References","8 External links"]
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Russian general
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Iudovich and the family name is Ivanov.
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Nikolai Iudovich IvanovGeneral Nikolai IvanovBorn3 August 1851Mosalsk, Kaluga Governorate, Russian EmpireDied21 January 1919(1919-01-21) (aged 67)Novocherkassk, Russian SFSR or Odessa, Ukrainian People’s RepublicAllegiance Russian Empire Russian RepublicService/branch Imperial Russian Army White ArmyYears of service1869–1919RankGeneral of the ArtilleryCommands held1st Army Corps (1905–1906)Kiev Military District (1908–1914)Southwestern Front (1914–1916)Petrograd Military DistrictSouthern Army (White Army) (1918)Battles/warsRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878)Russo-Japanese War
Battle of Liaoyang
Battle of Mukden
World War I
Battle of Galicia
Battle of the Vistula River
Carpathian Front
First Battle of Przasnysz
Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
Great Retreat
Rovno offensive
General Ivanov's march on Petrograd Russian Civil War
Civil War on the Don
Awardssee below
Nikolai Iudovich Ivanov (Russian: Николай Иудович Иванов, tr. Nikolaj Iudovič Ivanov; 3 August 1851 – 27 January 1919) was a Russian artillery general in the Imperial Russian Army. In July 1914, Ivanov was given command of four armies in the Southwestern Front against the Austro-Hungarian army, winning a major battle of Galicia. During the Russian Revolution of March 1917, Tsar Nicholas II ordered Ivanov to suppress the revolutionaries but as promised reinforcements failed to come to his aid, he canceled the aborted mission. In 1917, he retired but a year later took command of the White Army. In 1919, Ivanov died of typhus in Southern Russia.
Family
Ivanov's family origin was debatable, some sources say that Ivanov came from a noble family originated from the Kaluga Governorate, but other sources told that he was the son of a cantonist. Despite all of these sources about his family, the true identity of where his family originated from is still a mystery.
Early life
Ivanov was born on 22 July 1851 (based on the old calendar at use in the Russian Empire at that time), in Mosalsk in the Kaluga Governorate. He attended the 2nd Cadet Corps and the Pavlovsky Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg at an early age, and graduated from the Mikhailovsky Artillery School in 1869, and served in the 3rd Grenadier Guards and artillery brigades. He first saw action during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), and was promoted to colonel in mid August 1877. After which he subsequently remained in Romania to serve as an instructor to the Romanian Army. In late July 1884, he was commander of the 2nd Battalion of the Imperial Guards Artillery, and in early April 1890, was appointed commandant of the fortress artillery of Kronstadt. In mid-December 1899, he was selected to be an aide-de-camp to Grand Duke Michael. He also participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China during the beginning of the century, after which he was promoted to lieutenant-general in early December 1901.
Russo-Japanese War
General Ivanov participated in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, he was appointed to the 1st Manchurian Army. In mid-July 1904, he was appointed commander of the Eastern Detachment, after its commander, Lieutenant General Fyodor Keller was killed at the Battle of Motien Pass, and was later appointed to the 3rd Siberian Army Corps, and commanded the corps during retreating from Liaoyang after the battle ended. Later during the Battle of Shaho, he was ordered to bypass the left flank of the Japanese Army and repulse them back to Korea. After that, the Japanese retreated due to heavy resistance by the Russians. After that at Mukden, he distinguished himself during defending against the Japanese. After that brief success of his, he was awarded the Order of St. George both the 3rd and the 4th class for military distinction.
After the war, he became the commander of the Manchurian Army. In early November 1907, he became the commander of the 1st Army Corps. After that, he was appointed the chief of staff of the city of Kronstadt in mid-April of that year, and governor-general in November. Later that same year, he was appointed adjutant general. In mid April 1908, he was promoted to General of the Artillery; he was also appointed commander-in-chief of the Kiev Military District later in early December.
World War I
Ivanov with French military attache General Pierre de Laguiche, 18 August 1914
At the beginning of the First World War, Ivanov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front. At first, he together with the aged general Saltza suffered a minor defeat at Kraśnik, and Plehve with Evert lost the battle of Komarów; but success came next when his Russians made good progress into Austrian Galicia by winning the battles of Gnila Lipa and Rawa with the Russian casualties of about 200,000, the Austrians having roughly twice the casualties, including thousands of POWs. For the huge successes at the front, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class with swords, and the Order of St, George of the 2nd degree, being three of the only generals that were awarded this high decoration, the other two generals being General Nikolai Ruzsky and Nikolai Yudenich. During the battle at the Vistula River, he with his Southwestern Front armies (4th Army and the 9th Army), together with the Northwestern Front commander-in-chief General Ruzsky with his armies (2nd Army and the 5th Army) from the North. In the matter of a month, General Ivanov and General Ruzsky's troops successfully repulsed the German advance, taking about a hundred kilometres of land. Later on, General Ivanov commanded an operation towards Kraków, it was successful at first, but was later ordered to retreat, ending the initial success.
In early 1915, General Ivanov gained approval of the Stavka to launch an offensive towards Hungary, but the offensive was disturbed by the Germans in Poland. Furthermore, the Austro-German forces launched an offensive in southern Poland. During the battle, the Russians suffered casualties up to 350 thousand men, and the Russians were pushed out of Galicia, starting the Russian Great Retreat. General Ivanov repeatedly showed examples of poor leadership of the troops and indecisiveness, much like many other Russian generals at that time. Most particularly, he and the General Radko Dimitriev (commander of the 3rd Army) didn't make any effort to strengthen the 3rd Army, which the Austro-German forces inflicted the main blow at and nearly wiping the army.
Later in June, General Ivanov ordered General Nikolai Khodorovich, commander-in-chief of the Kiev Military District, to take 1 in a 1000 local German civilians as hostages, and imprison them for the rest of the war. General Ivanov also prescribed to requisition that all the German hostages could only have a small portion of food of all the supplies they had got, and the hostages were settled in a highly secured residence. And if any hostages didn't follow the orders, they would be met with death penalty.
Later at the end of 1915, he conducted a failed operation by the 11th Army against the enemy's forces. And in March 1916, he was replaced by General Aleksei Brusilov as the commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front, he was then appointed a member of the State Council, and was made adjutant to tsar Nicholas II himself. General Brusilov recalled that, when he arrived and accepted the post, General Ivanov burst into tears and said that he couldn't understand why he was to be replaced. General Brusilov assumed that it was due to the fact that General Ivanov was too passive, who believed that the front couldn't succeed.
General Ivanov in a Le Pays de France (1916)
General Ivanov, with his loyalty towards the tsar and surprisingly the tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna and the mystic Rasputin as well, he enjoyed great confidence and reputation from the royal family. After General Mikhail Alekseyev was appointed chief of staff to the supreme commander-in-chief in mid 1915, which was the tsar himself, the tsarina wrote a letter to her husband, advising him not to let Alekseyev be the only person in charge of the Stavka and advised him to let Ivanov to assist him, saying that:
You will be more relaxed, and Alekseyev will not bear one responsibility.
Further actions showed that it was Ivanov was the mastermind behind Alekseyev, who was not trusted by the tsarina. In return, Ivanov was treated very well by Nicholas. Later on, the tsar wrote to his wife:
I am very glad to see old Ivanov. Fortunately, he grumbled less than ordinary. He asked you to send him your new photo; please do it - it will calm the glorious old man
Since September 1915, the tsarina had sent many letters to her husband, exerting pressure on him in order to summon General Ivanov back from the front to be at the post of Minister of War. The tsar later accepted it in March and summoned the general to the headquarters to be the tsar's secondment person. By the end of 1916, the tsarina launched a series of letters against General Alekseyev, Ivanov joined her by informing the situations of the Stavka and reported it to Alekseyev.
February Revolution
See also: February Revolution
On 27 February (12 March) 1917, the February Revolution broke out in Russia, and was centered in Petrograd, the capital. General Alekseyev proposed to send a detachment by its commander with full power, to restore order in the capital. The tsar then ordered to allocate an infantry and cavalry brigade from the Northern and Western Fronts, and appointed Ivanov as the head of the general-adjutants and commander-in-chief of the Petrograd Military District, replacing Lieutenant-General Sergei Khabalov. Later on, the tsar ordered him to take command of the St. George Battalion in Tsarskoye Selo to ensure the royal family's safety. There was also a speech of the Stavka about strengthening the Petrograd Garrison by allocating "strong regiments" from the front back to the capital. Later, when the soldiers and police loyal to the Imperial Government surrendered to the revolutionaries, Minister of War General Mikhail Belyaev declared Petrograd a stage of siege, and military operation against the revolutionaries in the capital had begun.
General Alekseyev ordered Northern Front commander-in-chief General Yuri Danilov to send Ivanov two infantry and two cavalry regiments, reinforced by a machine-gun team:
The Emperor ordered the Adjutant-General Ivanov to be appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Petrograd Military District. At his disposal, with the possible haste to send from the troops of the Northern Front to Petrograd two cavalry regiments, possibly from the reserves of the 15th Cavalry Division, two infantry regiments of the most durable, reliable, one machine-gun Colt for the St. George Battalion, . It is necessary to appoint strong generals, since, apparently, General Khabalov has become confused, and at the disposal of General Ivanov it is necessary to give reliable, orderly and courageous assistants. The same strength will come from the Western Front ...
The Western Front informed General Alekseyev about dispatching the 34th Sevsky and 36th Orlovsky Infantry Regiments, the 2nd Hussar Pavlograd and the 2nd Don Cossack Regiments during February 28 and March 2. The Northern Front singled out the 67th and 68th Infantry Regiments, the 15th Ulansky Tatar and the 3rd Ural Cossack regiments.
General Ivanov is described by Solzhenitsyn of being reluctant to obey his orders by the Tsar to restore order in Petrograd and he delayed the dispatch of troops assigned to him for this purpose. In any case, “he did not even reach the city.”
Russian Civil War
After the October Revolution, he joined the White movement in southern Russia. In October 1918, he agreed to the invitation of Pyotr Krasnov to take command of the Southern Army. In the autumn of 1918, it numbered more than 20,000 troops, of which there were about 3,000 at the front. Parts of the army operating in the Voronezh and Tsaritsyn areas suffered heavy losses. In February–March 1919, they were reformed and became part of the 6th Infantry Division of the Armed Forces of South Russia.
Nikolai Ivanov died of typhus on 27 January 1919 in Novocherkassk.
Honors
Order of St. George, 4th class
Order of St. George, 3rd class
Order of St. George, 2nd class
Order of St Vladimir, 1st class
Order of St. Stanislaus 1st degree
Order of St. Anne 1st degree
, Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
Order of the White Eagle
Gold Sword for Bravery
References
^ Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond by Timothy C. Dowling pp. 373-374
^ "Pierre Laguiche (marquis de, 1859-1940)". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved Oct 13, 2022.
^ Fomin S. V. The Golden Blade of the Empire // Count Keller. - P. 414. - Moscow: NP "Posev", 2007
^ ""Бумажный" поход генерала Н.И.Иванова на Петроград". www.rustrana.ru. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
^ Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (1986, 2008 Eng. trans.). The Red Wheel, March 1917, Node III, Book 2. (p.682). University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana
External links
Media related to Nikolai Ivanov at Wikimedia Commons
First World War.com — Who's Who — Nikolai Ivanov
MSN Encarta — World War I — Operations in Galicia (Archived 2009-11-01)
Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5.
Out of My Past: The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov Edited by H.H. Fisher and translated by Laura Matveev; Stanford University Press, 1935.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Poland
Other
Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Ivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanov"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"tr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"artillery general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Artillery_(Imperial_Russia)"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian"},{"link_name":"battle of Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Tsar Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II"},{"link_name":"White Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Army"},{"link_name":"typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus"},{"link_name":"Southern Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Iudovich and the family name is Ivanov.Nikolai Iudovich Ivanov (Russian: Николай Иудович Иванов, tr. Nikolaj Iudovič Ivanov; 3 August [O.S. 22 July] 1851 – 27 January 1919) was a Russian artillery general in the Imperial Russian Army. In July 1914, Ivanov was given command of four armies in the Southwestern Front against the Austro-Hungarian army, winning a major battle of Galicia. During the Russian Revolution of March 1917, Tsar Nicholas II ordered Ivanov to suppress the revolutionaries but as promised reinforcements failed to come to his aid, he canceled the aborted mission. In 1917, he retired but a year later took command of the White Army. In 1919, Ivanov died of typhus in Southern Russia.[1]","title":"Nikolai Ivanov (general)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaluga Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga_Governorate"},{"link_name":"cantonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonist"}],"text":"Ivanov's family origin was debatable, some sources say that Ivanov came from a noble family originated from the Kaluga Governorate, but other sources told that he was the son of a cantonist. Despite all of these sources about his family, the true identity of where his family originated from is still a mystery.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"old calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mosalsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosalsk"},{"link_name":"Kaluga Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga_Governorate"},{"link_name":"2nd Cadet Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_Corps_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Pavlovsky Cadet Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_Corps_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Mikhailovsky Artillery School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_academies_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Army"},{"link_name":"Imperial Guards Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Kronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Boxer Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"lieutenant-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general"}],"text":"Ivanov was born on 22 July 1851 (based on the old calendar at use in the Russian Empire at that time), in Mosalsk in the Kaluga Governorate. He attended the 2nd Cadet Corps and the Pavlovsky Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg at an early age, and graduated from the Mikhailovsky Artillery School in 1869, and served in the 3rd Grenadier Guards and artillery brigades. He first saw action during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), and was promoted to colonel in mid August 1877. After which he subsequently remained in Romania to serve as an instructor to the Romanian Army. In late July 1884, he was commander of the 2nd Battalion of the Imperial Guards Artillery, and in early April 1890, was appointed commandant of the fortress artillery of Kronstadt. In mid-December 1899, he was selected to be an aide-de-camp to Grand Duke Michael. He also participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China during the beginning of the century, after which he was promoted to lieutenant-general in early December 1901.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"1st Manchurian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Manchurian_Army"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Keller"},{"link_name":"Battle of Motien Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Motien_Pass"},{"link_name":"3rd Siberian Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Siberian_Army_Corps"},{"link_name":"Liaoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoyang"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoyang"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shaho"},{"link_name":"Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Mukden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden"},{"link_name":"Order of St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._George"},{"link_name":"1st Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Army_Corps_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Kronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt"},{"link_name":"adjutant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant_general"},{"link_name":"General of the Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Artillery_(Imperial_Russia)"},{"link_name":"Kiev Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Military_District"}],"text":"General Ivanov participated in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, he was appointed to the 1st Manchurian Army. In mid-July 1904, he was appointed commander of the Eastern Detachment, after its commander, Lieutenant General Fyodor Keller was killed at the Battle of Motien Pass, and was later appointed to the 3rd Siberian Army Corps, and commanded the corps during retreating from Liaoyang after the battle ended. Later during the Battle of Shaho, he was ordered to bypass the left flank of the Japanese Army and repulse them back to Korea. After that, the Japanese retreated due to heavy resistance by the Russians. After that at Mukden, he distinguished himself during defending against the Japanese. After that brief success of his, he was awarded the Order of St. George both the 3rd and the 4th class for military distinction.After the war, he became the commander of the Manchurian Army. In early November 1907, he became the commander of the 1st Army Corps. After that, he was appointed the chief of staff of the city of Kronstadt in mid-April of that year, and governor-general in November. Later that same year, he was appointed adjutant general. In mid April 1908, he was promoted to General of the Artillery; he was also appointed commander-in-chief of the Kiev Military District later in early December.","title":"Russo-Japanese War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Ivanov_with_General_Marquis_de_Laguiche.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre de Laguiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Adolphe_Henri_Victurnien_de_Laguiche_(1859-1940)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WW1"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Saltza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_von_Saltza"},{"link_name":"at Kraśnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kra%C5%9Bnik"},{"link_name":"Plehve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Plehve"},{"link_name":"Evert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Evert"},{"link_name":"battle of Komarów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Komar%C3%B3w_(1914)"},{"link_name":"made good progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Austrian Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Gnila Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gnila_Lipa"},{"link_name":"Rawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rawa"},{"link_name":"Austrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Ruzsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Ruzsky"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Yudenich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich"},{"link_name":"the battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vistula_River"},{"link_name":"Vistula River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_River"},{"link_name":"4th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Army_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"9th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Army_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"2nd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Army_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"5th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Army_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Stavka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavka"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Poland"},{"link_name":"offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Great Retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Retreat"},{"link_name":"Radko Dimitriev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev"},{"link_name":"3rd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Army_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Khodorovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Khodorovich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty"},{"link_name":"11th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Army_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Brusilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov"},{"link_name":"State Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LPDF_72_Nicolas_Ivanoff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Le Pays de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pays_de_France"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Feodorovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)"},{"link_name":"Rasputin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Alekseyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Alekseyev"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Minister of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_the_Russian_Empire"}],"text":"Ivanov with French military attache General Pierre de Laguiche,[2] 18 August 1914At the beginning of the First World War, Ivanov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front. At first, he together with the aged general Saltza suffered a minor defeat at Kraśnik, and Plehve with Evert lost the battle of Komarów; but success came next when his Russians made good progress into Austrian Galicia by winning the battles of Gnila Lipa and Rawa with the Russian casualties of about 200,000, the Austrians having roughly twice the casualties, including thousands of POWs. For the huge successes at the front, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class with swords, and the Order of St, George of the 2nd degree, being three of the only generals that were awarded this high decoration, the other two generals being General Nikolai Ruzsky and Nikolai Yudenich. During the battle at the Vistula River, he with his Southwestern Front armies (4th Army and the 9th Army), together with the Northwestern Front commander-in-chief General Ruzsky with his armies (2nd Army and the 5th Army) from the North. In the matter of a month, General Ivanov and General Ruzsky's troops successfully repulsed the German advance, taking about a hundred kilometres of land. Later on, General Ivanov commanded an operation towards Kraków, it was successful at first, but was later ordered to retreat, ending the initial success.In early 1915, General Ivanov gained approval of the Stavka to launch an offensive towards Hungary, but the offensive was disturbed by the Germans in Poland. Furthermore, the Austro-German forces launched an offensive in southern Poland. During the battle, the Russians suffered casualties up to 350 thousand men, and the Russians were pushed out of Galicia, starting the Russian Great Retreat. General Ivanov repeatedly showed examples of poor leadership of the troops and indecisiveness, much like many other Russian generals at that time. Most particularly, he and the General Radko Dimitriev (commander of the 3rd Army) didn't make any effort to strengthen the 3rd Army, which the Austro-German forces inflicted the main blow at and nearly wiping the army.Later in June, General Ivanov ordered General Nikolai Khodorovich, commander-in-chief of the Kiev Military District, to take 1 in a 1000 local German civilians as hostages, and imprison them for the rest of the war.[3] General Ivanov also prescribed to requisition that all the German hostages could only have a small portion of food of all the supplies they had got, and the hostages were settled in a highly secured residence. And if any hostages didn't follow the orders, they would be met with death penalty.Later at the end of 1915, he conducted a failed operation by the 11th Army against the enemy's forces. And in March 1916, he was replaced by General Aleksei Brusilov as the commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front, he was then appointed a member of the State Council, and was made adjutant to tsar Nicholas II himself. General Brusilov recalled that, when he arrived and accepted the post, General Ivanov burst into tears and said that he couldn't understand why he was to be replaced. General Brusilov assumed that it was due to the fact that General Ivanov was too passive, who believed that the front couldn't succeed.General Ivanov in a Le Pays de France (1916)General Ivanov, with his loyalty towards the tsar and surprisingly the tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna and the mystic Rasputin as well, he enjoyed great confidence and reputation from the royal family. After General Mikhail Alekseyev was appointed chief of staff to the supreme commander-in-chief in mid 1915, which was the tsar himself, the tsarina wrote a letter to her husband, advising him not to let Alekseyev be the only person in charge of the Stavka and advised him to let Ivanov to assist him, saying that:You will be more relaxed, and Alekseyev will not bear one responsibility.Further actions showed that it was Ivanov was the mastermind behind Alekseyev, who was not trusted by the tsarina. In return, Ivanov was treated very well by Nicholas. Later on, the tsar wrote to his wife:I am very glad to see old Ivanov. Fortunately, he grumbled less than ordinary. He asked you to send him your new photo; please do it - it will calm the glorious old man[4]Since September 1915, the tsarina had sent many letters to her husband, exerting pressure on him in order to summon General Ivanov back from the front to be at the post of Minister of War. The tsar later accepted it in March and summoned the general to the headquarters to be the tsar's secondment person. By the end of 1916, the tsarina launched a series of letters against General Alekseyev, Ivanov joined her by informing the situations of the Stavka and reported it to Alekseyev.","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Petrograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograd"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Petrograd Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograd_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Sergei Khabalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Semyonovich_Khabalov"},{"link_name":"Tsarskoye Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin,_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Minister of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_the_Russian_Empire#Ministers_of_War"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Belyaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Belyaev"},{"link_name":"Yuri Danilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Danilov"},{"link_name":"Solzhenitsyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solzhenitsyn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"February Revolution","text":"See also: February RevolutionOn 27 February (12 March) 1917, the February Revolution broke out in Russia, and was centered in Petrograd, the capital. General Alekseyev proposed to send a detachment by its commander with full power, to restore order in the capital. The tsar then ordered to allocate an infantry and cavalry brigade from the Northern and Western Fronts, and appointed Ivanov as the head of the general-adjutants and commander-in-chief of the Petrograd Military District, replacing Lieutenant-General Sergei Khabalov. Later on, the tsar ordered him to take command of the St. George Battalion in Tsarskoye Selo to ensure the royal family's safety. There was also a speech of the Stavka about strengthening the Petrograd Garrison by allocating \"strong regiments\" from the front back to the capital. Later, when the soldiers and police loyal to the Imperial Government surrendered to the revolutionaries, Minister of War General Mikhail Belyaev declared Petrograd a stage of siege, and military operation against the revolutionaries in the capital had begun.General Alekseyev ordered Northern Front commander-in-chief General Yuri Danilov to send Ivanov two infantry and two cavalry regiments, reinforced by a machine-gun team:The Emperor ordered the Adjutant-General Ivanov to be appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Petrograd Military District. At his disposal, with the possible haste to send from the troops of the Northern Front to Petrograd two cavalry regiments, possibly from the reserves of the 15th Cavalry Division, two infantry regiments of the most durable, reliable, one machine-gun Colt for the St. George Battalion, . It is necessary to appoint strong generals, since, apparently, General Khabalov has become confused, and at the disposal of General Ivanov it is necessary to give reliable, orderly and courageous assistants. The same strength will come from the Western Front ...The Western Front informed General Alekseyev about dispatching the 34th Sevsky and 36th Orlovsky Infantry Regiments, the 2nd Hussar Pavlograd and the 2nd Don Cossack Regiments during February 28 and March 2. The Northern Front singled out the 67th and 68th Infantry Regiments, the 15th Ulansky Tatar and the 3rd Ural Cossack regiments.General Ivanov is described by Solzhenitsyn of being reluctant to obey his orders by the Tsar to restore order in Petrograd and he delayed the dispatch of troops assigned to him for this purpose. In any case, “he [Ivanov] did not even reach the city.” [5]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pyotr Krasnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of South Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia"}],"text":"After the October Revolution, he joined the White movement in southern Russia. In October 1918, he agreed to the invitation of Pyotr Krasnov to take command of the Southern Army. In the autumn of 1918, it numbered more than 20,000 troops, of which there were about 3,000 at the front. Parts of the army operating in the Voronezh and Tsaritsyn areas suffered heavy losses. In February–March 1919, they were reformed and became part of the 6th Infantry Division of the Armed Forces of South Russia.Nikolai Ivanov died of typhus on 27 January 1919 in Novocherkassk.","title":"Russian Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._George"},{"link_name":"Order of St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Order of St Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Vladimir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Stanislav"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Stanislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Stanislaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Alexander Nevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Gold Sword for Bravery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Sword_for_Bravery"}],"text":"Order of St. George, 4th class\n Order of St. George, 3rd class\n Order of St. George, 2nd class\n Order of St Vladimir, 1st class\n Order of St. Stanislaus 1st degree\n Order of St. Anne 1st degree\n, Order of St. Alexander Nevsky\n Order of the White Eagle\nGold Sword for Bravery","title":"Honors"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ivanov with French military attache General Pierre de Laguiche,[2] 18 August 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/General_Ivanov_with_General_Marquis_de_Laguiche.jpg/220px-General_Ivanov_with_General_Marquis_de_Laguiche.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Ivanov in a Le Pays de France (1916)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LPDF_72_Nicolas_Ivanoff.jpg/220px-LPDF_72_Nicolas_Ivanoff.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Pierre Laguiche (marquis de, 1859-1940)\". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved Oct 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.bnf.fr/11343152/pierre_laguiche/","url_text":"\"Pierre Laguiche (marquis de, 1859-1940)\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Бумажный\" поход генерала Н.И.Иванова на Петроград\". www.rustrana.ru. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103119/http://www.rustrana.ru/article.php?nid=13564","url_text":"\"\"Бумажный\" поход генерала Н.И.Иванова на Петроград\""},{"url":"http://www.rustrana.ru/article.php?nid=13564","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotem_Kowner","url_text":"Kowner, Rotem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4927-5","url_text":"0-8108-4927-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno-X
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Uno-X
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Scandinavian fuel station chain
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Uno-XCompany typeFuel stationNumber of locations560Area servedScandinaviaOwnerReitangruppen
Uno-X fuel station in Viborg, Denmark. (Photo: Lars Schmidt)
Uno-X is a chain of unmanned fuel stations throughout Norway and Denmark. It is operated as the low-cost section of YX Energi. The chain was originally created as a low cost chain in Denmark in the late 1950s. The rights to use the name in Sweden were sold to Britain's Burmah Oil. In 1991 Norsk Hydro acquired the 330 outlets of the Danish operation and five years later it bought the Swedish Uno-X chain from Burmah.
After Norsk Hydro merged its operations in Denmark and Norway with Texaco, the chain was repositioned on wholly unmanned sites under a new yellow, black and red logo, and now has around 110 stations in Norway and 200 stations in Denmark. The Danish chain includes the architecturally well known Skovshoved Petrol Station designed in 1936 by Arne Jacobsen.
Following Norsk Hydro's acquisition by Statoil, the 250 stations in Sweden were sold in December 2009 to St1 and the Norwegian and Danish operations to the retail group Reitangruppen.
Uno-X Hydrogen plans to build 20 hydrogen stations before 2020, each capable of dispensing 200 kg of hydrogen per day, and 100 kg in 3 hours.
References
^ "Arne Jacobsens Tankstation". AOK. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
^ Per Erlien Dalløkken. "Dersom fem hydrogenbiler ankommer en fyllestasjon samtidig, er det bare drivstoff nok til fire av dem". Teknisk Ukeblad. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uno-X.
Uno-X Norway
Uno-X Denmark
This article related to natural gas, petroleum or the petroleum industry is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This retail business article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleri_Kingdom
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Kingdom of Coorg
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["1 Early history","2 Later history","3 British rule","4 Legacy","5 Gallery","6 References","7 Further reading"]
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Kingdom of CoorgKodagu16th century C.E.–1834Kingdom of CoorgStatusIndependent Kingdom (1500s-1780) Subordinate to Kingdom of Mysore (1780-1788) Princely state under the suzerainty of the British Crown (1790-1834)CapitalMadikeriCommon languagesKannada, Kodava, ArebhasheReligion HinduismGovernmentMonarchyMaharaja History • Established 16th century C.E.• Disestablished 1834
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Vijayanagara Empire
Coorg Province
Watercolour of the guest house of the Raja of Coorg with the fort in the background, 1795
Portico of the Coorg Rajah's Palace at Somwaspett (May 1853, X, p.48)
The Kingdom of Coorg (or Kingdom of Kodagu) was an independent kingdom that existed in India from the 16th century until 1834. It was ruled by a branch of the Ikkeri Nayaka. From 1780 to 1788, the kingdom was occupied by neighbouring Mysore but the Rajah of Coorg was restored by the British and became a protectorate of the British East India Company on 26 October 1790. In 1834, the then Raja of Coorg rebelled against British authority, sparking the Coorg War. The brief conflict led to the British to annex the kingdom in the same year, who transformed the region into a province of British India.
Early history
Although Rājendranāme, a royal genealogy of the rulers of Coorg written in 1808, makes no mention of the origin of the lineage, its reading by historian Lewis Rice led him to conclude that the princely line was established by a member of the Ikkeri Nayaka family, who first settled in Halerinard. Having moved south to the town of Haleri in northern Coorg in the disguise of a wandering Jangama monk (or, by some recounting, a Lingayat monk), he soon began to attract followers; with their help, or their acquiescence, he took possession of the town, and in such manner came to rule the entire country. According to the genealogy, the Coorg rajas who ruled from the early 17th century to the mid-19th century were:
Rulers of Coorg from early 17th century to mid-18th century
Ruler
Period of rule
Vira Rāja
Not known
Appaji Rāja
Not known
Muddu Rāja I
1633–1687
Dodda Virappa
1687–1736
Chikka Virappa
1736–1766
Muddu Rāja II
1766–1770
Devappa Rāja
1770–1774
Linga Rāja
1774–1780
Dodda Vira Rajendra
1780–1809
Devammaji (Rani)
1809–1811
Linga Rāja
1811–1820
Vira Rāja
1820–1834 (deposed)
Muddu Raja, the Coorg ruler from 1633 to 1687, initially ruled from the town of Haleri, but later moved his capital to Mercara, which he fortified and where he built a palace in 1681. Early during the rule of his successor, Dodda Virappa (1687–1736), the army of the neighbouring kingdom of Mysore, under the orders of Wodeyar Chikka Devaraja, attacked and seized Piriyapatna, a territory which abutted Coorg (see Map 11), and which was then being ruled by a kinsman of Dodda Virappa. Buoyed by the victory, the Mysore army soon attacked Coorg itself; however, it had advanced only a short distance, when, while camping overnight on the plain of Palupare, it was surprised by a Coorg ambush. In the ensuing massacre, the Mysore army lost 15,000 men, and the survivors had to beat a hasty retreat. For most of the next two decades, the western reaches of Mysore remained vulnerable to attacks by the Coorg army. In the border district of Yelusavira, the Coorg and Mysore forces fought to a stalemate and, in the end, had to work out a tax sharing arrangement.
In 1724, major hostilities resumed between Coorg and Mysore.Changing his modus operandi from guerrilla skirmishes in the hilly Coorg jungle to open field warfare, Dodda Virappa, attacked the Mysore army in the plains. Catching it off guard, he took in rapid succession six fortresses from Piriyapatna to Arkalgud. The resulting loss of revenue, some 600,000 gold pagodas, was felt in Mysore, and several months later, in August or September 1724, a large army was sent from Seringapatam, the Mysore capital, to Coorg. Upon the Mysore army's arrival in the western region, however, the Coorg forces, returning to guerrilla warfare, retreated into the woods. Emboldened by the lack of resistance, the Mysore forces next mounted an attack on the Coorg hills. There too, they met no resistance. However, a few days into this invasion, the Mysore forces, recalling their ignominious ambush in the 1890s, panicked and retreated during the night. Soon, the Coorg army was attacking the Mysore outposts again. This pattern of back and forth was to continue until the Mysore army was recalled, a few months later, to Seringapatam, leaving the region again vulnerable to the periodic raids of the Coorg army. According to historian Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The entire episode yields a rare insight into one aspect of war in the 18th century: the (Coorg) forces, lacking cavalry, with a minimum of firearms, lost every major battle, but won the war by dint of two factors. First, the terrain, and the possibility of retreating periodically into the wooded hillside, favoured them, in contrast to their relatively clumsy opponents. Second, the Mysore army could never maintain a permanent presence in the region, given the fact that the Wodeyar kingdom had several open frontiers.
The ruler was succeeded by his grandson, Chikka Virappa, whose unremarkable rule lasted until 1768, when Coorg was conquered by Haidar Ali, the new sultan of Mysore.
Later history
In 1780, Coorg was invaded by Hyder Ali of Mysore and the state was annexed. For eight years, Coorg was a part of Mysore. In 1788, through British intervention, the Raja of Coorg regained his kingdom. He signed a treaty bringing Coorg under the protection of the British.
From 1790 to 1834, Coorg remained a protectorate of British India. In 1834, the then Raja of Coorg tried to shake off his allegiance to the British which resulted in the Coorg War. The state was eventually annexed and became the Coorg Province.
British rule
Under British rule, the natives of Coorg were encouraged to join the Indian army. Even today most of the soldiers from Karnataka are from this land.
Legacy
The present day Madikeri was formerly known as Muddu raja keri (meaning Mudduraja's town) and was named after the prominent king, Mudduraja who ruled Coorg from 1633-1687. The present day Virajpet derived from Virarajendrapete was the town established by Haleri king Dodda Veerarajendra, after whose name the city derives its name.
Chikka Virarajendra was the last ruler of Coorg. Kannada litterateur and Jnanpith Award recipient, Masti Venkatesha Iyengar, wrote a critically acclaimed book, Chikavira Rajendra, based on the life and times of that ruler. King Dodda Veerarajendra built the Nalknad Palace.
Gallery
A daughter of Dodda Vira Rajendra
Omkareshwara Temple built by King Linga Raja in Madikeri
Nalknad Palace at Madikeri
Chikka Vira Rajendra, The last King of Coorg (circa 1805)
Princess Gouramma, who would later become Victoria Gouramma, the daughter of Chikka Virarajendra, the last king of Coorg, was adopted to be taken care by Queen Victoria.
References
Citations
^ "Portico of the Coorg Rajah's Palace at Somwarpett". The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons. X. Wesleyan Missionary Society: 48. May 1853. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
^ a b Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1878). Mysore and Coorg, a gazetteer. p. 100. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
^ a b c Richter, G. (2016). Manual of Coorg: a gazetteer of the natural features of the country and the social and political condition of its inhabitants. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-333-86309-8. OCLC 980488785.
^ Subrahmanyam 1989, p. 212
^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 11 (New ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1908. p. 15.
^ a b c Subrahmanyam 1989, p. 99
^ Subrahmanyam 1989, pp. 217–218
^ a b c Subrahmanyam 1989, pp. 218–219
^ Subrahmanyam 1989, p. 220
^ a b Mookonda, Kushalappa (10 January 2017). "The set-up of Kodagu's royal cemetery". Deccan Herarld. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
^ "On the Haleri trail". No. 17 August 2009. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
Bibliography
Rice, Lewis (1878), "History of Coorg", Mysore and Coorg, A Gazetteer compiled for the Government, Volume 3, Coorg, Bangalore: Mysore Government Press. p. 427
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1989), "Warfare and state finance in Wodeyar Mysore, 1724–25: A missionary perspective", Indian Economic and Social History Review, 26 (2): 203–233, doi:10.1177/001946468902600203, S2CID 145180609
Further reading
Richter, G (1870). Manual of Coorg- A Gazetteer of the natural features of the country and the social and political condition of its inhabitants. Mangalore: C Stolz, Basel Mission Book Depository. ISBN 9781333863098.
Government of Coorg (1953), Handbook of Coorg Census-1951 (PDF), Assistant Commissioner and District Census Officer, Coorg
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Song: Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watercolor_guest_house_of_the_Raja_of_Coorg_with_fort_in_the_background.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja"},{"link_name":"Coorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portico_of_the_Coorg_Rajah%27s_Palace_at_Somwaspett_(May_1853,_X,_p.48)_-_Copy.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juvenile1853-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rice-2"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manual-3"},{"link_name":"Ikkeri Nayaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keladi_Nayaka"},{"link_name":"Coorg War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorg_War"},{"link_name":"province of British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India"}],"text":"Watercolour of the guest house of the Raja of Coorg with the fort in the background, 1795Portico of the Coorg Rajah's Palace at Somwaspett (May 1853, X, p.48)[1]The Kingdom of Coorg (or Kingdom of Kodagu) was an independent kingdom[2] that existed in India from the 16th century until 1834.[3] It was ruled by a branch of the Ikkeri Nayaka. From 1780 to 1788, the kingdom was occupied by neighbouring Mysore but the Rajah of Coorg was restored by the British and became a protectorate of the British East India Company on 26 October 1790. In 1834, the then Raja of Coorg rebelled against British authority, sparking the Coorg War. The brief conflict led to the British to annex the kingdom in the same year, who transformed the region into a province of British India.","title":"Kingdom of Coorg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorg"},{"link_name":"Lewis Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Rice"},{"link_name":"Jangama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangama"},{"link_name":"Lingayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingayat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manual-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subrah-rice-coorg1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manual-3"},{"link_name":"rajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja"},{"link_name":"Mercara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercara"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subrah212rice106-6"},{"link_name":"Chikka Devaraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikka_Devaraja"},{"link_name":"Piriyapatna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piriyapatna"},{"link_name":"Map 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coorg1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subrah212rice106-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subrah212rice106-6"},{"link_name":"modus operandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandi"},{"link_name":"guerrilla skirmishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Piriyapatna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piriyapatna"},{"link_name":"Arkalgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkalgud"},{"link_name":"pagodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Seringapatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seringapatam"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subrah-1989-pp217-218-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subrah-1989-pp218-219-8"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subrah-1989-pp218-219-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subrah-1989-pp218-219-8"},{"link_name":"Sanjay Subrahmanyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Subrahmanyam"},{"link_name":"Coorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Haidar Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidar_Ali"},{"link_name":"sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Although Rājendranāme, a royal genealogy of the rulers of Coorg written in 1808, makes no mention of the origin of the lineage, its reading by historian Lewis Rice led him to conclude that the princely line was established by a member of the Ikkeri Nayaka family, who first settled in Halerinard. Having moved south to the town of Haleri in northern Coorg in the disguise of a wandering Jangama monk (or, by some recounting, a Lingayat monk[3]), he soon began to attract followers; with their help, or their acquiescence, he took possession of the town, and in such manner came to rule the entire country.[4] According to the genealogy,[3] the Coorg rajas who ruled from the early 17th century to the mid-19th century were:Muddu Raja, the Coorg ruler from 1633 to 1687, initially ruled from the town of Haleri, but later moved his capital to Mercara, which he fortified and where he built a palace in 1681.[6] Early during the rule of his successor, Dodda Virappa (1687–1736), the army of the neighbouring kingdom of Mysore, under the orders of Wodeyar Chikka Devaraja, attacked and seized Piriyapatna, a territory which abutted Coorg (see Map 11), and which was then being ruled by a kinsman of Dodda Virappa.[6] Buoyed by the victory, the Mysore army soon attacked Coorg itself; however, it had advanced only a short distance, when, while camping overnight on the plain of Palupare, it was surprised by a Coorg ambush. In the ensuing massacre, the Mysore army lost 15,000 men, and the survivors had to beat a hasty retreat. For most of the next two decades, the western reaches of Mysore remained vulnerable to attacks by the Coorg army. In the border district of Yelusavira, the Coorg and Mysore forces fought to a stalemate and, in the end, had to work out a tax sharing arrangement.[6]In 1724, major hostilities resumed between Coorg and Mysore.Changing his modus operandi from guerrilla skirmishes in the hilly Coorg jungle to open field warfare, Dodda Virappa, attacked the Mysore army in the plains. Catching it off guard, he took in rapid succession six fortresses from Piriyapatna to Arkalgud. The resulting loss of revenue, some 600,000 gold pagodas, was felt in Mysore, and several months later, in August or September 1724, a large army was sent from Seringapatam, the Mysore capital, to Coorg.[7] Upon the Mysore army's arrival in the western region, however, the Coorg forces, returning to guerrilla warfare, retreated into the woods. Emboldened by the lack of resistance, the Mysore forces next mounted an attack on the Coorg hills. There too, they met no resistance.[8] However, a few days into this invasion, the Mysore forces, recalling their ignominious ambush in the 1890s,[clarification needed] panicked and retreated during the night.[8] Soon, the Coorg army was attacking the Mysore outposts again. This pattern of back and forth was to continue until the Mysore army was recalled, a few months later, to Seringapatam, leaving the region again vulnerable to the periodic raids of the Coorg army.[8] According to historian Sanjay Subrahmanyam,The entire episode yields a rare insight into one aspect of war in the 18th century: the (Coorg) forces, lacking cavalry, with a minimum of firearms, lost every major battle, but won the war by dint of two factors. First, the terrain, and the possibility of retreating periodically into the wooded hillside, favoured them, in contrast to their relatively clumsy opponents. Second, the Mysore army could never maintain a permanent presence in the region, given the fact that the Wodeyar kingdom had several open frontiers.[9]The ruler was succeeded by his grandson, Chikka Virappa, whose unremarkable rule lasted until 1768, when Coorg was conquered by Haidar Ali, the new sultan of Mysore.[citation needed]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coorg War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorg_War"}],"text":"In 1780, Coorg was invaded by Hyder Ali of Mysore and the state was annexed. For eight years, Coorg was a part of Mysore. In 1788, through British intervention, the Raja of Coorg regained his kingdom. He signed a treaty bringing Coorg under the protection of the British.From 1790 to 1834, Coorg remained a protectorate of British India. In 1834, the then Raja of Coorg tried to shake off his allegiance to the British which resulted in the Coorg War. The state was eventually annexed and became the Coorg Province.","title":"Later history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Under British rule, the natives of Coorg were encouraged to join the Indian army. Even today most of the soldiers from Karnataka are from this land.","title":"British rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madikeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madikeri"},{"link_name":"Virajpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virajpet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DH1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DH2-11"},{"link_name":"Chikka Virarajendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikka_Virarajendra"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Jnanpith Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnanpith_Award"},{"link_name":"Masti Venkatesha Iyengar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masti_Venkatesha_Iyengar"},{"link_name":"Nalknad Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalknad_Palace"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DH1-10"}],"text":"The present day Madikeri was formerly known as Muddu raja keri (meaning Mudduraja's town) and was named after the prominent king, Mudduraja who ruled Coorg from 1633-1687. The present day Virajpet derived from Virarajendrapete was the town established by Haleri king Dodda Veerarajendra, after whose name the city derives its name.[10][11]Chikka Virarajendra was the last ruler of Coorg. Kannada litterateur and Jnanpith Award recipient, Masti Venkatesha Iyengar, wrote a critically acclaimed book, Chikavira Rajendra, based on the life and times of that ruler. King Dodda Veerarajendra built the Nalknad Palace.[10]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Nash_-_Portrait_of_Mooda_Maji_of_Coorg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_temple_tank_of_Omkareshwara_Temple_of_Madikeri.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nalaknad_(6).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nalknad Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalknad_Palace"},{"link_name":"Madikeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madikeri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Chikka_Veera_Rajah,_the_last_King_of_Coorg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Gouramma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gouramma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Gouramma"},{"link_name":"Chikka Virarajendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikka_Virarajendra"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"}],"text":"A daughter of Dodda Vira Rajendra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOmkareshwara Temple built by King Linga Raja in Madikeri\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNalknad Palace at Madikeri\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChikka Vira Rajendra, The last King of Coorg (circa 1805)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrincess Gouramma, who would later become Victoria Gouramma, the daughter of Chikka Virarajendra, the last king of Coorg, was adopted to be taken care by Queen Victoria.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manual of Coorg- A Gazetteer of the natural features of the country and the social and political condition of its inhabitants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/manualcoorgagaz00richgoog/page/n6/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781333863098","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781333863098"},{"link_name":"Handbook of Coorg Census-1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6036/1/42086_1951_COO.pdf"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Karnataka_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_topics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Karnataka,_India.png"},{"link_name":"State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"link_name":"State symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols"},{"link_name":"Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems"},{"link_name":"Emblem of Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs"},{"link_name":"Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate"},{"link_name":"Animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals"},{"link_name":"Asian elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant"},{"link_name":"Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds"},{"link_name":"Indian roller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_roller"},{"link_name":"Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers"},{"link_name":"Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera"},{"link_name":"Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees"},{"link_name":"Sandalwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalum_album"},{"link_name":"Fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols"},{"link_name":"Mango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_indica"},{"link_name":"Carnatic carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypselobarbus_carnaticus"},{"link_name":"Southern birdwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troides_minos"},{"link_name":"Overviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_cinema"},{"link_name":"Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka#Climate"},{"link_name":"Cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Folk arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_people"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Aihole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aihole"},{"link_name":"Alupa dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alupa_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Amoghavarsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoghavarsha"},{"link_name":"Badami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami"},{"link_name":"Banavasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banavasi"},{"link_name":"Balligavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balligavi"},{"link_name":"Belur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Chalukya dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chitradurga Nayakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga"},{"link_name":"Deva Raya II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_Raya_II"},{"link_name":"Durvinita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durvinita"},{"link_name":"Halebidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halebidu"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Coorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Halmidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmidi"},{"link_name":"Hampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampi"},{"link_name":"Hoysala Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kadamba dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kalyani Chalukyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire"},{"link_name":"Keladi Nayakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi"},{"link_name":"Shivappa Nayaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka"},{"link_name":"Kittur Chennamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Mayurasharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayurasharma"},{"link_name":"Pattadakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattadakal"},{"link_name":"Pulakeshin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulakeshin_II"},{"link_name":"Rashtrakuta dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sringeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sringeri"},{"link_name":"Srirangapatna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srirangapatna"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Unification of Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara"},{"link_name":"Vishnuvardhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuvardhana"},{"link_name":"Veera Ballala II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II"},{"link_name":"Vikramaditya II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramaditya_II"},{"link_name":"Vikramaditya VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI"},{"link_name":"Western Ganga dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Bangalore division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_division"},{"link_name":"Bangalore Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district"},{"link_name":"Bangalore Rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district"},{"link_name":"Chitradurga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitradurga_district"},{"link_name":"Davanagere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davanagere_district"},{"link_name":"Kolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolar_district"},{"link_name":"Shimoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoga_district"},{"link_name":"Tumakuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumakuru_district"},{"link_name":"Ramanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanagara_district"},{"link_name":"Chikkaballapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district"},{"link_name":"Belagavi 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Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada"},{"link_name":"Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_district"},{"link_name":"Kodagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodagu_district"},{"link_name":"Mandya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandya_district"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_district"},{"link_name":"Udupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udupi_district"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Cities and towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Dams and reservoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Taluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Highest point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri"},{"link_name":"Bayalu Seeme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme"},{"link_name":"Malenadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malenadu"},{"link_name":"Kanara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanara"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Bharatanatyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam"},{"link_name":"Buta Kola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buta_Kola"},{"link_name":"Bidriware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidriware"},{"link_name":"Channapatna toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channapatna_toys"},{"link_name":"Chitrakala Parishat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath"},{"link_name":"Gaarudi Gombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe"},{"link_name":"Ilkal sari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkal_sari"},{"link_name":"Kamsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamsale"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Karnatik music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music"},{"link_name":"Kasuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuti"},{"link_name":"Khedda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedda"},{"link_name":"Mysore Dasara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Dasara"},{"link_name":"Togalu gombeyaata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata"},{"link_name":"Udupi cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udupi_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Veeragase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeragase"},{"link_name":"Yakshagana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakshagana"},{"link_name":"Mysore musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_literature"},{"link_name":"Milestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature"},{"link_name":"Epics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epics_in_the_Kannada_language"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature"},{"link_name":"Rashtrakuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature"},{"link_name":"Western Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature"},{"link_name":"Western Chalukya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada"},{"link_name":"Hoysala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_literature"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada"},{"link_name":"Vachana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachana_sahitya"},{"link_name":"Haridasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridasa"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature"},{"link_name":"Kannada Sahitya Parishat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat"},{"link_name":"Kannada Sahitya Sammelana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature"},{"link_name":"Noted poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kannada_poets"},{"link_name":"Asaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaga"},{"link_name":"Gunavarma I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunavarma_I"},{"link_name":"Adikavi Pampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa"},{"link_name":"Sri Ponna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponna_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Ranna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)"},{"link_name":"Devar Dasimayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devar_Dasimayya"},{"link_name":"Basava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basava"},{"link_name":"Akka Mahadevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi"},{"link_name":"Allama Prabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Prabhu"},{"link_name":"Siddharama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddheshwar"},{"link_name":"Harihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harihara_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Raghavanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghavanka"},{"link_name":"Rudrabhatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudrabhatta"},{"link_name":"Janna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janna"},{"link_name":"Kumara Vyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa"},{"link_name":"Chamarasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamarasa"},{"link_name":"Nijaguna Shivayogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijaguna_Shivayogi"},{"link_name":"Ratnakaravarni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnakaravarni"},{"link_name":"Purandara Dasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purandara_Dasa"},{"link_name":"Kanaka Dasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa"},{"link_name":"Vijaya Dasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa"},{"link_name":"Gopala Dasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopala_Dasa"},{"link_name":"Jagannatha Dasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)"},{"link_name":"Lakshmisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmisa"},{"link_name":"Sarvajna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvajna"},{"link_name":"Shishunala Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishunala_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Krishnaraja Wadiyar III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III"},{"link_name":"D. R. Bendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._R._Bendre"},{"link_name":"Gopalakrishna Adiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopalakrishna_Adiga"},{"link_name":"V. Seetharamaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Seetharamaiah"},{"link_name":"K. S. Narasimhaswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy"},{"link_name":"M. Govinda Pai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai"},{"link_name":"Kuvempu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvempu"},{"link_name":"D. V. Gundappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._V._Gundappa"},{"link_name":"G. S. Shivarudrappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._S._Shivarudrappa"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Karnataka_society"},{"link_name":"Karnataka ethnic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"List of people from Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Beaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"National parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Hindu temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Jain temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jain_temples_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_awards_and_decorations_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Karnataka Ratna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna"},{"link_name":"Pampa Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampa_Award"},{"link_name":"Nrupatunga Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nrupatunga_Award"},{"link_name":"Basava Puraskara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basava_Puraskara"},{"link_name":"Rajyotsava Prashasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti"},{"link_name":"Jakanachari Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakanachari_Award"},{"link_name":"Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnashilpi_Venkatappa_Award"},{"link_name":"Kempegowda Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempegowda_Award"},{"link_name":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_cinema"},{"link_name":"Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_newspapers"},{"link_name":"Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_magazines"},{"link_name":"Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_television_channels"},{"link_name":"Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_radio_stations"}],"text":"Richter, G (1870). Manual of Coorg- A Gazetteer of the natural features of the country and the social and political condition of its inhabitants. Mangalore: C Stolz, Basel Mission Book Depository. ISBN 9781333863098.\nGovernment of Coorg (1953), Handbook of Coorg Census-1951 (PDF), Assistant Commissioner and District Census Officer, Coorgvte State of KarnatakaCapital: BengaluruState symbols\nEmblem: Emblem of Karnataka\nSong: Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate\nAnimal: Asian elephant\nBird: Indian roller\nFlower: Lotus\nTree: Sandalwood\nFruit: Mango\nFish: Carnatic carp\nInsect: Southern birdwing\nOverviews\nArchitecture\nCinema\nClimate\nCuisine\nDemography\nEconomy\nEducation\nFolk arts\nGeography\nHistory\nMedia\nPeople\nSports\nTransportation\nWildlife\nHistory\nAihole\nAlupa dynasty\nAmoghavarsha\nBadami\nBanavasi\nBalligavi\nBelur\nChalukya dynasty\nChitradurga Nayakas\nDeva Raya II\nDurvinita\nHalebidu\nKingdom of Coorg\nHalmidi\nHampi\nHoysala Empire\nKadamba dynasty\nKalyani Chalukyas\nKeladi Nayakas\nShivappa Nayaka\nKittur Chennamma\nKingdom of Mysore\nMayurasharma\nPattadakal\nPulakeshin II\nRashtrakuta dynasty\nSringeri\nSrirangapatna\nTipu Sultan\nUnification of Karnataka\nVijayanagara Empire\nVijayanagara\nVishnuvardhana\nVeera Ballala II\nVikramaditya II\nVikramaditya VI\nWestern Ganga dynasty\nDistricts and divisionsBangalore division\nBangalore Urban\nBangalore Rural\nChitradurga\nDavanagere\nKolar\nShimoga\nTumakuru\nRamanagara \nChikkaballapura\nBelagavi division\nBagalkot\nBelagavi\nBijapur\nDharwad\nHaveri\nGadag\nUttara Kannada\nKalaburagi division\nBallari\nBidar\nKalaburagi\nKoppal\nRaichur\nVijayanagara\nYadgir\nMysore division\nChamarajanagar\nChikmagalur\nDakshina Kannada\nHassan\nKodagu\nMandya\nMysore\nUdupi\nGeography\nCities and towns\nDistricts\nRivers\nDams and reservoirs\nTaluks\nVillages\nHighest point\nBayalu Seeme\nMalenadu\nKanara\nWestern Ghats\nCulture\nBharatanatyam\nButa Kola\nBidriware\nChannapatna toys\nChitrakala Parishat\nGaarudi Gombe\nIlkal sari\nKamsale\nKannada\nKarnatik music\nKasuti\nKhedda\nMysore Dasara\nTogalu gombeyaata\nUdupi cuisine\nVeeragase\nYakshagana\nMysore musicians\nLiterature\nKannada\nMilestones\nEpics\nMedieval\nRashtrakuta\nWestern Ganga\nWestern Chalukya\nHoysala\nVijayanagara\nVachana\nHaridasa\nMysore\nPlay\nModern\nKannada Sahitya Parishat\nKannada Sahitya Sammelana\nKarnataka\nNoted poets\nAsaga\nGunavarma I\nAdikavi Pampa\nSri Ponna\nRanna\nDevar Dasimayya\nBasava\nAkka Mahadevi\nAllama Prabhu\nSiddharama\nHarihara\nRaghavanka\nRudrabhatta\nJanna\nKumara Vyasa\nChamarasa\nNijaguna Shivayogi\nRatnakaravarni\nPurandara Dasa\nKanaka Dasa\nVijaya Dasa\nGopala Dasa\nJagannatha Dasa\nLakshmisa\nSarvajna\nShishunala Sharif\nKrishnaraja Wadiyar III\nD. R. Bendre\nGopalakrishna Adiga\nV. Seetharamaiah\nK. S. Narasimhaswamy\nM. Govinda Pai\nKuvempu\nD. V. Gundappa\nG. S. Shivarudrappa\nPeople and society\nKarnataka ethnic groups\nList of people from Karnataka\nTourism\nBeaches\nDams\nForts\nNational parks\nHindu temples\nJain temples\nWaterfalls\nAwards\nKarnataka Ratna\nPampa Award\nNrupatunga Award\nBasava Puraskara\nRajyotsava Prashasti\nJakanachari Award\nVarnashilpi Venkatappa Award\nKempegowda Award\nMedia\nCinema\nNewspapers\nMagazines\nTelevision\nRadio","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Watercolour of the guest house of the Raja of Coorg with the fort in the background, 1795","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Watercolor_guest_house_of_the_Raja_of_Coorg_with_fort_in_the_background.jpg/270px-Watercolor_guest_house_of_the_Raja_of_Coorg_with_fort_in_the_background.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portico of the Coorg Rajah's Palace at Somwaspett (May 1853, X, p.48)[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Portico_of_the_Coorg_Rajah%27s_Palace_at_Somwaspett_%28May_1853%2C_X%2C_p.48%29_-_Copy.jpg/270px-Portico_of_the_Coorg_Rajah%27s_Palace_at_Somwaspett_%28May_1853%2C_X%2C_p.48%29_-_Copy.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Portico of the Coorg Rajah's Palace at Somwarpett\". The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons. X. Wesleyan Missionary Society: 48. May 1853. Retrieved 29 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil19socigoog","url_text":"\"Portico of the Coorg Rajah's Palace at Somwarpett\""}]},{"reference":"Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1878). Mysore and Coorg, a gazetteer. p. 100. Retrieved 28 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZwIAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Mysore and Coorg, a gazetteer"}]},{"reference":"Richter, G. (2016). Manual of Coorg: a gazetteer of the natural features of the country and the social and political condition of its inhabitants. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-333-86309-8. OCLC 980488785.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/980488785","url_text":"Manual of Coorg: a gazetteer of the natural features of the country and the social and political condition of its inhabitants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-333-86309-8","url_text":"978-1-333-86309-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/980488785","url_text":"980488785"}]},{"reference":"The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 11 (New ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1908. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India","url_text":"The Imperial Gazetteer of India"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheImperialGazetteerOfIndia-Volume11/page/n20/mode/1up","url_text":"15"}]},{"reference":"Mookonda, Kushalappa (10 January 2017). \"The set-up of Kodagu's royal cemetery\". Deccan Herarld. Retrieved 25 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/spectrum/the-set-up-of-kodagus-royal-cemetery-568706.html","url_text":"\"The set-up of Kodagu's royal cemetery\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Haleri trail\". No. 17 August 2009. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 28 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/content/20079/on-haleri-trail.html","url_text":"\"On the Haleri trail\""}]},{"reference":"Rice, Lewis (1878), \"History of Coorg\", Mysore and Coorg, A Gazetteer compiled for the Government, Volume 3, Coorg, Bangalore: Mysore Government Press. p. 427","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Rice","url_text":"Rice, Lewis"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZwIAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Mysore and Coorg, A Gazetteer compiled for the Government, Volume 3, Coorg"}]},{"reference":"Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1989), \"Warfare and state finance in Wodeyar Mysore, 1724–25: A missionary perspective\", Indian Economic and Social History Review, 26 (2): 203–233, doi:10.1177/001946468902600203, S2CID 145180609","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946468902600203","url_text":"10.1177/001946468902600203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145180609","url_text":"145180609"}]},{"reference":"Richter, G (1870). Manual of Coorg- A Gazetteer of the natural features of the country and the social and political condition of its inhabitants. Mangalore: C Stolz, Basel Mission Book Depository. ISBN 9781333863098.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manualcoorgagaz00richgoog/page/n6/mode/2up","url_text":"Manual of Coorg- A Gazetteer of the natural features of the country and the social and political condition of its inhabitants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781333863098","url_text":"9781333863098"}]},{"reference":"Government of Coorg (1953), Handbook of Coorg Census-1951 (PDF), Assistant Commissioner and District Census Officer, Coorg","urls":[{"url":"http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6036/1/42086_1951_COO.pdf","url_text":"Handbook of Coorg Census-1951"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrad_Forest
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Belgrad Forest
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["1 History","2 Size and composition of the forest","3 Aqueducts","4 Recreation and tourism","4.1 Nature parks","5 See also","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 41°11′40″N 28°57′05″E / 41.19431°N 28.95138°E / 41.19431; 28.95138Belgrad ForestTurkish: Belgrad OrmanıView of Belgrad ForestMapGeographyLocationIstanbul, TurkeyCoordinates41°11′40″N 28°57′05″E / 41.19431°N 28.95138°E / 41.19431; 28.95138Elevation135
Belgrad Forest (Turkish: Belgrad Ormanı) is a mixed deciduous forest lying adjacent to Istanbul, Turkey. It is named after the village next to the forest, settled by thousands of Serbs who were deported to the capital Constantinople from the city of Belgrade in 1521, when it fell to the Ottomans. Geographically, the forest is located at the easternmost point of the Thracian Peninsula. Forest terrain is divided between Sarıyer and Eyüp districts. Several historical reservoirs lie within the forest.
History
The Thracian village of Belgrad (from which the forest takes its name) was named after the thousands of Serbs that Suleiman the Magnificent had transferred to Thrace after the 1521 Siege of Belgrade.
Size and composition of the forest
The marsh in the middle of the Belgrad Forest, Istanbul, Turkey.
With a region around 5,500 hectares of forest it houses many plant, bird and animal species. The most common tree in the forest is sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Belgrad Forest is under protection and is one of the most visited recreational areas of Istanbul. The building of the western section of the motorway running over the 3rd Bosphorus bridge (opened 2016) which runs through the northern part of the forest, the expansion of Istanbul (Maslak etc. ), the settlements which surround the forest, and new roads question the practical effect of the protection.
Aqueducts
One of the many pathways in the forest, a favorite among Istanbulites for jogging and running.
New Dam at the Bentler Nature Park inside the Belgrad Forest.
Instead of finding many Byzantine remains of aqueducts, there are mainly only Ottoman dams remaining, which were all built over a period of 150 years. The Valens Aqueduct that straddles busy Atatürk Bulvarı as it runs uphill from the Golden Horn is the largest of the monuments commemorating the complex system needed to bring the water into the city during the 16th-18th centuries.
In the forest there were two separate channeling systems. The older of the two was the Kırkçeşme system that directed water into town Eğrikapı hard against the city walls. Many of the aqueducts and reservoirs that supported this system were originally built in Roman and Byzantine times, but in the 16th century Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned the Ottoman architect Sinan to upgrade it all for the new aqueduct system that would lead into his city. The result was a series of magnificent aqueducts that criss-cross the roads near Kemerburgaz. The Maǧlova Aqueduct is the largest, with its exceptional architecture, strength and structure, and with a little effort is accessible to the public from both ends and can be safely walked through on its lower level. The Kemerburgaz aqueduct can be similarly traversed. The newly restored Uzunkemer still stands right across a busy road in the forest (not traversable).
As the population of İstanbul grew, the water supply system also had to be expanded to cope with the increasing numbers of people living in the city, which resulted in a second supply line; the Taksim system. Most of its aqueducts and reservoirs were built in the 18th century well after the reconstruction that took place earlier in the 16th century. The most noticeable monument is the Mahmud I Kemer, erected in 1732, that stands right beside the road in Bahçeköy. The Taksim system ended at the large reservoir in Taksim Square that now acts as a small art gallery used for tourism.
Recreation and tourism
It is common to find historic ruins scattered around the forest, such as this church of St. George.
Walking, Jogging & Hiking: One of the most popular activities to do in the Belgrad Forest besides looking at the beautiful trees and enjoying nature is the fact that you can easily jog and hike through the trails. There is a jogging track that begins at a fountain by the Neset Suyu (Neset Spring) and weaves a 6 ½ km route with exercise equipment stationed along the way for public use, and the Istanbul Hash House Harriers often runs through this trail. There are many paths and tracks running through the Forest outside of the main recreational areas and a walker can pass hours in the Forest rarely meeting anyone else. The main complication is that there is no available map (satellite maps are useful for showing roads and the wider tracks but not for showing paths and fences) showing the paths and tracks - they have to be discovered. There are also some fenced-off areas and roads running through the Forest which can make finding a good walking route trickier. If going deeper into the Forest, a compass is recommended. A GPS device such as a smartphone is also very useful. The Forest is only mildly hilly and in many places can be walked through even where there is no path or track. The easiest place to start exploring the Forest is the small town of Bahçeköy which is almost in the middle of the Forest. Bahçeköy is well served by public buses. Most of the Ottoman dams and reservoirs are easily reachable from Bahçeköy.
Atatürk Arboretum: To see the forest’s foliage during the changing seasons, the best place to visit is the arboretum in the area, which is open during weekdays. In the facility, there is more than 2,000 plant species. The main attraction in the gardens is in the autumn when the collection of oak trees from all around the world can be viewed. As of 2016 the Arboretum is open every day except Mondays and entry is 5TL for students and 15TL for everyone else. The entrance is about a 20 minutes walk from the centre of Bahçeköy. A visit can easily take a couple of hours. Food (not water) is confiscated at the entrance but returned on leaving.
Eating & Drinking: One of the most common things for locals and travelers to do in Istanbul is to take a trip to the Belgrad Forest on the weekend to escape from the heat in the spring and summer months. There are areas specifically for recreation and travelers are even allowed to use portable barbecues to enjoy with friends and family. There are seven main picnic areas in the Forest; the most popular destination is Büyük Bent. This area has its own cafe where you are able to bring your own food and cook on the long wooden tables; drinks and snacks are sold on-site. If you are planning on cooking your own BBQ, it is suggested that you pay attention and use caution as firefighting facilities are not well prepared to deal with forest fires in the area. There are also a few other cafes scattered around the forest, making the area metropolis in some areas, however, most of the areas in the forest consist of wildlife.
Nature parks
There are nine nature parks in the Belgrad Forest:
Ayvat Bendi Nature Park
Bentler Nature Park
Falih Rıfkı Atay Nature Park
Fatih Çeşmesi Nature Park
Irmak Nature Park
Kirazlıbent Nature Park
Kömürcübent Nature Park
Mehmet Akif Ersoy Nature Park
Neşet Suyu Nature Park
See also
Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
Balkan mixed forests
References
^ Cecil C. Konijnendijk (2005). Urban forests and trees: forests and foresty products. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. pp. 122–129. ISBN 9789289800099.
^ Ágoston, Gábor (2021). The last Muslim conquest : the Ottoman Empire and its wars in Europe. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-20538-0. OCLC 1224042619.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Sydney Nettleton Fisher (1959). The Middle East, a History. Knopf. Many Serbs were transplanted to the outskirts of Istanbul, where the Belgrad Forest still remains as testimony to this ...
^ Mandell Creighton; Justin Winsor; Samuel Rawson Gardiner; Reginald Lane Poole; Sir John Goronwy Edwards (1920). The English Historical Review. Longman. and the Belgrad forest near Constantinople, so called from the captives taken at the present Serbian capital in 1521
^ Serbia, RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of. "Ко су потомци Београђана које је Сулејман Величанствени пре пет векова одвео у Истанбул". www.rts.rs. Retrieved 2021-03-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ My Merhaba "Belgrade Forest" Archived 2009-02-23 at the Wayback Machine October 1, 2006
^ Pat Yale "Istanbul: Belgrade Forest" October 1, 2006
^ Arboretum: Faculty of Forestry Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ English.Istanbul.gov.tr Archived January 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
^ My Merhaba Archived 2009-02-23 at the Wayback Machine October 1, 2006
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"deciduous forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous_forest"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"it fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1521)"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Thracian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Sarıyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yer"},{"link_name":"Eyüp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp"},{"link_name":"reservoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"}],"text":"Belgrad Forest[1] (Turkish: Belgrad Ormanı) is a mixed deciduous forest lying adjacent to Istanbul, Turkey. It is named after the village next to the forest, settled by thousands of Serbs who were deported to the capital Constantinople from the city of Belgrade in 1521,[2] when it fell to the Ottomans. Geographically, the forest is located at the easternmost point of the Thracian Peninsula. Forest terrain is divided between Sarıyer and Eyüp districts. Several historical reservoirs lie within the forest.","title":"Belgrad Forest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Suleiman the Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"1521 Siege of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1521)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CreightonWinsor1920-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Thracian village of Belgrad (from which the forest takes its name) was named after the thousands of Serbs that Suleiman the Magnificent had transferred to Thrace after the 1521 Siege of Belgrade.[3][4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marsh-Belgrad-Forest2.jpg"},{"link_name":"hectares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectares"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"sessile oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessile_oak"},{"link_name":"3rd Bosphorus bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Maslak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The marsh in the middle of the Belgrad Forest, Istanbul, Turkey.With a region around 5,500 hectares of forest it houses many plant, bird and animal species. The most common tree in the forest is sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Belgrad Forest is under protection and is one of the most visited recreational areas of Istanbul. The building of the western section of the motorway running over the 3rd Bosphorus bridge (opened 2016) which runs through the northern part of the forest, the expansion of Istanbul (Maslak etc. ), the settlements which surround the forest, and new roads question the practical effect of the protection.[6]","title":"Size and composition of the forest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB_-_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BentlerNaturePark_(5).jpg"},{"link_name":"New Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Dam"},{"link_name":"Bentler Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentler_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Valens Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"One of the many pathways in the forest, a favorite among Istanbulites for jogging and running.New Dam at the Bentler Nature Park inside the Belgrad Forest.Instead of finding many Byzantine remains of aqueducts, there are mainly only Ottoman dams remaining, which were all built over a period of 150 years. The Valens Aqueduct that straddles busy Atatürk Bulvarı as it runs uphill from the Golden Horn is the largest of the monuments commemorating the complex system needed to bring the water into the city during the 16th-18th centuries.In the forest there were two separate channeling systems. The older of the two was the Kırkçeşme system that directed water into town Eğrikapı hard against the city walls. Many of the aqueducts and reservoirs that supported this system were originally built in Roman and Byzantine times, but in the 16th century Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned the Ottoman architect Sinan to upgrade it all for the new aqueduct system that would lead into his city. The result was a series of magnificent aqueducts that criss-cross the roads near Kemerburgaz. The Maǧlova Aqueduct is the largest, with its exceptional architecture, strength and structure, and with a little effort is accessible to the public from both ends and can be safely walked through on its lower level. The Kemerburgaz aqueduct can be similarly traversed. The newly restored Uzunkemer still stands right across a busy road in the forest (not traversable).As the population of İstanbul grew, the water supply system also had to be expanded to cope with the increasing numbers of people living in the city, which resulted in a second supply line; the Taksim system. Most of its aqueducts and reservoirs were built in the 18th century well after the reconstruction that took place earlier in the 16th century. The most noticeable monument is the Mahmud I Kemer, erected in 1732, that stands right beside the road in Bahçeköy. The Taksim system ended at the large reservoir in Taksim Square that now acts as a small art gallery used for tourism.[7]","title":"Aqueducts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB_-_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Atatürk Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Arboretum"},{"link_name":"arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboretum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"It is common to find historic ruins scattered around the forest, such as this church of St. George.Walking, Jogging & Hiking: One of the most popular activities to do in the Belgrad Forest besides looking at the beautiful trees and enjoying nature is the fact that you can easily jog and hike through the trails. There is a jogging track that begins at a fountain by the Neset Suyu (Neset Spring) and weaves a 6 ½ km route with exercise equipment stationed along the way for public use, and the Istanbul Hash House Harriers often runs through this trail. There are many paths and tracks running through the Forest outside of the main recreational areas and a walker can pass hours in the Forest rarely meeting anyone else. The main complication is that there is no available map (satellite maps are useful for showing roads and the wider tracks but not for showing paths and fences) showing the paths and tracks - they have to be discovered. There are also some fenced-off areas and roads running through the Forest which can make finding a good walking route trickier. If going deeper into the Forest, a compass is recommended. A GPS device such as a smartphone is also very useful. The Forest is only mildly hilly and in many places can be walked through even where there is no path or track. The easiest place to start exploring the Forest is the small town of Bahçeköy which is almost in the middle of the Forest. Bahçeköy is well served by public buses. Most of the Ottoman dams and reservoirs are easily reachable from Bahçeköy.Atatürk Arboretum: To see the forest’s foliage during the changing seasons, the best place to visit is the arboretum in the area, which is open during weekdays. In the facility, there is more than 2,000 plant species. The main attraction in the gardens is in the autumn when the collection of oak trees from all around the world can be viewed. As of 2016 the Arboretum is open every day except Mondays and entry is 5TL for students and 15TL for everyone else. The entrance is about a 20 minutes walk from the centre of Bahçeköy. A visit can easily take a couple of hours. Food (not water) is confiscated at the entrance but returned on leaving.[8]Eating & Drinking: One of the most common things for locals and travelers to do in Istanbul is to take a trip to the Belgrad Forest on the weekend to escape from the heat in the spring and summer months. There are areas specifically for recreation and travelers are even allowed to use portable barbecues to enjoy with friends and family. There are seven main picnic areas in the Forest; the most popular destination is Büyük Bent. This area has its own cafe where you are able to bring your own food and cook on the long wooden tables; drinks and snacks are sold on-site.[9] If you are planning on cooking your own BBQ, it is suggested that you pay attention and use caution as firefighting facilities are not well prepared to deal with forest fires in the area.[10] There are also a few other cafes scattered around the forest, making the area metropolis in some areas, however, most of the areas in the forest consist of wildlife.","title":"Recreation and tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nature parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_park"},{"link_name":"Ayvat Bendi Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayvat_Bendi_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"Bentler Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentler_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"Falih Rıfkı Atay Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falih_R%C4%B1fk%C4%B1_Atay_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"Fatih Çeşmesi Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatih_%C3%87e%C5%9Fmesi_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"Irmak Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmak_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"Kirazlıbent Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirazl%C4%B1bent_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"Kömürcübent Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6m%C3%BCrc%C3%BCbent_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"Mehmet Akif Ersoy Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Akif_Ersoy_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"Neşet Suyu Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C5%9Fet_Suyu_Nature_Park"}],"sub_title":"Nature parks","text":"There are nine nature parks in the Belgrad Forest:Ayvat Bendi Nature Park\nBentler Nature Park\nFalih Rıfkı Atay Nature Park\nFatih Çeşmesi Nature Park\nIrmak Nature Park\nKirazlıbent Nature Park\nKömürcübent Nature Park\nMehmet Akif Ersoy Nature Park\nNeşet Suyu Nature Park","title":"Recreation and tourism"}]
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[{"image_text":"The marsh in the middle of the Belgrad Forest, Istanbul, Turkey.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Marsh-Belgrad-Forest2.jpg/220px-Marsh-Belgrad-Forest2.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the many pathways in the forest, a favorite among Istanbulites for jogging and running.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB_-_1.JPG/220px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB_-_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"New Dam at the Bentler Nature Park inside the Belgrad Forest.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BentlerNaturePark_%285%29.jpg/220px-BentlerNaturePark_%285%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"It is common to find historic ruins scattered around the forest, such as this church of St. George.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB_-_2.JPG/220px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB_-_2.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euxine%E2%80%93Colchic_deciduous_forests"},{"title":"Balkan mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_mixed_forests"}]
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[{"reference":"Cecil C. Konijnendijk (2005). Urban forests and trees: forests and foresty products. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. pp. 122–129. ISBN 9789289800099.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8tgsAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Urban forests and trees: forests and foresty products"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789289800099","url_text":"9789289800099"}]},{"reference":"Ágoston, Gábor (2021). The last Muslim conquest : the Ottoman Empire and its wars in Europe. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-20538-0. OCLC 1224042619.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1224042619","url_text":"The last Muslim conquest : the Ottoman Empire and its wars in Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20538-0","url_text":"978-0-691-20538-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1224042619","url_text":"1224042619"}]},{"reference":"Sydney Nettleton Fisher (1959). The Middle East, a History. Knopf. Many Serbs were transplanted to the outskirts of Istanbul, where the Belgrad Forest still remains as testimony to this ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iP9OAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Middle East, a History"}]},{"reference":"Mandell Creighton; Justin Winsor; Samuel Rawson Gardiner; Reginald Lane Poole; Sir John Goronwy Edwards (1920). The English Historical Review. Longman. and the Belgrad forest near Constantinople, so called from the captives taken at the present Serbian capital in 1521","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SKHRAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The English Historical Review"}]},{"reference":"Serbia, RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of. \"Ко су потомци Београђана које је Сулејман Величанствени пре пет векова одвео у Истанбул\". www.rts.rs. Retrieved 2021-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/ci/story/501/zanimljivosti/4279377/beograd-istambul-sulejman-velicanstveni.html","url_text":"\"Ко су потомци Београђана које је Сулејман Величанствени пре пет векова одвео у Истанбул\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belgrad_Forest¶ms=41.19431_N_28.95138_E_type:forest","external_links_name":"41°11′40″N 28°57′05″E / 41.19431°N 28.95138°E / 41.19431; 28.95138"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belgrad_Forest¶ms=41.19431_N_28.95138_E_type:forest","external_links_name":"41°11′40″N 28°57′05″E / 41.19431°N 28.95138°E / 41.19431; 28.95138"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8tgsAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Urban forests and trees: forests and foresty products"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1224042619","external_links_name":"The last Muslim conquest : the Ottoman Empire and its wars in Europe"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1224042619","external_links_name":"1224042619"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iP9OAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Middle East, a History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SKHRAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The English Historical Review"},{"Link":"http://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/ci/story/501/zanimljivosti/4279377/beograd-istambul-sulejman-velicanstveni.html","external_links_name":"\"Ко су потомци Београђана које је Сулејман Величанствени пре пет векова одвео у Истанбул\""},{"Link":"http://www.mymerhaba.com/Belgrade-Forest-in-Turkey-391.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090223113155/http://www.mymerhaba.com/Belgrade-Forest-in-Turkey-391.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.turkeyfromtheinside.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1038:stanbul-belgrade-forest&catid=42:places-to-go&Itemid=&date=2013-06-01","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.orman.istanbul.edu.tr/en/node/177","external_links_name":"Arboretum: Faculty of Forestry"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120113234830/http://www.orman.istanbul.edu.tr/en/node/177","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=13411","external_links_name":"English.Istanbul.gov.tr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140103125626/http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=13411","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mymerhaba.com/Belgrade-Forest-in-Turkey-391.html","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090223113155/http://www.mymerhaba.com/Belgrade-Forest-in-Turkey-391.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012403594505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2018003080","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Fountain
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Bethesda Terrace and Fountain
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["1 History","1.1 Construction","1.2 Restoration","2 Bethesda Terrace","3 Bethesda Fountain","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Sources","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°46′27″N 73°58′16″W / 40.774123°N 73.971135°W / 40.774123; -73.971135
Architectural features in New York City's Central Park
40°46′27″N 73°58′16″W / 40.774123°N 73.971135°W / 40.774123; -73.971135
Bethesda Terrace (back) and Bethesda Fountain with its Angel of the Waters statue
Notable buildings and structures of Central Park. Click on the map and then on the points for details.This map: viewtalkedit
Bethesda Terrace and Fountain are two architectural features overlooking the southern shore of the Lake in New York City's Central Park. The fountain, with its Angel of the Waters statue, is located in the center of the terrace.
Bethesda Terrace's two levels are united by two grand staircases and a lesser one that passes under Terrace Drive. They provide passage southward to the Central Park Mall and Naumburg Bandshell at the center of the park. The upper terrace flanks the 72nd Street Cross Drive and the lower terrace provides a podium for viewing the Lake. The mustard-olive colored carved stone is New Brunswick sandstone, with a harder stone for cappings, with granite steps and landings, and herringbone pattern paving of Roman brick laid on edge.
History
Construction
Under construction in 1862From the same viewpoint in 2008
In Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted's 1858 Greensward Plan, the terrace at the end of the Mall overlooking the naturalistic landscape of the Lake was simply called The Water Terrace, but after the unveiling of the angel, its name was changed to Bethesda Terrace.
Construction of the terrace and fountain occurred during the American Civil War. Only two major structures besides the Bethesda Terrace were completed during the Civil War: the Music Stand and the Casino restaurant, both demolished. By the end of 1861, work on Bethesda Terrace was well underway. The stonework to be installed in the terrace arrived in 1862, and the masonry of the fountain was installed by 1863.
In 1864, the stonework of Bethesda Terrace was completed except for minor details, and the Central Park commission hired a sculptor to design the figures for the Fountain. The upper level of the Terrace was mostly built by 1867, by which time the Fountain's figures were being cast in bronze. The original plans had called for marble and bronze figures to be installed on the upper level, but those were not executed. The Bethesda Fountain was officially completed in 1873.
Restoration
After being abandoned for years except used as a bicycle-rental spot, Bethesda Terrace became a site for The Fountain Cafe, an outdoor luncheon restaurant between 1967 and 1974. It was closed in preparation of restoration work, which did not begin for several years. During this time the site became a congregating spot for the hippie generation before devolving into a drug-trafficking venue in the 1970s. Bethesda Fountain was completely dry by then. By the early 1980s, the stonework had decayed or been damaged; the ceiling of the arcade was leaking; and frost and trees' roots had caused many of the floor surfaces to crack.
The fountain was restored in 1980-1981 by the Central Park Conservancy as the first part of its plan to renovate Central Park. The terrace was restored in 1982, its stonework disassembled, cleaned, deteriorated surfaces removed, restored, patched, and reset. Resodding, and 50 new trees, 3,500 shrubs and 3,000 ground cover plants specified by Philip Winslow followed in 1986. Parts of the balustrade were removed for cleaning and restoration.
The Mintons encaustic tiles of the arcade ceiling were removed in the 1980s renovation because the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission deemed the tiles too costly to restore. Instead, the Commission approved the commission of a ceiling mural in its place. Mayor Ed Koch declared in June 1987 that the tiles would be restored. The tiles sat in storage for more than 20 years until the Conservancy received a private donation for their restoration. The Conservancy began restoring the tiles for $7 million in 2004, and the tiles were reinstalled in 2007.
Bethesda Terrace
The Terrace
Bethesda Terrace and Fountain form the northern end of the Central Park Mall. The mall, which runs from approximately 65th to 73rd Streets, is the only formal feature in the park's original blueprint, the Greensward Plan. Bethesda Terrace is divided into two levels: the upper level (corresponding to the Mall) and the lower level (corresponding to the fountain). The upper level carries a carriage road, which corresponds to 72nd Street. The carriage road, which forms part of the park drives' essential circulation pattern, is supported by a wrought-iron box-girder bridge, concealed beneath a stone cladding. The lower level, which faces The Ramble and Lake to the north, is formally known as the Esplanade. This portion consists of a flagstone plaza with stone parapets and plantings to the west and east, as well as Bethesda Fountain in the center.
South of 72nd Street, a central stairway descends to an arcade underneath the street. The ceiling of the arcade has Minton encaustic tiles designed by Mould. There are 14,000 such tiles; most of them are part of the original design, but three panels of replacement tiles were installed during the 2000s renovation. When the park opened, one observer referred to the arcade as a "large and delightfully cool hall".
North of the street, a pair of stairs descends two flights to the lower plaza. The stairs contain stone balustrades with carvings of birds and plants. Jacob Wrey Mould designed the balustrades' sculptural details. The decorations largely contain motifs representing the seasons, similar to illustrations in classical illuminated manuscripts. These include lambs' heads representing spring; butterflies and berries for summer; holly leaves, pine boughs, pine cones, and birds for fall; and firewood for winter. Other motifs were also used in the balustrades, including ice skates, signifying winter; a rooster, signifying longer days in the spring and summer; and a witch on a broomstick, signifying Halloween. At the tops of the stairs, the balustrade on 72nd Street contains a scroll motif with birds and flowering plants.
Bethesda Fountain
Bethesda Fountain with restored plants
Bethesda Fountain is the central feature on the lower level of the terrace. The pool is centered by a fountain sculpture designed by Emma Stebbins in 1868 and unveiled in 1873. Also called the Angel of the Waters, the statue refers to the biblical healing of a disabled man at Bethesda, a story from the Gospel of John about an angel blessing the Pool of Bethesda, giving it healing powers. It was the only statue funded by the city in the original design for the park. Stebbins was the first woman to receive a public commission for a major work of art in New York City.
The 8-foot (2.4 m) bronze statue depicts a female winged angel touching down upon the top of the fountain, where water spouts and cascades into an upper basin and into the surrounding pool. Beneath her are four four-foot cherubs representing temperance, purity, health, and peace. The statue alludes to the Croton Aqueduct, the first pure-water aqueduct in New York City, which opened in 1842 on the site of Central Park. The angel carries a lily in one hand, representing purity, and with the other hand she blesses the water below. The lower basin has water lilies, lotus, and papyrus, inspired by an illustration in an 1891 book by Vaux's assistant and partner Samuel Parsons, the Superintendent of Planting in Central Park,
The base of the fountain was designed by Calvert Vaux, with sculptural details by Mould. The panels of carving in the abstracted organic style propounded by Owen Jones, a mentor of the sculptor Jacob Wrey Mould are organized by an iconographical program of themes: the Seasons, the Times of Day, the Ages of Mankind.
Gallery
Lower Passage
1858 rendering
View of the fountain from the terrace
During the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City
See also
Visual arts portal
History of fountains in the United States
References
Citations
^ Heckscher, Morrison H. (2008). Creating Central Park. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-30013-669-2.
^ "1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1861. pp. 12–13 (PDF pp. 14–16). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "Improvements in Central Park". The New York Times. December 18, 1861. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
^ "1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1862. p. 6 (PDF p. 7). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1863. p. 16 (PDF p. 18). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1864. pp. 6–8 (PDF pp. 7–10). Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1867. p. 8 (PDF p. 9). Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ a b Reynolds 1994, p. 324.
^ Kinkead 1990, p. 267.
^ "The Bethesda Fountain; Inauguration at the Terrace, Central Park The Multitudes of Visitors. Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions". The New York Times. June 1, 1873. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
^ Feeley, Constance (September 10, 1966). "The Fountain Cafe". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
^ a b Anderson, Susan Heller (May 3, 1987). "In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ "Bethesda Fountain Restoration To Mean Closing of Restaurant". The New York Times. February 10, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
^ a b c d Murphy & Ottavino 1986: "materials science, chemical testing, historical research, and attentive site supervision contributed to the successful rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace".
^ a b Kinkead 1990, p. 132.
^ "1980–1988". The Official Website of Central Park. Central Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on January 26, 2007.
^ Kinkead 1990, p. 134.
^ Clarence C. Cook, A Description of the New York Central Park, 1869, quoted in Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 35.
^ Neuffer, Elizabeth (June 7, 1987). "Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ "THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles!". The New York Times. June 14, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ a b Champe, Peter; Rabinowitz, Mark (1999). "Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling, Bethesda Terrace Arcade, Central Park, New York City". APT Bulletin. 30 (2–3): 11–16. doi:10.2307/1504635. JSTOR 1504635. Described some of the difficulties surmounted in carrying out this project.
^ a b c d e f g h Reynolds 1994, p. 322.
^ a b c d e f Kinkead 1990, p. 37.
^ Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 35.
^ Kinkead 1990, pp. 131–132.
^ a b c Kinkead 1990, p. 52.
^ Clarence C. Cook, A Description of the New York Central Park, 1869, quoted in Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 35.
^ Reynolds 1994, p. 323.
^ a b c d e f "Ask Professor Ginkgo: The Fountains of New York". The Daily Plant. Vol. XVII, no. 3695. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. September 10, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
^ Kinkead 1990, p. 89.
^ Parsons, Landscape Gardening: Notes and Suggestions on Lawns and Lawn Planting...(1891), lithograph after a watercolor, page 253
^ Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 26.
^ Commissioners of the Central Park Reports (New-York Historical Society), noted in Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 26.
Sources
Kinkead, Eugene (1990). Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02531-4.
Murphy, Jean Parker; Ottavino, Kate Burns (1986). "The Rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace: The Terrace Bridge and Landscape, Central Park, New York". Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology. 18 (3): 24–38. doi:10.2307/1494116. JSTOR 1494116.
Reynolds, Donald (1994). The Architecture of New York City: Histories and Views of Important Structures, Sites, and Symbols. J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-01439-3. OCLC 45730295.
Rosenzweig, Roy & Blackmar, Elizabeth (1992). The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9751-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bethesda Terrace and Fountain.
Angel of the Waters Fountain at Central Park's official website
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Click on the map and then on the points for details.This map: viewtalkeditBethesda Terrace and Fountain are two architectural features overlooking the southern shore of the Lake in New York City's Central Park. The fountain, with its Angel of the Waters statue, is located in the center of the terrace.Bethesda Terrace's two levels are united by two grand staircases and a lesser one that passes under Terrace Drive. They provide passage southward to the Central Park Mall and Naumburg Bandshell at the center of the park. The upper terrace flanks the 72nd Street Cross Drive and the lower terrace provides a podium for viewing the Lake. The mustard-olive colored carved stone is New Brunswick sandstone, with a harder stone for cappings, with granite steps and landings, and herringbone pattern paving of Roman brick laid on edge.","title":"Bethesda Terrace and Fountain"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Park_1862.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bethstairspringjeh_(cropped_sq).jpg"},{"link_name":"Calvert Vaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_Vaux"},{"link_name":"Frederick Law Olmsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted"},{"link_name":"Greensward Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park#Greensward_Plan"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_Casino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1861-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1862-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1863-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1864-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1867-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994324-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead1990267-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"Under construction in 1862From the same viewpoint in 2008In Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted's 1858 Greensward Plan, the terrace at the end of the Mall overlooking the naturalistic landscape of the Lake was simply called The Water Terrace, but after the unveiling of the angel, its name was changed to Bethesda Terrace.Construction of the terrace and fountain occurred during the American Civil War. Only two major structures besides the Bethesda Terrace were completed during the Civil War: the Music Stand and the Casino restaurant, both demolished.[1] By the end of 1861, work on Bethesda Terrace was well underway.[2][3] The stonework to be installed in the terrace arrived in 1862,[4] and the masonry of the fountain was installed by 1863.[5]In 1864, the stonework of Bethesda Terrace was completed except for minor details, and the Central Park commission hired a sculptor to design the figures for the Fountain.[6] The upper level of the Terrace was mostly built by 1867, by which time the Fountain's figures were being cast in bronze.[7] The original plans had called for marble and bronze figures to be installed on the upper level, but those were not executed.[8][9] The Bethesda Fountain was officially completed in 1873.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decay-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"hippie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decay-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy_and_Ottavino-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead1990132-15"},{"link_name":"Central Park Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy_and_Ottavino-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead1990134-17"},{"link_name":"Mintons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintons"},{"link_name":"encaustic tiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encaustic_tile"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ed Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Koch"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy_and_Ottavino-14"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Champe-21"}],"sub_title":"Restoration","text":"After being abandoned for years except used as a bicycle-rental spot, Bethesda Terrace became a site for The Fountain Cafe, an outdoor luncheon restaurant between 1967 and 1974. It was closed in preparation of restoration work, which did not begin for several years.[11][12][13] During this time the site became a congregating spot for the hippie generation before devolving into a drug-trafficking venue in the 1970s.[12] Bethesda Fountain was completely dry by then.[14] By the early 1980s, the stonework had decayed or been damaged; the ceiling of the arcade was leaking; and frost and trees' roots had caused many of the floor surfaces to crack.[15]The fountain was restored in 1980-1981 by the Central Park Conservancy as the first part of its plan to renovate Central Park.[14] The terrace was restored in 1982, its stonework disassembled, cleaned, deteriorated surfaces removed, restored, patched, and reset. Resodding, and 50 new trees, 3,500 shrubs and 3,000 ground cover plants specified by Philip Winslow followed in 1986.[16] Parts of the balustrade were removed for cleaning and restoration.[17]The Mintons encaustic tiles of the arcade ceiling[18] were removed in the 1980s renovation because the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission deemed the tiles too costly to restore. Instead, the Commission approved the commission of a ceiling mural in its place.[19] Mayor Ed Koch declared in June 1987 that the tiles would be restored.[20] The tiles sat in storage for more than 20 years until the Conservancy received a private donation for their restoration. The Conservancy began restoring the tiles for $7 million in 2004, and the tiles were reinstalled in 2007.[14][21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bethesda_Fountain,_Central_Park,_New_York,_USA-1Aug2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Central Park Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_Mall"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994322-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead199037-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994322-22"},{"link_name":"Greensward Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensward_Plan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead199037-23"},{"link_name":"72nd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72nd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994322-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead199037-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphyOttavino198635-24"},{"link_name":"The Ramble and Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ramble_and_Lake"},{"link_name":"flagstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstone"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead1990131%E2%80%93132-25"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994322-22"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead1990132-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994322-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead199052-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy_and_Ottavino-14"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Champe-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead199052-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994322-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead199037-23"},{"link_name":"Jacob Wrey Mould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Wrey_Mould"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994323-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead199052-26"},{"link_name":"illuminated manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994322-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994324-8"}],"text":"The TerraceBethesda Terrace and Fountain form the northern end of the Central Park Mall.[22][23] The mall, which runs from approximately 65th to 73rd Streets,[22] is the only formal feature in the park's original blueprint, the Greensward Plan.[23] Bethesda Terrace is divided into two levels: the upper level (corresponding to the Mall) and the lower level (corresponding to the fountain). The upper level carries a carriage road, which corresponds to 72nd Street.[22][23] The carriage road, which forms part of the park drives' essential circulation pattern, is supported by a wrought-iron box-girder bridge, concealed beneath a stone cladding.[24] The lower level, which faces The Ramble and Lake to the north, is formally known as the Esplanade. This portion consists of a flagstone plaza with stone parapets and plantings to the west and east, as well as Bethesda Fountain in the center.[25]South of 72nd Street, a central stairway descends to an arcade underneath the street.[22][15] The ceiling of the arcade has Minton encaustic tiles designed by Mould.[22][26][27] There are 14,000 such tiles; most of them are part of the original design, but three panels of replacement tiles were installed during the 2000s renovation.[14][21] When the park opened, one observer referred to the arcade as a \"large and delightfully cool hall\".[26]North of the street, a pair of stairs descends two flights to the lower plaza. The stairs contain stone balustrades with carvings of birds and plants.[22][23] Jacob Wrey Mould designed the balustrades' sculptural details.[28][26] The decorations largely contain motifs representing the seasons, similar to illustrations in classical illuminated manuscripts. These include lambs' heads representing spring; butterflies and berries for summer; holly leaves, pine boughs, pine cones, and birds for fall; and firewood for winter.[22] Other motifs were also used in the balustrades, including ice skates, signifying winter; a rooster, signifying longer days in the spring and summer; and a witch on a broomstick, signifying Halloween. At the tops of the stairs, the balustrade on 72nd Street contains a scroll motif with birds and flowering plants.[8]","title":"Bethesda Terrace"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bethesda_Fountain_in_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emma Stebbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Stebbins"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ginko-29"},{"link_name":"biblical healing of a disabled man at Bethesda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing_the_paralytic_at_Bethesda"},{"link_name":"Gospel of John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"},{"link_name":"Pool of Bethesda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_of_Bethesda"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead199037-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ginko-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead199089-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ginko-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ginko-29"},{"link_name":"cherubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherub"},{"link_name":"temperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)"},{"link_name":"purity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health"},{"link_name":"peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkead199037-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994322-22"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ginko-29"},{"link_name":"Croton Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croton_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ginko-29"},{"link_name":"water lilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeaceae"},{"link_name":"lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"papyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus"},{"link_name":"Samuel Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Parsons"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Owen Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphyOttavino198626-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Bethesda Fountain with restored plantsBethesda Fountain is the central feature on the lower level of the terrace. The pool is centered by a fountain sculpture designed by Emma Stebbins in 1868 and unveiled in 1873.[29] Also called the Angel of the Waters, the statue refers to the biblical healing of a disabled man at Bethesda, a story from the Gospel of John about an angel blessing the Pool of Bethesda, giving it healing powers.[23][29] It was the only statue funded by the city in the original design for the park.[30][29] Stebbins was the first woman to receive a public commission for a major work of art in New York City.[29]The 8-foot (2.4 m) bronze statue depicts a female winged angel touching down upon the top of the fountain, where water spouts and cascades into an upper basin and into the surrounding pool. Beneath her are four four-foot cherubs representing temperance, purity, health, and peace.[23][22][29] The statue alludes to the Croton Aqueduct, the first pure-water aqueduct in New York City, which opened in 1842 on the site of Central Park. The angel carries a lily in one hand, representing purity, and with the other hand she blesses the water below.[29] The lower basin has water lilies, lotus, and papyrus, inspired by an illustration in an 1891 book by Vaux's assistant and partner Samuel Parsons, the Superintendent of Planting in Central Park,[31]The base of the fountain was designed by Calvert Vaux, with sculptural details by Mould. The panels of carving in the abstracted organic style propounded by Owen Jones, a mentor of the sculptor Jacob Wrey Mould[32] are organized by an iconographical program of themes: the Seasons, the Times of Day, the Ages of Mankind.[33]","title":"Bethesda Fountain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bethesda_Terrace_at_Sunset_(21574066483).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annual_report_of_the_Board_of_Commissioners_of_the_Central_Park_(1858)_(18407508186).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bethesda_Fountain_-_Central_Park_-_NY_-_USA_-_agosto_2011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bethesda_Terrace_in_the_time_of_pandemic.jpg"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City"}],"text":"Lower Passage\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1858 rendering\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of the fountain from the terrace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDuring the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Bethesda Terrace (back) and Bethesda Fountain with its Angel of the Waters statue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Angel_of_the_Waters_Fountain_and_Bethesda_Terrace%2C_Central_Park%2C_NYC.jpg/300px-Angel_of_the_Waters_Fountain_and_Bethesda_Terrace%2C_Central_Park%2C_NYC.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Terrace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bethesda_Fountain%2C_Central_Park%2C_New_York%2C_USA-1Aug2010.jpg/220px-Bethesda_Fountain%2C_Central_Park%2C_New_York%2C_USA-1Aug2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bethesda Fountain with restored plants","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bethesda_Fountain_in_2007.jpg/170px-Bethesda_Fountain_in_2007.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg"},{"title":"Visual arts portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts"},{"title":"History of fountains in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_fountains_in_the_United_States"}]
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[{"reference":"Heckscher, Morrison H. (2008). Creating Central Park. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-30013-669-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx_GNFFLSXsC&pg=PA17","url_text":"Creating Central Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30013-669-2","url_text":"978-0-30013-669-2"}]},{"reference":"\"1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report\" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1861. pp. 12–13 (PDF pp. 14–16). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4051annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1861.pdf","url_text":"\"1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report\""},{"url":"http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4051annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1861.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Improvements in Central Park\". The New York Times. December 18, 1861. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1861/12/18/archives/improvements-in-central-park.html","url_text":"\"Improvements in Central Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report\" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1862. p. 6 (PDF p. 7). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170206211955/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4077annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1862.pdf","url_text":"\"1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report\""},{"url":"http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4077annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1862.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report\" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1863. p. 16 (PDF p. 18). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170206212057/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4085annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1863.pdf","url_text":"\"1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report\""},{"url":"http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4085annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1863.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report\" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1864. pp. 6–8 (PDF pp. 7–10). Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4060annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1864.pdf","url_text":"\"1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report\" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1867. p. 8 (PDF p. 9). Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4087annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1867.pdf","url_text":"\"1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bethesda Fountain; Inauguration at the Terrace, Central Park The Multitudes of Visitors. Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions\". The New York Times. June 1, 1873. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1873/06/01/archives/the-bethesda-fountain-inauguration-at-the-terrace-central-park-the.html","url_text":"\"The Bethesda Fountain; Inauguration at the Terrace, Central Park The Multitudes of Visitors. Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Feeley, Constance (September 10, 1966). \"The Fountain Cafe\". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1966/09/17/the-fountain-cafe","url_text":"\"The Fountain Cafe\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Susan Heller (May 3, 1987). \"In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/03/nyregion/in-central-park-a-terrace-is-saved-from-decay.html","url_text":"\"In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Bethesda Fountain Restoration To Mean Closing of Restaurant\". The New York Times. February 10, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/10/archives/bethesda-fountain-restoration-to-mean-closing-of-restaurant.html","url_text":"\"Bethesda Fountain Restoration To Mean Closing of Restaurant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"1980–1988\". The Official Website of Central Park. Central Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on January 26, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070126152855/http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988","url_text":"\"1980–1988\""},{"url":"http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Neuffer, Elizabeth (June 7, 1987). \"Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/07/nyregion/terrace-in-central-park-lacks-its-ornate-ceiling.html","url_text":"\"Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles!\". The New York Times. June 14, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/14/weekinreview/the-region-what-s-up-in-the-park-ceiling-tiles.html","url_text":"\"THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Champe, Peter; Rabinowitz, Mark (1999). \"Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling, Bethesda Terrace Arcade, Central Park, New York City\". APT Bulletin. 30 (2–3): 11–16. doi:10.2307/1504635. JSTOR 1504635.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_Bulletin","url_text":"APT Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1504635","url_text":"10.2307/1504635"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1504635","url_text":"1504635"}]},{"reference":"\"Ask Professor Ginkgo: The Fountains of New York\". The Daily Plant. Vol. XVII, no. 3695. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. September 10, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/daily_plants/daily_plant_main.php?id=15031","url_text":"\"Ask Professor Ginkgo: The Fountains of New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation","url_text":"New York City Department of Parks and Recreation"}]},{"reference":"Kinkead, Eugene (1990). Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02531-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink","url_text":"Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02531-4","url_text":"0-393-02531-4"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Jean Parker; Ottavino, Kate Burns (1986). \"The Rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace: The Terrace Bridge and Landscape, Central Park, New York\". Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology. 18 (3): 24–38. doi:10.2307/1494116. JSTOR 1494116.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Association_for_Preservation_Technology","url_text":"Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1494116","url_text":"10.2307/1494116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1494116","url_text":"1494116"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Donald (1994). The Architecture of New York City: Histories and Views of Important Structures, Sites, and Symbols. J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-01439-3. OCLC 45730295.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-01439-3","url_text":"978-0-471-01439-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45730295","url_text":"45730295"}]},{"reference":"Rosenzweig, Roy & Blackmar, Elizabeth (1992). The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9751-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rosenzweig","url_text":"Rosenzweig, Roy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackmar","url_text":"Blackmar, Elizabeth"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Park_and_the_People.html?id=BP-8QgAACAAJ","url_text":"The Park and the People: A History of Central Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9751-5","url_text":"0-8014-9751-5"}]}]
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Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1966/09/17/the-fountain-cafe","external_links_name":"\"The Fountain Cafe\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/03/nyregion/in-central-park-a-terrace-is-saved-from-decay.html","external_links_name":"\"In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/10/archives/bethesda-fountain-restoration-to-mean-closing-of-restaurant.html","external_links_name":"\"Bethesda Fountain Restoration To Mean Closing of Restaurant\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070126152855/http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988","external_links_name":"\"1980–1988\""},{"Link":"http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/07/nyregion/terrace-in-central-park-lacks-its-ornate-ceiling.html","external_links_name":"\"Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/14/weekinreview/the-region-what-s-up-in-the-park-ceiling-tiles.html","external_links_name":"\"THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles!\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1504635","external_links_name":"10.2307/1504635"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1504635","external_links_name":"1504635"},{"Link":"http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/daily_plants/daily_plant_main.php?id=15031","external_links_name":"\"Ask Professor Ginkgo: The Fountains of New York\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink","external_links_name":"Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1494116","external_links_name":"10.2307/1494116"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1494116","external_links_name":"1494116"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45730295","external_links_name":"45730295"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Park_and_the_People.html?id=BP-8QgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Park and the People: A History of Central Park"},{"Link":"https://www.centralparknyc.org/attractions/bethesda-fountain","external_links_name":"Angel of the Waters Fountain"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%22Brobr%C3%B3%22_Pereira_de_Freitas
|
Fernando Brobró
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Brazilian basketball player
Fernando BrobróPersonal informationFull nameFernando Pereira de FreitasNationalityBrazilianBorn(1934-07-18)18 July 1934Rio de Janeiro, BrazilDied10 February 2006(2006-02-10) (aged 71)Rio de Janeiro, BrazilSportSportBasketball
Fernando Pereira de Freitas (18 July 1934 – 10 February 2006), also commonly known as Fernando Brobró was a Brazilian basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Fernando Pereira de Freitas Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
External links
Fernando Pereira de Freitas at FIBA
Fernando Pereira de Freitas at FIBA
Fernando Pereira de Freitas at Basketball-Reference.com
Fernando Pereira de Freitas at Olympedia
Fernando Pereira de Freitas at the Brazilian Olympic Committee (in Portuguese)
vteBrazil squad – 1959 FIBA World Championship – Gold medal
3 Algodão
4 Amaury (MVP)
5 Wlamir
6 Boccardo
7 Senra
8 Brobró
9 Branca
10 Jatyr
11 Bispo
12 Nobrega
13 Picente
14 Blatskauskas
Coach: Kanela
vteBrazil squad – 1960 Summer Olympics – Bronze medal
3 Algodão
4 Amaury
5 Wlamir
6 Blás
7 Mosquito
8 Brobró
9 Branca
10 Jatyr
11 Bispo
12 Sucar
13 Boccardo
14 Blatskauskas
Coach: Kanela
This biographical article relating to a Brazilian basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Fernando Pereira de Freitas Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418033018/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fe/fernando-brobro-1.html","url_text":"\"Fernando Pereira de Freitas Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fe/fernando-brobro-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushuhum
|
Kushuhum
|
["1 Demographics","1.1 Language","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 47°42′38″N 35°13′09″E / 47.71056°N 35.21917°E / 47.71056; 35.21917
Urban locality in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine
Rural settlement in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, UkraineKushuhum
КушугумRural settlementKushuhumLocation of Kushuhum in Zaporizhzhia OblastShow map of UkraineKushuhumKushuhum (Zaporizhzhia Oblast)Show map of Zaporizhzhia OblastCoordinates: 47°42′38″N 35°13′09″E / 47.71056°N 35.21917°E / 47.71056; 35.21917Country UkraineOblastZaporizhzhia OblastRaionZaporizhzhia RaionHromadaKushuhum settlement hromadaFounded1770Settlement status1938Area • Total4.499 km2 (1.737 sq mi)Elevation60 m (200 ft)Population (2022) • Total 7,796Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code70450–451Area code+380 61ClimateDfaWebsitehttp://rada.gov.ua/
Kushuhum or Kushugum (Ukrainian: Кушугум) is a rural settlement in Zaporizhzhia Raion, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, southern Ukraine. Kushuhum hosts the administration of Kushuhum settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. In 2001, its population was 5,668 according to the census, Kushuhum is the administrative center of the Kushuhum settlement council, a local government area.
The settlement was first founded in 1770 as the village of Velyka Katerynivka (Ukrainian: Велика Катеринівка). In 1938, it was renamed to Kushuhum and given the status of an urban-type settlement. It is located on the left bank of the Kakhovka Reservoir.
Demographics
According to the 2001 census, the population of Kushuhum is 7,764 people. According to the 2022 estimate, the population is 7,796 people.
Language
Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:
Language
Percentage
Ukrainian
84.5%
Russian
15.2%
other
0.3%
References
^ "Kushuhum (Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Zaporizhzhia Raion)". weather.in.ua. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
^ "Кушугумська територіальна громада" (in Ukrainian). decentralization.gov.ua.
^ a b c "Kushuhum, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Zaporizhzhia Raion". Regions of Ukraine and their Structure (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
External links
Media related to Category:Kushugum at Wikimedia Commons
vte Zaporizhzhia RaionAdministrative center: ZaporizhzhiaCities
Vilniansk
Zaporizhzhia
Coat of arms of Zaporizhzhia RaionRural settlements
Ivano-Hannivka
Kantserivka
Richne
Rostushche
Soniachne
Vidradne
Vysokohirne
Villages
Avhustynivka
Baburka
Bilenke Pershe
Bilenke
Cherepivske
Chervonodniprovka
Chervonyi Yar
Dniprelstan
Dniprovi Khvyli
Dolynivka
Dolynske
Fedorivka
Hryhorivka
Hurskoho
Ivanhorod
Kanivske
Khortytsia
Krylivske
Lemeshynske
Lezhyne
Lukasheve
Lysohirka
Malyshivka
Marivka
Matviivka
Morozivka
Mykolai-Pole
Nadia
Natalivka
Nyzhnia Khortytsia
Nove Zaporizhzhia
Novodniprovka
Novooleksandrivka
Novoolenivka
Novopetrivka
Novovoznesenka
Novoselyshche
Novoserhiivka
Novoslobidka
Novostepnianske
Petrivske
Petropavlivka
Petropil
Prydniprovske
Pryvitne
Radnianske
Rozumivka
Ruchaivka
Shevchenkivske
Shyroke
Smoliane
Stepne
Svitanok
Udilenske
Urytske
Vesele
Veselianka
Vodiane
Volodymyrivske
Yavornytske
Yulivka
Zaporozhets
This article about a location in Zaporizhzhia Oblast is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Zaporizhzhia Raion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coat_of_Arms_of_Zaporiz%27kyj_Raion.gif/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Zaporiz%27kyj_Raion.gif"}]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gardiner
|
Paul Gardiner
|
["1 Biography","2 Death","3 Tributes","4 Discography","4.1 Albums","4.1.1 Tubeway Army","4.1.2 Gary Numan","4.1.3 Robert Palmer","4.1.4 Marc Anthony Thompson","4.2 Singles","4.2.1 Tubeway Army","4.2.2 Gary Numan","4.2.3 Paul Gardiner","4.2.4 Marc Anthony Thompson","5 References","6 External links"]
|
For those of a similar name, see Paul Gardner (disambiguation).
Paul GardinerBackground informationBirth namePaul Andrew GardinerBorn(1958-05-01)1 May 1958Hayes, Middlesex, EnglandDied18 February 1984(1984-02-18) (aged 25)Northolt, EnglandGenresRock, electronic, synth-pop, new wave, post-punk, punk rockOccupation(s)Musician, songwriterInstrument(s)Bass, guitar, keyboardsYears active1976–1984LabelsBeggars Banquet, NumaFormerly ofTubeway Army, Gary Numan, DramatisMusical artist
Paul Andrew Gardiner (1 May 1958 – 18 February 1984) was a British musician who played bass guitar with Gary Numan and Tubeway Army, as well as creating material under his own name.
Biography
Paul Gardiner was born in Hayes, Middlesex. In early 1976 he was playing in a band called The Lasers when Gary Numan (then using his real name, Gary Webb) auditioned as lead guitarist. The two became friends and when Numan left the band soon after, Gardiner followed. The pair formed Tubeway Army, initially with Numan's uncle Jess Lidyard on drums. In October 1977, the band was signed to the independent label Beggars Banquet and released their first single, "That's Too Bad", in February 1978. The trio used assumed names, Gardiner's being 'Scarlett'.
An ever-changing line-up played gigs over the next few months, Gardiner and Numan being the only constant members. Settling back to a three-piece outfit with Lidyard, the band released two albums as Tubeway Army, an eponymously titled debut in 1978 and the No. 1 hit Replicas in 1979. When Numan dropped the name Tubeway Army in mid-1979, Gardiner remained as bassist, playing on the No. 1 albums The Pleasure Principle (1979) and Telekon (1980), and toured with Numan throughout the world in 1979–81.
Following Numan's 'retirement' in April 1981, after final concerts at Wembley Arena, his backing band went its separate ways. Most of the members formed a new group called Dramatis, while Gardiner elected to concentrate on a solo career. Gardiner's debut solo release was a single co-written with Numan called "Stormtrooper in Drag" b/w "Night Talk" in 1981. It made No. 49 in the UK Singles Chart. On these tracks Gardiner and Numan were credited with guitar and bass, respectively; Gardiner also played synthesizer.
Gardiner's recording of The Velvet Underground's "Venus in Furs" was the first release on Numan's own label, Numa, in 1984. The single's B-side, "No Sense", was written by Gardiner. Aside from work on solo projects, he played with Dramatis in 1982 (*he was never in Dramatis) and, shortly before his death, worked with Marc Anthony Thompson on the latter's debut album.
Death
Paul Gardiner struggled with heroin addiction in his last years and died at the age of 25 from an overdose of Valium and Diconal combined with cold weather on 18 February 1984 in Limetrees Park in Northolt, Greater London. He is survived by a son, Chris who has a son named Dylan.
Tributes
Gary Numan wrote the song "A Child with the Ghost" (from the 1984 album Berserker) in memory of his friend and former bassist. He also paid tribute to Gardiner on the 10th and 20th anniversaries of his death by playing, respectively, "Stormtrooper in Drag" on his 1994 tour (released on the 1995 live album Dark Light) and "Night Talk" at a 2004 charity gig.
During the 2009 Pleasure Principle tour Numan paid tribute to Gardiner on his 25th anniversary of his death by playing "Complex" (the demo version) with a picture of Gardiner displayed on the large screen background.
Discography
Albums
Tubeway Army
The Plan (demos recorded in 1977, first released in 1984)
Tubeway Army (1978)
Replicas (1979)
Gary Numan
The Pleasure Principle (1979)
Telekon (1980)
Living Ornaments '79 (live recording first released in 1981, expanded/re-released as Living Ornaments '79 in 1998)
Living Ornaments '80 (live recording first released in 1981, expanded/re-released as Living Ornaments '80 in 2005)
Living Ornaments '81 (live recording, first released 1998)
Dance (1981)
Robert Palmer
Clues (1980) – "I Dream of Wires"
Marc Anthony Thompson
Marc Anthony Thompson (1984)
Singles
Tubeway Army
"That's Too Bad" (1978)
"Bombers" (1978)
"Down in the Park" (1979)
"Are 'Friends' Electric?" (1979)
Gary Numan
"Cars" (1979)
"Complex" (1979)
"We Are Glass" (1980)
"I Die: You Die" (1980)
"This Wreckage" (1980)
Paul Gardiner
"Stormtrooper in Drag" (1981) – although released under Gardiner's name, the lead vocals were by Gary Numan. John Webb played drums.
"Venus in Furs" (1984)
Marc Anthony Thompson
"Love Cools Down" (1984)
References
^ "Paul Gardiner: 1977-1981". Gary Numan Discography. 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ "Tubeway Days: Paul Gardiner". The Same Mistakes. 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ a b "Tubeway Army: Biography by Andy Kellman". AllMusic. 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ "Cedric Sharpley: Drummer who played with Tubeway Army". The Independent. 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). Guinness World Records Limited. p. 222. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ a b Talevski, Nick (2006). Rock Obituaries – Knocking on Heaven's Door. Omnibus Press. p. 197. ISBN 1846090911.
^ "Paul Gardiner: Credits". AllMusic. 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ "theartsdesk Q&A: Musician Gary Numan". The Arts Desk. 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Gary Numan, Dome, Brighton". The Independent. 2009. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
External links
Paul Gardiner: "Stormtrooper in Drag" (1981)
Paul Gardiner: "Venus in Furs" (1984)
Paul Gardiner: "No Sense" (1984)
Tubeway Army - Peel session 1979
Robert Palmer: "I Dream of Wires" (1980)
Marc Anthony Thompson: "Love Cools Down" (1984)
vteGary NumanAlbums with Tubeway Army
Tubeway Army
Replicas
The Plan
Studio albums
The Pleasure Principle
Telekon
Dance
I, Assassin
Warriors
Berserker
The Fury
Strange Charm
Metal Rhythm
Outland
Machine + Soul
Sacrifice
Exile
Pure
Jagged
Dead Son Rising
Splinter (Songs from a Broken Mind)
Savage (Songs from a Broken World)
Intruder
Collaborations
Automatic (with Bill Sharpe)
Human (with Michael R. Smith)
Nicholson / Numan 1987–1994 (with Hugh Nicholson)
Live albums
Living Ornaments '79
Living Ornaments '80
Living Ornaments '79 and '80
White Noise
Ghost
The Skin Mechanic
Dream Corrosion
Dark Light
Living Ornaments '81
The Radio One Recordings
Scarred
Live at Shepherds Bush Empire
Hope Bleeds
Fragment 1/04
Fragment 2/04
The Complete John Peel Sessions
Jagged Live
Engineers
Telekon – Live
Replicas Live
The Pleasure Principle Live
Big Noise Transmission
Singles
"That's Too Bad"
"Bombers"
"Down in the Park"
"Are "Friends" Electric?"
"Cars"
"Complex"
"We Are Glass"
"I Die: You Die"
"This Wreckage"
"Stormtrooper in Drag"
"She's Got Claws"
"Love Needs No Disguise"
"Music for Chameleons"
"We Take Mystery (To Bed)"
"Warriors"
"Change Your Mind"
"New Thing from London Town"
"This Is Love"
"I Can't Stop"
"Like a Refugee (I Won't Cry)"
"Crazier"
Soundtracks
The Radial Pair: Video Soundtrack
Compilations
New Man Numan
Exhibition
Isolate
The Best of Gary Numan 1978–1983
The Premier Hits
Techno Army Featuring Gary Numan
Random
Random (02)
The Mix
New Dreams for Old
Exposure
Hybrid
Resonator (Pioneer of Sound)
Jagged Edge
Dead Moon Falling
Related articles
Discography
Sharpe & Numan
Paul Gardiner
Dramatis
Tubeway
Radio Heart
"Freak Like Me"
"Where's Your Head At"
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Gardner (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gardner_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Gary Numan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Numan"},{"link_name":"Tubeway Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubeway_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For those of a similar name, see Paul Gardner (disambiguation).Musical artistPaul Andrew Gardiner (1 May 1958 – 18 February 1984) was a British musician who played bass guitar with Gary Numan and Tubeway Army, as well as creating material under his own name.[1]","title":"Paul Gardiner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes,_Hillingdon"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Jess Lidyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jess_Lidyard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"Beggars Banquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggars_Banquet_Records"},{"link_name":"That's Too Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_Too_Bad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-3"},{"link_name":"debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubeway_Army_(album)"},{"link_name":"Replicas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Pleasure Principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_Principle_(Gary_Numan_album)"},{"link_name":"Telekon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-3"},{"link_name":"Wembley Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena"},{"link_name":"Dramatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Stormtrooper in Drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormtrooper_in_Drag"},{"link_name":"b/w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-5"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"Venus in Furs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_in_Furs_(song)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-6"},{"link_name":"Marc Anthony Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_Genius,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Paul Gardiner was born in Hayes, Middlesex. In early 1976 he was playing in a band called The Lasers when Gary Numan (then using his real name, Gary Webb) auditioned as lead guitarist. The two became friends and when Numan left the band soon after, Gardiner followed. The pair formed Tubeway Army, initially with Numan's uncle Jess Lidyard on drums. In October 1977, the band was signed to the independent label Beggars Banquet and released their first single, \"That's Too Bad\", in February 1978.[2] The trio used assumed names, Gardiner's being 'Scarlett'.[3]An ever-changing line-up played gigs over the next few months, Gardiner and Numan being the only constant members. Settling back to a three-piece outfit with Lidyard, the band released two albums as Tubeway Army, an eponymously titled debut in 1978 and the No. 1 hit Replicas in 1979. When Numan dropped the name Tubeway Army in mid-1979, Gardiner remained as bassist, playing on the No. 1 albums The Pleasure Principle (1979) and Telekon (1980), and toured with Numan throughout the world in 1979–81.[3]Following Numan's 'retirement' in April 1981, after final concerts at Wembley Arena, his backing band went its separate ways. Most of the members formed a new group called Dramatis, while Gardiner elected to concentrate on a solo career.[4] Gardiner's debut solo release was a single co-written with Numan called \"Stormtrooper in Drag\" b/w \"Night Talk\" in 1981. It made No. 49 in the UK Singles Chart.[5] On these tracks Gardiner and Numan were credited with guitar and bass, respectively; Gardiner also played synthesizer.Gardiner's recording of The Velvet Underground's \"Venus in Furs\" was the first release on Numan's own label, Numa, in 1984. The single's B-side, \"No Sense\", was written by Gardiner.[6] Aside from work on solo projects, he played with Dramatis in 1982 (*he was never in Dramatis) and, shortly before his death, worked with Marc Anthony Thompson on the latter's debut album.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin"},{"link_name":"Valium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam"},{"link_name":"Diconal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipipanone"},{"link_name":"Northolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northolt"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-6"}],"text":"Paul Gardiner struggled with heroin addiction in his last years and died at the age of 25 from an overdose of Valium and Diconal combined with cold weather on 18 February 1984 in Limetrees Park in Northolt, Greater London. He is survived by a son, Chris who has a son named Dylan.[6]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berserker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berserker_(Gary_Numan_album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Gary Numan wrote the song \"A Child with the Ghost\" (from the 1984 album Berserker) in memory of his friend and former bassist. He also paid tribute to Gardiner on the 10th and 20th anniversaries of his death by playing, respectively, \"Stormtrooper in Drag\" on his 1994 tour (released on the 1995 live album Dark Light) and \"Night Talk\" at a 2004 charity gig.[8]During the 2009 Pleasure Principle tour Numan paid tribute to Gardiner on his 25th anniversary of his death by playing \"Complex\" (the demo version) with a picture of Gardiner displayed on the large screen background.[9]","title":"Tributes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gardiner&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gardiner&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"The Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plan_(Tubeway_Army_album)"},{"link_name":"Tubeway Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubeway_Army_(album)"},{"link_name":"Replicas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_(album)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gardiner&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"The Pleasure Principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_Principle_(Gary_Numan_album)"},{"link_name":"Telekon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekon"},{"link_name":"Living Ornaments '79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Ornaments_%2779"},{"link_name":"Living Ornaments '80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Ornaments_%2780"},{"link_name":"Living Ornaments '81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Ornaments_%2781"},{"link_name":"Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_(Gary_Numan_album)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gardiner&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"Clues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clues_(Robert_Palmer_album)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gardiner&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gardiner&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gardiner&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"That's Too Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_Too_Bad"},{"link_name":"Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombers_(Gary_Numan_single)"},{"link_name":"Down in the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_in_the_Park"},{"link_name":"Are 'Friends' Electric?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_%27Friends%27_Electric%3F"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gardiner&action=edit§ion=12"},{"link_name":"Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(song)"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(Gary_Numan_single)"},{"link_name":"We Are Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Glass"},{"link_name":"I Die: You Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Die:_You_Die"},{"link_name":"This Wreckage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Wreckage"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gardiner&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"Stormtrooper in Drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormtrooper_in_Drag"},{"link_name":"Venus in Furs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_in_Furs_(song)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gardiner&action=edit§ion=14"}],"text":"Albums[edit]\nTubeway Army[edit]\nThe Plan (demos recorded in 1977, first released in 1984)\nTubeway Army (1978)\nReplicas (1979)\nGary Numan[edit]\nThe Pleasure Principle (1979)\nTelekon (1980)\nLiving Ornaments '79 (live recording first released in 1981, expanded/re-released as Living Ornaments '79 in 1998)\nLiving Ornaments '80 (live recording first released in 1981, expanded/re-released as Living Ornaments '80 in 2005)\nLiving Ornaments '81 (live recording, first released 1998)\nDance (1981)\nRobert Palmer[edit]\nClues (1980) – \"I Dream of Wires\"\nMarc Anthony Thompson[edit]\nMarc Anthony Thompson (1984)\nSingles[edit]\nTubeway Army[edit]\n\"That's Too Bad\" (1978)\n\"Bombers\" (1978)\n\"Down in the Park\" (1979)\n\"Are 'Friends' Electric?\" (1979)\nGary Numan[edit]\n\"Cars\" (1979)\n\"Complex\" (1979)\n\"We Are Glass\" (1980)\n\"I Die: You Die\" (1980)\n\"This Wreckage\" (1980)\nPaul Gardiner[edit]\n\"Stormtrooper in Drag\" (1981) – although released under Gardiner's name, the lead vocals were by Gary Numan. John Webb played drums.\n\"Venus in Furs\" (1984)\nMarc Anthony Thompson[edit]\n\"Love Cools Down\" (1984)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Tourian
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Leon Tourian
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["1 Early ministry","2 North American ministry","3 Death","4 Aftermath","5 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Leon Tourian" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Tourian
Archbishop Leon Tourian (Armenian: Ղեւոնդ Դուրեան; 29 December 1879 – 24 December 1933) was a cleric of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Appointed primate of the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America in 1931, he was assassinated in New York City by Armenian Revolutionary Federation members.
Early ministry
Tourian was born in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire. Tourian was archbishop of Smyrna, Vicar Patriarch of Constantinople, and later a prelate in Greece, Bulgaria, and, Armenian Archbishop of England.
North American ministry
Archbishop Tourian was appointed to head the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church in New York in 1931.
The incident that resulted in a plot to assassinate the archbishop took place on 1 July 1933, in a pavilion for the celebration of Armenian Day at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago. Archbishop Tourian, upon his arrival to deliver an invocation, ordered the removal of the red, blue, and orange Tricolor of the First Republic of Armenia (1918–20) from the stage before he would step out on it.
From the archbishop's point of view, appearing beside this flag would provoke the wrath of Armenia's Soviet government, which was a serious concern, since the church's ultimate seat of spiritual authority lay in the Holy See at Etchmiadzin, within the borders of Soviet Armenia, and the Catholicos of All Armenians felt bound to keep peace with Soviet authorities.
Armenian language newspaper Hairenik – which had close ties with ARF – started publishing threatening letters for Tourian's life. Even the newspaper offered $100 reward to someone who will "teach Tourian a lesson". Later on Tourian asked for police protection.
However the members of the nationalist Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), known as Dashnaks, for whom the flag was a sacred symbol of the Armenian nation, took this as an act of treason. Tourian was soon attacked by five ARF members in Worcester, Massachusetts. Two of the attackers were convicted. After this incident Tourian hired a bodyguard.
Death
Holy Cross Church at 580 West 187th Street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City was the scene of Tourian's assassination
Tourian was assassinated on December 24, 1933, when several men attacked him in the Church of the Holy Cross, in Washington Heights, Manhattan, at the start of the Christmas Eve service. Tourian’s constant bodyguard, Kossof Gargodian, was sitting in the back of the church certain that there would be no assault upon Tourian in a holy place, on the day before Christmas.
When, at the end of the procession, the archbishop passed the fifth row of pews from the rear, he was suddenly surrounded by a group of at least nine men. Two men stabbed Tourian with large butcher knives, and once the archbishop fell, the attackers scattered and mixed with the crowd. Two of the assailants were seized by the parishioners, beaten, and subsequently handed over to the police.
The police soon apprehended the other seven assailants, who were all ARF members. On July 14, 1934, after a trial that lasted five weeks, two of them, Mateos Leylegian and Nishan Sarkisian, were found guilty of first degree murder, and the other seven of first degree manslaughter. Leylegian and Sarkisian were sentenced to death, but Governor of New York Herbert Lehman commuted the death sentences to life imprisonment "on account of most unusual circumstances in this case". The other seven were given prison terms of varying lengths, from 10 to 20 years.
Aftermath
After the killing, American Armenian followers of the Armenian Apostolic Church became split between local churches affiliated with the Catholicosate of All Armenians (Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin), located at the time in Soviet Armenia, and those affiliated with the Catholicosate of Cilicia, in Antelias, near Beirut, Lebanon, though the liturgy has stayed the same. Individual congregations became either entirely Dashnak or anti-Dashnak in their membership, with forcible expulsions and violent fights in some instances. For decades to come, Armenians of the Dashnak persuasion would hold the nine Dashnak defendants to be innocent scapegoats and Archbishop Tourian to be a traitor to his nation, while non-Dashnak Armenians would consider the nine suspects and the entire Dashnak party responsible for the crime.
At present there are two Armenian church structures in the United States: the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, which is divided into the Eastern and Western Dioceses of the Armenian Church of America; and the Holy See of Cilicia, which is divided into the Eastern and Western Prelacies of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America.
References
Notes
^ a b "John T. Flynn and the Dashnags" (PDF). The Propaganda Battlefront. Vol. 3. Friends of Democracy. 1944-05-31. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ "Durean, Ghewond, 1879-1933 - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ a b c Alexander, Ben. "Contested Memories, Divided Diaspora: Armenian Americans, the Thousand-day Republic, and the Polarized Response to an Archbishop’s Murder" Archived 2009-05-02 at the Wayback Machine Journal of American Ethnic History 27.1
^ "Beaten at church picnic; Archbishop Was Attacked by Gang in Westboro, Mass" New York Times (December 25, 1933)
^ "SLAIN IN 187TH ST. CHURCH; Assassins Swarm About Armenian Prelate and Stab Him. HE FALLS WITH CRUCIFIX Two Men Seized and Beaten by Enraged Congregation". New York Times.
^ "Slain in 187th st. church; Assassins Swarm About Armenian Prelate and Stab Him" New York Times (December 25, 1933)
^ "Lehman spares lives of Tourian's slayers; gives life imprisonment to pair convicted of killing Armenian primate" New York Times (April 10, 1935)
^ "Nine found guilty in church murder; Two Convicted of Murder and Seven of Manslaughter in Armenian Prelate's Death" New York Times (July 14, 1934)
^ "Tourian slayers condemned to die; Seven Others, Convicted in the Killing of Archbishop, Get Long Prison Terms" New York Times (July 25, 1934)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leon_Tourian.png"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"primate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Armenian Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Armenian Revolutionary Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"TourianArchbishop Leon Tourian (Armenian: Ղեւոնդ Դուրեան; 29 December 1879 – 24 December 1933) was a cleric of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Appointed primate of the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America in 1931, he was assassinated in New York City by Armenian Revolutionary Federation members.[1]","title":"Leon Tourian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Tourian was born in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire.[2] Tourian was archbishop of Smyrna, Vicar Patriarch of Constantinople, and later a prelate in Greece, Bulgaria, and, Armenian Archbishop of England.","title":"Early ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Century of Progress Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_of_Progress_Exposition"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"invocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invocation"},{"link_name":"Tricolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"First Republic of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexander-3"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Etchmiadzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchmiadzin"},{"link_name":"Soviet Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Catholicos of All Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexander-3"},{"link_name":"Hairenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairenik"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Armenian Revolutionary Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation"},{"link_name":"Dashnaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashnak"},{"link_name":"Worcester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyguard"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Archbishop Tourian was appointed to head the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church in New York in 1931.[citation needed]The incident that resulted in a plot to assassinate the archbishop took place on 1 July 1933, in a pavilion for the celebration of Armenian Day at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago. Archbishop Tourian, upon his arrival to deliver an invocation, ordered the removal of the red, blue, and orange Tricolor of the First Republic of Armenia (1918–20) from the stage before he would step out on it.[3]From the archbishop's point of view, appearing beside this flag would provoke the wrath of Armenia's Soviet government, which was a serious concern, since the church's ultimate seat of spiritual authority lay in the Holy See at Etchmiadzin, within the borders of Soviet Armenia, and the Catholicos of All Armenians felt bound to keep peace with Soviet authorities.[3]Armenian language newspaper Hairenik – which had close ties with ARF – started publishing threatening letters for Tourian's life. Even the newspaper offered $100 reward to someone who will \"teach Tourian a lesson\". Later on Tourian asked for police protection.[1]However the members of the nationalist Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), known as Dashnaks, for whom the flag was a sacred symbol of the Armenian nation, took this as an act of treason. Tourian was soon attacked by five ARF members in Worcester, Massachusetts. Two of the attackers were convicted.[4] After this incident Tourian hired a bodyguard.[citation needed]","title":"North American ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Cross_Armenian_Apostolic_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holy Cross Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Armenian_Apostolic_Church_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"West 187th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/187th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Washington Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"Church of the Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Armenian_Apostolic_Church_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Washington Heights, Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"butcher knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butcher_knife"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Governor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Herbert Lehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Lehman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Holy Cross Church at 580 West 187th Street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City was the scene of Tourian's assassinationTourian was assassinated on December 24, 1933, when several men attacked him in the Church of the Holy Cross, in Washington Heights, Manhattan, at the start of the Christmas Eve service. Tourian’s constant bodyguard, Kossof Gargodian, was sitting in the back of the church certain that there would be no assault upon Tourian in a holy place, on the day before Christmas.[5]When, at the end of the procession, the archbishop passed the fifth row of pews from the rear, he was suddenly surrounded by a group of at least nine men. Two men stabbed Tourian with large butcher knives, and once the archbishop fell, the attackers scattered and mixed with the crowd. Two of the assailants were seized by the parishioners, beaten, and subsequently handed over to the police.[6]The police soon apprehended the other seven assailants, who were all ARF members. On July 14, 1934, after a trial that lasted five weeks, two of them, Mateos Leylegian and Nishan Sarkisian, were found guilty of first degree murder, and the other seven of first degree manslaughter. Leylegian and Sarkisian were sentenced to death, but Governor of New York Herbert Lehman commuted the death sentences to life imprisonment \"on account of most unusual circumstances in this case\".[7] The other seven were given prison terms of varying lengths, from 10 to 20 years.[8][9]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Armenian Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church#Mother_See_of_Holy_Etchmiadzin"},{"link_name":"Soviet Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Catholicosate of Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Antelias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelias"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexander-3"}],"text":"After the killing, American Armenian followers of the Armenian Apostolic Church became split between local churches affiliated with the Catholicosate of All Armenians (Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin), located at the time in Soviet Armenia, and those affiliated with the Catholicosate of Cilicia, in Antelias, near Beirut, Lebanon, though the liturgy has stayed the same. Individual congregations became either entirely Dashnak or anti-Dashnak in their membership, with forcible expulsions and violent fights in some instances. For decades to come, Armenians of the Dashnak persuasion would hold the nine Dashnak defendants to be innocent scapegoats and Archbishop Tourian to be a traitor to his nation, while non-Dashnak Armenians would consider the nine suspects and the entire Dashnak party responsible for the crime.[citation needed]At present there are two Armenian church structures in the United States: the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, which is divided into the Eastern and Western Dioceses of the Armenian Church of America; and the Holy See of Cilicia, which is divided into the Eastern and Western Prelacies of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America.[3]","title":"Aftermath"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Tourian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Leon_Tourian.png"},{"image_text":"Holy Cross Church at 580 West 187th Street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City was the scene of Tourian's assassination","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Holy_Cross_Armenian_Apostolic_Church.jpg/275px-Holy_Cross_Armenian_Apostolic_Church.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"John T. Flynn and the Dashnags\" (PDF). The Propaganda Battlefront. Vol. 3. Friends of Democracy. 1944-05-31. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/F%20Disk/Friends%20Of%20Democracy/Item%2006.pdf","url_text":"\"John T. Flynn and the Dashnags\""}]},{"reference":"\"Durean, Ghewond, 1879-1933 - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)\". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n99015573.html","url_text":"\"Durean, Ghewond, 1879-1933 - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)\""}]},{"reference":"\"SLAIN IN 187TH ST. CHURCH; Assassins Swarm About Armenian Prelate and Stab Him. HE FALLS WITH CRUCIFIX Two Men Seized and Beaten by Enraged Congregation\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/12/25/archives/slain-in-187th-st-church-assassins-swarm-about-armenian-prelate-and.html","url_text":"\"SLAIN IN 187TH ST. CHURCH; Assassins Swarm About Armenian Prelate and Stab Him. HE FALLS WITH CRUCIFIX Two Men Seized and Beaten by Enraged Congregation\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bininj
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Bininj
|
["1 History","2 Name","3 Country","4 Language","5 Social groupings according to dialect","6 Social system","7 Mythology","8 Notable people","9 See also","10 Footnotes","11 References","11.1 Citations","11.2 Sources","12 Further reading"]
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An Aboriginal Australian people of West Arnhem Land, northern Australia
The Bininj are an Aboriginal Australian people of Western Arnhem land in the Northern Territory. The sub-groups of Bininj are sometimes referred to by the various language dialects spoken in the region, that is, the group of dialects known as Bininj Kunwok; so the people may be named the Kunwinjku, Kuninjku, Kundjeyhmi (Gundjeihmi), Manyallaluk Mayali, Kundedjnjenghmi and Kune groups.
Three languages are spoken among the Mirrar or Mirarr clan group, who are prominent in matters relating to looking after the traditional lands. The majority speak Kundjeyhmi, while others speak Gaagudju and others another language.
History
Aboriginal peoples have occupied the Kadadu area for about 65,000 years.
The Macassans from Sulawesi had been in contact for trade purposes for centuries before the arrival of white civilization. They sailed down to exchange a variety of their goods for trepang, and the impact of their presence is evidenced by the retention in some Bininj Kunwok dialects of a few dozen foreign loan words from the language of these traders. They were depicted by local artists in the Indigenous Australian rock art still conserved in a variety of sites around the Mann River. The first recorded European penetration of these territories was undertaken by Francis Cadell who reached the Kuninjku territory on the Liverpool river. The Liverpool area was surveyed by David Lindsay on behalf of the government in 1884.
Rock art known as the Dynamic Figures, referring to a particular series of works in Mirrar country, was described by art historian George Chaloupka and is often referred to when writing about rock art in Arnhem Land.
Name
The literal meaning of Bininj is human being, Aboriginal vs non-Aboriginal person, and also "man" in opposition to "woman". "Bininj" is a word in the Kunwok language, often referred to by its dominant dialect Kunwinjku.
Country
Map showing the lands of the Bininj in the Northern Territory.
Their territory extends from Kakadu National Park to the west, the Arafura Sea to the north, the Blyth River to the east, and the Katherine region to the south.
The traditional lands of the Bininj were located west of the Goomadeer River, north around the King and Cooper Rivers, south towards the East Alligator River, and extending to Gunbalanya (Oenpelli).
A large part of Kakadu National Park, including areas where Bininj Kunwok is spoken, was returned to Aboriginal ownership in 2022.
Language
Bininj Kunwok refers to six closely related languages and dialects, spoken from Kakadu National Park, southwards to Pine Creek and Manyallaluk, across the Arnhem Plateau, and eastwards to the Liverpool River and its tributary the Mann River, and Cadell river districts. The classification, encompassing the mutually intelligible languages, respectively Kunwinjku, Kuninjku, Kundjeyhmi, Manyallaluk Mayali, Kundedjnjenghmi, and two varieties of Kune, was made by Nicholas Evans. Their word for Europeans is balanda, a loan-word from Macassan traders, in whose language it meant "Hollanders".
In addressing djang spirits (see below) a special language called kundangwok, which is specific to each particular clan, must be employed.
Social groupings according to dialect
The Kunwinjku's original heartland is said to have been in the hilly terrain south of Goulburn Island and their frontier with the Maung running just south of Tor Rock. Their northern extension approached Sandy Creek, while they were also present south-east at the head of Cooper's Creek and part of the King River. In Norman Tindale's scheme, the Kunwinjku were allotted a tribal territory of around 2,800 square miles (7,300 km2) in the area south of Jungle Creek and on the headwaters of the East Alligator River. The Gumader swamps near Junction Bay and the creeks east of Oenpelli/Awunbelenja also formed part of their land.
The Kundjeyhmi, specifically the Mirrar or Mirarr clan, live around Jabiru between the East and South Alligator rivers. They formed the Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation, to represent the interests of the traditional owners of the land, the Mirrar, as well as other Bininj peoples of Kakadu. One of the biggest issues in recent times is uranium mining, and the transition of the area once the last mining lease ends and all operations cease in 2021.
The Mayali lived further south across the South Alligator River, with the Katherine River on their eastern flank.
The Kundedjnjenghmi moved around the Upper Liverpool and Mann rivers to the east of the Kunwinjku and Kundjeyhmi.
The Kuninjku lived north of the Kundedjnjenghmi and south-west of Maningrida, which serves as their centre for services. Many live in some 15 outstations, such as Kumurrulu at Manggabor Creek above the Liverpool River floodplain.
The Kune lived east of the Kuninjku, living around the Cadell River.
NOTE: Three languages are spoken among the Mirrar or Mirarr clan group, apart from English. The majority speak Kundjeyhmi, while others speak Gaagudju and others another language.
Social system
The Kunwinjku social system was analysed in detail in a 1970 monograph by Ronald Berndt and Catherine Berndt.
Mythology
Rainbow serpent by John Mawurndjul, 1991. Musée du quai Branly, Paris
Like the Aboriginal peoples generally of the Western Arnhem, land, the Bininj believed in the primordial creative function of a Rainbow serpent, which is generally called Ngalyod which has lineaments more suggestive of the feminine than masculine. It came to Australia from the sea northeast of the Cobourg Peninsula When Baldwin Spencer visited the area and was a guest at Cahill's homestead at Oenpelli, he picked up one version which spoke of the same figure as being called Numereji Legend has it coming from the north, full of spirit-children, and settling at a point called Coopers Creek on the East Alligator River, she transformed her children into men, creating waterholes to cater to their thirst, supplying men with spears and woomera, and women with dilly bags and digging sticks, while endowing both with intelligence and their senses. She swallows those who infringe her laws, and drowns children who cry, since she is disturbed by noise.
In Dreaming narratives, when Ngalyod surges from the earth to devour some ancestral species, it does so because a taboo has been violated, and the act sanctifies the site.
For the Kuninjku important dreaming sites (djang) are the Leech Dreaming at Yibalaydjyigod in the swamps of the Manggabor Creek, the Maggot Dreaming at Yirolk, where a rock, girdled by water lilies, rises out of a waterhole and the Barramundi Dreaming around Marrkolidjban. The former two are likened to the Rainbow serpent, connoting, by battening on flesh, themes of decay and rebirth The souls (kunmalng) of the Kuninjku are themselves derived from the water spirits at such sites. The rejuvenating monsoonal downpours are caused by the flight of Ngalyod from its underground sanctuary into the sky, marked by the rainbow. Increase ceremonies like the Kunabibi and yabbadurruwa rites are performed in order to incite the djang to stir the onset of the fertilizing rains.
Notable people
John Mawurndjul Kuninjku artist of international fame.
Bardayal 'Lofty' Nadjamerrek
Bobby Nganjmirra, Kunwinjku artist
See also
Lorrkkon, a hollow log coffin or memorial pole
Footnotes
^ According to Taçon, the Rainbow Snake/Woman is known as Yingarna by the Kunwinnnjku, a woman called Imberombera or Warraamurrungundji by the Gaagudju and Iwaidja peoples, while among the Gundjeibmi the ancestral woman turned rainbow serpent is Almudji (Taçon 2011, p. 84).
^ Ngalyod is often said to be the son of Yingarna.
^ Mountford 1978, p. 78 n.31 identifies Numereji as identical to Ngalyod
^ Numereji emerged at Kumbulmorma, and devoured a large tribe at Yiringira, after hearing a baby crying. Calling out Waji bialilla, yana. waji bialilla("there is a child crying, where is the child crying?") He slithered up, and sucked in the child, and then the natives, save for an old woman, Kominiyamana, who hid up a tree and managed to avoid being swallowed until smacking at mosquitoes, she gave her position away. He moved off sated, crossed the East Alligator River, at Maipolk, and frightened the local birdlife, which flew off screaming, thereby alerting the next tribe to his presence. They examined the sleeping hulk of the creature, who did not reply to their queries, but they knew it must be Numereji. One elder finally said: Urawulla jereini jau (It's Urawulla men whom you have eaten', at which the rainbow serpent vomited the bones of his victims, which can be seen to this day, in the form of stones. At this Numereji went underground at Mungeruauera (Spencer 1914, pp. 290–291).
References
Citations
^ Wright, Tony (19 July 2017). "Aboriginal archaeological discovery in Kakadu rewrites the history of Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
^ Garde 2013, p. 18.
^ Johnston, Goldhahn & May 2017.
^ Taçon et al. 2020, pp. 1–18.
^ BKOD, bininj.
^ BKOD, kunwok.
^ a b Garde 2013, p. 15.
^ Gibson, Jano (24 March 2022). "Nearly half of Kakadu National Park to be handed back to Aboriginal traditional owners". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
^ a b Garde 2013, p. 14.
^ Evans 2003.
^ Scambary 2013, p. 110.
^ BKOD, kundangwok.
^ a b Taylor 2012, p. 28.
^ Elkin, Berndt & Berndt 1951, pp. 253–254.
^ Tindale 1974, p. 226.
^ Elkin, Berndt & Berndt 1951, p. 254.
^ GAC: Mirarr 2020.
^ GAC: Uranium mining.
^ Taylor 2012, p. 22.
^ Taylor 2012, pp. 23, 25.
^ "Mirarr - Indigenous Peoples". Intercontinental Cry. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
^ "Mirarr Aboriginal Corporation". The Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
^ Berndt & Berndt 1970.
^ Taçon 2011, p. 84.
^ Mountford 1978, p. 78.
^ Mountford 1978, pp. 78–79.
^ Taylor 2012, pp. 26–27.
^ Taylor 2012, p. 27.
^ Taylor 2012, p. 29.
^ Taylor 2015, p. 108.
Sources
Berndt, Ronald Murray; Berndt, Catherine Helen (1970). Man, Land and Myth in Northern Australia: The Gunwinggu people. Ure Smith.
Elkin, A. P.; Berndt, R. M.; Berndt, C. H. (June 1951). "Social Organization of Arnhem Land". Oceania. 21 (4): 253–301. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1951.tb00176.x. JSTOR 40328302.
Evans, Nicholas (2003). Bininj Gun-wok: a pan-dialectal grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune. ANU Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. ISBN 978-0-858-83530-6.
Garde, Murray. "Bininj Kunwok Online Dictionary". njamed.com. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
Garde, Murray (2008). "Personal names, proper names and circumspection in Bininj Kunwok conversation". In Mushin, Ilana; Baker, Brett (eds.). Discourse and Grammar in Australian Languages. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 203–233. ISBN 978-9-027-29034-2.
Garde, Murray (2013). Culture, Interaction and Person Reference in an Australian Language: An ethnography of Bininj Gunwok communication. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-9-027-27124-2.
Johnston, Iain G.; Goldhahn, Joakim; May, Sally K. (2017). "6. Dynamic Figures of Mirarr Country: Chaloupka's four-phase theory and the question of variability within a rock art style". In David, Bruno; Taçon, Paul S.C.; et al. (eds.). The Archaeology of Rock Art in Western Arnhem Land, Australia. Terra Australis, 47. ANU Press. ISBN 978-176046162-1.
"Mirarr". The Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation. 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
Mountford, Charles (1978). "The Rainbow- Serpent Myths of Australia". In Buchler, Ira R.; Maddock, Kenneth (eds.). The Rainbow Serpent: A Chromatic Piece. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 23–97. ISBN 978-3-110-80716-5.
Scambary, Benedict (2013). My Country, Mine Country: Indigenous People, Mining and Development Contestation in Remote Australia. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-1-922-14473-7.
Spencer, Baldwin (1914). Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia. Macmillan and Co.
Taçon, Paul S. C.; May, Sally K.; et al. (30 September 2020). "Maliwawa figures—a previously undescribed Arnhem L and rock art style". Australian Archaeology. 86 (3): 208–225. doi:10.1080/03122417.2020.1818361. ISSN 0312-2417.(About the Maliwawa Figures)
Taçon, Paul S.C. (2011). "Identifying Ancient Sacred Landscapes in Australia: Frtom Physical to Social". In Preucel, Robert W.; Mrozowski, Stephen A. (eds.). Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 77–91. ISBN 978-1-444-35851-3.
Taylor, Luke (2012). "Connections of Spirit: Kuninjku Attachments to Country". In Weir, Jessica K. (ed.). Country, Native Title and Ecology. Australian National University. pp. 21–47. ISBN 978-1-921-86256-4.
Taylor, Luke (2015). "Categories of 'Old' and 'New' in West Arnhem Land Bark Painting". In McGrath, Ann; Jebb, Mary Anne (eds.). Long History, Deep Time: Deepening Histories of Place. Australian National University. pp. 101–118. ISBN 978-1-925-02253-7.
Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Gunwinggu (NT)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
"Uranium Mining". The Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
Further reading
"Kured ". Bininj Kunwok. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre.
vteAboriginal peoples in the Northern Territory
Airiman
Alawa
Alura
Alyawarre
Amarak
Amijangal
Andakerebina
Anindilyakwa
Anmatyerre
Arrernte
Awarai
Awinmul
Beriguruk
Bilingara
Binbinga
Bingongina
Bininj
Burarra
Dagoman
Daii
Dalabon
Dangu
Dhuwal
Dhuwala
Djalakuru
Djaŋu
Djerait
Djerimanga
Djinang
Djinba
Djowei
Doolboong
Emmiyangal
Gaagudju
Gaari
Gadjerong
Gambalang
Garrwa/Karawa
Giimbiyu
Gudanji
Gungorogone
Gunindiri
Gurindji
Iwaidja
Jaako
Jamindjung
Jawoyn
Jingili
Karrangpurru
Kaytetye
Kukatja
Kunapa
Kungarakan
Kunibidji
Kunwinjku
Kwarandji
Larrakia
Madngella
Makarrwanhalmirr
Mangarayi
Mantjintjarra Ngalia
Mariamo
Maridan
Maridjabin
Marimanindji
Marinunggo
Marijedi
Mariu
Marra
Marranunggu
Marrithiyal
Mati Ke
Matuntara
Maung
Menhdheyangal
Mudburra
Mulluk-Mulluk
Muringura
Murngin=Yolgnu
Murrinh-Patha
Nagara
Nanggikorongo
Nangiomeri
Ngaanyatjarra
Ngalakgan
Ngalia
Ngaliwurru
Ngandi
Ngardok
Ngarinman
Ngarnka
Ngarti
Ngolokwangga
Ngormbur
Norweilemil
Nungali
Nunggubuyu
Oitbi
Perrakee?
Pintupi
Pitjantjatjara
Pongaponga
Puneitja
Rembarrnga
Ritharngu/Diakui
Tiwi
Tjial
Waanyi
Wadere
Wadjiginy
Wagoman
Wakaya
Walu
Wambaya
Wandjira
Wardaman
Warlmanpa
Warlpiri
Warndarang
Warumungu
Watta
Wilingura
Wongkamala
Wulwulam
Wurango
Yangman
Yan-nhaŋu/Nango
Yanyuwa
Yaroinga
Yindjilandji
Yolngu
Yukul
Yumu
Yunggor
By state or territory
New South Wales
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian"},{"link_name":"Western Arnhem land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Bininj Kunwok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bininj_Kunwok"},{"link_name":"Kunwinjku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunwinjku_people"},{"link_name":"Kundjeyhmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundjeyhmi_dialect"},{"link_name":"Gaagudju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaagudju_language"}],"text":"The Bininj are an Aboriginal Australian people of Western Arnhem land in the Northern Territory. The sub-groups of Bininj are sometimes referred to by the various language dialects spoken in the region, that is, the group of dialects known as Bininj Kunwok; so the people may be named the Kunwinjku, Kuninjku, Kundjeyhmi (Gundjeihmi), Manyallaluk Mayali, Kundedjnjenghmi and Kune groups.Three languages are spoken among the Mirrar or Mirarr clan group, who are prominent in matters relating to looking after the traditional lands. The majority speak Kundjeyhmi, while others speak Gaagudju and others another language.","title":"Bininj"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Kadadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakadu_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Macassans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_people"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Peninsula,_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"in contact for trade purposes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassan_contact_with_Australia"},{"link_name":"trepang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepanging"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian rock art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_rock_art"},{"link_name":"Francis Cadell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Cadell_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarde201318-2"},{"link_name":"Dynamic Figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Figures"},{"link_name":"George Chaloupka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chaloupka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonGoldhahnMay2017-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETa%C3%A7onMayLamilamiMcKeague20201%E2%80%9318-4"}],"text":"Aboriginal peoples have occupied the Kadadu area for about 65,000 years.[1]The Macassans from Sulawesi had been in contact for trade purposes for centuries before the arrival of white civilization. They sailed down to exchange a variety of their goods for trepang, and the impact of their presence is evidenced by the retention in some Bininj Kunwok dialects of a few dozen foreign loan words from the language of these traders. They were depicted by local artists in the Indigenous Australian rock art still conserved in a variety of sites around the Mann River. The first recorded European penetration of these territories was undertaken by Francis Cadell who reached the Kuninjku territory on the Liverpool river. The Liverpool area was surveyed by David Lindsay on behalf of the government in 1884.[2]Rock art known as the Dynamic Figures, referring to a particular series of works in Mirrar country, was described by art historian George Chaloupka and is often referred to when writing about rock art in Arnhem Land.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBKOD[httpswwwnjamedcombininj_bininj]-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBKOD[httpswwwnjamedcomkunwok_kunwok]-6"}],"text":"The literal meaning of Bininj is human being, Aboriginal vs non-Aboriginal person, and also \"man\" in opposition to \"woman\".[5] \"Bininj\" is a word in the Kunwok language, often referred to by its dominant dialect Kunwinjku.[6]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kunwinjku_map.png"},{"link_name":"Kakadu National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakadu_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Arafura Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafura_Sea"},{"link_name":"Blyth River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth_River_(Northern_Territory)"},{"link_name":"Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Goomadeer River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goomadeer_River"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_River_(Northern_Territory)"},{"link_name":"East Alligator River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Gunbalanya (Oenpelli)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunbalanya,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarde201315-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handback2022-8"}],"text":"Map showing the lands of the Bininj in the Northern Territory.Their territory extends from Kakadu National Park to the west, the Arafura Sea to the north, the Blyth River to the east, and the Katherine region to the south.\nThe traditional lands of the Bininj were located west of the Goomadeer River, north around the King and Cooper Rivers, south towards the East Alligator River, and extending to Gunbalanya (Oenpelli).[7]A large part of Kakadu National Park, including areas where Bininj Kunwok is spoken, was returned to Aboriginal ownership in 2022.[8]","title":"Country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bininj Kunwok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bininj_Kunwok"},{"link_name":"Kakadu National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakadu_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Pine Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Creek,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Manyallaluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Valley,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Liverpool River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_River"},{"link_name":"Cadell river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadell_and_Blyth_Floodplains"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarde201314-9"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Evans_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarde201314-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003-10"},{"link_name":"whose language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassarese_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScambary2013110-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBKOD[httpswwwnjamedcomkundangwok_kundangwok]-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201228-13"}],"text":"Bininj Kunwok refers to six closely related languages and dialects, spoken from Kakadu National Park, southwards to Pine Creek and Manyallaluk, across the Arnhem Plateau, and eastwards to the Liverpool River and its tributary the Mann River, and Cadell river districts.[9] The classification, encompassing the mutually intelligible languages, respectively Kunwinjku, Kuninjku, Kundjeyhmi, Manyallaluk Mayali, Kundedjnjenghmi, and two varieties of Kune, was made by Nicholas Evans.[9][10] Their word for Europeans is balanda, a loan-word from Macassan traders, in whose language it meant \"Hollanders\".[11]In addressing djang spirits (see below) a special language called kundangwok,[12] which is specific to each particular clan, must be employed.[13]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kunwinjku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunwinjku_people"},{"link_name":"Goulburn Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulburn_Islands"},{"link_name":"Maung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maung_people"},{"link_name":"Tor Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=237405&cmd=sp"},{"link_name":"Cooper's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=215061&cmd=sp"},{"link_name":"King River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_River_(Northern_Territory)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkinBerndtBerndt1951253%E2%80%93254-14"},{"link_name":"Norman Tindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale"},{"link_name":"Jungle Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=208543&cmd=sp&c=1&x=143%2E776925&y=%2D15%2E378555&w=20606&mpsec=0"},{"link_name":"East Alligator River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_Rivers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974226-15"},{"link_name":"Gumader swamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goomadeer_River"},{"link_name":"Oenpelli/Awunbelenja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunbalanya,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkinBerndtBerndt1951254-16"},{"link_name":"Jabiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabiru,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"traditional owners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_owners"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGAC:_Mirarr2020-17"},{"link_name":"uranium mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGAC:_Uranium_mining-18"},{"link_name":"Maningrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maningrida,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201222-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201223,_25-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarde201315-7"},{"link_name":"Gaagudju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaagudju_language"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The Kunwinjku's original heartland is said to have been in the hilly terrain south of Goulburn Island and their frontier with the Maung running just south of Tor Rock. Their northern extension approached Sandy Creek, while they were also present south-east at the head of Cooper's Creek and part of the King River.[14] In Norman Tindale's scheme, the Kunwinjku were allotted a tribal territory of around 2,800 square miles (7,300 km2) in the area south of Jungle Creek and on the headwaters of the East Alligator River.[15] The Gumader swamps near Junction Bay and the creeks east of Oenpelli/Awunbelenja also formed part of their land.[16]\nThe Kundjeyhmi, specifically the Mirrar or Mirarr clan, live around Jabiru between the East and South Alligator rivers. They formed the Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation, to represent the interests of the traditional owners of the land, the Mirrar, as well as other Bininj peoples of Kakadu.[17] One of the biggest issues in recent times is uranium mining, and the transition of the area once the last mining lease ends and all operations cease in 2021.[18]\nThe Mayali lived further south across the South Alligator River, with the Katherine River on their eastern flank.\nThe Kundedjnjenghmi moved around the Upper Liverpool and Mann rivers to the east of the Kunwinjku and Kundjeyhmi.\nThe Kuninjku lived north of the Kundedjnjenghmi and south-west of Maningrida,[19] which serves as their centre for services. Many live in some 15 outstations, such as Kumurrulu at Manggabor Creek above the Liverpool River floodplain.[20]\nThe Kune lived east of the Kuninjku, living around the Cadell River.[7]NOTE: Three languages are spoken among the Mirrar or Mirarr clan group, apart from English. The majority speak Kundjeyhmi, while others speak Gaagudju and others another language.[21][22]","title":"Social groupings according to dialect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Berndt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Berndt"},{"link_name":"Catherine Berndt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Berndt"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndtBerndt1970-23"}],"text":"The Kunwinjku social system was analysed in detail in a 1970 monograph by Ronald Berndt and Catherine Berndt.[23]","title":"Social system"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australia,_arte_aborigena,_john_mawurndjul,_serprente_arcobaleno_cornuto,_1991.JPG"},{"link_name":"Musée du quai Branly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly"},{"link_name":"Rainbow serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_serpent"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cobourg Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobourg_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMountford197878-27"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baldwin_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"woomera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)"},{"link_name":"dilly bags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilly_bag"},{"link_name":"digging sticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digging_stick"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMountford197878%E2%80%9379-30"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201228-13"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201226%E2%80%9327-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201227-32"},{"link_name":"monsoonal downpours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"Kunabibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunapipi"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201229-33"}],"text":"Rainbow serpent by John Mawurndjul, 1991. Musée du quai Branly, ParisLike the Aboriginal peoples generally of the Western Arnhem, land, the Bininj believed in the primordial creative function of a Rainbow serpent, which is generally[a] called Ngalyod[b] which has lineaments more suggestive of the feminine than masculine. It came to Australia from the sea northeast of the Cobourg Peninsula[25] When Baldwin Spencer visited the area and was a guest at Cahill's homestead at Oenpelli, he picked up one version which spoke of the same figure as being called Numereji[c][d] Legend has it coming from the north, full of spirit-children, and settling at a point called Coopers Creek on the East Alligator River, she transformed her children into men, creating waterholes to cater to their thirst, supplying men with spears and woomera, and women with dilly bags and digging sticks, while endowing both with intelligence and their senses. She swallows those who infringe her laws, and drowns children who cry, since she is disturbed by noise.[26]In Dreaming narratives, when Ngalyod surges from the earth to devour some ancestral species, it does so because a taboo has been violated, and the act sanctifies the site.[13]For the Kuninjku important dreaming sites (djang) are the Leech Dreaming at Yibalaydjyigod in the swamps of the Manggabor Creek, the Maggot Dreaming at Yirolk, where a rock, girdled by water lilies, rises out of a waterhole and the Barramundi Dreaming around Marrkolidjban. The former two are likened to the Rainbow serpent, connoting, by battening on flesh, themes of decay and rebirth[27] The souls (kunmalng) of the Kuninjku are themselves derived from the water spirits at such sites.[28] The rejuvenating monsoonal downpours are caused by the flight of Ngalyod from its underground sanctuary into the sky, marked by the rainbow. Increase ceremonies like the Kunabibi and yabbadurruwa rites are performed in order to incite the djang to stir the onset of the fertilizing rains.[29]","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Mawurndjul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mawurndjul"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2015108-34"},{"link_name":"Bardayal 'Lofty' Nadjamerrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardayal_%27Lofty%27_Nadjamerrek"},{"link_name":"Bobby Nganjmirra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Nganjmirra"}],"text":"John Mawurndjul Kuninjku artist of international fame.[30]\nBardayal 'Lofty' Nadjamerrek\nBobby Nganjmirra, Kunwinjku artist","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Taçon 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTa%C3%A7on2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETa%C3%A7on201184-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Mountford 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMountford1978"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Spencer 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpencer1914"}],"text":"^ According to Taçon, the Rainbow Snake/Woman is known as Yingarna by the Kunwinnnjku, a woman called Imberombera or Warraamurrungundji by the Gaagudju and Iwaidja peoples, while among the Gundjeibmi the ancestral woman turned rainbow serpent is Almudji (Taçon 2011, p. 84).\n\n^ Ngalyod is often said[24] to be the son of Yingarna.\n\n^ Mountford 1978, p. 78 n.31 identifies Numereji as identical to Ngalyod\n\n^ Numereji emerged at Kumbulmorma, and devoured a large tribe at Yiringira, after hearing a baby crying. Calling out Waji bialilla, yana. waji bialilla(\"there is a child crying, where is the child crying?\") He slithered up, and sucked in the child, and then the natives, save for an old woman, Kominiyamana, who hid up a tree and managed to avoid being swallowed until smacking at mosquitoes, she gave her position away. He moved off sated, crossed the East Alligator River, at Maipolk, and frightened the local birdlife, which flew off screaming, thereby alerting the next tribe to his presence. They examined the sleeping hulk of the creature, who did not reply to their queries, but they knew it must be Numereji. One elder finally said: Urawulla jereini jau (It's Urawulla men whom you have eaten', at which the rainbow serpent vomited the bones of his victims, which can be seen to this day, in the form of stones. At this Numereji went underground at Mungeruauera (Spencer 1914, pp. 290–291).","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Kured [home page]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bininjkunwok.org.au/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Airiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airiman"},{"link_name":"Alawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawa_people"},{"link_name":"Alura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alura_people"},{"link_name":"Alyawarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyawarre"},{"link_name":"Amarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarak"},{"link_name":"Amijangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmiyangal"},{"link_name":"Andakerebina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andakerebina"},{"link_name":"Anindilyakwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anindilyakwa_people"},{"link_name":"Anmatyerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anmatyerre"},{"link_name":"Arrernte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_people"},{"link_name":"Awarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarai"},{"link_name":"Awinmul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awinmul"},{"link_name":"Beriguruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beriguruk"},{"link_name":"Bilingara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinarra"},{"link_name":"Binbinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binbinga"},{"link_name":"Bingongina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingongina"},{"link_name":"Bininj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Burarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burarra_people"},{"link_name":"Dagoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagoman"},{"link_name":"Daii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daii_people"},{"link_name":"Dalabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalabon_people"},{"link_name":"Dangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangu_people"},{"link_name":"Dhuwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuwal"},{"link_name":"Dhuwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuwala"},{"link_name":"Djalakuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djalakuru"},{"link_name":"Djaŋu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dja%C5%8Bu"},{"link_name":"Djerait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerait"},{"link_name":"Djerimanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerimanga"},{"link_name":"Djinang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinang_people"},{"link_name":"Djinba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinba_people"},{"link_name":"Djowei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djowei"},{"link_name":"Doolboong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duulngari"},{"link_name":"Emmiyangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmiyangal"},{"link_name":"Gaagudju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaagudju"},{"link_name":"Gaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaari_people"},{"link_name":"Gadjerong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadjerong"},{"link_name":"Gambalang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambalang"},{"link_name":"Garrwa/Karawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrwa_people"},{"link_name":"Giimbiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giimbiyu_people"},{"link_name":"Gudanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudanji"},{"link_name":"Gungorogone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungorogone"},{"link_name":"Gunindiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunindiri_people"},{"link_name":"Gurindji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurindji_people"},{"link_name":"Iwaidja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwaidja_people"},{"link_name":"Jaako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaako"},{"link_name":"Jamindjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamindjung"},{"link_name":"Jawoyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawoyn"},{"link_name":"Jingili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingili_people"},{"link_name":"Karrangpurru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrangpurru"},{"link_name":"Kaytetye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaytetye_people"},{"link_name":"Kukatja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukatja_(Northern_Territory)"},{"link_name":"Kunapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunapa"},{"link_name":"Kungarakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungarakan_people"},{"link_name":"Kunibidji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunibidji"},{"link_name":"Kunwinjku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunwinjku_people"},{"link_name":"Kwarandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwarandji"},{"link_name":"Larrakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrakia_people"},{"link_name":"Madngella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madngella"},{"link_name":"Makarrwanhalmirr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarrwanhalmirr"},{"link_name":"Mangarayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangarayi"},{"link_name":"Mantjintjarra Ngalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantjintjarra_Ngalia"},{"link_name":"Mariamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamo"},{"link_name":"Maridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maridan"},{"link_name":"Maridjabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maridjabin"},{"link_name":"Marimanindji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marimanindji"},{"link_name":"Marinunggo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinunggo"},{"link_name":"Marijedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijedi"},{"link_name":"Mariu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariu_people"},{"link_name":"Marra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marra_people"},{"link_name":"Marranunggu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marranunggu"},{"link_name":"Marrithiyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrithiyal_people"},{"link_name":"Mati Ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati_Ke"},{"link_name":"Matuntara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matuntara_people"},{"link_name":"Maung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maung_people"},{"link_name":"Menhdheyangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhdheyangal"},{"link_name":"Mudburra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudburra"},{"link_name":"Mulluk-Mulluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulluk-Mulluk"},{"link_name":"Muringura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muringura_people"},{"link_name":"Murngin=Yolgnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murngin_people"},{"link_name":"Murrinh-Patha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrinh-Patha"},{"link_name":"Nagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara_people"},{"link_name":"Nanggikorongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanggikorongo"},{"link_name":"Nangiomeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangiomeri"},{"link_name":"Ngaanyatjarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra"},{"link_name":"Ngalakgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngalakgan"},{"link_name":"Ngalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngalia_(Northern_Territory)"},{"link_name":"Ngaliwurru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaliwurru_people"},{"link_name":"Ngandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngandi"},{"link_name":"Ngardok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngardok"},{"link_name":"Ngarinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarinman"},{"link_name":"Ngarnka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarnka"},{"link_name":"Ngarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarti"},{"link_name":"Ngolokwangga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngolokwangga"},{"link_name":"Ngormbur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngormbur"},{"link_name":"Norweilemil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norweilemil"},{"link_name":"Nungali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nungali"},{"link_name":"Nunggubuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunggubuyu_people"},{"link_name":"Oitbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oitbi"},{"link_name":"Perrakee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrakee"},{"link_name":"Pintupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintupi"},{"link_name":"Pitjantjatjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitjantjatjara"},{"link_name":"Pongaponga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongaponga"},{"link_name":"Puneitja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puneitja"},{"link_name":"Rembarrnga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembarrnga"},{"link_name":"Ritharngu/Diakui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritharrngu"},{"link_name":"Tiwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwi_people"},{"link_name":"Tjial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjial"},{"link_name":"Waanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waanyi"},{"link_name":"Wadere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadere"},{"link_name":"Wadjiginy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadjiginy"},{"link_name":"Wagoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagoman"},{"link_name":"Wakaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakaya_people"},{"link_name":"Walu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walu_people"},{"link_name":"Wambaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wambaya_people"},{"link_name":"Wandjira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanyjirra"},{"link_name":"Wardaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardaman_people"},{"link_name":"Warlmanpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlmanpa"},{"link_name":"Warlpiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlpiri_people"},{"link_name":"Warndarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warndarrang"},{"link_name":"Warumungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warumungu"},{"link_name":"Watta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watta_people"},{"link_name":"Wilingura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilingura"},{"link_name":"Wongkamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wongkamala"},{"link_name":"Wulwulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulwulam"},{"link_name":"Wurango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurango"},{"link_name":"Yangman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangman"},{"link_name":"Yan-nhaŋu/Nango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan-nha%C5%8Bu"},{"link_name":"Yanyuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanyuwa_people"},{"link_name":"Yaroinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroinga"},{"link_name":"Yindjilandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yindjilandji"},{"link_name":"Yolngu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolngu"},{"link_name":"Yukul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukul_people"},{"link_name":"Yumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumu_people"},{"link_name":"Yunggor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunggor"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia"}],"text":"\"Kured [home page]\". Bininj Kunwok. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre.vteAboriginal peoples in the Northern Territory\nAiriman\nAlawa\nAlura\nAlyawarre\nAmarak\nAmijangal\nAndakerebina\nAnindilyakwa\nAnmatyerre\nArrernte\nAwarai\nAwinmul\nBeriguruk\nBilingara\nBinbinga\nBingongina\nBininj\nBurarra\nDagoman\nDaii\nDalabon\nDangu\nDhuwal\nDhuwala\nDjalakuru\nDjaŋu\nDjerait\nDjerimanga\nDjinang\nDjinba\nDjowei\nDoolboong\nEmmiyangal\nGaagudju\nGaari\nGadjerong\nGambalang\nGarrwa/Karawa\nGiimbiyu\nGudanji\nGungorogone\nGunindiri\nGurindji\nIwaidja\nJaako\nJamindjung\nJawoyn\nJingili\nKarrangpurru\nKaytetye\nKukatja\nKunapa\nKungarakan\nKunibidji\nKunwinjku\nKwarandji\nLarrakia\nMadngella\nMakarrwanhalmirr\nMangarayi\nMantjintjarra Ngalia\nMariamo\nMaridan\nMaridjabin\nMarimanindji\nMarinunggo\nMarijedi\nMariu\nMarra\nMarranunggu\nMarrithiyal\nMati Ke\nMatuntara\nMaung\nMenhdheyangal\nMudburra\nMulluk-Mulluk\nMuringura\nMurngin=Yolgnu\nMurrinh-Patha\nNagara\nNanggikorongo\nNangiomeri\nNgaanyatjarra\nNgalakgan\nNgalia\nNgaliwurru\nNgandi\nNgardok\nNgarinman\nNgarnka\nNgarti\nNgolokwangga\nNgormbur\nNorweilemil\nNungali\nNunggubuyu\nOitbi\nPerrakee?\nPintupi\nPitjantjatjara\nPongaponga\nPuneitja\nRembarrnga\nRitharngu/Diakui\nTiwi\nTjial\nWaanyi\nWadere\nWadjiginy\nWagoman\nWakaya\nWalu\nWambaya\nWandjira\nWardaman\nWarlmanpa\nWarlpiri\nWarndarang\nWarumungu\nWatta\nWilingura\nWongkamala\nWulwulam\nWurango\nYangman\nYan-nhaŋu/Nango\nYanyuwa\nYaroinga\nYindjilandji\nYolngu\nYukul\nYumu\nYunggor\n\nBy state or territory\nNew South Wales\nNorthern Territory\nQueensland\nSouth Australia\nTasmania\nVictoria\nWestern Australia","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map showing the lands of the Bininj in the Northern Territory.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kunwinjku_map.png/220px-Kunwinjku_map.png"},{"image_text":"Rainbow serpent by John Mawurndjul, 1991. Musée du quai Branly, Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Australia%2C_arte_aborigena%2C_john_mawurndjul%2C_serprente_arcobaleno_cornuto%2C_1991.JPG/170px-Australia%2C_arte_aborigena%2C_john_mawurndjul%2C_serprente_arcobaleno_cornuto%2C_1991.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Lorrkkon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrkkon"}]
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[{"reference":"Wright, Tony (19 July 2017). \"Aboriginal archaeological discovery in Kakadu rewrites the history of Australia\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/technology/aboriginal-archaeological-discovery-in-kakadu-rewrites-the-history-of-australia-20170719-gxe3qy.html","url_text":"\"Aboriginal archaeological discovery in Kakadu rewrites the history of Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Jano (24 March 2022). \"Nearly half of Kakadu National Park to be handed back to Aboriginal traditional owners\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 30 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-24/kakadu-national-park-land-handback-aboriginal-traditional-owners/100933290","url_text":"\"Nearly half of Kakadu National Park to be handed back to Aboriginal traditional owners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Mirarr - Indigenous Peoples\". Intercontinental Cry. Retrieved 24 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://intercontinentalcry.org/indigenous-peoples/Mirarr/","url_text":"\"Mirarr - Indigenous Peoples\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mirarr Aboriginal Corporation\". The Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation. Retrieved 24 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirarr.net/pages/mirarr","url_text":"\"Mirarr Aboriginal Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"Berndt, Ronald Murray; Berndt, Catherine Helen (1970). Man, Land and Myth in Northern Australia: The Gunwinggu people. Ure Smith.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Berndt","url_text":"Berndt, Ronald Murray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Berndt","url_text":"Berndt, Catherine Helen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ure_Smith","url_text":"Ure Smith"}]},{"reference":"Elkin, A. P.; Berndt, R. M.; Berndt, C. H. (June 1951). \"Social Organization of Arnhem Land\". Oceania. 21 (4): 253–301. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1951.tb00176.x. JSTOR 40328302.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Elkin","url_text":"Elkin, A. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Berndt","url_text":"Berndt, R. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Berndt","url_text":"Berndt, C. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)","url_text":"Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1951.tb00176.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1951.tb00176.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40328302","url_text":"40328302"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Nicholas (2003). Bininj Gun-wok: a pan-dialectal grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune. ANU Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. ISBN 978-0-858-83530-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Evans_(linguist)","url_text":"Evans, Nicholas"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4q8bAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14","url_text":"Bininj Gun-wok: a pan-dialectal grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANU_Research_School_of_Pacific_and_Asian_Studies","url_text":"ANU Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-858-83530-6","url_text":"978-0-858-83530-6"}]},{"reference":"Garde, Murray. \"Bininj Kunwok Online Dictionary\". njamed.com. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 28 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.njamed.com/","url_text":"\"Bininj Kunwok Online Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"Garde, Murray (2008). \"Personal names, proper names and circumspection in Bininj Kunwok conversation\". In Mushin, Ilana; Baker, Brett (eds.). Discourse and Grammar in Australian Languages. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 203–233. ISBN 978-9-027-29034-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KfM5AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204","url_text":"\"Personal names, proper names and circumspection in Bininj Kunwok conversation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing","url_text":"John Benjamins Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-027-29034-2","url_text":"978-9-027-29034-2"}]},{"reference":"Garde, Murray (2013). Culture, Interaction and Person Reference in an Australian Language: An ethnography of Bininj Gunwok communication. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-9-027-27124-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4q8bAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14","url_text":"Culture, Interaction and Person Reference in an Australian Language: An ethnography of Bininj Gunwok communication"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing","url_text":"John Benjamins Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-027-27124-2","url_text":"978-9-027-27124-2"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Iain G.; Goldhahn, Joakim; May, Sally K. (2017). \"6. Dynamic Figures of Mirarr Country: Chaloupka's four-phase theory and the question of variability within a rock art style\". In David, Bruno; Taçon, Paul S.C.; et al. (eds.). The Archaeology of Rock Art in Western Arnhem Land, Australia. Terra Australis, 47. ANU Press. ISBN 978-176046162-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n3991/html/ch06.xhtml?referer=&page=11","url_text":"The Archaeology of Rock Art in Western Arnhem Land, Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANU_Press","url_text":"ANU Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-176046162-1","url_text":"978-176046162-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Mirarr\". The Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation. 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mirarr.net/pages/mirarr","url_text":"\"Mirarr\""}]},{"reference":"Mountford, Charles (1978). \"The Rainbow- Serpent Myths of Australia\". In Buchler, Ira R.; Maddock, Kenneth (eds.). The Rainbow Serpent: A Chromatic Piece. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 23–97. ISBN 978-3-110-80716-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_P._Mountford","url_text":"Mountford, Charles"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk8JPlhJbPwC&pg=PA78","url_text":"\"The Rainbow- Serpent Myths of Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter","url_text":"Walter de Gruyter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-80716-5","url_text":"978-3-110-80716-5"}]},{"reference":"Scambary, Benedict (2013). My Country, Mine Country: Indigenous People, Mining and Development Contestation in Remote Australia. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-1-922-14473-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YzZh-4IRnfEC&pg=PA109","url_text":"My Country, Mine Country: Indigenous People, Mining and Development Contestation in Remote Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANU_Press","url_text":"Australian National University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922-14473-7","url_text":"978-1-922-14473-7"}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Baldwin (1914). Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia. Macmillan and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baldwin_Spencer","url_text":"Spencer, Baldwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan and Co."}]},{"reference":"Taçon, Paul S. C.; May, Sally K.; et al. (30 September 2020). \"Maliwawa figures—a previously undescribed Arnhem L and rock art style\". Australian Archaeology. 86 (3): 208–225. doi:10.1080/03122417.2020.1818361. ISSN 0312-2417.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03122417.2020.1818361","url_text":"10.1080/03122417.2020.1818361"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0312-2417","url_text":"0312-2417"}]},{"reference":"Taçon, Paul S.C. (2011). \"Identifying Ancient Sacred Landscapes in Australia: Frtom Physical to Social\". In Preucel, Robert W.; Mrozowski, Stephen A. (eds.). Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 77–91. ISBN 978-1-444-35851-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VCLkDFxkMjwC&pg=PA84","url_text":"\"Identifying Ancient Sacred Landscapes in Australia: Frtom Physical to Social\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-35851-3","url_text":"978-1-444-35851-3"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Luke (2012). \"Connections of Spirit: Kuninjku Attachments to Country\". In Weir, Jessica K. (ed.). Country, Native Title and Ecology. Australian National University. pp. 21–47. ISBN 978-1-921-86256-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vJi-HYEXkasC&pg=PA28","url_text":"\"Connections of Spirit: Kuninjku Attachments to Country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921-86256-4","url_text":"978-1-921-86256-4"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Luke (2015). \"Categories of 'Old' and 'New' in West Arnhem Land Bark Painting\". In McGrath, Ann; Jebb, Mary Anne (eds.). Long History, Deep Time: Deepening Histories of Place. Australian National University. pp. 101–118. ISBN 978-1-925-02253-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6nDSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108","url_text":"\"Categories of 'Old' and 'New' in West Arnhem Land Bark Painting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925-02253-7","url_text":"978-1-925-02253-7"}]},{"reference":"Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Gunwinggu (NT)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale","url_text":"Tindale, Norman Barnett"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229070531/http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/gunwinggu.htm","url_text":"\"Gunwinggu (NT)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANU_Press","url_text":"Australian National University Press"},{"url":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/gunwinggu.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Uranium Mining\". The Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation. Retrieved 18 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mirarr.net/pages/uranium-mining","url_text":"\"Uranium Mining\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kured [home page]\". Bininj Kunwok. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre.","urls":[{"url":"https://bininjkunwok.org.au/","url_text":"\"Kured [home page]\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Reasoner
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New Reasoner
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["1 The Reasoner","2 The New Reasoner","3 Footnotes","4 External links"]
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British political journal (1957–1959)
This article or section appears to contradict itself. Please see the talk page for more information. (March 2024)
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The New ReasonerCover of the first issue of The New Reasoner: A Quarterly Journal of Socialist Humanism, Summer 1957EditorJohn Saville and E. P. ThompsonFirst issue1957Final issue1959CountryEnglandLanguageEnglish
The New Reasoner was a British journal of dissident Communism published from 1957 to 1959 by John Saville and E. P. Thompson. The publication is best remembered as an antecedent of the long-running journal New Left Review.
The Reasoner
The New Reasoner was preceded by a journal entitled The Reasoner, first published in July 1956 by John Saville and E. P. Thompson. The editors proposed the use of the journal as a forum for the discussion of "questions of fundamental principle, aim, and strategy," critiquing Stalinism as well as the dogmatic politics of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB).
The Reasoner took its name from an early 19th-century publication which had attempted to renew and reinvigorate a flagging Jacobin Radicalism.
Over its five months of existence, the journal angered many within the leadership of the CPGB. Thompson and Saville were ordered to cease publication of their dissident journal, an order they chose to defy. Because of their refusal, Thompson and Saville were suspended from the CPGB.
The New Reasoner
In 1957, following their resignation from the CPGB over its support of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary, Thompson and Saville began the publication of a new journal, named the New Reasoner, with the purpose of contributing to "the re-discovery of our traditions, the affirmation of socialist values, and the undogmatic perception of social reality." The opening editorial was a reaffirmation of their commitment to the British Marxist and Communist tradition, despite their departure from the Party. They allied themselves with European workers who were fighting for "de-stalinisation" and called for the rebirth of principles within the movement.
In 1960 the New Reasoner merged with the Universities and Left Review journal to become New Left Review.
Footnotes
External links
Barry Amiel and Norman Melburn Trust website All the issues of the journal are available in digital format copyright free (CC copyright). The site also includes an article on the journal's history by Peter Worsley, assisted by Dorothy Thompson (historian) and Stuart Hall.
vteBritish New LeftGeneral
Communist Party Historians Group (Communist Party of Great Britain)
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Revisionism
Marxist humanism
Cultural studies
Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies
Partisan Coffee House
Socialist Society
Socialist Movement
Figures
E. P. Thompson
John Saville
Stuart Hall
Raymond Williams
Richard Hoggart
Perry Anderson
Tom Nairn
Peter Worsley
Ralph Miliband
Raphael Samuel
Rodney Hilton
Robin Blackburn
Tariq Ali
Catherine Hall
Sheila Rowbotham
Dick Hebdige
Jeffrey Weeks
Organisations
The Angry Brigade
Big Flame
British Black Panthers
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
Gay Left
International Marxist Group
International Socialists (UK)
King Mob
Major influences
Antonio Gramsci
Louis Althusser
Frankfurt School
Isaac Deutscher
Harold Laski
C. Wright Mills
Talcott Parsons
Iris Murdoch
Publications
New Reasoner
Universities and Left Review
New Left Review
Socialist Register
Radical Philosophy
Soundings
Related articles
Far-left politics in the United Kingdom
Anti-Stalinist left
Eurocommunism
UK underground
Counterculture
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://banmarchive.org.uk/collections/nr/index_frame.htm","external_links_name":"Barry Amiel and Norman Melburn Trust website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Baldwin
|
Bobby Baldwin
|
["1 Poker career","2 Career as casino executive","3 Other interests","4 World Series of Poker bracelets","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American poker player and casino executive
Bobby BaldwinBaldwin at the 1979 World Series of PokerNickname(s)The OwlResidenceLas Vegas, Nevada, U.S.Born1950 or 1951 (age 73–74)Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.World Series of PokerBracelet(s)4Money finish(es)20Highest ITMMain Event finishWinner, 1978Information accurate as of 12 September 2010.
Bobby Baldwin (born c. 1950) is a professional poker player and casino executive. As a poker player, Baldwin is best known as the winner of the 1978 World Series of Poker Main Event, becoming the youngest Main Event champion at that time.
Baldwin was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and attended Oklahoma State University in 1970. He currently resides in Las Vegas.
Poker career
Baldwin won his first two bracelets at the 1977 World Series of Poker, first winning the $10,000 Deuce to Seven Draw event, then winning the $5,000 Seven Card Stud event.
Baldwin won his largest tournament prize in 1978 when he won the WSOP Main Event, earning the title and the $210,000 first prize. He defeated a final table that included professional poker players Ken Smith, Jesse Alto, Buck Buchanan, WSOP bracelet winner Louis Hunsucker, and businessman Crandell Addington, whom Baldwin defeated in heads-up play.
When Baldwin won the 1978 World Series of Poker Main Event at age 28, he became the youngest winner in its history. His title of youngest winner was later superseded by Stu Ungar in 1980.
In 1979, he won the $10,000 Deuce to Seven Draw event again, earning his fourth and most recent bracelet at the WSOP. Baldwin also competed in the Super Bowl of Poker tournaments, organized by 1972 world champion Amarillo Slim. Baldwin cashed in several SBOP events and won the $5,000 Seven Card Stud event in 1979.
His major wins include four WSOP bracelets, all won from 1977 to 1979. He won WSOP bracelets in three consecutive years (1977, 1978, and 1979) which only a small number of players have done in the history of the WSOP. In addition to his 1978 victory, Baldwin's other WSOP Main Event cashes are: 1981 (7th), 1986 (16th), 1987 (21st), 1991 (29th), 1992 (15th), 1994 (24th), and 2009 (352nd).
In 2003, Baldwin was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame.
He cashed in the 2012 World Series of Poker in the Big One for One Drop, finishing seventh.
Career as casino executive
In 1982, he became a consultant for the Golden Nugget casino, and in 1984 was named the president. He was selected to head The Mirage in 1987, and was named as the president of the Bellagio hotel and casino in 1998.
In 1999–2000, he was the chief financial officer of Mirage Resorts under Steve Wynn; in 2000, upon the merger of Mirage Resorts and MGM Grand, he became the chief executive officer of the Mirage Resorts subsidiary of MGM Mirage.
In 2005, after the acquisition of Mandalay Resort Group by MGM Mirage, Baldwin became CEO and President of the announced Project City Center, while continuing his responsibilities as CEO of the Mirage Resorts subsidiary. Baldwin now oversees additional resorts added through the Mandalay Resort Group buyout as well as the previous Wynn properties.
In 2018, following a lengthy tenure as Chief Customer Development Officer of MGM Resorts and CEO and President of CityCenter, MGM announced that Baldwin would leave both positions by the end of 2018.
Other interests
In addition to poker, Baldwin is also known as a world class billiards player. Baldwin and his playing style are the subject of a book entitled Bobby Baldwin's Winning Poker Secrets, which was written by Mike Caro. Baldwin has written many columns on poker and he authored a section for Doyle Brunson's Super/System. His own book Tales Out of Tulsa, a poker guide for novices, was published in 1985.
The high-stakes signature poker room in the Bellagio is named "Bobby's Room" after Baldwin.
As of 2012, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,300,000. His 20 cashes at the WSOP account for $2,100,311 of those winnings.
World Series of Poker bracelets
Year
Tournament
Prize
1977
$10,000 Deuce to Seven Draw
$80,000
1977
$5,000 Seven-Card Stud
$44,000
1978
$10,000 No Limit Hold'em World Championship
$210,000
1979
$10,000 Deuce to Seven Draw
$90,000
References
^ a b MGM Mirage's 2006 proxy statement, filed on April 30, 2006, recorded Baldwin's age as 55
^ a b Where Are They Now - Bobby Baldwin Archived October 28, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, March 24, 2008, Contributed by: Billy Monroe, pokerworks.com
^ "8th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1977, No Limit Deuce to Seven Draw". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
^ "8th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1977, Seven-Card Stud". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
^ "9th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1978, No Limit Hold'em World Championship". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
^ "10th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1979, No Limit Deuce to Seven Draw". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
^ "Amarillo Slim's Superbowl Of Poker, Seven Card Stud". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
^ Flemming, Jack (September 21, 2017). "Casino mogul Bobby Baldwin is ready to roll the dice again on Las Vegas mansion". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
^ "43rd World Series of Poker - WSOP 2012, The Big One for One Drop (Event #55)". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
^ "Does Bobby Baldwin's Departure Mean MGM Is Leaving Poker Behind?". October 5, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
^ "Robert Baldwin's profile on The Hendon Mob". The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ "Bobby Baldwin". WSOP.com. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
External links
Card Player profile
Hendon Mob profile
PokerNews profile
WSOP profile
WPT profile
vteWorld Series of Poker – Main Event champions
1970: Moss
1971: Moss
1972: Preston
1973: Pearson
1974: Moss
1975: Roberts
1976: Brunson
1977: Brunson
1978: Baldwin
1979: Fowler
1980: Ungar
1981: Ungar
1982: Straus
1983: McEvoy
1984: Keller
1985: Smith
1986: Johnston
1987: Chan
1988: Chan
1989: Hellmuth
1990: Matloubi
1991: Daugherty
1992: Dastmalchi
1993: Bechtel
1994: Hamilton
1995: Harrington
1996: Seed
1997: Ungar
1998: S. Nguyen
1999: Furlong
2000: Ferguson
2001: Mortensen
2002: Varkonyi
2003: Moneymaker
2004: Raymer
2005: Hachem
2006: Gold
2007: Yang
2008: Eastgate
2009: Cada
2010: Duhamel
2011: Heinz
2012: Merson
2013: Riess
2014: Jacobson
2015: McKeehen
2016: Q. Nguyen
2017: Blumstein
2018: Cynn
2019: Ensan
2020: Salas
2021: Aldemir
2022: Jørstad
2023: Weinman
vte1970s WSOP bracelet winners
Note
number in brackets represents the number of bracelets earned in that year
1970
Johnny Moss
1971
Bill Boyd
Jimmy Casella
Johnny Moss (2)
Puggy Pearson
1972
Bill Boyd
Amarillo Slim
1973
Sam Angel
Joe Bernstein
Bill Boyd
Aubrey Day
Puggy Pearson (3)
Jack Straus
1974
Bill Boyd
Jimmy Casella (2)
Johnny Moss
Sailor Roberts
Amarillo Slim
1975
Sam Angel
Billy Baxter
Jay Heimowitz
Johnny Moss
Sailor Roberts
1976
Howard Andrew (2)
Doyle Brunson (2)
Doc Green
Perry Green
Johnny Moss
Walter Smiley
1977
Billy Allen
Bobby Baldwin (2)
Gary Berland
Doyle Brunson (2)
Perry Green
George Huber
Louis Hunsucker
Jackie McDaniels
Fats Morgan
Jeff Sandow
Richard Schwartz
1978
Bobby Baldwin
Billy Baxter
Gary Berland (2)
Doyle Brunson
Aubrey Day
Terry King
Lakewood Louie
Hans Lund
Chip Reese
Henry Young
1979
Bobby Baldwin
Gary Berland (2)
Starla Brodie
Doyle Brunson
Hal Fowler
Barbara Freer
Perry Green
Lakewood Louie (2)
Sam Mastrogiannis
Johnny Moss
Dewey Tomko
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
vtePoker Hall of Fame1979
Johnny Moss
Nick Dandolos
Corky McCorquodale
Red Winn
Sid Wyman
Wild Bill Hickok
Edmond Hoyle
1980s
Blondie Forbes
Bill Boyd
Tom Abdo
Joe Bernstein
Murph Harrold
Red Hodges
Henry Green
Puggy Pearson
Doyle Brunson
Jack Straus
Sarge Ferris
1990s
Benny Binion
Chip Reese
Amarillo Slim
Jack Keller
Little Man Popwell
Roger Moore
2000s
Stu Ungar
Lyle Berman
Johnny Chan
Bobby Baldwin
Berry Johnston
Jack Binion
Crandell Addington
T. J. Cloutier
Billy Baxter
Barbara Enright
Phil Hellmuth
Dewey Tomko
Henry Orenstein
Mike Sexton
2010s
Dan Harrington
Erik Seidel
Barry Greenstein
Linda Johnson
Eric Drache
Sailor Roberts
Tom McEvoy
Scotty Nguyen
Jack McClelland
Daniel Negreanu
Jennifer Harman
John Juanda
Todd Brunson
Carlos Mortensen
Dave Ulliott
Phil Ivey
Mori Eskandani
John Hennigan
Chris Moneymaker
David Oppenheim
2020s
Huck Seed
Eli Elezra
Layne Flack
Brian Rast
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MGM-1"},{"link_name":"poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"1978 World Series of Poker Main Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"Tulsa, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wherenow-2"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wherenow-2"}],"text":"Bobby Baldwin (born c. 1950)[1] is a professional poker player and casino executive. As a poker player, Baldwin is best known as the winner of the 1978 World Series of Poker Main Event, becoming the youngest Main Event champion at that time.Baldwin was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma,[2] and attended Oklahoma State University in 1970. He currently resides in Las Vegas.[2]","title":"Bobby Baldwin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ken Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Smith_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Jesse Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Alto"},{"link_name":"Crandell Addington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crandell_Addington"},{"link_name":"1978 World Series of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"Stu Ungar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu_Ungar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"Amarillo Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo_Slim"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Poker Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2012 World Series of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"Big One for One Drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_One_for_One_Drop"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Baldwin won his first two bracelets at the 1977 World Series of Poker, first winning the $10,000 Deuce to Seven Draw event, then winning the $5,000 Seven Card Stud event.[3][4]Baldwin won his largest tournament prize in 1978 when he won the WSOP Main Event, earning the title and the $210,000 first prize.[5] He defeated a final table that included professional poker players Ken Smith, Jesse Alto, Buck Buchanan, WSOP bracelet winner Louis Hunsucker, and businessman Crandell Addington, whom Baldwin defeated in heads-up play.When Baldwin won the 1978 World Series of Poker Main Event at age 28, he became the youngest winner in its history. His title of youngest winner was later superseded by Stu Ungar in 1980.In 1979, he won the $10,000 Deuce to Seven Draw event again, earning his fourth and most recent bracelet at the WSOP.[6] Baldwin also competed in the Super Bowl of Poker tournaments, organized by 1972 world champion Amarillo Slim. Baldwin cashed in several SBOP events and won the $5,000 Seven Card Stud event in 1979.[7]His major wins include four WSOP bracelets, all won from 1977 to 1979. He won WSOP bracelets in three consecutive years (1977, 1978, and 1979) which only a small number of players have done in the history of the WSOP. In addition to his 1978 victory, Baldwin's other WSOP Main Event cashes are: 1981 (7th), 1986 (16th), 1987 (21st), 1991 (29th), 1992 (15th), 1994 (24th), and 2009 (352nd).In 2003, Baldwin was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame.[8]He cashed in the 2012 World Series of Poker in the Big One for One Drop, finishing seventh.[9]","title":"Poker career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Nugget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Nugget_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"The Mirage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirage"},{"link_name":"Bellagio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellagio_(hotel_and_casino)"},{"link_name":"chief financial officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_financial_officer"},{"link_name":"Steve Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wynn"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"MGM Mirage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Mirage"},{"link_name":"Mandalay Resort Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_Resort_Group"},{"link_name":"MGM Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International"},{"link_name":"CityCenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityCenter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 1982, he became a consultant for the Golden Nugget casino, and in 1984 was named the president. He was selected to head The Mirage in 1987, and was named as the president of the Bellagio hotel and casino in 1998.In 1999–2000, he was the chief financial officer of Mirage Resorts under Steve Wynn; in 2000, upon the merger of Mirage Resorts and MGM Grand, he became the chief executive officer of the Mirage Resorts subsidiary of MGM Mirage.In 2005, after the acquisition of Mandalay Resort Group by MGM Mirage, Baldwin became CEO and President of the announced Project City Center, while continuing his responsibilities as CEO of the Mirage Resorts subsidiary. Baldwin now oversees additional resorts added through the Mandalay Resort Group buyout as well as the previous Wynn properties.In 2018, following a lengthy tenure as Chief Customer Development Officer of MGM Resorts and CEO and President of CityCenter, MGM announced that Baldwin would leave both positions by the end of 2018.[10]","title":"Career as casino executive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"billiards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiards"},{"link_name":"Mike Caro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Caro"},{"link_name":"Doyle Brunson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Brunson"},{"link_name":"Super/System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super/System"},{"link_name":"Bellagio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellagio_(hotel_and_casino)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In addition to poker, Baldwin is also known as a world class billiards player. Baldwin and his playing style are the subject of a book entitled Bobby Baldwin's Winning Poker Secrets, which was written by Mike Caro. Baldwin has written many columns on poker and he authored a section for Doyle Brunson's Super/System. His own book Tales Out of Tulsa, a poker guide for novices, was published in 1985.The high-stakes signature poker room in the Bellagio is named \"Bobby's Room\" after Baldwin.As of 2012, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,300,000.[11] His 20 cashes at the WSOP account for $2,100,311 of those winnings.[12]","title":"Other interests"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Series of Poker bracelets"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"8th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1977, No Limit Deuce to Seven Draw\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=8149","url_text":"\"8th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1977, No Limit Deuce to Seven Draw\""}]},{"reference":"\"8th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1977, Seven-Card Stud\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=8150","url_text":"\"8th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1977, Seven-Card Stud\""}]},{"reference":"\"9th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1978, No Limit Hold'em World Championship\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=8147","url_text":"\"9th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1978, No Limit Hold'em World Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"10th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1979, No Limit Deuce to Seven Draw\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=8125","url_text":"\"10th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1979, No Limit Deuce to Seven Draw\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amarillo Slim's Superbowl Of Poker, Seven Card Stud\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=25418","url_text":"\"Amarillo Slim's Superbowl Of Poker, Seven Card Stud\""}]},{"reference":"Flemming, Jack (September 21, 2017). \"Casino mogul Bobby Baldwin is ready to roll the dice again on Las Vegas mansion\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/hot-property/la-fi-hotprop-bobby-baldwin-20170921-story.html","url_text":"\"Casino mogul Bobby Baldwin is ready to roll the dice again on Las Vegas mansion\""}]},{"reference":"\"43rd World Series of Poker - WSOP 2012, The Big One for One Drop (Event #55)\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=64804","url_text":"\"43rd World Series of Poker - WSOP 2012, The Big One for One Drop (Event #55)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Does Bobby Baldwin's Departure Mean MGM Is Leaving Poker Behind?\". October 5, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uspoker.com/blog/baldwin-leaving-mgm-poker/24760/","url_text":"\"Does Bobby Baldwin's Departure Mean MGM Is Leaving Poker Behind?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Baldwin's profile on The Hendon Mob\". The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=14","url_text":"\"Robert Baldwin's profile on The Hendon Mob\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bobby Baldwin\". WSOP.com. Retrieved April 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsop.com/players/profile/?playerid=241","url_text":"\"Bobby Baldwin\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Kurzweil
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Ray Kurzweil
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["1 Life, inventions, and business career","1.1 Early life","1.2 Mid-life","1.3 Later life","1.4 Personal life","1.5 Creative approach","2 Books","3 Movies","4 Music","4.1 Our Lady Peace","5 Views","5.1 The Law of Accelerating Returns","5.2 Stance on the future of genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics","5.3 Health and aging","5.4 Encouraging futurism and transhumanism","5.5 Universal basic income","6 Predictions","6.1 Past predictions","6.2 Future predictions","6.3 Stance on nuclear weapons","7 Reception","7.1 Praise","7.2 Criticism","8 Awards and honors","9 Bibliography","9.1 Non-fiction","9.2 Fiction","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
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American author, inventor and futurist (born 1948)
Ray KurzweilKurzweil in 2017BornRaymond Kurzweil (1948-02-12) February 12, 1948 (age 76)New York City, U.S.Alma materMassachusetts Institute of Technology (B.S.)Occupations
Author
Entrepreneur
Futurist
Inventor
EmployerGoogleChildren2; including Amy KurzweilAwards
Grace Murray Hopper Award (1978)
National Medal of Technology (1999)
WebsiteOfficial website
Raymond Kurzweil (/ˈkɜːrzwaɪl/, KURZ-wyle; born February 12, 1948) is an American computer scientist, author, inventor, and futurist. He is involved in fields such as optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition technology and electronic keyboard instruments. He has written books on health technology, artificial intelligence (AI), transhumanism, the technological singularity, and futurism. Kurzweil is a public advocate for the futurist and transhumanist movements and gives public talks to share his optimistic outlook on life extension technologies and the future of nanotechnology, robotics, and biotechnology.
Kurzweil received the 1999 National Medal of Technology and Innovation, the United States' highest honor in technology, from then President Bill Clinton in a White House ceremony. He was the recipient of the $500, 000 Lemelson–MIT Prize for 2001. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2001 for the application of technology to improve human-machine communication. In 2002 he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, established by the U.S. Patent Office. He has received 21 honorary doctorates, and honors from three U.S. presidents. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) included Kurzweil as one of 16 "revolutionaries who made America" along with other inventors of the past two centuries. Inc. magazine ranked him No. 8 among the "most fascinating" entrepreneurs in the United States and called him "Edison's rightful heir".
Life, inventions, and business career
Early life
Kurzweil grew up in Queens, New York City. He attended NYC Public Education Kingsbury Elementary School PS188. He was born to secular Jewish parents who had emigrated from Austria just before the onset of World War II. He was exposed via Unitarian Universalism to a diversity of religious faiths during his upbringing. His Unitarian church had the philosophy of many paths to the truth – his religious education consisted of studying a single religion for six months before moving on to the next. His father, Fredric, was a concert pianist, a noted conductor, and a music educator. His mother, Hannah, was a visual artist. He has one sibling, his sister Enid.
Kurzweil decided at the age of five that he wanted to be an inventor. As a young boy, Kurzweil had an inventory of parts from various construction toys he had been given and old electronic gadgets he'd collected from neighbors. In his youth, Kurzweil was an avid reader of science fiction literature. At the age of eight, nine, and ten, he read the entire Tom Swift Jr. series. At the age of seven or eight, he built a robotic puppet theater and robotic game. He was involved with computers by the age of 12 (in 1960), when only a dozen computers existed in all of New York City, and built computing devices and statistical programs for the predecessor of Head Start. At the age of fourteen, Kurzweil wrote a paper detailing his theory of the neocortex. His parents were involved with the arts, and he is quoted in the documentary Transcendent Man as saying that the household always produced discussions about the future and technology.
Kurzweil attended Martin Van Buren High School. During class, he often held onto his class textbooks to seemingly participate, but instead, focused on his own projects which were hidden behind the book. His uncle, an engineer at Bell Labs, taught young Kurzweil the basics of computer science. In 1963, at age 15, he wrote his first computer program. He created pattern-recognition software that analyzed the works of classical composers, and then synthesized its own songs in similar styles. In 1965 he was invited to appear on the CBS television program I've Got a Secret, where he performed a piano piece that was composed by a computer he also had built. Later that year, he won first prize in the International Science Fair for the invention; Kurzweil's submission to Westinghouse Talent Search of his first computer program alongside several other projects resulted in him being one of its national winners, which allowed him to be personally congratulated by President Lyndon B. Johnson during a White House ceremony. These activities collectively impressed upon Kurzweil the belief that nearly any problem could be overcome.
Mid-life
While in high school, Kurzweil had corresponded with Marvin Minsky and was invited to visit him at MIT, which he did. Kurzweil also visited Frank Rosenblatt at Cornell.
He obtained a B.S. in computer science and literature in 1970 at MIT. He went to MIT to study with Marvin Minsky. He took all of the computer programming courses (eight or nine) offered at MIT in the first year and a half.
In 1968, during his second year at MIT, Kurzweil started a company that used a computer program to match high school students with colleges. The program, called the Select College Consulting Program, was designed by him and compared thousands of different criteria about each college with questionnaire answers submitted by each student applicant. Around that time he sold the company to Harcourt, Brace & World for $100,000 ($876,172 in 2023) plus royalties.
In 1974, Kurzweil founded Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc. and led development of the first omni-font optical character recognition system, a computer program capable of recognizing text written in any normal font. Before that time, scanners had only been able to read text written in a few fonts. He decided that the best application of this technology would be to create a reading machine, which would allow blind people to understand written text by having a computer read it to them aloud. However, this device required the invention of two enabling technologies—the CCD flatbed scanner and the text-to-speech synthesizer. Development of these technologies was completed at other institutions such as Bell Labs, and on January 13, 1976, the finished product was unveiled during a news conference headed by him and the leaders of the National Federation of the Blind. Called the Kurzweil Reading Machine, the device covered an entire tabletop.
Kurzweil's next major business venture began in 1978, when Kurzweil Computer Products began selling a commercial version of the optical character recognition computer program. LexisNexis was one of the first customers, and bought the program to upload paper legal and news documents onto its nascent online databases.
Kurzweil sold his Kurzweil Computer Products to Xerox, where it was known as Xerox Imaging Systems, later known as Scansoft, and he functioned as a consultant for Xerox until 1995. In 1999, Visioneer, Inc. acquired ScanSoft from Xerox to form a new public company with ScanSoft as the new company-wide name. Scansoft merged with Nuance Communications in 2005.
Kurzweil's next business venture was in the realm of electronic music technology. After a 1982 meeting with Stevie Wonder, in which the latter lamented the divide in capabilities and qualities between electronic synthesizers and traditional musical instruments, Kurzweil was inspired to create a new generation of music synthesizers capable of accurately duplicating the sounds of real instruments. Kurzweil Music Systems was founded in the same year, and in 1984, the Kurzweil K250 was unveiled. The machine was capable of imitating a number of instruments, and according to Kurzweil's press packet, musicians were unable to discern the difference between the Kurzweil K250 on piano mode from a normal grand piano., though this was questioned by reviewers who actually attempted this The recording and mixing abilities of the machine, coupled with its abilities to imitate different instruments, made it possible for a single user to compose and play an entire orchestral piece.
Kurzweil Music Systems was sold to South Korean musical instrument manufacturer Young Chang in 1990. As with Xerox, Kurzweil remained as a consultant for several years. Hyundai acquired Young Chang in 2006 and in January 2007 appointed Raymond Kurzweil as Chief Strategy Officer of Kurzweil Music Systems.
Concurrent with Kurzweil Music Systems, Kurzweil created the company Kurzweil Applied Intelligence (KAI) to develop computer speech recognition systems for commercial use. The first product, which debuted in 1987, was an early speech recognition program. KAI was sold to Lernout & Hauspie in 1997.
Later life
Kurzweil started Kurzweil Educational Systems (KESI) in 1996 to develop new pattern-recognition-based computer technologies to help people with disabilities such as blindness, dyslexia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school. Products include the Kurzweil 1000 text-to-speech converter software program, which enables a computer to read electronic and scanned text aloud to blind or visually impaired users, and the Kurzweil 3000 program, which is a multifaceted electronic learning system that helps with reading, writing, and study skills.
Kurzweil sold KESI to Lernout & Hauspie. Following the legal and bankruptcy problems of the latter, he and other KESI employees purchased the company back. KESI was eventually sold to Cambium Learning Group, Inc.
Raymond Kurzweil at the Singularity Summit at Stanford University in 2006
During the 1990s, Kurzweil founded the Medical Learning Company.
In 1999, Kurzweil created a hedge fund called "FatKat" (Financial Accelerating Transactions from Kurzweil Adaptive Technologies), which began trading in 2006. He has stated that the ultimate aim is to improve the performance of FatKat's A.I. investment software program, enhancing its ability to recognize patterns in "currency fluctuations and stock-ownership trends." He predicted in his 1999 book, The Age of Spiritual Machines, that computers will one day prove superior to the best human financial minds at making profitable investment decisions.
In June 2005, Kurzweil introduced the "Kurzweil-National Federation of the Blind Reader" (K-NFB Reader)—a pocket-sized device consisting of a digital camera and computer unit. Like the Kurzweil Reading Machine of almost 30 years before, the K-NFB Reader is designed to aid blind people by reading written text aloud. The newer machine is portable and scans text through digital camera images, while the older machine is large and scans text through flatbed scanning.
In December 2012, Kurzweil was hired by Google in a full-time position to "work on new projects involving machine learning and language processing". He was personally hired by Google co-founder Larry Page. Larry Page and Kurzweil agreed on a one-sentence job description: "to bring natural language understanding to Google".
He received a Technical Grammy on February 8, 2015, specifically for his invention of the Kurzweil K250.
Kurzweil has joined the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, a cryonics company. In the event of his declared death, Kurzweil plans to be perfused with cryoprotectants, vitrified in liquid nitrogen, and stored at an Alcor facility in the hope that future medical technology will be able to repair his tissues and revive him.
Personal life
Kurzweil is agnostic about the existence of a soul. On the possibility of divine intelligence, Kurzweil has said "Does God exist? I would say 'Not yet.'"
Kurzweil married Sonya Rosenwald Kurzweil in 1975. Sonya Kurzweil is a psychologist in private practice in Newton, Massachusetts, working with women, children, parents and families. She holds faculty appointments at Harvard Medical School and William James College for Graduate Education in Psychology. Her research interests and publications are in the area of psychotherapy practice. She also serves as an active Overseer at Boston Children's Museum.
He has a son, Ethan Kurzweil, who is a venture capitalist, and a daughter, Amy Kurzweil, a cartoonist.
Creative approach
See also: Wait calculation
Kurzweil said "I realize that most inventions fail not because the R&D department can't get them to work, but because the timing is wrong—not all of the enabling factors are at play where they are needed. Inventing is a lot like surfing: you have to anticipate and catch the wave at just the right moment."
For the past several decades, Kurzweil's most effective and common approach to doing creative work has been conducted during his lucid dreamlike state which immediately precedes his awakening state. He claims to have constructed inventions, solved difficult problems, such as algorithmic, business strategy, organizational, and interpersonal problems, and written speeches in this state.
Books
Kurzweil's first book, The Age of Intelligent Machines, was published in 1990. The nonfiction work discusses the history of computer artificial intelligence (AI) and forecasts future developments. Other experts in the field of AI contribute heavily to the work in the form of essays. The Association of American Publishers awarded it the status of Most Outstanding Computer Science Book of 1990.
In 1993, Kurzweil published a book on nutrition called The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life. The book's main idea is that high levels of fat intake are the cause of many health disorders common in the U.S., and thus that cutting fat consumption down to 10% of the total calories consumed would be optimal for most people.
In 1999, Kurzweil published The Age of Spiritual Machines, which further elucidates his theories regarding the future of technology, which themselves stem from his analysis of long-term trends in biological and technological evolution. Much emphasis is on the likely course of AI development, along with the future of computer architecture.
Kurzweil's next book, published in 2004, returned to human health and nutrition. Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever was co-authored by Terry Grossman, a medical doctor and specialist in alternative medicine.
The Singularity Is Near, published in 2005, was made into a movie starring Pauley Perrette from NCIS. In February 2007, Ptolemaic Productions acquired the rights to The Singularity Is Near, The Age of Spiritual Machines, and Fantastic Voyage, including the rights to film Kurzweil's life and ideas for the documentary film Transcendent Man, which was directed by Barry Ptolemy.
Transcend: Nine Steps to Living Well Forever, a follow-up to Fantastic Voyage, was released on April 28, 2009.
Kurzweil's book How to Create a Mind was released on November 13, 2012. In it Kurzweil describes his Pattern Recognition Theory of Mind, the theory that the neocortex is a hierarchical system of pattern recognizers, and argues that emulating this architecture in machines could lead to an artificial superintelligence.
Kurzweil's first fiction novel, Danielle: Chronicles of a Superheroine, follows a girl who uses her intelligence and the help of her friends to tackle real-world problems. It follows a structure akin to the scientific method. Chapters are organized as year-by-year episodes from Danielle's childhood and adolescence. The book comes with companion materials, A Chronicle of Ideas, and How You Can Be a Danielle that provide real-world context. The book was released in April 2019.
Kurzweil's latest book, The Singularity Is Nearer: When We Merge with AI, is scheduled to be published in June 2024.
Movies
In 2010, Kurzweil wrote and co-produced a movie directed by Anthony Waller called The Singularity Is Near: A True Story About the Future, which was based in part on his 2005 book The Singularity Is Near. Part fiction, part non-fiction, the film blends interviews with 20 big thinkers (such as Marvin Minsky) with a narrative story that illustrates some of his key ideas, including a computer avatar (Ramona) who saves the world from self-replicating microscopic robots. In addition to his movie, an independent, feature-length documentary was made about Kurzweil, his life, and his ideas, called Transcendent Man.
In 2010, an independent documentary film called Plug & Pray premiered at the Seattle International Film Festival, in which Kurzweil and one of his major critics, the late Joseph Weizenbaum, argue about the benefits of eternal life.
The feature-length documentary film The Singularity by independent filmmaker Doug Wolens (released at the end of 2012), showcasing Kurzweil, has been acclaimed as "a large-scale achievement in its documentation of futurist and counter-futurist ideas" and "the best documentary on the Singularity to date".
Music
Our Lady Peace
On December 12, 2000, the album Spiritual Machines by the Canadian alternative rock band Our Lady Peace was released by Columbia Records. Although not initially intended, the project evolved into a conceptual interpretation of Kurzweil's 1999 book The Age of Spiritual Machines. The band contacted Ray Kurzweil via email to ask for permission to use the title of his book for their project. Kurzweil's excitement at the prospect prompted them to invite him to record spoken excerpts from his book for the album. As a result, short tracks of spoken dialog from Kurzweil himself are interspersed among the actual songs on the album. The Kurzweil K250 keyboard, one of his inventions, was also utilized throughout the recording of the album.
Views
The Law of Accelerating Returns
Main article: The Law of Accelerating Returns
In his 1999 book The Age of Spiritual Machines, Kurzweil proposed "The Law of Accelerating Returns", according to which the rate of change in a wide variety of evolutionary systems (including the growth of technologies) tends to increase exponentially. He gave further focus to this issue in a 2001 essay entitled "The Law of Accelerating Returns", which proposed an extension of Moore's law to a wide variety of technologies, and used this to argue in favor of John von Neumann's concept of a technological singularity.
Stance on the future of genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics
Kurzweil was working with the Army Science Board in 2006 to develop a rapid response system to deal with the possible abuse of biotechnology. He suggested that the same technologies that are empowering us to reprogram biology away from cancer and heart disease could be used by a bioterrorist to reprogram a biological virus to be more deadly, communicable, and stealthy. However, he suggests that we have the scientific tools to successfully defend against these attacks, similar to the way we defend against computer software viruses. He has testified before Congress on the subject of nanotechnology, advocating that nanotechnology has the potential to solve serious global problems such as poverty, disease, and climate change: "Nanotech Could Give Global Warming a Big Chill".
In media appearances, Kurzweil has stressed the extreme potential dangers of nanotechnology but argues that in practice, progress cannot be stopped because that would require a totalitarian system, and any attempt to do so would drive dangerous technologies underground and deprive responsible scientists of the tools needed for defense. He suggests that the proper place of regulation is to ensure that technological progress proceeds safely and quickly, but does not deprive the world of profound benefits. He stated, "To avoid dangers such as unrestrained nanobot replication, we need relinquishment at the right level and to place our highest priority on the continuing advance of defensive technologies, staying ahead of destructive technologies. An overall strategy should include a streamlined regulatory process, a global program of monitoring for unknown or evolving biological pathogens, temporary moratoriums, raising public awareness, international cooperation, software reconnaissance, and fostering values of liberty, tolerance, and respect for knowledge and diversity."
Health and aging
Kurzweil admits that he cared little for his health until age 35, when he was found to suffer from a glucose intolerance, an early form of type II diabetes (a major risk factor for heart disease). Kurzweil then found a doctor, Terry Grossman, who shared his unconventional beliefs and helped him to develop an extreme regimen involving hundreds of pills, chemical intravenous treatments, red wine, and various other methods to attempt to extend his lifespan. In 2007, Kurzweil was ingesting "250 supplements, eight to 10 glasses of alkaline water and 10 cups of green tea" every day and drinking several glasses of red wine a week in an effort to "reprogram" his biochemistry. By 2008, he had reduced the number of supplement pills to 150. By 2015, Kurzweil further reduced his daily pill regimen down to 100 pills.
Kurzweil asserts that in the future, everyone will live forever. In a 2013 interview, he said that in 15 years, medical technology could add more than a year to one's remaining life expectancy for each year that passes, and we could then "outrun our own deaths". Among other things, he has supported the SENS Research Foundation's approach to finding a way to repair aging damage, and has encouraged the general public to hasten their research by donating.
Encouraging futurism and transhumanism
Kurzweil's standing as a futurist and transhumanist has led to his involvement in several singularity-themed organizations. In December 2004, Kurzweil joined the advisory board of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute. In October 2005, Kurzweil joined the scientific advisory board of the Lifeboat Foundation. On May 13, 2006, Kurzweil was the first speaker at the Singularity Summit at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. In May 2013, Kurzweil was the keynote speaker at the 2013 proceeding of the Research, Innovation, Start-up and Employment (RISE) international conference in Seoul.
In February 2009, Kurzweil, in collaboration with Google and the NASA Ames Research Center, announced the creation of the Singularity University training center for corporate executives and government officials. The university's self-described mission is to "assemble, educate and inspire a cadre of leaders who strive to understand and facilitate the development of exponentially advancing technologies and apply, focus and guide these tools to address humanity's grand challenges". Using Vernor Vinge's Singularity concept as a foundation, the university offered its first nine-week graduate program to 40 students in 2009.
Kurzweil views the human body as a system of thousands of "programs" and that understanding all of their functions could hold the key towards building a truly sentient AI.
Universal basic income
Kurzweil is an advocate of universal basic income (UBI), arguing that progress in science and technology will eventually lead to an abundance of virtually free resources, enabling every citizen to live without the need to work: "We are clearly headed toward a situation where everyone can live very well".
According to him, the major hurdle to the introduction of a UBI is not its feasibility, but political will, which is slowly emerging. In a TED Talk in 2018, he predicted that "in the early 2030s, we'll have universal basic income in the developed world, and worldwide by the end of the 2030s. You'll be able to live very well on that. The primary concern will be meaning and purpose."
Predictions
Past predictions
Kurzweil's first book, The Age of Intelligent Machines, presents his ideas about the future. Written from 1986 to 1989, it was published in 1990. Building on Ithiel de Sola Pool's "Technologies of Freedom" (1983), Kurzweil claims to have forecast the dissolution of the Soviet Union due to new technologies such as cellular phones and fax machines disempowering authoritarian governments by removing state control over the flow of information. In the book, Kurzweil also extrapolates trends in improving computer chess software performance, predicting that computers would beat the best human players "by the year 2000". In May 1997, IBM's Deep Blue computer defeated chess World Champion Garry Kasparov in a well-publicized chess match.
Kurzweil foresaw the explosive growth in worldwide Internet use that began in the 1990s. At the time when The Age of Intelligent Machines was published, there were only 2.6 million Internet users in the world, and the medium was unreliable, difficult to use, and deficient in content. He also stated that the Internet would explode not only in the number of users but in content as well, eventually granting users access "to international networks of libraries, data bases, and information services". Additionally, Kurzweil claims to have correctly foreseen that the preferred mode of Internet access would inevitably be through wireless systems, and estimated that this development would become practical for widespread use in the early 21st century.
In October 2010, Kurzweil released his report, "How My Predictions Are Faring" in PDF format, analyzing the predictions he made in his book The Age of Intelligent Machines (1990), The Age of Spiritual Machines (1999) and The Singularity is Near (2005). Of the 147 predictions, Kurzweil claimed that 115 were "entirely correct", 12 were "essentially correct", 17 were "partially correct", and only 3 were "wrong". Combining the "entirely" and "essentially" correct, Kurzweil's claimed accuracy rate comes to 86%.
Daniel Lyons, writing in Newsweek magazine, criticized Kurzweil for some of his predictions that turned out to be wrong, such as the economy continuing to boom from the 1998 dot-com through 2009, a US company having a market capitalization of more than $1 trillion by 2009, a supercomputer achieving 20 petaflops, speech recognition being in widespread use and cars that would drive themselves using sensors installed in highways; all by 2009. To the charge that a 20 petaflop supercomputer was not produced in the time he predicted, Kurzweil responded that he considers Google a giant supercomputer, and that it is indeed capable of 20 petaflops.
Forbes magazine claimed that Kurzweil's predictions for 2009 were mostly inaccurate, with 7 failed predictions, 4 partially true predictions, and one correct one. For example, Kurzweil predicted, "The majority of text is created using continuous speech recognition", which was not the case.
Future predictions
In 1999, Kurzweil published a second book titled The Age of Spiritual Machines, which goes into more depth explaining his futurist ideas. In it, he states that with radical life extension will come radical life enhancement. He says he is confident that within 10 years we will have the option to spend some of our time in 3D virtual environments that appear just as real as real reality, but these will not yet be made possible via direct interaction with our nervous system. He expounded on his prediction regarding nanorobotics, making the claim of within 20 years having millions of blood-cell sized devices, known as nanobots, inside our bodies fighting diseases, and improving our memory and cognitive abilities. Kurzweil also claims that a machine will pass the Turing test by 2029. Kurzweil states that humans will be a hybrid of biological and non-biological intelligence that becomes increasingly dominated by its non-biological component. In Transcendent Man Kurzweil states "We humans are going to start linking with each other and become a metaconnection; we will all be connected and omnipresent, plugged into a global network that is connected to billions of people and filled with data."
In 2008, Kurzweil said in an expert panel in the National Academy of Engineering that solar power will scale up to produce all the energy needs of Earth's people in 20 years. According to Kurzweil, we only need to capture 1 part in 10,000 of the energy from the Sun that hits Earth's surface to meet all of humanity's energy needs.
Stance on nuclear weapons
On a Lex Fridman interview on September 17, 2022, Kurzweil explained his worries about technology being used for violence. When asked about nuclear armaggedon and the Russo-Ukrainian War, Kurzweil stated: "I don't think (nuclear war) is going to happen despite the terrors of that war. It is a possibility but it's unlikely. Even with the tensions we've had with the nuclear power plant that's been taken over. It's very tense but I don't actually see a lot of people worrying that's going to happen. I think we'll avoid that. We had two nuclear bombs go off in (1945) so now we're 77 years later... we've never had another one go off through anger... there are other dangers besides nuclear weapons."
Reception
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Praise
Kurzweil was called "the ultimate thinking machine" by Forbes and a "restless genius" by The Wall Street Journal. PBS included Kurzweil as one of 16 "revolutionaries who made America" along with other inventors of the past two centuries. Inc. magazine ranked him Number 8 among the "most fascinating" entrepreneurs in the US and called him "Edison's rightful heir". Bill Gates called him "the best at predicting the future of artificial intelligence".
Criticism
Although technological singularity is a popular concept in science fiction, some authors such as Neal Stephenson and Bruce Sterling have voiced skepticism about its real-world plausibility. Sterling expressed his views on the singularity scenario in a talk at the Long Now Foundation entitled The Singularity: Your Future as a Black Hole. Other prominent AI thinkers and computer scientists such as Daniel Dennett, Rodney Brooks, David Gelernter and Paul Allen have also criticized Kurzweil's projections.
In the cover article of the December 2010 issue of IEEE Spectrum, John Rennie criticizes Kurzweil for several predictions that failed to become manifest by the originally predicted date. "Therein lie the frustrations of Kurzweil's brand of tech punditry. On close examination, his clearest and most successful predictions often lack originality or profundity. And most of his predictions come with so many loopholes that they border on the unfalsifiable."
Bill Joy, cofounder of Sun Microsystems, agrees with Kurzweil's timeline of future progress, but thinks that technologies such as AI, nanotechnology and advanced biotechnology will create a dystopian world. Mitch Kapor, the founder of Lotus Development Corporation, has called the notion of a technological singularity "intelligent design for the IQ 140 people... This proposition that we're heading to this point at which everything is going to be just unimaginably different—it's fundamentally, in my view, driven by a religious impulse. And all of the frantic arm-waving can't obscure that fact for me."
Cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter has said of Kurzweil's and Hans Moravec's books: "It's an intimate mixture of rubbish and good ideas, and it's very hard to disentangle the two, because these are smart people; they're not stupid."
Biologist PZ Myers has criticized Kurzweil's predictions as being based on "New Age spiritualism" rather than science and says that Kurzweil does not understand basic biology. VR pioneer Jaron Lanier has described Kurzweil's ideas as "cybernetic totalism" and has outlined his views on the culture surrounding Kurzweil's predictions in an essay for Edge Foundation entitled One Half of a Manifesto. Physicist and futurist Theodore Modis claims that Kurzweil's thesis of a "technological singularity" lacks scientific rigor.
British philosopher John Gray argued that contemporary science is what magic was for ancient civilizations: It gives a sense of hope for those who are willing to do almost anything to achieve eternal life. He quotes Kurzweil's Singularity as one such example, noting that this line of thinking has been present throughout the history of mankind.
HP Newquist wrote in The Brain Makers "Born with the same gift for self-promotion that was a character trait of people like P.T. Barnum and Ed Feigenbaum, Kurzweil had no problems talking up his technical prowess... Ray Kurzweil was not noted for his understatement."
In a 2015 paper, William D. Nordhaus of Yale University used a variety of econometric methods to run six supply-side tests and one demand-side test to track the macroeconomic viability of the required steep rises in information technology. Only two indicated that a Singularity was economically possible and both predicted at least 100 years before it would occur.
Awards and honors
First place in the 1965 International Science Fair for inventing the classical music synthesizing computer.
The 1978 Grace Murray Hopper Award from the Association for Computing Machinery. The award is given annually to one "outstanding young computer professional" and is accompanied by a $35,000 prize. Kurzweil won it for his invention of the Kurzweil Reading Machine.
In 1986, Kurzweil was named Honorary chairman for Innovation of the White House Conference on Small Business by President Reagan.
In 1987, Kurzweil received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.
In 1988, Kurzweil was named Inventor of the Year by MIT and the Boston Museum of Science.
In 1990, Kurzweil was voted Engineer of the Year by the over one million readers of Design News Magazine and received their third annual Technology Achievement Award.
The 1995 Dickson Prize in Science
The 1998 "Inventor of the Year" award from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The 1999 National Medal of Technology. This is the highest award the President of the United States can bestow upon individuals and groups for pioneering new technologies, and the President dispenses the award at his discretion. Bill Clinton presented Kurzweil with the National Medal of Technology during a White House ceremony in recognition of Kurzweil's development of computer-based technologies to help people with disabilities.
In 2000, Kurzweil received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
The 2000 Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology. Two other individuals also received the same honor that year. The award is presented yearly to people who "exemplify the life, times and standard of contribution of Tesla, Westinghouse and Nunn."
The 2001 Lemelson-MIT Prize for a lifetime of developing technologies to help people with disabilities and to enrich the arts. Only one is awarded each year – it is given to highly successful, mid-career inventors. A$500,000 award accompanies the prize.
Kurzweil was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2002 for inventing the Kurzweil Reading Machine. The organization "honors the women and men responsible for the great technological advances that make human, social and economic progress possible." Fifteen other people were inducted into the Hall of Fame the same year.
The Arthur C. Clarke Lifetime Achievement Award on April 20, 2009, for lifetime achievement as an inventor and futurist in computer-based technologies.
In 2011, Kurzweil was named a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council.
In 2013, Kurzweil was honored as a Silicon Valley Visionary Award winner on June 26 by SVForum.
In 2014, Kurzweil was honored with the American Visionary Art Museum's Grand Visionary Award on January 30.
In 2014, Kurzweil was inducted as an Eminent Member of IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu.
Kurzweil has received 20 honorary doctorates in science, engineering, music and humane letters from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Hofstra University and other leading colleges and universities, as well as honors from three U.S. presidents – Clinton, Reagan and Johnson.
Kurzweil has received seven national and international film awards including the CINE Golden Eagle Award and the gold medal for Science Education from the International Film and TV Festival of New York.
He gave a 2007 keynote speech to the Protestant United Church of Christ in Hartford, Connecticut, alongside Barack Obama, who was then a Presidential candidate.
Bibliography
Non-fiction
The Age of Intelligent Machines (1990)
The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life (1993)
The Age of Spiritual Machines (1999)
Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever (2004 – co-authored with Dr. Terry Grossman)
The Singularity Is Near (2005)
Transcend: Nine Steps to Living Well Forever (2009 – co-authored with Dr. Terry Grossman)
How to Create a Mind (2012)
Fiction
Danielle: Chronicles of a Superheroine (2019)
See also
Listen to this article (36 minutes)
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 25 November 2011 (2011-11-25), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles)
Technological singularity
Paradigm shift
Simulated reality
References
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^ Miller, Robin (October 20, 2004). "Neal Stephenson Responds With Wit and Humor". Slashdot. Retrieved August 28, 2008. My thoughts are more in line with those of Jaron Lanier, who points out that while hardware might be getting faster all the time, software is shit (I am paraphrasing his argument). And without software to do something useful with all that hardware, the hardware's nothing more than a really complicated space heater.
^ Brand, Stewart (June 14, 2004). "Bruce Sterling – "The Singularity: Your Future as a Black Hole"". The Long Now Foundation. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
^ Sterling, Bruce. "The Singularity: Your Future as a Black Hole". Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. It's an end-of-history notion, and like most end-of-history notions, it is showing its age.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Dennett, Daniel. "The Reality Club: One Half Of A Manifesto". Edge.org. I'm glad that Lanier entertains the hunch that Dawkins and I (and Hofstadter and others) 'see some flaw in logic that insulates thinking from the eschatalogical implications' drawn by Kurzweil and Moravec. He's right. I, for one, do see such a flaw, and I expect Dawkins and Hofstadter would say the same.
^ Brooks, Rodney. "The Reality Club: One Half Of A Manifesto". Edge.org. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2016. I do not at all agree with Moravec and Kurzweil's predictions for an eschatological cataclysm, just in time for their own memories and thoughts and person hood to be preserved before they might otherwise die.
^ Transcript of debate over feasibility of near-term AI (moderated by Rodney Brooks): "Gelernter, Kurzweil debate machine consciousness". KurzweilAI.net. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
^ "Paul Allen: The Singularity Isn't Near". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved July 25, 2022. Kurzweil's reasoning rests on the Law of Accelerating Returns and its siblings, but these are not physical laws. They are assertions about how past rates of scientific and technical progress can predict the future rate. Therefore, like other attempts to forecast the future from the past, these "laws" will work until they don't.
^ Rennie, John (December 2010). "Ray Kurzweil's Slippery Futurism". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
^ Joy, Bill (April 2000). "Why the future doesn't need us". Wired. Retrieved September 21, 2008. ...it was only in the autumn of 1998 that I became anxiously aware of how great are the dangers facing us in the 21st century. I can date the onset of my unease to the day I met Ray Kurzweil...
^ Ross, Greg. "An interview with Douglas R. Hofstadter". American Scientist. Retrieved August 28, 2008.
^ Lyons, Daniel (May 2009). "I, Robot". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved July 24, 2009. Still, a lot of people think Kurzweil is completely bonkers and/or full of a certain messy byproduct of ordinary biological functions. They include P. Z. Myers, a biologist at the University of Minnesota, Morris, who has used his blog to poke fun at Kurzweil and other armchair futurists who, according to Myers, rely on junk science and don't understand basic biology. "I am completely baffled by Kurzweil's popularity, and in particular the respect he gets in some circles, since his claims simply do not hold up to even casually critical examination," writes Myers. He says Kurzweil's Singularity theories are closer to a deluded religious movement than they are to science. "It's a New Age spiritualism—that's all it is," Myers says. "Even geeks want to find God somewhere, and Kurzweil provides it for them."{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) via
^ Myers, PZ. "Singularitarianism?". Pharyngula blog. Archived from the original on May 8, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Lanier, Jaron. "One Half of a Manifesto". Edge.org. Retrieved August 28, 2008.
^ Modis, T., The Singularity Myth, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, February 2006, pp. 104 – 112 http://www.growth-dynamics.com/articles/Kurzweil_critique.pdf
^ Gray, John (2011). The Immortalization Commission: Science and the Strange Quest to Cheat Death. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374175061.
^ Newquist, HP (1994). The Brain Makers. New York, NY: Macmillan/SAMS Press. p. 269. ISBN 0-672-30412-0.
^ Nordhaus, William D. "Are We Approaching an Economic Singularity? Information Technology and the Future of Economic Growth", Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 2021, Yale University, September 2015
^ "ACM Awards: Grace Murray Hopper Award". Retrieved September 15, 2014.
^ "ACM: Fellows Award / Raymond Kurzweil". Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Curriculum Vitae | KurzweilAI". Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
^ a b c "Ray Kurzweil – KurzweilAI". Retrieved September 15, 2014.
^ "Engineer of the Year Hall of Fame, 6/12/2007". Archived from the original on January 20, 2008.
^ "Corporation names new members". MIT News. June 8, 2005. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
^ "Technology Administration. THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY RECIPIENTS. 1985–2006 Recipients". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
^ "Technology Administration. THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY. 2007 Events and Activities". Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
^ "Telluride Tech Festival". Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
^ "Winners' Circle: Raymond Kurzweil". Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Lemelson-MIT Prize". Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Ray Kurzweil Inventor Profile https://web.archive.org/web/20151102094422/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/180.html. Invent.org (February 12, 1948). Retrieved on June 16, 2011.
^ Hall of Fame Overview https://web.archive.org/web/20151124091911/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/1_0_0_hall_of_fame.asp. Invent.org. Retrieved on June 16, 2011.
^ Hall of Fame 2002 https://web.archive.org/web/20151102094426/http://invent.org/hall_of_fame/1_1_4_listing_induction.asp?vInduction=2002. Invent.org. Retrieved on June 16, 2011.
^ "The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation". Clarkefoundation.org. April 20, 2009. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Design Futures Council Senior Fellows". Di.net. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007.
^ "Visionary Awardees Kurzweil, Warrior, Blank, Diamandis: Hear what they had to say about their achievements".
^ "Ray Kurzweil to be honored with AVAM's Grand Visionary Award at 2014 Gala Celebration" (PDF). Azam.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
^ "AVAM's 2014 Gala Celebration Honoring Ray Kurzweil at American Visionary Art Museum – CBS Baltimore's Latest Events Events – Baltimore Events « CBS Baltimore". Eventful. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
^ "A tour with Ray – Adventure in art and dance at the American Visionary Art Museum award gala honoring Ray Kurzweil – KurzweilAI". Retrieved September 15, 2014.
^ "Ray Kurzweil biography". KurzweilAINetwork. Archived from the original on February 5, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
^ "Raymond Kurzweil". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
^ Peragine, Michael (2013). The universal mind: The evolution of machine intelligence and human psychology. San Diego: Xiphias Press. ASIN B00BQ47APM. He gave a 2007 keynote speech to the Protestant United Church of Christ in Hartford, Connecticut, alongside Barack Obama, who was then a Presidential candidate.
^ "First Congregational Church, United Church of Christ, Waterville, Maine message". Archived from the original on May 11, 2022. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈkɜːrzwaɪl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"KURZ-wyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"computer scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_scientist"},{"link_name":"futurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurist"},{"link_name":"optical character recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition"},{"link_name":"text-to-speech synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_synthesis"},{"link_name":"speech recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition"},{"link_name":"electronic keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_keyboard"},{"link_name":"health technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_technology"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"transhumanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism"},{"link_name":"technological singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity"},{"link_name":"futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_studies"},{"link_name":"life extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension"},{"link_name":"nanotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology"},{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Technology and Innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Lemelson–MIT Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemelson%E2%80%93MIT_Prize"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"National Inventors Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc._(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"}],"text":"American author, inventor and futurist (born 1948)Raymond Kurzweil (/ˈkɜːrzwaɪl/, KURZ-wyle; born February 12, 1948) is an American computer scientist, author, inventor, and futurist. He is involved in fields such as optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition technology and electronic keyboard instruments. He has written books on health technology, artificial intelligence (AI), transhumanism, the technological singularity, and futurism. Kurzweil is a public advocate for the futurist and transhumanist movements and gives public talks to share his optimistic outlook on life extension technologies and the future of nanotechnology, robotics, and biotechnology.Kurzweil received the 1999 National Medal of Technology and Innovation, the United States' highest honor in technology, from then President Bill Clinton in a White House ceremony. He was the recipient of the $500, 000 Lemelson–MIT Prize for 2001. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2001 for the application of technology to improve human-machine communication. In 2002 he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, established by the U.S. Patent Office. He has received 21 honorary doctorates, and honors from three U.S. presidents. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) included Kurzweil as one of 16 \"revolutionaries who made America\" along with other inventors of the past two centuries. Inc. magazine ranked him No. 8 among the \"most fascinating\" entrepreneurs in the United States and called him \"Edison's rightful heir\".","title":"Ray Kurzweil"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life, inventions, and business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Unitarian Universalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tom Swift Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Swift_Jr"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"neocortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocortex"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Transcendent Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent_Man"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transcendentman.com-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Martin Van Buren High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bell Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"I've Got a Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Got_a_Secret"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booktv-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ssp-14"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Talent Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Science_Talent_Search"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Kurzweil grew up in Queens, New York City. He attended NYC Public Education Kingsbury Elementary School PS188. He was born to secular Jewish parents who had emigrated from Austria just before the onset of World War II. He was exposed via Unitarian Universalism to a diversity of religious faiths during his upbringing.[1][2] His Unitarian church had the philosophy of many paths to the truth – his religious education consisted of studying a single religion for six months before moving on to the next.[3] His father, Fredric, was a concert pianist, a noted conductor, and a music educator. His mother, Hannah, was a visual artist. He has one sibling, his sister Enid.Kurzweil decided at the age of five that he wanted to be an inventor.[4] As a young boy, Kurzweil had an inventory of parts from various construction toys he had been given and old electronic gadgets he'd collected from neighbors. In his youth, Kurzweil was an avid reader of science fiction literature. At the age of eight, nine, and ten, he read the entire Tom Swift Jr. series. At the age of seven or eight, he built a robotic puppet theater and robotic game. He was involved with computers by the age of 12 (in 1960), when only a dozen computers existed in all of New York City, and built computing devices and statistical programs for the predecessor of Head Start.[5][6] At the age of fourteen, Kurzweil wrote a paper detailing his theory of the neocortex.[7] His parents were involved with the arts, and he is quoted in the documentary Transcendent Man[8] as saying that the household always produced discussions about the future and technology.[9]Kurzweil attended Martin Van Buren High School. During class, he often held onto his class textbooks to seemingly participate, but instead, focused on his own projects which were hidden behind the book. His uncle, an engineer at Bell Labs, taught young Kurzweil the basics of computer science.[10] In 1963, at age 15, he wrote his first computer program.[11] He created pattern-recognition software that analyzed the works of classical composers, and then synthesized its own songs in similar styles. In 1965 he was invited to appear on the CBS television program I've Got a Secret,[12] where he performed a piano piece that was composed by a computer he also had built.[13] Later that year, he won first prize in the International Science Fair for the invention;[14] Kurzweil's submission to Westinghouse Talent Search of his first computer program alongside several other projects resulted in him being one of its national winners, which allowed him to be personally congratulated by President Lyndon B. Johnson during a White House ceremony. These activities collectively impressed upon Kurzweil the belief that nearly any problem could be overcome.[15]","title":"Life, inventions, and business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvin Minsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Frank Rosenblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt"},{"link_name":"Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"},{"link_name":"Harcourt, Brace & World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)#Harcourt,_Brace_&_World_(1960)_and_successors"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"optical character recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition"},{"link_name":"CCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device"},{"link_name":"flatbed scanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbed_scanner"},{"link_name":"text-to-speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_synthesis"},{"link_name":"National Federation of the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind"},{"link_name":"LexisNexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LexisNexis"},{"link_name":"Scansoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scansoft"},{"link_name":"Visioneer, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visioneer"},{"link_name":"Nuance Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuance_Communications"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Kurzweil Music Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzweil_Music_Systems"},{"link_name":"Kurzweil K250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzweil_K250"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Young Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Chang"},{"link_name":"Xerox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox"},{"link_name":"Hyundai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Development_Company"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"speech recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition"},{"link_name":"Lernout & Hauspie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernout_%26_Hauspie"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Mid-life","text":"While in high school, Kurzweil had corresponded with Marvin Minsky and was invited to visit him at MIT, which he did. Kurzweil also visited Frank Rosenblatt at Cornell.[16]He obtained a B.S. in computer science and literature in 1970 at MIT. He went to MIT to study with Marvin Minsky. He took all of the computer programming courses (eight or nine) offered at MIT in the first year and a half.In 1968, during his second year at MIT, Kurzweil started a company that used a computer program to match high school students with colleges. The program, called the Select College Consulting Program, was designed by him and compared thousands of different criteria about each college with questionnaire answers submitted by each student applicant. Around that time he sold the company to Harcourt, Brace & World for $100,000 ($876,172 in 2023) plus royalties.[17]In 1974, Kurzweil founded Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc. and led development of the first omni-font optical character recognition system, a computer program capable of recognizing text written in any normal font. Before that time, scanners had only been able to read text written in a few fonts. He decided that the best application of this technology would be to create a reading machine, which would allow blind people to understand written text by having a computer read it to them aloud. However, this device required the invention of two enabling technologies—the CCD flatbed scanner and the text-to-speech synthesizer. Development of these technologies was completed at other institutions such as Bell Labs, and on January 13, 1976, the finished product was unveiled during a news conference headed by him and the leaders of the National Federation of the Blind. Called the Kurzweil Reading Machine, the device covered an entire tabletop.Kurzweil's next major business venture began in 1978, when Kurzweil Computer Products began selling a commercial version of the optical character recognition computer program. LexisNexis was one of the first customers, and bought the program to upload paper legal and news documents onto its nascent online databases.Kurzweil sold his Kurzweil Computer Products to Xerox, where it was known as Xerox Imaging Systems, later known as Scansoft, and he functioned as a consultant for Xerox until 1995. In 1999, Visioneer, Inc. acquired ScanSoft from Xerox to form a new public company with ScanSoft as the new company-wide name. Scansoft merged with Nuance Communications in 2005.Kurzweil's next business venture was in the realm of electronic music technology. After a 1982 meeting with Stevie Wonder, in which the latter lamented the divide in capabilities and qualities between electronic synthesizers and traditional musical instruments, Kurzweil was inspired to create a new generation of music synthesizers capable of accurately duplicating the sounds of real instruments. Kurzweil Music Systems was founded in the same year, and in 1984, the Kurzweil K250 was unveiled. The machine was capable of imitating a number of instruments, and according to Kurzweil's press packet, musicians were unable to discern the difference between the Kurzweil K250 on piano mode from a normal grand piano.[18], though this was questioned by reviewers who actually attempted this [19][20] The recording and mixing abilities of the machine, coupled with its abilities to imitate different instruments, made it possible for a single user to compose and play an entire orchestral piece.Kurzweil Music Systems was sold to South Korean musical instrument manufacturer Young Chang in 1990. As with Xerox, Kurzweil remained as a consultant for several years. Hyundai acquired Young Chang in 2006 and in January 2007 appointed Raymond Kurzweil as Chief Strategy Officer of Kurzweil Music Systems.[21]Concurrent with Kurzweil Music Systems, Kurzweil created the company Kurzweil Applied Intelligence (KAI) to develop computer speech recognition systems for commercial use. The first product, which debuted in 1987, was an early speech recognition program. KAI was sold to Lernout & Hauspie in 1997.[22]","title":"Life, inventions, and business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurzweil Educational Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzweil_Educational_Systems"},{"link_name":"dyslexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexia"},{"link_name":"attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder"},{"link_name":"study skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_skills"},{"link_name":"Lernout & Hauspie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernout_%26_Hauspie"},{"link_name":"Cambium Learning Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambium_Learning_Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raymond_Kurzweil,_Stanford_2006_(square_crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Singularity Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_Summit"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"hedge fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-okeefe-24"},{"link_name":"The Age of Spiritual Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines"},{"link_name":"\"Kurzweil-National Federation of the Blind Reader\" (K-NFB Reader)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-NFB_Reader"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Larry Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-27"},{"link_name":"Kurzweil K250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzweil_K250"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Alcor Life Extension Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcor_Life_Extension_Foundation"},{"link_name":"cryonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics"},{"link_name":"cryoprotectants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoprotectant"},{"link_name":"vitrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopreservation#Vitrification"},{"link_name":"liquid nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Later life","text":"Kurzweil started Kurzweil Educational Systems (KESI) in 1996 to develop new pattern-recognition-based computer technologies to help people with disabilities such as blindness, dyslexia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school. Products include the Kurzweil 1000 text-to-speech converter software program, which enables a computer to read electronic and scanned text aloud to blind or visually impaired users, and the Kurzweil 3000 program, which is a multifaceted electronic learning system that helps with reading, writing, and study skills.Kurzweil sold KESI to Lernout & Hauspie. Following the legal and bankruptcy problems of the latter, he and other KESI employees purchased the company back. KESI was eventually sold to Cambium Learning Group, Inc.Raymond Kurzweil at the Singularity Summit at Stanford University in 2006During the 1990s, Kurzweil founded the Medical Learning Company.[23]In 1999, Kurzweil created a hedge fund called \"FatKat\" (Financial Accelerating Transactions from Kurzweil Adaptive Technologies), which began trading in 2006. He has stated that the ultimate aim is to improve the performance of FatKat's A.I. investment software program, enhancing its ability to recognize patterns in \"currency fluctuations and stock-ownership trends.\"[24] He predicted in his 1999 book, The Age of Spiritual Machines, that computers will one day prove superior to the best human financial minds at making profitable investment decisions.\nIn June 2005, Kurzweil introduced the \"Kurzweil-National Federation of the Blind Reader\" (K-NFB Reader)—a pocket-sized device consisting of a digital camera and computer unit. Like the Kurzweil Reading Machine of almost 30 years before, the K-NFB Reader is designed to aid blind people by reading written text aloud. The newer machine is portable and scans text through digital camera images, while the older machine is large and scans text through flatbed scanning.In December 2012, Kurzweil was hired by Google in a full-time position to \"work on new projects involving machine learning and language processing\".[25] He was personally hired by Google co-founder Larry Page.[26] Larry Page and Kurzweil agreed on a one-sentence job description: \"to bring natural language understanding to Google\".[27]He received a Technical Grammy on February 8, 2015, specifically for his invention of the Kurzweil K250.[28]Kurzweil has joined the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, a cryonics company. In the event of his declared death, Kurzweil plans to be perfused with cryoprotectants, vitrified in liquid nitrogen, and stored at an Alcor facility in the hope that future medical technology will be able to repair his tissues and revive him.[29]","title":"Life, inventions, and business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2008-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Newton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Amy Kurzweil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Kurzweil"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"Kurzweil is agnostic about the existence of a soul.[30] On the possibility of divine intelligence, Kurzweil has said \"Does God exist? I would say 'Not yet.'\"[31]Kurzweil married Sonya Rosenwald Kurzweil in 1975.[32] Sonya Kurzweil is a psychologist in private practice in Newton, Massachusetts, working with women, children, parents and families. She holds faculty appointments at Harvard Medical School and William James College for Graduate Education in Psychology. Her research interests and publications are in the area of psychotherapy practice. She also serves as an active Overseer at Boston Children's Museum.[33]He has a son, Ethan Kurzweil, who is a venture capitalist,[34] and a daughter, Amy Kurzweil, a cartoonist.[35][36]","title":"Life, inventions, and business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wait calculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait_calculation"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"}],"sub_title":"Creative approach","text":"See also: Wait calculationKurzweil said \"I realize that most inventions fail not because the R&D department can't get them to work, but because the timing is wrong—not all of the enabling factors are at play where they are needed. Inventing is a lot like surfing: you have to anticipate and catch the wave at just the right moment.\"[37][38]For the past several decades, Kurzweil's most effective and common approach to doing creative work has been conducted during his lucid dreamlike state which immediately precedes his awakening state. He claims to have constructed inventions, solved difficult problems, such as algorithmic, business strategy, organizational, and interpersonal problems, and written speeches in this state.[16]","title":"Life, inventions, and business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Age of Intelligent Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Intelligent_Machines"},{"link_name":"Association of American Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_10%25_Solution_for_a_Healthy_Life"},{"link_name":"The Age of Spiritual Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Voyage:_Live_Long_Enough_to_Live_Forever"},{"link_name":"alternative medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine"},{"link_name":"The Singularity Is Near","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Near"},{"link_name":"Pauley Perrette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauley_Perrette"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Transcendent Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent_Man"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transcendentman.com-8"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"How to Create a Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Create_a_Mind"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Pattern Recognition Theory of Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_Recognition_Theory_of_Mind"},{"link_name":"neocortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocortex"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"The Singularity Is Nearer: When We Merge with AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Nearer:_When_We_Merge_with_AI"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Kurzweil's first book, The Age of Intelligent Machines, was published in 1990. The nonfiction work discusses the history of computer artificial intelligence (AI) and forecasts future developments. Other experts in the field of AI contribute heavily to the work in the form of essays. The Association of American Publishers awarded it the status of Most Outstanding Computer Science Book of 1990.[39]In 1993, Kurzweil published a book on nutrition called The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life. The book's main idea is that high levels of fat intake are the cause of many health disorders common in the U.S., and thus that cutting fat consumption down to 10% of the total calories consumed would be optimal for most people.In 1999, Kurzweil published The Age of Spiritual Machines, which further elucidates his theories regarding the future of technology, which themselves stem from his analysis of long-term trends in biological and technological evolution. Much emphasis is on the likely course of AI development, along with the future of computer architecture.Kurzweil's next book, published in 2004, returned to human health and nutrition. Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever was co-authored by Terry Grossman, a medical doctor and specialist in alternative medicine.The Singularity Is Near, published in 2005, was made into a movie starring Pauley Perrette from NCIS. In February 2007, Ptolemaic Productions acquired the rights to The Singularity Is Near, The Age of Spiritual Machines, and Fantastic Voyage, including the rights to film Kurzweil's life and ideas for the documentary film Transcendent Man,[8] which was directed by Barry Ptolemy.Transcend: Nine Steps to Living Well Forever,[40] a follow-up to Fantastic Voyage, was released on April 28, 2009.Kurzweil's book How to Create a Mind was released on November 13, 2012.[41] In it Kurzweil describes his Pattern Recognition Theory of Mind, the theory that the neocortex is a hierarchical system of pattern recognizers, and argues that emulating this architecture in machines could lead to an artificial superintelligence.[42]Kurzweil's first fiction novel, Danielle: Chronicles of a Superheroine, follows a girl who uses her intelligence and the help of her friends to tackle real-world problems. It follows a structure akin to the scientific method. Chapters are organized as year-by-year episodes from Danielle's childhood and adolescence.[43] The book comes with companion materials, A Chronicle of Ideas, and How You Can Be a Danielle that provide real-world context. The book was released in April 2019.[44]Kurzweil's latest book, The Singularity Is Nearer: When We Merge with AI, is scheduled to be published in June 2024.[45]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Waller"},{"link_name":"Marvin Minsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky"},{"link_name":"Transcendent Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent_Man"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transcendentman.com-8"},{"link_name":"Plug & Pray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_%26_Pray"},{"link_name":"Seattle International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Joseph Weizenbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The Singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singularity_(film)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieet-47"}],"text":"In 2010, Kurzweil wrote and co-produced a movie directed by Anthony Waller called The Singularity Is Near: A True Story About the Future, which was based in part on his 2005 book The Singularity Is Near. Part fiction, part non-fiction, the film blends interviews with 20 big thinkers (such as Marvin Minsky) with a narrative story that illustrates some of his key ideas, including a computer avatar (Ramona) who saves the world from self-replicating microscopic robots. In addition to his movie, an independent, feature-length documentary was made about Kurzweil, his life, and his ideas, called Transcendent Man.[8]In 2010, an independent documentary film called Plug & Pray premiered at the Seattle International Film Festival, in which Kurzweil and one of his major critics, the late Joseph Weizenbaum, argue about the benefits of eternal life.[46]The feature-length documentary film The Singularity by independent filmmaker Doug Wolens (released at the end of 2012), showcasing Kurzweil, has been acclaimed as \"a large-scale achievement in its documentation of futurist and counter-futurist ideas\" and \"the best documentary on the Singularity to date\".[47]","title":"Movies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spiritual Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Machines"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_Peace"},{"link_name":"The Age of Spiritual Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellen-48"}],"sub_title":"Our Lady Peace","text":"On December 12, 2000, the album Spiritual Machines by the Canadian alternative rock band Our Lady Peace was released by Columbia Records. Although not initially intended, the project evolved into a conceptual interpretation of Kurzweil's 1999 book The Age of Spiritual Machines. The band contacted Ray Kurzweil via email to ask for permission to use the title of his book for their project. Kurzweil's excitement at the prospect prompted them to invite him to record spoken excerpts from his book for the album. As a result, short tracks of spoken dialog from Kurzweil himself are interspersed among the actual songs on the album. The Kurzweil K250 keyboard, one of his inventions, was also utilized throughout the recording of the album.[48]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Age of Spiritual Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Moore's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law"},{"link_name":"John von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"},{"link_name":"technological singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"The Law of Accelerating Returns","text":"In his 1999 book The Age of Spiritual Machines, Kurzweil proposed \"The Law of Accelerating Returns\", according to which the rate of change in a wide variety of evolutionary systems (including the growth of technologies) tends to increase exponentially.[49] He gave further focus to this issue in a 2001 essay entitled \"The Law of Accelerating Returns\", which proposed an extension of Moore's law to a wide variety of technologies, and used this to argue in favor of John von Neumann's concept of a technological singularity.[50]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army Science Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Science_Board"},{"link_name":"nanotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global_warming-51"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booktv-13"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Stance on the future of genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics","text":"Kurzweil was working with the Army Science Board in 2006 to develop a rapid response system to deal with the possible abuse of biotechnology. He suggested that the same technologies that are empowering us to reprogram biology away from cancer and heart disease could be used by a bioterrorist to reprogram a biological virus to be more deadly, communicable, and stealthy. However, he suggests that we have the scientific tools to successfully defend against these attacks, similar to the way we defend against computer software viruses. He has testified before Congress on the subject of nanotechnology, advocating that nanotechnology has the potential to solve serious global problems such as poverty, disease, and climate change: \"Nanotech Could Give Global Warming a Big Chill\".[51]In media appearances, Kurzweil has stressed the extreme potential dangers of nanotechnology[13] but argues that in practice, progress cannot be stopped because that would require a totalitarian system, and any attempt to do so would drive dangerous technologies underground and deprive responsible scientists of the tools needed for defense. He suggests that the proper place of regulation is to ensure that technological progress proceeds safely and quickly, but does not deprive the world of profound benefits. He stated, \"To avoid dangers such as unrestrained nanobot replication, we need relinquishment at the right level and to place our highest priority on the continuing advance of defensive technologies, staying ahead of destructive technologies. An overall strategy should include a streamlined regulatory process, a global program of monitoring for unknown or evolving biological pathogens, temporary moratoriums, raising public awareness, international cooperation, software reconnaissance, and fostering values of liberty, tolerance, and respect for knowledge and diversity.\"[52]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glucose intolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_intolerance"},{"link_name":"type II diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_diabetes"},{"link_name":"heart disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease"},{"link_name":"Terry Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Grossman"},{"link_name":"chemical intravenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy"},{"link_name":"red wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine"},{"link_name":"alkaline water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_water"},{"link_name":"green tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_tea"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-2008-30"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"add more than a year to one's remaining life expectancy for each year that passes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longevity_escape_velocity"},{"link_name":"SENS Research Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SENS_Research_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-27"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Health and aging","text":"Kurzweil admits that he cared little for his health until age 35, when he was found to suffer from a glucose intolerance, an early form of type II diabetes (a major risk factor for heart disease). Kurzweil then found a doctor, Terry Grossman, who shared his unconventional beliefs and helped him to develop an extreme regimen involving hundreds of pills, chemical intravenous treatments, red wine, and various other methods to attempt to extend his lifespan. In 2007, Kurzweil was ingesting \"250 supplements, eight to 10 glasses of alkaline water and 10 cups of green tea\" every day and drinking several glasses of red wine a week in an effort to \"reprogram\" his biochemistry.[53] By 2008, he had reduced the number of supplement pills to 150.[30] By 2015, Kurzweil further reduced his daily pill regimen down to 100 pills.[54]Kurzweil asserts that in the future, everyone will live forever.[55] In a 2013 interview, he said that in 15 years, medical technology could add more than a year to one's remaining life expectancy for each year that passes, and we could then \"outrun our own deaths\". Among other things, he has supported the SENS Research Foundation's approach to finding a way to repair aging damage, and has encouraged the general public to hasten their research by donating.[27][56]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"futurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_studies"},{"link_name":"transhumanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism"},{"link_name":"Machine Intelligence Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Lifeboat Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Singularity Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_Summit"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"NASA Ames Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Ames_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"Singularity University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_University"},{"link_name":"Vernor Vinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernor_Vinge"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Encouraging futurism and transhumanism","text":"Kurzweil's standing as a futurist and transhumanist has led to his involvement in several singularity-themed organizations. In December 2004, Kurzweil joined the advisory board of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute.[57] In October 2005, Kurzweil joined the scientific advisory board of the Lifeboat Foundation.[58] On May 13, 2006, Kurzweil was the first speaker at the Singularity Summit at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California.[59] In May 2013, Kurzweil was the keynote speaker at the 2013 proceeding of the Research, Innovation, Start-up and Employment (RISE) international conference in Seoul.In February 2009, Kurzweil, in collaboration with Google and the NASA Ames Research Center, announced the creation of the Singularity University training center for corporate executives and government officials. The university's self-described mission is to \"assemble, educate and inspire a cadre of leaders who strive to understand and facilitate the development of exponentially advancing technologies and apply, focus and guide these tools to address humanity's grand challenges\". Using Vernor Vinge's Singularity concept as a foundation, the university offered its first nine-week graduate program to 40 students in 2009.Kurzweil views the human body as a system of thousands of \"programs\" and that understanding all of their functions could hold the key towards building a truly sentient AI.[60][61]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"universal basic income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_basic_income"},{"link_name":"abundance of virtually free resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-scarcity"},{"link_name":"without the need to work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-work_society"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-63"},{"link_name":"TED Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_Talk"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-63"}],"sub_title":"Universal basic income","text":"Kurzweil is an advocate of universal basic income (UBI), arguing that progress in science and technology will eventually lead to an abundance of virtually free resources, enabling every citizen to live without the need to work: \"We are clearly headed toward a situation where everyone can live very well\".[62]According to him, the major hurdle to the introduction of a UBI is not its feasibility, but political will, which is slowly emerging.[63] In a TED Talk in 2018, he predicted that \"in the early 2030s, we'll have universal basic income in the developed world, and worldwide by the end of the 2030s. You'll be able to live very well on that. The primary concern will be meaning and purpose.\"[63]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Predictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Age of Intelligent Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Intelligent_Machines"},{"link_name":"Ithiel de Sola Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithiel_de_Sola_Pool"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Deep Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)"},{"link_name":"Garry Kasparov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov"},{"link_name":"a well-publicized chess match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_versus_Garry_Kasparov"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"The Age of Intelligent Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Intelligent_Machines"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"dot-com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"},{"link_name":"market capitalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization"},{"link_name":"petaflops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsweek_May_2009_page_2-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsweek_May_2009_page_2-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Past predictions","text":"Kurzweil's first book, The Age of Intelligent Machines, presents his ideas about the future. Written from 1986 to 1989, it was published in 1990. Building on Ithiel de Sola Pool's \"Technologies of Freedom\" (1983), Kurzweil claims to have forecast the dissolution of the Soviet Union due to new technologies such as cellular phones and fax machines disempowering authoritarian governments by removing state control over the flow of information.[64] In the book, Kurzweil also extrapolates trends in improving computer chess software performance, predicting that computers would beat the best human players \"by the year 2000\".[65] In May 1997, IBM's Deep Blue computer defeated chess World Champion Garry Kasparov in a well-publicized chess match.[66]Kurzweil foresaw the explosive growth in worldwide Internet use that began in the 1990s. At the time when The Age of Intelligent Machines was published, there were only 2.6 million Internet users in the world,[67] and the medium was unreliable, difficult to use, and deficient in content. He also stated that the Internet would explode not only in the number of users but in content as well, eventually granting users access \"to international networks of libraries, data bases, and information services\". Additionally, Kurzweil claims to have correctly foreseen that the preferred mode of Internet access would inevitably be through wireless systems, and estimated that this development would become practical for widespread use in the early 21st century.In October 2010, Kurzweil released his report, \"How My Predictions Are Faring\" in PDF format,[68] analyzing the predictions he made in his book The Age of Intelligent Machines (1990), The Age of Spiritual Machines (1999) and The Singularity is Near (2005). Of the 147 predictions, Kurzweil claimed that 115 were \"entirely correct\", 12 were \"essentially correct\", 17 were \"partially correct\", and only 3 were \"wrong\". Combining the \"entirely\" and \"essentially\" correct, Kurzweil's claimed accuracy rate comes to 86%.Daniel Lyons, writing in Newsweek magazine, criticized Kurzweil for some of his predictions that turned out to be wrong, such as the economy continuing to boom from the 1998 dot-com through 2009, a US company having a market capitalization of more than $1 trillion by 2009, a supercomputer achieving 20 petaflops, speech recognition being in widespread use and cars that would drive themselves using sensors installed in highways; all by 2009.[69] To the charge that a 20 petaflop supercomputer was not produced in the time he predicted, Kurzweil responded that he considers Google a giant supercomputer, and that it is indeed capable of 20 petaflops.[69]Forbes magazine claimed that Kurzweil's predictions for 2009 were mostly inaccurate, with 7 failed predictions, 4 partially true predictions, and one correct one. For example, Kurzweil predicted, \"The majority of text is created using continuous speech recognition\", which was not the case.[70]","title":"Predictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Age of Spiritual Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines"},{"link_name":"nanorobotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics"},{"link_name":"Turing test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Transcendent Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent_Man"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transcendentman.com-8"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"solar power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Future predictions","text":"In 1999, Kurzweil published a second book titled The Age of Spiritual Machines, which goes into more depth explaining his futurist ideas. In it, he states that with radical life extension will come radical life enhancement. He says he is confident that within 10 years we will have the option to spend some of our time in 3D virtual environments that appear just as real as real reality, but these will not yet be made possible via direct interaction with our nervous system. He expounded on his prediction regarding nanorobotics, making the claim of within 20 years having millions of blood-cell sized devices, known as nanobots, inside our bodies fighting diseases, and improving our memory and cognitive abilities. Kurzweil also claims that a machine will pass the Turing test by 2029. Kurzweil states that humans will be a hybrid of biological and non-biological intelligence that becomes increasingly dominated by its non-biological component.[71] In Transcendent Man Kurzweil states \"We humans are going to start linking with each other and become a metaconnection; we will all be connected and omnipresent, plugged into a global network that is connected to billions of people and filled with data.\"[8]In 2008, Kurzweil said in an expert panel in the National Academy of Engineering that solar power will scale up to produce all the energy needs of Earth's people in 20 years. According to Kurzweil, we only need to capture 1 part in 10,000 of the energy from the Sun that hits Earth's surface to meet all of humanity's energy needs.[72]","title":"Predictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lex Fridman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Fridman"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"the nuclear power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Stance on nuclear weapons","text":"On a Lex Fridman interview on September 17, 2022, Kurzweil explained his worries about technology being used for violence. When asked about nuclear armaggedon and the Russo-Ukrainian War, Kurzweil stated: \"I don't think (nuclear war) is going to happen despite the terrors of that war. It is a possibility but it's unlikely. Even with the tensions we've had with the nuclear power plant that's been taken over. It's very tense but I don't actually see a lot of people worrying that's going to happen. I think we'll avoid that. We had two nuclear bombs go off in (1945) so now we're 77 years later... we've never had another one go off through anger... there are other dangers besides nuclear weapons.\"[73]","title":"Predictions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfeiffer-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulkeley_A3A-75"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who_Made_America-76"},{"link_name":"Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc._(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26_Most_Fascinating_Entrepreneurs-77"},{"link_name":"Bill Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Praise","text":"Kurzweil was called \"the ultimate thinking machine\" by Forbes[74] and a \"restless genius\"[75] by The Wall Street Journal. PBS included Kurzweil as one of 16 \"revolutionaries who made America\"[76] along with other inventors of the past two centuries. Inc. magazine ranked him Number 8 among the \"most fascinating\" entrepreneurs in the US and called him \"Edison's rightful heir\".[77] Bill Gates called him \"the best at predicting the future of artificial intelligence\".[78]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neal Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Bruce Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sterling"},{"link_name":"Long Now Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Now_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Daniel Dennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Rodney Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Brooks"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"David Gelernter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gelernter"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Paul Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Allen"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"IEEE Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"John Rennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie_(editor)"},{"link_name":"unfalsifiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Bill Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Joy"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"dystopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Mitch Kapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Kapor"},{"link_name":"Lotus Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"intelligent design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design"},{"link_name":"IQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-okeefe-24"},{"link_name":"Douglas Hofstadter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter"},{"link_name":"Hans Moravec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Moravec"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"PZ Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZ_Myers"},{"link_name":"New Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singularitarianism-90"},{"link_name":"Jaron Lanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaron_Lanier"},{"link_name":"Edge Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_Foundation,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieet-47"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Theodore Modis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Modis"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"John Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_N._Gray"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"HP Newquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Newquist"},{"link_name":"P.T. Barnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.T._Barnum"},{"link_name":"Ed Feigenbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"William D. Nordhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nordhaus"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"Although technological singularity is a popular concept in science fiction, some authors such as Neal Stephenson[79] and Bruce Sterling have voiced skepticism about its real-world plausibility. Sterling expressed his views on the singularity scenario in a talk at the Long Now Foundation entitled The Singularity: Your Future as a Black Hole.[80][81] Other prominent AI thinkers and computer scientists such as Daniel Dennett,[82] Rodney Brooks,[83] David Gelernter[84] and Paul Allen[85] have also criticized Kurzweil's projections.In the cover article of the December 2010 issue of IEEE Spectrum, John Rennie criticizes Kurzweil for several predictions that failed to become manifest by the originally predicted date. \"Therein lie the frustrations of Kurzweil's brand of tech punditry. On close examination, his clearest and most successful predictions often lack originality or profundity. And most of his predictions come with so many loopholes that they border on the unfalsifiable.\"[86]Bill Joy, cofounder of Sun Microsystems, agrees with Kurzweil's timeline of future progress, but thinks that technologies such as AI, nanotechnology and advanced biotechnology will create a dystopian world.[87] Mitch Kapor, the founder of Lotus Development Corporation, has called the notion of a technological singularity \"intelligent design for the IQ 140 people... This proposition that we're heading to this point at which everything is going to be just unimaginably different—it's fundamentally, in my view, driven by a religious impulse. And all of the frantic arm-waving can't obscure that fact for me.\"[24]Cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter has said of Kurzweil's and Hans Moravec's books: \"It's an intimate mixture of rubbish and good ideas, and it's very hard to disentangle the two, because these are smart people; they're not stupid.\"[88]Biologist PZ Myers has criticized Kurzweil's predictions as being based on \"New Age spiritualism\" rather than science and says that Kurzweil does not understand basic biology.[89][90] VR pioneer Jaron Lanier has described Kurzweil's ideas as \"cybernetic totalism\" and has outlined his views on the culture surrounding Kurzweil's predictions in an essay for Edge Foundation entitled One Half of a Manifesto.[47][91] Physicist and futurist Theodore Modis claims that Kurzweil's thesis of a \"technological singularity\" lacks scientific rigor.[92]British philosopher John Gray argued that contemporary science is what magic was for ancient civilizations: It gives a sense of hope for those who are willing to do almost anything to achieve eternal life. He quotes Kurzweil's Singularity as one such example, noting that this line of thinking has been present throughout the history of mankind.[93]HP Newquist wrote in The Brain Makers \"Born with the same gift for self-promotion that was a character trait of people like P.T. Barnum and Ed Feigenbaum, Kurzweil had no problems talking up his technical prowess... Ray Kurzweil was not noted for his understatement.\"[94]In a 2015 paper, William D. Nordhaus of Yale University used a variety of econometric methods to run six supply-side tests and one demand-side test to track the macroeconomic viability of the required steep rises in information technology. Only two indicated that a Singularity was economically possible and both predicted at least 100 years before it would occur.[95]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ssp-14"},{"link_name":"Grace Murray Hopper Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award"},{"link_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Berklee College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kurzweilai.net-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kurzweilai.net-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Dickson Prize in Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickson_Prize"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Tesla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse"},{"link_name":"Nunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Nunn"},{"link_name":"Lemelson-MIT Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemelson-MIT_Prize"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Design Futures Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Futures_Council"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Eta Kappa Nu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Kappa_Nu"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KurzweilAIbio-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"CINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CINE"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kurzweilai.net-99"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"text":"First place in the 1965 International Science Fair[14] for inventing the classical music synthesizing computer.\nThe 1978 Grace Murray Hopper Award from the Association for Computing Machinery. The award is given annually to one \"outstanding young computer professional\" and is accompanied by a $35,000 prize.[96] Kurzweil won it for his invention of the Kurzweil Reading Machine.[97]\nIn 1986, Kurzweil was named Honorary chairman for Innovation of the White House Conference on Small Business by President Reagan.\nIn 1987, Kurzweil received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.[98]\nIn 1988, Kurzweil was named Inventor of the Year by MIT and the Boston Museum of Science.[99]\nIn 1990, Kurzweil was voted Engineer of the Year by the over one million readers of Design News Magazine and received their third annual Technology Achievement Award.[99][100]\nThe 1995 Dickson Prize in Science\nThe 1998 \"Inventor of the Year\" award from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[101]\nThe 1999 National Medal of Technology.[102] This is the highest award the President of the United States can bestow upon individuals and groups for pioneering new technologies, and the President dispenses the award at his discretion.[103] Bill Clinton presented Kurzweil with the National Medal of Technology during a White House ceremony in recognition of Kurzweil's development of computer-based technologies to help people with disabilities.\nIn 2000, Kurzweil received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[104]\nThe 2000 Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology.[105] Two other individuals also received the same honor that year. The award is presented yearly to people who \"exemplify the life, times and standard of contribution of Tesla, Westinghouse and Nunn.\"\nThe 2001 Lemelson-MIT Prize for a lifetime of developing technologies to help people with disabilities and to enrich the arts.[106] Only one is awarded each year – it is given to highly successful, mid-career inventors. A$500,000 award accompanies the prize.[107]\nKurzweil was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2002 for inventing the Kurzweil Reading Machine.[108] The organization \"honors the women and men responsible for the great technological advances that make human, social and economic progress possible.\"[109] Fifteen other people were inducted into the Hall of Fame the same year.[110]\nThe Arthur C. Clarke Lifetime Achievement Award on April 20, 2009, for lifetime achievement as an inventor and futurist in computer-based technologies.[111]\nIn 2011, Kurzweil was named a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council.[112]\nIn 2013, Kurzweil was honored as a Silicon Valley Visionary Award winner on June 26 by SVForum.[113]\nIn 2014, Kurzweil was honored with the American Visionary Art Museum's Grand Visionary Award on January 30.[114][115][116]\nIn 2014, Kurzweil was inducted as an Eminent Member of IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu.\nKurzweil has received 20 honorary doctorates in science, engineering, music and humane letters from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Hofstra University and other leading colleges and universities, as well as honors from three U.S. presidents – Clinton, Reagan and Johnson.[117][118]\nKurzweil has received seven national and international film awards including the CINE Golden Eagle Award and the gold medal for Science Education from the International Film and TV Festival of New York.[99]\nHe gave a 2007 keynote speech to the Protestant United Church of Christ in Hartford, Connecticut, alongside Barack Obama, who was then a Presidential candidate.[119][120]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Age of Intelligent Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Intelligent_Machines"},{"link_name":"The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_10%25_Solution_for_a_Healthy_Life"},{"link_name":"The Age of Spiritual Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Voyage:_Live_Long_Enough_to_Live_Forever"},{"link_name":"The Singularity Is Near","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Near"},{"link_name":"Transcend: Nine Steps to Living Well Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcend:_Nine_Steps_to_Living_Well_Forever"},{"link_name":"How to Create a Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Create_a_Mind"}],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"The Age of Intelligent Machines (1990)\nThe 10% Solution for a Healthy Life (1993)\nThe Age of Spiritual Machines (1999)\nFantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever (2004 – co-authored with Dr. Terry Grossman)\nThe Singularity Is Near (2005)\nTranscend: Nine Steps to Living Well Forever (2009 – co-authored with Dr. Terry Grossman)\nHow to Create a Mind (2012)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fiction","text":"Danielle: Chronicles of a Superheroine (2019)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"Peragine, Michael (2013). The universal mind: The evolution of machine intelligence and human psychology. San Diego: Xiphias Press. ASIN B00BQ47APM. He was born to secular Jewish parents who had escaped Austria just before the onset of World War II. He was exposed via Unitarian Universalism to a diversity of religious faiths during his upbringing.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dvb0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT106","url_text":"The universal mind: The evolution of machine intelligence and human psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00BQ47APM","url_text":"B00BQ47APM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism","url_text":"Unitarian Universalism"}]},{"reference":"Hochman, David (April 19, 2016). \"Reinvent yourself: the Playboy interview with Ray Kurzweil\". Playboy (Interview). Retrieved April 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thekurzweillibrary.com/playboy-re-invent-yourself-the-playboy-interview","url_text":"\"Reinvent yourself: the Playboy interview with Ray Kurzweil\""}]},{"reference":"Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. United States: Viking. pp. Prologue. ISBN 978-0-670-03384-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03384-3","url_text":"978-0-670-03384-3"}]},{"reference":"Rifken, Glen (March 18, 1991). \"Raymond Kurzweil\". Computerworld: The newsweekly of information systems management (Interview). Vol. 25, no. 11. International Data Group. pp. 75f. ISSN 0010-4841.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vfztUIpZm7UC&pg=PA75","url_text":"\"Raymond Kurzweil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4841","url_text":"0010-4841"}]},{"reference":"Ingrid Wickelgren (host), Ray Kurzweil (guest) (November 20, 2012). Ray Kurzweil. After Words. Washington, DC: National Cable Satellite Corporation. Retrieved April 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?309044-1/after-words-ray-kurzweil","url_text":"Ray Kurzweil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Words","url_text":"After Words"}]},{"reference":"Wickelgren, Ingrid (December 11, 2012). \"On TV, Ray Kurzweil tells me how to build a brain\". Scientific American (Blog post). Retrieved April 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/streams-of-consciousness/on-tv-ray-kurzweil-tells-me-how-to-build-a-brain/","url_text":"\"On TV, Ray Kurzweil tells me how to build a brain\""}]},{"reference":"Diane Rehm (host), Ray Kurzweil (guest) (November 27, 2012). Ray Kurzweil: \"How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed\". The Diane Rehm Show. Washington, DC: WAMU. Retrieved April 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://dianerehm.org/shows/2012-11-27/ray-kurzweil-how-create-mind-secret-human-thought-revealed/transcript","url_text":"Ray Kurzweil: \"How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diane_Rehm_Show","url_text":"The Diane Rehm Show"}]},{"reference":"\"Answering all your questions about The Technological Singularity\". Transcendent man: Prepare to evolve. September 1, 2017. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225351/https://transcendentman.com/mind-boggling-technological-singularity-defined/","url_text":"\"Answering all your questions about The Technological Singularity\""},{"url":"https://transcendentman.com/mind-boggling-technological-singularity-defined/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transcendent Man.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Inventor of the Week\". Web.mit.edu. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140102111050/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/kurzweil.html","url_text":"\"Inventor of the Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"KurzweilAI.net\". KurzweilAI.net. Archived from the original on February 22, 2005. Retrieved April 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050222180825/http://www.kurzweilai.net/meme/frame.html?main=%2Farticles%2Fart0467.html","url_text":"\"KurzweilAI.net\""},{"url":"http://www.kurzweilai.net/meme/frame.html?main=%2Farticles%2Fart0467.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Kurzweil Biography and Interview\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.","urls":[{"url":"https://achievement.org/achiever/ray-kurzwell/#interview","url_text":"\"Ray Kurzweil Biography and Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement","url_text":"American Academy of Achievement"}]},{"reference":"Pedro Echevarria (host), Ray Kurzweil (guest) (November 5, 2006). Ray Kurzweil. In Depth. Book TV. Retrieved April 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.c-span.org/video/?194500-1/depth-ray-kurzweil","url_text":"Ray Kurzweil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Depth","url_text":"In Depth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_TV","url_text":"Book TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Alumni Honors\". Society for Science and the Public. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120729231138/http://www.societyforscience.org/page.aspx?pid=261","url_text":"\"Alumni Honors\""},{"url":"http://www.societyforscience.org/Page.aspx?pid=261","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aamoth, Doug (April 2, 2010). \"An Interview With Ray Kurzweil\". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved September 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://techland.time.com/2010/04/02/an-interview-with-ray-kurzweil/","url_text":"\"An Interview With Ray Kurzweil\""}]},{"reference":"Michaels, Morgan (November 6, 2000). \"Nerd of the Week: Ray Kurzweil\". Nerdworld: Your source for nerdly culture, life, and work styles since 1995. Archived from the original on January 22, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010122032400/http://www.nerdworld.com/lf_notw_014.html","url_text":"\"Nerd of the Week: Ray Kurzweil\""},{"url":"http://www.nerdworld.com/lf_notw_014.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Ray Kurzweil\". Kurzweiltech.com. January 13, 1976. Retrieved March 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kurzweiltech.com/raybio.html","url_text":"\"Biography of Ray Kurzweil\""}]},{"reference":"Donald Byrd and Christopher Yavelow (1986). \"The Kurzweil 250 Digital Synthesizer\". Computer Music Journal. 10 (1): 64–86. doi:10.2307/3680298. JSTOR 3680298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3680298","url_text":"10.2307/3680298"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3680298","url_text":"3680298"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurzweil Digital Keyboard\". One Two Testing. September. 1984. . . . the piano sound wouldn't win any blindfold tests against a real grand if they were pitted against one another in the same room","urls":[{"url":"https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/kurzweil-digital-keyboard/8493","url_text":"\"Kurzweil Digital Keyboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurzweil 250\". Electronics & Music Maker. December. 1984. During the comparisons, this prompted me to start burying myself in sheet music to see how the 250 could cope with the tonal ebb and flow of Rachmaninoff and the atmospheric haze of Debussy. Perhaps not surprisingly, the Bosendorfer won on both counts . . .","urls":[{"url":"https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/kurzweil-250/8026","url_text":"\"Kurzweil 250\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hyundai names Kurzweil Chief Strategy Officer of Kurzweil Music Systems\". Kurzweilai.net. February 1, 2007. Archived from the original on May 13, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090513021858/http://www.kurzweilai.net/news/frame.html?main=news_single.html%3Fid%3D6360","url_text":"\"Hyundai names Kurzweil Chief Strategy Officer of Kurzweil Music Systems\""},{"url":"http://www.kurzweilai.net/news/frame.html?main=news_single.html%3Fid%3D6360","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Private Companies Worldwide, BusinessWeek\". Businessweek.com. Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=542059","url_text":"\"List of Private Companies Worldwide, BusinessWeek\""}]},{"reference":"O'Keefe, Brian (May 2, 2007). \"The Smartest (or the Nuttiest) Futurist on Earth\". CNN. Retrieved July 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortune.com/2007/05/14/ray-kurzweil-innovation-artificial-intelligence/","url_text":"\"The Smartest (or the Nuttiest) Futurist on Earth\""}]},{"reference":"Letzing, John (December 14, 2012). \"Google Hires Famed Futurist Ray Kurzweil\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2012/12/14/google-hires-famed-futurist-ray-kurzweil/?mod=WSJBlog&source=email_rt_mc_body&ifp=0","url_text":"\"Google Hires Famed Futurist Ray Kurzweil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive Interview: Ray Kurzweil Discusses His First Two Months at Google\". March 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://singularityhub.com/2013/03/19/exclusive-interview-ray-kurzweil-discusses-his-first-two-months-at-google/","url_text":"\"Exclusive Interview: Ray Kurzweil Discusses His First Two Months at Google\""}]},{"reference":"\"Will Google's Ray Kurzweil Live Forever?\". WSJ. April 12, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324504704578412581386515510","url_text":"\"Will Google's Ray Kurzweil Live Forever?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bee Gees, Pierre Boulez, Buddy Guy, George Harrison, Flaco Jimenez, Louvin Brothers and Wayne Shorter honored with the Recording Academy® Lifetime Achievement Award\". grammy.org. December 18, 2014. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033851/https://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/press-release/the-bee-gees-pierre-boulez-buddy-guy-george-harrison-flaco-jimenez","url_text":"\"The Bee Gees, Pierre Boulez, Buddy Guy, George Harrison, Flaco Jimenez, Louvin Brothers and Wayne Shorter honored with the Recording Academy® Lifetime Achievement Award\""},{"url":"http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/press-release/the-bee-gees-pierre-boulez-buddy-guy-george-harrison-flaco-jimenez","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Philipkoski, Kirsten (November 18, 2002). \"Ray Kurzweil's Plan: Never Die\". Wired. Retrieved February 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2002/11/56448","url_text":"\"Ray Kurzweil's Plan: Never Die\""}]},{"reference":"\"CNN Transcript\". CNN. May 30, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0805/30/gb.01.html","url_text":"\"CNN Transcript\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Kurzweil, Founder, Chairman & CEO, Kurzweil Technologies – CRN.com\". CRN. December 9, 2005. Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crn.com/features/channel-programs/174907129/ray-kurzweil-founder-chairman-and-ceo-kurzweil-technologies.htm","url_text":"\"Ray Kurzweil, Founder, Chairman & CEO, Kurzweil Technologies – CRN.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ask Ray – Article on integrating digital media into children's lives by my wife Sonya Kurzweil, PhD – KurzweilAI\". Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kurzweilai.net/ask-ray-article-on-integrating-digital-media-into-childrens-lives-by-my-wife-sonya-kurzweil-phd","url_text":"\"Ask Ray – Article on integrating digital media into children's lives by my wife Sonya Kurzweil, PhD – KurzweilAI\""}]},{"reference":"Efrati, Amir (March 6, 2013). \"Father and Son Peer Into the Future of Tech\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324178904578340240851065014","url_text":"\"Father and Son Peer Into the Future of Tech\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Oral History Interview with Ray Kurzweil, Part 1 of 4\". American Foundation for the Blind. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. 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Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://lifeboat.com/ex/boards#robotics","url_text":"\"Lifeboat Foundation Advisory Boards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Printable version: Smarter than thou? / Stanford conference ponders a brave new world with machines more powerful than their creators\". SFGate. May 12, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/12/BUG9IIMG1V197.DTL&type=printable","url_text":"\"Printable version: Smarter than thou? / Stanford conference ponders a brave new world with machines more powerful than their creators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sentient AI? Convincing you it's human is just part of LaMDA's job\". Healthcare IT News. July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.healthcareitnews.com/blog/sentient-ai-convincing-you-it-s-human-just-part-lamda-s-job","url_text":"\"Sentient AI? Convincing you it's human is just part of LaMDA's job\""}]},{"reference":"Kurzweil, Ray (February 16, 2003). \"Human Body Version 2.0\". Kurzweilai.et. Retrieved July 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kurzweilai.net/human-body-version-20","url_text":"\"Human Body Version 2.0\""}]},{"reference":"Kurzweil, Ray (May 1, 2018). \"Supporting universal basic income is a step in world progress\". kurzweilai.net. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kurzweilai.net/letter-from-ray-supporting-universal-basic-income-as-step-in-world-progress","url_text":"\"Supporting universal basic income is a step in world progress\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201025023302/https://www.kurzweilai.net/letter-from-ray-supporting-universal-basic-income-as-step-in-world-progress","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Ariel (April 14, 2018). \"Google futurist and director of engineering: Basic income will spread worldwide by the 2030s\". Business Insider. Retrieved April 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/basic-income-worldwide-by-2030s-ray-kurzweil-2018-4","url_text":"\"Google futurist and director of engineering: Basic income will spread worldwide by the 2030s\""}]},{"reference":"Kurzweil, Ray (1990). The Age of Intelligent Machines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 446. 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ISBN 0-262-11121-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ageofintelligent00kurz/page/133","url_text":"The Age of Intelligent Machines"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ageofintelligent00kurz/page/133","url_text":"133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11121-7","url_text":"0-262-11121-7"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Bruce (May 12, 1997). \"Swift and Slashing, Computer Topples Kasparov\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/12/nyregion/swift-and-slashing-computer-topples-kasparov.html","url_text":"\"Swift and Slashing, Computer Topples Kasparov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fleeing the dot.com era: decline in Internet usage\". Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120629012339/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_2001_Feb/ai_70910777/pg_3","url_text":"\"Fleeing the dot.com era: decline in Internet usage\""},{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_2001_Feb/ai_70910777/pg_3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kurzweil, Ray (October 2010). \"How My Predictions Are Faring\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thekurzweillibrary.com/images/How-My-Predictions-Are-Faring.pdf","url_text":"\"How My Predictions Are Faring\""}]},{"reference":"Lyons, Daniel (May 2009). \"I, Robot\". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100413081045/http://www.newsweek.com/id/197812","url_text":"\"I, Robot\""}]},{"reference":"Kurzweil, Ray (2012). \"Ray Kurzweil's Predictions For 2009 Were Mostly Inaccurate\". Forbes. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2012/03/20/ray-kurzweils-predictions-for-2009-were-mostly-inaccurate/","url_text":"\"Ray Kurzweil's Predictions For 2009 Were Mostly Inaccurate\""}]},{"reference":"Eugenios, Jillian (June 3, 2015). \"Ray Kurzweil: Humans will be hybrids by 2030\". CNNMoney. Retrieved September 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/03/technology/ray-kurzweil-predictions/index.html","url_text":"\"Ray Kurzweil: Humans will be hybrids by 2030\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solar Power to Rule in 20 Years, Futurists Say\". LiveScience. February 19, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/environment/080219-kurzweil-solar.html","url_text":"\"Solar Power to Rule in 20 Years, Futurists Say\""}]},{"reference":"Bulkeley, William (June 23, 1989). \"Kurzweil Applied Intelligence, Inc\". The Wall Street Journal. p. A3A.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Who Made America?\". PBS. Retrieved February 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/innovators_hi.html","url_text":"\"Who Made America?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"}]},{"reference":"\"26 Most Fascinating Entrepreneurs\". Inc. Retrieved February 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inc.com/magazine/20050401/26-index.html","url_text":"\"26 Most Fascinating Entrepreneurs\""}]},{"reference":"\"CNN.com – Gates: Get ready for chip implants – Jul 4, 2005\". July 8, 2005. Archived from the original on July 8, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050708012222/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/07/04/gates.implants.ap/","url_text":"\"CNN.com – Gates: Get ready for chip implants – Jul 4, 2005\""},{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/07/04/gates.implants.ap/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Robin (October 20, 2004). \"Neal Stephenson Responds With Wit and Humor\". Slashdot. Retrieved August 28, 2008. My thoughts are more in line with those of Jaron Lanier, who points out that while hardware might be getting faster all the time, software is shit (I am paraphrasing his argument). And without software to do something useful with all that hardware, the hardware's nothing more than a really complicated space heater.","urls":[{"url":"http://interviews.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04/10/20/1518217","url_text":"\"Neal Stephenson Responds With Wit and Humor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slashdot","url_text":"Slashdot"}]},{"reference":"Brand, Stewart (June 14, 2004). \"Bruce Sterling – \"The Singularity: Your Future as a Black Hole\"\". The Long Now Foundation. Retrieved June 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.longnow.org/2004/06/14/bruce-sterling-the-singularity-your-future-as-a-black-hole/","url_text":"\"Bruce Sterling – \"The Singularity: Your Future as a Black Hole\"\""}]},{"reference":"Sterling, Bruce. \"The Singularity: Your Future as a Black Hole\". Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. It's an end-of-history notion, and like most end-of-history notions, it is showing its age.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sterling","url_text":"Sterling, Bruce"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004120035/http://media.longnow.org/seminars/salt-0200406-sterling/salt-0200406-sterling.mp3","url_text":"\"The Singularity: Your Future as a Black Hole\""}]},{"reference":"Dennett, Daniel. \"The Reality Club: One Half Of A Manifesto\". Edge.org. I'm glad that Lanier entertains the hunch that Dawkins and I (and Hofstadter and others) 'see some flaw in logic that insulates [our] thinking from the eschatalogical implications' drawn by Kurzweil and Moravec. He's right. I, for one, do see such a flaw, and I expect Dawkins and Hofstadter would say the same.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett","url_text":"Dennett, Daniel"},{"url":"https://www.edge.org/conversation/jaron_lanier-one-half-a-manifesto","url_text":"\"The Reality Club: One Half Of A Manifesto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge.org","url_text":"Edge.org"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Rodney. \"The Reality Club: One Half Of A Manifesto\". Edge.org. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2016. I do not at all agree with Moravec and Kurzweil's predictions for an eschatological cataclysm, just in time for their own memories and thoughts and person hood to be preserved before they might otherwise die.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Brooks","url_text":"Brooks, Rodney"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151107044838/http://edge.org/discourse/jaron_manifesto.html#brooks","url_text":"\"The Reality Club: One Half Of A Manifesto\""},{"url":"http://www.edge.org/discourse/jaron_manifesto.html#brooks","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gelernter, Kurzweil debate machine consciousness\". KurzweilAI.net. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151107044838/http://edge.org/discourse/jaron_manifesto.html#brooks","url_text":"\"Gelernter, Kurzweil debate machine consciousness\""},{"url":"http://www.edge.org/discourse/jaron_manifesto.html#brooks","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Allen: The Singularity Isn't Near\". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved July 25, 2022. Kurzweil's reasoning rests on the Law of Accelerating Returns and its siblings, but these are not physical laws. They are assertions about how past rates of scientific and technical progress can predict the future rate. Therefore, like other attempts to forecast the future from the past, these \"laws\" will work until they don't.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/2011/10/12/190773/paul-allen-the-singularity-isnt-near/","url_text":"\"Paul Allen: The Singularity Isn't Near\""}]},{"reference":"Rennie, John (December 2010). \"Ray Kurzweil's Slippery Futurism\". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved August 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/ray-kurzweils-slippery-futurism/","url_text":"\"Ray Kurzweil's Slippery Futurism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum","url_text":"IEEE Spectrum"}]},{"reference":"Joy, Bill (April 2000). \"Why the future doesn't need us\". Wired. Retrieved September 21, 2008. ...it was only in the autumn of 1998 that I became anxiously aware of how great are the dangers facing us in the 21st century. I can date the onset of my unease to the day I met Ray Kurzweil...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy_pr.html","url_text":"\"Why the future doesn't need us\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, Greg. \"An interview with Douglas R. Hofstadter\". American Scientist. Retrieved August 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/douglas-r-hofstadter","url_text":"\"An interview with Douglas R. Hofstadter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist","url_text":"American Scientist"}]},{"reference":"Lyons, Daniel (May 2009). \"I, Robot\". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved July 24, 2009. Still, a lot of people think Kurzweil is completely bonkers and/or full of a certain messy byproduct of ordinary biological functions. They include P. Z. Myers, a biologist at the University of Minnesota, Morris, who has used his blog to poke fun at Kurzweil and other armchair futurists who, according to Myers, rely on junk science and don't understand basic biology. \"I am completely baffled by Kurzweil's popularity, and in particular the respect he gets in some circles, since his claims simply do not hold up to even casually critical examination,\" writes Myers. He says Kurzweil's Singularity theories are closer to a deluded religious movement than they are to science. \"It's a New Age spiritualism—that's all it is,\" Myers says. \"Even geeks want to find God somewhere, and Kurzweil provides it for them.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100413081045/http://www.newsweek.com/id/197812","url_text":"\"I, Robot\""}]},{"reference":"Myers, PZ. \"Singularitarianism?\". Pharyngula blog. Archived from the original on May 8, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120508173648/http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/02/singularitarianism.php","url_text":"\"Singularitarianism?\""}]},{"reference":"Lanier, Jaron. \"One Half of a Manifesto\". Edge.org. Retrieved August 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/lanier/lanier_p1.html","url_text":"\"One Half of a Manifesto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge.org","url_text":"Edge.org"}]},{"reference":"Gray, John (2011). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sankara
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Thomas Sankara
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["1 Early life","2 Military career","3 Government posts","4 Presidency","4.1 Council of the Revolution","4.2 Health care and public works","4.3 Agriculture","4.4 Environment","4.5 People's Revolutionary Tribunals","4.6 Revolutionary Defence Committees","4.7 Relations with the Mossi people","4.8 Women's rights","4.9 Agacher Strip War","4.10 Relations with other countries","4.11 Criticism","5 Legacy","5.1 Solidarity","5.2 Style","5.3 Africa's Che Guevara","5.4 International recognition","6 Assassination","7 Assassination trial","8 Exhumation","9 Legacy","10 List of works","11 Further reading","11.1 Books","11.1.1 Monographs","11.1.2 Historical novel including Thomas Sankara","11.2 Web articles","12 Documentaries","13 References","14 Sources","15 External links"]
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President of Burkina Faso from 1983 to 1987
CaptainThomas SankaraOfficial portrait, 19831st President of Burkina FasoIn office4 August 1983 – 15 October 1987Prime MinisterVacantPreceded byJean-Baptiste OuédraogoSucceeded byBlaise Compaoré5th Prime Minister of Upper VoltaIn office10 January 1983 – 17 May 1983PresidentJean-Baptiste OuédraogoPreceded bySaye ZerboSucceeded byPost abolishedSecretary of State for InformationIn office9 September 1981 – 21 April 1982
Personal detailsBornThomas Isidore Noël Sankara(1949-12-21)21 December 1949Yako, Upper Volta, French West AfricaDied15 October 1987(1987-10-15) (aged 37)Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoManner of deathAssassinationResting placeOuagadougou, Burkina FasoPolitical partyAfrican Independence PartySpouseMariam SankaraChildren2SignatureMilitary serviceAllegiance
Upper Volta
Burkina Faso
Years of service1966–1987Rank CaptainBattles/warsAgacher Strip War
Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara (French pronunciation: ; 21 December 1949 – 15 October 1987) was a Burkinabè military officer, Marxist revolutionary and Pan-Africanist who served as President of Burkina Faso from his coup in 1983 to his assassination in 1987.
After being appointed Prime Minister in 1983, disputes with the sitting government led to Sankara's eventual imprisonment. While he was under house arrest, a group of revolutionaries seized power on his behalf in a popularly-supported coup later that year.
At the age of 33, Sankara became the President of the Republic of Upper Volta and launched an unprecedented series of social, ecological, and economic reforms. Sankara also renamed the country from the French colonial choice to Burkina Faso ('Land of Incorruptible People'), with its people being called Burkinabé ('upright people'). His foreign policies were centred on anti-imperialism and he rejected loans and capital from organizations such as the International Monetary Fund. However he welcomed some foreign aid in an effort to boost domestic revenues, diversify the sources of assistance, and make Burkina Faso self-sufficient.
His domestic policies included famine prevention, agrarian expansion, land reform, and suspending rural poll taxes, as well as a nationwide literacy campaign and vaccination program to reduce meningitis, yellow fever and measles. Sankara's health programmes distributed millions of doses of vaccines to children across Burkina Faso. His government also focused on building schools, health centres, water reservoirs, and infrastructure projects. He combatted desertification of the Sahel by planting more than 10 million trees. Moreover, he outlawed female genital mutilation, forced marriages and polygamy. Sankara reinforced his populist image by ordering the sale of luxury vehicles and properties owned by the government in order to reduce costs. In addition he banned what he considered the luxury of air conditioning in government offices, and homes of politicians. He established Cuban-inspired Committees for the Defence of the Revolution to serve as a new foundation of society and promote popular mobilization. His Popular Revolutionary Tribunals prosecuted public officials charged with graft, political crimes and corruption, considering such elements of the state counter-revolutionaries. This led to criticism by Amnesty International for human rights violations, including the government's practice of extrajudicial executions and arbitrary detentions of political opponents.
Sankara’s revolutionary programmes and reforms for African self-reliance made him an icon to many of Africa's poverty-stricken nations, and the president remained popular with a substantial majority of his country's citizens, as well as those outside Burkina Faso. But some of his policies alienated elements of the former ruling class, including tribal leaders — and the governments of France and its ally, the Ivory Coast.
On 15 October 1987, Sankara was assassinated by troops led by Blaise Compaoré, who assumed leadership of the country shortly thereafter. Compaoré retained power until the 2014 Burkina Faso uprising. In 2021 he was formally charged by a military tribunal for the murder of Sankara.
Early life
A map showing the major cities of Burkina Faso
Thomas Sankara was born Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara on 21 December 1949 in Yako, French Upper Volta, as the third of ten children to Joseph and Marguerite Sankara. His father, Joseph Sankara, a gendarme, was of mixed Mossi–Fulani (Silmi–Moaga) heritage, while his mother, Marguerite Kinda, was of direct Mossi descent. He spent his early years in Gaoua, a town in the humid southwest to which his father was transferred as an auxiliary gendarme. As the son of one of the few African functionaries then employed by the colonial state, he enjoyed a relatively privileged position. The family lived in a brick house with the families of other gendarmes at the top of a hill overlooking the rest of Gaoua.
Sankara attended primary school at Bobo-Dioulasso. He applied himself seriously to his schoolwork and excelled in mathematics and French. He went to church often and, impressed with his energy and eagerness to learn, some of the priests encouraged Thomas to go on to seminary school once he finished primary school. Despite initially agreeing, he took the exam required for entry to the sixth grade in the secular educational system and passed. Thomas's decision to continue with his education at the nearest lycée, Ouezzin Coulibaly (named after a pre-independence nationalist), proved to be a turning point. He left his father's household to attend the lycée in Bobo-Dioulasso, the country's commercial centre. There Sankara made close friends, including Fidèle Too, whom he later named a minister in his government; and Soumane Touré, who was in a more advanced class.
His Roman Catholic parents wanted him to become a priest, but he chose to enter the military. The military was popular at the time, having just ousted Maurice Yaméogo, an unpopular president. Many young intellectuals viewed it as a national institution that might potentially help to discipline the inefficient and corrupt bureaucracy, counterbalance the inordinate influence of traditional chiefs, and generally help modernize the country. Acceptance into the military academy was accompanied by a scholarship; Sankara could not easily afford the costs of further education otherwise. He took the entrance exam and passed.
He entered the military academy of Kadiogo in Ouagadougou with the academy's first intake of 1966 at the age of 17. While there he witnessed the first military coup d'état in Upper Volta led by Lieutenant-Colonel Sangoulé Lamizana (3 January 1966). The trainee officers were taught by civilian professors in the social sciences. Adama Touré, who taught history and geography, was the academic director at the time and known for having progressive ideas, although he did not publicly share them. He invited a few of his brightest and more political students, among them Sankara, to join informal discussions outside the classroom about imperialism, neocolonialism, socialism and communism, the Soviet and Chinese revolutions, the liberation movements in Africa, and similar topics. This was the first time Sankara was systematically exposed to a revolutionary perspective on Upper Volta and the world. Aside from his academic and extracurricular political activities, Sankara also pursued his passion for music and played the guitar.
In 1970, 20-year-old Sankara went for further military studies at the military academy of Antsirabe in Madagascar, from which he graduated as a junior officer in 1973. At the Antsirabe academy, the range of instruction went beyond standard military subjects, which allowed Sankara to study agriculture, including how to raise crop yields and better the lives of farmers. He took up these issues in his own administration and country. During that period, he read profusely on history and military strategy, thus acquiring the concepts and analytical tools that he would later use in his reinterpretation of Burkinabe political history.
Military career
After basic military training in secondary school in 1966, Sankara began his military career at the age of 19. A year later he was sent to Madagascar for officer training at Antsirabe, where he witnessed popular uprisings in 1971 and 1972 against the government of Philibert Tsiranana. During this period he first read the works of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, which profoundly influenced his political views for the rest of his life.
Returning to Upper Volta in 1972, he fought in a border war between Upper Volta and Mali by 1974. He earned fame for his performance in the conflict, but years later would renounce the fighting as 'useless and unjust', a reflection of his growing political consciousness. He also became a popular figure in the capital of Ouagadougou. Sankara was a decent guitarist. He played in a band named Tout-à-Coup Jazz and rode a bicycle.
In 1976 he became commander of the Commando Training Centre in Pô. In the same year he met Blaise Compaoré in Morocco. During the presidency of Colonel Saye Zerbo, a group of young officers formed a secret organization called ROC, the best-known members being Henri Zongo, Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani, Blaise Compaoré and Sankara.
Government posts
Sankara was appointed Minister of Information in Saye Zerbo's military government in September 1981. Sankara differentiated himself from other government officials in many ways such as biking to work everyday, instead of driving in a car. While his predecessors would censor journalists and newspapers, Sankara encouraged investigative journalism and allowed the media to print whatever it found. This led to publications of government scandals by both privately owned and state-owned newspapers. He resigned on 12 April 1982 in opposition to what he saw as the regime's anti-labour drift, declaring 'Misfortune to those who gag the people!' (Malheur à ceux qui bâillonnent le peuple!).
After another coup (7 November 1982) brought to power Major-Doctor Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo, Sankara became Prime Minister in January 1983. But he was dismissed a few months later, on 17 May. During those four months, Sankara pushed Ouédraogo's regime for more progressive reforms. Sankara was arrested after the French President's African affairs adviser, Guy Penne , met with Col. Yorian Somé. Henri Zongo and Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani were also placed under arrest. The decision to arrest Sankara proved to be very unpopular with the younger officers in the military regime. His imprisonment created enough momentum for his friend Blaise Compaoré to lead another coup.
Presidency
See also: History of Burkina Faso § Burkina Faso
A coup d'état organized by Blaise Compaoré made Sankara President on 4 August 1983 at the age of 33. The coup d'état was supported by Libya, which was at the time on the verge of war with France in Chad (see history of Chad).
Sankara identified as a revolutionary and was inspired by the examples of Cuba's Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, and Ghana's military leader Jerry Rawlings. As President, he promoted the 'Democratic and Popular Revolution' (Révolution démocratique et populaire, or RDP). The ideology of the Revolution was defined by Sankara as anti-imperialist in a speech on 2 October 1983, the Discours d'orientation politique (DOP), written by his close associate Valère Somé. His policy was oriented toward fighting corruption and promoting reforestation.
On 4 August 1984, the first anniversary of his accession, he renamed the country Burkina Faso, meaning 'the land of upright people' in Mooré and Dyula, the two major languages of the country. He also gave it a new flag and wrote a new national anthem (Ditanyè).
Council of the Revolution
When Sankara assumed power on August 4th, he named the leadership of the country the Council of the Revolution (CNR). This was a way for Sankara to signal that he was going to try for political and social change. The CNR composed of both civilians and soldiers, all ordinary people. But the member count was secret for security reasons and known only to Sankara and others in his inner circle.
The CNR regularly met to talk about important plans and decisions for the country. They helped give advice and direction to the government's actions. They voted on suggestions and decisions from governments officials; the decision making was collective. On some occasions, they overruled even proposals favoured personally by Sankara.
Health care and public works
Sankara's first priorities after taking office were feeding, housing and giving medical care to his people who desperately needed it. Sankara launched a mass vaccination programme in an attempt to eradicate polio, meningitis and measles. From 1983 to 1985, 2 million Burkinabé were vaccinated.
Prior to Sankara's presidency, infant mortality in Burkina Faso was about 20.8%; during his presidency it fell to 14.5%. Sankara's administration was the first African government to publicly recognize the AIDS epidemic as a major threat to Africa.
Large-scale housing and infrastructure projects were also undertaken. Brick factories were created to help build houses in an effort to end urban slums. In an attempt to fight deforestation, The People's Harvest of Forest Nurseries was created to supply 7,000 village nurseries, as well as organizing the planting of several million trees. All regions of the country were soon connected by a vast road- and rail-building programme. Over 700 km (430 mi) of rail was laid by Burkinabé people to facilitate manganese extraction in 'The Battle of the Rails', without any foreign aid or outside money. These programmes were an attempt to prove that African countries could be prosperous without foreign help or aid.
Sankara also launched education programmes to help combat the country's 90% illiteracy rate. These programmes saw great success. Shortly after the assassination of Sankara, wide-scale teachers' strikes, coupled with the new regime's unwillingness to negotiate, led to the creation of 'Revolutionary Teachers'. In an attempt to replace the nearly 2,500 teachers fired over a strike in 1996, anyone with a college degree was invited to teach through the revolutionary teachers' programme. Volunteers received a 10-day training course before beginning to teach.
While the specific rates of adult literacy during Sankara's reign are unknown, data shows that the literacy rate in 1991 (4 years after Sankara's rule) stood at 13.57%; a 4.74% increase since 1975.
Agriculture
In the 1980s, more than 90% of the populace were still agrarian farmers. Less than 6 percent of land that could be irrigated was receiving irrigation, while the rest relied on rain, which was highly unreliable and inadequate. Only 10% of the population had animals for plowing, whilst the rest relied on individual use of short hoes to plow. Few livestock herders had access to fodder; they had to roam the countryside in search of grazing land and watering spots. Because of this, hunger remained prevalent. In years of drought, the rural population was threatened by famines.
In Sankara's five-year plan, some 71% of projected investments for the productive sectors were allocated to agriculture, livestock, fishing, wildlife and forests. In 3 years, 25% more land was irrigated because of volunteer projects. In Sourou Valley, a dam was built within a few months almost entirely by volunteer labour. The use of fertilizers increased by 56%. Hundreds of tractors were bought and imported for large-scale cooperative projects.
Hundreds of village cereal banks were built through collective labour organised by the CDRs to help farmers store and market their crops. In the past, farmers would have no way to store surplus grains and had to sell them to local merchants, who would sell the same crops back to the same village for twice the cost.
In August 1984, all land was nationalized. Previously, local chiefs had decided who could farm. In some areas, private land ownership had begun to develop. The total cereal production rose by 75% between 1983 and 1986. In four years, UN-analysts declared Burkinian agriculture as productive enough to be "food self-sufficent".
Environment
In the 1980s, when ecological awareness was still very low, Thomas Sankara was one of the few African leaders to consider environmental protection a priority. He engaged in three major battles: against bush fires, 'which will be considered as crimes and will be punished as such'; against cattle roaming, 'which infringes on the rights of peoples because unattended animals destroy nature'; and against the chaotic cutting of firewood, 'whose profession will have to be organized and regulated'.
As part of a development program involving a large part of the population, ten million trees were planted in Burkina Faso in fifteen months during the 'revolution'. To face the advancing desert and recurrent droughts, Thomas Sankara also proposed planting wooded strips of about fifty kilometers, crossing the country from east to west. He thought of extending this vegetation belt to other countries.
Beginning in October 1984, over the space of fifteen months Sankara's government planted ten million trees in a campaign of reforestation. Sankara said "In Burkina wood is our only source of energy. We have to constantly remind every individual of his duty to maintain and regenerate nature".
People's Revolutionary Tribunals
Shortly after attaining power, Sankara constructed a system of courts known as the Popular Revolutionary Tribunal. The courts were created originally to try former government officials in a straightforward way so the average Burkinabé could participate in or oversee trials of enemies of the revolution. They placed defendants on trial for corruption, tax evasion, or counter-revolutionary activity. Sentences for former government officials were light and often suspended. The tribunals have been alleged to have been only show trials, held very openly with oversight from the public.
According to the US State Department, procedures in these trials, especially legal protections for the accused, did not conform to international standards. Defendants had to prove themselves innocent of the crimes they were charged with committing and were not allowed to be represented by counsel. The courts were initially highly admired by the Burkinabé people but were eventually labeled corrupt and oppressive. So-called 'lazy workers' were tried and sentenced to work for free, or expelled from their jobs and discriminated against. Some created their own courts to settle scores and humiliate their enemies.
Revolutionary Defence Committees
The Committees for the Defence of the Revolution (Comités de Défense de la Révolution or CDRs) were formed as mass armed organizations. The CDRs were created as a counterweight to the power of the army as well as to promote political and social revolution. The idea for the Revolutionary Defence Committees was taken from Cuban leader Fidel Castro, whose Committees for the Defence of the Revolution had been created as a form of 'revolutionary vigilance'.
Relations with the Mossi people
A point of contention regarding Sankara's rule is the way he handled the Mossi ethnic group. The Mossi are the largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso, and they adhere to a strict, traditional, hierarchical social systems. At the top of the hierarchy is the Morho Naba, the chief or king of the Mossi people. Sankara viewed this arrangement as an obstacle to national unity, and proceeded to demote the Mossi elite. The Morho Naba was not allowed to hold courts. Local village chiefs were stripped of their executive powers, which were given to the CDR.
Women's rights
Sankara had extensively worked for women's rights and declared "There is no true social revolution without the liberation of women".
Improving women's status in Burkinabé society was one of Sankara's explicit goals, and his government included a large number of women, an unprecedented policy priority in West Africa. His government banned female genital mutilation, forced marriages and polygamy, while appointing women to high governmental positions and encouraging them to work outside the home and stay in school even if pregnant. Sankara promoted contraception. He encouraged husbands to go to market and prepare meals to experience for themselves the conditions faced by women.
Sankara recognized the challenges faced by African women when he gave his famous address to mark International Women's Day on 8 March 1987 in Ouagadougou. Sankara spoke to thousands of women, saying that the Burkinabé Revolution was 'establishing new social relations', which would be 'upsetting the relations of authority between men and women and forcing each to rethink the nature of both. This task is formidable but necessary'. In addition to being the first African leader to appoint women to major cabinet positions, he recruited them actively for the military.
Agacher Strip War
Main article: Agacher Strip War
Moussa Traoré
Following the 1974 clashes between Burkina Faso and Mali over the disputed territory of the Agacher Strip, the Organization of African Unity had created a mediation commission to resolve the disagreement and provide for an independent, neutral demarcation of the border. Both governments had declared that they would not use armed force to end the dispute.
bBut y 1983 the two countries disagreed about the work of the commission. Sankara personally disliked Malian President Moussa Traoré, who had taken power by deposing Modibo Keïta's left-leaning regime. On 17 September Sankara visited Mali and met with Traoré. With Algerian mediation, the two agreed to have the border dispute settled by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and subsequently petitioned the body to resolve the issue.
In July 1985 Burkina Faso declared the Malian secretary general of the ], Drissa Keita, a persona non grata after he criticized Sankara's regime. In September Sankara delivered a speech in which he called for a revolution in Mali. Malian leaders were particularly sensitive to the inflammatory rhetoric, as their country was undergoing social unrest. Around the same time, Sankara and other key figures in the CNR became convinced that Traoré was harbouring opposition to the Burkinabé regime in Bamako and plotting to provoke a border war,which would be used to support a counterrevolution.
United States Department of State map showing the competing claims of Mali and Burkina Faso in the Agacher Strip
Tensions at the border began to rise on 24 November when one Burkinabé national killed another near the border in Soum Province. Malian police crossed the boundary to arrest the murderer and also detained several members of a local Committee for the Defence of the Revolution who were preparing a tribunal. Three days later Malian police entered Kounia to 'restore order'. Burkina Faso made diplomatic representations on the incidents to Mali, but was given no formal response.
At the beginning of December, Burkina Faso informed Mali and other surrounding countries that it was conducting its decennial national census from 10 to 20 December. On 14 December military personnel entered the Agacher to assist with the census. Mali accused the military authorities of pressuring Malian citizens in border villages to register with the census, a charge which Burkina Faso disputed. In an attempt to reduce tensions, ANAD (a West African treaty organization) dispatched a delegation to Bamako and Ouagadougou to mediate. President of Algeria Chadli Bendjedid contacted Sankara and Traoré to encourage a peaceful resolution. At the request of ANAD members, Burkina Faso announced the withdrawal of all military personnel from the disputed region.
Despite the declared withdrawal, a 'war of the communiques' ensued as Burkinabé and Malian authorities exchanged hostile messages. Feeling threatened by Sankara, Traoré began preparing Mali for hostilities with Burkina Faso. Three groupements were formed and planned to invade Burkina Faso and converge on the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. Once there, they would rally Burkinabé opposition forces to take Ouagadougou and overthrow Sankara.
Former Sankara aide Paul Michaud wrote that Sankara had intended to provoke Mali into conflict with the aim of mobilizing popular support for his regime. According to Michaud, "an official—and reliable—Malian source" had reported that mobilization documents dating to 19 December were found on the bodies of fallen Burkinabé soldiers during the ensuing war.
Sankara's efforts to provide evidence of his bona fides were systematically undermined. 'It is hard to believe that the Malian authorities are unaware that the rumors circulating are false,' says U.S. Ambassador Leonardo Neher. In contrast to Michaud's assertion, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) cable states, 'The war was born of Bamako's hope that the conflict would trigger a coup in Burkina Faso.'
At dawn on 25 December 1985, about 150 Malian Army tanks crossed the frontier and attacked several locations. Malian troops also attempted to envelop Bobo-Dioulasso in a pincer attack. The Burkina Faso Army struggled to repel the offensive in the face of superior Malian firepower and were overwhelmed on the northern front; Malian forces quickly secured the towns of Dionouga, Selba, Kouna, and Douna in the Agacher. The Burkinabé government in Ouagadougou received word of hostilities at about 13:00 and immediately issued mobilization orders. Various security measures were also imposed across the country, including nighttime blackouts.
Burkinabé forces regrouped in the Dionouga area to counter-attack. Captain Compaoré took command of this western front. Under his leadership soldiers split into small groups and employed guerrilla tactics against Malian tanks.
Immediately after hostilities began, other African leaders attempted to institute a truce. On the morning of 30 December, Burkina Faso and Mali agreed to an ANAD-brokered ceasefire. By then Mali had occupied most of the Agacher Strip. More than 100 Burkinabé and approximately 40 Malian soldiers and civilians were killed during the war. The Burkinabé towns of Ouahigouya, Djibo, and Nassambou were left badly damaged by the fighting.
At an ANAD summit in Yamoussoukro on 17 January 1987, Traoré and Sankara met and formalized an agreement to end hostilities. The ICJ later split the Agacher; Mali received the more-densely populated western portion and Burkina Faso the eastern section centred on the Béli River. Both countries indicated their satisfaction with the judgement.
Burkina Faso declared that the war was part of an 'international plot' to bring down Sankara's government. It rejected speculation that it was fought over rumoured mineral wealth in the Agacher. The country's relatively poor performance in the conflict damaged the domestic credibility of the CNR. Some Burkinabé soldiers were angered by Sankara's failure to prosecute the war more aggressively and rally a counteroffensive against Mali.
The conflict also demonstrated the country's weak international position and forced the CNR to craft a more moderate image of its policies and goals abroad. In the aftermath, the Burkinabé government made little reference to supporting revolution in other countries, and its relations with France modestly improved. At a rally held after the war, Sankara conceded that his country's military was not adequately armed and announced the commutation of sentences for numerous political prisoners.
Relations with other countries
Thomas Sankara defined his program as anti-imperialist. In this respect, France became the main target of revolutionary rhetoric. When President François Mitterrand visited Burkina Faso in November 1986, Sankara violently criticized the French for having received Pieter Botha, the Prime Minister of South Africa, which still enforced apartheid; and Jonas Savimbi, the leader of UNITA, in France, referring to both men as 'covered in blood from head to toe'. France reduced its economic aid to Burkina Faso by 80% between 1983 and 1985.
Guy Penne , President Mitterrand's advisor on African affairs, organized a media campaign in France to denigrate Thomas Sankara in collaboration with the DGSE. It provided the press with a series of documents on supposed atrocities intended to feed articles against him.
Sankara set up a program of cooperation with Cuba. After meeting with Fidel Castro, Sankara arranged to send young Burkinabés to Cuba in September 1986 to receive professional training and to participate in the country's development upon their return. These were volunteers recruited on the basis of a competition; priority was given to orphans and young people from rural and disadvantaged areas. Some 600 teenagers were flown to Cuba to complete their schooling and receive professional training to become doctors (particularly gynecologists), engineers, or agronomists.
Denouncing the support of the United States to Israel and South Africa, he called on African countries to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. At the United Nations General Assembly, he denounced the invasion of Grenada by the United States. The latter nation responded by implementing trade sanctions against Burkina Faso. Also at the UN, Sankara called for an end to the veto power granted to the great powers. In the name of the 'right of peoples to sovereignty', he supported the national demands of the Western Sahara, Palestine, the Nicaraguan Sandinistas, and the South African ANC.
While he had good relations with Ghanaian leader Jerry Rawlings and Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, Sankara was relatively isolated in West Africa. Leaders close to France, such as Houphouët-Boigny in Côte d'Ivoire and Hassan II in Morocco, were particularly hostile to him.
Criticism
The British development organization Oxfam recorded the arrest of trade union leaders in 1987. In 1984, seven individuals associated with the previous régime in Burkina Faso were accused of treason and executed after a summary trial. Non-governmental organizations and unions were harassed or placed under the authority of the Committees for the Defence of the Revolution, branches of which were established in each workplace and which functioned as 'organs of political and social control'.
Three days after Sankara had assumed power in 1983 through the popular revolution, the National Union of African Teachers of Upper Volta (SNEAHV) called Sankara and his government fascist and called upon workers to be ready to fight for their freedom. As a result, the government ordered the arrest of 4 key figures of the SNEAHV, one was released shortly after. In response, the SNEAHV called upon a national teachers' strike to protest the arrests. The government saw this as something that endangered the politically weak Upper Volta which had already faced 5 coups since its independence. Therefore the minister for National Education called upon directors of private schools "not to use the services of the strikers in their establishments". The call affected 1300-1500 teachers.
Popular Revolutionary Tribunals, set up by the government throughout the country, placed defendants on trial for corruption, tax evasion or 'counter-revolutionary' activity. Procedures in these trials, especially legal protections for the accused, did not conform to international standards. According to Christian Morrisson and Jean-Paul Azam of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the 'climate of urgency and drastic action in which many punishments were carried out immediately against those who had the misfortune to be found guilty of unrevolutionary behaviour, bore some resemblance to what occurred in the worst days of the French Revolution, during the Reign of Terror. Although few people were killed, violence was widespread'.
Legacy
The coat of arms of Burkina Faso under Sankara from 1984 to 1987, featuring a crossed mattock and AK-47 (an allusion to the Hammer and Sickle) with the motto La Patrie ou la Mort, nous vaincrons ('Fatherland or death, we will win'). A mattock and AK-47 are also featured on the Coat of arms of Mozambique, while the motto below the arms is also the current motto of Cuba, although in Spanish.
Accompanying his personal charisma, Sankara had an array of original initiatives that contributed to his popularity and brought some international media attention to his government.
Solidarity
He sold off the government fleet of Mercedes cars and made the Renault 5 (the cheapest car sold in Burkina Faso at that time) the official service car of the ministers.
He reduced the salaries of well-off public servants (including his own) and forbade the use of government chauffeurs and first class airline tickets.
He opposed foreign aid, saying that 'He who feeds you, controls you'.
He spoke in forums like the Organization of African Unity against what he described as neocolonialist penetration of Africa through Western trade and finance.
He called for a united front of African nations to repudiate their foreign debt. He argued that the poor and exploited did not have an obligation to repay money to the rich and exploiting.
Thomas knew how to show his people that they could become dignified and proud through will power, courage, honesty and work. What remains above all of my husband is his integrity.
— Mariam Sankara, Thomas' widow
In Ouagadougou, Sankara converted the army's provisioning store into a state-owned supermarket open to everyone (the first supermarket in the country).
He forced well-off civil servants to pay one month's salary to public projects.
He refused to use the air conditioning in his office on the grounds that such luxury was not available to anyone but a handful of Burkinabés.
As President, he lowered his salary to $450 a month and limited his possessions to a car, four bikes, three guitars, a refrigerator, and a broken freezer.
Style
He required public servants to wear a traditional tunic, woven from Burkinabé cotton and sewn by Burkinabé craftsmen.
He was known for jogging unaccompanied through Ouagadougou in his track suit and posing in his tailored military fatigues, with his mother-of-pearl pistol.
When asked why he did not want his portrait hung in public places, as was the norm for other African leaders, Sankara replied: "There are seven million Thomas Sankaras".
An accomplished guitarist, he wrote the new national anthem himself.
Pioneers of the Revolution
Africa's Che Guevara
Sankara is often referred to as "Africa's Che Guevara". Sankara gave a speech marking and honouring the 20th anniversary of Che Guevara's 9 October 1967 execution, one week before his own assassination on 15 October 1987.
International recognition
Cuba rewarded Sankara with the highest honour of the state, the Order of José Martí.
Assassination
On 15 October 1987, Sankara and twelve other officials were killed in a coup d'état organized by his former colleague Blaise Compaoré. When accounting for his overthrow, Compaoré stated that Sankara jeopardized foreign relations with former colonial power France and neighbouring Ivory Coast, and accused his former comrade of plotting to assassinate opponents.
Prince Johnson, a former Liberian warlord allied to Charles Taylor and killer of the Liberian president Samuel Doe whose last hours of life were filmed, told Liberia's Truth and Reconciliation Commission that it was engineered by Charles Taylor. After the coup and although Sankara was known to be dead, some CDRs mounted an armed resistance to the army for several days.
According to Halouna Traoré, the sole survivor of Sankara's assassination, Sankara was attending a meeting with the Conseil de l'Entente. His assassins singled out Sankara and executed him. The assassins then shot at those attending the meeting, killing 12 other people. Sankara's body was riddled with bullets to the back and he was quickly buried in an unmarked grave while his widow Mariam and two children fled the nation. Compaoré immediately reversed the nationalizations, overturned nearly all of Sankara's policies, rejoined the International Monetary Fund and World Bank to bring in 'desperately needed' funds to restore the 'shattered' economy and ultimately spurned most of Sankara's legacy. Compaoré's dictatorship remained in power for 27 years until it was overthrown by popular protests in 2014.
Assassination trial
In 2017, the Burkina Faso government officially asked the French government to release military documents on the killing of Sankara after his widow accused France of masterminding his assassination.
In April 2021, 34 years after Sankara's assassination, former president Compaoré and 13 others were indicted for complicity in the murder of Sankara as well as other crimes in the coup. This development came as part of President Roch Kaboré's framework of 'national reconciliation'.
In October 2021, the trial against Compaoré and 13 others began in Ouagadougou, with Compaoré being tried in absentia. Ex-presidential security chief Hyacinthe Kafondo, was also tried in absentia. A week before the trial, Compaoré's lawyers stated that he wouldn't be attending the trial which they characterized as having defects, and also emphasized his privilege for immunity, being the former head of state. After requests made by the defence attorneys for more time to prepare their defence, the hearing was postponed until 1 March.
On 6 April 2022, Compaoré and two others were found guilty and sentenced to life in prison in absentia. Eight others were sentenced to between 3 and 20 years in prison. Three were found innocent.
Exhumation
The exhumation of what are believed to be the remains of Sankara started on African Liberation Day, 25 May 2015. Permission for an exhumation was denied during the rule of his successor, Blaise Compaoré. The exhumation would allow the family to formally identify the remains, a long-standing demand of his family and supporters.
In October 2015, one of the lawyers for Sankara's widow Mariam reported that the autopsy revealed that Sankara's body was 'riddled' with 'more than a dozen' bullets.
Legacy
Twenty years after his assassination, Sankara was commemorated on 15 October 2007 in ceremonies that took place in Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Niger, Tanzania, Burundi, France, Canada and the United States.
A statue of Sankara was unveiled in 2019 at the location in Ouagadougou where he was assassinated; however due to complaints that it did not match his facial features, a new statue was unveiled a year later.
In 2023, the government of Burkina Faso formally proclaimed Sankara as a "hero of the nation".
In October 2023, on the 36th anniversary of his assassination, the government changed a main road name in Ouagadougou to honor Sankara. The road in question was the Boulevard Charles de Gaulle, now known as Boulevard Capitaine Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara.
List of works
Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution, 1983–87, Pathfinder Press: 1988. ISBN 0-87348-527-0.
We Are the Heirs of the World's Revolutions: Speeches from the Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–87, Pathfinder Press: 2007. ISBN 0-87348-989-6.
Women's Liberation and the African Freedom Struggle, Pathfinder Press: 1990. ISBN 0-87348-585-8.
Further reading
Books
Wikiquote has quotations related to Thomas Sankara.
Monographs
Who killed Sankara?, by Alfred Cudjoe, 1988, University of California, ISBN 9964-90-354-5.
La voce nel deserto, by Vittorio Martinelli and Sofia Massai, 2009, Zona Editrice, ISBN 978-88-6438-001-8.
Thomas Sankara – An African Revolutionary, by Ernest Harsch, 2014, Ohio University Press, ISBN 978-0-8214-4507-5.
A Certain Amount of Madness: The Life, Politics and Legacies of Thomas Sankara (Black Critique), by Amber Murrey, 2018, Pluto Press, ISBN 978-0-7453-3758-6.
Sankara, Compaoré et la révolution burkinabè, by Ludo Martens and Hilde Meesters, 1989, Editions Aden, ISBN 9782872620333.
Historical novel including Thomas Sankara
American Spy, by Lauren Wilkinson, 2019, Random House, ISBN 978-0812998955.
Web articles
Burkina Faso's Pure President by Bruno Jaffré.
Thomas Sankara Lives! by Mukoma Wa Ngugi.
There Are Seven Million Sankaras by Koni Benson.
Thomas Sankara: "I have a Dream" by Federico Bastiani.
Thomas Sankara: Chronicle of an Organised Tragedy by Cheriff M. Sy.
Thomas Sankara Former Leader of Burkina Faso by Désiré-Joseph Katihabwa.
Thomas Sankara 20 Years Later: A Tribute to Integrity by Demba Moussa Dembélé.
Remembering Thomas Sankara, Rebecca Davis, The Daily Maverick, 2013.
"I can hear the roar of women's silence", Sokarie Ekine, Red Pepper, 2012.
Thomas Sankara: A View of The Future for Africa and The Third World by Ameth Lo.
Thomas Sankara on the Emancipation of Women, An internationalist whose ideas live on! by Nathi Mthethwa.
Thomas Sankara, le Che africain by Pierre Venuat (in French).
Thomas Sankara e la rivoluzione interrotta by Enrico Palumbo (in Italian).
Documentaries
Capitaine Thomas Sankara: Requiem pour un Président assassiné at IMDb , 1987 documentary by Didier Mauro
Thomas Sankara at IMDb , 1991 documentary by Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda
Thomas Sankara: The Upright Man, 2006 documentary by Robin Shuffield
Fratricide au Burkina, Thomas Sankara et la Françafrique at IMDb , 2007 documentary by Thuy-Tiên Hô and Didier Mauro
Thomas Sankara, la revolución asesinada at IMDb , 2011 documentary by Tristan Goasguen
Capitaine Thomas Sankara at IMDb , 2012 documentary by Christophe Cupelin
Comprendre la révolution burkinabé at IMDb , 2017 documentary by Thuy-Tiên Hô
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^ Baggins, Brian. "Establishing Revolutionary Vigilance in Cuba". marxists.org.
^ "Mossi people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
^ Wilkins, Michael (1989). "The Death of Thomas Sankara and the Rectification of the People's Revolution in Burkina Faso". African Affairs. 88 (352): 384. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098188. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 722692.
^ "Thomas Sankara". New Internationalist. January 2005.
^ Biney, Ama (24 October 2013). "Revisiting Thomas Sankara, 26 years later – Pambazuka News". pambazuka.net. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015.
^ Naldi 1986, pp. 971–972.
^ a b Naldi 1986, p. 972.
^ a b Michaud, Paul (1986). "Burkina/Mali: Who started the war". New African. pp. 29–30.
^ a b c d e Imperato 2019, The Border Dispute with Burkina Faso.
^ a b Salliot 2010, p. 23.
^ a b Englebert 2018, pp. 154–155.
^ Murrey 2018, pp. 46–47.
^ a b c d Roger, Benjamin (25 December 2015). "Il y a trente ans éclatait la "guerre de Noël" entre le Mali et le Burkina Faso" . Jeune Afrique (in French). Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ a b c d "Burkina and Mali – War to What End?". AfricaAsia. Vol. 2. Sociéte d'éditions Afrique, Asie, Amérique latine. February 1986. pp. 46–48.
^ a b c "Burkina and Mali fight a destructive border war". Quarterly Economic Review of Togo, Niger, Benin, Burkina. No. 1. Economist Intelligence Unit. 1985. pp. 25–26.
^ "A war beyond the Burkina-Mali border". Africa Special Report. Institute of African American Relations. 1986. p. 39.
^ Diarra, Diaoullèn Karamoko (14 August 2017). "Mali: Moussa Traore: Une armée pour défendre chaque millimètre carré du territoire national" . MaliActu (in French). Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ a b "Mais qui a assassiné Thomas Sankara ?". Le Monde diplomatique (in French). 1 October 2021.
^ Rupley, Bangali & Diamitani 2013, p. lvi.
^ a b Salliot 2010, p. 22.
^ Watson, Nyle (15 July 1987). "Burkina–Mali: ICJ Boundary Decision Backs Both Sides". Geographic Notes. No. 6. Office of the Geographer, United States Department of State. pp. 18–20.
^ Johnson 1986, p. 296.
^ Uwechue 1991, p. 600.
^ Murrey 2018, p. 47.
^ Murrey 2018, p. 48.
^ Johnson 1986, pp. 298–299.
^ "Capitaine Thomas Sankara de Christophe Cupelin – (2014) – Film documentaire" – via www.telerama.fr.
^ ""les Burkinabés formés à Cuba sont restés fidèles à Sankara et à la mission qu'il leur avait confiée"". Le Monde.fr. 11 August 2020.
^ Amzat Boukari-Yabara, Africa Unite ! : Une histoire du panafricanisme, Paris: La Découverte, 2014
^ Sharp, R. (1987). Burkina Faso: New Life for the Sahel? A Report for Oxfam. Oxford: Oxfam. p. 13.
^ Otayek, R. (1986). "The Revolutionary Process in Burkina Faso: Breaks and Continuities". In Markakis, J.; Waller, M. (eds.). Military Marxist Régimes in Africa. London: Frank Cass. p. 95.
^ "Interim Report - Report No 236, November 1984". International Labour Organisation. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
^ "Impressions on the movement for global justice in Africa - International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine". internationalviewpoint.org. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
^ "The 1983 putsch installs Thomas Sankara and a historical Revolution with committees in defense of the revolution (CDR) and popular tribunals (TDR) begins". Blaise Compaore. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
^ Morrisson, C.; Azam, J.-P. (1999). Conflict and Growth in Africa. Vol. I: 'The Sahel'. Paris: OECD. p. 70.
^ Harden, Blaine (1987). "LEADER OF BURKINA FASO REPORTEDLY OVERTHROWN". The Washington Post.
^ a b "Remembering Thomas Sankara, the African Che". thewire.in. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ "26 years after Thomas Sankara: A graveside reflection | Pambazuka News". www.pambazuka.org. 5 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
^ "Thomas Sankara, the upright revolutionary". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
^ a b "A United Front Against the Debt". www.documenta14.de. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ Omar, Farid (28 November 2007). "Commemorating Thomas Sankara". Group for Research and Initiative for the Liberation of Africa (GRILA). Archived from the original on 24 January 2012.
^ "Remembering Thomas Sankara on the 30th anniversary of his assassination | Pambazuka News". www.pambazuka.org. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ Katongole, Emmanuel (2011). The Sacrifice of Africa: A Political Theology for Africa. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8028-6268-6.
^ Dembélé, Demba Moussa (15 October 2008). "Sankara 20 years Later: A Tribute to Integrity". Pambazuka News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012.
^ Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary by Ernest Harsh page 1985
^ "US freed Taylor to overthrow Doe, Liberia's TRC hears". The M&G Online. 27 August 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
^ Ake, Claude (2001). Democracy and Development in Africa. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 95. ISBN 081-572-348-2.
^ Jaffre, Bruno (2018). A Certain Amount of Madness: The Life, Politics and Legacies of Thomas Sankara. Pluto Press. p. 96. doi:10.2307/j.ctt21kk235. ISBN 978-0-7453-3757-9. JSTOR j.ctt21kk235.
^ "Sankara remains: Burkina Faso late leader 'riddled with bullets'". BBC News. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^ "Apparent remains of Burkina Faso's ex-leader Sankara 'riddled with bullets', says lawyer". France 24. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^ Canadian Council on International Law (March 2007). "Sankara v. Burkina Faso". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
^ Mason, Katrina; Knight, James (2011). Burkina Faso, 2nd. The Globe Pequot Press Inc. p. 31. ISBN 9781841623528.
^ "People in Burkina Faso are taking to the streets to protest their 'president for life'". The World from PRX. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^ "Huge Burkina Faso march against President Compaore". BBC News. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^ "Burkina Faso 'wants France to release Sankara archives'". BBC News. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ Akinwotu, Emmanuel (13 April 2021). "Burkina Faso ex-president Compaoré to face trial over Thomas Sankara murder". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
^ Diallo, Aïssatou (22 April 2021). "Can former president Compaoré's trial help to reconcile Burkina Faso?". Theafricareport. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
^ "Burkina Faso opens trial on 1987 Sankara assassination". Al Jazeera. 11 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
^ "Trial over killing of Burkina Faso's ex-leader Sankara opens". Anadolu Agency. 11 October 2021.
^ "Burkina Faso: Trial to know who killed Thomas Sankara opens". Africanews. 11 October 2021.
^ "Burkinabe prosecutors seek 30 years for Compaore in murder trial". Al Jazeera. 8 February 2022.
^ Ndiaga, Thiam (6 April 2022). "Burkina Faso's ex-president Compaore handed life sentence in absentia over Sankara murder". Reuters. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
^ "Thomas Sankara remains: Burkina Faso begins exhumation". BBC News. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ Iaccino, Ludovica (14 October 2015). "Thomas Sankara: Body of Africa's Che Guevara riddled with bullets, autopsy reveals three decades after death". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ Kasuka, Bridgette (8 February 2012). Prominent African Leaders Since Independence. Bankole Kamara Taylor. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.
^ Chutel, Lynsey (4 March 2019). "Burkina Faso is restoring Thomas Sankara's legacy with a bronze statue". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
^ "Burkina Faso unveils 'corrected' Thomas Sankara statue". BBC. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
^ "Burkina Faso: former president Thomas Sankara elevated to the rank of "national hero"". Africanews. 5 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
^ "Burkina Faso names boulevard after Thomas Sankara on anniversary of his assassination". 16 October 2023.
Sources
Englebert, Pierre (2018). Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood In West Africa. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780429970481.
Harsch, Ernest (2014). Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary (illustrated, reprint ed.). Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821445075.
Imperato, Pascal James (2019). Mali: A Search For Direction. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780429718106.
Johnson, Segun (1 July 1986). "Burkina-Mali War: Is Nigeria Still a Regional Power". India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs. 42 (3): 294–308. doi:10.1177/097492848604200306. S2CID 154699898.
Murrey, Amber, ed. (2018). A Certain Amount of Madness: The Life, Politics and Legacies of Thomas Sankara. Afterword by Aziz Salmone Fall (first ed.). London: Pluto Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt21kk235. ISBN 9780745337586. JSTOR j.ctt21kk235.
Naldi, Gino J. (October 1986). "Case concerning the Frontier Dispute between Burkina Faso and Mali: Provisional Measures of Protection". The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 35 (4): 970–975. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/35.4.970. JSTOR 759886.
Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa; Diamitani, Boureima (2013). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso (revised ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810867703.
Salliot, Emmanuel (2010), A review of past security events in the Sahel 1967–2007 (PDF), Security Implications of Climate Change in the Sahel Region, Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat
Sankara, Thomas (2007). Prairie, Michel (ed.). Thomas Sankara Speaks: the Burkina Faso Revolution: 1983–87. Pathfinder.
Uwechue, Ralph (1991). Africa Today (second ed.). London: Africa Books Limited. ISBN 9780903274166.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Sankara.
ThomasSankara.net, a website dedicated to Thomas Sankara
Thomas Sankara at the Marxists Internet Archive.
Political offices
Preceded byJean-Baptiste Ouédraogo
President of Upper Volta (Burkina Faso) 1983–1987
Succeeded byBlaise Compaoré
vteHeads of state of Burkina Faso Republic of Upper Volta (1960–1984)
Yaméogo
Lamizana†
Zerbo†
Ouédraogo†
Sankara†
Burkina Faso (since 1984)
Sankara†
Compaoré†
Zida†‡
Kafando‡
Diendéré†
Sy*
Kafando‡
Kaboré
Damiba†
Traoré†
*acting
‡transitional
†military
vtePrime ministers of Burkina Faso French Upper Volta (colony; to 1960)
Coulibaly
Yaméogo
vacant (1959–1971)
Republic of Upper Volta (1960–1984)
Ouédraogo
Lamizana†
Conombo
S. Zerbo†
vacant (1982–1983)
Sankara†
vacant (1983–1984)
Burkina Faso (since 1984)
vacant (1984–1992)
Y. Ouédraogo
Kaboré
K. D. Ouédraogo
Yonli
Zongo
Tiao
Zida†
Thieba
Dabiré
L. Zerbo
A. Ouédraogo
Tambèla
†military
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While he was under house arrest, a group of revolutionaries seized power on his behalf in a popularly-supported coup later that year.[1][2]At the age of 33, Sankara became the President of the Republic of Upper Volta and launched an unprecedented series of social, ecological, and economic reforms. Sankara also renamed the country from the French colonial choice to Burkina Faso ('Land of Incorruptible People'), with its people being called Burkinabé ('upright people').[3][4] His foreign policies were centred on anti-imperialism and he rejected loans and capital from organizations such as the International Monetary Fund. However he welcomed some foreign aid in an effort to boost domestic revenues, diversify the sources of assistance, and make Burkina Faso self-sufficient.[5]His domestic policies included famine prevention, agrarian expansion, land reform, and suspending rural poll taxes, as well as a nationwide literacy campaign and vaccination program to reduce meningitis, yellow fever and measles. Sankara's health programmes distributed millions of doses of vaccines to children across Burkina Faso.[6][7][8][9] His government also focused on building schools, health centres, water reservoirs, and infrastructure projects.[1][10] He combatted desertification of the Sahel by planting more than 10 million trees.[11][9][12] Moreover, he outlawed female genital mutilation, forced marriages and polygamy.[13] Sankara reinforced his populist image by ordering the sale of luxury vehicles and properties owned by the government in order to reduce costs. In addition he banned what he considered the luxury of air conditioning in government offices, and homes of politicians.[14][15] He established Cuban-inspired Committees for the Defence of the Revolution to serve as a new foundation of society and promote popular mobilization.[16][17] His Popular Revolutionary Tribunals prosecuted public officials charged with graft, political crimes[12] and corruption, considering such elements of the state counter-revolutionaries.[18] This led to criticism by Amnesty International for human rights violations, including the government's practice of extrajudicial executions and arbitrary detentions of political opponents.[19]Sankara’s revolutionary programmes and reforms for African self-reliance made him an icon to many of Africa's poverty-stricken nations,[20] and the president remained popular with a substantial majority of his country's citizens, as well as those outside Burkina Faso.[21][22] But some of his policies alienated elements of the former ruling class, including tribal leaders — and the governments of France and its ally, the Ivory Coast.[16][23]On 15 October 1987, Sankara was assassinated by troops led by Blaise Compaoré, who assumed leadership of the country shortly thereafter. Compaoré retained power until the 2014 Burkina Faso uprising. In 2021 he was formally charged by a military tribunal for the murder of Sankara.[24]","title":"Thomas Sankara"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burkina_Faso_map.png"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"Yako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yako,_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"French Upper Volta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Upper_Volta"},{"link_name":"gendarme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi_people"},{"link_name":"Fulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani_people"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionary-27"},{"link_name":"Gaoua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaoua"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"Bobo-Dioulasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo-Dioulasso"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"lycée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Fidèle Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fid%C3%A8le_Too&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soumane Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumane_Tour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Maurice Yaméogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-28"},{"link_name":"Kadiogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadiogo"},{"link_name":"Ouagadougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"the first military coup d'état in Upper Volta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Sangoulé Lamizana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangoul%C3%A9_Lamizana"},{"link_name":"Adama Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adama_Tour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"neocolonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Chinese revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution"},{"link_name":"liberation movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_movement"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"Antsirabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsirabe"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_science"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"A map showing the major cities of Burkina FasoThomas Sankara was born Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara[25] on 21 December 1949 in Yako, French Upper Volta, as the third of ten children to Joseph and Marguerite Sankara. His father, Joseph Sankara, a gendarme,[26] was of mixed Mossi–Fulani (Silmi–Moaga) heritage, while his mother, Marguerite Kinda, was of direct Mossi descent.[27] He spent his early years in Gaoua, a town in the humid southwest to which his father was transferred as an auxiliary gendarme. As the son of one of the few African functionaries then employed by the colonial state, he enjoyed a relatively privileged position. The family lived in a brick house with the families of other gendarmes at the top of a hill overlooking the rest of Gaoua.[25]Sankara attended primary school at Bobo-Dioulasso. He applied himself seriously to his schoolwork and excelled in mathematics and French. He went to church often and, impressed with his energy and eagerness to learn, some of the priests encouraged Thomas to go on to seminary school once he finished primary school. Despite initially agreeing, he took the exam required for entry to the sixth grade in the secular educational system and passed. Thomas's decision to continue with his education at the nearest lycée, Ouezzin Coulibaly (named after a pre-independence nationalist), proved to be a turning point. He left his father's household to attend the lycée in Bobo-Dioulasso, the country's commercial centre. There Sankara made close friends, including Fidèle Too, whom he later named a minister in his government; and Soumane Touré, who was in a more advanced class.[25]His Roman Catholic parents wanted him to become a priest, but he chose to enter the military. The military was popular at the time, having just ousted Maurice Yaméogo, an unpopular president. Many young intellectuals viewed it as a national institution that might potentially help to discipline the inefficient and corrupt bureaucracy, counterbalance the inordinate influence of traditional chiefs, and generally help modernize the country. Acceptance into the military academy was accompanied by a scholarship; Sankara could not easily afford the costs of further education otherwise. He took the entrance exam and passed.[25][28]He entered the military academy of Kadiogo in Ouagadougou with the academy's first intake of 1966 at the age of 17.[25] While there he witnessed the first military coup d'état in Upper Volta led by Lieutenant-Colonel Sangoulé Lamizana (3 January 1966). The trainee officers were taught by civilian professors in the social sciences. Adama Touré, who taught history and geography, was the academic director at the time and known for having progressive ideas, although he did not publicly share them. He invited a few of his brightest and more political students, among them Sankara, to join informal discussions outside the classroom about imperialism, neocolonialism, socialism and communism, the Soviet and Chinese revolutions, the liberation movements in Africa, and similar topics. This was the first time Sankara was systematically exposed to a revolutionary perspective on Upper Volta and the world. Aside from his academic and extracurricular political activities, Sankara also pursued his passion for music and played the guitar.[25]In 1970, 20-year-old Sankara went for further military studies at the military academy of Antsirabe in Madagascar, from which he graduated as a junior officer in 1973. At the Antsirabe academy, the range of instruction went beyond standard military subjects, which allowed Sankara to study agriculture, including how to raise crop yields and better the lives of farmers. He took up these issues in his own administration and country.[25] During that period, he read profusely on history and military strategy, thus acquiring the concepts and analytical tools that he would later use in his reinterpretation of Burkinabe political history.[29]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antsirabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsirabe"},{"link_name":"Philibert Tsiranana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philibert_Tsiranana"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESankara200720%E2%80%9321-30"},{"link_name":"political consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_consciousness"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Visionary-31"},{"link_name":"Ouagadougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"Tout-à-Coup Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tout-%C3%A0-Coup_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Pô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Blaise Compaoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Saye Zerbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saye_Zerbo"},{"link_name":"ROC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Military_Organization"},{"link_name":"Henri Zongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Zongo"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boukary_Lingani"},{"link_name":"Blaise Compaoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kasuka-18"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"After basic military training in secondary school in 1966, Sankara began his military career at the age of 19. A year later he was sent to Madagascar for officer training at Antsirabe, where he witnessed popular uprisings in 1971 and 1972 against the government of Philibert Tsiranana. During this period he first read the works of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, which profoundly influenced his political views for the rest of his life.[30]Returning to Upper Volta in 1972, he fought in a border war between Upper Volta and Mali by 1974. He earned fame for his performance in the conflict, but years later would renounce the fighting as 'useless and unjust', a reflection of his growing political consciousness.[31] He also became a popular figure in the capital of Ouagadougou. Sankara was a decent guitarist. He played in a band named Tout-à-Coup Jazz and rode a bicycle.[32][33]In 1976 he became commander of the Commando Training Centre in Pô. In the same year he met Blaise Compaoré in Morocco. During the presidency of Colonel Saye Zerbo, a group of young officers formed a secret organization called ROC, the best-known members being Henri Zongo, Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani, Blaise Compaoré and Sankara.[18][34]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"another coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ou%C3%A9draogo"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-36"},{"link_name":"Guy Penne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Penne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Penne"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-36"}],"text":"Sankara was appointed Minister of Information in Saye Zerbo's military government in September 1981.[25] Sankara differentiated himself from other government officials in many ways such as biking to work everyday, instead of driving in a car. While his predecessors would censor journalists and newspapers, Sankara encouraged investigative journalism and allowed the media to print whatever it found.[35] This led to publications of government scandals by both privately owned and state-owned newspapers.[25] He resigned on 12 April 1982 in opposition to what he saw as the regime's anti-labour drift, declaring 'Misfortune to those who gag the people!' (Malheur à ceux qui bâillonnent le peuple!).[25]After another coup (7 November 1982) brought to power Major-Doctor Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo, Sankara became Prime Minister in January 1983. But he was dismissed a few months later, on 17 May. During those four months, Sankara pushed Ouédraogo's regime for more progressive reforms.[36] Sankara was arrested after the French President's African affairs adviser, Guy Penne [fr], met with Col. Yorian Somé.[37] Henri Zongo and Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani were also placed under arrest. The decision to arrest Sankara proved to be very unpopular with the younger officers in the military regime. His imprisonment created enough momentum for his friend Blaise Compaoré to lead another coup.[36]","title":"Government posts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Burkina Faso § Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"history of Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chad"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"Che Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara"},{"link_name":"Jerry Rawlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"anti-imperialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialist"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Valère Somé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A8re_Som%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Mooré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Dyula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyula_language"},{"link_name":"Ditanyè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditany%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"See also: History of Burkina Faso § Burkina FasoA coup d'état organized by Blaise Compaoré made Sankara President on 4 August 1983 at the age of 33. The coup d'état was supported by Libya, which was at the time on the verge of war with France in Chad (see history of Chad).Sankara identified as a revolutionary and was inspired by the examples of Cuba's Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, and Ghana's military leader Jerry Rawlings.[38] As President, he promoted the 'Democratic and Popular Revolution' (Révolution démocratique et populaire, or RDP). The ideology of the Revolution was defined by Sankara as anti-imperialist in a speech on 2 October 1983, the Discours d'orientation politique (DOP),[39] written by his close associate Valère Somé. His policy was oriented toward fighting corruption and promoting reforestation.[40]On 4 August 1984, the first anniversary of his accession, he renamed the country Burkina Faso, meaning 'the land of upright people' in Mooré and Dyula, the two major languages of the country. He also gave it a new flag and wrote a new national anthem (Ditanyè).[41]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"}],"sub_title":"Council of the Revolution","text":"When Sankara assumed power on August 4th, he named the leadership of the country the Council of the Revolution (CNR). This was a way for Sankara to signal that he was going to try for political and social change. The CNR composed of both civilians and soldiers, all ordinary people. But the member count was secret for security reasons and known only to Sankara and others in his inner circle.The CNR regularly met to talk about important plans and decisions for the country. They helped give advice and direction to the government's actions. They voted on suggestions and decisions from governments officials; the decision making was collective. On some occasions, they overruled even proposals favoured personally by Sankara.[25]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio"},{"link_name":"meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis"},{"link_name":"measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrey201873-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrey2018171-5"},{"link_name":"AIDS epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_epidemic"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-africanagenda.net-43"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UprightDVD-20"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Health care and public works","text":"Sankara's first priorities after taking office were feeding, housing and giving medical care to his people who desperately needed it. Sankara launched a mass vaccination programme in an attempt to eradicate polio, meningitis and measles. From 1983 to 1985, 2 million Burkinabé were vaccinated.[6][7][8][10]Prior to Sankara's presidency, infant mortality in Burkina Faso was about 20.8%; during his presidency it fell to 14.5%.[5] Sankara's administration was the first African government to publicly recognize the AIDS epidemic as a major threat to Africa.[42]Large-scale housing and infrastructure projects were also undertaken. Brick factories were created to help build houses in an effort to end urban slums.[43] In an attempt to fight deforestation, The People's Harvest of Forest Nurseries was created to supply 7,000 village nurseries, as well as organizing the planting of several million trees. All regions of the country were soon connected by a vast road- and rail-building programme. Over 700 km (430 mi) of rail was laid by Burkinabé people to facilitate manganese extraction in 'The Battle of the Rails', without any foreign aid or outside money.[9] These programmes were an attempt to prove that African countries could be prosperous without foreign help or aid.Sankara also launched education programmes to help combat the country's 90% illiteracy rate. These programmes saw great success. Shortly after the assassination of Sankara, wide-scale teachers' strikes, coupled with the new regime's unwillingness to negotiate, led to the creation of 'Revolutionary Teachers'. In an attempt to replace the nearly 2,500 teachers fired over a strike in 1996, anyone with a college degree was invited to teach through the revolutionary teachers' programme. Volunteers received a 10-day training course before beginning to teach.[20]While the specific rates of adult literacy during Sankara's reign are unknown, data shows that the literacy rate in 1991 (4 years after Sankara's rule) stood at 13.57%; a 4.74% increase since 1975.[44]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"irrigated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"livestock herders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"fodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodder"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"nationalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"In the 1980s, more than 90% of the populace were still agrarian farmers. Less than 6 percent of land that could be irrigated was receiving irrigation, while the rest relied on rain, which was highly unreliable and inadequate. Only 10% of the population had animals for plowing, whilst the rest relied on individual use of short hoes to plow. Few livestock herders had access to fodder; they had to roam the countryside in search of grazing land and watering spots. Because of this, hunger remained prevalent. In years of drought, the rural population was threatened by famines.In Sankara's five-year plan, some 71% of projected investments for the productive sectors were allocated to agriculture, livestock, fishing, wildlife and forests. In 3 years, 25% more land was irrigated because of volunteer projects. In Sourou Valley, a dam was built within a few months almost entirely by volunteer labour. The use of fertilizers increased by 56%. Hundreds of tractors were bought and imported for large-scale cooperative projects.Hundreds of village cereal banks were built through collective labour organised by the CDRs to help farmers store and market their crops. In the past, farmers would have no way to store surplus grains and had to sell them to local merchants, who would sell the same crops back to the same village for twice the cost.In August 1984, all land was nationalized. Previously, local chiefs had decided who could farm. In some areas, private land ownership had begun to develop. The total cereal production rose by 75% between 1983 and 1986.[45] In four years, UN-analysts declared Burkinian agriculture as productive enough to be \"food self-sufficent\".[46]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bush fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_fire"},{"link_name":"cattle roaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_range"},{"link_name":"reforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforestation"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Environment","text":"In the 1980s, when ecological awareness was still very low, Thomas Sankara was one of the few African leaders to consider environmental protection a priority. He engaged in three major battles: against bush fires, 'which will be considered as crimes and will be punished as such'; against cattle roaming, 'which infringes on the rights of peoples because unattended animals destroy nature'; and against the chaotic cutting of firewood, 'whose profession will have to be organized and regulated'.As part of a development program involving a large part of the population, ten million trees were planted in Burkina Faso in fifteen months during the 'revolution'. To face the advancing desert and recurrent droughts, Thomas Sankara also proposed planting wooded strips of about fifty kilometers, crossing the country from east to west. He thought of extending this vegetation belt to other countries.Beginning in October 1984, over the space of fifteen months Sankara's government planted ten million trees in a campaign of reforestation. Sankara said \"In Burkina wood is our only source of energy. We have to constantly remind every individual of his duty to maintain and regenerate nature\".[47]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popular Revolutionary Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Revolutionary_Tribunal_(Burkina_Faso)"},{"link_name":"Burkinabé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UprightDVD-20"},{"link_name":"show trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_trial"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"US State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UprightDVD-20"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"sub_title":"People's Revolutionary Tribunals","text":"Shortly after attaining power, Sankara constructed a system of courts known as the Popular Revolutionary Tribunal. The courts were created originally to try former government officials in a straightforward way so the average Burkinabé could participate in or oversee trials of enemies of the revolution.[20] They placed defendants on trial for corruption, tax evasion, or counter-revolutionary activity. Sentences for former government officials were light and often suspended. The tribunals have been alleged to have been only show trials,[48] held very openly with oversight from the public.According to the US State Department, procedures in these trials, especially legal protections for the accused, did not conform to international standards. Defendants had to prove themselves innocent of the crimes they were charged with committing and were not allowed to be represented by counsel.[49] The courts were initially highly admired by the Burkinabé people but were eventually labeled corrupt and oppressive. So-called 'lazy workers' were tried and sentenced to work for free, or expelled from their jobs and discriminated against. Some created their own courts to settle scores and humiliate their enemies.[20][better source needed]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Committees for the Defence of the Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution_(Burkina_Faso)"},{"link_name":"Committees for the Defence of the Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defence_of_the_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Revolutionary Defence Committees","text":"The Committees for the Defence of the Revolution (Comités de Défense de la Révolution or CDRs) were formed as mass armed organizations. The CDRs were created as a counterweight to the power of the army as well as to promote political and social revolution. The idea for the Revolutionary Defence Committees was taken from Cuban leader Fidel Castro, whose Committees for the Defence of the Revolution had been created as a form of 'revolutionary vigilance'.[50]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mossi ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi_people"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Morho Naba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wogodogo"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Relations with the Mossi people","text":"A point of contention regarding Sankara's rule is the way he handled the Mossi ethnic group. The Mossi are the largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso, and they adhere to a strict, traditional, hierarchical social systems.[51] At the top of the hierarchy is the Morho Naba, the chief or king of the Mossi people. Sankara viewed this arrangement as an obstacle to national unity, and proceeded to demote the Mossi elite. The Morho Naba was not allowed to hold courts. Local village chiefs were stripped of their executive powers, which were given to the CDR.[52]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"female genital mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation"},{"link_name":"forced marriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_marriage"},{"link_name":"polygamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UprightDVD-20"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-10"},{"link_name":"contraception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraception"},{"link_name":"International Women's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"actively for the military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_military"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UprightDVD-20"}],"sub_title":"Women's rights","text":"Sankara had extensively worked for women's rights and declared \"There is no true social revolution without the liberation of women\".[53]Improving women's status in Burkinabé society was one of Sankara's explicit goals, and his government included a large number of women, an unprecedented policy priority in West Africa. His government banned female genital mutilation, forced marriages and polygamy, while appointing women to high governmental positions and encouraging them to work outside the home and stay in school even if pregnant.[20][10] Sankara promoted contraception. He encouraged husbands to go to market and prepare meals to experience for themselves the conditions faced by women.Sankara recognized the challenges faced by African women when he gave his famous address to mark International Women's Day on 8 March 1987 in Ouagadougou. Sankara spoke to thousands of women, saying that the Burkinabé Revolution was 'establishing new social relations', which would be 'upsetting the relations of authority between men and women and forcing each to rethink the nature of both. This task is formidable but necessary'.[54] In addition to being the first African leader to appoint women to major cabinet positions, he recruited them actively for the military.[20]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moussa_Traor%C3%A9_(1989)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Organization of African Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaldi1986971%E2%80%93972-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaldi1986972-56"},{"link_name":"Moussa Traoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Modibo Keïta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michaud-57"},{"link_name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperato2019The_Border_Dispute_with_Burkina_Faso-58"},{"link_name":"persona non grata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_non_grata"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalliot201023-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglebert2018154%E2%80%93155-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrey201846%E2%80%9347-61"},{"link_name":"Bamako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roger-62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burkina-Mali_boundary_dispute,_US_Department_of_State_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Soum Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soum_Province"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AfricaAsia-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quarterly-64"},{"link_name":"Chadli Bendjedid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quarterly-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-institute-65"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalliot201023-59"},{"link_name":"Bobo-Dioulasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo-Dioulasso"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maliactu-66"},{"link_name":"mobilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilization"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michaud-57"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Neher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Neher"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monde-diplomatique.fr-67"},{"link_name":"Malian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malian_Army"},{"link_name":"pincer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincer_movement"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roger-62"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperato2019The_Border_Dispute_with_Burkina_Faso-58"},{"link_name":"blackouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(wartime)"},{"link_name":"counter-attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-attack"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AfricaAsia-63"},{"link_name":"guerrilla tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roger-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AfricaAsia-63"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperato2019The_Border_Dispute_with_Burkina_Faso-58"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AfricaAsia-63"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaldi1986972-56"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roger-62"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quarterly-64"},{"link_name":"Yamoussoukro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamoussoukro"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperato2019The_Border_Dispute_with_Burkina_Faso-58"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupleyBangaliDiamitani2013lvi-68"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperato2019The_Border_Dispute_with_Burkina_Faso-58"},{"link_name":"Béli River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9li_River"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalliot201022-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalliot201022-69"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1986296-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUwechue1991600-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrey201847-73"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglebert2018154%E2%80%93155-60"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrey201848-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1986298%E2%80%93299-75"}],"sub_title":"Agacher Strip War","text":"Moussa TraoréFollowing the 1974 clashes between Burkina Faso and Mali over the disputed territory of the Agacher Strip, the Organization of African Unity had created a mediation commission to resolve the disagreement and provide for an independent, neutral demarcation of the border. Both governments had declared that they would not use armed force to end the dispute.[55]bBut y 1983 the two countries disagreed about the work of the commission.[56] Sankara personally disliked Malian President Moussa Traoré, who had taken power by deposing Modibo Keïta's left-leaning regime.[57] On 17 September Sankara visited Mali and met with Traoré. With Algerian mediation, the two agreed to have the border dispute settled by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and subsequently petitioned the body to resolve the issue.[58]In July 1985 Burkina Faso declared the Malian secretary general of the [[[Economic Community of West Africa]], Drissa Keita, a persona non grata after he criticized Sankara's regime. In September Sankara delivered a speech in which he called for a revolution in Mali. Malian leaders were particularly sensitive to the inflammatory rhetoric, as their country was undergoing social unrest.[59][60][61] Around the same time, Sankara and other key figures in the CNR became convinced that Traoré was harbouring opposition to the Burkinabé regime in Bamako and plotting to provoke a border war,which would be used to support a counterrevolution.[62]United States Department of State map showing the competing claims of Mali and Burkina Faso in the Agacher StripTensions at the border began to rise on 24 November when one Burkinabé national killed another near the border in Soum Province. Malian police crossed the boundary to arrest the murderer and also detained several members of a local Committee for the Defence of the Revolution who were preparing a tribunal. Three days later Malian police entered Kounia to 'restore order'. Burkina Faso made diplomatic representations on the incidents to Mali, but was given no formal response.At the beginning of December, Burkina Faso informed Mali and other surrounding countries that it was conducting its decennial national census from 10 to 20 December.[63] On 14 December military personnel entered the Agacher to assist with the census. Mali accused the military authorities of pressuring Malian citizens in border villages to register with the census, a charge which Burkina Faso disputed.[64] In an attempt to reduce tensions, ANAD (a West African treaty organization) dispatched a delegation to Bamako and Ouagadougou to mediate. President of Algeria Chadli Bendjedid contacted Sankara and Traoré to encourage a peaceful resolution.[64] At the request of ANAD members, Burkina Faso announced the withdrawal of all military personnel from the disputed region.[65]Despite the declared withdrawal, a 'war of the communiques' ensued as Burkinabé and Malian authorities exchanged hostile messages. [59] Feeling threatened by Sankara, Traoré began preparing Mali for hostilities with Burkina Faso. Three groupements were formed and planned to invade Burkina Faso and converge on the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. Once there, they would rally Burkinabé opposition forces to take Ouagadougou and overthrow Sankara.[66]Former Sankara aide Paul Michaud wrote that Sankara had intended to provoke Mali into conflict with the aim of mobilizing popular support for his regime. According to Michaud, \"an official—and reliable—Malian source\" had reported that mobilization documents dating to 19 December were found on the bodies of fallen Burkinabé soldiers during the ensuing war.[57]Sankara's efforts to provide evidence of his bona fides were systematically undermined. 'It is hard to believe that the Malian authorities are unaware that the rumors circulating are false,' says U.S. Ambassador Leonardo Neher. In contrast to Michaud's assertion, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) cable states, 'The war was born of Bamako's hope that the conflict would trigger a coup in Burkina Faso.'[67]At dawn on 25 December 1985, about 150 Malian Army tanks crossed the frontier and attacked several locations. Malian troops also attempted to envelop Bobo-Dioulasso in a pincer attack. The Burkina Faso Army struggled to repel the offensive in the face of superior Malian firepower and were overwhelmed on the northern front;[62] Malian forces quickly secured the towns of Dionouga, Selba, Kouna, and Douna in the Agacher.[58] The Burkinabé government in Ouagadougou received word of hostilities at about 13:00 and immediately issued mobilization orders. Various security measures were also imposed across the country, including nighttime blackouts.Burkinabé forces regrouped in the Dionouga area to counter-attack.[63] Captain Compaoré took command of this western front. Under his leadership soldiers split into small groups and employed guerrilla tactics against Malian tanks.[62][63]Immediately after hostilities began, other African leaders attempted to institute a truce.[58] On the morning of 30 December, Burkina Faso and Mali agreed to an ANAD-brokered ceasefire.[63] By then Mali had occupied most of the Agacher Strip.[56] More than 100 Burkinabé and approximately 40 Malian soldiers and civilians were killed during the war.[62] The Burkinabé towns of Ouahigouya, Djibo, and Nassambou were left badly damaged by the fighting.[64]At an ANAD summit in Yamoussoukro[58] on 17 January 1987, Traoré and Sankara met[68] and formalized an agreement to end hostilities.[58] The ICJ later split the Agacher; Mali received the more-densely populated western portion and Burkina Faso the eastern section centred on the Béli River.[69][70] Both countries indicated their satisfaction with the judgement.[69]Burkina Faso declared that the war was part of an 'international plot' to bring down Sankara's government. It rejected speculation that it was fought over rumoured mineral wealth in the Agacher.[71] The country's relatively poor performance in the conflict damaged the domestic credibility of the CNR.[72] Some Burkinabé soldiers were angered by Sankara's failure to prosecute the war more aggressively and rally a counteroffensive against Mali.[73]The conflict also demonstrated the country's weak international position and forced the CNR to craft a more moderate image of its policies and goals abroad. In the aftermath, the Burkinabé government made little reference to supporting revolution in other countries,[60] and its relations with France modestly improved.[74] At a rally held after the war, Sankara conceded that his country's military was not adequately armed and announced the commutation of sentences for numerous political prisoners.[75]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand"},{"link_name":"Pieter Botha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Botha"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"Jonas Savimbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi"},{"link_name":"UNITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNITA"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Guy Penne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Penne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Penne"},{"link_name":"DGSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGSE"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monde-diplomatique.fr-67"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"invasion of Grenada by the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(state)"},{"link_name":"Sandinistas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandinistas"},{"link_name":"ANC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANC"},{"link_name":"Jerry Rawlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"Houphouët-Boigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"Hassan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_II"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Relations with other countries","text":"Thomas Sankara defined his program as anti-imperialist. In this respect, France became the main target of revolutionary rhetoric. When President François Mitterrand visited Burkina Faso in November 1986, Sankara violently criticized the French for having received Pieter Botha, the Prime Minister of South Africa, which still enforced apartheid; and Jonas Savimbi, the leader of UNITA, in France, referring to both men as 'covered in blood from head to toe'. France reduced its economic aid to Burkina Faso by 80% between 1983 and 1985.[76]Guy Penne [fr], President Mitterrand's advisor on African affairs, organized a media campaign in France to denigrate Thomas Sankara in collaboration with the DGSE. It provided the press with a series of documents on supposed atrocities intended to feed articles against him.[67]Sankara set up a program of cooperation with Cuba. After meeting with Fidel Castro, Sankara arranged to send young Burkinabés to Cuba in September 1986 to receive professional training and to participate in the country's development upon their return. These were volunteers recruited on the basis of a competition; priority was given to orphans and young people from rural and disadvantaged areas. Some 600 teenagers were flown to Cuba to complete their schooling and receive professional training to become doctors (particularly gynecologists), engineers, or agronomists. [77]Denouncing the support of the United States to Israel and South Africa, he called on African countries to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. At the United Nations General Assembly, he denounced the invasion of Grenada by the United States. The latter nation responded by implementing trade sanctions against Burkina Faso. Also at the UN, Sankara called for an end to the veto power granted to the great powers. In the name of the 'right of peoples to sovereignty', he supported the national demands of the Western Sahara, Palestine, the Nicaraguan Sandinistas, and the South African ANC.While he had good relations with Ghanaian leader Jerry Rawlings and Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, Sankara was relatively isolated in West Africa. Leaders close to France, such as Houphouët-Boigny in Côte d'Ivoire and Hassan II in Morocco, were particularly hostile to him.[78]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"private schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Popular Revolutionary Tribunals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Revolutionary_Tribunal_(Burkina_Faso)"},{"link_name":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Reign of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"The British development organization Oxfam recorded the arrest of trade union leaders in 1987.[79] In 1984, seven individuals associated with the previous régime in Burkina Faso were accused of treason and executed after a summary trial. Non-governmental organizations and unions were harassed or placed under the authority of the Committees for the Defence of the Revolution, branches of which were established in each workplace and which functioned as 'organs of political and social control'.[80]Three days after Sankara had assumed power in 1983 through the popular revolution, the National Union of African Teachers of Upper Volta (SNEAHV) called Sankara and his government fascist and called upon workers to be ready to fight for their freedom. As a result, the government ordered the arrest of 4 key figures of the SNEAHV, one was released shortly after. In response, the SNEAHV called upon a national teachers' strike to protest the arrests. The government saw this as something that endangered the politically weak Upper Volta which had already faced 5 coups since its independence. Therefore the minister for National Education called upon directors of private schools \"not to use the services of the strikers in their establishments\".[81] The call affected 1300-1500 teachers.[82][83]Popular Revolutionary Tribunals, set up by the government throughout the country, placed defendants on trial for corruption, tax evasion or 'counter-revolutionary' activity. Procedures in these trials, especially legal protections for the accused, did not conform to international standards. According to Christian Morrisson and Jean-Paul Azam of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the 'climate of urgency and drastic action in which many punishments were carried out immediately against those who had the misfortune to be found guilty of unrevolutionary behaviour, bore some resemblance to what occurred in the worst days of the French Revolution, during the Reign of Terror. Although few people were killed, violence was widespread'.[84]","title":"Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso_1984-1991.svg"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"mattock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattock"},{"link_name":"AK-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47"},{"link_name":"Hammer and Sickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_and_Sickle"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms of Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique"}],"text":"The coat of arms of Burkina Faso under Sankara from 1984 to 1987, featuring a crossed mattock and AK-47 (an allusion to the Hammer and Sickle) with the motto La Patrie ou la Mort, nous vaincrons ('Fatherland or death, we will win'). A mattock and AK-47 are also featured on the Coat of arms of Mozambique, while the motto below the arms is also the current motto of Cuba, although in Spanish.Accompanying his personal charisma, Sankara had an array of original initiatives that contributed to his popularity and brought some international media attention to his government.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"Renault 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-12"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-12"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-86"},{"link_name":"foreign aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_aid"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-12"},{"link_name":"Organization of African Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity"},{"link_name":"neocolonialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-89"},{"link_name":"foreign debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_debt"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-89"},{"link_name":"Mariam Sankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam_Sankara"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersChe-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersChe-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersChe-16"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-86"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grila-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-91"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Solidarity","text":"He sold off the government fleet of Mercedes cars and made the Renault 5 (the cheapest car sold in Burkina Faso at that time) the official service car of the ministers.[12][85]\nHe reduced the salaries of well-off public servants (including his own) and forbade the use of government chauffeurs and first class airline tickets.[12][86]\nHe opposed foreign aid, saying that 'He who feeds you, controls you'.[87][12]\nHe spoke in forums like the Organization of African Unity against what he described as neocolonialist penetration of Africa through Western trade and finance.[88][89]\nHe called for a united front of African nations to repudiate their foreign debt. He argued that the poor and exploited did not have an obligation to repay money to the rich and exploiting.[89]Thomas knew how to show his people that they could become dignified and proud through will power, courage, honesty and work. What remains above all of my husband is his integrity.\n\n\n— Mariam Sankara, Thomas' widow[16]In Ouagadougou, Sankara converted the army's provisioning store into a state-owned supermarket open to everyone (the first supermarket in the country).[16]\nHe forced well-off civil servants to pay one month's salary to public projects.[16][86]\nHe refused to use the air conditioning in his office on the grounds that such luxury was not available to anyone but a handful of Burkinabés.[90][91]\nAs President, he lowered his salary to $450 a month[12] and limited his possessions to a car, four bikes, three guitars, a refrigerator, and a broken freezer.[citation needed]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UprightDVD-20"},{"link_name":"Ouagadougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"mother-of-pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother-of-pearl"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersChe-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersChe-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pionniers_de_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pioneers of the Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_of_the_Revolution"}],"sub_title":"Style","text":"He required public servants to wear a traditional tunic, woven from Burkinabé cotton and sewn by Burkinabé craftsmen.[20]\nHe was known for jogging unaccompanied through Ouagadougou in his track suit and posing in his tailored military fatigues, with his mother-of-pearl pistol.[16][1]\nWhen asked why he did not want his portrait hung in public places, as was the norm for other African leaders, Sankara replied: \"There are seven million Thomas Sankaras\".[92]\nAn accomplished guitarist, he wrote the new national anthem himself.[16]Pioneers of the Revolution","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Africa's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Che Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersChe-16"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"Africa's Che Guevara","text":"Sankara is often referred to as \"Africa's Che Guevara\".[16] Sankara gave a speech marking and honouring the 20th anniversary of Che Guevara's 9 October 1967 execution, one week before his own assassination on 15 October 1987.[93]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Order of José Martí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"International recognition","text":"Cuba rewarded Sankara with the highest honour of the state, the Order of José Martí.[94]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Burkinab%C3%A9_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Blaise Compaoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersChe-16"},{"link_name":"Prince Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Charles Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Liberia)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Doe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Doe"},{"link_name":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(Liberia)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Mariam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam_Sankara"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCIL-100"},{"link_name":"nationalizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"overthrown by popular protests in 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Burkinab%C3%A9_uprising"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"text":"On 15 October 1987, Sankara and twelve other officials were killed in a coup d'état organized by his former colleague Blaise Compaoré. When accounting for his overthrow, Compaoré stated that Sankara jeopardized foreign relations with former colonial power France and neighbouring Ivory Coast, and accused his former comrade of plotting to assassinate opponents.[16]Prince Johnson, a former Liberian warlord allied to Charles Taylor and killer of the Liberian president Samuel Doe whose last hours of life were filmed, told Liberia's Truth and Reconciliation Commission that it was engineered by Charles Taylor.[95] After the coup and although Sankara was known to be dead, some CDRs mounted an armed resistance to the army for several days.[96]According to Halouna Traoré, the sole survivor of Sankara's assassination, Sankara was attending a meeting with the Conseil de l'Entente.[97] His assassins singled out Sankara and executed him. The assassins then shot at those attending the meeting, killing 12 other people. Sankara's body was riddled with bullets to the back[98][99] and he was quickly buried in an unmarked grave while his widow Mariam and two children fled the nation.[100] Compaoré immediately reversed the nationalizations, overturned nearly all of Sankara's policies, rejoined the International Monetary Fund and World Bank to bring in 'desperately needed' funds to restore the 'shattered' economy[101] and ultimately spurned most of Sankara's legacy. Compaoré's dictatorship remained in power for 27 years until it was overthrown by popular protests in 2014.[102][103]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Roch Kaboré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch_Kabor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Ouagadougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"in absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"text":"In 2017, the Burkina Faso government officially asked the French government to release military documents on the killing of Sankara after his widow accused France of masterminding his assassination.[104]In April 2021, 34 years after Sankara's assassination, former president Compaoré and 13 others were indicted for complicity in the murder of Sankara as well as other crimes in the coup.[105] This development came as part of President Roch Kaboré's framework of 'national reconciliation'.[106]In October 2021, the trial against Compaoré and 13 others began in Ouagadougou, with Compaoré being tried in absentia.[107] Ex-presidential security chief Hyacinthe Kafondo, was also tried in absentia.[108] A week before the trial, Compaoré's lawyers stated that he wouldn't be attending the trial which they characterized as having defects, and also emphasized his privilege for immunity, being the former head of state.[109] After requests made by the defence attorneys for more time to prepare their defence, the hearing was postponed until 1 March.[110]On 6 April 2022, Compaoré and two others were found guilty and sentenced to life in prison in absentia. Eight others were sentenced to between 3 and 20 years in prison. Three were found innocent.[111]","title":"Assassination trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Liberation Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Liberation_Day"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"text":"The exhumation of what are believed to be the remains of Sankara started on African Liberation Day, 25 May 2015. Permission for an exhumation was denied during the rule of his successor, Blaise Compaoré.[112] The exhumation would allow the family to formally identify the remains, a long-standing demand of his family and supporters.In October 2015, one of the lawyers for Sankara's widow Mariam reported that the autopsy revealed that Sankara's body was 'riddled' with 'more than a dozen' bullets.[113]","title":"Exhumation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Ouagadougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"text":"Twenty years after his assassination, Sankara was commemorated on 15 October 2007 in ceremonies that took place in Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Niger, Tanzania, Burundi, France, Canada and the United States.[114]A statue of Sankara was unveiled in 2019 at the location in Ouagadougou where he was assassinated; however due to complaints that it did not match his facial features, a new statue was unveiled a year later.[115][116]In 2023, the government of Burkina Faso formally proclaimed Sankara as a \"hero of the nation\".[117]In October 2023, on the 36th anniversary of his assassination, the government changed a main road name in Ouagadougou to honor Sankara. The road in question was the Boulevard Charles de Gaulle, now known as Boulevard Capitaine Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara.[118]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pathfinder Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87348-527-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87348-527-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87348-989-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87348-989-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87348-585-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87348-585-8"}],"text":"Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution, 1983–87, Pathfinder Press: 1988. ISBN 0-87348-527-0.\nWe Are the Heirs of the World's Revolutions: Speeches from the Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–87, Pathfinder Press: 2007. ISBN 0-87348-989-6.\nWomen's Liberation and the African Freedom Struggle, Pathfinder Press: 1990. ISBN 0-87348-585-8.","title":"List of works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Sankara"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Wikiquote has quotations related to Thomas Sankara.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9964-90-354-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9964-90-354-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-6438-001-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6438-001-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8214-4507-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4507-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7453-3758-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3758-6"},{"link_name":"Ludo Martens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludo_Martens"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782872620333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782872620333"}],"sub_title":"Books - Monographs","text":"Who killed Sankara?, by Alfred Cudjoe, 1988, University of California, ISBN 9964-90-354-5.\nLa voce nel deserto, by Vittorio Martinelli and Sofia Massai, 2009, Zona Editrice, ISBN 978-88-6438-001-8.\nThomas Sankara – An African Revolutionary, by Ernest Harsch, 2014, Ohio University Press, ISBN 978-0-8214-4507-5.\nA Certain Amount of Madness: The Life, Politics and Legacies of Thomas Sankara (Black Critique), by Amber Murrey, 2018, Pluto Press, ISBN 978-0-7453-3758-6.\nSankara, Compaoré et la révolution burkinabè, by Ludo Martens and Hilde Meesters, 1989, Editions Aden, ISBN 9782872620333.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0812998955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812998955"}],"sub_title":"Books - Historical novel including Thomas Sankara","text":"American Spy, by Lauren Wilkinson, 2019, Random House, ISBN 978-0812998955.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burkina Faso's Pure President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100612085544/http://thomassankara.net/spip.php?page=imprimir_articulo&id_article=555"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara Lives!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100612085035/http://thomassankara.net/spip.php?page=imprimir_articulo&id_article=418"},{"link_name":"There Are Seven Million Sankaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100612084729/http://thomassankara.net/spip.php?page=imprimir_articulo&id_article=420"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara: \"I have a Dream\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100612090018/http://thomassankara.net/spip.php?page=imprimir_articulo&id_article=202"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara: Chronicle of an Organised Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100612084545/http://thomassankara.net/spip.php?page=imprimir_articulo&id_article=526"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara Former Leader of Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120301145933/http://www.thomassankara.net/spip.php?article769&lang=en"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara 20 Years Later: A Tribute to Integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100612084901/http://thomassankara.net/spip.php?page=imprimir_articulo&id_article=668"},{"link_name":"Remembering Thomas Sankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-11-05-remembering-thomas-sankara-the-effs-muse/"},{"link_name":"\"I can hear the roar of women's silence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.redpepper.org.uk/i-can-hear-the-roar-of-womens-silence/"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara: A View of The Future for Africa and The Third World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100612023830/http://thomassankara.net/spip.php?page=imprimir_articulo&id_article=902"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara on the Emancipation of Women, An internationalist whose ideas live on!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100612084128/http://thomassankara.net/spip.php?page=imprimir_articulo&id_article=269"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara, le Che africain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fasotour.fr/thomas-sankara/"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara e la rivoluzione interrotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arsp.it/2017/10/19/thomas-sankara-e-la-rivoluzione-interrotta/"}],"sub_title":"Web articles","text":"Burkina Faso's Pure President by Bruno Jaffré.\nThomas Sankara Lives! by Mukoma Wa Ngugi.\nThere Are Seven Million Sankaras by Koni Benson.\nThomas Sankara: \"I have a Dream\" by Federico Bastiani.\nThomas Sankara: Chronicle of an Organised Tragedy by Cheriff M. Sy.\nThomas Sankara Former Leader of Burkina Faso by Désiré-Joseph Katihabwa.\nThomas Sankara 20 Years Later: A Tribute to Integrity by Demba Moussa Dembélé.\nRemembering Thomas Sankara, Rebecca Davis, The Daily Maverick, 2013.\n\"I can hear the roar of women's silence\", Sokarie Ekine, Red Pepper, 2012.\nThomas Sankara: A View of The Future for Africa and The Third World by Ameth Lo.\nThomas Sankara on the Emancipation of Women, An internationalist whose ideas live on! by Nathi Mthethwa.\nThomas Sankara, le Che africain by Pierre Venuat (in French).\nThomas Sankara e la rivoluzione interrotta by Enrico Palumbo (in Italian).","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capitaine Thomas Sankara: Requiem pour un Président assassiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt11438158/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202155#P345"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt3660004/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202155#P345"},{"link_name":"Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balufu_Bakupa-Kanyinda"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara: The Upright Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sankara:_The_Upright_Man"},{"link_name":"Fratricide au Burkina, Thomas Sankara et la Françafrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt11409154/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202155#P345"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara, la revolución asesinada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt13232250/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202155#P345"},{"link_name":"Capitaine Thomas Sankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt2577910/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202155#P345"},{"link_name":"Comprendre la révolution burkinabé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt11447340/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202155#P345"}],"text":"Capitaine Thomas Sankara: Requiem pour un Président assassiné at IMDb , 1987 documentary by Didier Mauro\nThomas Sankara at IMDb , 1991 documentary by Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda\nThomas Sankara: The Upright Man, 2006 documentary by Robin Shuffield\nFratricide au Burkina, Thomas Sankara et la Françafrique at IMDb , 2007 documentary by Thuy-Tiên Hô and Didier Mauro\nThomas Sankara, la revolución asesinada at IMDb , 2011 documentary by Tristan Goasguen\nCapitaine Thomas Sankara at IMDb , 2012 documentary by Christophe Cupelin\nComprendre la révolution burkinabé at IMDb , 2017 documentary by Thuy-Tiên Hô","title":"Documentaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood In West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kwHFDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780429970481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429970481"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hGDGBAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Ohio University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780821445075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821445075"},{"link_name":"Mali: A Search For Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kiqNDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780429718106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429718106"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/097492848604200306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F097492848604200306"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"154699898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154699898"},{"link_name":"Pluto Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/j.ctt21kk235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt21kk235"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780745337586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745337586"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"j.ctt21kk235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21kk235"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/iclqaj/35.4.970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Ficlqaj%2F35.4.970"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"759886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/759886"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC"},{"link_name":"Rowman & Littlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780810867703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810867703"},{"link_name":"A review of past security events in the Sahel 1967–2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oecd.org/swac/publications/47092939.pdf"},{"link_name":"Sahel and West Africa Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel_and_West_Africa_Club"},{"link_name":"Sankara, Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Africa Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SlFEAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780903274166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780903274166"}],"text":"Englebert, Pierre (2018). Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood In West Africa. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780429970481.\nHarsch, Ernest (2014). Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary (illustrated, reprint ed.). Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821445075.\nImperato, Pascal James (2019). Mali: A Search For Direction. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780429718106.\nJohnson, Segun (1 July 1986). \"Burkina-Mali War: Is Nigeria Still a Regional Power\". India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs. 42 (3): 294–308. doi:10.1177/097492848604200306. S2CID 154699898.\nMurrey, Amber, ed. (2018). A Certain Amount of Madness: The Life, Politics and Legacies of Thomas Sankara. Afterword by Aziz Salmone Fall (first ed.). London: Pluto Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt21kk235. ISBN 9780745337586. JSTOR j.ctt21kk235.\nNaldi, Gino J. (October 1986). \"Case concerning the Frontier Dispute between Burkina Faso and Mali: Provisional Measures of Protection\". The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 35 (4): 970–975. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/35.4.970. JSTOR 759886.\nRupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa; Diamitani, Boureima (2013). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso (revised ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810867703.\nSalliot, Emmanuel (2010), A review of past security events in the Sahel 1967–2007 (PDF), Security Implications of Climate Change in the Sahel Region, Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat\nSankara, Thomas (2007). Prairie, Michel (ed.). Thomas Sankara Speaks: the Burkina Faso Revolution: 1983–87. Pathfinder.\nUwechue, Ralph (1991). Africa Today (second ed.). London: Africa Books Limited. ISBN 9780903274166.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"A map showing the major cities of Burkina Faso","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Burkina_Faso_map.png/220px-Burkina_Faso_map.png"},{"image_text":"Moussa Traoré","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9_%281989%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/161px-Moussa_Traor%C3%A9_%281989%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"United States Department of State map showing the competing claims of Mali and Burkina Faso in the Agacher Strip","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burkina-Mali_boundary_dispute%2C_US_Department_of_State_map.jpg/220px-Burkina-Mali_boundary_dispute%2C_US_Department_of_State_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"The coat of arms of Burkina Faso under Sankara from 1984 to 1987, featuring a crossed mattock and AK-47 (an allusion to the Hammer and Sickle) with the motto La Patrie ou la Mort, nous vaincrons ('Fatherland or death, we will win'). A mattock and AK-47 are also featured on the Coat of arms of Mozambique, while the motto below the arms is also the current motto of Cuba, although in Spanish.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso_1984-1991.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso_1984-1991.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Pioneers of the Revolution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pionniers_de_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg/220px-Pionniers_de_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Keita, Mohamed (June 2015). \"Why Burkina Faso's late revolutionary leader Thomas Sankara still inspires young Africans\". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 31 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://qz.com/africa/415257/why-burkina-fasos-late-revolutionary-leader-thomas-sankara-still-inspires-young-africans/","url_text":"\"Why Burkina Faso's late revolutionary leader Thomas Sankara still inspires young Africans\""}]},{"reference":"McGuffin, Sean. \"Revolution in the Land of the Incorruptible: Burkina Faso in 1984\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230630065053/https://ww1.odu.edu/content/dam/odu/offices/mun/2018/ib-crisis-burkina-faso.pdf","url_text":"\"Revolution in the Land of the Incorruptible: Burkina Faso in 1984\""},{"url":"https://www.odu.edu/content/dam/odu/offices/mun/2018/ib-crisis-burkina-faso.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hubert, Jules Deschamps. \"Burkina Faso\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190409175723/https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso","url_text":"\"Burkina Faso\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"},{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Molly, John. \"What Do the Colors and Symbols of the Flag of Burkina Faso Mean?\". World Atlas. 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PMID 12340574.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12340574/","url_text":"\"Vaccination commando: Burkina Faso\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0191-5789","url_text":"0191-5789"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12340574","url_text":"12340574"}]},{"reference":"Kessler, Susi (1987). \"Speeding up child immunization\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/48240/WHF_1987_8(2)_p216-220.pdf","url_text":"\"Speeding up child immunization\""}]},{"reference":"Murrey, Amber (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo; Falola, Toyin (eds.), \"Thomas Sankara and a Political Economy of Happiness\", The Palgrave Handbook of African Political Economy, Palgrave Handbooks in IPE, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 193–208, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38922-2_10, ISBN 978-3-030-38922-2, S2CID 226439167, retrieved 31 December 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38922-2_10","url_text":"\"Thomas Sankara and a Political Economy of Happiness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-38922-2_10","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-38922-2_10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-38922-2","url_text":"978-3-030-38922-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226439167","url_text":"226439167"}]},{"reference":"Harsch, Ernest (1 November 2014). Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary. Ohio University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8214-4507-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hGDGBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4507-5","url_text":"978-0-8214-4507-5"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Our stomachs will make themselves heard\": What Sankara can teach us about food justice today | Pambazuka News\". www.pambazuka.org. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pambazuka.org/food-health/%E2%80%9Cour-stomachs-will-make-themselves-heard%E2%80%9D-what-sankara-can-teach-us-about-food-justice","url_text":"\"\"Our stomachs will make themselves heard\": What Sankara can teach us about food justice today | Pambazuka News\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, David (6 March 2015). \"Burkina Faso's revolutionary hero Thomas Sankara to be exhumed\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 31 December 2020. Under Sankara the government also prioritised gender quality, working towards the end of female genital mutilation, forced marriages and polygamy. [...] But Sankara was in power long enough to make enemies and sow doubts about his political philosophy. He set up 'revolutionary people's tribunals' to try former public officials charged with political crimes, and stripped powerful feudal chiefs of their rights and privileges.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/06/burkina-fasos-revolutionary-hero-thomas-sankara-to-be-exhumed","url_text":"\"Burkina Faso's revolutionary hero Thomas Sankara to be exhumed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Mayanja, Namakula (2018). A Certain Amount of Madness: The Life, Politics and Legacies of Thomas Sankara. Pluto Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-7453-3757-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6w3itAEACAAJ","url_text":"A Certain Amount of Madness: The Life, Politics and Legacies of Thomas Sankara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3757-9","url_text":"978-0-7453-3757-9"}]},{"reference":"Ezeanya |, Chika. \"Thomas Sankara And The Assassination Of Africa's Memory\". saharareporters.com. Retrieved 19 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://saharareporters.com/2013/10/15/thomas-sankara-and-assassination-africa%E2%80%99s-memory-chika-ezeanya","url_text":"\"Thomas Sankara And The Assassination Of Africa's Memory\""}]},{"reference":"Akhalbey, Francis (25 June 2018). \"How Thomas Sankara forced his government to use cheap cars to cut cost [Video]\". Face2Face Africa. 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ISBN 9780821445075.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hGDGBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University_Press","url_text":"Ohio University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821445075","url_text":"9780821445075"}]},{"reference":"\"Décès de Joseph sambo père du Président Thomas Sankara – Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso\" [Death of Joseph Sambo father of President Thomas Sankara – Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso]. ouaga-ca-bouge.net (in French). Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. 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Encyclopædia Britannica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Sankara","url_text":"\"Thomas Sankara\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Martin, G. (23 December 2012). African Political Thought. Springer. ISBN 9781137062055.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rqYEhtONIBgC","url_text":"African Political Thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137062055","url_text":"9781137062055"}]},{"reference":"Figueiredo, Antonio de (27 February 2008). \"The True Visionary Thomas Sankara\". 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JSTOR 1166927.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1166927","url_text":"10.2307/1166927"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0047-1607","url_text":"0047-1607"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1166927","url_text":"1166927"}]},{"reference":"\"Egypt & Africa – Thomas Sankara\". africa.sis.gov.eg. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://africa.sis.gov.eg/english/figures/politics/thomas-sankara/","url_text":"\"Egypt & Africa – Thomas Sankara\""}]},{"reference":"Jaffré, Bruno (23 April 2015). \"The Political Orientation Speech Thomas Sankara\". My Blog. Retrieved 7 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thomassankara.net/the-political-orientation-speech-thomas-sankara/?lang=en","url_text":"\"The Political Orientation Speech Thomas Sankara\""}]},{"reference":"Dodman, Benjamin (17 January 2021). \"Can the 'Great Green Wall' carry out Sankara's ecological, pan-African dream?\". Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210117-can-great-green-wall-carry-sankara-s-ecological-pan-african-dream","url_text":"\"Can the 'Great Green Wall' carry out Sankara's ecological, pan-African dream?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210128012101/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210117-can-great-green-wall-carry-sankara-s-ecological-pan-african-dream","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Le 4 août 1984, Thomas Sankara rebaptisait la Haute-Volta en Burkina Faso\" [On August 4, 1984, Thomas Sankara renamed Upper Volta in Burkina Faso]. L'Actualité du Burkina Faso 24h/24 (in French). 4 August 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.burkina24.com/2021/08/04/le-4-aout-1984-thomas-sankara-rebaptisait-la-haute-volta-en-burkina-faso/","url_text":"\"Le 4 août 1984, Thomas Sankara rebaptisait la Haute-Volta en Burkina Faso\""}]},{"reference":"Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2007). HIV/AIDS, illness, and African well-being. University Rochester Press. p. 290. 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Le Monde.fr. 3 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/03/thomas-sankara-l-ecologiste_6024742_3212.html","url_text":"\"Thomas Sankara, l'écologiste\""}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Brian J. (2021). Thomas Sankara A Revolutionary in Cold War Africa. Indiana University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press","url_text":"Indiana University Press"}]},{"reference":"Ciment, James; Hill, Kenneth, eds. (2012). \"Burkina Faso: Coups, 1966–1987\". Encyclopedia of Conflicts since World War II. London: Routledge. p. 339. 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Mali: A Search For Direction. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780429718106.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kiqNDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Mali: A Search For Direction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429718106","url_text":"9780429718106"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Segun (1 July 1986). \"Burkina-Mali War: Is Nigeria Still a Regional Power\". India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs. 42 (3): 294–308. doi:10.1177/097492848604200306. S2CID 154699898.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097492848604200306","url_text":"10.1177/097492848604200306"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154699898","url_text":"154699898"}]},{"reference":"Murrey, Amber, ed. (2018). A Certain Amount of Madness: The Life, Politics and Legacies of Thomas Sankara. Afterword by Aziz Salmone Fall (first ed.). London: Pluto Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt21kk235. ISBN 9780745337586. JSTOR j.ctt21kk235.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_Press","url_text":"Pluto Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt21kk235","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctt21kk235"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745337586","url_text":"9780745337586"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21kk235","url_text":"j.ctt21kk235"}]},{"reference":"Naldi, Gino J. (October 1986). \"Case concerning the Frontier Dispute between Burkina Faso and Mali: Provisional Measures of Protection\". The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 35 (4): 970–975. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/35.4.970. JSTOR 759886.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficlqaj%2F35.4.970","url_text":"10.1093/iclqaj/35.4.970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/759886","url_text":"759886"}]},{"reference":"Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa; Diamitani, Boureima (2013). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso (revised ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810867703.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRbA-pYcegC","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield","url_text":"Rowman & Littlefield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810867703","url_text":"9780810867703"}]},{"reference":"Salliot, Emmanuel (2010), A review of past security events in the Sahel 1967–2007 (PDF), Security Implications of Climate Change in the Sahel Region, Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oecd.org/swac/publications/47092939.pdf","url_text":"A review of past security events in the Sahel 1967–2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel_and_West_Africa_Club","url_text":"Sahel and West Africa Club"}]},{"reference":"Sankara, Thomas (2007). Prairie, Michel (ed.). Thomas Sankara Speaks: the Burkina Faso Revolution: 1983–87. Pathfinder.","urls":[{"url_text":"Sankara, Thomas"}]},{"reference":"Uwechue, Ralph (1991). Africa Today (second ed.). London: Africa Books Limited. ISBN 9780903274166.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SlFEAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Africa Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780903274166","url_text":"9780903274166"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pham_Tuan
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Phạm Tuân
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["1 Early life and military career","2 Interkosmos program","3 Personal life","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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Retired Vietnam Air Force aviator and astronaut (born 1947)
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Phạm TuânPhạm Tuân in 2012Born (1947-02-14) February 14, 1947 (age 77)Kiến Xương, Thái Bình province, North VietnamStatusRetiredNationalityVietnameseAwardsHero of the Soviet UnionOrder of LeninHero of the People's Armed ForcesHero of Labor of VietnamOrder of Ho Chi MinhSpace careerVietnam People's Air Force / Intercosmos Research CosmonautPrevious occupationPilotRankLieutenant General, Vietnam People's Air ForceTime in space7d 20h 42mSelection1979 Interkosmos GroupMissionsSoyuz 37/36Mission insigniaRetirementLate 2007
In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Phạm, but is often simplified to Pham in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Tuân.
Phạm Tuân ( born 14 February 1947) is a retired Vietnamese Air Force Fighter pilot and cosmonaut. He became the first Vietnamese and the first person from an Asian country to fly in space when he launched aboard the Soyuz 37 mission as an Interkosmos research cosmonaut. He was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
Early life and military career
Phạm Tuân was born in 14 February 1947 in Kiến Xương, Thái Bình province in northern Vietnam.
He joined the Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) in 1965 initially as a radar mechanic student, Tuân was then selected for pilot training as a commissioned officer, graduating at the Krasnodar Flight School in the Soviet Union as a MiG-17 pilot in 1967, then moved-up for training in the MiG-21, and becoming assigned to the VPAF 910th Air Training Regiment from 1968 to 1969 while participating in developing night-time interception techniques against U.S. air raids, and then attached with the 923rd Fighter Regiment from 1969 to 1970, finally with the 921st Fighter Regiment from 1970 to 1973.
On the nights of 18–27 December 1972, during Operation Linebacker II (also referred to as the "Christmas Bombings"), then-Major Phạm engaged USAF Strategic Air Command (SAC) B-52 Stratofortress heavy bombers at least a dozen times. On the 27th, Phạm was able to get close to a B-52 formation at supersonic-speed in his MiG-21MF (#5121), and fire a pair of missiles in the sub-4 km range, visually identifying and reporting that his missile(s) struck the B-52D, causing it to go down in flames over the border of Hòa Bình–Vĩnh Phúc province. This claim, which would be the only B-52 ever downed in air-to-air combat, is disputed by U.S. recordd, which claims that this B-52 was downed by a surface-to-air missile as with all other B-52s shot down during the war. In a book named "Hà Nội - Điện Biên Phủ trên không" (Hanoi - the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in the air) by Nguyễn Minh Tâm, published by Nhà xuất bản Quân đội Nhân dân Việt Nam (Viet Nam People's Army Publishing House), the author affirms that Phạm Tuân shot down the B-52 with two K-13 air-to-air missiles within a range of 4 kilometers.
"My plane was only about 10km away from the B-52 bombers when I had detected them. Jettisoning my external (fuel) tank, I've immediately asked for an order to attack (from GCI). Even though I was approaching the bombers beyond the sound-barrier, I felt like time is moving very slowly. The enemy's escort group of F-4 fighters had not detected us. Just to be certain, I continued to shorten the distance, within the 3km range and launched the missiles, and as I was escaping, I clearly saw the moments both missiles exploding against the B-52, now going down in flames... the F-4s would certainly be after me now, but I've escaped."— Lieutenant General Pham Tuan recounting his successful engagement against the B-52D Stratofortress on night of December 27, 1972
Tuân said that because the B-52 was equipped with a large number of infrared decoys, he had to get close to the target (within 2-3 kilometers) in order to ensure the bomber's destruction, though the minimum safe range for launching missiles is at least 8 kilometers. Numerous air-to-air combat victory claims by the MiG pilots of the VPAF against U.S. combat aircraft have been counter-claimed as losses to surface-to-air missiles or anti-aircraft artillery, as it's considered "less embarrassing" than losing to an enemy pilot.
In 1973, Tuân was granted the title of Hero of the People's Armed Forces in Vietnam. In 1980, Tuân was awarded the "Vietnam Labor Hero" distinction. In 1989, Tuân was given the position of "Deputy Commander" within the Vietnam People's Air Force. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General in 1999. During the year 2000, Tuan was the position of "Director of the General Department of Defense Industry". He eventually retired from government positions at the end of 2007.
Tuân received numerous distinctions for his service, including the Order of Ho Chi Minh. He also was awarded the Order of Lenin and the rare honor of being one of the few foreigners to receive the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
Interkosmos program
USSR made stamps for the Intercosmos 1980 program
Tuân reached the rank of lieutenant colonel in the VPAF before eventually training to be a research cosmonaut in the joint USSR-Vietnamese space program. Tuân was initially sent to the USSR to train as a radar engineer. There was a shortage of eligible Vietnamese pilots due to most of the applicants not passing the fitness tests, so Tuân was pressured into flight training. Due to this, Tuân was one of three Vietnamese pilots and engineers to be selected by the Soviet Union. On 1 April 1979, he was selected as a member of the sixth international crew for the Interkosmos program. His backup was Bùi Thanh Liêm. Tuân, along with Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Gorbatko, was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on 23 July 1980, on board the Soyuz 37 mission to the Salyut 6 space station. Tuân was informed only three days prior that he would be the main pilot of the Soyuz 37.
Before the flight a joint Bulgarian – Soviet mission had been cancelled. Tuân was worried that his voyage would share the same fate. During his flight aboard the Soyuz 37, there were technical issues regarding the Soyuz 3's engine system. Tuân was commanded to shut down all systems and inform Command of the situation. After this, Command restored the engine to normal and the mission continued.
Tuân in 1980
During his time in orbit, Tuân performed experiments on the melting of mineral samples in microgravity. He also carried out plant experiments on azolla and photographed Vietnam from orbit for mapping purposes. Tuân was in space for 7 days, 20 hours, and 42 minutes, completing 142 orbits, and returned to Earth on 31 July 1980.
Personal life
Tuân brought several things with him on the Soyuz 37 flight. These included pictures of former President Hồ Chí Minh, General Secretary Lê Duẩn, Hồ Chí Minh's will, Vietnamese flags. He wanted to stamp all of these at the space station and bring it back to Earth.
Tuân has stated that his personal relationship with his Russian friends has continued to this day. Every year, he travels long distances to meet up with his fellow Russian cosmonauts.
Tuân is married and has two children. He is now a retired Lieutenant General, director of the General Department of Defense Industry of the Ministry of Defence, and is a non-elected member of the National Assembly of Vietnam.
See also
List of Soyuz missions
Weapons of the Vietnam War
References
Toperczer, Istvan. MiG-21 Units of the Vietnam War. 2001, Osprey Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-84176-263-0.
^ Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007). "Salyut 6 EP-7". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on January 7, 2004. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
^ Man-In-Space Firsts
^ Ltd, Ovem Co. "Trung tướng Phạm Tuân và bài học xương máu khi đối đầu với "pháo đài bay" B-52". phongkhongkhongquan.vn. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ Trí, Dân. "Anh hùng Phạm Tuân đã bắn rơi máy bay B52 như thế nào?". Báo điện tử Dân Trí (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2022-04-29. Photograph of the MIG-21MF (#5121) fighter jet piloted by Pham Tuan, used in the shooting-down of the B-52 on the night of December 27, 1972. (Photo: Nguyen Duong).
^ Toperczer, 2015, pp. 223. On the night of 27 December 1972, Phạm Tuân flying in MiG-21MF No. 5121 shot-down a B-52D bomber over the border of Hoa Binh-Vinh Phu Provinces.
^ Toperczer, p. 66
^ Truyền thống-Lịch sử, Phòng Không-Không Quân. "Trung tướng Phạm Tuân và bài học xương máu khi đối đầu với "pháo đài bay" B-52". phongkhongkhongquan.vn. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ Nguyễn Minh Tâm (chủ biên). Hà Nội - Điện Biên Phủ trên không. NXB Quân đội nhân dân. Hà Nội. 2008. p. 172.
^ QUÂN CHỦNG PK-KQ, Phòng Không-Không Quân. "Trung tướng Phạm Tuân và bài học xương máu khi đối đầu với "pháo đài bay" B-52". phongkhongkhongquan.vn. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ Toperczer, 2015, pp. 223.
^ danviet.vn. "Trung tướng, Anh hùng – phi công vũ trụ Phạm Tuân: Anh hùng thì không bao giờ cũ". danviet.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2022-04-25.
^ Gordon, Yefim "MiG-21" ISBN 978-1-85780-257-3
^ a b VnExpress. "Anh hùng Phạm Tuân: 'Tôi từng nghĩ ra đi không hẹn ngày về'". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2021-05-02.
^ Bland, Ben (2011-04-01). "Vietnam: Pham Tuan". FT Magazine. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
^ VnExpress. "Anh hùng Phạm Tuân đưa cờ Việt Nam lên vũ trụ". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2021-05-02.
Bibliography
Michel, Marshal L. (2007). Clashes: Air Combat over North Vietnam, 1965–1972. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-519-6.
Toperczer, Istvan (2015). MiG Aces of the Vietnam War. USA: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-4895-2.
External links
Spacefacts biography of Phạm, Tuân
Vietnam Government Website: Lieutenant General Pham Tuan
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
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Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_People%27s_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Vietnam People's Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Order of Ho Chi Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Ho_Chi_Minh"},{"link_name":"Order of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"}],"text":"Phạm Tuân was born in 14 February 1947 in Kiến Xương, Thái Bình province in northern Vietnam.He joined the Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) in 1965 initially as a radar mechanic student, Tuân was then selected for pilot training as a commissioned officer, graduating at the Krasnodar Flight School in the Soviet Union as a MiG-17 pilot in 1967, then moved-up for training in the MiG-21, and becoming assigned to the VPAF 910th Air Training Regiment from 1968 to 1969 while participating in developing night-time interception techniques against U.S. air raids, and then attached with the 923rd Fighter Regiment from 1969 to 1970, finally with the 921st Fighter Regiment from 1970 to 1973.[3]On the nights of 18–27 December 1972, during Operation Linebacker II (also referred to as the \"Christmas Bombings\"), then-Major Phạm engaged USAF Strategic Air Command (SAC) B-52 Stratofortress heavy bombers at least a dozen times. On the 27th, Phạm was able to get close to a B-52 formation at supersonic-speed in his MiG-21MF (#5121),[4] and fire a pair of missiles in the sub-4 km range, visually identifying and reporting that his missile(s) struck the B-52D, causing it to go down in flames over the border of Hòa Bình–Vĩnh Phúc province.[5] This claim, which would be the only B-52 ever downed in air-to-air combat, is disputed by U.S. recordd, which claims that this B-52 was downed by a surface-to-air missile as with all other B-52s shot down during the war.[6][7] In a book named \"Hà Nội - Điện Biên Phủ trên không\" (Hanoi - the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in the air) by Nguyễn Minh Tâm, published by Nhà xuất bản Quân đội Nhân dân Việt Nam (Viet Nam People's Army Publishing House), the author affirms that Phạm Tuân shot down the B-52 with two K-13 air-to-air missiles within a range of 4 kilometers.[8]\"My plane was only about 10km away from the B-52 bombers when I had detected them. Jettisoning my external (fuel) tank, I've immediately asked for an order to attack (from GCI). Even though I was approaching the bombers beyond the sound-barrier, I felt like time is moving very slowly. The enemy's escort group of F-4 fighters had not detected us. Just to be certain, I continued to shorten the distance, within the 3km range and launched the missiles, and as I was escaping, I clearly saw the moments both missiles exploding against the B-52, now going down in flames... the F-4s would certainly be after me now, but I've escaped.\"— Lieutenant General Pham Tuan recounting his successful engagement against the B-52D Stratofortress on night of December 27, 1972[9][10]Tuân said that because the B-52 was equipped with a large number of infrared decoys, he had to get close to the target (within 2-3 kilometers) in order to ensure the bomber's destruction, though the minimum safe range for launching missiles is at least 8 kilometers.[11] Numerous air-to-air combat victory claims by the MiG pilots of the VPAF against U.S. combat aircraft have been counter-claimed as losses to surface-to-air missiles or anti-aircraft artillery, as it's considered \"less embarrassing\" than losing to an enemy pilot.[12]In 1973, Tuân was granted the title of Hero of the People's Armed Forces in Vietnam. In 1980, Tuân was awarded the \"Vietnam Labor Hero\" distinction. In 1989, Tuân was given the position of \"Deputy Commander\" within the Vietnam People's Air Force. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General in 1999. During the year 2000, Tuan was the position of \"Director of the General Department of Defense Industry\". He eventually retired from government positions at the end of 2007.[13]Tuân received numerous distinctions for his service, including the Order of Ho Chi Minh. He also was awarded the Order of Lenin and the rare honor of being one of the few foreigners to receive the title Hero of the Soviet Union.","title":"Early life and military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intercosmos_1980_USSR_Vietnam.jpg"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"Interkosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interkosmos"},{"link_name":"Bùi Thanh Liêm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B9i_Thanh_Li%C3%AAm"},{"link_name":"Soviet cosmonaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts"},{"link_name":"Viktor Gorbatko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Gorbatko"},{"link_name":"Baikonur Cosmodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome"},{"link_name":"Soyuz 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_37"},{"link_name":"Salyut 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_6"},{"link_name":"space station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TU%C3%82N_PHAM.JPG"},{"link_name":"melting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting"},{"link_name":"microgravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity"},{"link_name":"azolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azolla"},{"link_name":"mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map"},{"link_name":"orbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit"}],"text":"USSR made stamps for the Intercosmos 1980 programTuân reached the rank of lieutenant colonel in the VPAF before eventually training to be a research cosmonaut in the joint USSR-Vietnamese space program. Tuân was initially sent to the USSR to train as a radar engineer.[14] There was a shortage of eligible Vietnamese pilots due to most of the applicants not passing the fitness tests, so Tuân was pressured into flight training. Due to this, Tuân was one of three Vietnamese pilots and engineers to be selected by the Soviet Union.[15] On 1 April 1979, he was selected as a member of the sixth international crew for the Interkosmos program. His backup was Bùi Thanh Liêm. Tuân, along with Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Gorbatko, was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on 23 July 1980, on board the Soyuz 37 mission to the Salyut 6 space station. Tuân was informed only three days prior that he would be the main pilot of the Soyuz 37.Before the flight a joint Bulgarian – Soviet mission had been cancelled. Tuân was worried that his voyage would share the same fate. During his flight aboard the Soyuz 37, there were technical issues regarding the Soyuz 3's engine system. Tuân was commanded to shut down all systems and inform Command of the situation. After this, Command restored the engine to normal and the mission continued.[13]Tuân in 1980During his time in orbit, Tuân performed experiments on the melting of mineral samples in microgravity. He also carried out plant experiments on azolla and photographed Vietnam from orbit for mapping purposes. Tuân was in space for 7 days, 20 hours, and 42 minutes, completing 142 orbits, and returned to Earth on 31 July 1980.","title":"Interkosmos program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hồ Chí Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh"},{"link_name":"Lê Duẩn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam"}],"text":"Tuân brought several things with him on the Soyuz 37 flight. These included pictures of former President Hồ Chí Minh, General Secretary Lê Duẩn, Hồ Chí Minh's will, Vietnamese flags. He wanted to stamp all of these at the space station and bring it back to Earth.Tuân has stated that his personal relationship with his Russian friends has continued to this day. Every year, he travels long distances to meet up with his fellow Russian cosmonauts.Tuân is married and has two children. He is now a retired Lieutenant General, director of the General Department of Defense Industry of the Ministry of Defence, and is a non-elected member of the National Assembly of Vietnam.","title":"Personal life"}]
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[{"image_text":"USSR made stamps for the Intercosmos 1980 program","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Intercosmos_1980_USSR_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Intercosmos_1980_USSR_Vietnam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tuân in 1980","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/TU%C3%82N_PHAM.JPG/220px-TU%C3%82N_PHAM.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"List of Soyuz missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions"},{"title":"Weapons of the Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Vietnam_War"}]
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[{"reference":"Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007). \"Salyut 6 EP-7\". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on January 7, 2004. Retrieved October 4, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040107095644/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/salt6ep7.htm","url_text":"\"Salyut 6 EP-7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Astronautica","url_text":"Encyclopedia Astronautica"},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/flights/salt6ep7.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ltd, Ovem Co. \"Trung tướng Phạm Tuân và bài học xương máu khi đối đầu với \"pháo đài bay\" B-52\". phongkhongkhongquan.vn. Retrieved 2022-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://phongkhongkhongquan.vn/22099/trung-tuong-pham-tuan-va-bai-hoc-xuong-mau-khi-doi-dau-voi-%E2%80%9Cphao-dai-bay%E2%80%9D-b-52.html","url_text":"\"Trung tướng Phạm Tuân và bài học xương máu khi đối đầu với \"pháo đài bay\" B-52\""}]},{"reference":"Trí, Dân. \"Anh hùng Phạm Tuân đã bắn rơi máy bay B52 như thế nào?\". Báo điện tử Dân Trí (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2022-04-29. Photograph of the MIG-21MF (#5121) fighter jet piloted by Pham Tuan, used in the shooting-down of the B-52 on the night of December 27, 1972. (Photo: Nguyen Duong).","urls":[{"url":"https://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/anh-hung-pham-tuan-da-ban-roi-may-bay-b52-nhu-the-nao-20171218115703123.htm","url_text":"\"Anh hùng Phạm Tuân đã bắn rơi máy bay B52 như thế nào?\""}]},{"reference":"Truyền thống-Lịch sử, Phòng Không-Không Quân. \"Trung tướng Phạm Tuân và bài học xương máu khi đối đầu với \"pháo đài bay\" B-52\". phongkhongkhongquan.vn. Retrieved 2022-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://phongkhongkhongquan.vn/22099/trung-tuong-pham-tuan-va-bai-hoc-xuong-mau-khi-doi-dau-voi-%E2%80%9Cphao-dai-bay%E2%80%9D-b-52.html","url_text":"\"Trung tướng Phạm Tuân và bài học xương máu khi đối đầu với \"pháo đài bay\" B-52\""}]},{"reference":"QUÂN CHỦNG PK-KQ, Phòng Không-Không Quân. \"Trung tướng Phạm Tuân và bài học xương máu khi đối đầu với \"pháo đài bay\" B-52\". phongkhongkhongquan.vn. Retrieved 2022-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://phongkhongkhongquan.vn/22099/trung-tuong-pham-tuan-va-bai-hoc-xuong-mau-khi-doi-dau-voi-%E2%80%9Cphao-dai-bay%E2%80%9D-b-52.html","url_text":"\"Trung tướng Phạm Tuân và bài học xương máu khi đối đầu với \"pháo đài bay\" B-52\""}]},{"reference":"danviet.vn. \"Trung tướng, Anh hùng – phi công vũ trụ Phạm Tuân: Anh hùng thì không bao giờ cũ\". danviet.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2022-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://danviet.vn/trung-tuong-anh-hung-phi-cong-vu-tru-pham-tuan-anh-hung-thi-khong-bao-gio-cu-20211219234951324.htm","url_text":"\"Trung tướng, Anh hùng – phi công vũ trụ Phạm Tuân: Anh hùng thì không bao giờ cũ\""}]},{"reference":"VnExpress. \"Anh hùng Phạm Tuân: 'Tôi từng nghĩ ra đi không hẹn ngày về'\". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://vnexpress.net/anh-hung-pham-tuan-toi-tung-nghi-ra-di-khong-hen-ngay-ve-4134857.html","url_text":"\"Anh hùng Phạm Tuân: 'Tôi từng nghĩ ra đi không hẹn ngày về'\""}]},{"reference":"Bland, Ben (2011-04-01). \"Vietnam: Pham Tuan\". FT Magazine. Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/ae7c9470-5a70-11e0-8367-00144feab49a","url_text":"\"Vietnam: Pham Tuan\""}]},{"reference":"VnExpress. \"Anh hùng Phạm Tuân đưa cờ Việt Nam lên vũ trụ\". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://vnexpress.net/anh-hung-pham-tuan-dua-co-viet-nam-len-vu-tru-2656549.html","url_text":"\"Anh hùng Phạm Tuân đưa cờ Việt Nam lên vũ trụ\""}]},{"reference":"Michel, Marshal L. (2007). Clashes: Air Combat over North Vietnam, 1965–1972. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-519-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-519-6","url_text":"978-1-59114-519-6"}]},{"reference":"Toperczer, Istvan (2015). MiG Aces of the Vietnam War. USA: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-4895-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-4895-2","url_text":"978-0-7643-4895-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mincio
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Mincio
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 45°04′16″N 10°58′55″E / 45.07111°N 10.98194°E / 45.07111; 10.98194For the steamship, see SS Mincio.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mincio" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
River in ItalyMincio/SarcaThe Mincio at Peschiera del Garda.Native nameMens (Lombard)Menzo (Venetian)LocationCountryItalyPhysical characteristicsSource • locationPinzolo, Italy (Sarca), Peschiera del Garda, Italy (Mincio) • elevation770 m (2,530 ft) (Sarca); 65 m (213 ft) (Mincio)
MouthPo • coordinates45°04′16″N 10°58′55″E / 45.07111°N 10.98194°E / 45.07111; 10.98194Length194 km (121 mi) (total); 78 km (48 mi) (Sarca) 41 km (25 mi) (Lake Garda); 75 km (47 mi) (Mincio)Basin size2,859 km2 (1,104 sq mi)Discharge • average60 m3/s (2,100 cu ft/s)
Basin featuresProgressionPo→ Adriatic Sea
The Mincio (Italian: ; Lombard: Mens; Venetian: Menzo; Latin: Mincius; Ancient Greek: Μίγχιος, romanized: Mínchios) is a river in the Lombardy region of northern Italy.
The bridge in Peschiera del Garda where Lake Garda discharges into the Mincio, denoting the beginning of the river.
The river is the main outlet of Lake Garda. It is a part of the Sarca-Mincio river system which also includes the river Sarca and the Lake Garda. The river starts from the south-eastern tip of the lake at the town of Peschiera del Garda and then flows from there for about 65 kilometres (40 mi) past Mantua and into the river Po. From Lake Garda until it reaches Pozzolo, it forms the boundary between Veneto and Lombardy.
In the Etruscan period, the Mincio probably joined with the river Tartaro and flowed into the sea Adriatic Sea into the pit Filistina, in Roman Republic it was made to flow into the Po with three branches from Mantua by Quintus Curius Hostilius, subsequently reunited in a single embanked in 1198 on a project by Alberto Pitentino and regulated its course with several dams (Ponte dei Mulini, Mantua) and the Governolo) dam to make it navigable, to prevent Mantua from being flooded by the flooding of the Po and to improve air quality.
At Mantua, the Mincio was widened in the late 12th century, forming a series of three (originally four) lakes that skirt the edges of the old city. The original settlement here, dating from about 2000 BC, was on an island in the Mincio.
The former lower part of the course of the Mincio flowed into the Adriatic Sea near Adria until the breach at Cucca in 589, roughly following the course of the river that is currently known by the name of Canal Bianco; it had been a waterway from the sea to the lake until then.
In 452 CE, Attila the Hun received an embassy sent by the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III near this river. The Roman delegation was led by Pope Leo I. After this meeting, Attila withdrew from Italy.
The last act of Verdi's opera Rigoletto is set just outside Mantua, at an inn on the banks of the Mincio.
References
^ Cardinali, Francesco (1823). Dei Canali Navigabili del Padre Don Paolo Frisi p.269 in Nuova raccolta d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acque, Volume 6, 1823, curato da Francesco Cardinali. Retrieved 11 October 2009. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^ Bertazzoli, Gabriele (1609). Discorso del Sig Gabriele Bertazzolo ... Mantova, 1609. Retrieved 11 October 2009. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^ Cardinali, Francesco (1825). Introduzione preliminare storica alla trattazione dei canali navigabili pp.14-15 in Nuova raccolta d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acque... Volume 4, 1825, curato da Francesco Cardinali. Retrieved 11 October 2009. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^ Della sistemazione dei laghi di Mantova per liberare la città dalle inondazioni e per migliorarne l'aria e la navigazione Elia Lombardini, pp. 415-437 in Giornale dell'I.R. Istituto Lombardo di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti e Biblioteca Italiana Tomo V, Milano, 1853. 1833. Retrieved 11 October 2009. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^ LA VERA DESCRITIONE DI TUTTA LA LOMBARDIA... 1652. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^ Kelly, Christopher (2009). The End of Empire: Attila the Hun and the Fall of Rome. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-393-06196-3.
(in Italian) Rubis Zemella: La mia Polesella perduta, printed by his own (1992) and reprinted by A.V.I.S. di Polesella (1998).
External links
"Mincio" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
This Lombardy location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SS Mincio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mincio"},{"link_name":"[ˈmintʃo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peschiera_Bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Garda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Garda"},{"link_name":"Lake Garda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Garda"},{"link_name":"Sarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarca"},{"link_name":"Peschiera del Garda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peschiera_del_Garda"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_(river)"},{"link_name":"Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Etruscan period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Tartaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaro-Canalbianco-Po_di_Levante"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Filistina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filistina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"1198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1198"},{"link_name":"Alberto Pitentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Pitentino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ponte dei Mulini, Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_dei_Mulini,_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Governolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governolo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Adria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adria"},{"link_name":"breach at Cucca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_at_Cucca"},{"link_name":"Canal Bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaro-Canalbianco"},{"link_name":"Attila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Valentinian III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_III"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_I"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rigoletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoletto"}],"text":"For the steamship, see SS Mincio.River in ItalyThe Mincio (Italian: [ˈmintʃo]; Lombard: Mens; Venetian: Menzo; Latin: Mincius; Ancient Greek: Μίγχιος, romanized: Mínchios) is a river in the Lombardy region of northern Italy.The bridge in Peschiera del Garda where Lake Garda discharges into the Mincio, denoting the beginning of the river.The river is the main outlet of Lake Garda. It is a part of the Sarca-Mincio river system which also includes the river Sarca and the Lake Garda. The river starts from the south-eastern tip of the lake at the town of Peschiera del Garda and then flows from there for about 65 kilometres (40 mi) past Mantua and into the river Po. From Lake Garda until it reaches Pozzolo, it forms the boundary between Veneto and Lombardy.In the Etruscan period, the Mincio probably joined with the river Tartaro and flowed into the sea Adriatic Sea into the pit Filistina,[1] in Roman Republic it was made to flow into the Po with three branches from Mantua by Quintus Curius Hostilius, subsequently reunited in a single embanked in 1198 on a project by Alberto Pitentino and regulated its course with several dams (Ponte dei Mulini, Mantua) and the Governolo) dam to make it navigable,[2][3] to prevent Mantua from being flooded by the flooding of the Po and to improve air quality.[4][5]At Mantua, the Mincio was widened in the late 12th century, forming a series of three (originally four) lakes that skirt the edges of the old city. The original settlement here, dating from about 2000 BC, was on an island in the Mincio.The former lower part of the course of the Mincio flowed into the Adriatic Sea near Adria until the breach at Cucca in 589, roughly following the course of the river that is currently known by the name of Canal Bianco; it had been a waterway from the sea to the lake until then.In 452 CE, Attila the Hun received an embassy sent by the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III near this river. The Roman delegation was led by Pope Leo I. After this meeting, Attila withdrew from Italy.[6]The last act of Verdi's opera Rigoletto is set just outside Mantua, at an inn on the banks of the Mincio.","title":"Mincio"}]
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[{"image_text":"The bridge in Peschiera del Garda where Lake Garda discharges into the Mincio, denoting the beginning of the river.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Peschiera_Bridge.jpg/150px-Peschiera_Bridge.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Cardinali, Francesco (1823). Dei Canali Navigabili del Padre Don Paolo Frisi p.269 in Nuova raccolta d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acque, Volume 6, 1823, curato da Francesco Cardinali. Retrieved 11 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qgoKAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Dei Canali Navigabili del Padre Don Paolo Frisi p.269 in Nuova raccolta d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acque, Volume 6, 1823, curato da Francesco Cardinali"}]},{"reference":"Bertazzoli, Gabriele (1609). Discorso del Sig Gabriele Bertazzolo ... Mantova, 1609. Retrieved 11 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rK1MAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Discorso del Sig Gabriele Bertazzolo ... Mantova, 1609"}]},{"reference":"Cardinali, Francesco (1825). Introduzione preliminare storica alla trattazione dei canali navigabili pp.14-15 in Nuova raccolta d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acque... Volume 4, 1825, curato da Francesco Cardinali. Retrieved 11 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JqoOAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Introduzione preliminare storica alla trattazione dei canali navigabili pp.14-15 in Nuova raccolta d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acque... Volume 4, 1825, curato da Francesco Cardinali"}]},{"reference":"Della sistemazione dei laghi di Mantova per liberare la città dalle inondazioni e per migliorarne l'aria e la navigazione Elia Lombardini, pp. 415-437 in Giornale dell'I.R. Istituto Lombardo di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti e Biblioteca Italiana Tomo V, Milano, 1853. 1833. Retrieved 11 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_4wFAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Della sistemazione dei laghi di Mantova per liberare la città dalle inondazioni e per migliorarne l'aria e la navigazione Elia Lombardini, pp. 415-437 in Giornale dell'I.R. Istituto Lombardo di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti e Biblioteca Italiana Tomo V, Milano, 1853"}]},{"reference":"LA VERA DESCRITIONE DI TUTTA LA LOMBARDIA... 1652. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141215105137/http://www.igmi.org/ancient/immagine.php?cod=18541","url_text":"LA VERA DESCRITIONE DI TUTTA LA LOMBARDIA... 1652"},{"url":"http://www.igmi.org/ancient/immagine.php?cod=18541","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Christopher (2009). The End of Empire: Attila the Hun and the Fall of Rome. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-393-06196-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06196-3","url_text":"978-0-393-06196-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Mincio\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Mincio","url_text":"\"Mincio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mincio¶ms=45_04_16_N_10_58_55_E_region:IT_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"45°04′16″N 10°58′55″E / 45.07111°N 10.98194°E / 45.07111; 10.98194"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mincio%22","external_links_name":"\"Mincio\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mincio%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mincio%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mincio%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mincio%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mincio%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mincio¶ms=45_04_16_N_10_58_55_E_region:IT_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"45°04′16″N 10°58′55″E / 45.07111°N 10.98194°E / 45.07111; 10.98194"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qgoKAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Dei Canali Navigabili del Padre Don Paolo Frisi p.269 in Nuova raccolta d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acque, Volume 6, 1823, curato da Francesco Cardinali"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rK1MAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Discorso del Sig Gabriele Bertazzolo ... Mantova, 1609"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JqoOAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Introduzione preliminare storica alla trattazione dei canali navigabili pp.14-15 in Nuova raccolta d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acque... Volume 4, 1825, curato da Francesco Cardinali"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_4wFAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Della sistemazione dei laghi di Mantova per liberare la città dalle inondazioni e per migliorarne l'aria e la navigazione Elia Lombardini, pp. 415-437 in Giornale dell'I.R. Istituto Lombardo di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti e Biblioteca Italiana Tomo V, Milano, 1853"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141215105137/http://www.igmi.org/ancient/immagine.php?cod=18541","external_links_name":"LA VERA DESCRITIONE DI TUTTA LA LOMBARDIA... 1652"},{"Link":"http://www.igmi.org/ancient/immagine.php?cod=18541","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Mincio","external_links_name":"\"Mincio\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/240515550","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546877505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95003555","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge671391&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mincio&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mincio&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mincio&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Nilsson_(shipwreck)
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Christina Nilsson (shipwreck)
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 45°03.267′N 087°05.875′W / 45.054450°N 87.097917°W / 45.054450; -87.097917Schooner that sank in Lake Michigan
United States historic placeChristina NilssonU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Christina Nilsson before she sankShow map of WisconsinShow map of the United StatesLocationLake Michigan off Baileys Harbor, WisconsinCoordinates45°03.267′N 087°05.875′W / 45.054450°N 87.097917°W / 45.054450; -87.097917NRHP reference No.03000668Added to NRHPJuly 17, 2003
Christina Nilsson was a schooner that sank in Lake Michigan off Baileys Harbor, Wisconsin, on October 23, 1884. In 2003, the shipwreck site was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
History
The ship was built in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, at a cost of $23,000 and was named after Christina Nilsson.
On October 23, 1884, Christina Nilsson cleared Escanaba, Michigan, bound for Chicago, Illinois, with a cargo of pig iron. When a blizzard hit the area that day, her captain attempted to make port at Baileys Harbor, but, while still trying to navigate through the storm, Christina Nilsson struck a reef off Baileys Harbor and foundered. All crew members survived.
The ship's cargo was recovered, but attempts to salvage Christina Nilsson herself were unsuccessful. The wreck site has been investigated by the Wisconsin Historical Society and the Wisconsin Underwater Archaeology Association since 1997.
References
^ "Christina Nilsson (shipwreck)". Landmark Hunter.com. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
^ "Service History". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
^ "Final Voyage page 1". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
^ "Final Voyage page 2". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
^ "Final Voyage page 3". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
^ "Today page 4". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
External links
Shipwrecks in Baileys Harbor with Russel Leiz by the Baileys Harbor Historical Society, Sevestopol TV, June 7, 2012
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christina Nilsson (ship, 1871).
vteNational Register of Historic Places shipwrecks of Lake Michigan in Wisconsin watersDoor County
Advance
Annie Dall
A.P. Nichols
Australasia
Cecelia
Christina Nilsson
Claflin Point Site
Empire State
Fleetwing
Forest
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See also: List of Great Lakes shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1884Shipwrecks
17 Jan: Clarence
18 Jan: City of Columbus
11 Feb: Advance
26 Feb: Goefredo
1 Apr: Herald
10 May: J. S. Seaverns
18 May: Syria
25 Jun: Rochester
10 Jul: Gravina
27 Jul: John M. Osborn
2 Aug: Washington (pilot boat)
23 Aug: Fuxing
23 Aug: Yangwu
24 Aug: USS Tallapoosa
9 Sep: Fenella
22 Sep: Wasp
24 Oct: Christina Nilsson
Unkn: Ohio
Unkn: Ephraim Williams
Other incidents
27 Jan: Goefredo
2 Aug: USS Lancaster
3 Sep: SMS Sophie
← 1883
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Wreck dive sites
115 (barge)
A
HMS A1
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USS Aaron Ward
Abessinia
USS Accokeek
HMAS Adelaide
SS Admiral Sampson
MV Adolphus Busch
Aeolian Sky
USS Aeolus
Agat World War II Amtrac
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Al Munassir
Amaryllis
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Andrea Doria
Antilla
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Aquila
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SS Atlanta
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B
HMAS Bayonet
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Bianca C.
USCGC Bibb
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Booya
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Bud Bar
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C
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Christina Nilsson
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D
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E
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F
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H
MT Haven
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I
Igara
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J
HMAS J1
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Jura
K
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L
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"Lake Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Baileys Harbor, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baileys_Harbor,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"shipwreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwreck"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Schooner that sank in Lake MichiganUnited States historic placeChristina Nilsson was a schooner that sank in Lake Michigan off Baileys Harbor, Wisconsin, on October 23, 1884. In 2003, the shipwreck site was added to the National Register of Historic Places.[1]","title":"Christina Nilsson (shipwreck)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manitowoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitowoc,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Christina Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Escanaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escanaba,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"pig iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_iron"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"blizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_captain"},{"link_name":"reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"salvage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_salvage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Underwater Archaeology Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisconsin_Underwater_Archaeology_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The ship was built in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, at a cost of $23,000 and was named after Christina Nilsson.[2]On October 23, 1884, Christina Nilsson cleared Escanaba, Michigan, bound for Chicago, Illinois, with a cargo of pig iron.[3] When a blizzard hit the area that day, her captain attempted to make port at Baileys Harbor, but, while still trying to navigate through the storm, Christina Nilsson struck a reef off Baileys Harbor and foundered.[4] All crew members survived.The ship's cargo was recovered, but attempts to salvage Christina Nilsson herself were unsuccessful.[5] The wreck site has been investigated by the Wisconsin Historical Society and the Wisconsin Underwater Archaeology Association since 1997.[6]","title":"History"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Christina Nilsson (shipwreck)\". Landmark Hunter.com. Retrieved 2012-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://landmarkhunter.com/135445-christina-nilsson-shipwreck/","url_text":"\"Christina Nilsson (shipwreck)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Service History\". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2012-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327082527/http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_nilsson_serv.cfm","url_text":"\"Service History\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_nilsson_serv.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Final Voyage page 1\". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2012-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327082632/http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_nilsson_final.cfm","url_text":"\"Final Voyage page 1\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_nilsson_final.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Final Voyage page 2\". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2012-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203080023/http://wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_nilsson_final2.cfm","url_text":"\"Final Voyage page 2\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_nilsson_final2.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Final Voyage page 3\". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2012-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203075915/http://wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_nilsson_final3.cfm","url_text":"\"Final Voyage page 3\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_nilsson_final3.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Today page 4\". Wisconsin Shipwrecks.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2012-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203075840/http://wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_nilsson_today4.cfm","url_text":"\"Today page 4\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org/explore_nilsson_today4.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe_socks
|
Toe socks
|
["1 History","2 Variants","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Sock with individual toes
Striped toe socks
Toe socks (also known as fingersocks, glove socks, 5-toe socks or digital socks) are socks that have been knitted so that each toe is individually encased the same way as fingers within a glove.
All sock lengths are available as toe socks, from no-show style to anklet and ankle socks through to knee-high and over-knee socks. They are also available with rubberised undersides, as an alternative to bare feet for yoga. Toe socks are designed and available for both men and women.
History
The original concept of toe socks may be attributed to Ethel Russell (also known as Ethel Wynhym) of Pennsylvania. On June 14, 1969, she filed a copyright with the United States Copyright Office for two drawings of footwear which she termed, "mitten toe socks" and "glove socks". She was unable to maintain the exclusive rights for their manufacture, however, because copyright law of the United States does not afford this protection – patent law does.
An earlier reference to "stockings with toes" was made by physician Walter Vaughan in 1792, speculating that these would prevent discomfort from the accumulation of sweat between the toes. It is not clear whether Vaughan ever put this idea into action.
19th-century stockings with toes exposed at Palazzo Chigi in Ariccia, near Rome, Italy.
Toe socks became popular in the United States during the 1970s and made a comeback in the 1990s as a novelty item worn by adolescents. During the 1970s, it was fashionable for girls to wear clogs or buffalo sandals with toe socks. In colder weather, they may be worn with flip-flops. During this time, such socks were typically knee high in length with bright stripes and glittery threads in their design. They also had a practical value in keeping the feet warm, including the spots between the toes.
Sandra Magnus in toe socks (STS-135).
By 2004, toe socks were available in plain colors and being adopted as normal footwear. They have even been worn in outer space – notably by astronaut Sandra Magnus on the International Space Station during the STS-135 mission in 2011.
Variants
Japanese tabi socks
One of the earliest variants of toe socks is the Japanese tabi, dating back to the 16th century. These are split-toed socks with two compartments – one smaller compartment for the big toe, and a larger compartment for the four remaining toes. This allows them to be worn with zori or geta sandals.
Modern variants of toe socks are designed primarily for either comfort or athletics. In 2004, a patent was filed with the Intellectual Property Office in the United Kingdom for a product called "toe socks"; however, their description differs: "A half sock which covers the toes to provide comfort under footwear. Preferably the socks are unseen when worn with mules or slingback shoes."
Variants have also evolved to include compression socks and other specialty performance models for professional sports as well as uses which require high durability. In sports, athletic versions of toe socks may be useful to triathletes who suffer from frequent interdigital friction blisters. One version of sock referred to as "toe socks" is actually a reverse version – this is a covering for the foot and ankle with the toes cut out, leaving them bare. This provides a non-slip surface and provides for a more complete range of motion for form-fitting yoga, Pilates, or Wii Fit exercises.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toe socks.
Sock
Dress socks
Anklet
Vibram FiveFingers – a five-toed, minimalist running shoe
References
^ "Russell v. Trimfit, Inc. 428 F.Supp. 91 (Civ. A. No. 75-1764)". United States District Court, E. D. Pennsylvania. February 15, 1977. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
^ Vaughan, Walter (1792). An Essay, Philosophical and Medical, concerning Modern Clothing. London: Gillman.
^ Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 0-7407-5118-2.
^ Stoller, Debbie (2010). Stitch 'n Bitch Superstar Knitting: Go Beyond the Basics. New York City: Workman Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 186. ISBN 978-0-7611-3597-5. toe socks+flip-flops.
^ Sagert, Kelly Boyer (2007). The 1970s. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-313-33919-6.
^ "International Space Station Imagery". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. July 11, 2011. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
^ Marshall, John (1988). Make Your Own Japanese Clothes: Patterns and Ideas for Modern Wear. Tokyo: Kodansha International, Ltd. pp. 108–114. ISBN 0-87011-865-X.
^ Woolley, Stephanie (May 10, 2006). "Toe socks - United Kingdom Patent GB2419802A". Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom). Retrieved July 21, 2012.
^ Werd, Matthew B.; Knight, E. Leslie. (2010). Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine. New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London: Springer. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-387-76415-3.
^ Vonhof, John (2011). Fixing Your Feet: Prevention and Treatments for Athletes (5th Edition). Birmingham, Alabama: Wilderness Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-89997-638-9.
^ Loguidice, Christina T.; Loguidice, Bill (2010). Wii Fitness For Dummies. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-470-52158-8.
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vteHosieryLower leg
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|
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Toe socks are designed and available for both men and women.","title":"Toe socks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"United States Copyright Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office"},{"link_name":"copyright law of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"patent law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_patent_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell_v_Trimfit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stockings_XIX_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"novelty item","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty_item"},{"link_name":"clogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clog_(shoe)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mansour_David-3"},{"link_name":"flip-flops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flops"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stoller_Debbie-4"},{"link_name":"knee high","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee_highs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sagert_Kelly-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-135_Sandy_Magnus_with_a_cargo_transfer_bag.jpg"},{"link_name":"outer space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"Sandra Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Magnus"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"STS-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-135"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA_photo-6"}],"text":"The original concept of toe socks may be attributed to Ethel Russell (also known as Ethel Wynhym) of Pennsylvania. On June 14, 1969, she filed a copyright with the United States Copyright Office for two drawings of footwear which she termed, \"mitten toe socks\" and \"glove socks\". She was unable to maintain the exclusive rights for their manufacture, however, because copyright law of the United States does not afford this protection – patent law does.[1]An earlier reference to \"stockings with toes\" was made by physician Walter Vaughan in 1792, speculating that these would prevent discomfort from the accumulation of sweat between the toes.[2] It is not clear whether Vaughan ever put this idea into action.19th-century stockings with toes exposed at Palazzo Chigi in Ariccia, near Rome, Italy.Toe socks became popular in the United States during the 1970s and made a comeback in the 1990s as a novelty item worn by adolescents. During the 1970s, it was fashionable for girls to wear clogs or buffalo sandals with toe socks.[3] In colder weather, they may be worn with flip-flops.[4] During this time, such socks were typically knee high in length with bright stripes and glittery threads in their design. They also had a practical value in keeping the feet warm, including the spots between the toes.[5]Sandra Magnus in toe socks (STS-135).By 2004, toe socks were available in plain colors and being adopted as normal footwear. They have even been worn in outer space – notably by astronaut Sandra Magnus on the International Space Station during the STS-135 mission in 2011.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_tabi_socks,_black.jpeg"},{"link_name":"tabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabi"},{"link_name":"tabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabi"},{"link_name":"zori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zori"},{"link_name":"geta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geta_(footwear)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall_John-7"},{"link_name":"Intellectual Property Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"mules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule_(footwear)"},{"link_name":"slingback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingback"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolley_Stephanie-8"},{"link_name":"compression socks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_socks"},{"link_name":"professional sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_sports"},{"link_name":"triathletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Werd_Leslie-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vonhof_John-10"},{"link_name":"yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga"},{"link_name":"Pilates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilates"},{"link_name":"Wii Fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Fit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loguidice-11"}],"text":"Japanese tabi socksOne of the earliest variants of toe socks is the Japanese tabi, dating back to the 16th century. These are split-toed socks with two compartments – one smaller compartment for the big toe, and a larger compartment for the four remaining toes. This allows them to be worn with zori or geta sandals.[7]Modern variants of toe socks are designed primarily for either comfort or athletics. In 2004, a patent was filed with the Intellectual Property Office in the United Kingdom for a product called \"toe socks\"; however, their description differs: \"A half sock which covers the toes to provide comfort under footwear. Preferably the socks are unseen when worn with mules or slingback shoes.\"[8]Variants have also evolved to include compression socks and other specialty performance models for professional sports as well as uses which require high durability. In sports, athletic versions of toe socks may be useful to triathletes who suffer from frequent interdigital friction blisters.[9][10] One version of sock referred to as \"toe socks\" is actually a reverse version – this is a covering for the foot and ankle with the toes cut out, leaving them bare. This provides a non-slip surface and provides for a more complete range of motion for form-fitting yoga, Pilates, or Wii Fit exercises.[11]","title":"Variants"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Striped toe socks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Red_Pink_Orange_rainbow_toesocks.jpg/220px-Red_Pink_Orange_rainbow_toesocks.jpg"},{"image_text":"19th-century stockings with toes exposed at Palazzo Chigi in Ariccia, near Rome, Italy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Stockings_XIX_century.jpg/220px-Stockings_XIX_century.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sandra Magnus in toe socks (STS-135).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/STS-135_Sandy_Magnus_with_a_cargo_transfer_bag.jpg/220px-STS-135_Sandy_Magnus_with_a_cargo_transfer_bag.jpg"},{"image_text":"Japanese tabi socks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Japanese_tabi_socks%2C_black.jpeg/220px-Japanese_tabi_socks%2C_black.jpeg"}]
|
[{"title":"Toe socks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toe_socks"},{"title":"Sock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock"},{"title":"Dress socks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_socks"},{"title":"Anklet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anklet_(sock)"},{"title":"Vibram FiveFingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibram_FiveFingers"},{"title":"minimalist running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoot_running"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Russell v. Trimfit, Inc. 428 F.Supp. 91 (Civ. A. No. 75-1764)\". United States District Court, E. D. Pennsylvania. February 15, 1977. Retrieved July 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?page=1&xmldoc=1977519428FSupp91_1493.xml&docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985&SizeDisp=7","url_text":"\"Russell v. Trimfit, Inc. 428 F.Supp. 91 (Civ. A. No. 75-1764)\""}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, Walter (1792). An Essay, Philosophical and Medical, concerning Modern Clothing. London: Gillman.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 0-7407-5118-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hK0rPUF85loC&q=toe+socks+1960s&pg=PA59","url_text":"From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri","url_text":"Kansas City, Missouri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7407-5118-2","url_text":"0-7407-5118-2"}]},{"reference":"Stoller, Debbie (2010). Stitch 'n Bitch Superstar Knitting: Go Beyond the Basics. New York City: Workman Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 186. ISBN 978-0-7611-3597-5. toe socks+flip-flops.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stitchnbitchsupe0000stol","url_text":"Stitch 'n Bitch Superstar Knitting: Go Beyond the Basics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stitchnbitchsupe0000stol/page/186","url_text":"186"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7611-3597-5","url_text":"978-0-7611-3597-5"}]},{"reference":"Sagert, Kelly Boyer (2007). The 1970s. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-313-33919-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9feBCLNhcFQC&q=toe+socks+1970s&pg=PA125","url_text":"The 1970s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut","url_text":"Westport, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33919-6","url_text":"978-0-313-33919-6"}]},{"reference":"\"International Space Station Imagery\". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. July 11, 2011. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718103207/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-28/html/s135e007401.html","url_text":"\"International Space Station Imagery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration","url_text":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"url":"http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-28/html/s135e007401.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, John (1988). Make Your Own Japanese Clothes: Patterns and Ideas for Modern Wear. Tokyo: Kodansha International, Ltd. pp. 108–114. ISBN 0-87011-865-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ljOuuy0OO0UC&q=japanese+tabi&pg=PA108","url_text":"Make Your Own Japanese Clothes: Patterns and Ideas for Modern Wear"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo","url_text":"Tokyo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87011-865-X","url_text":"0-87011-865-X"}]},{"reference":"Woolley, Stephanie (May 10, 2006). \"Toe socks - United Kingdom Patent GB2419802A\". Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom). Retrieved July 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://patent.ipexl.com/GB/GB2419802A.html","url_text":"\"Toe socks - United Kingdom Patent GB2419802A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)"}]},{"reference":"Werd, Matthew B.; Knight, E. Leslie. (2010). Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine. New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London: Springer. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-387-76415-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W50VfqSXbW4C&q=athletic+toe+socks&pg=PA180","url_text":"Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-76415-3","url_text":"978-0-387-76415-3"}]},{"reference":"Vonhof, John (2011). Fixing Your Feet: Prevention and Treatments for Athletes (5th Edition). Birmingham, Alabama: Wilderness Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-89997-638-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7gpb8nlQjKkC&q=injinji+toe+socks&pg=PA235","url_text":"Fixing Your Feet: Prevention and Treatments for Athletes (5th Edition)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama","url_text":"Birmingham, Alabama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89997-638-9","url_text":"978-0-89997-638-9"}]},{"reference":"Loguidice, Christina T.; Loguidice, Bill (2010). Wii Fitness For Dummies. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-470-52158-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SBRi4dp8J4sC&q=toe+socks&pg=PA236","url_text":"Wii Fitness For Dummies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana","url_text":"Indianapolis, Indiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52158-8","url_text":"978-0-470-52158-8"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohoidae
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Mohoidae
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["1 Taxonomy","2 Species","3 Gallery","4 References"]
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Extinct family of birds
Hawaiian honeyeatersTemporal range: Holocene
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Moho apicalis and Chaetoptila angustipluma
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Superfamily:
Bombycilloidea
Family:
†MohoidaeFleischer, James and Olson, 2008
Genera
†Moho
†Chaetoptila
Diversity
Moho: 4
Chaetoptila: 3
Mohoidae, also known as the Hawaiian honeyeaters, was a family of Hawaiian species of now recently extinct, nectarivorous songbirds in the genera Moho (ʻōʻō) and Chaetoptila (kioea). These now extinct birds form their own family, representing the only complete extinction of an entire avian family in modern times, when the disputed family Turnagridae is regarded as invalid. The last surviving species in the family, the Kauai O'o (Moho braccatus), became extinct after 1987.
Taxonomy
Until recently, these birds were thought to belong to the family Meliphagidae (honeyeaters) due to their very similar appearance and behavior, including many morphological details. However, a 2008 study argued, on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of DNA from museum specimens, that the genera Moho and Chaetoptila are not even closely related to the Meliphagidae but instead belong to a group within the Passerida that includes the waxwings and the palmchat; they appear especially close to the silky-flycatchers. Hawaiian honeyeaters did not evolve from the similar looking Australasian honeyeaters, but instead represent a striking case of convergent evolution. The authors proposed a family, Mohoidae, for these two extinct genera.
Phylogenetic evidence from a 2019 taxonomic study supports the Mohoidae having an early Miocene origin, having originated 15-20 million years ago, and being the sister group to the family Hypocoliidae, which contains only the grey hypocolius (Hypocolius ampelinus), with the clade containing Mohoidae and Hypocoliidae being sister to the hylocitrea of Hylocitreidae, which diverged from them slightly earlier in the Miocene. This makes them much older than the other major radiation of endemic Hawaiian birds, the Hawaiian honeycreepers (a clade within Fringillidae), which originated much later in the Miocene, around 7 million years ago.
Species
Family: Mohoidae
†Chaetoptila P.L. Sclater, 1871
†Chaetoptila angustipluma Peale, 1848 (Kioea)
†Chaetoptila cf.angustipluma (Oahu kioea - extinct before European contact)
?Chaetoptila sp. (Narrow-billed kioea - extinct before European contact)
†Moho Lesson, 1830 - ʻōʻō
†Moho apicalis Gould, 1860 – Oʻahu ʻōʻō
†Moho bishopi Rothschild, 1893 – Bishop's ʻōʻō
†Moho braccatus Cassin, 1855 – Kauaʻi ʻōʻō
†Moho nobilis Merrem, 1786 – Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō
Gallery
Oʻahu ʻōʻō
Bishop's ʻōʻō
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō
Kioea
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohoidae.
^ a b Lovette, Irby J. (2008). "Convergent Evolution: Raising a Family from the Dead". Current Biology. 18 (24): R1132–4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.006. PMID 19108768.
^ Fleischer, Robert C.; James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L. (2008). "Convergent Evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific Honeyeaters from Distant Songbird Ancestors". Current Biology. 18 (24): 1927–31. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.051. PMID 19084408.
^ Oliveros, Carl H.; Field, Daniel J.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Barker, F. Keith; Aleixo, Alexandre; Andersen, Michael J.; Alström, Per; Benz, Brett W.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Bravo, Gustavo A. (2019-04-16). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (16): 7916–7925. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7916O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.
^ Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011-11-08). "Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22018543.
Taxon identifiersMohoidae
Wikidata: Q134010
Wikispecies: Mohoidae
ADW: Moho
BOLD: 725774
CoL: CV5
EoL: 10571641
GBIF: 5788943
iNaturalist: 71337
ITIS: 915692
NCBI: 600333
Open Tree of Life: 661149
Paleobiology Database: 368326
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"recently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"nectarivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarivore"},{"link_name":"songbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbird"},{"link_name":"Moho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moho_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Chaetoptila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kioea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovette2008-1"},{"link_name":"Turnagridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnagridae"},{"link_name":"Kauai O'o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaua%CA%BBi_%CA%BB%C5%8D%CA%BB%C5%8D"}],"text":"Mohoidae, also known as the Hawaiian honeyeaters, was a family of Hawaiian species of now recently extinct, nectarivorous songbirds in the genera Moho (ʻōʻō) and Chaetoptila (kioea). These now extinct birds form their own family, representing the only complete extinction of an entire avian family in modern times,[1] when the disputed family Turnagridae is regarded as invalid. The last surviving species in the family, the Kauai O'o (Moho braccatus), became extinct after 1987.","title":"Mohoidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honeyeaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyeater"},{"link_name":"morphological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"Passerida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerida"},{"link_name":"waxwings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxwing"},{"link_name":"palmchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmchat"},{"link_name":"silky-flycatchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silky-flycatcher"},{"link_name":"evolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"Australasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"convergent evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovette2008-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleischer_2008-2"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"sister group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group"},{"link_name":"Hypocoliidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_hypocolius"},{"link_name":"grey hypocolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_hypocolius"},{"link_name":"hylocitrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylocitrea"},{"link_name":"Hylocitreidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylocitrea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian honeycreepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_honeycreeper"},{"link_name":"Fringillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Until recently, these birds were thought to belong to the family Meliphagidae (honeyeaters) due to their very similar appearance and behavior, including many morphological details. However, a 2008 study argued, on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of DNA from museum specimens, that the genera Moho and Chaetoptila are not even closely related to the Meliphagidae but instead belong to a group within the Passerida that includes the waxwings and the palmchat; they appear especially close to the silky-flycatchers. Hawaiian honeyeaters did not evolve from the similar looking Australasian honeyeaters, but instead represent a striking case of convergent evolution.[1] The authors proposed a family, Mohoidae, for these two extinct genera.[2]Phylogenetic evidence from a 2019 taxonomic study supports the Mohoidae having an early Miocene origin, having originated 15-20 million years ago, and being the sister group to the family Hypocoliidae, which contains only the grey hypocolius (Hypocolius ampelinus), with the clade containing Mohoidae and Hypocoliidae being sister to the hylocitrea of Hylocitreidae, which diverged from them slightly earlier in the Miocene.[3] This makes them much older than the other major radiation of endemic Hawaiian birds, the Hawaiian honeycreepers (a clade within Fringillidae), which originated much later in the Miocene, around 7 million years ago.[4]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaetoptila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kioea"},{"link_name":"P.L. Sclater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Lutley_Sclater"},{"link_name":"Peale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian_Peale"},{"link_name":"Kioea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kioea"},{"link_name":"Moho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moho_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Lesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Primev%C3%A8re_Lesson"},{"link_name":"ʻōʻō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8D%CA%BB%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gould"},{"link_name":"Oʻahu ʻōʻō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBahu_%CA%BB%C5%8D%CA%BB%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Walter_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"Bishop's ʻōʻō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_%CA%BB%C5%8D%CA%BB%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Cassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassin"},{"link_name":"Kauaʻi ʻōʻō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaua%CA%BBi_%CA%BB%C5%8D%CA%BB%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Merrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasius_Merrem"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_%CA%BB%C5%8D%CA%BB%C5%8D"}],"text":"Family: Mohoidae†Chaetoptila P.L. Sclater, 1871\n†Chaetoptila angustipluma Peale, 1848 (Kioea)\n†Chaetoptila cf.angustipluma (Oahu kioea - extinct before European contact)\n?Chaetoptila sp. (Narrow-billed kioea - extinct before European contact)\n†Moho Lesson, 1830 - ʻōʻō\n†Moho apicalis Gould, 1860 – Oʻahu ʻōʻō\n†Moho bishopi Rothschild, 1893 – Bishop's ʻōʻō\n†Moho braccatus Cassin, 1855 – Kauaʻi ʻōʻō\n†Moho nobilis Merrem, 1786 – Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moho_apicalis-Keulemans.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moho-bishopi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moho_nobilis-Keulemans.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kauaioo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chaetoptila_angustipluma.jpg"}],"text":"Oʻahu ʻōʻō\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBishop's ʻōʻō\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHawaiʻi ʻōʻō\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKauaʻi ʻōʻō\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKioea","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lovette, Irby J. (2008). \"Convergent Evolution: Raising a Family from the Dead\". Current Biology. 18 (24): R1132–4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.006. PMID 19108768.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.11.006","url_text":"\"Convergent Evolution: Raising a Family from the Dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.11.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19108768","url_text":"19108768"}]},{"reference":"Fleischer, Robert C.; James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L. (2008). \"Convergent Evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific Honeyeaters from Distant Songbird Ancestors\". Current Biology. 18 (24): 1927–31. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.051. PMID 19084408.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.051","url_text":"\"Convergent Evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific Honeyeaters from Distant Songbird Ancestors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.051","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.051"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19084408","url_text":"19084408"}]},{"reference":"Oliveros, Carl H.; Field, Daniel J.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Barker, F. Keith; Aleixo, Alexandre; Andersen, Michael J.; Alström, Per; Benz, Brett W.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Bravo, Gustavo A. (2019-04-16). \"Earth history and the passerine superradiation\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (16): 7916–7925. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7916O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6475423","url_text":"\"Earth history and the passerine superradiation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..116.7916O","url_text":"2019PNAS..116.7916O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1813206116","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1813206116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","url_text":"0027-8424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6475423","url_text":"6475423"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30936315","url_text":"30936315"}]},{"reference":"Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011-11-08). \"Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers\". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22018543.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.09.039","url_text":"\"Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2011.09.039","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822","url_text":"0960-9822"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22018543","url_text":"22018543"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Florida_Seminary
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East Florida Seminary
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["1 Early years in Ocala","2 The other East Florida Seminary","3 Gainesville","4 Athletics","4.1 Football","5 References"]
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State institution of higher learning
The East Florida Seminary was an institution of higher learning established by the State of Florida in 1853, and absorbed into the newly established University of Florida in 1905. The school operated in Ocala from 1853 until 1861. After being closed during the Civil War, the school re-opened in Gainesville, Florida in 1866.
Early years in Ocala
In 1851, the Florida Legislature authorized the establishment of two "seminaries of learning", one to serve residents of counties to the east of the Suwannee River, and the other to serve residents of counties to the west of that river. Each county could send a number of students tuition-free to the appropriate seminary equal to the number of representatives sent from that county to the State Assembly. Alachua and Marion counties each petitioned the state to host the new seminary for eastern Florida. Alachua County offered $5,000 for the construction of buildings for the school. Marion County offered $1,600, land worth $5,000, and the existing buildings of the East Florida Independent Institute, a private school founded in 1852. In 1852 the legislature picked Ocala, in Marion County, as the site for the East Florida Seminary.
The East Florida Seminary opened in 1853, and in its first year had four teachers and about 60 students. The school admitted male and female students, and the curriculum included "all routine subjects", as well as art, Greek and Latin. Marion County did not provide any support for public education until 1857, and the Seminary, a few private schools, and tutors on some plantations were the only educational opportunities in the county. In 1858 the Seminary had 65 students. The school closed in 1861. It has been reported that all of the male faculty and students left the school to participate in the Civil War.
The other East Florida Seminary
In 1852, prior to the establishment of the state sponsored East Florida Seminary in Ocala, another school called the East Florida Seminary, associated with the Florida Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was established in Micanopy, Florida, in southern Alachua County. While most members of the Board of Trustees were Methodist clergy, there is no evidence that the conference ever assumed control of or provided any funding for the school. The school was explicitly described as "a 'literary' and not a 'theological' institution", that would not be teaching "Methodism". A two-story classroom building was erected. At one point the school had three teachers, which were later reduced to two. In 1855 the school had about 30 students, but the teachers had not been paid for a year. The school struggled on, closing in 1860. The citizens of Alachua County unsuccessfully petitioned the Florida Senate in 1856 to move the state-funded East Florida Seminary to Micanopy.
Gainesville
East Florida Seminary in 1891. Epworth Hall is on the left, with the dormitory in the middle and right
The East Florida Seminary did not reopen in Ocala after the end of the Civil War, and in 1866 the Florida Legislature passed an act moving the school to Gainesville. The Seminary was primarily a local public school for the next twenty years, with students mainly from Gainesville, ranging in age from four to twenty-four. Few students from other counties took advantage of the free tuition seats available, as the state tuition grants did not cover room and board.
The wooden building used by the East Florida Seminary, described as "badly designed and poorly constructed", burned in 1883. The voters of Gainesville approved a bond issue that year to fund improvements at the Seminary and the Union Academy, which served African-American students in Gainesville. The Seminary received $6,000 from the bond issue, which was used on construction of a new two-story brick Academic Building. That building was used in 1905 by the newly organized University of Florida until buildings could be constructed on its new campus west of Gainesville. The building was deeded in 1911 to what is now the First United Methodist Church of Gainesville, and is now known as Epworth Hall.
Wooden barracks or dormitory building for the East Florida Seminary
The East Florida Seminary began awarding diplomas for completion of the English, commercial, classical and scientific courses in 1882. The seminary had a normal department for training teachers until the state created the Florida State Normal School in 1887. Starting in 1883 the Seminary had a military organization, with a training officer supplied by the U.S. Army. In 1886, the Florida Legislature appropriated $10,000 for the construction of a wooden dormitory (also called a barracks) at the Seminary, and $1,000 each for the years 1887 and 1888 to supplement the funds available from the Seminary Fund for the operation of the Seminary.
In 1885 the State of Florida paid Ocala $5,400 to settle claims for the money spent to provide facilities for the East Florida Seminary in 1853, in compensation for the school being moved to Gainesville in 1866.
The East Florida Seminary was "thoroughly graded" in 1887. The lower age limit was raised, and there were no students under the age of thirteen enrolled in the school by 1889. By that year, the Seminary was functioning as a preparatory school. The Seminary library had between 800 and 1,000 books. Of the 28 counties in Florida east of the Suwannee River, 21 had students at the Seminary.
Athletics
Football
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "East Florida Seminary" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Football squads from the East Florida Seminary played a limited slate of games starting in 1902 until 1904. The first season consisted of a two-game series with Stetson College, which had fielded one of the first intercollegiate football teams in Florida the previous year. The teams split the games, but the East Florida Seminary claimed a state championship because they scored more points in the series.
In 1905, the school was consolidated along with Florida Agricultural College in Ocala along with two smaller schools to form the modern University of Florida per the Buckman Act. The new institution established its own football program in 1906, and the university does not include games played by its various predecessor institutions in its athletic records.
References
^ a b c d Bush, George Gary (1888). History of Education in Florida. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 33–36.
^ "Petition to Establish the East Florida Seminary in Alachua County, 1852". Florida Memory. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
^ "A Home for Higher Learning". Florida Memory. December 9, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
^ Ott, Eloise Robinson (October 1927). "Ocala Prior to 1868". The Florida Historical Society Quarterly. 6 (2): 100–101. JSTOR 30149665.
^ Pyburn, Nita Katherine (October 1955). "David Selby Walker (1815-1891) Educational Statesman of Florida". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 34 (2): 159–171. JSTOR 30139746.
^ Cook, David (2007). Historic Ocala: The Story of Ocala & Marion County. San Antonio, Texas: Historical Publishing Network. p. 16. ISBN 9781893619784.
^ Crow, C. L. (January 1936). "East Florida Seminary - Micanopy". The Florida Historical Society Quarterly. 14 (3): 193–216. JSTOR 30150237.
^ Laurie, Murray D. (October 1986). "The Union Academy: A Freedmen's Bureau School in Gainesville, Florida". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 65 (2): 172. JSTOR 30146739.
^ "Epworth Hall". Alachua County Library District Heritage Collection. 2002. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
^ Legislature of Florida (1887). "3693". General Acts and Resolutions Adopted by the Legislature of Florida. Office of the Floridian and Journal. p. 37. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
^ "Higher Learning in the Panhandle". The Florida Memory Blog. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
^ General Acts and Resolutions Adopted by the Legislature of Florida. Tallahassee, Florida: N. M. Bowen, State Printer. 1887. p. 36.
vteEast Florida Seminary footballSeasons
1902
1903
1904
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Ocala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Gainesville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida"}],"text":"The East Florida Seminary was an institution of higher learning established by the State of Florida in 1853, and absorbed into the newly established University of Florida in 1905. The school operated in Ocala from 1853 until 1861. After being closed during the Civil War, the school re-opened in Gainesville, Florida in 1866.","title":"East Florida Seminary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Suwannee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwannee_River"},{"link_name":"State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Alachua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alachua_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bush-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1851, the Florida Legislature authorized the establishment of two \"seminaries of learning\", one to serve residents of counties to the east of the Suwannee River, and the other to serve residents of counties to the west of that river. Each county could send a number of students tuition-free to the appropriate seminary equal to the number of representatives sent from that county to the State Assembly. Alachua and Marion counties each petitioned the state to host the new seminary for eastern Florida. Alachua County offered $5,000 for the construction of buildings for the school. Marion County offered $1,600, land worth $5,000, and the existing buildings of the East Florida Independent Institute, a private school founded in 1852. In 1852 the legislature picked Ocala, in Marion County, as the site for the East Florida Seminary.[1][2][3]The East Florida Seminary opened in 1853, and in its first year had four teachers and about 60 students. The school admitted male and female students, and the curriculum included \"all routine subjects\", as well as art, Greek and Latin. Marion County did not provide any support for public education until 1857, and the Seminary, a few private schools, and tutors on some plantations were the only educational opportunities in the county. In 1858 the Seminary had 65 students. The school closed in 1861. It has been reported that all of the male faculty and students left the school to participate in the Civil War.[4][5][6]","title":"Early years in Ocala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methodist Episcopal Church, South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South"},{"link_name":"Micanopy, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micanopy,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Senate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1852, prior to the establishment of the state sponsored East Florida Seminary in Ocala, another school called the East Florida Seminary, associated with the Florida Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was established in Micanopy, Florida, in southern Alachua County. While most members of the Board of Trustees were Methodist clergy, there is no evidence that the conference ever assumed control of or provided any funding for the school. The school was explicitly described as \"a 'literary' and not a 'theological' institution\", that would not be teaching \"Methodism\". A two-story classroom building was erected. At one point the school had three teachers, which were later reduced to two. In 1855 the school had about 30 students, but the teachers had not been paid for a year. The school struggled on, closing in 1860. The citizens of Alachua County unsuccessfully petitioned the Florida Senate in 1856 to move the state-funded East Florida Seminary to Micanopy.[7]","title":"The other East Florida Seminary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-FL(1891)_p174_GAINESVILLE,_EAST_FLORIDA_SEMINARY.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bush-1"},{"link_name":"Union Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Academy_(Gainesville,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"Epworth Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epworth_Hall_(Gainesville,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Florida_Seminary_barracks.jpg"},{"link_name":"normal department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_school"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bush-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Florida1887-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College-preparatory_school"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bush-1"}],"text":"East Florida Seminary in 1891. Epworth Hall is on the left, with the dormitory in the middle and rightThe East Florida Seminary did not reopen in Ocala after the end of the Civil War, and in 1866 the Florida Legislature passed an act moving the school to Gainesville. The Seminary was primarily a local public school for the next twenty years, with students mainly from Gainesville, ranging in age from four to twenty-four. Few students from other counties took advantage of the free tuition seats available, as the state tuition grants did not cover room and board.[1]The wooden building used by the East Florida Seminary, described as \"badly designed and poorly constructed\", burned in 1883. The voters of Gainesville approved a bond issue that year to fund improvements at the Seminary and the Union Academy, which served African-American students in Gainesville. The Seminary received $6,000 from the bond issue, which was used on construction of a new two-story brick Academic Building. That building was used in 1905 by the newly organized University of Florida until buildings could be constructed on its new campus west of Gainesville. The building was deeded in 1911 to what is now the First United Methodist Church of Gainesville, and is now known as Epworth Hall.[8][9]Wooden barracks or dormitory building for the East Florida SeminaryThe East Florida Seminary began awarding diplomas for completion of the English, commercial, classical and scientific courses in 1882. The seminary had a normal department for training teachers until the state created the Florida State Normal School in 1887. Starting in 1883 the Seminary had a military organization, with a training officer supplied by the U.S. Army. In 1886, the Florida Legislature appropriated $10,000 for the construction of a wooden dormitory (also called a barracks) at the Seminary, and $1,000 each for the years 1887 and 1888 to supplement the funds available from the Seminary Fund for the operation of the Seminary.[1][10][11]In 1885 the State of Florida paid Ocala $5,400 to settle claims for the money spent to provide facilities for the East Florida Seminary in 1853, in compensation for the school being moved to Gainesville in 1866.[12]The East Florida Seminary was \"thoroughly graded\" in 1887. The lower age limit was raised, and there were no students under the age of thirteen enrolled in the school by 1889. By that year, the Seminary was functioning as a preparatory school. The Seminary library had between 800 and 1,000 books. Of the 28 counties in Florida east of the Suwannee River, 21 had students at the Seminary.[1]","title":"Gainesville"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_East_Florida_Seminary_football_team"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_East_Florida_Seminary_football_team"},{"link_name":"Florida Agricultural College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Agricultural_College"},{"link_name":"Ocala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala,_Florida"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Buckman Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckman_Act"},{"link_name":"its own football program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators_football"}],"sub_title":"Football","text":"Football squads from the East Florida Seminary played a limited slate of games starting in 1902 until 1904. The first season consisted of a two-game series with Stetson College, which had fielded one of the first intercollegiate football teams in Florida the previous year. The teams split the games, but the East Florida Seminary claimed a state championship because they scored more points in the series.In 1905, the school was consolidated along with Florida Agricultural College in Ocala along with two smaller schools to form the modern University of Florida per the Buckman Act. The new institution established its own football program in 1906, and the university does not include games played by its various predecessor institutions in its athletic records.","title":"Athletics"}]
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[{"image_text":"East Florida Seminary in 1891. Epworth Hall is on the left, with the dormitory in the middle and right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/US-FL%281891%29_p174_GAINESVILLE%2C_EAST_FLORIDA_SEMINARY.jpg/220px-US-FL%281891%29_p174_GAINESVILLE%2C_EAST_FLORIDA_SEMINARY.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wooden barracks or dormitory building for the East Florida Seminary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/East_Florida_Seminary_barracks.jpg/220px-East_Florida_Seminary_barracks.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Bush, George Gary (1888). History of Education in Florida. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 33–36.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PotCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA33","url_text":"History of Education in Florida"}]},{"reference":"\"Petition to Establish the East Florida Seminary in Alachua County, 1852\". Florida Memory. Retrieved November 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/339317","url_text":"\"Petition to Establish the East Florida Seminary in Alachua County, 1852\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Home for Higher Learning\". Florida Memory. December 9, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.floridamemory.com/blog/tag/east-florida-seminary/","url_text":"\"A Home for Higher Learning\""}]},{"reference":"Ott, Eloise Robinson (October 1927). \"Ocala Prior to 1868\". The Florida Historical Society Quarterly. 6 (2): 100–101. JSTOR 30149665.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30149665","url_text":"30149665"}]},{"reference":"Pyburn, Nita Katherine (October 1955). \"David Selby Walker (1815-1891) Educational Statesman of Florida\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 34 (2): 159–171. JSTOR 30139746.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30139746","url_text":"30139746"}]},{"reference":"Cook, David (2007). Historic Ocala: The Story of Ocala & Marion County. San Antonio, Texas: Historical Publishing Network. p. 16. ISBN 9781893619784.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ppk8qVkQwP8C&pg=PA16","url_text":"Historic Ocala: The Story of Ocala & Marion County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781893619784","url_text":"9781893619784"}]},{"reference":"Crow, C. L. (January 1936). \"East Florida Seminary - Micanopy\". The Florida Historical Society Quarterly. 14 (3): 193–216. JSTOR 30150237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30150237","url_text":"30150237"}]},{"reference":"Laurie, Murray D. (October 1986). \"The Union Academy: A Freedmen's Bureau School in Gainesville, Florida\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 65 (2): 172. JSTOR 30146739.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30146739","url_text":"30146739"}]},{"reference":"\"Epworth Hall\". Alachua County Library District Heritage Collection. 2002. Retrieved January 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fumcgnv.org/MoreFUMC/History/EpworthHall.html","url_text":"\"Epworth Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Legislature of Florida (1887). \"3693\". General Acts and Resolutions Adopted by the Legislature of Florida. Office of the Floridian and Journal. p. 37. Retrieved 4 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3BI4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA37","url_text":"\"3693\""}]},{"reference":"\"Higher Learning in the Panhandle\". The Florida Memory Blog. Retrieved January 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.floridamemory.com/blog/tag/florida-state-normal-school/","url_text":"\"Higher Learning in the Panhandle\""}]},{"reference":"General Acts and Resolutions Adopted by the Legislature of Florida. Tallahassee, Florida: N. M. Bowen, State Printer. 1887. p. 36.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3BI4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA36","url_text":"General Acts and Resolutions Adopted by the Legislature of Florida"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_astronomy_detector
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X-ray telescope
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["1 History of X-ray telescopes","2 Active X-ray observatory satellites","3 Optics","3.1 Focusing mirrors","3.2 Collimating optics","4 Detection and imaging of X-rays","4.1 Proportional counters","4.2 X-ray monitor","4.3 Scintillation detector","4.4 Modulation collimator","4.5 X-ray spectrometer","4.6 CCDs","4.7 Microcalorimeters","4.8 Transition edge sensors","5 See also","6 References"]
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Telescope designed to observe remote objects by detecting X-rays
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Chandra X-ray Observatory, launched by NASA in 1999, is still operational as of 2024
An X-ray telescope (XRT) is a telescope that is designed to observe remote objects in the X-ray spectrum. X-rays are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so instruments to detect X-rays must be taken to high altitude by balloons, sounding rockets, and satellites.
The basic elements of the telescope are the optics (focusing or collimating), that collects the radiation entering the telescope, and the detector, on which the radiation is collected and measured. A variety of different designs and technologies have been used for these elements.
Many X-ray telescopes on satellites are compounded of multiple small detector-telescope systems whose capabilities add up or complement each other, and additional fixed or removable elements (filters, spectrometers) that add functionalities to the instrument.
History of X-ray telescopes
Uhuru X-ray satellite
Photo of supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, taken by the first imaging X-ray telescope, Einstein Observatory.
See also: X-ray astronomy, History of X-ray astronomy, and List of space telescopes § X-ray
X-ray telescopes were first used for astronomy to observe the Sun, which was the only source in the sky bright enough in X-rays for those early telescopes to detect. Because the Sun is so bright in X-rays, early X-ray telescopes could use a small focusing element and the X-rays would be detected with photographic film. The first X-ray picture of the Sun from a rocket-borne telescope was taken by John V. Lindsay of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and collaborators in 1963. The first orbiting X-ray telescope flew on Skylab in the early 1970s and recorded more than 35,000 full-disk images of the Sun over a 9-month period.
First specialised X-ray satellite, Uhuru, was launched by NASA in 1970. It detected 339 X-ray sources in its 2.5-year lifetime.
The Einstein Observatory, launched in 1978, was the first imaging X-ray observatory. It obtained high-resolution X-ray images in the energy range from 0.1 to 4 keV of stars of all types, supernova remnants, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. Another large project was ROSAT (active from 1990 to 1999), which was a heavy X-ray space observatory with focusing X-ray optics, and European EXOSAT.
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory was launched by NASA in 1999 and is operated for more than 25 years in a high elliptical orbit, returning thousands 0.5 arc-second images and high-resolution spectra of all kinds of astronomical objects in the energy range from 0.5 to 8.0 keV. Chandra's resolution is about 50 times superior to that of ROSAT.
Active X-ray observatory satellites
Satellites in use today include ESA's XMM-Newton observatory (low to mid energy X-rays 0.1-15 keV), NASA's Swift observatory, Chandra observatory and IXPE telescope. JAXA has launched the XRISM telescope, while ISRO has launched Aditya-L1 and XPoSat.
The GOES 14 spacecraft carries on board a Solar X-ray Imager to monitor the Sun's X-rays for the early detection of solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other phenomena that impact the geospace environment. It was launched into orbit on June 27, 2009, at 22:51 GMT from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
The Chinese Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope was launched on June 15, 2017 to observe black holes, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei and other phenomena based on their X-ray and gamma-ray emissions.
The Lobster-Eye X-ray Satellite was launched on 25 July 2020 by CNSA making it is the first in-orbit telescope to utilize the lobster-eye imaging technology of ultra-large field of view imaging to search for dark matter signals in the x-ray energy range. Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy was launched on 27 July 2022 as a technology demonstrator for Einstein Probe, launched on January 9, 2024, dedicated to time-domain high-energy astrophysics. The Space Variable Objects Monitor observatory scheduled for launch in June 2024 will be directed at studying the explosions of massive stars and analysis of gamma-ray bursts.
A soft X-ray solar imaging telescope is on board the GOES-13 weather satellite launched using a Delta IV from Cape Canaveral LC37B on May 24, 2006. However, there have been no GOES 13 SXI images since December 2006.
The Russian-German Spektr-RG carries the eROSITA telescope array as well as the ART-XC telescope. It was launched by Roscosmos on 13 July 2019 from Baikonur and began collecting data in October 2019.
Optics
Main article: X-ray optics
One of the mirrors of XRISM made of 203 foils
The most common methods used in X-ray optics are grazing incidence mirrors and collimated apertures. Only three geometries that use grazing incidence reflection of X-rays to produce X-ray images are known: Wolter system, Kirkpatrick-Baez system, and lobster-eye optics.
Focusing mirrors
Focusing X-rays with glancing reflection
A simple parabolic mirror was originally proposed in 1960 by Riccardo Giacconi and Bruno Rossi, the founders of extrasolar X-ray astronomy. This type of mirror is often used as the primary reflector in an optical telescope. However, images of off-axis objects would be severely blurred. The German physicist Hans Wolter showed in 1952 that the reflection off a combination of two elements, a paraboloid followed by a hyperboloid, would work far better for X-ray astronomy applications. Wolter described three different imaging configurations, the Types I, II, and III. The design most commonly used by X-ray astronomers is the Type I since it has the simplest mechanical configuration. In addition, the Type I design offers the possibility of nesting several telescopes inside one another, thereby increasing the useful reflecting area. The Wolter Type II is useful only as a narrow-field imager or as the optic for a dispersive spectrometer. The Wolter Type III has never been employed for X-ray astronomy.
With respect to collimated optics, focusing optics allow:
a high resolution imaging
a high telescope sensitivity: since radiation is focused on a small area, Signal-to-noise ratio is much higher for this kind of instruments.
The mirrors can be made of ceramic or metal foil coated with a thin layer of a reflective material (typically gold or iridium). Mirrors based on this construction work on the basis of total reflection of light at grazing incidence.
This technology is limited in energy range by the inverse relation between critical angle for total reflection and radiation energy. The limit in the early 2000s with Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observatories was about 15 kilo-electronvolt (keV) light. Using new multi-layered coated mirrors, the X-ray mirror for the NuSTAR telescope pushed this up to 79 keV light. To reflect at this level, glass layers were multi-coated with tungsten (W)/silicon (Si) or platinum (Pt)/silicon carbide(SiC).
Collimating optics
Main article: coded aperture
While earlier X-ray telescopes were using simple collimating techniques (e.g. rotating collimators, wire collimators), the technology most used in the present day employs coded aperture masks. This technique uses a flat aperture patterned grille in front of the detector. This design gives results that are less sensitive than focusing optics; also the imaging quality and identification of source position is much poorer. Though this design offers a larger field of view and can be employed at higher energies, where grazing incidence optics become ineffective. Also the imaging is not direct, but the image is rather reconstructed by post-processing of the signal.
Detection and imaging of X-rays
X-rays start at ~0.008 nm and extend across the electromagnetic spectrum to ~8 nm, over which Earth's atmosphere is opaque.
Chandra's image of Saturn (left) and Hubble optical image of Saturn (right). Saturn's X-ray spectrum is similar to that of X-rays from the Sun. 14 April 2003
X-rays has a huge span in wavelength (~8 nm - 8 pm), frequency (~50 PHz - 50 EHz) and energy (~0.12 - 120 keV). In terms of temperature, 1 eV = 11,604 K. Thus X-rays (0.12 to 120 keV) correspond to 1.39 × 106 to 1.39 × 109 K. From 10 to 0.1 nanometers (nm) (about 0.12 to 12 keV) they are classified as soft X-rays, and from 0.1 nm to 0.01 nm (about 12 to 120 keV) as hard X-rays.
Closer to the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum is the ultraviolet. The draft ISO standard on determining solar irradiances (ISO-DIS-21348) describes the ultraviolet as ranging from ~10 nm to ~400 nm. That portion closest to X-rays is often referred to as the "extreme ultraviolet" (EUV or XUV). When an EUV photon is absorbed, photoelectrons and secondary electrons are generated by ionization, much like what happens when X-rays or electron beams are absorbed by matter.
The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays has changed in recent decades. Originally, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by X-ray tubes had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei (gamma rays). So older literature distinguished between X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength, with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength, such as 10−11 m, defined as gamma rays. However, as shorter wavelength continuous spectrum "X-ray" sources such as linear accelerators and longer wavelength "gamma ray" emitters were discovered, the wavelength bands largely overlapped. The two types of radiation are now usually distinguished by their origin: X-rays are emitted by electrons outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus.
Although the more energetic X-rays, photons with an energy greater than 30 keV (4,800 aJ), can penetrate the Earth's atmosphere at least for distances of a few meters, the Earth's atmosphere is thick enough that virtually none are able to penetrate from outer space all the way to the Earth's surface. X-rays in the 0.5 to 5 keV (80 to 800 aJ) range, where most celestial sources give off the bulk of their energy, can be stopped by a few sheets of paper; 90% of the photons in a beam of 3 keV (480 aJ) X-rays are absorbed by traveling through just 10 cm of air.
Proportional counters
Main article: Proportional counter
A proportional counter is a type of gaseous ionization detector that counts particles of ionizing radiation and measures their energy. It works on the same principle as the Geiger-Müller counter, but uses a lower operating voltage. All X-ray proportional counters consist of a windowed gas cell. Often this cell is subdivided into a number of low- and high-electric field regions by some arrangement of electrodes.
Proportional counters were used on EXOSAT, on the US portion of the Apollo–Soyuz mission (July 1975), and on French TOURNESOL instrument.
X-ray monitor
Monitoring generally means to be aware of the state of a system. A device that displays or sends a signal for displaying X-ray output from an X-ray generating source so as to be aware of the state of the source is referred to as an X-ray monitor in space applications.
On Apollo 15 in orbit above the Moon, for example, an X-ray monitor was used to follow the possible variation in solar X-ray intensity and spectral shape while mapping the lunar surface with respect to its chemical composition due to the production of secondary X-rays.
The X-ray monitor of Solwind, designated NRL-608 or XMON, was a collaboration between the Naval Research Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory. The monitor consisted of 2 collimated argon proportional counters.
Scintillation detector
Main article: Scintillator
Scintillation crystal surrounded by various scintillation detector assemblies
A scintillator is a material which exhibits the property of luminescence when excited by ionizing radiation. Luminescent materials, when struck by an incoming particle, such as an X-ray photon, absorb its energy and scintillate, i.e. reemit the absorbed energy in the form of a small flash of light, typically in the visible range.
The scintillation X-ray detector were used on Vela 5A and its twin Vela 5B; the X-ray telescope onboard OSO 4 consisted of a single thin NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal plus phototube assembly enclosed in a CsI(Tl) anti-coincidence shield. OSO 5 carried a CsI crystal scintillator. The central crystal was 0.635 cm thick, had a sensitive area of 70 cm2, and was viewed from behind by a pair of photomultiplier tubes.
The PHEBUS had two independent detectors, each detector consisted of a bismuth germinate (BGO) crystal 78 mm in diameter by 120 mm thick. The KONUS-B instrument consisted of seven detectors distributed around the spacecraft that responded to photons of 10 keV to 8 MeV energy. They consisted of NaI(Tl) scintillator crystals 200 mm in diameter by 50 mm thick behind a Be entrance window. Kvant-1 carried the HEXE, or High Energy X-ray Experiment, which employed a phoswich of sodium iodide and caesium iodide.
Modulation collimator
In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one waveform in relation to another waveform. With a 'modulation collimator' the amplitude (intensity) of the incoming X-rays is reduced by the presence of two or more 'diffraction gratings' of parallel wires that block or greatly reduce that portion of the signal incident upon the wires.
An X-ray collimator is a device that filters a stream of X-rays so that only those traveling parallel to a specified direction are allowed through.
Minoru Oda, President of Tokyo University of Information Sciences, invented the modulation collimator, first used to identify the counterpart of Sco X-1 in 1966, which led to the most accurate positions for X-ray sources available, prior to the launch of X-ray imaging telescopes.
SAS 3 carried modulation collimators (2-11 keV) and Slat and Tube collimators (1 up to 60keV).
On board the Granat Observatory were four WATCH instruments that could localize bright sources in the 6 to 180 keV range to within 0.5° using a Rotation Modulation Collimator. Taken together, the instruments' three fields of view covered approximately 75% of the sky.
The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), Explorer 81, images solar flares from soft X-rays to gamma rays (~3 keV to ~20 MeV). Its imaging capability is based on a Fourier-transform technique using a set of 9 Rotational Modulation Collimators.
X-ray spectrometer
OSO 8 had on board a Graphite Crystal X-ray Spectrometer, with energy range of 2-8 keV, FOV 3°.
The Granat ART-S X-ray spectrometer covered the energy range 3 to 100 keV, FOV 2° × 2°. The instrument consisted of four detectors based on spectroscopic MWPCs, making an effective area of 2,400 cm2 at 10 keV and 800 cm2 at 100 keV. The time resolution was 200 microseconds.
The X-ray spectrometer aboard ISEE-3 was designed to study both solar flares and cosmic gamma-ray bursts over the energy range 5-228 keV. The experiment consisted of 2 cylindrical X-ray detectors: a Xenon filled proportional counter covering 5-14 keV, and a NaI(Tl) scintillator covering 12-1250 keV.
CCDs
Most existing X-ray telescopes use CCD detectors, similar to those in visible-light cameras. In visible-light, a single photon can produce a single electron of charge in a pixel, and an image is built up by accumulating many such charges from many photons during the exposure time. When an X-ray photon hits a CCD, it produces enough charge (hundreds to thousands of electrons, proportional to its energy) that the individual X-rays have their energies measured on read-out.
Microcalorimeters
Microcalorimeters can only detect X-rays one photon at a time (but can measure the energy of each).
Transition edge sensors
Transition-edge sensors are the next step in microcalorimetry. In essence they are super-conducting metals kept as close as possible to their transition temperature. This is the temperature at which these metals become super-conductors and their resistance drops to zero. These transition temperatures are usually just a few degrees above absolute zero (usually less than 10 K).
See also
List of telescope types
References
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^ "Instruments". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
^ a b "A Brief History of X-ray Telescopes". imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 January 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ a b "X-Ray Observatories - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". Retrieved 7 January 2024. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "GOES Solar X-ray Imager".
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^ "Launch of the world's first soft X-ray satellite with 'Lobster-Eye' imaging technology". copernical.com. 26 July 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ "Einstein Probe lifts off on a mission to monitor the X-ray sky". www.esa.int.
^ "Svom". Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^ Wade M. "Chronology - Quarter 2 2006". Archived from the original on September 2, 2003.
^ Richard Willingale (July 2021). "Lobster Eye Optics". In Sternberg, Amiel; Burrows, David N (eds.). The WSPC Handbook of Astronomical Instrumentation: Volume 4: X-Ray Astronomical Instrumentation. Vol. 4. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. pp. 33–47, 85–106. Bibcode:2021hai4.book.....B. doi:10.1142/9446-vol4. ISBN 978-981-4644-38-9. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
^ "X-ray Telescopes - More Information". imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 January 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Sciences and Exploration Directorate". science.gsfc.nasa.gov.
^ a b c "NuStar: Instrumentation: Optics". Archived from the original on November 1, 2010.
^ Seward, Frederick D.; Charles, Philip A. (2010). Exploring the X-ray Universe – Cambridge Books Online – Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511781513. ISBN 9780511781513.
^ Tobiska, W; Nusinov, A (2006). "ISO 21348 Process for Determining Solar Irradiances". 36th Cospar Scientific Assembly. 36: 2621. Bibcode:2006cosp...36.2621T. Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
^ Henke BL; et al. (1977). "0.1–10-keV X-ray induced electron emissions from solids—Models and secondary electron measurements". Journal of Applied Physics. 48 (5): 1852. Bibcode:1977JAP....48.1852H. doi:10.1063/1.323938.
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^ Feynman R; Leighton R; Sands M (1963). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Vol. 1. Addison-Wesley. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-0-201-02116-5.
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^ Grupen C; Cowan G; Eidelman SD; Stroh T (2005). Astroparticle Physics. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 978-3-540-25312-9.
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^ Hoff HA (1983). "Exosat - the new extrasolar X-ray observatory". J. Br. Interplanet. Soc. 36: 363. Bibcode:1983JBIS...36..363H.
^ a b c d "Granat". NASA. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
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^ Leo WR (1994). Techniques for Nuclear and particle Physics Experiments (2nd ed.). Springer.
^ Conner JP; Evans WD; Belian RD (1969). "The Recent Appearance of a New X-Ray Source in the Southern Sky". Astrophys J. 157: L157. Bibcode:1969ApJ...157L.157C. doi:10.1086/180409.
^ Cominsky L; Inoue H; Clark G. "Minoru Oda (1923 - 2001)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
^ "The Third Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-3)". Archived from the original on 2001-04-17.
vteX-ray scienceCharacteristics
X-ray
Absorption edge
Moseley's law
Synchrotron radiation
Water window
K-edge
L-edge
Siegbahn notation
Characteristic X-ray
High-energy X-rays
Sources and instruments
X-ray tube
Betatron
Synchrotron
Synchrotron light source
Free-electron laser
X-ray nanoprobe
Interaction with matter
Rayleigh scattering
Photoelectric effect
Compton scattering
Auger effect
Photoionization
Photodisintegration
Radiation damage
Anomalous X-ray scattering
X-ray diffraction
X-ray fluorescence
ApplicationsImaging
X-ray radiography
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X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
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Spectroscopy
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X-ray crystallography
X-ray diffraction
Backscatter X-ray
SAXS
GISAXS
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X-ray reflectivity
RIXS
XRS
XS
EDXRD
Others
X-ray astronomy
History
X-ray lithography
vteSpace telescopesOperatingRadio and Microwave
NCLE (since 2018)
Solar Orbiter (since 2020)
STEREO (since 2006)
Queqiao (since 2018)
Wind (since 1994)
Queqiao 2 (since 2024)
Infrared
James Webb (since 2022)
Odin (since 2001)
SOLAR (since 2008)
WISE (since 2009)
Optical
Aoi (since 2018)
Astrosat (since 2015)
BRITE constellation (since 2013)
CHASE (since 2021)
CHEOPS (since 2019)
DSCOVR (since 2015)
Euclid (since 2023)
Hayabusa2 (since 2021)
Gaia (since 2013)
HiRISE (since 2005)
Hubble (since 1990)
Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006)
NEOSSat (since 2013)
Odin (since 2001)
SDO (since 2010)
SOHO (since 1995)
SOLAR (since 2008)
Swift (since 2004)
TESS (since 2018)
Ultraviolet
Aditya-L1 (since 2023)
ASO-S (since 2022)
Astrosat (since 2015)
Hibari (since 2021)
Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006)
IRIS (since 2013)
SDO (since 2010)
SOHO (since 1995)
SOLAR (since 2008)
Solar Orbiter (since 2020)
STEREO (since 2006)
Swift (since 2004)
X-ray and Gamma-ray
AGILE (since 2007)
CALET (since 2015)
Chandra (AXAF) (since 1999)
DAMPE (since 2015)
Einstein Probe (since 2024)
HXMT (Insight) (since 2017)
INTEGRAL (since 2002)
Fermi (since 2008)
GECAM (since 2020)
IXPE (since 2021)
Spektr-RG (since 2019)
Swift (since 2004)
Max Valier Sat (since 2017)
MAXI (since 2009)
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NICER (since 2017)
NuSTAR (since 2012)
LEIA (since 2022)
XRISM (since 2023)
XPoSat (since 2024)
XMM-Newton (since 1999)
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ACE (since 1997)
AMS-02 (since 2011)
CALET (since 2015)
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Planned
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Astro-1 Telescope
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New Worlds Mission
NRO donation to NASA
ORBIS
OST
PhoENiX
Solar-D
Space Solar Telescope
THEIA
THESEUS
Retired
Akari (Astro-F) (2006–2011)
ALEXIS (1993–2005)
Alouette 1 (1962–1972)
Ariel 1 (1962, 1964)
Ariel 2 (1964)
Ariel 3 (1967–1969)
Ariel 4 (1971–1972)
Ariel 5 (1974–1980)
Ariel 6 (1979–1982)
ASTERIA (2017–2019)
ATM (1973–1974)
ASCA (Astro-D) (1993–2000)
Astro-1 (1990)
BBXRT
HUT
Astro-2 (HUT) (1995)
Astron (1983–1991)
ANS (1974–1976)
BeppoSAX (1996–2003)
CHIPSat (2003–2008)
Compton (CGRO) (1991–2000)
CoRoT (2006–2013)
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COBE (1989–1993)
CXBN-2 (2017–2019)
DXS (1993)
EPOCh (2008)
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Explorer 11 (1961)
EXOSAT (1983–1986)
EUVE (1992–2001)
FUSE (1999–2007)
Kvant-1 (1987–2001)
GALEX (2003–2013)
Gamma (1990–1992)
Ginga (Astro-C) (1987–1991)
Granat (1989–1998)
Hakucho (CORSA-b) (1979–1985)
HALCA (MUSES-B) (1997–2005)
HEAO-1 (1977–1979)
Herschel (2009–2013)
Hinotori (Astro-A) (1981–1991)
Hisaki (SPRINT-A) (2013–2023)
HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) (1978–1982)
HEAO-3 (1979–1981)
HETE-2 (2000–2008)
Hipparcos (1989–1993)
IUE (1978–1996)
IRAS (1983)
IRTS (1995–1996)
ISO (1996–1998)
IXAE (1996–2004)
Kepler (2009–2018)
Kristall (1990–2001)
LEGRI (1997–2002)
LISA Pathfinder (2015–2017)
MinXSS (2015–2017)
MOST (2003–2019)
MSX (1996–1997)
Mikhailo Lomonosov (failed on-orbit)
OAO-2 (1968–1973)
OAO-3 (Copernicus) (1972–1981)
Orbiting Solar Observatory
OSO 1
OSO B
OSO 3
OSO 4
OSO 5
OSO 6
OSO 7
OSO 8
Orion 1 (1971)
Orion 2 (1973)
PAMELA (2006–2016)
PicSat (2018)
Planck (2009–2013)
RELIKT-1 (1983–1984)
R/HESSI (2002–2018)
ROSAT (1990–1999)
RXTE (1995–2012)
SAMPEX (1992–2004)
SAS-B (1972–1973)
SAS-C (1975–1979)
Solwind (1979–1985)
Spektr-R (2011–2019)
Spitzer (2003–2020)
Suzaku (Astro-EII) (2005–2015)
Taiyo (SRATS) (1975–1980)
Tenma (Astro-B) (1983–1985)
Uhuru (1970–1973)
Vanguard 3 (1959)
WMAP (2001–2010)
Yokoh (Solar-A) (1991–2001)
Hibernating (Mission completed)
SWAS (1998–2005)
TRACE (1998–2010)
Lost/Failed
OAO-1 (1966)
OAO-B (1970)
CORSA (1976)
CXBN (2012–2013)
OSO C (1965)
ABRIXAS (1999)
HETE-1 (1996)
WIRE (1999)
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Tsubame (2014–2015)
Hitomi (Astro-H) (2016)
Cancelled
Aelita
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Related
Great Observatories program
List of space telescopes
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Category:Space telescopes
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chandra X-ray Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory"},{"link_name":"telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"Earth's atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere"},{"link_name":"balloons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon"},{"link_name":"sounding rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounding_rocket"},{"link_name":"satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics"},{"link_name":"collimating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimating"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_detector"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chandra X-ray Observatory, launched by NASA in 1999, is still operational as of 2024An X-ray telescope (XRT) is a telescope that is designed to observe remote objects in the X-ray spectrum. X-rays are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so instruments to detect X-rays must be taken to high altitude by balloons, sounding rockets, and satellites.The basic elements of the telescope are the optics (focusing or collimating), that collects the radiation entering the telescope, and the detector, on which the radiation is collected and measured. A variety of different designs and technologies have been used for these elements.Many X-ray telescopes on satellites are compounded of multiple small detector-telescope systems whose capabilities add up or complement each other, and additional fixed or removable elements[1][2] (filters, spectrometers) that add functionalities to the instrument.","title":"X-ray telescope"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X-Ray_Explorer_Satellite.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uhuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HEAO-2_Image_of_the_Supernova_Remnant_Cassiopeia_A_Taken_by_the_High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_8003547.jpg"},{"link_name":"supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova"},{"link_name":"Cassiopeia A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiopeia_A"},{"link_name":"Einstein Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_Observatory"},{"link_name":"X-ray astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_astronomy"},{"link_name":"History of X-ray astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_X-ray_astronomy"},{"link_name":"List of space telescopes § X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes#X-ray"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center"},{"link_name":"Skylab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-history-3"},{"link_name":"Uhuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overview-4"},{"link_name":"Einstein Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_Observatory"},{"link_name":"ROSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT"},{"link_name":"EXOSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXOSAT"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overview-4"},{"link_name":"Chandra X-Ray Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_X-Ray_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-history-3"}],"text":"Uhuru X-ray satellitePhoto of supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, taken by the first imaging X-ray telescope, Einstein Observatory.See also: X-ray astronomy, History of X-ray astronomy, and List of space telescopes § X-rayX-ray telescopes were first used for astronomy to observe the Sun, which was the only source in the sky bright enough in X-rays for those early telescopes to detect. Because the Sun is so bright in X-rays, early X-ray telescopes could use a small focusing element and the X-rays would be detected with photographic film. The first X-ray picture of the Sun from a rocket-borne telescope was taken by John V. Lindsay of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and collaborators in 1963. The first orbiting X-ray telescope flew on Skylab in the early 1970s and recorded more than 35,000 full-disk images of the Sun over a 9-month period.[3]First specialised X-ray satellite, Uhuru, was launched by NASA in 1970. It detected 339 X-ray sources in its 2.5-year lifetime.[4]The Einstein Observatory, launched in 1978, was the first imaging X-ray observatory. It obtained high-resolution X-ray images in the energy range from 0.1 to 4 keV of stars of all types, supernova remnants, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. Another large project was ROSAT (active from 1990 to 1999), which was a heavy X-ray space observatory with focusing X-ray optics, and European EXOSAT.[4]The Chandra X-Ray Observatory was launched by NASA in 1999 and is operated for more than 25 years in a high elliptical orbit, returning thousands 0.5 arc-second images and high-resolution spectra of all kinds of astronomical objects in the energy range from 0.5 to 8.0 keV. Chandra's resolution is about 50 times superior to that of ROSAT.[3]","title":"History of X-ray telescopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"XMM-Newton observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMM-Newton"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_Gamma-Ray_Burst_Mission"},{"link_name":"Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory"},{"link_name":"IXPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IXPE"},{"link_name":"JAXA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAXA"},{"link_name":"XRISM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRISM"},{"link_name":"ISRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISRO"},{"link_name":"Aditya-L1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditya-L1"},{"link_name":"XPoSat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPoSat"},{"link_name":"GOES 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOES_14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAAGOES-5"},{"link_name":"Space Launch Complex 37B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_37"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral Air Force Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station"},{"link_name":"Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hxmt-6"},{"link_name":"Lobster-Eye X-ray Satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobster-Eye_X-ray_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CNSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNSA"},{"link_name":"lobster-eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster-eye_optics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lobster-eye-7"},{"link_name":"Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster_Eye_Imager_for_Astronomy"},{"link_name":"Einstein Probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_Probe"},{"link_name":"high-energy astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_astrophysics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Space Variable Objects Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor"},{"link_name":"gamma-ray bursts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_bursts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SVOM_Mission_profile-9"},{"link_name":"soft X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray#Soft_and_hard_X-rays"},{"link_name":"GOES-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellite"},{"link_name":"Delta IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_IV"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WadeGOES-10"},{"link_name":"Spektr-RG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr-RG"},{"link_name":"eROSITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EROSITA"},{"link_name":"ART-XC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ART-XC"},{"link_name":"Roscosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos"},{"link_name":"Baikonur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome"}],"text":"Satellites in use today include ESA's XMM-Newton observatory (low to mid energy X-rays 0.1-15 keV), NASA's Swift observatory, Chandra observatory and IXPE telescope. JAXA has launched the XRISM telescope, while ISRO has launched Aditya-L1 and XPoSat.The GOES 14 spacecraft carries on board a Solar X-ray Imager to monitor the Sun's X-rays for the early detection of solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other phenomena that impact the geospace environment.[5] It was launched into orbit on June 27, 2009, at 22:51 GMT from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.The Chinese Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope was launched on June 15, 2017 to observe black holes, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei and other phenomena based on their X-ray and gamma-ray emissions.[6]The Lobster-Eye X-ray Satellite was launched on 25 July 2020 by CNSA making it is the first in-orbit telescope to utilize the lobster-eye imaging technology of ultra-large field of view imaging to search for dark matter signals in the x-ray energy range.[7] Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy was launched on 27 July 2022 as a technology demonstrator for Einstein Probe, launched on January 9, 2024, dedicated to time-domain high-energy astrophysics.[8] The Space Variable Objects Monitor observatory scheduled for launch in June 2024 will be directed at studying the explosions of massive stars and analysis of gamma-ray bursts.[9]A soft X-ray solar imaging telescope is on board the GOES-13 weather satellite launched using a Delta IV from Cape Canaveral LC37B on May 24, 2006.[10] However, there have been no GOES 13 SXI images since December 2006.The Russian-German Spektr-RG carries the eROSITA telescope array as well as the ART-XC telescope. It was launched by Roscosmos on 13 July 2019 from Baikonur and began collecting data in October 2019.","title":"Active X-ray observatory satellites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XRISM_s_X-ray_mirror_assembly.jpg"},{"link_name":"XRISM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRISM"},{"link_name":"grazing incidence mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)"},{"link_name":"collimated apertures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimator"},{"link_name":"grazing incidence reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)"},{"link_name":"Wolter system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolter_telescope"},{"link_name":"Kirkpatrick-Baez system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick%E2%80%93Baez_mirror"},{"link_name":"lobster-eye optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster-eye_optics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSPC-11"}],"text":"One of the mirrors of XRISM made of 203 foilsThe most common methods used in X-ray optics are grazing incidence mirrors and collimated apertures. Only three geometries that use grazing incidence reflection of X-rays to produce X-ray images are known: Wolter system, Kirkpatrick-Baez system, and lobster-eye optics.[11]","title":"Optics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xray_telescope_lens.svg"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Giacconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi"},{"link_name":"Bruno Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Hans Wolter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Wolter"},{"link_name":"Types I, II, and III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolter_telescope"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio"},{"link_name":"ceramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"},{"link_name":"metal foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_foil"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xraysMirror-13"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"iridium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium"},{"link_name":"total reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_reflection"},{"link_name":"Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory"},{"link_name":"XMM-Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMM-Newton"},{"link_name":"observatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_observatory"},{"link_name":"electronvolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nustar1-14"},{"link_name":"NuSTAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuSTAR"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nustar1-14"},{"link_name":"tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum"},{"link_name":"silicon carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nustar1-14"}],"sub_title":"Focusing mirrors","text":"Focusing X-rays with glancing reflectionA simple parabolic mirror was originally proposed in 1960 by Riccardo Giacconi and Bruno Rossi, the founders of extrasolar X-ray astronomy. This type of mirror is often used as the primary reflector in an optical telescope. However, images of off-axis objects would be severely blurred. The German physicist Hans Wolter showed in 1952 that the reflection off a combination of two elements, a paraboloid followed by a hyperboloid, would work far better for X-ray astronomy applications. Wolter described three different imaging configurations, the Types I, II, and III. The design most commonly used by X-ray astronomers is the Type I since it has the simplest mechanical configuration. In addition, the Type I design offers the possibility of nesting several telescopes inside one another, thereby increasing the useful reflecting area. The Wolter Type II is useful only as a narrow-field imager or as the optic for a dispersive spectrometer. The Wolter Type III has never been employed for X-ray astronomy.[12]With respect to collimated optics, focusing optics allow:a high resolution imaging\na high telescope sensitivity: since radiation is focused on a small area, Signal-to-noise ratio is much higher for this kind of instruments.The mirrors can be made of ceramic or metal foil[13] coated with a thin layer of a reflective material (typically gold or iridium). Mirrors based on this construction work on the basis of total reflection of light at grazing incidence.This technology is limited in energy range by the inverse relation between critical angle for total reflection and radiation energy. The limit in the early 2000s with Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observatories was about 15 kilo-electronvolt (keV) light.[14] Using new multi-layered coated mirrors, the X-ray mirror for the NuSTAR telescope pushed this up to 79 keV light.[14] To reflect at this level, glass layers were multi-coated with tungsten (W)/silicon (Si) or platinum (Pt)/silicon carbide(SiC).[14]","title":"Optics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"field of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view"}],"sub_title":"Collimating optics","text":"While earlier X-ray telescopes were using simple collimating techniques (e.g. rotating collimators, wire collimators),[15] the technology most used in the present day employs coded aperture masks. This technique uses a flat aperture patterned grille in front of the detector. This design gives results that are less sensitive than focusing optics; also the imaging quality and identification of source position is much poorer. Though this design offers a larger field of view and can be employed at higher energies, where grazing incidence optics become ineffective. Also the imaging is not direct, but the image is rather reconstructed by post-processing of the signal.","title":"Optics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ill-2_O3.jpg"},{"link_name":"opaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opacity_(optics)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saturn_comp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"Hubble optical image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"keV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KeV"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"irradiances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISO21348-16"},{"link_name":"EUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"photoelectrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect"},{"link_name":"secondary electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_electrons"},{"link_name":"ionization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henke-17"},{"link_name":"gamma rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"X-ray tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_tube"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"radioactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive"},{"link_name":"nuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dendy-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgman-19"},{"link_name":"linear accelerators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_accelerator"},{"link_name":"nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_(atomic_structure)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dendy-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feynman-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAnnunziata-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grupen-22"},{"link_name":"photons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"keV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KeV"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atto-"},{"link_name":"Earth's atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere"}],"text":"X-rays start at ~0.008 nm and extend across the electromagnetic spectrum to ~8 nm, over which Earth's atmosphere is opaque.Chandra's image of Saturn (left) and Hubble optical image of Saturn (right). Saturn's X-ray spectrum is similar to that of X-rays from the Sun. 14 April 2003X-rays has a huge span in wavelength (~8 nm - 8 pm), frequency (~50 PHz - 50 EHz) and energy (~0.12 - 120 keV). In terms of temperature, 1 eV = 11,604 K. Thus X-rays (0.12 to 120 keV) correspond to 1.39 × 106 to 1.39 × 109 K. From 10 to 0.1 nanometers (nm) (about 0.12 to 12 keV) they are classified as soft X-rays, and from 0.1 nm to 0.01 nm (about 12 to 120 keV) as hard X-rays.Closer to the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum is the ultraviolet. The draft ISO standard on determining solar irradiances (ISO-DIS-21348)[16] describes the ultraviolet as ranging from ~10 nm to ~400 nm. That portion closest to X-rays is often referred to as the \"extreme ultraviolet\" (EUV or XUV). When an EUV photon is absorbed, photoelectrons and secondary electrons are generated by ionization, much like what happens when X-rays or electron beams are absorbed by matter.[17]The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays has changed in recent decades. Originally, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by X-ray tubes had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei (gamma rays).[18] So older literature distinguished between X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength, with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength, such as 10−11 m, defined as gamma rays.[19] However, as shorter wavelength continuous spectrum \"X-ray\" sources such as linear accelerators and longer wavelength \"gamma ray\" emitters were discovered, the wavelength bands largely overlapped. The two types of radiation are now usually distinguished by their origin: X-rays are emitted by electrons outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus.[18][20][21][22]Although the more energetic X-rays, photons with an energy greater than 30 keV (4,800 aJ), can penetrate the Earth's atmosphere at least for distances of a few meters, the Earth's atmosphere is thick enough that virtually none are able to penetrate from outer space all the way to the Earth's surface. X-rays in the 0.5 to 5 keV (80 to 800 aJ) range, where most celestial sources give off the bulk of their energy, can be stopped by a few sheets of paper; 90% of the photons in a beam of 3 keV (480 aJ) X-rays are absorbed by traveling through just 10 cm of air.","title":"Detection and imaging of X-rays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proportional counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_counter"},{"link_name":"gaseous ionization detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaseous_ionization_detector"},{"link_name":"particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charged_particle"},{"link_name":"ionizing radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation"},{"link_name":"Geiger-Müller counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger_counter"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PropCount-23"},{"link_name":"EXOSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXOSAT"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoff-24"},{"link_name":"Apollo–Soyuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz"},{"link_name":"TOURNESOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat#TOURNESOL"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA2007-25"}],"sub_title":"Proportional counters","text":"A proportional counter is a type of gaseous ionization detector that counts particles of ionizing radiation and measures their energy. It works on the same principle as the Geiger-Müller counter, but uses a lower operating voltage. All X-ray proportional counters consist of a windowed gas cell.[23] Often this cell is subdivided into a number of low- and high-electric field regions by some arrangement of electrodes.Proportional counters were used on EXOSAT,[24] on the US portion of the Apollo–Soyuz mission (July 1975), and on French TOURNESOL instrument.[25]","title":"Detection and imaging of X-rays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apollo 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"secondary X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adler-26"},{"link_name":"Solwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P78-1"},{"link_name":"Naval Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory"}],"sub_title":"X-ray monitor","text":"Monitoring generally means to be aware of the state of a system. A device that displays or sends a signal for displaying X-ray output from an X-ray generating source so as to be aware of the state of the source is referred to as an X-ray monitor in space applications. \nOn Apollo 15 in orbit above the Moon, for example, an X-ray monitor was used to follow the possible variation in solar X-ray intensity and spectral shape while mapping the lunar surface with respect to its chemical composition due to the production of secondary X-rays.[26]The X-ray monitor of Solwind, designated NRL-608 or XMON, was a collaboration between the Naval Research Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory. The monitor consisted of 2 collimated argon proportional counters.","title":"Detection and imaging of X-rays"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SGCat24454-scint-gris.noirEtBlanc.jpg"},{"link_name":"luminescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescence"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leo-27"},{"link_name":"ionizing radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation"},{"link_name":"Vela 5A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"Vela 5B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conner-28"},{"link_name":"OSO 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSO_4"},{"link_name":"OSO 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSO_5"},{"link_name":"PHEBUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat#PHEBUS"},{"link_name":"diameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA2007-25"},{"link_name":"KONUS-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat#KONUS-B"},{"link_name":"photons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"NaI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_iodide"},{"link_name":"Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium"},{"link_name":"Kvant-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant-1"},{"link_name":"phoswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoswich_Detector"}],"sub_title":"Scintillation detector","text":"Scintillation crystal surrounded by various scintillation detector assembliesA scintillator is a material which exhibits the property of luminescence[27] when excited by ionizing radiation. Luminescent materials, when struck by an incoming particle, such as an X-ray photon, absorb its energy and scintillate, i.e. reemit the absorbed energy in the form of a small flash of light, typically in the visible range.The scintillation X-ray detector were used on Vela 5A and its twin Vela 5B;[28] the X-ray telescope onboard OSO 4 consisted of a single thin NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal plus phototube assembly enclosed in a CsI(Tl) anti-coincidence shield. OSO 5 carried a CsI crystal scintillator. The central crystal was 0.635 cm thick, had a sensitive area of 70 cm2, and was viewed from behind by a pair of photomultiplier tubes.The PHEBUS had two independent detectors, each detector consisted of a bismuth germinate (BGO) crystal 78 mm in diameter by 120 mm thick.[25] The KONUS-B instrument consisted of seven detectors distributed around the spacecraft that responded to photons of 10 keV to 8 MeV energy. They consisted of NaI(Tl) scintillator crystals 200 mm in diameter by 50 mm thick behind a Be entrance window. Kvant-1 carried the HEXE, or High Energy X-ray Experiment, which employed a phoswich of sodium iodide and caesium iodide.","title":"Detection and imaging of X-rays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation"},{"link_name":"X-ray collimator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimator#Neutron,_X-ray_and_gamma_ray_collimators"},{"link_name":"Minoru Oda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minoru_Oda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cominsky-29"},{"link_name":"SAS 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_3"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smale-30"},{"link_name":"Granat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat"},{"link_name":"WATCH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat#WATCH"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA2007-25"},{"link_name":"Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager"},{"link_name":"Rotational Modulation Collimators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_Modulation_Collimator"}],"sub_title":"Modulation collimator","text":"In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one waveform in relation to another waveform. With a 'modulation collimator' the amplitude (intensity) of the incoming X-rays is reduced by the presence of two or more 'diffraction gratings' of parallel wires that block or greatly reduce that portion of the signal incident upon the wires.An X-ray collimator is a device that filters a stream of X-rays so that only those traveling parallel to a specified direction are allowed through.Minoru Oda, President of Tokyo University of Information Sciences, invented the modulation collimator, first used to identify the counterpart of Sco X-1 in 1966, which led to the most accurate positions for X-ray sources available, prior to the launch of X-ray imaging telescopes.[29]SAS 3 carried modulation collimators (2-11 keV) and Slat and Tube collimators (1 up to 60keV).[30]On board the Granat Observatory were four WATCH instruments that could localize bright sources in the 6 to 180 keV range to within 0.5° using a Rotation Modulation Collimator. Taken together, the instruments' three fields of view covered approximately 75% of the sky.[25]The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), Explorer 81, images solar flares from soft X-rays to gamma rays (~3 keV to ~20 MeV). Its imaging capability is based on a Fourier-transform technique using a set of 9 Rotational Modulation Collimators.","title":"Detection and imaging of X-rays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OSO 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSO_8"},{"link_name":"Granat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat"},{"link_name":"ART-S X-ray spectrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat#ART-S"},{"link_name":"spectroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"MWPCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MWPC"},{"link_name":"microseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsecond"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA2007-25"},{"link_name":"ISEE-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISEE-3"}],"sub_title":"X-ray spectrometer","text":"OSO 8 had on board a Graphite Crystal X-ray Spectrometer, with energy range of 2-8 keV, FOV 3°.The Granat ART-S X-ray spectrometer covered the energy range 3 to 100 keV, FOV 2° × 2°. The instrument consisted of four detectors based on spectroscopic MWPCs, making an effective area of 2,400 cm2 at 10 keV and 800 cm2 at 100 keV. The time resolution was 200 microseconds.[25]The X-ray spectrometer aboard ISEE-3 was designed to study both solar flares and cosmic gamma-ray bursts over the energy range 5-228 keV. The experiment consisted of 2 cylindrical X-ray detectors: a Xenon filled proportional counter covering 5-14 keV, and a NaI(Tl) scintillator covering 12-1250 keV.","title":"Detection and imaging of X-rays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device"}],"sub_title":"CCDs","text":"Most existing X-ray telescopes use CCD detectors, similar to those in visible-light cameras. In visible-light, a single photon can produce a single electron of charge in a pixel, and an image is built up by accumulating many such charges from many photons during the exposure time. When an X-ray photon hits a CCD, it produces enough charge (hundreds to thousands of electrons, proportional to its energy) that the individual X-rays have their energies measured on read-out.","title":"Detection and imaging of X-rays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microcalorimeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter#X-ray_microcalorimeter"}],"sub_title":"Microcalorimeters","text":"Microcalorimeters can only detect X-rays one photon at a time (but can measure the energy of each).","title":"Detection and imaging of X-rays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transition-edge sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition-edge_sensor"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"}],"sub_title":"Transition edge sensors","text":"Transition-edge sensors are the next step in microcalorimetry. In essence they are super-conducting metals kept as close as possible to their transition temperature. This is the temperature at which these metals become super-conductors and their resistance drops to zero. These transition temperatures are usually just a few degrees above absolute zero (usually less than 10 K).","title":"Detection and imaging of X-rays"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Chandra X-ray Observatory, launched by NASA in 1999, is still operational as of 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg/220px-Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg"},{"image_text":"Uhuru X-ray satellite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/X-Ray_Explorer_Satellite.jpg/220px-X-Ray_Explorer_Satellite.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photo of supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, taken by the first imaging X-ray telescope, Einstein Observatory.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/HEAO-2_Image_of_the_Supernova_Remnant_Cassiopeia_A_Taken_by_the_High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_8003547.jpg/220px-HEAO-2_Image_of_the_Supernova_Remnant_Cassiopeia_A_Taken_by_the_High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_8003547.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the mirrors of XRISM made of 203 foils","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/XRISM_s_X-ray_mirror_assembly.jpg/220px-XRISM_s_X-ray_mirror_assembly.jpg"},{"image_text":"Focusing X-rays with glancing reflection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Xray_telescope_lens.svg/220px-Xray_telescope_lens.svg.png"},{"image_text":"X-rays start at ~0.008 nm and extend across the electromagnetic spectrum to ~8 nm, over which Earth's atmosphere is opaque.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ill-2_O3.jpg/220px-Ill-2_O3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chandra's image of Saturn (left) and Hubble optical image of Saturn (right). Saturn's X-ray spectrum is similar to that of X-rays from the Sun. 14 April 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Saturn_comp.jpg/350px-Saturn_comp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scintillation crystal surrounded by various scintillation detector assemblies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/SGCat24454-scint-gris.noirEtBlanc.jpg/220px-SGCat24454-scint-gris.noirEtBlanc.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of telescope types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_telescope_types"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Chandra :: About Chandra :: Science Instruments\". chandra.si.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://chandra.si.edu/about/science_instruments.html","url_text":"\"Chandra :: About Chandra :: Science Instruments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instruments\". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 2016-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://sci.esa.int/xmm-newton/31281-instruments/","url_text":"\"Instruments\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of X-ray Telescopes\". imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/observatories/history/xray/history.html","url_text":"\"A Brief History of X-ray Telescopes\""}]},{"reference":"\"X-Ray Observatories - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics\". Retrieved 7 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/x-ray-observatories","url_text":"\"X-Ray Observatories - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics\""}]},{"reference":"\"GOES Solar X-ray Imager\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/sxi/index.html","url_text":"\"GOES Solar X-ray Imager\""}]},{"reference":"Rui C. Barbosa (14 June 2017). \"China launches X-ray telescope via Long March 4B\". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/06/china-x-ray-telescope-long-march-4b/","url_text":"\"China launches X-ray telescope via Long March 4B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASASpaceFlight.com","url_text":"NASASpaceFlight.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Launch of the world's first soft X-ray satellite with 'Lobster-Eye' imaging technology\". copernical.com. 26 July 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://copernical.com/news-public/item/18179-2020-07-27-15-55-20","url_text":"\"Launch of the world's first soft X-ray satellite with 'Lobster-Eye' imaging technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Einstein Probe lifts off on a mission to monitor the X-ray sky\". www.esa.int.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/01/Einstein_Probe_lifts_off_on_a_mission_to_monitor_the_X-ray_sky","url_text":"\"Einstein Probe lifts off on a mission to monitor the X-ray sky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Svom\". Retrieved 14 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svom.fr/en/","url_text":"\"Svom\""}]},{"reference":"Wade M. \"Chronology - Quarter 2 2006\". Archived from the original on September 2, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030902042509/http://www.astronautix.com/chrono/20062.htm","url_text":"\"Chronology - Quarter 2 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/chrono/20062.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard Willingale (July 2021). \"Lobster Eye Optics\". In Sternberg, Amiel; Burrows, David N (eds.). The WSPC Handbook of Astronomical Instrumentation: Volume 4: X-Ray Astronomical Instrumentation. Vol. 4. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. pp. 33–47, 85–106. Bibcode:2021hai4.book.....B. doi:10.1142/9446-vol4. ISBN 978-981-4644-38-9. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9446-vol4","url_text":"The WSPC Handbook of Astronomical Instrumentation: Volume 4: X-Ray Astronomical Instrumentation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021hai4.book.....B","url_text":"2021hai4.book.....B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9446-vol4","url_text":"10.1142/9446-vol4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4644-38-9","url_text":"978-981-4644-38-9"}]},{"reference":"\"X-ray Telescopes - More Information\". imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/observatories/technology/xray_telescopes2.html","url_text":"\"X-ray Telescopes - More Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sciences and Exploration Directorate\". science.gsfc.nasa.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sci","url_text":"\"Sciences and Exploration Directorate\""}]},{"reference":"\"NuStar: Instrumentation: Optics\". Archived from the original on November 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101101113623/http://www.nustar.caltech.edu/about-nustar/instrumentation/optics","url_text":"\"NuStar: Instrumentation: Optics\""},{"url":"http://www.nustar.caltech.edu/about-nustar/instrumentation/optics","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seward, Frederick D.; Charles, Philip A. (2010). Exploring the X-ray Universe – Cambridge Books Online – Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511781513. ISBN 9780511781513.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511781513","url_text":"10.1017/cbo9780511781513"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511781513","url_text":"9780511781513"}]},{"reference":"Tobiska, W; Nusinov, A (2006). \"ISO 21348 Process for Determining Solar Irradiances\". 36th Cospar Scientific Assembly. 36: 2621. Bibcode:2006cosp...36.2621T. Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2024-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001205922/http://www.spacewx.com/ISO_solar_standard.html","url_text":"\"ISO 21348 Process for Determining Solar Irradiances\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006cosp...36.2621T","url_text":"2006cosp...36.2621T"},{"url":"http://www.spacewx.com/ISO_solar_standard.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henke BL; et al. (1977). \"0.1–10-keV X-ray induced electron emissions from solids—Models and secondary electron measurements\". Journal of Applied Physics. 48 (5): 1852. 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Bibcode:1983JBIS...36..363H.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JBIS...36..363H","url_text":"1983JBIS...36..363H"}]},{"reference":"\"Granat\". NASA. Retrieved 2007-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/granat/granat_about.html","url_text":"\"Granat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Adler I; Gerard J; Trombka J; Schmadebeck R; Lowman P; Bodgett H (1972). \"The Apollo 15 x-ray fluorescence experiment\". Proc Lunar Sci Conf. 2: 2157. Bibcode:1972LPSC....3.2157A.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972LPSC....3.2157A","url_text":"1972LPSC....3.2157A"}]},{"reference":"Leo WR (1994). Techniques for Nuclear and particle Physics Experiments (2nd ed.). Springer.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Conner JP; Evans WD; Belian RD (1969). \"The Recent Appearance of a New X-Ray Source in the Southern Sky\". Astrophys J. 157: L157. Bibcode:1969ApJ...157L.157C. doi:10.1086/180409.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969ApJ...157L.157C","url_text":"1969ApJ...157L.157C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F180409","url_text":"10.1086/180409"}]},{"reference":"Cominsky L; Inoue H; Clark G. \"Minoru Oda (1923 - 2001)\". Archived from the original on 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2024-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090605235257/http://www.aas.org/head/headnews/headnews.may01.html","url_text":"\"Minoru Oda (1923 - 2001)\""},{"url":"http://www.aas.org/head/headnews/headnews.may01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Third Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-3)\". Archived from the original on 2001-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010417123458/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/sas3.html","url_text":"\"The Third Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-3)\""},{"url":"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/sas3.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Marchal
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Gilles Marchal
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["1 Life","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 EPs","2.3 Singles","3 References","4 External links"]
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French singer and songwriter (1944–2013)
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Gilles Marchal (2 September 1944 – 11 April 2013), born Gilles Pastre, was a French songwriter and singer who reached the height of his career during the 1970s.
Life
Discovered by Georges Chatelain, his producer, who signed (with Jack Robinson as a co-producer) a contract with Disc' AZ and Lucien Morisse, who was then the program director at Europe 1. Most of his repertoire was original, but at the beginning of his career he performed a few interesting covers of songs by Lee Hazlewood and Fred Neil. "Summer Wine", for example, which Lee Hazlewood originally sang with Nancy Sinatra, was covered by Marchal in 1969 in a duet with Martine Habib, a young singer whom he met at CBE Studios and whose voice is reminiscent of Joan Baez. Marchal also chose to interpret the song in English; a French translation appeared this same year ("Le vin de l'été" by Marie Laforêt and Gérard Klein). One of Marchal's greater successes, "Un étranger dans la ville", is a version of "Everybody's Talkin'" by Fred Neil. (Harry Nilsson sang the original version for the credits of John Schlesinger's film Midnight Cowboy.)
Marchal also sang "Je suis né sous une étoile filante" (a Lerner and Loewe song translated to French by Mr. Vidalin) and "Buddy River" (a Lee Hazlewood song translated by Vline Buggy and Yves Dessca). The success of these two singles during the summer of 1970 propelled Marchal to the front of the French music scene and to first place in the hit parade. In 1971, "Liberté" by Charles Orieux and Jean-max Riviere was also an immense success for him reaching No.5 in the French charts on 25 March 1972.
Marchal has written several songs, both solo ("Nous vivrons tous les trois", "Ne pleure pas ma mie") or with his friends and producers at CBE, George Chatelain and Bernard Estardy ("Dieu qu'elle était belle", "Quand je te regarde vivre").
In the 1970s and 1980s, Marchal continued to record. Little by little, he gave up his "cowboy" persona in favor of the "new man". In homage to the Paris area, he sang the anthem "Les prénoms de l'Ile de France" (words by Claude Lemesle) in 1977. The following year, he released an album at Sonopresse containing his own words and music. Songs such as "Drôle de vie" were a great success both in France and abroad, as well as "C'était en France" and lighter songs like "Miss Pharmago" and "C'est pas la Chine". In 1985, Marchal recorded a 45 of "Celine" (by Vline Buggy, Hugues Aufray and Mort Shuman); the B side featured "Les maisons sans visage", with music by Marchal and lyrics by Vline Buggy.
Gilles Marchal retired from show business in 1985. He died on 11 April 2013.
Discography
Albums
Comme un étranger dans la ville (1971)
FACE A
Je ne suis qu'un pauvre homme
Pas de bois pour me réchauffer les doigts
Dieu qu'elle était belle
Comme un étranger dans la ville
Nous vivrons tous les trois
Summer wine (avec Martine Habib)
FACE B
Window seat (avec Martine Habib)
Quand je te regarde vivre
Ne pleure pas ma mie
Valse à quatre patte
L'étoile filante
Pauvre Buddy River
Clémentine Pépin (1974)
FACE A
Clémentine Pépin
Tout à apprendre, tout à oublier
On a volé la Tour Eiffel
L'amour va plus vite qu'un coureur à pied
Liz et Richard
La planète des rêves'
FACE B
I love you
Va dire à tes parents
Le jour de ta fête
L'amour en retard
Pardonnez Mad'moiselle
Elle'
Drôle de vie (1978)
FACE A
L'amour muet
La moitié du parcours
Le courage
D'appartement
C'est pas la Chine
A ma mère
FACE B
C'était en France
Papa, Maman, etc.
Miss Pharmago
Les roses
Drôle de vie
EPs
1967, Le père Noël est mort / Vierge Marie / Sans rancune / Il a beau passer
1968, Le chanteur d'amour / Trou la la ou ti / Je me passe de vous / C'est normal mais pas évident
Singles
1968, Dieu qu'elle était belle / Ne pleure pas ma mie
1968, Summer wine / Ma belle
1968, La valse à quatre pattes / Où es-tu donc passée (l'autoroute)
1969, Comme un étranger dans la ville / Nous vivrons tous les trois
1969, Where do people go (chanson du film Trop petit mon ami) / Window Seat
1970, L'étoile filante / Quand je te regarde vivre
1970, Pauvre Buddy River / Je m'en vais dans un avion
1970, Cry no more Maria / Ne pleure pas ma mie
1971, Liberté / Les rues de la ville
1971, Non non-personne / Mardi
1971, Je ne suis qu'un pauvre homme / Pas de bois pour me réchauffer les doigts
1971, La ballata di Buddy river (Pauvre Buddy river) / Noi vivremo per lui (Nous vivrons tous les trois)
1972, Un cow-boy n'est jamais tranquille / L'été à fleur de peau
1972, En 89 / Quand tu parleras au diable
1973, Un homme libre (chanson du film Un homme libre) / conscience
1973, Si je t'avais rêvée / Jocelyne
1973, Elle / L'amour en retard
1974, Août à l'Opéra / La martienne
1976, On n'refait pas le monde avec une chanson / Maurice et fils
1977, Jeanne est là / Tu es le centre du monde
1977, Tu devrais chanter / Tu es le centre du monde
1978, Drôle de vie / Miss Pharmago
1978, Les prénoms de l'Ile de France / Version instrumentale
1979, Marteau disco / C'est pas la Chine
1980, Ils ont perdu leur chanteur / Les clés sous la porte
1982, Je t'aime trop / L'amitié
1985, Céline / Les maisons sans visages
References
^ a b Staff (based on AFP report) (12 April 2013). "Mort du chanteur Gilles Marchal". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 13 April 2013.
External links
Gilles Marchal's official site (French)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Artists
MusicBrainz
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Most of his repertoire was original, but at the beginning of his career he performed a few interesting covers of songs by Lee Hazlewood and Fred Neil. \"Summer Wine\", for example, which Lee Hazlewood originally sang with Nancy Sinatra, was covered by Marchal in 1969 in a duet with Martine Habib, a young singer whom he met at CBE Studios and whose voice is reminiscent of Joan Baez. Marchal also chose to interpret the song in English; a French translation appeared this same year (\"Le vin de l'été\" by Marie Laforêt and Gérard Klein). One of Marchal's greater successes, \"Un étranger dans la ville\", is a version of \"Everybody's Talkin'\" by Fred Neil. (Harry Nilsson sang the original version for the credits of John Schlesinger's film Midnight Cowboy.)Marchal also sang \"Je suis né sous une étoile filante\" (a Lerner and Loewe song translated to French by Mr. Vidalin) and \"Buddy River\" (a Lee Hazlewood song translated by Vline Buggy and Yves Dessca). The success of these two singles during the summer of 1970 propelled Marchal to the front of the French music scene and to first place in the hit parade. In 1971, \"Liberté\" by Charles Orieux and Jean-max Riviere was also an immense success for him reaching No.5 in the French charts on 25 March 1972.Marchal has written several songs, both solo (\"Nous vivrons tous les trois\", \"Ne pleure pas ma mie\") or with his friends and producers at CBE, George Chatelain and Bernard Estardy (\"Dieu qu'elle était belle\", \"Quand je te regarde vivre\").In the 1970s and 1980s, Marchal continued to record. Little by little, he gave up his \"cowboy\" persona in favor of the \"new man\". In homage to the Paris area, he sang the anthem \"Les prénoms de l'Ile de France\" (words by Claude Lemesle) in 1977. The following year, he released an album at Sonopresse containing his own words and music. Songs such as \"Drôle de vie\" were a great success both in France and abroad, as well as \"C'était en France\" and lighter songs like \"Miss Pharmago\" and \"C'est pas la Chine\". In 1985, Marchal recorded a 45 of \"Celine\" (by Vline Buggy, Hugues Aufray and Mort Shuman); the B side featured \"Les maisons sans visage\", with music by Marchal and lyrics by Vline Buggy.Gilles Marchal retired from show business in 1985. He died on 11 April 2013.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Comme un étranger dans la ville (1971)\nFACE A\nJe ne suis qu'un pauvre homme\nPas de bois pour me réchauffer les doigts\nDieu qu'elle était belle\nComme un étranger dans la ville\nNous vivrons tous les trois\nSummer wine (avec Martine Habib)\nFACE B\nWindow seat (avec Martine Habib)\nQuand je te regarde vivre\nNe pleure pas ma mie\nValse à quatre patte\nL'étoile filante\nPauvre Buddy River\nClémentine Pépin (1974)\nFACE A\nClémentine Pépin\nTout à apprendre, tout à oublier\nOn a volé la Tour Eiffel\nL'amour va plus vite qu'un coureur à pied\nLiz et Richard\nLa planète des rêves'\nFACE B\nI love you\nVa dire à tes parents\nLe jour de ta fête\nL'amour en retard\nPardonnez Mad'moiselle\nElle'\nDrôle de vie (1978)\nFACE A\nL'amour muet\nLa moitié du parcours\nLe courage\nD'appartement\nC'est pas la Chine\nA ma mère\nFACE B\nC'était en France\nPapa, Maman, etc.\nMiss Pharmago\nLes roses\nDrôle de vie","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967_en_musique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_en_musique&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"1967, Le père Noël est mort / Vierge Marie / Sans rancune / Il a beau passer\n1968, Le chanteur d'amour / Trou la la ou ti / Je me passe de vous / C'est normal mais pas évident","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_en_musique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_en_musique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_en_musique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1969_en_musique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1969_en_musique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_en_musique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_en_musique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_en_musique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971_en_musique&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"1968, Dieu qu'elle était belle / Ne pleure pas ma mie\n1968, Summer wine / Ma belle\n1968, La valse à quatre pattes / Où es-tu donc passée (l'autoroute)\n1969, Comme un étranger dans la ville / Nous vivrons tous les trois\n1969, Where do people go (chanson du film Trop petit mon ami) / Window Seat\n1970, L'étoile filante / Quand je te regarde vivre\n1970, Pauvre Buddy River / Je m'en vais dans un avion\n1970, Cry no more Maria / Ne pleure pas ma mie\n1971, Liberté / Les rues de la ville\n1971, Non non-personne / Mardi\n1971, Je ne suis qu'un pauvre homme / Pas de bois pour me réchauffer les doigts\n1971, La ballata di Buddy river (Pauvre Buddy river) / Noi vivremo per lui (Nous vivrons tous les trois)\n1972, Un cow-boy n'est jamais tranquille / L'été à fleur de peau\n1972, En 89 / Quand tu parleras au diable\n1973, Un homme libre (chanson du film Un homme libre) / conscience\n1973, Si je t'avais rêvée / Jocelyne\n1973, Elle / L'amour en retard\n1974, Août à l'Opéra / La martienne\n1976, On n'refait pas le monde avec une chanson / Maurice et fils\n1977, Jeanne est là / Tu es le centre du monde\n1977, Tu devrais chanter / Tu es le centre du monde\n1978, Drôle de vie / Miss Pharmago\n1978, Les prénoms de l'Ile de France / Version instrumentale\n1979, Marteau disco / C'est pas la Chine\n1980, Ils ont perdu leur chanteur / Les clés sous la porte\n1982, Je t'aime trop / L'amitié\n1985, Céline / Les maisons sans visages","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Staff (based on AFP report) (12 April 2013). \"Mort du chanteur Gilles Marchal\". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 13 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"AFP"},{"url":"http://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2013/04/12/mort-du-chanteur-gilles-marchal_3159159_3246.html","url_text":"\"Mort du chanteur Gilles Marchal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masking_agent
|
Masking agent
|
["1 References"]
|
Chemical reagent with chemical interference properties
For the film about the rock band The Drugs, see Masking Agents.
A masking agent is a reagent used in chemical analysis which reacts with chemical species that may interfere in the analysis.
In sports a masking agent is used to hide or prevent detection of a banned substance or illegal drug like anabolic steroids or stimulants. Diuretics are the simplest form of masking agent and work by enhancing water loss via urine excretion and thus diluting the urine, which results in lower concentrations of the banned substance as more of it is being excreted from the body making it more difficult for laboratories to detect.
References
"Masking agent (chemistry) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Retrieved 2007-11-09.
^ "Masking Agents FAQ". Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-20. Masking Agents FAQ, National Strength and Conditioning Assoc.
vteAnalytical chemistryInstrumentation
Atomic absorption spectrometer
Flame emission spectrometer
Gas chromatograph
High-performance liquid chromatograph
Infrared spectrometer
Mass spectrometer
Melting point apparatus
Microscope
Optical spectrometer
Spectrophotometer
Techniques
Calorimetry
Chromatography
Electroanalytical methods
Gravimetric analysis
Ion mobility spectrometry
Mass spectrometry
Spectroscopy
Titration
Sampling
Coning and quartering
Dilution
Dissolution
Filtration
Masking
Pulverization
Sample preparation
Separation process
Sub-sampling
Calibration
Chemometrics
Calibration curve
Matrix effect
Internal standard
Standard addition
Isotope dilution
Prominent publications
Analyst
Analytica Chimica Acta
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Analytical Biochemistry
Category
Commons
Portal
WikiProject
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
This article about analytical chemistry is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Masking agent (chemistry) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia\". Retrieved 2007-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-367978/masking-agent","url_text":"\"Masking agent (chemistry) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Masking Agents FAQ\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045624/http://www.nsca-lift.org/education/npedp/maskagents.shtml","url_text":"\"Masking Agents FAQ\""},{"url":"http://www.nsca-lift.org/education/npedp/maskagents.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-367978/masking-agent","external_links_name":"\"Masking agent (chemistry) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045624/http://www.nsca-lift.org/education/npedp/maskagents.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Masking Agents FAQ\""},{"Link":"http://www.nsca-lift.org/education/npedp/maskagents.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555601305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85081816","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masking_agent&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameh_Mosque_of_Zavareh
|
Jameh Mosque of Zavareh
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Grand Mosque of Zavarehمسجد جامع زوارهReligionAffiliationIslamProvinceIsfahan ProvinceEcclesiastical or organizational statusIn use occasionallyLocationLocationZavareh, Isfahan, IranArchitectureTypeRazi
Jāmeh Mosque of Zavareh (Persian: مسجد جامع زواره Masjed-e-Jāme-e Zavareh), Congregation mosque of Zavareh, Friday mosque of Zavareh or Grand mosque of Zavareh is the congregational mosque (jāmeh) of the city of Zavareh in the Isfahan Province of Iran.
Centrally located in the pre-Islamic city of Zavareh, this mosque is the earliest dated example of a four-iwan scheme. Contrary to most Seljuk mosques, the inscription containing the date and the patronage for the building is on the courtyard façade. Although this information is not completely preserved, a date of 1135 (530 AH) can be established for this building. The patron of the mosque is identified as Abu Taher Hosein bin Ghali bin Ahmad. In another inscription on the eastern side of the south iwan, the date of the mihrab is recorded as 1156 (551 AH).
See also
Islam in Iran
References
^ "Archnet".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jameh Mosque of Zavareh.
vteMosques in IranArdabil
Jome Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Germi
Jameh Mosque of Namin
East Azerbaijan
Jameh Mosque of Ahar
Jameh Mosque of Tabriz
Jameh Mosque of Sarab
Hajj Safar Ali Mosque
Saheb-ol-Amr Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Marand
Jameh Mosque of Mehrabad
Blue Mosque, Tabriz
Stone Tark Mosque
Mirpanj Mosque
Gilan
Espi Mazget
Hajj Samad Khan Mosque
Chahar Padshahan
Fars
Jameh Mosque of Atigh
Vakil Mosque
Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Lar
Jameh Mosque of Kabir Neyriz
Jameh Mosque of Jahrom
Jameh Mosque of Darab
Jameh Mosque of Arsanjan
Hormozgan
Malek bin Abbas Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Bastak
Jameh Mosque of Bandar Abbas
Jameh Mosque of Qiblah
Jameh Mosque of Qeshm
Isfahan
Agha Bozorg Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Ashtarjan
Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
Jameh Mosque of Khansar
Jameh Mosque of Khozan
Jameh Mosque of Meymeh
Jameh Mosque of Zavareh
Jameh Mosque of Golpayegan
Jameh Mosque of Nain
Jameh Mosque of Natanz
Jameh Mosque of Nushabad
Jarchi Mosque
Agha Nour Mosque
Ali Gholi Agha Mosque
Barsian mosque and minaret
Darvazeh No Mosque
Dashti Mosque
Rahim Khan Mosque
Gar mosque and minaret
Ilchi Mosque
Roknolmolk Mosque
Kaj Mosque
Maghsoudbeyk Mosque
Meydan Mosque, Kashan
Mohammad Jafar Abadei Mosque
Hakim Mosque, Isfahan
Seyyed Mosque (Isfahan)
Shah Mosque (Isfahan)
Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
Safa Mosque
Tabriziha Mosque
Lonban Mosque
Mesri Mosque
Hafshuye Mosque
Kerman
Jameh Mosque of Kerman
Malek Mosque
Hajj Agha Ali Mosque
Pamenar Mosque, Kerman
Kermanshah
Jameh Mosque of Kermanshah
Jameh Mosque of Shafei
Emad o dolah Mosque
Abdullah ibn Umar Mosque
Hajj Shahbazkhan Mosque
Khuzestan
Jameh Mosque of Dezful
Jameh Mosque of Shushtar
Rangooniha Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Khorramshahr
Kurdistan
Dar ul-Ihsan Mosque
Hajar Khatoon Mosque
Domenareh Mosque
Lorestan
Jameh Mosque of Borujerd
Soltani Mosque of Borujerd
Markazi
Jameh Mosque of Arak
Agha Zia ol Din Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Saveh
Mazandaran
Farahabad Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Amol
Jameh Mosque of Babol
Jameh Mosque of Sari
Qazvin
Jameh Mosque of Qazvin
Al-Nabi Mosque, Qazvin
Heidarieh Mosque, Qazvin
Jameh Mosque of Qerveh
Qom
Jameh Mosque of Qom
Jameh Mosque of Pachian
Imam Hasan al-Askari Mosque
Azam Mosque of Qom
Chehel Akhtaran Mosque
Jamkaran Mosque
Razavi Khorasan
Qadamgah Mosque
Haji Jalal Mosque
Khosrow Shir Mosque
Gonbad Kabud Mosque
Goharshad Mosque
Shah Mosque (Mashhad)
Jameh Mosque of Radkan
Jameh Mosque of Sabzevar
Jameh Mosque of Kashmar
Jameh Mosque of Khalilabad
Jameh Mosque of Gonabad
Jameh Mosque of Marandiz
Jameh Mosque of Nishapur
Sheikh Fayz Mosque
Pamenar Mosque, Sabzevar
Semnan
Imam Mosque, Semnan
Jameh Mosque of Aradan
Jameh Mosque of Damghan
Jameh Mosque of Farumad
Jameh Mosque of Semnan
Jameh Mosque of Shahrud
Pamenar Mosque, Mehdishahr
Sheikh Bastami Mosque
Tarikhaneh
South Khorasan
Mahvid Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Fathabad
Jameh Mosque of Ferdows
Jameh Mosque of Raqqeh
Tehran
Fakhr al-Dawla Mosque
Hedayat Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Damavand
Jameh Mosque of Tehran
Jameh Mosque of Varamin
Lorzadeh Mosque
Mirza Mousa Mosque
Qoba Mosque
Sepahsalar Mosque
Shah Mosque (Tehran)
West Azerbaijan
Jameh Mosque of Urmia
Jameh Mosque of Takab
Dash Aghlian Mosque
Sardar Mosque
Menareh Mosque
Hojjatieh Mosque
Yazd
Jameh Mosque of Ardakan
Amir Chakhmaq Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Abarkuh
Jameh Mosque of Eslamiyeh
Jameh Mosque of Fahraj
Jameh Mosque of Yazd
Zir Deh Mosque
Chahar Suq And Hajj Muhammad Husayn Mosque
Zanjan Province
Khanom Mosque
Jameh Mosque of Zanjan
Jameh Mosque of Sojas
Other provinces
Jameh Mosque of Makki
Jameh Mosque of Sarabi
Jameh Mosque of Gorgan
Haram And Tomb
Imam Reza shrine
Fatima Masumeh Shrine
Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini
Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine
Tomb of Daniel
Tomb of Hassan Modarres
Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami mausoleum complex
Hajar Khatoon Mosque
Monar Jonban
Kushk Complex
Category
Islam in Iran
Mosques by country
vteIsfahan province, IranCapital
Isfahan
Countiesand citiesAran va Bidgol County
Aran va Bidgol
Abuzeydabad
Nushabad
Sefidshahr
Ardestan County
Ardestan
Mahabad
Zavareh
Borkhar County
Dowlatabad
Dastgerd
Habibabad
Khvorzuq
Komeshcheh
Shadpurabad
Buin va Miandasht County
Buin va Miandasht
Afus
Chadegan County
Chadegan
Rozveh
Dehaqan County
Dehaqan
Falavarjan County
Falavarjan
Abrisham
Baharan Shahr
Imanshahr
Kelishad va Sudarjan
Pir Bakran
Qahderijan
Zazeran
Faridan County
Daran
Damaneh
Fereydunshahr County
Fereydunshahr
Barf Anbar
Golpayegan County
Golpayegan
Golshahr
Guged
Isfahan County
Isfahan
Baharestan
Ezhiyeh
Harand
Hasanabad
Kuhpayeh
Mohammadabad
Nasrabad
Nikabad
Sagzi
Tudeshk
Varzaneh
Kashan County
Kashan
Barzok
Jowsheqan va Kamu
Meshkat
Neyasar
Qamsar
Khomeyni Shahr County
Khomeyni Shahr
Dorcheh Piaz
Kushk
Khur and Biabanak County
Khur
Jandaq
Farrokhi
Khvansar County
Khvansar
Lenjan County
Zarrin Shahr
Bagh-e Bahadoran
Chamgardan
Chermahin
Fuladshahr
Sedeh Lenjan
Varnamkhast
Zayandeh Rud
Mobarakeh County
Mobarakeh
Dizicheh
Karkevand
Talkhvoncheh
Zibashahr
Nain County
Nain
Anarak
Bafran
Najafabad County
Najafabad
Alavicheh
Dehaq
Goldasht
Jowzdan
Kahriz Sang
Natanz County
Natanz
Badrud
Khaledabad
Semirom County
Semirom
Hana
Komeh
Noqol
Vanak
Shahreza County
Shahreza
Manzariyeh
Shahin Shahr and Meymeh County
Shahin Shahr
Gaz
Meymeh
Vazvan
Tiran and Karvan County
Tiran
Asgaran
Rezvanshahr
Sights
Abbāsi House
Abyaneh
Agha Bozorg Mosque
Āmeri House
Bazaar of Kashan
Borujerdi House
Chaharbagh Boulevard
Chaharbagh School
Fin Garden
Fire temple of Isfahan
Hasht Behesht
Jameh Mosque of Ashtarjan
Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
Khaju Bridge
Monar Jonban
Naqsh-e Jahan Square
New Julfa
Si-o-se-pol
Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse
Tabatabai House
Tepe Sialk
See also
Greater Isfahan Region
List of cities, towns and villages
List of universities
This article about a mosque or other Islamic place of worship in Iran is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"congregational mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_mosque"},{"link_name":"Zavareh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavareh"},{"link_name":"Isfahan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"AH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Hegirae"},{"link_name":"iwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan"},{"link_name":"mihrab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihrab"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Jāmeh Mosque of Zavareh (Persian: مسجد جامع زواره Masjed-e-Jāme-e Zavareh), Congregation mosque of Zavareh, Friday mosque of Zavareh or Grand mosque of Zavareh is the congregational mosque (jāmeh) of the city of Zavareh in the Isfahan Province of Iran.Centrally located in the pre-Islamic city of Zavareh, this mosque is the earliest dated example of a four-iwan scheme. Contrary to most Seljuk mosques, the inscription containing the date and the patronage for the building is on the courtyard façade. Although this information is not completely preserved, a date of 1135 (530 AH) can be established for this building. The patron of the mosque is identified as Abu Taher Hosein bin Ghali bin Ahmad. In another inscription on the eastern side of the south iwan, the date of the mihrab is recorded as 1156 (551 AH).[1]","title":"Jameh Mosque of Zavareh"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Islam in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iran"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Archnet\".","urls":[{"url":"http://archnet.org/sites/1694","url_text":"\"Archnet\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://archnet.org/sites/1694","external_links_name":"\"Archnet\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jameh_Mosque_of_Zavareh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_(mythology)
|
Rem (mythology)
|
["1 References"]
|
Ancient Egyptian deity
Part of a series onAncient Egyptian religion
Beliefs
Afterlife
Cosmology
Duat
Ma'at
Mythology
Index
Numerology
Philosophy
Soul
Practices
Funerals
Offerings: Offering formula
Temples
Pyramids
Deities (list)Ogdoad
Amun
Amunet
Hauhet
Heh
Kauket
Kek
Naunet
Nu
Ennead
Atum
Geb
Isis
Nephthys
Nut
Osiris
Set
Shu
Tefnut
A
Aati
Aker
Akhty
Amenhotep, son of Hapu
Amesemi
Ammit
Am-heh
Amu-Aa
Anat
Andjety
Anhur
Anput
Anubis
Anuket
Apedemak
Apep
Apis
Apt
Aqen
Arensnuphis
Ash
Assessors
Astarte
Aten
B
Babi
Banebdjedet
Bastet
Bat
Bata
Ba-Pef
Bennu
Bes
Buchis
C
Cavern deities
D
Dedun
Duau (god)
F
Four sons of Horus
G
Gate deities
H
Ha
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Remin hieroglyphs
Rem ( "to weep"), also Rem-Rem, Remi, or Remi the Weeper, who lives in Rem-Rem, the realm of weeping, was a fish god in Egypt who fertilized the land with his tears, producing both vegetation and the reptiles. He is assumed to be the personification of Ra's tears.
References
^ a b E. A. Wallis Budge (1904). The Gods of the Egyptians: Or, Studies in Egyptian Mythology. Vol. 1. Methuen & Company. p. 303.
^ Gerald Massey (2008) . Ancient Egypt - The Light of the World: A Work of Reclamation and Restitution in Twelve Books. NuVision Publications. p. 319. ISBN 978-1595476067.
^ Donald A. MacKenzie (2004) . Myths of Babylonia and Assyria. Kessinger Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-1417976430.
^ E. A. Wallis Budge (1904). The Gods of the Egyptians: Or, Studies in Egyptian Mythology. Vol. 1. Methuen & Company. p. 319.
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This article about a deity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Ancient Egyptian religion article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"E. A. Wallis Budge (1904). The Gods of the Egyptians: Or, Studies in Egyptian Mythology. Vol. 1. Methuen & Company. p. 303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge","url_text":"E. A. Wallis Budge"}]},{"reference":"Gerald Massey (2008) [1907]. Ancient Egypt - The Light of the World: A Work of Reclamation and Restitution in Twelve Books. NuVision Publications. p. 319. ISBN 978-1595476067.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Massey","url_text":"Gerald Massey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1595476067","url_text":"978-1595476067"}]},{"reference":"Donald A. MacKenzie (2004) [1915]. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria. Kessinger Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-1417976430.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Alexander_Mackenzie","url_text":"Donald A. MacKenzie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing","url_text":"Kessinger Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1417976430","url_text":"978-1417976430"}]},{"reference":"E. A. Wallis Budge (1904). The Gods of the Egyptians: Or, Studies in Egyptian Mythology. Vol. 1. Methuen & Company. p. 319.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge","url_text":"E. A. Wallis Budge"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rem_(mythology)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rem_(mythology)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engine
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The Engine
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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Fictional computational machine in Gulliver's Travels
Illustration of The Engine from an edition of Gulliver's Travels
The Engine is a fictional device described in the 1726 satirical novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. It is possibly the earliest known reference to a device in any way resembling a modern computer.
The Engine is a device that generates permutations of word sets. It is found at the Academy of Projectors in Lagado and is described thus by Swift:
“... Every one knew how laborious the usual method is of attaining to arts and sciences; whereas, by his contrivance, the most ignorant person, at a reasonable charge, and with a little bodily labour, might write books in philosophy, poetry, politics, laws, mathematics, and theology, without the least assistance from genius or study.” He then led me to the frame, about the sides, whereof all his pupils stood in ranks. It was twenty feet square, placed in the middle of the room. The superfices was composed of several bits of wood, about the bigness of a die, but some larger than others. They were all linked together by slender wires. These bits of wood were covered, on every square, with paper pasted on them; and on these papers were written all the words of their language, in their several moods, tenses, and declensions; but without any order. The professor then desired me “to observe; for he was going to set his engine at work.” The pupils, at his command, took each of them hold of an iron handle, whereof there were forty fixed round the edges of the frame; and giving them a sudden turn, the whole disposition of the words was entirely changed. He then commanded six-and-thirty of the lads, to read the several lines softly, as they appeared upon the frame; and where they found three or four words together that might make part of a sentence, they dictated to the four remaining boys, who were scribes. This work was repeated three or four times, and at every turn, the engine was so contrived, that the words shifted into new places, as the square bits of wood moved upside down."
That story is thought be a satire on medieval philosopher Ramon Llull.
See also
Infinite monkey theorem – Counterintuitive result in probability
SCIgen – Random text generating software
Large language model – Type of artificial neural network
References
^ Eric A. Weiss (1985). "Jonathan Swift's Computing Invention". IEEE. Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 164–165. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1985.10017. In 1726 Jonathan Swift published a description of a wonderful machine, made of equal parts of ...
^ Swift, Jonathan (1726). Gulliver's Travels. p. Part 3, Chapter 5. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
^ Bonner, Anthony (1994). Doctor Illuminatus: A Ramon Llull Reader. Princeton University Press. p. 70.
External links
"Knowledge Engine – The first reference to a machine that could create sentences or write books". Technovelgy.com.
"Gulliver's Engine". Computer History Museum. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
vteJonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726)Characters
Lemuel Gulliver
Glumdalclitch
Locations
Balnibarbi
Brobdingnag
Glubbdubdrib
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The Engine
Houyhnhnm
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Films
Gulliver's Travels Among the Lilliputians and the Giants (1902)
Gulliver en el país de los Gigantes (1903)
Gulliver's Travels (1924)
Gulliver Mickey (1934)
The New Gulliver (1935)
Gulliver's Travels (1939)
The 3 Worlds of Gulliver (1960)
Gulliver's Travels Beyond the Moon (1965)
Gulliver's Travels (1977)
Jajantaram Mamantaram (2003)
Gulliver's Travels (2010)
Gulliver Returns (2021)
Television
The Mind Robber (1968)
The Adventures of Gulliver (1968–1969)
Saban's Gulliver's Travels (1992–1993)
Gulliver's Travels (1996)
Related
Cultural influence of Gulliver's Travels
This article about a fictional object, organization, species, or technology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_Young
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Like Young
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["1 Chart performance","2 References"]
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For the band, see The Like Young.
"Like Young" is a song written by André Previn with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster. An instrumental version by Previn and David Rose appeared on the album Like Young - Secret Songs For Young Lovers.
Chart performance
The Previn version peaked at #46 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week of July 25, 1959. At the 2nd Annual Grammy Awards on November 29, 1959, "Like Young" won for Best Performance by an Orchestra and was a nominee for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Jazz Performance – Soloist.
References
^ "Like young / lyric by Paul Francis Webster ; music by André Previn". Trove. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^ "Lyrics: Like Young by Andre Previn with David Rose". Retrieved August 3, 2017.
^ "André Previn - David Rose And His Orchestra* - Like Young - Secret Songs For Young Lovers". Discogs. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^ "The Hot 100". Billboard. July 25, 1959. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^ "Grammy Awards 1959". Retrieved July 20, 2017.
This 1950s song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Like young [music] / lyric by Paul Francis Webster ; music by André Previn\". Trove. Retrieved July 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10494814?selectedversion=NBD10280640","url_text":"\"Like young [music] / lyric by Paul Francis Webster ; music by André Previn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trove","url_text":"Trove"}]},{"reference":"\"Lyrics: Like Young by Andre Previn with David Rose\". Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.top40db.net/lyrics/?SongID=59397&By=Artist&Match=All+pseudonyms+of+All+pseudonyms+of+All+bands+related+to+All+bands+related+to+All+pseudonyms+of+All+pseudonyms+of+All+pseudonyms+of+All+bands+related+to+All+pseudonyms+of+All+members+of","url_text":"\"Lyrics: Like Young by Andre Previn with David Rose\""}]},{"reference":"\"André Previn - David Rose And His Orchestra* - Like Young - Secret Songs For Young Lovers\". Discogs. Retrieved July 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Andr%C3%A9-Previn-David-Rose-And-His-Orchestra-Like-Young-Secret-Songs-For-Young-Lovers/release/7671220","url_text":"\"André Previn - David Rose And His Orchestra* - Like Young - Secret Songs For Young Lovers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hot 100\". Billboard. July 25, 1959. Retrieved July 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1959-07-25","url_text":"\"The Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Grammy Awards 1959\". Retrieved July 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1959-239.html","url_text":"\"Grammy Awards 1959\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10494814?selectedversion=NBD10280640","external_links_name":"\"Like young [music] / lyric by Paul Francis Webster ; music by André Previn\""},{"Link":"http://www.top40db.net/lyrics/?SongID=59397&By=Artist&Match=All+pseudonyms+of+All+pseudonyms+of+All+bands+related+to+All+bands+related+to+All+pseudonyms+of+All+pseudonyms+of+All+pseudonyms+of+All+bands+related+to+All+pseudonyms+of+All+members+of","external_links_name":"\"Lyrics: Like Young by Andre Previn with David Rose\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Andr%C3%A9-Previn-David-Rose-And-His-Orchestra-Like-Young-Secret-Songs-For-Young-Lovers/release/7671220","external_links_name":"\"André Previn - David Rose And His Orchestra* - Like Young - Secret Songs For Young Lovers\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1959-07-25","external_links_name":"\"The Hot 100\""},{"Link":"http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1959-239.html","external_links_name":"\"Grammy Awards 1959\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_Young&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_All_Stand_Together
|
We All Stand Together
|
["1 History","2 Release","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 Choirs with Purpose version","5 References"]
|
1984 single by Paul McCartney
"The Frog Song" redirects here. For the Japanese pink film, see Frog Song.
"We All Stand Together"Single by Paul McCartney and the Frog Chorusfrom the album Rupert and the Frog Song soundtrack B-side"We All Stand Together (Humming Version)"Released12 November 1984RecordedOctober–November 1980GenreChildren's musicLength4:25LabelParlophoneSongwriter(s)Paul McCartneyProducer(s)George MartinPaul McCartney singles chronology
"No More Lonely Nights" (1984)
"We All Stand Together" (1984)
"Spies Like Us" (1985)
"Freedom"(2001)
"Tropic Island Hum" / "We All Stand Together"(2004)
""Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (with U2)"(2005)
The single and sheet music of "We All Stand Together" at the Beaney House of Art and Knowledge in Canterbury, Kent
"We All Stand Together" (sometimes referred to as the Frog Song or the Frog Chorus) is a song by Paul McCartney and the Frog Chorus.
History
"We All Stand Together" is from the animated film Rupert and the Frog Song and reached number three in the UK Singles Chart in 1984.
The "Frog Chorus" backing on the song was provided by The King's Singers and the choir of St Paul's Cathedral. The B-side of the single contains a "Humming Version" of the song performed by the Finchley Frogettes.
The song re-entered the UK Singles Chart in 1985, one of three hits to do so that had originally charted in December 1984. ("Do They Know It's Christmas?" by Band Aid and "Last Christmas" by Wham! were the other two.)
Peter Kay performed the song on Britain's Got the Pop Factor... and Possibly a New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly on Ice, his satire of TV talent shows.
Although intended purely as a children's song in the mould of the Beatles' "Yellow Submarine", "We All Stand Together" is sometimes derided as an example of McCartney's inconsequential songwriting by his critics. In a satirical cartoon by Stephen Collins of The Guardian in 2012, McCartney is shown recalling his creative partnership with John Lennon in the 1960s, before concluding: "It was a great time, y'know ... And then I went on to do The Frog Song."
Release
Two shaped picture discs were issued on the 12 November 1984 and 1985, the only difference being a plain clear sleeve on the later version. In 1987, the song was included on the UK/Canada version of McCartney's compilation album All the Best! It also appears on the deluxe edition of his 2016 compilation album Pure McCartney. In October 2020, for the 100th anniversary of the Rupert character, the single was remastered for streaming and a vinyl re-release of the picture disc, alongside a 4K restoration of the accompanying short.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1984–1985)
Peakposition
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
12
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
12
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
7
UK Singles (OCC)
3
Year-end charts
Chart (1985)
Position
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)
88
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
88
UK
14
Choirs with Purpose version
"We All Stand Together"Single by Choirs with Purpose featuring Michelle McManusReleased22 November 2017RecordedNovember 2017GenreChristmas musicSongwriter(s)Paul McCartneyMichelle McManus singles chronology
"Take You There" (2012)
"We All Stand Together" (2017)
In 2017, Choirs with Purpose, a collection of a dozen charity choirs, assembled for a remake of "We All Stand Together". Their recording features Scottish singer Michelle McManus in a bid to top the UK Singles Chart Christmas chart and win the coveted British Christmas number one for 2017; it failed to make the top 100. Profits from the single were split equally between the participating choirs in aid of their own charity work.
The choirs that took part in the recording with McManus include:
Anstee Bridge Choir
Cystic Fibrosis Virtual Choir
Daniel Spargo-Mabbs Foundation Choir
Games Maker Choir
Homelink Carers Choir
Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Choir
Lucy Lintott / MND Scotland Choir
Maggies Cancer Centre (West London) Choir
Missing People Choir
Parrs Wood High School Harmony Group
Pop Up Purpose Choir
UK Hospices Choir
References
^ "Official Charts: Paul McCartney". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
^ "Rupert The Bear And The Frog Song". Retrieved 30 August 2009.
^ Sounes, Howard (2010). Fab: An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney. London: HarperCollins. p. 397. ISBN 978-0-00-723705-0.
^ Collins, Stephen (18 August 2012). "The Stephen Collins cartoon: The hidden genius of Paul and John". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
^ "Paul McCartney - We All Stand Together". Retrieved 26 October 2011.
^ "Paul to celebrate Rupert The Bear's 100th birthday with remastered releases". PaulMcCartney.com. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
^ "Paul McCartney and The Frog Chorus – We All Stand Together" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 4, 1985" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ "Paul McCartney and The Frog Chorus – We All Stand Together" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ "Paul McCartney: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ "Jaaroverzichten 1985". Ultratop. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1985". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ Griffiths, George (2 April 2021). "The Official Top 40 best-selling songs of 1984". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
^ "Official Christmas Number 1 2017: The contenders". www.officialcharts.com.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com.
vteRupert Bear by Mary TourtelTelevision series
The Adventures of Rupert Bear
Rupert (episodes)
Rupert Bear, Follow the Magic...
Film
Rupert and the Frog Song
Music
"We All Stand Together"
Video games
Rupert and the Toymaker's Party
Rupert and the Ice Castle
Artists
Alfred Bestall
Mary Tourtel
Other
Rupert Bear Museum
The Followers of Rupert
vtePaul McCartney singles discography1970s
"Another Day" / "Oh Woman, Oh Why" (with Linda McCartney)
"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" / "Too Many People" (with Linda McCartney)
"The Back Seat of My Car" / "Heart of the Country" (with Linda McCartney)
"Eat at Home" / "Smile Away" (with Linda McCartney)
"Wonderful Christmastime"
1980s
"Coming Up"
"Waterfalls"
"Temporary Secretary"
"Ebony and Ivory" (with Stevie Wonder)
"Take It Away"
"Tug of War"
"The Girl Is Mine" (with Michael Jackson)
"Say Say Say" (with Michael Jackson)
"Pipes of Peace"/""So Bad"
"No More Lonely Nights"
"We All Stand Together"
"Spies Like Us"
"Press"
"Pretty Little Head"
"Stranglehold"
"Only Love Remains"
"Once Upon a Long Ago"
"Ferry Cross the Mersey"
"My Brave Face" / "Flying to My Home"
"This One"
"Figure of Eight"
1990s
"Put It There" / "Mama's Little Girl" (with Wings)
"Birthday" (live) / "Good Day Sunshine" (live)
"All My Trials" (live)
"Hope of Deliverance"
"C'Mon People"
"Off the Ground"
"Biker Like an Icon" / "Things We Said Today"
"A Leaf" (with Anya Alexeyev)
"Come Together" (The Smokin' Mojo Filters)
"Young Boy"
"The World Tonight"
"Beautiful Night"
"No Other Baby" / "Brown Eyed Handsome Man"
"Run Devil Run" (promo)
2000s
"From a Lover to a Friend"
"Freedom" / "From a Lover to a Friend"
"Hello Goodbye" (promo)
"Tropic Island Hum" / "We All Stand Together"
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (with U2)
"Fine Line"
"Jenny Wren"
"Really Love You" (Twin Freaks)
"This Never Happened Before" (promo)
"Dance Tonight" / "Nod Your Head"
"Ever Present Past"
"Heal the Pain" (with George Michael)
"Walk with You" (with Ringo Starr)
2010s
"(I Want to) Come Home"
"My Valentine"
"Only Our Hearts"
Christmas Kisses: "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" / "Wonderful Christmastime"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (The Justice Collective)
"New"
"Queenie Eye"
"Only One" (with Kanye West)
"FourFiveSeconds" (with Rihanna & Kanye West)
"All Day" (with Kanye West)
"Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five" (with Timo Maas & James Teej)
"I Don't Know" / "Come On to Me"
"Fuh You"
"Who Cares"
"Back in Brazil"
"Get Enough"
"Home Tonight / In a Hurry"
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frog Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_Song"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Beaney_House_of_Art_%26_Knowledge,_Canterbury,_August_2022_20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beaney House of Art and Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaney_House_of_Art_and_Knowledge"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"}],"text":"1984 single by Paul McCartney\"The Frog Song\" redirects here. For the Japanese pink film, see Frog Song.The single and sheet music of \"We All Stand Together\" at the Beaney House of Art and Knowledge in Canterbury, Kent\"We All Stand Together\" (sometimes referred to as the Frog Song or the Frog Chorus) is a song by Paul McCartney and the Frog Chorus.","title":"We All Stand Together"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_film"},{"link_name":"Rupert and the Frog Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_and_the_Frog_Song"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The King's Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Singers"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Humming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humming"},{"link_name":"Do They Know It's Christmas?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_They_Know_It%27s_Christmas%3F"},{"link_name":"Band Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_Aid_(band)"},{"link_name":"Last Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Wham!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wham!"},{"link_name":"Peter Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kay"},{"link_name":"Britain's Got the Pop Factor... and Possibly a New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly on Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Got_the_Pop_Factor..._and_Possibly_a_New_Celebrity_Jesus_Christ_Soapstar_Superstar_Strictly_on_Ice"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Yellow Submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Submarine_(song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"We All Stand Together\" is from the animated film Rupert and the Frog Song and reached number three in the UK Singles Chart in 1984.[1] \nThe \"Frog Chorus\" backing on the song was provided by The King's Singers and the choir of St Paul's Cathedral.[2] The B-side of the single contains a \"Humming Version\" of the song performed by the Finchley Frogettes.The song re-entered the UK Singles Chart in 1985, one of three hits to do so that had originally charted in December 1984. (\"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" by Band Aid and \"Last Christmas\" by Wham! were the other two.)Peter Kay performed the song on Britain's Got the Pop Factor... and Possibly a New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly on Ice, his satire of TV talent shows.Although intended purely as a children's song in the mould of the Beatles' \"Yellow Submarine\", \"We All Stand Together\" is sometimes derided as an example of McCartney's inconsequential songwriting by his critics.[3] In a satirical cartoon by Stephen Collins of The Guardian in 2012, McCartney is shown recalling his creative partnership with John Lennon in the 1960s, before concluding: \"It was a great time, y'know ... And then I went on to do The Frog Song.\"[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"picture discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_disc"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"All the Best!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Best!"},{"link_name":"Pure McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_McCartney_(Paul_McCartney_album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Two shaped picture discs were issued on the 12 November 1984[5] and 1985, the only difference being a plain clear sleeve on the later version. In 1987, the song was included on the UK/Canada version of McCartney's compilation album All the Best! It also appears on the deluxe edition of his 2016 compilation album Pure McCartney. In October 2020, for the 100th anniversary of the Rupert character, the single was remastered for streaming and a vinyl re-release of the picture disc, alongside a 4K restoration of the accompanying short.[6]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_All_Stand_Together&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Paul_McCartney_and_The_Frog_Chorus-7"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-8"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Paul_McCartney_and_The_Frog_Chorus-9"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Paul_McCartney-10"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_All_Stand_Together&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1984–1985)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[7]\n\n12\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[8]\n\n12\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[9]\n\n7\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[10]\n\n3\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1985)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop Flanders)[11]\n\n88\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[12]\n\n88\n\n\nUK[13]\n\n14","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle McManus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_McManus"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Christmas number one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_number_one"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 2017, Choirs with Purpose, a collection of a dozen charity choirs, assembled for a remake of \"We All Stand Together\". Their recording features Scottish singer Michelle McManus in a bid to top the UK Singles Chart Christmas chart and win the coveted British Christmas number one for 2017;[14] it failed to make the top 100.[15] Profits from the single were split equally between the participating choirs in aid of their own charity work.The choirs that took part in the recording with McManus include:Anstee Bridge Choir\nCystic Fibrosis Virtual Choir\nDaniel Spargo-Mabbs Foundation Choir\nGames Maker Choir\nHomelink Carers Choir\nLewisham and Greenwich NHS Choir\nLucy Lintott / MND Scotland Choir\nMaggies Cancer Centre (West London) Choir\nMissing People Choir\nParrs Wood High School Harmony Group\nPop Up Purpose Choir\nUK Hospices Choir","title":"Choirs with Purpose version"}]
|
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| null |
[{"reference":"\"Official Charts: Paul McCartney\". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 13 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/paul%20mccartney/","url_text":"\"Official Charts: Paul McCartney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rupert The Bear And The Frog Song\". Retrieved 30 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rupertandthefrogsong.co.uk/media/","url_text":"\"Rupert The Bear And The Frog Song\""}]},{"reference":"Sounes, Howard (2010). Fab: An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney. London: HarperCollins. p. 397. ISBN 978-0-00-723705-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Sounes","url_text":"Sounes, Howard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-723705-0","url_text":"978-0-00-723705-0"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Stephen (18 August 2012). \"The Stephen Collins cartoon: The hidden genius of Paul and John\". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/cartoon/2012/aug/17/stephen-collins-cartoon-paul-john","url_text":"\"The Stephen Collins cartoon: The hidden genius of Paul and John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul McCartney - We All Stand Together\". Retrieved 26 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpgr.co.uk/r6086.html","url_text":"\"Paul McCartney - We All Stand Together\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul to celebrate Rupert The Bear's 100th birthday with remastered releases\". PaulMcCartney.com. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paulmccartney.com/news-blogs/news/paul-to-celebrate-rupert-the-bear-s-100th-birthday-with-remastered-releases","url_text":"\"Paul to celebrate Rupert The Bear's 100th birthday with remastered releases\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 1985\". Ultratop. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1985","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 1985\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1985\". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1985","url_text":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1985\""}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, George (2 April 2021). \"The Official Top 40 best-selling songs of 1984\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-best-selling-songs-of-1984__32765/","url_text":"\"The Official Top 40 best-selling songs of 1984\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230714123403/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-best-selling-songs-of-1984__32765","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Christmas Number 1 2017: The contenders\". www.officialcharts.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/official-christmas-number-1-2017-the-contenders__21091/","url_text":"\"Official Christmas Number 1 2017: The contenders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company\". www.officialcharts.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20171222/7501/","url_text":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_green
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Methyl green
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["1 References"]
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Chemical compound
Methyl greenIdentifiers
IUPAC name
{4-phenyl}methylene)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene](dimethyl)ammonium bromide chloride dichlorozinc (1:1:1:1)
CAS Number82-94-0 Y 36148-59-1 (zinc chloride salt)PubChem CID6727UNII6P7U4T9BXACompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID00914092 DTXSID60889419, DTXSID00914092 ECHA InfoCard100.001.316 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC26H33Cl2N3Molar mass458.47 g·mol−1
Methyl green (CI 42585) is a cationic or positive charged stain related to Ethyl Green that has been used for staining DNA since the 19th century. It has been used for staining cell nuclei either as a part of the classical Unna-Pappenheim stain or as a nuclear counterstain ever since.
In recent years, its fluorescent properties, when bound to DNA, have positioned it as useful for far-red imaging of live cell nuclei.
Fluorescent DNA staining is routinely used in cancer prognosis.
Methyl green also emerges as an alternative stain for DNA in agarose gels, fluorometric assays, and flow cytometry. It has also been shown that it can be used as an exclusion viability stain for cells.
Its interaction with DNA has been shown to be non-intercalating, in other words, not inserting itself into the DNA, but instead electrostatic with the DNA major groove. It is used in combination with pyronin in the methyl green–pyronin stain, which stains and differentiates DNA and RNA.
When excited at 244 or 388 nm in a neutral aqueous solution, methyl green produces a fluorescent emission at 488 or 633 nm, respectively. The presence or absence of DNA does not affect these fluorescence behaviors. When binding DNA under neutral aqueous conditions, methyl green also becomes fluorescent in the far red with an excitation maximum of 633 nm and an emission maximum of 677 nm.
Commercial Methyl green preparations are often contaminated with Crystal violet. Crystal violet can be removed by chloroform extraction.
References
^ Carnoy JB (1884). La biologie cellulaire, étude comparée de la cellule dans les deux règnes / par le chanoine J.B. Carnoy... Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Sciences et techniques, 8-S-6259: J. Van In. p. 148. Retrieved 3 November 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ "fluorophores.org". www.fluorophores.tugraz.at. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ a b c d Prieto D, Aparicio G, Morande PE, Zolessi FR (September 2014). "A fast, low cost, and highly efficient fluorescent DNA labeling method using methyl green". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 142 (3): 335–45. doi:10.1007/s00418-014-1215-0. hdl:11336/35891. PMID 24671497. S2CID 11094194.
^ Klonisch T, Wark L, Hombach-Klonisch S, Mai S (September 2010). "Nuclear imaging in three dimensions: a unique tool in cancer research". Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 192 (5): 292–301. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2010.07.007. PMID 20800459.
^ Prieto D, Aparicio G, Machado M, Zolessi FR (May 2015). "Application of the DNA-specific stain methyl green in the fluorescent labeling of embryos". Journal of Visualized Experiments (99): e52769. doi:10.3791/52769. PMC 4542129. PMID 25993383.
^ Kim SK, Nordén B (January 1993). "Methyl green. A DNA major-groove binding drug". FEBS Letters. 315 (1): 61–4. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)81133-K. PMID 8416812.
This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recceswinth
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Recceswinth
|
["1 Name","2 Reign","3 Votive crown of Recceswinth","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
King of the Visigoths from 649 to 672
RecceswinthKing of the RomansVotive crown of Recceswinth, as found in the treasure of Guarrazar, Spain.Reign20 January 649 – 1 September 672Coronation20 January 649PredecessorChindasuinthSuccessorWambaCo-kingChindasuinth (20 January 649 – 30 September 653)Died1 September 672
Recceswinth (died 1 September 672) was the Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania in 649–672. He ruled jointly with his father Chindaswinth until his father's death in 653.
Name
His Gothic name is believed to have been *𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (*Raikaswinþs), from the roots reiks ("king") and swinþs ("strong"). His votive crown used the Latin spelling RECCESVINTHVS. Other Latin spellings include Recceswinthus, Recesvindus. In English his name is also spelled Reccesuinth, Recceswint, Reccaswinth; Spanish Recesvinto; Portuguese Recesvindo; German Rekkeswint; French Réceswinthe.
Reign
Under Recceswinth, the Visigothic Kingdom enjoyed an unbroken peace for 19 years (653–672) — except for a brief rebellion of the Vascons, led by a noble named "Froya," an exiled Goth, who fleeing the monarch’s persecutions had settled, like many others, in Basque territory. Froya and the Vascons ravaged the lands of the Ebro Valley, looted churches, murdered clerics, and laid siege to the city of Saragossa. Recceswinth reacted, broke the siege, and killed Froya".
Beginning in 654 Recceswinth was responsible for the promulgation of a law code, Liber Iudiciorum, to replace the Breviary of Alaric; he placed a Visigothic common law over both Goths and Hispano-Romans in the kingdom. This Liber Iudiciorum showed little Germanic influence, adhering more closely to the old Roman laws. In his general law code of 654, he outlawed a set of essential Jewish practices, including male circumcision, dietary laws (kashrut), marriage laws and ceremonies, and the celebration of Passover.
Moreover, the church councils in the Visigothic capital Toledo (Toletum) became the most powerful force in the government and the bishops were the primary support of the monarchy. Will Durant wrote in The Age of Faith: "By their superior education and organization they dominated the nobles who sat with them in the ruling councils of Toledo; and though the king's authority was theoretically absolute, and he chose the bishops, these councils elected him, and exacted pledges of policy in advance."
Recceswinth died on 1 September 672, just before the first Arab raid on Hispania Baetica.
Votive crown of Recceswinth
The votive crown of Recceswinth is an example of Visigothic art made in Hispania. It was found in the Treasure of Guarrazar, a goldsmith's treasure made up of crowns and crosses that several kings of Toledo offered in their time as a gesture of the orthodoxy of their faith and their submission to the ecclesiastical hierarchy; the treasure was found between 1858 and 1861 at the archaeological site called Huerta de Guarrazar, located in the city of Guadamur, near Toledo.
The votive crown of Recceswinth is in Madrid's National Archaeological Museum of Spain. Among the crowns, made of gold and precious stones, it is the one that attracts the most attention because of the exquisite workmanship of its goldsmithery, with gemstones suspended beneath the filigree Latin letters hanging from its base, which read: RECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET ("King Receswinth offered it").
See also
Visigothic Kingdom
Church of San Juan Bautista, Baños de Cerrato
References
^ It is spelled Recceswinth in the Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 7, p. 328: "Liber Judiciorum". Chicago, 1989.
^ Fontes, Henrique (August 17, 1959). "Nomes germânicos de pessoas". Impr. Oficial do Estado de Santa Catarina – via Google Books.
^ Henry Bradley, The story of the Goths: from the earliest times to the end of the Gothic dominion in Spain, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1903
^ John Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, 1474-1520 (Wiley-Blackwell, 2000), p. 72.
^ Karen Eva Carr, Vandals to Visigoths: rural settlement patterns in early Medieval Spain (University of Michigan Press, 2002), p.33
^ "Tesoro de Guarrazar". Museo Arqueológico Nacional (National Archaeological Museum) (in Spanish). Retrieved May 16, 2020.
External links
(in Spanish) Coins of King Recceswinth
Regnal titles
Preceded byChindasuinth
King of the Visigoths 20 January 649 – 1 September 672with Chindasuinth (20 January 649 – 30 September 653)
Succeeded byWamba
vteVisigothic kings
Alaric I
Athaulf
Sigeric
Wallia
Theodoric I
Thorismund
Theodoric II
Euric
Alaric II
Gesalec
Amalaric
Theudis
Theudigisel
Agila I
Athanagild
Liuva I
Liuvigild
Reccared I
Liuva II
Witteric
Gundemar
Sisebut
Reccared II
Suintila
Sisenand
Chintila
Tulga
Chindasuinth
Recceswinth
Wamba
Erwig
Egica
Wittiza
Roderic
Agila II
Ardo
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Spain
Germany
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Visigothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths"},{"link_name":"King of Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Septimania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania"},{"link_name":"Chindaswinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindaswinth"}],"text":"Recceswinth[1] (died 1 September 672) was the Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania in 649–672. He ruled jointly with his father Chindaswinth until his father's death in 653.","title":"Recceswinth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_language"},{"link_name":"reiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiks"},{"link_name":"votive crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_crown"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"His Gothic name is believed to have been *𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (*Raikaswinþs), from the roots reiks (\"king\") and swinþs (\"strong\"). His votive crown used the Latin spelling RECCESVINTHVS. Other Latin spellings include Recceswinthus, Recesvindus. In English his name is also spelled Reccesuinth, Recceswint, Reccaswinth; Spanish Recesvinto; Portuguese Recesvindo; German Rekkeswint; French Réceswinthe.[2]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visigothic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Vascons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascons"},{"link_name":"Froya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froia"},{"link_name":"Saragossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saragossa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Liber Iudiciorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Iudiciorum"},{"link_name":"Breviary of Alaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviary_of_Alaric"},{"link_name":"Hispano-Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"link_name":"Germanic influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Germanic_law"},{"link_name":"Roman laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision"},{"link_name":"kashrut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut"},{"link_name":"Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Will Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Durant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hispania Baetica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania_Baetica"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Under Recceswinth, the Visigothic Kingdom enjoyed an unbroken peace for 19 years (653–672) — except for a brief rebellion of the Vascons, led by a noble named \"Froya,\" an exiled Goth, who fleeing the monarch’s persecutions had settled, like many others, in Basque territory. Froya and the Vascons ravaged the lands of the Ebro Valley, looted churches, murdered clerics, and laid siege to the city of Saragossa. Recceswinth reacted, broke the siege, and killed Froya\".[3]Beginning in 654 Recceswinth was responsible for the promulgation of a law code, Liber Iudiciorum, to replace the Breviary of Alaric; he placed a Visigothic common law over both Goths and Hispano-Romans in the kingdom. This Liber Iudiciorum showed little Germanic influence, adhering more closely to the old Roman laws.[citation needed] In his general law code of 654, he outlawed a set of essential Jewish practices, including male circumcision, dietary laws (kashrut), marriage laws and ceremonies, and the celebration of Passover.[4]Moreover, the church councils in the Visigothic capital Toledo (Toletum) became the most powerful force in the government and the bishops were the primary support of the monarchy. Will Durant wrote in The Age of Faith: \"By their superior education and organization they dominated the nobles who sat with them in the ruling councils of Toledo; and though the king's authority was theoretically absolute, and he chose the bishops, these councils elected him, and exacted pledges of policy in advance.\"[citation needed]Recceswinth died on 1 September 672, just before the first Arab raid on Hispania Baetica.[5]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The votive crown of Recceswinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_crown_of_Recceswinth"},{"link_name":"Visigothic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_art"},{"link_name":"Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"link_name":"Treasure of Guarrazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_of_Guarrazar"},{"link_name":"Guadamur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadamur"},{"link_name":"votive crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_crown"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"National Archaeological Museum of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Madrid"},{"link_name":"goldsmithery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"filigree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filigree"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The votive crown of Recceswinth is an example of Visigothic art made in Hispania. It was found in the Treasure of Guarrazar, a goldsmith's treasure made up of crowns and crosses that several kings of Toledo offered in their time as a gesture of the orthodoxy of their faith and their submission to the ecclesiastical hierarchy; the treasure was found between 1858 and 1861 at the archaeological site called Huerta de Guarrazar, located in the city of Guadamur, near Toledo.The votive crown of Recceswinth is in Madrid's National Archaeological Museum of Spain. Among the crowns, made of gold and precious stones, it is the one that attracts the most attention because of the exquisite workmanship of its goldsmithery, with gemstones suspended beneath the filigree Latin letters hanging from its base, which read: RECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET (\"King Receswinth offered it\").[6]","title":"Votive crown of Recceswinth"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Visigothic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom"},{"title":"Church of San Juan Bautista, Baños de Cerrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_San_Juan_Bautista,_Ba%C3%B1os_de_Cerrato"}]
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[{"reference":"Fontes, Henrique (August 17, 1959). \"Nomes germânicos de pessoas\". Impr. Oficial do Estado de Santa Catarina – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLVAAAAMAAJ&q=Recceswinth+%22swinths%22","url_text":"\"Nomes germânicos de pessoas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tesoro de Guarrazar\". Museo Arqueológico Nacional (National Archaeological Museum) (in Spanish). Retrieved May 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.man.es/man/coleccion/catalogo-cronologico/edad-media/guarrazar.html","url_text":"\"Tesoro de Guarrazar\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLVAAAAMAAJ&q=Recceswinth+%22swinths%22","external_links_name":"\"Nomes germânicos de pessoas\""},{"Link":"http://www.man.es/man/coleccion/catalogo-cronologico/edad-media/guarrazar.html","external_links_name":"\"Tesoro de Guarrazar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070116042449/http://www.maravedis.net/visigodos_recesvinto.html","external_links_name":"Coins of King Recceswinth"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/47155276","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1527337","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/102517576","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009071974","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd102517576.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Richardot
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Jean Richardot
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["1 Early life and career","2 Rise to power under Farnese","3 President of the Privy Council under the Archdukes","4 Death and descendants","5 Footnotes","6 Sources"]
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Flemish statesman and diplomat
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Jean RichardotPresident of the Privy Council of the Habsburg NetherlandsIn office1597–1609MonarchsArchdukes Albert and IsabellaSucceeded byEngelbert Maes
Personal detailsBornJean Grusset1540Champlitte, Franche-ComtéDied3 September 1609ArrasResting placeChurch of St Gudula, BrusselsSpouseAnne Courcol de BaillencourtRelationsFrançois Richardot (maternal uncle)Parent(s)Guillaume Grusset and Marguerite RichardotEducationcivil lawAlma materLeuven University
Jean Grusset dict Richardot, knight (1540 – 3 September 1609) was a statesman and diplomat from the Franche-Comté, who held high political office during the Dutch Revolt and played an important role in restoring Habsburg rule in the Southern Netherlands.
Early life and career
Jean Richardot belonged to the network of families from the Franche-Comté that rose to important posts in the administration of the Habsburg Netherlands under the patronage of Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle. He was born in Champlitte in 1540 as the son of Guillaume Grusset and Marguerite Richardot. His uncle on his mother's side was François Richardot, the confessor of Margaret of Parma, a close collaborator of Granvelle and his successor as bishop of Arras. François Richardot supervised his nephew's education and furthered his first steps in the Habsburg administration. Whether out of gratitude or calculation, Jean Grusset subsequently adopted his uncle's surname. After his humanities at the Collège Granvelle in Besançon, Jean studied law at the universities of Leuven, where he established strong ties with one of his professors, Peter Peckius. He continued his studies in Rome and Padua and obtained his doctorate in law from the University of Bologna.
Thanks to the patronage of Granvelle, Philip II appointed Richardot councillor in the Great Council of Mechelen in 1568. Seven years later he was promoted to the Privy Council of the Habsburg Netherlands, one of the three Collateral Councils that advised the Governor-General of the Habsburg Netherlands, a post that was at the time held by Don Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga. In the confusion that followed the death of Requesens, Richardot sided with the Dutch Revolt and its leader William the Silent. The move earned him an appointment to the Privy Council of the rebels' Governor-General Archduke Matthias. In that capacity he was sent to Arras to use his local connections to dissuade the States of Artois from joining the Union of Arras.
Rise to power under Farnese
Richardot would soon follow the example of the States of Artois, Hainaut and Lille, Douai and Orchies and reconcile with the new Governor-General, Alexander Farnese. He even penned a satirical attack on William the Silent, published anonymously as Le Renart decouvert (Mons: Rutger Velpius, 1580). Farnese was quick to recognize Richardot's talents, confirmed his membership of the Privy Council in 1580 and saw to his appointment as president of the Council of Artois in 1581. One of his first achievements was persuading the States of Artois to accept the return of Spanish units from the Army of Flanders. Soon thereafter Richardot was knighted by Philip II. On 26 February 1583, he was appointed councillor of the Council of State, the highest of the Collateral Councils and as such in charge of advising on matters of state. Farnese employed Richardot in many of the negotiations that secured the reconciliation of towns in Flanders and Brabant. Among these were Ypres, Bruges, Ghent, Brussels and Antwerp. He was also put in charge of the delegation that met with the envoys of Queen Elizabeth I at Bourbourg in 1587, in a feigned attempt to end hostilities between England and Spain. Meanwhile, Farnese sent Richardot twice to the court of Madrid. His mission in 1583-1584 was to obtain more men and money for the war in the Netherlands. In 1589 he was sent to explain Farnese's failure to invade England with the Spanish Armada.
The disgrace and death of Farnese in December 1592 put Richardot's career on hold. The acting Governor-General Count Peter Ernst von Mansfeld even sought means to remove him from the Council of State. Initially, the Count of Fuentes was no less hostile, though he came to value Richardot's abilities towards the end of his tenure as acting Governor-General.
President of the Privy Council under the Archdukes
Richardot saw his political fortunes restored after Cardinal-Archduke Albert was installed as the new Governor-General in February 1596. On 15 May 1597 Albert's recommendation ensured his appointment to the post of Chief-President of the Privy Council. From then on Richardot would be the highest ranking and most influential subject of the Habsburg Netherlands serving the Governor-General and subsequently the sovereign Archdukes Albert and Isabella. As a well known supporter of a general pacification in the Netherlands, he was often depicted by those in favor of continuing the war against the United Provinces and their English and French allies as lacking in loyalty to the Spanish crown. In spite of that opposition, Richardot's policies would gradually prevail.
The Somerset House Conference of 1604, ascribed to Juan Pantoja de la Cruz. Jean Richardot is seated second on the left.
At every stage Richardot was at the center of the negotiations, as a rule seconded by the archducal Audiencier Lodewijk Verreycken. Between February and May 1598, the two of them teamed up with Juan de Tassis in the talks leading to the Peace of Vervins between Philip II and Henry IV of France. Two years later, Richardot had to admit defeat when talks held at Boulogne broke up over issues of precedence, thereby wasting the chance to bring an end to the war between Elizabeth I and Philip III. When the succession of James I of England opened a new window of opportunity, Richardot, Verreycken and Charles princely count of Arenberg participated between May and August 1604 in the conference at Somerset House that elaborated the Treaty of London. In an effort to conclude a peace treaty with the Dutch Republic, Ambrogio Spinola and Richardot acted as the chief negotiators in the Habsburg delegation at the conference of The Hague from February to August 1608. Hopes to reach a definitive peace foundered however on irreconcilable issues of religion and trade. Under the mediation of France and England, the parties then settled for the Twelve Years' Truce that was signed in Antwerp in April 1609.
Death and descendants
Almost immediately after concluding the Truce, the archducal regime was confronted with the succession dispute over the Duchies of Jülich, Cleves and Berg. Soon Henry IV of France and Archduke Albert were sharply divided over how to deal with the crisis. To make matters worse, the Prince of Condé chose that moment to flee to Brussels with his wife, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, thereby hoping to put her out of reach of the French king's amorous attentions. Hoping to avert a war, Richardot travelled to the French Court in August 1609 with instructions to assure Henry IV of Albert's neutrality in both affairs. In a show of displeasure, Henry conducted the audience outdoors, compelling the almost septuagenarian minister to stand bareheaded in the Sun for over an hour. Apparently suffering from the effects of hyperthermia, Richardot died on the way home at the residence of his son and namesake, the Bishop of Arras, on 3 September. He was buried in the chapel of the Most Holy Sacrament of Miracles of the then collegiate church of St Gudula in Brussels.
In 1568 Jean Richardot married Anne Courcol de Baillencourt, who descended of a noble family from Artois. The couple had twelve children. Among them were:
Françoise, married Conrad III Schetz dict van Ursel, created 1st baron of Hoboken in 1600, first archducal ambassador in England (1604-1609), ancestor of the Dukes d'Ursel.
Jean Richardot the Younger, bishop of Arras (1603-1609) and prince-archbishop of Cambrai (1609-1614).
François, lieutenant of a company of cavalry, died in the Battle of Nieuwpoort.
Pierre, abbot of Echternach (1607-1628).
Guillaume Richardot, who was educated in the house of Justus Lipsius, styled baron of Lembeek, created count of Galmaarden (in French: Gammeranges) in 1623.
Antoine Richardot, who was also educated in the house of Justus Lipsius, captain of a company of cavalry, died of his wounds after an encounter at Rheinberg.
Footnotes
^ a b "Richardotjean". Dutchrevolt.leiden.edu. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
Sources
Brants, Victor (1901). "Un ministre belge au XVIIe siècle: Jean Richardot, chef-président du Conseil privé des Pays-Bas, 1597-1609". Académie royale de Belgique: Bulletin de la Classe des lettres. 8. Académie royale de Belgique: 831–914.
Eysinga, Willem Jan Marie (1959). De wording van het Twaafjarig Bestand van 9 april 1609. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.
Dickerman, Edmund H. (1974). "Henry IV and the Juliers-Cleves Crisis: The Psychohistorical Aspects". French Historical Studies. 8 (4). Duke University Press: 626–653. doi:10.2307/285856. ISSN 0016-1071. JSTOR 285856.
Allen, Paul C. (2000). Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598-1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07682-7.
Vanhoutte, Jürgen (2004). "Van robins tot très grands nobles: Carrièreplanning en huwelijksstrategie bij het geslacht Richardot in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden (1540-1701)". In Marnef, Guido; Vermeir, René (eds.). Adel en macht: politiek, cultuur, economie. Shaker publishing. pp. 17–55. ISBN 90-423-0252-6.
Authority control databases International
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"Franche-Comté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Dutch Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Southern Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Netherlands"}],"text":"Jean Grusset dict Richardot, knight (1540 – 3 September 1609) was a statesman and diplomat from the Franche-Comté, who held high political office during the Dutch Revolt and played an important role in restoring Habsburg rule in the Southern Netherlands.","title":"Jean Richardot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Habsburg Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle"},{"link_name":"Champlitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlitte"},{"link_name":"François Richardot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Richardot"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"bishop of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arras"},{"link_name":"Besançon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Peter Peckius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Peckius_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"University of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leiden.edu-1"},{"link_name":"Philip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Great Council of Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Council_of_Mechelen"},{"link_name":"Privy Council of the Habsburg Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Requesens_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga"},{"link_name":"Dutch Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"Archduke Matthias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras,_France"},{"link_name":"Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"Union of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Arras"}],"text":"Jean Richardot belonged to the network of families from the Franche-Comté that rose to important posts in the administration of the Habsburg Netherlands under the patronage of Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle. He was born in Champlitte in 1540 as the son of Guillaume Grusset and Marguerite Richardot. His uncle on his mother's side was François Richardot, the confessor of Margaret of Parma, a close collaborator of Granvelle and his successor as bishop of Arras. François Richardot supervised his nephew's education and furthered his first steps in the Habsburg administration. Whether out of gratitude or calculation, Jean Grusset subsequently adopted his uncle's surname. After his humanities at the Collège Granvelle in Besançon, Jean studied law at the universities of Leuven, where he established strong ties with one of his professors, Peter Peckius. He continued his studies in Rome and Padua and obtained his doctorate in law from the University of Bologna.[1]Thanks to the patronage of Granvelle, Philip II appointed Richardot councillor in the Great Council of Mechelen in 1568. Seven years later he was promoted to the Privy Council of the Habsburg Netherlands, one of the three Collateral Councils that advised the Governor-General of the Habsburg Netherlands, a post that was at the time held by Don Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga. In the confusion that followed the death of Requesens, Richardot sided with the Dutch Revolt and its leader William the Silent. The move earned him an appointment to the Privy Council of the rebels' Governor-General Archduke Matthias. In that capacity he was sent to Arras to use his local connections to dissuade the States of Artois from joining the Union of Arras.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"Rutger Velpius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutger_Velpius"},{"link_name":"Army of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bourbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbourg"},{"link_name":"hostilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Count Peter Ernst von Mansfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ernst_I_von_Mansfeld-Vorderort"},{"link_name":"Count of Fuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Henriquez_de_Acevedo,_Count_of_Fuentes"}],"text":"Richardot would soon follow the example of the States of Artois, Hainaut and Lille, Douai and Orchies and reconcile with the new Governor-General, Alexander Farnese. He even penned a satirical attack on William the Silent, published anonymously as Le Renart decouvert (Mons: Rutger Velpius, 1580). Farnese was quick to recognize Richardot's talents, confirmed his membership of the Privy Council in 1580 and saw to his appointment as president of the Council of Artois in 1581. One of his first achievements was persuading the States of Artois to accept the return of Spanish units from the Army of Flanders. Soon thereafter Richardot was knighted by Philip II. On 26 February 1583, he was appointed councillor of the Council of State, the highest of the Collateral Councils and as such in charge of advising on matters of state. Farnese employed Richardot in many of the negotiations that secured the reconciliation of towns in Flanders and Brabant. Among these were Ypres, Bruges, Ghent, Brussels and Antwerp. He was also put in charge of the delegation that met with the envoys of Queen Elizabeth I at Bourbourg in 1587, in a feigned attempt to end hostilities between England and Spain. Meanwhile, Farnese sent Richardot twice to the court of Madrid. His mission in 1583-1584 was to obtain more men and money for the war in the Netherlands. In 1589 he was sent to explain Farnese's failure to invade England with the Spanish Armada.The disgrace and death of Farnese in December 1592 put Richardot's career on hold. The acting Governor-General Count Peter Ernst von Mansfeld even sought means to remove him from the Council of State. Initially, the Count of Fuentes was no less hostile, though he came to value Richardot's abilities towards the end of his tenure as acting Governor-General.","title":"Rise to power under Farnese"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardinal-Archduke Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Albert,_sovereign_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"war against the United Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg"},{"link_name":"Somerset House Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_House_Conference"},{"link_name":"Juan Pantoja de la Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pantoja_de_la_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Lodewijk Verreycken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_Verreycken"},{"link_name":"Juan de Tassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Tassis,_1st_Count_of_Villamediana"},{"link_name":"Peace of Vervins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Vervins"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"James I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Charles princely count of Arenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Ligne,_2nd_Prince_of_Arenberg"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1604)"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ambrogio Spinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases"},{"link_name":"Twelve Years' Truce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"}],"text":"Richardot saw his political fortunes restored after Cardinal-Archduke Albert was installed as the new Governor-General in February 1596. On 15 May 1597 Albert's recommendation ensured his appointment to the post of Chief-President of the Privy Council. From then on Richardot would be the highest ranking and most influential subject of the Habsburg Netherlands serving the Governor-General and subsequently the sovereign Archdukes Albert and Isabella. As a well known supporter of a general pacification in the Netherlands, he was often depicted by those in favor of continuing the war against the United Provinces and their English and French allies as lacking in loyalty to the Spanish crown. In spite of that opposition, Richardot's policies would gradually prevail.The Somerset House Conference of 1604, ascribed to Juan Pantoja de la Cruz. Jean Richardot is seated second on the left.At every stage Richardot was at the center of the negotiations, as a rule seconded by the archducal Audiencier Lodewijk Verreycken. Between February and May 1598, the two of them teamed up with Juan de Tassis in the talks leading to the Peace of Vervins between Philip II and Henry IV of France. Two years later, Richardot had to admit defeat when talks held at Boulogne broke up over issues of precedence, thereby wasting the chance to bring an end to the war between Elizabeth I and Philip III. When the succession of James I of England opened a new window of opportunity, Richardot, Verreycken and Charles princely count of Arenberg participated between May and August 1604 in the conference at Somerset House that elaborated the Treaty of London. In an effort to conclude a peace treaty with the Dutch Republic, Ambrogio Spinola and Richardot acted as the chief negotiators in the Habsburg delegation at the conference of The Hague from February to August 1608. Hopes to reach a definitive peace foundered however on irreconcilable issues of religion and trade. Under the mediation of France and England, the parties then settled for the Twelve Years' Truce that was signed in Antwerp in April 1609.","title":"President of the Privy Council under the Archdukes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"succession dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_J%C3%BClich_succession"},{"link_name":"Jülich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich"},{"link_name":"Cleves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves"},{"link_name":"Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Berg"},{"link_name":"Prince of Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9_(1588%E2%80%931646)"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Marguerite_de_Montmorency"},{"link_name":"St Gudula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael_and_St._Gudula_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leiden.edu-1"},{"link_name":"Conrad III Schetz dict van Ursel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_Schetz"},{"link_name":"Hoboken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Dukes d'Ursel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Ursel"},{"link_name":"Jean Richardot the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Richardot_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"bishop of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arras"},{"link_name":"prince-archbishop of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nieuwpoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort"},{"link_name":"Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Richardot"},{"link_name":"Echternach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Echternach"},{"link_name":"Justus Lipsius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Lipsius"},{"link_name":"Galmaarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmaarden"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Justus Lipsius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Lipsius"},{"link_name":"Rheinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinberg"}],"text":"Almost immediately after concluding the Truce, the archducal regime was confronted with the succession dispute over the Duchies of Jülich, Cleves and Berg. Soon Henry IV of France and Archduke Albert were sharply divided over how to deal with the crisis. To make matters worse, the Prince of Condé chose that moment to flee to Brussels with his wife, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, thereby hoping to put her out of reach of the French king's amorous attentions. Hoping to avert a war, Richardot travelled to the French Court in August 1609 with instructions to assure Henry IV of Albert's neutrality in both affairs. In a show of displeasure, Henry conducted the audience outdoors, compelling the almost septuagenarian minister to stand bareheaded in the Sun for over an hour. Apparently suffering from the effects of hyperthermia, Richardot died on the way home at the residence of his son and namesake, the Bishop of Arras, on 3 September. He was buried in the chapel of the Most Holy Sacrament of Miracles of the then collegiate church of St Gudula in Brussels.[1]In 1568 Jean Richardot married Anne Courcol de Baillencourt, who descended of a noble family from Artois. The couple had twelve children. Among them were:Françoise, married Conrad III Schetz dict van Ursel, created 1st baron of Hoboken in 1600, first archducal ambassador in England (1604-1609), ancestor of the Dukes d'Ursel.\nJean Richardot the Younger, bishop of Arras (1603-1609) and prince-archbishop of Cambrai (1609-1614).\nFrançois, lieutenant of a company of cavalry, died in the Battle of Nieuwpoort.\nPierre, abbot of Echternach (1607-1628).\nGuillaume Richardot, who was educated in the house of Justus Lipsius, styled baron of Lembeek, created count of Galmaarden (in French: Gammeranges) in 1623.\nAntoine Richardot, who was also educated in the house of Justus Lipsius, captain of a company of cavalry, died of his wounds after an encounter at Rheinberg.","title":"Death and descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-leiden.edu_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-leiden.edu_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Richardotjean\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/personen/R/Pages/richardotjean.aspx"}],"text":"^ a b \"Richardotjean\". Dutchrevolt.leiden.edu. Retrieved 16 February 2019.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brants, Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Brants"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/285856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F285856"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0016-1071","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-1071"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"285856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/285856"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-07682-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07682-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-423-0252-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-423-0252-6"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6171438#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000361743855"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/221008154"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhqCpTvkGBBtwgxyGvHC"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1017885524"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067774059"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811471834805606"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1017885524.html?language=en"}],"text":"Brants, Victor (1901). \"Un ministre belge au XVIIe siècle: Jean Richardot, chef-président du Conseil privé des Pays-Bas, 1597-1609\". Académie royale de Belgique: Bulletin de la Classe des lettres. 8. Académie royale de Belgique: 831–914.\nEysinga, Willem Jan Marie (1959). De wording van het Twaafjarig Bestand van 9 april 1609. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.\nDickerman, Edmund H. (1974). \"Henry IV and the Juliers-Cleves Crisis: The Psychohistorical Aspects\". French Historical Studies. 8 (4). Duke University Press: 626–653. doi:10.2307/285856. ISSN 0016-1071. JSTOR 285856.\nAllen, Paul C. (2000). Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598-1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07682-7.\nVanhoutte, Jürgen (2004). \"Van robins tot très grands nobles: Carrièreplanning en huwelijksstrategie bij het geslacht Richardot in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden (1540-1701)\". In Marnef, Guido; Vermeir, René (eds.). Adel en macht: politiek, cultuur, economie. Shaker publishing. pp. 17–55. ISBN 90-423-0252-6.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Somerset House Conference of 1604, ascribed to Juan Pantoja de la Cruz. Jean Richardot is seated second on the left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg/400px-The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Richardotjean\". Dutchrevolt.leiden.edu. Retrieved 16 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/personen/R/Pages/richardotjean.aspx","url_text":"\"Richardotjean\""}]},{"reference":"Brants, Victor (1901). \"Un ministre belge au XVIIe siècle: Jean Richardot, chef-président du Conseil privé des Pays-Bas, 1597-1609\". Académie royale de Belgique: Bulletin de la Classe des lettres. 8. Académie royale de Belgique: 831–914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Brants","url_text":"Brants, Victor"}]},{"reference":"Eysinga, Willem Jan Marie (1959). De wording van het Twaafjarig Bestand van 9 april 1609. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dickerman, Edmund H. (1974). \"Henry IV and the Juliers-Cleves Crisis: The Psychohistorical Aspects\". French Historical Studies. 8 (4). Duke University Press: 626–653. doi:10.2307/285856. ISSN 0016-1071. JSTOR 285856.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F285856","url_text":"10.2307/285856"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-1071","url_text":"0016-1071"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/285856","url_text":"285856"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Paul C. (2000). Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598-1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07682-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07682-7","url_text":"0-300-07682-7"}]},{"reference":"Vanhoutte, Jürgen (2004). \"Van robins tot très grands nobles: Carrièreplanning en huwelijksstrategie bij het geslacht Richardot in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden (1540-1701)\". In Marnef, Guido; Vermeir, René (eds.). Adel en macht: politiek, cultuur, economie. Shaker publishing. pp. 17–55. ISBN 90-423-0252-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-423-0252-6","url_text":"90-423-0252-6"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/personen/R/Pages/richardotjean.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Richardotjean\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F285856","external_links_name":"10.2307/285856"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-1071","external_links_name":"0016-1071"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/285856","external_links_name":"285856"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000361743855","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/221008154","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhqCpTvkGBBtwgxyGvHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1017885524","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067774059","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811471834805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1017885524.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlubi_people
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Hlubi people
|
["1 Origins","2 Language","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]
|
Nguni ethnic group of Southern Africa
Ethnic group
Hlubi People AmaHlubiAmaHlubi AmaNgelengeleTotal population~3 millionRegions with significant populations South Africa, LesothoLanguagesIsiHlubi, IsiXhosa, SesothoReligionAfrican Traditional Religion, ChristianityRelated ethnic groupsXhosa, Zulu, Swati, Southern Ndebele, Northern Ndebele and Phuthi
The AmaHlubi NationPersonIHlubiPeopleAmaHlubiLanguageIsiHlubiCountryEmaHlutjhini
The Hlubi people or AmaHlubi are an AmaMbo ethnic group native to Southern Africa, with the majority of population found in Gauteng, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa.
Hlubi people are located in Eastern Cape, Lesotho, and KwaZulu-Natal most Amahlubi speak IsiXhosa, Sesotho, and a handful speaks isiZulu, the language is near extinction many AmaHlubi identify themselves as Xhosa or Sotho, Zulu speakers.
Origins
The Hlubi, similar to other current Southern African nations, originate from Central Africa. They moved as part of the eMbo people’s southern migration. More specifically, they are said to originate from the people known as the Shubi. The Shubi can still be found today in Congo and some parts of Rwanda and Tanzania.
Language
Main article: Hlubi language
The AmaHlubi speak a dialect closely related to the Swati language, one of the Tekela languages in the Nguni branch of the Bantu language family.
The Hlubi (AmaHlubi) dialect is endangered and most Hlubi speakers are elderly and illiterate. There are attempts by Hlubi intellectuals to revive the language and make it one of the eleven recognized languages in South Africa.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hlubi people.
Hlubi Kings
Matiwane
References
^ https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1c047c188ca9f7cf64bf84dd0bd77a7495766185
^ "Isizwe SamaHlubi: Submission to the Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims: Draft 1" (PDF). July 2004. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
Further reading
Henry Masila Ndawo (1939). Iziduko zama-Hlubi. Lovedale Press.
Henry Masila Ndawo (1945). Ibali lama Hlubi. Lovedale Press. hdl:10962/47224.
Andrew Hayden Manson. The Hlubi and the Ngwena Clan in a colonial society, 1848–1877. s.n. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
Alfred T. Bryant (1965). Olden times in Zululand and Natal: containing earlier political history of the Eastern-Nguni clans. C. Struik.
John Henderson Soga (1930). The south-eastern Bantu: (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala-Nguni ). The Witwatersrand university press.
John Britten Wright; Andrew Manson (1983). The Hlubi Kingdom in Zululand-Natal: a history. Ladysmith Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-620-06178-0.
John William Colenso (1875). Langalibalele and the AmaHlubi Kingdom: being remarks upon the official record of the trials of the King, his sons and Induna, and other members of the AmaHlubi Nation. tribe.
Paul Maylam (1986). A history of the African people of South Africa: from the early Iron Age to the 1970s. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37511-9.
vte Ethnic groups in South AfricaBantu-speakingNguni
Bhaca
Mpondomise
Fengu
Hlubi
Ndebele
Pondo
Swazi
Ndwandwe
Thembu
Xhosa
Gcaleka
Gqunukhwebe
Gaika
Xesibe
Zulu
Fingo
Khumalo
Sotho-Tswana
Basotho/S. Sotho
Bakoena
Bataung
Batlokwa
Pedi/N. Sotho
Balobedu
Mabelane
Tswana
Balete
Tsonga
Hlengwe
Xika
N'walungu
Gwamba
Tswha
Rhonga
Hlanganu
Nhlave
Bila
Dzonga
Copi
Ndzawu
Thonga
Venda
Ngona
Khoi and San
San
ǃKung
ǀXam
Khoekhoe
Nama
Strandloper
Whites
British
Afrikaners
Boers
Cape Dutch
Huguenots
Angolans
Armenians
Bulgarians
Germans
Greeks
Irish
Italians
Jews
Afrikaner-Jews
Lebanese
Mozambicans
Norwegians
Poles
Portuguese
Serbs
Turks
Zimbabweans
Coloureds
Cape Coloureds
Cape Malays
Griquas
Oorlams
Indians
Tamils
Telegu/Andhras
Hindi
Urdu
Gujaratis
Memons
Surtis
Koknis
Others
Lemba
Zimbabweans
Chinese
Somalis
Nigerians
Japanese
Koreans
Pakistanis
Roma
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AmaMbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguni_people"},{"link_name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"Gauteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauteng"},{"link_name":"Mpumalanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga"},{"link_name":"KwaZulu-Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Hlubi people or AmaHlubi are an AmaMbo ethnic group native to Southern Africa, with the majority of population found in Gauteng, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa.[1]Hlubi people are located in Eastern Cape, Lesotho, and KwaZulu-Natal most Amahlubi speak IsiXhosa, Sesotho, and a handful speaks isiZulu, the language is near extinction many AmaHlubi identify themselves as Xhosa or Sotho, Zulu speakers.","title":"Hlubi people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubi_people"}],"text":"The Hlubi, similar to other current Southern African nations, originate from Central Africa. They moved as part of the eMbo people’s southern migration. More specifically, they are said to originate from the people known as the Shubi. The Shubi can still be found today in Congo and some parts of Rwanda and Tanzania.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swati language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swati_language"},{"link_name":"Tekela languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekela_languages"},{"link_name":"Nguni branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguni_languages"},{"link_name":"Bantu language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeadershipSubmission-2"}],"text":"The AmaHlubi speak a dialect closely related to the Swati language, one of the Tekela languages in the Nguni branch of the Bantu language family.The Hlubi (AmaHlubi) dialect is endangered and most Hlubi speakers are elderly and illiterate. There are attempts by Hlubi intellectuals to revive the language and make it one of the eleven recognized languages in South Africa.[2]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iziduko zama-Hlubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HV3kHAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10962/47224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10962%2F47224"},{"link_name":"The Hlubi and the Ngwena Clan in a colonial society, 1848–1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=J7WKGwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Olden times in Zululand and Natal: containing earlier political history of the Eastern-Nguni clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aw5zAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"The south-eastern Bantu: (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala-Nguni )","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1QNgAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"The Hlubi Kingdom in Zululand-Natal: a history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZtJBAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-620-06178-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-620-06178-0"},{"link_name":"Langalibalele and the AmaHlubi Kingdom: being remarks upon the official record of the trials of the King, his sons and Induna, and other members of the AmaHlubi Nation. tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ciuwQAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"A history of the African people of South Africa: from the early Iron Age to the 1970s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=I8tzQgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-312-37511-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37511-9"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Ethnic groups in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Bantu-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Nguni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguni_people"},{"link_name":"Bhaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaca_people"},{"link_name":"Mpondomise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpondomise_people"},{"link_name":"Fengu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengu_people"},{"link_name":"Hlubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ndebele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ndebele_people"},{"link_name":"Pondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondo_people"},{"link_name":"Swazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swazi_people"},{"link_name":"Ndwandwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndwandwe"},{"link_name":"Thembu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thembu_people"},{"link_name":"Xhosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_people"},{"link_name":"Gcaleka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gcaleka"},{"link_name":"Gqunukhwebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gqunukhwebe"},{"link_name":"Gaika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaika_people"},{"link_name":"Xesibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xesibe"},{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_people"},{"link_name":"Fingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingo_people"},{"link_name":"Khumalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khumalo_clan"},{"link_name":"Sotho-Tswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotho-Tswana_peoples"},{"link_name":"Basotho/S. Sotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotho_people"},{"link_name":"Bakoena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koena_tribe"},{"link_name":"Bataung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taung_tribe"},{"link_name":"Batlokwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlokwa_tribe"},{"link_name":"Pedi/N. Sotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedi_people"},{"link_name":"Balobedu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobedu_people"},{"link_name":"Mabelane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabelane_tribe"},{"link_name":"Tswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana_people"},{"link_name":"Balete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balete_people"},{"link_name":"Tsonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsonga_people"},{"link_name":"Venda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda_people"},{"link_name":"Khoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoikhoi"},{"link_name":"San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_people"},{"link_name":"San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_people"},{"link_name":"ǃKung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people"},{"link_name":"Khoekhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoekhoe"},{"link_name":"Nama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_people"},{"link_name":"Strandloper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strandloper_peoples"},{"link_name":"Whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa#South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Afrikaners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaners"},{"link_name":"Boers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boers"},{"link_name":"Cape Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Angolans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_diaspora#South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Afrikaner-Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Mozambicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations"},{"link_name":"Norwegians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_South_African"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Zimbabweans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations"},{"link_name":"Coloureds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloureds"},{"link_name":"Cape Coloureds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coloureds"},{"link_name":"Cape Malays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Malays"},{"link_name":"Griquas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griqua_people"},{"link_name":"Oorlams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlam_people"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"Tamils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"Memons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memons_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Lemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemba_people"},{"link_name":"Zimbabweans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"Somalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Nigerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerians_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Koreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Pakistanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanis_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5873575#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294870705171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004088"}],"text":"Henry Masila Ndawo (1939). Iziduko zama-Hlubi. Lovedale Press.\nHenry Masila Ndawo (1945). Ibali lama Hlubi. Lovedale Press. hdl:10962/47224.\nAndrew Hayden Manson. The Hlubi and the Ngwena Clan in a colonial society, 1848–1877. s.n. Retrieved 31 July 2011.\nAlfred T. Bryant (1965). Olden times in Zululand and Natal: containing earlier political history of the Eastern-Nguni clans. C. Struik.\nJohn Henderson Soga (1930). The south-eastern Bantu: (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala-Nguni ). The Witwatersrand university press.\nJohn Britten Wright; Andrew Manson (1983). The Hlubi Kingdom in Zululand-Natal: a history. Ladysmith Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-620-06178-0.\nJohn William Colenso (1875). Langalibalele and the AmaHlubi Kingdom: being remarks upon the official record of the trials of the King, his sons and Induna, and other members of the AmaHlubi Nation. tribe.\nPaul Maylam (1986). A history of the African people of South Africa: from the early Iron Age to the 1970s. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37511-9.vte Ethnic groups in South AfricaBantu-speakingNguni\nBhaca\nMpondomise\nFengu\nHlubi\nNdebele\nPondo\nSwazi\nNdwandwe\nThembu\nXhosa\nGcaleka\nGqunukhwebe\nGaika\nXesibe\nZulu\nFingo\nKhumalo\nSotho-Tswana\nBasotho/S. Sotho\nBakoena\nBataung\nBatlokwa\nPedi/N. Sotho\nBalobedu\nMabelane\nTswana\nBalete\nTsonga\nHlengwe\nXika\nN'walungu\nGwamba\nTswha\nRhonga\nHlanganu\nNhlave\nBila\nDzonga\nCopi\nNdzawu\nThonga\nVenda\nNgona\nKhoi and San\nSan\nǃKung\nǀXam\nKhoekhoe\nNama\nStrandloper\nWhites\nBritish\nAfrikaners\nBoers\nCape Dutch\nHuguenots\nAngolans\nArmenians\nBulgarians\nGermans\nGreeks\nIrish\nItalians\nJews\nAfrikaner-Jews\nLebanese\nMozambicans\nNorwegians\nPoles\nPortuguese\nSerbs\nTurks\nZimbabweans\nColoureds\nCape Coloureds\nCape Malays\nGriquas\nOorlams\nIndians\nTamils\nTelegu/Andhras\nHindi\nUrdu\nGujaratis\nMemons\nSurtis\nKoknis\nOthers\nLemba\nZimbabweans\nChinese\nSomalis\nNigerians\nJapanese\nKoreans\nPakistanis\nRomaAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Hlubi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hlubi"},{"title":"Hlubi Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlubi_Kings"},{"title":"Matiwane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiwane"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Isizwe SamaHlubi: Submission to the Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims: Draft 1\" (PDF). July 2004. Retrieved 28 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mkhangelingoma.co.za/heritage/history.pdf","url_text":"\"Isizwe SamaHlubi: Submission to the Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims: Draft 1\""}]},{"reference":"Henry Masila Ndawo (1939). Iziduko zama-Hlubi. Lovedale Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HV3kHAAACAAJ","url_text":"Iziduko zama-Hlubi"}]},{"reference":"Henry Masila Ndawo (1945). Ibali lama Hlubi. Lovedale Press. hdl:10962/47224.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10962%2F47224","url_text":"10962/47224"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Hayden Manson. The Hlubi and the Ngwena Clan in a colonial society, 1848–1877. s.n. Retrieved 31 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J7WKGwAACAAJ","url_text":"The Hlubi and the Ngwena Clan in a colonial society, 1848–1877"}]},{"reference":"Alfred T. Bryant (1965). Olden times in Zululand and Natal: containing earlier political history of the Eastern-Nguni clans. C. Struik.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aw5zAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Olden times in Zululand and Natal: containing earlier political history of the Eastern-Nguni clans"}]},{"reference":"John Henderson Soga (1930). The south-eastern Bantu: (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala-Nguni ). The Witwatersrand university press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1QNgAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The south-eastern Bantu: (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala-Nguni )"}]},{"reference":"John Britten Wright; Andrew Manson (1983). The Hlubi Kingdom in Zululand-Natal: a history. Ladysmith Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-620-06178-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtJBAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Hlubi Kingdom in Zululand-Natal: a history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-620-06178-0","url_text":"978-0-620-06178-0"}]},{"reference":"John William Colenso (1875). Langalibalele and the AmaHlubi Kingdom: being remarks upon the official record of the trials of the King, his sons and Induna, and other members of the AmaHlubi Nation. tribe.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ciuwQAAACAAJ","url_text":"Langalibalele and the AmaHlubi Kingdom: being remarks upon the official record of the trials of the King, his sons and Induna, and other members of the AmaHlubi Nation. tribe"}]},{"reference":"Paul Maylam (1986). A history of the African people of South Africa: from the early Iron Age to the 1970s. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37511-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I8tzQgAACAAJ","url_text":"A history of the African people of South Africa: from the early Iron Age to the 1970s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37511-9","url_text":"978-0-312-37511-9"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1c047c188ca9f7cf64bf84dd0bd77a7495766185","external_links_name":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1c047c188ca9f7cf64bf84dd0bd77a7495766185"},{"Link":"http://www.mkhangelingoma.co.za/heritage/history.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Isizwe SamaHlubi: Submission to the Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims: Draft 1\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HV3kHAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Iziduko zama-Hlubi"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10962%2F47224","external_links_name":"10962/47224"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J7WKGwAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Hlubi and the Ngwena Clan in a colonial society, 1848–1877"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aw5zAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Olden times in Zululand and Natal: containing earlier political history of the Eastern-Nguni clans"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1QNgAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The south-eastern Bantu: (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala-Nguni )"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtJBAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Hlubi Kingdom in Zululand-Natal: a history"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ciuwQAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Langalibalele and the AmaHlubi Kingdom: being remarks upon the official record of the trials of the King, his sons and Induna, and other members of the AmaHlubi Nation. tribe"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I8tzQgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"A history of the African people of South Africa: from the early Iron Age to the 1970s"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294870705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004088","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding_in_video_games
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Crowdfunding in video games
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["1 Crowdfunding","2 History","2.1 Double Fine Adventure","2.2 Expansion","2.3 Ouya game console","2.4 Video game-specific crowdfunding","2.5 Hybrid crowd funding","2.6 Other arenas","3 Reaction","4 Backer motivations","5 Crowdfunding risks","6 See also","7 References"]
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Overview of crowdfunding in video games
Video game development has typically been funded by large publishing companies or are alternatively paid for mostly by the developers themselves as independent titles. Other funding may come from government incentives or from private funding.
Crowdfunding, where the players of the video games pay to back the development efforts of a game, has become a popular means of finding alternate investment routes. As a way of game monetization, the use of crowdfunding in video games has had a history for several years prior to 2012, but was not seen as viable and limited to small-scale games. The crowdfunding mechanism for video games received significant attention in February 2012 due to the success of Double Fine Adventure (later renamed as Broken Age), a point-and-click adventure game which raised more than $3 million through the Kickstarter service, greatly exceeding the initial $400,000 request and becoming the highest funded project through Kickstarter at that time. A further boost to the model was seen in July 2012 when the Ouya, a low-cost video game console to be built on the open Android system and designed to take advantage of the mobile video game trend, surpassed $8 million in funding. By mid-2016, more than $186 million has been pledged to video game-related projects through Kickstarter alone.
Less than half of video game crowd-funded projects successfully raise their target funds.
Crowdfunding
Crowdfunding is a means to raise money for a project by eliciting funds from potential users of the completed project. While no third party is required for crowdfunding to occur, web sites like Kickstarter have been created to act as an intermediate in the process: they create space for project creators to share their project, provide ways for users to pledge their funds, and then supply the pledged funds to the creators for those projects that are successfully funded.
Projects using the Kickstarter model generally create multiple tiers of support. A minimum pledge assures that the funder will get the product in some form, but higher pledges will include additional benefits. In the case of video game-related works, this commonly can include being credited in the final work, receiving promotional items like T-shirts, obtaining early access to the game, or meeting the developers in person.
History
The earliest game to have utilized crowdfunding may have been Mount & Blade. As the developers had trouble finding backing from traditional publishers, they instead chose to ask for funding directly from interested individuals. Mount & Blade was funded, developed and released before the popularization of purpose-built online crowdfunding platforms.
Prior to 2012, small independent video game developers had used Kickstarter and other crowdfunding services to generate capital for developing games. However, most of these were funded at small levels, typically no more than $10,000; the largest prior to 2012 was Brandon Boyer's Venus Patrol in October 2011 which gained over $100,000 in funds. Shortly before the announcement of Double Fine Adventure, another game, Code Hero, was able to secure more than $100,000 in funding through a last-minute push by word-of-mouth.
Double Fine Adventure
See also: Broken Age
2 Player Productions, a film documentary company, approached the studio Double Fine Productions with the prospect of making a film covering the development of a game within the studio. At the time, the studio's other development projects were backed from publisher funding, which would likely have put restrictions on what could be documented. Instead, the developers opted to create a new game from scratch, deciding to use Kickstarter to obtain funding for both the game and the documentary. The studio opted to create an adventure game, a game genre that has been languishing for more than a decade, though one that Double Fine's president Tim Schafer has had an influential history in. The project was tentatively titled Double Fine Adventure, though has since been officially named Broken Age. Schafer has noted that he has tried to convince publishers to fund adventure games since the decline of the genre, but was always turned away.
The two groups set a goal of $400,000 for the combined effort, considering $300,000 for the video game development and the rest for the documentary. Within the day of its announcement, the project surpassed the goal, and by the end of the month-long effort, had raised more than $3 million; Schafer noted that this amount surpassed the total budgets that his previous titles at LucasArts had been developed for. With the additional funds, Double Fine committed to developing the game for a wider range of platforms, localizations, and creating fully voiced dialog for the English version.
The success of the Double Fine Adventure Kickstarter is said to be attributable to several factors. First, Schafer and Double Fine have an established reputation with video games players, specifically through Schafer's reputation for humorous adventure games, and Double Fine's previous fan-favorite title Psychonauts.
Expansion
See also: Graphic adventure game § Kickstarter projects
Following on the success of the Double Fine Adventure, several other small developers saw the potential of Kickstarter to launch new projects. Prior to Double Fine Adventure, Kickstarter had reported about 100 new video game-related projects started each month, a number that more than doubled after February; further, dollars pledged to these projects went from around $200,000 per month to between $4 and $10 million in the months that followed Adventure.
Some of these projects were based on the revival of fan-favorite intellectual properties:
Wasteland 2 was announced as a Kickstarter project to develop a sequel to the 1988 role-playing video game Wasteland, a spiritual predecessor to the Fallout series. The effort was backed by several of the game's original developers now under the development company inXile Entertainment. It successfully raised more than $2.9 million from an initial goal of $1 million, allowing them to co-develop the game with members from Obsidian Entertainment, who recently had developed Fallout: New Vegas.
Al Lowe, the creator of the Leisure Suit Larry series, successfully raised more than $650,000 in funds via Kickstarter to offer a high-definition remake of the 1987 Leisure Suit Larry in the Land of the Lounge Lizards.
In late 2012, Charles Cecil and Revolution Software decided to partially crowd-fund the fifth installment in the classic adventure game series Broken Sword, titled Broken Sword: The Serpent's Curse, raising $771,000 on Kickstarter and over $823,000 along with PayPal pledges, while the original goal was only $400,000. The achieved stretch-goals meant a longer, more ambitious, more free-world game with extra content.
Big Finish Games secured more than $540,000 in Kickstarter funding to create a new game in the Tex Murphy adventure game series, tentatively named Project Fedora before being officially titled as Tesla Effect: A Tex Murphy Adventure.
Hidden Path Entertainment, though working on Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, wanted to offer a sequel to their game Defense Grid: The Awakening, a project they could not get traditional funding for. They turned to Kickstarter with a revised formula in stretch goals, aiming to raise $1 million for a full sequel to Defense Grid but offering to extend the original game with each intermediate $250,000 goal, such as providing additional levels or a level editor. They also worked with video card manufacturers to provide rewards for the higher funding tiers as part of the incentives for the Kickstarter.
Also in 2012, Chris Roberts, with previous experience developing space combat simulation titles such as Wing Commander and Freelancer, launched a Kickstarter campaign to start development on a new space simulation game, Star Citizen. The Kickstarter campaign for the game raised over $2.1 million in the month that it was active, surpassing the goal of $500,000. Once the Kickstarter campaign was complete, Roberts launched a website to continue the crowdfunding campaign and to begin tracking the development progress, so far raising a total of $80 million as of May 2015. The game was anticipated for release in mid- to late 2016, with various "module" releases before then.
The 2019 video game Piposh is a reboot of the 1999-2003 Israeli video gaming franchise, with the campaigning aiming to bring legitimacy back to a flailing local industry.
By March 2017, Kickstarter reported that 10,000 video-game related projects had been successfully funded through their site, cumulative bringing in $613 million of funding.
Ouya game console
In the limelight of the success of using Kickstarter for video game software, a company composed of video game hardware experts initiated a Kickstarter to raise money to fund the development of the Ouya video game console; the console is targeted to be a low-cost, Android-based unit with an open development structure, allowing it to take advantage of the existing games in the mobile space. The Kickstarter began on July 10, 2012, looking to raise $950,000 for turning their existing prototype into a manufactured line; within 8 hours they had cleared this number, and within a week had surpassed $4 million in funding.
Video game-specific crowdfunding
With numerous successful video game projects arising from Kickstarter, other crowdfunding sites have arisen with a specific focus on video games.
Gamesplanet Lab offers a framework for crowdfunding, but becomes more involved in the pre-selection of projects that qualify for its site, and provides services to help assure the quality of successful projects as delivered.
Gambitious is an equity crowdfunding mechanism, where those that invest in an offered project can receive dividends for the project successfully meeting its publication goals.
Hybrid crowd funding
More recently, Kickstarter and other crowd funding services have been used by developers who have gained potential financial commitment from investors, and use the crowd funding mechanism to demonstrate the potential demand for the video game. Such examples include Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night, which successfully sought at least $500,000 in crowd funding to secure 90% of the development funds from investors, and Shenmue III which also obtained the required funding through Kickstarter to gain financial and development help from Sony for publishing the game to the PlayStation 4.
Brian Fargo of inXile Entertainment, Feargus Urquhart of Obsidian Entertainment, and Tim Schafer of Double Fine Productions, all whom have had significantly large crowdfunded projects as listed above, helped to found Fig in August 2015, a video game-centric crowdfunding platform that, in addition to the typical backer funding, also enables development investment so that they can earn part of the game's profit on release.
Other arenas
Electronic Arts announced support for crowd-funded video games by offering free distribution of these games on their Origin software delivery service for personal computers. Borrowing from the reward structure of the crowdfunding model, Namco Bandai has announced an incentives plan for their upcoming game, Ni no Kuni, that the rewards for those that pre-order the game will improve with the number of pre-orders that are received.
Reaction
In 2012, 43% of game projects (including tabletop games) on Kickstarter successfully completed their funding, which was slightly above the average success rate for all projects on the platform during that year. According to Kickstarter's 2012 statistics, more than 900 of about 2,800 video game-related projects were funded during 2012. Games (including tabletop games) were Kickstarter's most popular and successful category in 2012; successful gaming projects generated over $83M in funding across 1.38M pledges. Despite reports of "Kickstarter fatigue" - a sense of community apathy towards the platform, Kickstarter revealed that as of August 1, 2013, $64.7M had been pledged towards games project that year, showing growth over 2012 figures. In March 2014, Kickstarter announced it had achieved over $1 billion in pledges, with more than $215 million of that dedicated for video gaming and tabletop gaming projects. By mid-2016, Kickstarter reported over $186 million in video game-related pledges with over $500 million for all game-related projects.
Backer motivations
A survey conducted by a research team at the University of Cologne examined the motivations of Kickstarter backers who pledged for video game projects in 2014. It found that the prime motive of a vast majority of respondents was to encourage creation of games in genres the backers perceived as under-supplied, and warned game developers against "following the bandwagon" by trying to fill the niches that have already been saturated by earlier crowdfunded projects. Beyond that, the study grouped backers into three categories, based on other motivations they displayed (from most to least numerous):
"Supporters" were driven by the desire to help a particular video game developer produce games without external constraints.
"Buyers" were mainly interested in receiving finished games.
"Influencers" saw crowdfunding as a way to affect change within the video game industry as a whole.
Both "supporters" and "influencers" perceived video game developers as being "strangled" by the established conventions of the industry and the mainstream market (such as video game publishers), and while most backers wanted to be kept up to date about the development and features of the games they backed, few were interested in directly influencing them. The researchers concluded that "backers are first and foremost consumers, and the main effect of reward-based crowdfunding is that it closes the information gap between the developer and the customer."
The study also examined what influenced a backer's decision to pledge more or less money to a particular project, and found that "supporters" generally tend to pledge smaller amounts of money to fewer projects than both "buyers" and "influencers". It identified three factors that influenced the pledged amount:
Overlap between the backer's perception of a particular project and their personal investment preference. If the backer believed that backing a project was in line with their general investment motivation (reflected by one of three categories above), they would pledge more money to it.
Trust between the developer and their backers. The survey responders did not differentiate between competence-based trust (whether the developer can produce a high-quality game) and trust in the developer's integrity (whether they will put all the resources they received into making it). Furthermore, trust was only a factor if the deviations between the project and the backer's investment preferences (see above) were minimal; otherwise, it was irrelevant.
The funding goal. The study found a correlation between higher project goals and higher pledges, but abstained from making any conclusions about it, citing unaccounted for external factors, to be examined in later studies.
Crowd funding also allow supporters get more valuable open source games with public domain, GPL, MIT, or Apache license, they can reuse for make new games and remixes, modifications, hacks. Since crowd pay for development, no need hide source code or have copyright against supporters.
Crowdfunding risks
There are risks of such crowd-funded games, including the inability to complete the funding successfully. In one example, the development of the game Alpha Colony fell short of its $50,000 goal by $28, rendering the project unfunded as per Kickstarter's regulations. In other cases, the delivery of the product after a successful fundraising campaign may be left unfulfilled. A notable case is that of Code Hero, which had secured $170,000 during its Kickstarter in early 2012, had initially expected to be shown at the August 2012 PAX convention but failed to materialize. Further lack of updates through December led some of the Kickstarter backers to investigate the state of the project, finding that Primer Labs had apparently used up the funding and had yet to finish the game. Primer Labs' Alex Peake had stated that they are looking for more investments to continue developing the game and still commits to releasing the game in the future. However, due to lack of communication and failure to provide any of the claimed rewards, backers are looking towards legal options to recover their funding, though are limited by some of the terms of agreements set in place by Kickstarter. An update in early February 2013 included a message from Peake, breaking down the use of the Kickstarter funds and promise to provide refunds and back pay to his developers once the game was released, and took responsibility for the failure to meet the stated goals. The game hasn't been released.
Another example of such risks is Godus, a god game developed by 22cans, with the genre's pioneer Peter Molyneux at the lead. The game was successfully funded in a 2012 Kickstarter campaign for about $800,000, and the team delivered a mobile version for iOS systems, and a Windows version that was developed through Steam's Early Access program. However, in early 2015, many supporters began to doubt if 22cans was going to finish the title and complete the additional Kickstarter stretch goals such as a Linux version, as Molyneux had begun talking about the next game his studio would produce. In response, Molyneux stated that they were moving on from Godus and turned over most of the development to one of the campaign's backers while Molyneux and 22cans will still provide overarching guidance. Supporters expressed concern in that they had bought into the Kickstarter based on Molyneux's creditials towards the god game genre, and as such the final game may not reflect the product they actually had expected.
See also
List of video game crowdfunding projects
References
^ Prive, Tanya (2012-11-27). "What IS Crowdfunding And How Does IT Benefit The Economy". Forbes. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
^ "Mount & Blade is a much bigger deal than you think". VentureBeat. 28 July 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ Waananen, Lisa (2012-04-30). "Three Years of Kickstarter Projects". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
^ Crossley, Rob (2012-02-22). "Last-gasp triumph for Code Hero Kickstarter". Develop. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
^ Strickler, Yancey; Benenson, Fred (2012-09-12). "The Year of the Game". Kickstarter. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
^ Dutton, Fred (2012-04-02). "Kickstarter funding drive for Leisure Suit Larry remake". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
^ Nunelley, Stephany (2012-06-16). "Tex Murphy – Project Fedora exceeds Kickstarter goal". VG247. Retrieved 2012-07-14.
^ Valdes, Giancarlo (2012-07-14). "Hidden Path Entertainment places the fate of Defense Grid 2 in the fans' wallets (interview)". Venture Beat. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
^ "Star Citizen by Cloud Imperium Games Corporation". 2012-11-19. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
^ "Roberts Space Industries". 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
^ Freund, Gad (November 18, 2018). "SEARCH 2018: INTERVIEW WITH NEW GAME CREATORS". IGN Israel (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2019-01-09.
^ Kerr, Chris (March 24, 2017). "10,000 game projects have been funded through Kickstarter". Gamasutra. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ Stevens, Tim (2012-07-17). "The Engadget Interview: OUYA CEO Julie Uhrman on taking console concept to reality". Engadget. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
^ Minotti, Mike (2012-07-07). "New gaming crowdfunding site Gamesplanet Lab vets projects for quality". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
^ Takahashi, Dean (2012-06-04). "Gambitious creates crowdfunding just for games". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
^ Kuchera, Ben (2015-05-12). "Bloodstained's $1.4 million Kickstarter isn't a revolution, it's business as usual". Polygon. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Kuchera, Ben (2015-06-22). "Shenmue 3 needs $10 million to 'truly have the features of an open world'". Polygon. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
^ Hall, Charlie (August 18, 2015). "What if Kickstarter let you profit from a game's success? Fig found a way, launches today". Polygon. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
^ Caoili, Eric (2012-05-18). "EA's Origin attracting crowdfunded projects with free distribution". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
^ Caoili, Eric (2012-07-20). "Crowdfunding inspires Namco Bandai's preorder experiment". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
^ Caoili, Eric (2012-06-11). "Less than half of Kickstarter's game projects have succeeded - report". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2012-07-14.
^ John Koetsier (2013-01-08). "Kickstarter's best of 2012: 2.2M backers, $319M raised, 18K projects funded". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
^ Kris Ligman (2013-08-02). "Q&A: Catching up with Kickstarter". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
^ Alexa Ray Corriea (2014-03-03). "Kickstarter has received $1 billion in pledges to date, over $215M into games". Polygon. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
^ Pereira, Chris (June 2, 2016). "Half a Billion Dollars Has Been Pledged to Games on Kickstarter". GameSpot. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
^ a b Dr. Norbert Steigenberger (27 January 2014). "On the Motivation of Backers in the Video Gaming Industry – Research report" (PDF). Reward-based crowdfunding. University of Cologne. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
^ Makuch, Eddie (2012-12-03). "Kick starter game misses goal by $28". GameSpot. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
^ Trips, Seth (2012-12-13). "'Where did the money go?' ask Code Hero devs". MCV. Develop. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
^ Conditt, Jessica (2013-01-08). "Code Hero's buggy Kick starter has backers preparing to draw legal lines in the sand". Joystiq. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
^ Tripps, Seth (2013-02-04). "Code Hero devs come clean on Kick starter funds". Develop. Archived from the original on 2013-02-06. Retrieved 2013-02-04.
^ Moore, Bo (2015-02-11). "Peter Molyneux's God Game Is Looking Like Yet Another Disappointment". Wired. Retrieved 2015-02-12.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Video game development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_development"},{"link_name":"publishing companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publisher"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_video_game_development"},{"link_name":"Crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"game monetization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_monetization"},{"link_name":"Broken Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Age"},{"link_name":"adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"Ouya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"mobile video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Video game development has typically been funded by large publishing companies or are alternatively paid for mostly by the developers themselves as independent titles. Other funding may come from government incentives or from private funding.Crowdfunding, where the players of the video games pay to back the development efforts of a game, has become a popular means of finding alternate investment routes. As a way of game monetization, the use of crowdfunding in video games has had a history for several years prior to 2012, but was not seen as viable and limited to small-scale games. The crowdfunding mechanism for video games received significant attention in February 2012 due to the success of Double Fine Adventure (later renamed as Broken Age), a point-and-click adventure game which raised more than $3 million through the Kickstarter service, greatly exceeding the initial $400,000 request and becoming the highest funded project through Kickstarter at that time. A further boost to the model was seen in July 2012 when the Ouya, a low-cost video game console to be built on the open Android system and designed to take advantage of the mobile video game trend, surpassed $8 million in funding. By mid-2016, more than $186 million has been pledged to video game-related projects through Kickstarter alone.Less than half of video game crowd-funded projects successfully raise their target funds.[citation needed]","title":"Crowdfunding in video games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-1"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"}],"text":"Crowdfunding is a means to raise money for a project by eliciting funds from potential users of the completed project.[1] While no third party is required for crowdfunding to occur, web sites like Kickstarter have been created to act as an intermediate in the process: they create space for project creators to share their project, provide ways for users to pledge their funds, and then supply the pledged funds to the creators for those projects that are successfully funded.Projects using the Kickstarter model generally create multiple tiers of support. A minimum pledge assures that the funder will get the product in some form, but higher pledges will include additional benefits. In the case of video game-related works, this commonly can include being credited in the final work, receiving promotional items like T-shirts, obtaining early access to the game, or meeting the developers in person.","title":"Crowdfunding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount & Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_%26_Blade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brandon Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Boyer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The earliest game to have utilized crowdfunding may have been Mount & Blade. As the developers had trouble finding backing from traditional publishers, they instead chose to ask for funding directly from interested individuals.[2] Mount & Blade was funded, developed and released before the popularization of purpose-built online crowdfunding platforms.Prior to 2012, small independent video game developers had used Kickstarter and other crowdfunding services to generate capital for developing games.[3] However, most of these were funded at small levels, typically no more than $10,000; the largest prior to 2012 was Brandon Boyer's Venus Patrol in October 2011 which gained over $100,000 in funds. Shortly before the announcement of Double Fine Adventure, another game, Code Hero, was able to secure more than $100,000 in funding through a last-minute push by word-of-mouth.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broken Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Age"},{"link_name":"2 Player Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Player_Productions"},{"link_name":"Double Fine Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Fine_Productions"},{"link_name":"adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"Tim Schafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Schafer"},{"link_name":"Broken Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Age"},{"link_name":"LucasArts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LucasArts"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Psychonauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychonauts"}],"sub_title":"Double Fine Adventure","text":"See also: Broken Age2 Player Productions, a film documentary company, approached the studio Double Fine Productions with the prospect of making a film covering the development of a game within the studio. At the time, the studio's other development projects were backed from publisher funding, which would likely have put restrictions on what could be documented. Instead, the developers opted to create a new game from scratch, deciding to use Kickstarter to obtain funding for both the game and the documentary. The studio opted to create an adventure game, a game genre that has been languishing for more than a decade, though one that Double Fine's president Tim Schafer has had an influential history in. The project was tentatively titled Double Fine Adventure, though has since been officially named Broken Age. Schafer has noted that he has tried to convince publishers to fund adventure games since the decline of the genre, but was always turned away.The two groups set a goal of $400,000 for the combined effort, considering $300,000 for the video game development and the rest for the documentary. Within the day of its announcement, the project surpassed the goal, and by the end of the month-long effort, had raised more than $3 million; Schafer noted that this amount surpassed the total budgets that his previous titles at LucasArts had been developed for. With the additional funds, Double Fine committed to developing the game for a wider range of platforms, localizations, and creating fully voiced dialog for the English version.The success of the Double Fine Adventure Kickstarter is said[by whom?] to be attributable to several factors. First, Schafer and Double Fine have an established reputation with video games players, specifically through Schafer's reputation for humorous adventure games, and Double Fine's previous fan-favorite title Psychonauts.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graphic adventure game § Kickstarter projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_adventure_game#Kickstarter_projects"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"intellectual properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"Wasteland 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasteland_2"},{"link_name":"role-playing video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Wasteland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasteland_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Fallout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"inXile Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InXile_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Obsidian Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Fallout: New Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout:_New_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Al Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Leisure Suit Larry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry"},{"link_name":"high-definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video"},{"link_name":"Leisure Suit Larry in the Land of the Lounge Lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_Suit_Larry_in_the_Land_of_the_Lounge_Lizards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Charles Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cecil"},{"link_name":"Revolution Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_Software"},{"link_name":"Broken Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Sword"},{"link_name":"Broken Sword: The Serpent's Curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Sword:_The_Serpent%27s_Curse"},{"link_name":"PayPal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal"},{"link_name":"Big Finish Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Games"},{"link_name":"Tex Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Project Fedora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fedora"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tesla Effect: A Tex Murphy Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Effect:_A_Tex_Murphy_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Hidden Path Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Path_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Counter-Strike: Global Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Strike:_Global_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Defense Grid: The Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Grid:_The_Awakening"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chris Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Roberts_(game_developer)"},{"link_name":"Wing Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Commander_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Freelancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelancer_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Star Citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Citizen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2019 video game Piposh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piposh_(2019_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Expansion","text":"See also: Graphic adventure game § Kickstarter projectsFollowing on the success of the Double Fine Adventure, several other small developers saw the potential of Kickstarter to launch new projects. Prior to Double Fine Adventure, Kickstarter had reported about 100 new video game-related projects started each month, a number that more than doubled after February; further, dollars pledged to these projects went from around $200,000 per month to between $4 and $10 million in the months that followed Adventure.[5]Some of these projects were based on the revival of fan-favorite intellectual properties:Wasteland 2 was announced as a Kickstarter project to develop a sequel to the 1988 role-playing video game Wasteland, a spiritual predecessor to the Fallout series. The effort was backed by several of the game's original developers now under the development company inXile Entertainment. It successfully raised more than $2.9 million from an initial goal of $1 million, allowing them to co-develop the game with members from Obsidian Entertainment, who recently had developed Fallout: New Vegas.\nAl Lowe, the creator of the Leisure Suit Larry series, successfully raised more than $650,000 in funds via Kickstarter to offer a high-definition remake of the 1987 Leisure Suit Larry in the Land of the Lounge Lizards.[6]\nIn late 2012, Charles Cecil and Revolution Software decided to partially crowd-fund the fifth installment in the classic adventure game series Broken Sword, titled Broken Sword: The Serpent's Curse, raising $771,000 on Kickstarter and over $823,000 along with PayPal pledges, while the original goal was only $400,000. The achieved stretch-goals meant a longer, more ambitious, more free-world game with extra content.\nBig Finish Games secured more than $540,000 in Kickstarter funding to create a new game in the Tex Murphy adventure game series, tentatively named Project Fedora[7] before being officially titled as Tesla Effect: A Tex Murphy Adventure.\nHidden Path Entertainment, though working on Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, wanted to offer a sequel to their game Defense Grid: The Awakening, a project they could not get traditional funding for. They turned to Kickstarter with a revised formula in stretch goals, aiming to raise $1 million for a full sequel to Defense Grid but offering to extend the original game with each intermediate $250,000 goal, such as providing additional levels or a level editor. They also worked with video card manufacturers to provide rewards for the higher funding tiers as part of the incentives for the Kickstarter.[8]\nAlso in 2012, Chris Roberts, with previous experience developing space combat simulation titles such as Wing Commander and Freelancer, launched a Kickstarter campaign to start development on a new space simulation game, Star Citizen. The Kickstarter campaign for the game raised over $2.1 million in the month that it was active, surpassing the goal of $500,000.[9] Once the Kickstarter campaign was complete, Roberts launched a website to continue the crowdfunding campaign and to begin tracking the development progress, so far raising a total of $80 million as of May 2015.[10] The game was anticipated for release in mid- to late 2016, with various \"module\" releases before then.\nThe 2019 video game Piposh is a reboot of the 1999-2003 Israeli video gaming franchise, with the campaigning aiming to bring legitimacy back to a flailing local industry.[11]By March 2017, Kickstarter reported that 10,000 video-game related projects had been successfully funded through their site, cumulative bringing in $613 million of funding.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ouya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Ouya game console","text":"In the limelight of the success of using Kickstarter for video game software, a company composed of video game hardware experts initiated a Kickstarter to raise money to fund the development of the Ouya video game console; the console is targeted to be a low-cost, Android-based unit with an open development structure, allowing it to take advantage of the existing games in the mobile space. The Kickstarter began on July 10, 2012, looking to raise $950,000 for turning their existing prototype into a manufactured line; within 8 hours they had cleared this number, and within a week had surpassed $4 million in funding.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gambitious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambitious"},{"link_name":"equity crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Video game-specific crowdfunding","text":"With numerous successful video game projects arising from Kickstarter, other crowdfunding sites have arisen with a specific focus on video games.Gamesplanet Lab offers a framework for crowdfunding, but becomes more involved in the pre-selection of projects that qualify for its site, and provides services to help assure the quality of successful projects as delivered.[14]Gambitious is an equity crowdfunding mechanism, where those that invest in an offered project can receive dividends for the project successfully meeting its publication goals.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodstained:_Ritual_of_the_Night"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Shenmue III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenmue_III"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Brian Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Fargo"},{"link_name":"inXile Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InXile_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Feargus Urquhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feargus_Urquhart"},{"link_name":"Obsidian Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Tim Schafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Schafer"},{"link_name":"Double Fine Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Fine_Productions"},{"link_name":"Fig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig_(company)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon_fig-18"}],"sub_title":"Hybrid crowd funding","text":"More recently, Kickstarter and other crowd funding services have been used by developers who have gained potential financial commitment from investors, and use the crowd funding mechanism to demonstrate the potential demand for the video game. Such examples include Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night,[16] which successfully sought at least $500,000 in crowd funding to secure 90% of the development funds from investors, and Shenmue III which also obtained the required funding through Kickstarter to gain financial and development help from Sony for publishing the game to the PlayStation 4.[17]Brian Fargo of inXile Entertainment, Feargus Urquhart of Obsidian Entertainment, and Tim Schafer of Double Fine Productions, all whom have had significantly large crowdfunded projects as listed above, helped to found Fig in August 2015, a video game-centric crowdfunding platform that, in addition to the typical backer funding, also enables development investment so that they can earn part of the game's profit on release.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_(service)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Namco Bandai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco_Bandai"},{"link_name":"Ni no Kuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni_no_Kuni"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Other arenas","text":"Electronic Arts announced support for crowd-funded video games by offering free distribution of these games on their Origin software delivery service for personal computers.[19] Borrowing from the reward structure of the crowdfunding model, Namco Bandai has announced an incentives plan for their upcoming game, Ni no Kuni, that the rewards for those that pre-order the game will improve with the number of pre-orders that are received.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kickstarter_2012-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kickstarter2013-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In 2012, 43% of game projects (including tabletop games) on Kickstarter successfully completed their funding, which was slightly above the average success rate for all projects on the platform during that year. [21] According to Kickstarter's 2012 statistics, more than 900 of about 2,800 video game-related projects were funded during 2012. Games (including tabletop games) were Kickstarter's most popular and successful category in 2012; successful gaming projects generated over $83M in funding across 1.38M pledges.[22] Despite reports of \"Kickstarter fatigue\" - a sense of community apathy towards the platform, Kickstarter revealed that as of August 1, 2013, $64.7M had been pledged towards games project that year, showing growth over 2012 figures.[23] In March 2014, Kickstarter announced it had achieved over $1 billion in pledges, with more than $215 million of that dedicated for video gaming and tabletop gaming projects.[24] By mid-2016, Kickstarter reported over $186 million in video game-related pledges with over $500 million for all game-related projects.[25]","title":"Reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steigenberger-26"},{"link_name":"genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_genres"},{"link_name":"under-supplied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_shortage"},{"link_name":"following the bandwagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwagon_effect"},{"link_name":"saturated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_saturation"},{"link_name":"video game developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"video game industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry"},{"link_name":"video game publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publisher"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steigenberger-26"}],"text":"A survey conducted by a research team at the University of Cologne examined the motivations of Kickstarter backers who pledged for video game projects in 2014.[26] It found that the prime motive of a vast majority of respondents was to encourage creation of games in genres the backers perceived as under-supplied, and warned game developers against \"following the bandwagon\" by trying to fill the niches that have already been saturated by earlier crowdfunded projects. Beyond that, the study grouped backers into three categories, based on other motivations they displayed (from most to least numerous):\"Supporters\" were driven by the desire to help a particular video game developer produce games without external constraints.\n\"Buyers\" were mainly interested in receiving finished games.\n\"Influencers\" saw crowdfunding as a way to affect change within the video game industry as a whole.Both \"supporters\" and \"influencers\" perceived video game developers as being \"strangled\" by the established conventions of the industry and the mainstream market (such as video game publishers), and while most backers wanted to be kept up to date about the development and features of the games they backed, few were interested in directly influencing them. The researchers concluded that \"backers are first and foremost consumers, and the main effect of reward-based crowdfunding is that it closes the information gap between the developer and the customer.\"The study also examined what influenced a backer's decision to pledge more or less money to a particular project, and found that \"supporters\" generally tend to pledge smaller amounts of money to fewer projects than both \"buyers\" and \"influencers\".[26] It identified three factors that influenced the pledged amount:Overlap between the backer's perception of a particular project and their personal investment preference. If the backer believed that backing a project was in line with their general investment motivation (reflected by one of three categories above), they would pledge more money to it.\nTrust between the developer and their backers. The survey responders did not differentiate between competence-based trust (whether the developer can produce a high-quality game) and trust in the developer's integrity (whether they will put all the resources they received into making it). Furthermore, trust was only a factor if the deviations between the project and the backer's investment preferences (see above) were minimal; otherwise, it was irrelevant.\nThe funding goal. The study found a correlation between higher project goals and higher pledges, but abstained from making any conclusions about it, citing unaccounted for external factors, to be examined in later studies.Crowd funding also allow supporters get more valuable open source games with public domain, GPL, MIT, or Apache license, they can reuse for make new games and remixes, modifications, hacks. Since crowd pay for development, no need hide source code or have copyright against supporters.","title":"Backer motivations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Code Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Hero"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Godus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godus"},{"link_name":"god game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_game"},{"link_name":"22cans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22cans"},{"link_name":"Peter Molyneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Molyneux"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Early Access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Access"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"There are risks of such crowd-funded games, including the inability to complete the funding successfully. In one example, the development of the game Alpha Colony fell short of its $50,000 goal by $28, rendering the project unfunded as per Kickstarter's regulations.[27] In other cases, the delivery of the product after a successful fundraising campaign may be left unfulfilled. A notable case is that of Code Hero, which had secured $170,000 during its Kickstarter in early 2012, had initially expected to be shown at the August 2012 PAX convention but failed to materialize. Further lack of updates through December led some of the Kickstarter backers to investigate the state of the project, finding that Primer Labs had apparently used up the funding and had yet to finish the game. Primer Labs' Alex Peake had stated that they are looking for more investments to continue developing the game and still commits to releasing the game in the future.[28] However, due to lack of communication and failure to provide any of the claimed rewards, backers are looking towards legal options to recover their funding, though are limited by some of the terms of agreements set in place by Kickstarter.[29] An update in early February 2013 included a message from Peake, breaking down the use of the Kickstarter funds and promise to provide refunds and back pay to his developers once the game was released, and took responsibility for the failure to meet the stated goals.[30] The game hasn't been released.Another example of such risks is Godus, a god game developed by 22cans, with the genre's pioneer Peter Molyneux at the lead. The game was successfully funded in a 2012 Kickstarter campaign for about $800,000, and the team delivered a mobile version for iOS systems, and a Windows version that was developed through Steam's Early Access program. However, in early 2015, many supporters began to doubt if 22cans was going to finish the title and complete the additional Kickstarter stretch goals such as a Linux version, as Molyneux had begun talking about the next game his studio would produce. In response, Molyneux stated that they were moving on from Godus and turned over most of the development to one of the campaign's backers while Molyneux and 22cans will still provide overarching guidance. Supporters expressed concern in that they had bought into the Kickstarter based on Molyneux's creditials towards the god game genre, and as such the final game may not reflect the product they actually had expected.[31]","title":"Crowdfunding risks"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of video game crowdfunding projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_game_crowdfunding_projects"}]
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[{"reference":"Prive, Tanya (2012-11-27). \"What IS Crowdfunding And How Does IT Benefit The Economy\". Forbes. Retrieved November 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/tanyaprive/2012/11/27/what-is-crowdfunding-and-how-does-it-benefit-the-economy/","url_text":"\"What IS Crowdfunding And How Does IT Benefit The Economy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mount & Blade is a much bigger deal than you think\". VentureBeat. 28 July 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2017/07/28/mount-blade-is-a-much-bigger-deal-than-you-think/","url_text":"\"Mount & Blade is a much bigger deal than you think\""}]},{"reference":"Waananen, Lisa (2012-04-30). \"Three Years of Kickstarter Projects\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/04/30/technology/three-years-of-kickstarter-projects.html?ref=technology","url_text":"\"Three Years of Kickstarter Projects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Crossley, Rob (2012-02-22). \"Last-gasp triumph for Code Hero Kickstarter\". Develop. Retrieved 2012-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.develop-online.net/news/39896/Last-gasp-triumph-for-Code-Hero-Kickstarter","url_text":"\"Last-gasp triumph for Code Hero Kickstarter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Develop_(magazine)","url_text":"Develop"}]},{"reference":"Strickler, Yancey; Benenson, Fred (2012-09-12). \"The Year of the Game\". Kickstarter. Retrieved 2013-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kickstarter.com/blog/the-year-of-the-game","url_text":"\"The Year of the Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter","url_text":"Kickstarter"}]},{"reference":"Dutton, Fred (2012-04-02). \"Kickstarter funding drive for Leisure Suit Larry remake\". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2012-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-04-02-kickstarter-funding-drive-for-leisure-suit-larry-remake","url_text":"\"Kickstarter funding drive for Leisure Suit Larry remake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"}]},{"reference":"Nunelley, Stephany (2012-06-16). \"Tex Murphy – Project Fedora exceeds Kickstarter goal\". VG247. Retrieved 2012-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vg247.com/2012/06/16/tex-murphy-project-fedora-exceeds-kickstarter-goal/","url_text":"\"Tex Murphy – Project Fedora exceeds Kickstarter goal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"}]},{"reference":"Valdes, Giancarlo (2012-07-14). \"Hidden Path Entertainment places the fate of Defense Grid 2 in the fans' wallets (interview)\". Venture Beat. Retrieved 2012-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2012/07/14/hidden-path-entertainment-dg2-kickstarter/","url_text":"\"Hidden Path Entertainment places the fate of Defense Grid 2 in the fans' wallets (interview)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_Beat","url_text":"Venture Beat"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Citizen by Cloud Imperium Games Corporation\". 2012-11-19. Retrieved 2013-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/cig/star-citizen","url_text":"\"Star Citizen by Cloud Imperium Games Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roberts Space Industries\". 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2014-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertsspaceindustries.com/","url_text":"\"Roberts Space Industries\""}]},{"reference":"Freund, Gad (November 18, 2018). \"SEARCH 2018: INTERVIEW WITH NEW GAME CREATORS\". IGN Israel (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2019-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://il.ign.com/pypvsh-pc/39060/interview/pypvsh-2018-ryvn-bldy-m-yvtsry-hmshkhq-hkhdsh","url_text":"\"SEARCH 2018: INTERVIEW WITH NEW GAME CREATORS\""}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Chris (March 24, 2017). \"10,000 game projects have been funded through Kickstarter\". Gamasutra. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/294485/10000_game_projects_have_been_funded_through_Kickstarter.php","url_text":"\"10,000 game projects have been funded through Kickstarter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Tim (2012-07-17). \"The Engadget Interview: OUYA CEO Julie Uhrman on taking console concept to reality\". Engadget. Retrieved 2012-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/07/17/interview-ouya-ceo-julie-uhrman/","url_text":"\"The Engadget Interview: OUYA CEO Julie Uhrman on taking console concept to reality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"}]},{"reference":"Minotti, Mike (2012-07-07). \"New gaming crowdfunding site Gamesplanet Lab vets projects for quality\". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2012-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2012/07/07/gamesplanet-lab-vets-projects-for-quality/","url_text":"\"New gaming crowdfunding site Gamesplanet Lab vets projects for quality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (2012-06-04). \"Gambitious creates crowdfunding just for games\". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2012-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2012/06/04/gambitious-creates-crowdfunding-just-for-games/","url_text":"\"Gambitious creates crowdfunding just for games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"}]},{"reference":"Kuchera, Ben (2015-05-12). \"Bloodstained's $1.4 million Kickstarter isn't a revolution, it's business as usual\". Polygon. Retrieved 2015-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/5/12/8592901/bloodstain-kickstarter-castlevania-reboot","url_text":"\"Bloodstained's $1.4 million Kickstarter isn't a revolution, it's business as usual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Kuchera, Ben (2015-06-22). \"Shenmue 3 needs $10 million to 'truly have the features of an open world'\". Polygon. Retrieved 2015-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/6/22/8824401/shenmue-3-kickstarter-budget-sony-funding","url_text":"\"Shenmue 3 needs $10 million to 'truly have the features of an open world'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (August 18, 2015). \"What if Kickstarter let you profit from a game's success? Fig found a way, launches today\". Polygon. 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Retrieved 25 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://uo.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/sites/uo/pdf/videogamecrowdfunding_report_270114.pdf","url_text":"\"On the Motivation of Backers in the Video Gaming Industry – Research report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cologne","url_text":"University of Cologne"}]},{"reference":"Makuch, Eddie (2012-12-03). \"Kick starter game misses goal by $28\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/news/kickstarter-game-misses-goal-by-28-6400944","url_text":"\"Kick starter game misses goal by $28\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Trips, Seth (2012-12-13). \"'Where did the money go?' ask Code Hero devs\". MCV. Develop. 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Retrieved 2013-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130206220913/http://www.develop-online.net/news/43159/Long-awaited-Code-Hero-update-arrives","url_text":"\"Code Hero devs come clean on Kick starter funds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Develop_(magazine)","url_text":"Develop"},{"url":"http://www.develop-online.net/news/43159/Long-awaited-Code-Hero-update-arrives","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Bo (2015-02-11). \"Peter Molyneux's God Game Is Looking Like Yet Another Disappointment\". Wired. Retrieved 2015-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2015/02/molyneux-godus-kickstarter/","url_text":"\"Peter Molyneux's God Game Is Looking Like Yet Another Disappointment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.J._Perera
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M. J. Perera
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["1 Civil Service Career","1.1 Religion and Culture","1.2 Awards","2 See also","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"]
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M. J. PereraBornMapatunage James Perera3 February 1915Padukka, Sri LankaDied14 March 2002(2002-03-14) (aged 87)NationalitySri LankanEducationGovernment Bilingual School, Padukka (currently M.D.H. Jayawardena Kanishta Vidyalaya) Nalanda College, ColomboOccupationEducation / Broadcasting / Television executiveEmployerThe Government of Sri LankaKnown forThe first Ceylonese Director-General of Radio Ceylonfirst Chairman of the Sri Lanka Rupavahini CorporationPredecessorJohn Lampson, Director-General, Radio CeylonSpouseGnathie Ratna
Mapatunage James "M. J." Perera was a Sri Lankan civil servant (3 February 1915 – 14 March 2002) with nine members in his family in Udumulla, Padukka. He created broadcasting history by being the first Ceylonese Director General of Radio Ceylon, the oldest radio station in South Asia, taking over the helm from John Lampson of the BBC.
Perera witnessed the transformation of Radio Ceylon as King of the Airwaves in South Asia the radio station was the market leader and the number one radio station in the region during the 1950s and 1960s, with a loyal base of millions of listeners. Radio Ceylon enjoyed huge success under his leadership.
Clifford Dodd, an Australian administrator, was appointed (via the Colombo Plan) as the first Director of the Commercial Service of Radio Ceylon and he contributed to the station's popularity across the Indian sub-continent.
Perera was also appointed the first Chairman of the Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation,the island's television station and the country's first competent authority.
Perera was born on 3 February 1915 in Udumulla, Padukka, in a family of nine. He was educated at Rajabisheka Vidyalaya (Primary education) – Padukka Nalanda College Colombo and at the University of Ceylon. He became an assistant Government Agent and went on to become the Permanent Secretary of the Education and Cultural Affairs Ministry and later as first Chairman of the Rupavahini (Television) Corporation, retiring from the Sri Lanka Administrative Service after 48 years public service. He had also been the founder Chairman of The Paddy Marketing Board from 1972 to 1977 during which time he changed grain buying and storage from Bushel-Volume system to Metric-Weight system.
Civil Service Career
Director-General of Radio Ceylon,
First Chairman of the Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation
Founder Chairman of Paddy Marketing Board
Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education
Chairman National Library Services Board
Chairman State Fertilizer Manufacturing Corporation
Chairman River Valley Development Board
Vice Chancellor University of Peradeniya
Director Cultural Affairs
Desabandu Mr.M.J.Perera
Curriculum Vitae
Born – 3 February 1915 at Padukka
Student Career
Attended Government Bilingual School, Padukka from 1920 – 1927. (Later renamed as Rajabhisheka Kanishta Vidyalaya and currently M.D.H. Jayawardena Kanishta Vidyalaya.
Passed B.S.L.C. and E.S.L.C. in 1st Division.
Entered Nalanda College, Colombo – 1928 to 1932.
Cambridge Senior 1st Division with exemption from London Matriculation twice as underage to enter University first time.
Entered Ceylon University College 1933, Intermediate in Arts (London) 1939 with Pali, Sanskrit, English and Logic.
Bachelor of Arts (University of London) Indo-Aryan (Hons.) 1st Class in 1936, Honours Course covered in 2 years.
Won Government Scholarship and joined London School of Oriental Studies and studied under Professor Turner, Dr. Stede and Mr. Rylands for a post-graduate course but interrupted studies and returned to Ceylon on passing the Ceylon Civil Service Examination in 1938 getting 3rd place in order of merit in the whole examination. (1st place in the written papers.)
Professional career as Member of the C.C.S. and later C.A.S.
1939 January – Cadet, Galle Kachcheri and Matara Kachcheri, Additional Magistrate, Matara
1940 – Cadet, Hambanthota Kachcheri and Additional Magistrate, Hambanthota.
1941 – Assistant Land Settlement Officer.
1942 – Assistant Government Agent, Trincomalee (Covering war emergency duties)
1944 – Assistant Land Commissioner and Additional Assistant Government Agent, Anuradhapura
1945 – Assistant Government Agent (Emergency), Mathugama.
1945 – Administrative Secretary (Present designation of post of Deputy Director Administration), Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya.
1948 – Administrative Secretary, Irrigation Department.
1949 – Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands.
1952 – Director-General of Broadcasting.
1955 – Director-General of Broadcasting and in addition, Commissioner, Department of Swabasha (Set up for the first time to publish Sinhala and Tamil Text Books.)
1956 – Deputy Commissioner of Official Language Department (by amalgamation of Swabasha Department with Official Language Department under special Commissioner.)
1957 – Deputy Commissioner of Official Language Department and Director Information.
1959 – Deputy Commissioner of Official Language Department and Acting Director of Cultural Affairs,
1960 – On leave Abroad.
1960 – On return Director of Cultural Affaires and Acting Director, Government College of Fine Arts.
1962 – Senior Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Home, Industries and Cultural Affairs.
1963 – Senior Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Education.
1963 – Chairman of initial committee appointed to draft bill of Parliament for the establishment of National Science Council.
1963 – 1968 – Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education and Cultural Affaires.
Member of the Ceylon Civil Service from 1939 – 1968
1968 – March 1969 – Vice-Chancellor, University of Ceylon – Peradeniya.
1969 – Chairman River Valleys Development Board.
1970 – Chairman State Fertilizer Manufacturing Corporation.
1971 – 1977 – Chairman (Founder) – Paddy Marketing Board.
1977 – 1980 – Member of Governing Council / Associate Director – Sri Lanka Centre for Development Studies.
1981 – 1982 – Chairman – National Library Services Board.
1981 – 1987 – Member of the Board of Independent Television Network (ITN) of Government of Sri Lanka
1982 – 1987 – Founder Chairman Sri Lanka Rupavahini (Television) Corporation.
1984 – 1987 – Member of the Board of Sri Lanka Television Training Institute
1989 – 2000 – Member of the Board of Management of the Postgraduate Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies
1995 – 2000 – Member of the Council, University of Kelaniya
Extra functions of Importance
1959 – 1963– President, Arts Council of Ceylon. Member and Executive Committee member,Sri Lanka Sahithya Manadalaya.
1960 – 1962 – Founder and President of the National Theatre Trust.
1960 – 1968 – Ex – officio member and later Chairman, National Book Trust.
1963 – 1968 – Chairman, National Commission of UNESCO in Ceylon (ex-officio).
1964 – 1968 – Chairman, Public Performance Board (Film and Stage Censor Board).
1966 – 1968 – Member, United States Educational Foundation in Ceylon.
1966 – 1968 – Member, National Council of Higher Education.
1991 – – Founder member of Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Education. Later President. The name for this Association (SLAAED) has been proposed by him.
Special Functions
1962 – 1966 – Member of the Vidyodaya University Council appointed by the Chancellor.
1964 – 1966 – Member of the Vidyalankara University Council appointed by the Chancellor.
1963 – 1966 – Elected Member, Senate of the University of Ceylon.
19- – Member of the Steering Committee of the UNESCO Cultural Triangle – Polonnaruwa Project. Served as an advisor and Coordinator and closely involved with conservation work of Alahana Pirivena, Tivanka Pilimage, Gal Vihara, Lankathilaka.
Attended many international conferences in Ceylon and abroad; Leader, Ceylon Delegation to the 1st Commonwealth Broadcasting Conference; Leader, Ceylon Delegation to 13th General Conference, UNESCO; Invited to seminar by Brookings Institution, Washington; Chairman or Member of various Government Committees, Particular mention may be made of Official Language Policy Implementation (1962). Revision of CAS Minute (1964). Advisory Committee on Academy of Administrative Studies; Chairman, Manpower and Education Committee of the Ministry of Planning (1965).
1967 December – Competent Authority under section 86 of the Higher Education Act for the University of Colombo and Vidyalankara University.
Publication
A number of essays, articles and reviews published in Journals on literary, cultural and religious subjects both in English and Sinhala. Creator of the Sinhala word Rupavahini to the Sinhala vocabulary to identify the English word "Television" in 1954 at the Sandeshaya Programme of the BBC while participating at the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association meeting in London. Creator of the Magazine "Tharangani" for Broadcasting at Radio Ceylon.
Religion and Culture
1948 – 2002 – Life member of Young Men’s Buddhist Association. (YMBA)
1952 – 2002 – Founder member of German Dharmadutha Society.
1952 – – Vice President German Dharmadutha Society
1966 – April 2000 – Member of the Board of Trustees German Dharmadutha Society
Awards
1992 – Nalanda Puthra Abhinandana Award – Service to the nation. awarded by alma mater Nalanda College, Colombo.
– Independent Television Network Sri Lanka award for contribution to Television Media.
1996 – Vishva Prasadhini Award. Conferred by the Honourable Prime Minister of Sri Lanka Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike felicitation award for the field of Administration.
1996 – Award presented by Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation in appreciation of being the pioneer of the new social media service and the development of a very special identity and tradition for it.
1997 – Award for the contribution to Sri Lanka Librarianship. Presented by Sri Lanka Library Association.
1998 – Presidential (National) Award of Desabandu title conferred by Her Excellency the President of Sri Lanka for excellent Administrative Capabilities.
1999 – Hideo Shimizu Foundation Sri Lanka – Award for the excellent contribution towards the overall development of media policy planning in Sri Lanka.
2000 – Award presented by the University of Kelaniya in appreciation of the invaluable service rendered for a period over 30 years to University of Kelaniya in the capacity of Secretary, Ministry of Education, Competent Authority of the Vidyalankara University and Member of the Council of the University of Kelaniya.
2001 – Golden Award for older persons presented by Helpage Sri Lanka for excellence in Public Administration.
2004 – Award in appreciation of the distinguished and dedicated service rendered to the cause of Education in Sri Lanka. Presented by Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Education.
2012 – Felicitation award for the contribution for the Sri Lankan creative Literary work and for bringing glory to the Sri Lanka Administrative Service. Award presented by Sri Lanka Administrative Service Association.
See also
Radio Ceylon
Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation
Nalanda College Colombo
Further reading
"When life was simple" As told to D.C. Ranatunga by M. J. Perera former Civil Servant and Permanent Secretary to the Education and Cultural Affairs Ministry
"Livy's golden years on radio" by Noel Crusz
"Cultural orthodoxy and popular Sinhala music" an article by Dr. Tissa Abeysekara
"At the Berliner Ensemble" Henry Jayasena Column
References
^ "Gnanam Rathinam – a pioneer Radio Ceylon broadcaster". Retrieved 4 September 2008.
^ "The Golden Voice of Radio Ceylon (Sunday Observer, Sri Lanka)". Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
^ "When Ceylon ruled the airwaves". Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
External links
Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation – Live Streaming
Vernon Corea of Radio Ceylon
SLBC-creating new waves of history
Eighty Years of Broadcasting in Sri Lanka
M.J. Perera's obituary
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J.\" Perera was a Sri Lankan civil servant (3 February 1915 – 14 March 2002) with nine members in his family in Udumulla, Padukka. He created broadcasting history by being the first Ceylonese Director General of Radio Ceylon, the oldest radio station in South Asia, taking over the helm from John Lampson of the BBC.[1]Perera witnessed the transformation of Radio Ceylon as King of the Airwaves in South Asia [2] the radio station was the market leader and the number one radio station in the region during the 1950s and 1960s, with a loyal base of millions of listeners.[3] Radio Ceylon enjoyed huge success under his leadership.Clifford Dodd, an Australian administrator, was appointed (via the Colombo Plan) as the first Director of the Commercial Service of Radio Ceylon and he contributed to the station's popularity across the Indian sub-continent.Perera was also appointed the first Chairman of the Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation,the island's television station and the country's first competent authority.Perera was born on 3 February 1915 in Udumulla, Padukka, in a family of nine. He was educated at Rajabisheka Vidyalaya (Primary education) – Padukka Nalanda College Colombo and at the University of Ceylon. He became an assistant Government Agent and went on to become the Permanent Secretary of the Education and Cultural Affairs Ministry and later as first Chairman of the Rupavahini (Television) Corporation, retiring from the Sri Lanka Administrative Service after 48 years public service. He had also been the founder Chairman of The Paddy Marketing Board from 1972 to 1977 during which time he changed grain buying and storage from Bushel-Volume system to Metric-Weight system.","title":"M. J. Perera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nalanda College, Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda_College,_Colombo"}],"text":"Director-General of Radio Ceylon,\nFirst Chairman of the Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation\nFounder Chairman of Paddy Marketing Board\nPermanent Secretary, Ministry of Education\nChairman National Library Services Board\nChairman State Fertilizer Manufacturing Corporation\nChairman River Valley Development Board\nVice Chancellor University of Peradeniya\nDirector Cultural AffairsDesabandu Mr.M.J.PereraCurriculum VitaeBorn – 3 February 1915 at PadukkaStudent CareerAttended Government Bilingual School, Padukka from 1920 – 1927. (Later renamed as Rajabhisheka Kanishta Vidyalaya and currently M.D.H. Jayawardena Kanishta Vidyalaya.\nPassed B.S.L.C. and E.S.L.C. in 1st Division.\nEntered Nalanda College, Colombo – 1928 to 1932.\nCambridge Senior 1st Division with exemption from London Matriculation twice as underage to enter University first time.\nEntered Ceylon University College 1933, Intermediate in Arts (London) 1939 with Pali, Sanskrit, English and Logic.\nBachelor of Arts (University of London) Indo-Aryan (Hons.) 1st Class in 1936, Honours Course covered in 2 years.\nWon Government Scholarship and joined London School of Oriental Studies and studied under Professor Turner, Dr. Stede and Mr. Rylands for a post-graduate course but interrupted studies and returned to Ceylon on passing the Ceylon Civil Service Examination in 1938 getting 3rd place in order of merit in the whole examination. (1st place in the written papers.)Professional career as Member of the C.C.S. and later C.A.S.1939 January – Cadet, Galle Kachcheri and Matara Kachcheri, Additional Magistrate, Matara\n1940 – Cadet, Hambanthota Kachcheri and Additional Magistrate, Hambanthota.\n1941 – Assistant Land Settlement Officer.\n1942 – Assistant Government Agent, Trincomalee (Covering war emergency duties)\n1944 – Assistant Land Commissioner and Additional Assistant Government Agent, Anuradhapura\n1945 – Assistant Government Agent (Emergency), Mathugama.\n1945 – Administrative Secretary (Present designation of post of Deputy Director Administration), Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya.\n1948 – Administrative Secretary, Irrigation Department.\n1949 – Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands.\n1952 – Director-General of Broadcasting.\n1955 – Director-General of Broadcasting and in addition, Commissioner, Department of Swabasha (Set up for the first time to publish Sinhala and Tamil Text Books.)\n1956\t – Deputy Commissioner of Official Language Department (by amalgamation of Swabasha Department with Official Language Department under special Commissioner.)\n1957 – Deputy Commissioner of Official Language Department and Director Information.\n1959 – Deputy Commissioner of Official Language Department and Acting Director of Cultural Affairs,\n1960 – On leave Abroad.\n1960 – On return Director of Cultural Affaires and Acting Director, Government College of Fine Arts.\n1962 – Senior Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Home, Industries and Cultural Affairs.\n1963 – Senior Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Education.\n1963 – Chairman of initial committee appointed to draft bill of Parliament for the establishment of National Science Council.\n1963 – 1968 – Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education and Cultural Affaires.\nMember of the Ceylon Civil Service from 1939 – 1968\n1968 – March 1969 – Vice-Chancellor, University of Ceylon – Peradeniya.\n1969 – Chairman River Valleys Development Board.\n1970 – Chairman State Fertilizer Manufacturing Corporation.\n1971 – 1977 – Chairman (Founder) – Paddy Marketing Board.\n1977 – 1980 – Member of Governing Council / Associate Director – Sri Lanka Centre for Development Studies.\n1981 – 1982 – Chairman – National Library Services Board.\n1981 – 1987 – Member of the Board of Independent Television Network (ITN) of Government of Sri Lanka\n1982 – 1987 – Founder Chairman Sri Lanka Rupavahini (Television) Corporation.\n1984 – 1987 – Member of the Board of Sri Lanka Television Training Institute\n1989 – 2000 – Member of the Board of Management of the Postgraduate Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies\n1995 – 2000 – Member of the Council, University of KelaniyaExtra functions of Importance1959 – 1963– President, Arts Council of Ceylon. Member and Executive Committee member,Sri Lanka Sahithya Manadalaya. \n1960 – 1962 – Founder and President of the National Theatre Trust.\n1960 – 1968 – Ex – officio member and later Chairman, National Book Trust.\n1963 – 1968 – Chairman, National Commission of UNESCO in Ceylon (ex-officio).\n1964 – 1968 – Chairman, Public Performance Board (Film and Stage Censor Board).\n1966 – 1968 – Member, United States Educational Foundation in Ceylon.\n1966 – 1968 – Member, National Council of Higher Education. \n1991 – – Founder member of Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Education. Later President. The name for this Association (SLAAED) has been proposed by him.Special Functions1962 – 1966 – Member of the Vidyodaya University Council appointed by the Chancellor.\n1964 – 1966 – Member of the Vidyalankara University Council appointed by the Chancellor.\n1963 – 1966 – Elected Member, Senate of the University of Ceylon.\n19-\t – Member of the Steering Committee of the UNESCO Cultural Triangle – Polonnaruwa Project. Served as an advisor and Coordinator and closely involved with conservation work of Alahana Pirivena, Tivanka Pilimage, Gal Vihara, Lankathilaka.Attended many international conferences in Ceylon and abroad; Leader, Ceylon Delegation to the 1st Commonwealth Broadcasting Conference; Leader, Ceylon Delegation to 13th General Conference, UNESCO; Invited to seminar by Brookings Institution, Washington; Chairman or Member of various Government Committees, Particular mention may be made of Official Language Policy Implementation (1962). Revision of CAS Minute (1964). Advisory Committee on Academy of Administrative Studies; Chairman, Manpower and Education Committee of the Ministry of Planning (1965). \n1967 December – Competent Authority under section 86 of the Higher Education Act for the University of Colombo and Vidyalankara University.PublicationA number of essays, articles and reviews published in Journals on literary, cultural and religious subjects both in English and Sinhala. Creator of the Sinhala word Rupavahini to the Sinhala vocabulary to identify the English word \"Television\" in 1954 at the Sandeshaya Programme of the BBC while participating at the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association meeting in London. Creator of the Magazine \"Tharangani\" for Broadcasting at Radio Ceylon.","title":"Civil Service Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Religion and Culture","text":"1948 – 2002 – Life member of Young Men’s Buddhist Association. (YMBA)\n1952 – 2002 – Founder member of German Dharmadutha Society.\n1952 – – Vice President German Dharmadutha Society \n1966 – April 2000 – Member of the Board of Trustees German Dharmadutha Society","title":"Civil Service Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nalanda College, Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda_College,_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Sirimavo Bandaranaike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike"},{"link_name":"media policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_policy"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"1992\t– Nalanda Puthra Abhinandana Award – Service to the nation. awarded by alma mater Nalanda College, Colombo.– Independent Television Network Sri Lanka award for contribution to Television Media.1996 – Vishva Prasadhini Award. Conferred by the Honourable Prime Minister of Sri Lanka Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike felicitation award for the field of Administration. \n1996\t– Award presented by Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation in appreciation of being the pioneer of the new social media service and the development of a very special identity and tradition for it. \n1997 – Award for the contribution to Sri Lanka Librarianship. Presented by Sri Lanka Library Association. \n1998 – Presidential (National) Award of Desabandu title conferred by Her Excellency the President of Sri Lanka for excellent Administrative Capabilities. \n1999 – Hideo Shimizu Foundation Sri Lanka – Award for the excellent contribution towards the overall development of media policy planning in Sri Lanka. \n2000 – Award presented by the University of Kelaniya in appreciation of the invaluable service rendered for a period over 30 years to University of Kelaniya in the capacity of Secretary, Ministry of Education, Competent Authority of the Vidyalankara University and Member of the Council of the University of Kelaniya. \n2001 – Golden Award for older persons presented by Helpage Sri Lanka for excellence in Public Administration. \n2004 – Award in appreciation of the distinguished and dedicated service rendered to the cause of Education in Sri Lanka. Presented by Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Education. \n2012\t– Felicitation award for the contribution for the Sri Lankan creative Literary work and for bringing glory to the Sri Lanka Administrative Service. Award presented by Sri Lanka Administrative Service Association.","title":"Civil Service Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"When life was simple\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sundaytimes.lk/000102/sup5.html"},{"link_name":"\"Livy's golden years on radio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/livy.html"},{"link_name":"\"Cultural orthodoxy and popular Sinhala music\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080611064315/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/08/09/fea01.asp"},{"link_name":"\"At the Berliner Ensemble\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110604131540/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/02/14/art03.asp"}],"text":"\"When life was simple\" As told to D.C. Ranatunga by M. J. Perera former Civil Servant and Permanent Secretary to the Education and Cultural Affairs Ministry\"Livy's golden years on radio\" by Noel Crusz\"Cultural orthodoxy and popular Sinhala music\" an article by Dr. Tissa Abeysekara\"At the Berliner Ensemble\" Henry Jayasena Column","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Radio Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Ceylon"},{"title":"Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"title":"Nalanda College Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda_College_Colombo"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Gnanam Rathinam – a pioneer Radio Ceylon broadcaster\". Retrieved 4 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tamilweek.com/Gnanam_Rathinam_0010.html","url_text":"\"Gnanam Rathinam – a pioneer Radio Ceylon broadcaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Golden Voice of Radio Ceylon (Sunday Observer, Sri Lanka)\". Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2004/07/18/fea20.html","url_text":"\"The Golden Voice of Radio Ceylon (Sunday Observer, Sri Lanka)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090216183222/http://sundayobserver.lk/2004/07/18/fea20.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"When Ceylon ruled the airwaves\". Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219081446/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/01/01/stories/2006010100150400.htm","url_text":"\"When Ceylon ruled the airwaves\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._J._Perera&action=edit","external_links_name":"editing the article"},{"Link":"http://sundaytimes.lk/000102/sup5.html","external_links_name":"\"When life was simple\""},{"Link":"https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/livy.html","external_links_name":"\"Livy's golden years on radio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080611064315/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/08/09/fea01.asp","external_links_name":"\"Cultural orthodoxy and popular Sinhala music\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604131540/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/02/14/art03.asp","external_links_name":"\"At the Berliner Ensemble\""},{"Link":"http://www.tamilweek.com/Gnanam_Rathinam_0010.html","external_links_name":"\"Gnanam Rathinam – a pioneer Radio Ceylon broadcaster\""},{"Link":"https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2004/07/18/fea20.html","external_links_name":"\"The Golden Voice of Radio Ceylon (Sunday Observer, Sri Lanka)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090216183222/http://sundayobserver.lk/2004/07/18/fea20.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219081446/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/01/01/stories/2006010100150400.htm","external_links_name":"\"When Ceylon ruled the airwaves\""},{"Link":"http://www.slbc.lk/","external_links_name":"Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation – Live Streaming"},{"Link":"http://ivan_corea.tripod.com/","external_links_name":"Vernon Corea of Radio Ceylon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060321233514/http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/12/21/fea10.htm","external_links_name":"SLBC-creating new waves of history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080925204950/http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/12/27/fea02.htm","external_links_name":"Eighty Years of Broadcasting in Sri Lanka"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605072208/http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/03/15/new27.html","external_links_name":"M.J. Perera's obituary"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Wright_Museum_of_African_American_History
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Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History
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["1 History","1.1 International Afro-American Museum (1965)","1.2 Museum of African American History (1985)","1.3 Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History (1997)","2 Collections and exhibits","2.1 And Still We Rise: Our Journey through African American History and Culture","2.2 Ring of Genealogy (Ford Freedom Rotunda Floor)","2.3 Wall","3 Education and events","3.1 African World Festival","3.2 Juneteenth","3.3 Kwanzaa celebration","3.4 Camp Africa","4 Building highlights","4.1 Ford Freedom Rotunda","4.2 General Motors Theater","4.3 Ripple of impact","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°21′32.43″N 83°3′39.46″W / 42.3590083°N 83.0609611°W / 42.3590083; -83.0609611Non-profit organization in the USA
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Charles H. Wright Museum of African American HistoryExterior of the museumEstablished1965 (current facility – 1997)Location315 E. Warren Ave Detroit, MichiganCoordinates42°21′32.43″N 83°3′39.46″W / 42.3590083°N 83.0609611°W / 42.3590083; -83.0609611TypeHistory museum and cultural historyCollectionsAfrican-American history, art, musicCollection sizemore than 35,000Visitors300,000 (2019)DirectorNeil BarclayCuratorPatrina ChapmanArchitectSDG AssociatesWebsitethewright.org
The Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, or The Wright, is located in Detroit, Michigan in the US; inside the city's Midtown Cultural Center is one of the world's oldest independent African-American museums.
Founded in 1965, The Wright museum holds the world's largest permanent collection of African-American culture. With a collection of more than 35,000 artifacts, The Wright's current 125,000-square-foot museum opened as the largest museum in the world dedicated to African-American history.
The Wright, whose exhibits include Underground Railroad documents and letters from Malcolm X and Rosa Parks, also hosted memorial events for Parks and the "Queen of Soul," Aretha Franklin, who lay in state in the museum's rotunda in 2005 and 2018, respectively.
Notably, The Wright is the current home of The National Museum of the Tuskegee Airmen The Wright also produces one of the largest festivals dedicated to celebrating the food, fashion, music, and dance cultures of the diaspora – African World Festival.
History
International Afro-American Museum (1965)
Charles H. Wright, a Detroit-based obstetrician and gynecologist, felt inspired to create a repository for African-American history after he visited a memorial to World War II heroes in Denmark during the mid-twentieth century.
"I was committed to what I defined as 'one of the most important tasks of our times,'" Dr. Wright would later remark, "ensuring that generations, especially young African Americans, are made aware of and take pride in the history of their forebears and their remarkable struggle for freedom."
Wright would eventually create the International Afro-American Museum (IAM) in 1965 and the doors opened in January 1966. The IAM was located on 1549 West Grand Boulevard in a house owned by Dr. Wright.
The IAM featured galleries of African art and instruments, a collection of inventions by African Americans, and an exhibition on Civil Rights activists. Some of the exhibits included the inventions of Michigan native Elijah McCoy, and masks from Nigeria and Ghana that Dr. Wright had acquired while visiting there. Wright also opened a traveling exhibit to tour the state.
Museum of African American History (1985)
In 1978, the city of Detroit leased the museum a plot of land in Midtown near the Detroit Public Library, the Detroit Institute of Art, and the Detroit Science Center. Groundbreaking for a new museum occurred on May 21, 1985.
Two years later, the doors of the new 28,000-square-foot Museum of African American History were opened to the public at 301 Frederick Street.
Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History (1997)
Once again, the museum outgrew its facility and city leaders began developing ideas for a larger new museum. In 1992, Detroit voters authorized the City of Detroit to sell construction bonds to finance a larger building, and ground was broken for the third generation of the Museum in August 1993.
In 1997, Detroit architects Sims-Varner & Associates (now SDG Associates) designed a new 125,000 square foot (11,000 m2) facility on Warren Avenue, the museum's current location. In 1999, Christy S. Coleman became president and CEO of the museum, establishing a $12 million core exhibit.
The Wright Museum is a nonprofit institution and has dual missions, serving as both a museum of artifacts and a place of cultural retention and growth.
Collections and exhibits
Home to the Blanche Coggin Underground Railroad Collection, the Harriet Tubman Museum Collection, and the Sheffield Collection (which details the labor movement in Detroit), The Wright houses more than 35,000 artifacts pertaining to the African-American experience. Some of the permanent exhibits and displays include:
And Still We Rise: Our Journey through African American History and Culture
And Still We Rise is a permanent exhibit for The Wright that offers a comprehensive look at the history of African-American resilience. The two-story interactive journey takes guests from African kingdoms and the tragedy of the Middle Passage, to the heroism of the Civil rights movement and beyond.
Ring of Genealogy (Ford Freedom Rotunda Floor)
Located under The Wright's world-famous dome is master muralist Hubert Massey's 72-foot mural on the circular rotunda floor entitled "Genealogy." It was inspired by the struggle of African Americans for freedom, education, economic empowerment, and social equality. High-end terrazzo, marble chips, and cement were used to create the ornate flooring.
Wall
A wall of the museum has the museum's official poem, "This Museum Was Once a Dream," written by Melba Boyd, inscribed in bronze.
Education and events
The Wright offers a range of public programs and educational opportunities for young audiences including historical reenactments, interpretive tours of exhibitions, seminars, summer camps, workshops, and more.
African World Festival
Launched in 1983 in Hart Plaza, African World Festival (AWF) moved to the grounds of The Wright in 2012. AWF, the museum's largest public outreach program, is a family-friendly event that welcomes more than 150,000 people over a three-day weekend in August. It is one of the largest cultural festivals in the Midwest dedicated to celebrating the histories and cultures of the Diaspora. The event was canceled in 2020 due to COVID-19 restrictions. In 2021, the event will resume as a hybrid event with in-person and virtual events. The Wright reportedly envisions returning the festival back to Hart Plaza.
Juneteenth
Juneteenth is the oldest nationally celebrated commemoration of the ending of slavery in the United States. In 2021, days after President Joe Biden signed a law making Juneteenth, June 19, a federal holiday, the museum presented a hybrid virtual and in-person three-day celebration.
Kwanzaa celebration
Kwanzaa is celebrated from December 26 through January 1. Each year, The Wright uses daily programming with songs and dances, storytelling, poetry reading, and more to mark the occasion.
Camp Africa
From science and technology to engineering, mathematics, and the arts—Camp Africa is a free, week-long summer day camp open to children ages 7 – 12. Campers explore and celebrate the accomplishments of individuals in a variety of fields and careers across the African diaspora.
Building highlights
Ford Freedom Rotunda
The Ford Freedom Rotunda features a glass dome that is larger than the Michigan State Capitol dome. It measures 100 feet in diameter by 55 feet high glass dome; making it two feet wider than the State Capitol dome. Flags of the 92 nations represented in African-American history adorn the upper level of the rotunda, while the Ring of Genealogy, a 37-foot terrazzo tile creation featuring bronze nameplates of prominent African Americans in history, is on the ground level.
General Motors Theater
The General Motors Theater is a recently renovated 317-seat facility that serves to host lectures, concerts, film screenings, presentations, seminars, and workshops.
Ripple of impact
In response to severe flooding that impacted Detroit in August 2014, The Wright collaborated with neighboring institution Michigan Science Center to build and manage stormwater diversion equipment on Warren Avenue. This sustainability initiative helps The Wright effectively manage nearly 190,000 gallons of stormwater each year through this diversion system. , and has been responsible for removing 50,000 gallons of stormwater permanently from the sewer system overall.
The development of green stormwater infrastructure projects, like the newly renovated bioswale and urban gardens, helps prevent pollution to the Detroit River, beautify the cultural campus, and teach students and visitors about land and water preservation & sustainability.
See also
Michigan portalUnited States portal
History of the African-Americans in Metro Detroit
List of museums focused on African Americans
(Detroit) Cultural Center Historic District
Detroit Historical Museum
Detroit Institute of Arts
Detroit Science Center
References
^ Greenwood Davis, Heather. "13 destinations for African-American history and culture". NationalGeographic. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021.
^ "Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History". Historic Detroit.
^ "Visit the Museum". Tuskegeemuseum.org. The Tuskegee Airmen National Historical Museum. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "African World Festival". TheWright.org. Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History.
^ Brame, Karen D. "Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History". Black Listed Culture. Black Listed Culture. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
^ a b c d About the Museum Archived October 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History". historicdetroit.org. Historic Detroit. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
^ "A designer's designer Architect Howard Sims helped create blue print for post-rebellion Detroit". Michigan Chronicle. April 4, 2016. Archived from the original on September 23, 2021.
^ "Sims-Varner and Associates". Docomomo US. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020.
^ Cohen, Rick (February 4, 2014). "Will Detroit Foundations Save the Nation's Largest Black Museum, Too?". Nonprofit Quarterly. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
^ Massey, H. "Charles H. Wright Museum of African-American History". Hubert Massey. Hubert Massey. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ Melba J. Boyd – Distinguished Professor & Chair Archived May 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Wayne State University. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
^ "Curriculum Vitae: Melba Joyce Boyd" (PDF). Wayne State University (Curriculum Vitae). p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2018 – via Wayne State University.
^ Walker, Marlon A (August 17, 2014). "African World Festival draws big crowd in Detroit for 3-day event". Freep.com. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ Graham Digital, WDIV-TV. "African World Festival held annually in Detroit postponed due to coronavirus outbreak". ClickonDetroit.com. Graham Media Group. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ Beddingfield, Duante (June 18, 2021). "Charles H. Wright Museum's Juneteenth weekend events will continue 'rain or shine'". Freep.com. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ Hicks, Mark (December 25, 2020). "Even in pandemic, Kwanzaa traditions stand strong in Metro Detroit". DetroitNews.com. Detroit News. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ "Camp Africa Spring at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History". MetroParent.com. Zoe Communications Group. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ Araj, Victoria (February 18, 2015). "The Charles H. Wright Museum Celebrates African-American History Year-Round". Opportunity Detroit. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ "General Motors Theater". THEVENDRY.com. THE VENDRY LLC. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
^ "Fred A. and Barbara M. Erb Family Foundation". ERBFF.org. Fred A. and Barbara M. Erb Family Foundation. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History.
Wright Museum website
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Wright Museum of African American History, or The Wright, is located in Detroit, Michigan in the US; inside the city's Midtown Cultural Center is one of the world's oldest independent African-American museums.Founded in 1965, The Wright museum holds the world's largest permanent collection of African-American culture.[1] With a collection of more than 35,000 artifacts, The Wright's current 125,000-square-foot museum opened as the largest museum in the world dedicated to African-American history.[2]The Wright, whose exhibits include Underground Railroad documents and letters from Malcolm X and Rosa Parks, also hosted memorial events for Parks and the \"Queen of Soul,\" Aretha Franklin, who lay in state in the museum's rotunda in 2005 and 2018, respectively.Notably, The Wright is the current home of The National Museum of the Tuskegee Airmen[3] The Wright also produces one of the largest festivals dedicated to celebrating the food, fashion, music, and dance cultures of the diaspora – African World Festival.[4]","title":"Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles H. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Wright"},{"link_name":"obstetrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrician"},{"link_name":"gynecologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecologist"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"West Grand Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Boulevard_(Detroit)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-6"},{"link_name":"African art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_art"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism"},{"link_name":"Elijah McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"traveling exhibit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_exhibition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-6"}],"sub_title":"International Afro-American Museum (1965)","text":"Charles H. Wright, a Detroit-based obstetrician and gynecologist, felt inspired to create a repository for African-American history after he visited a memorial to World War II heroes in Denmark during the mid-twentieth century.\"I was committed to what I defined as 'one of the most important tasks of our times,'\" Dr. Wright would later remark, \"ensuring that generations, especially young African Americans, are made aware of and take pride in the history of their forebears and their remarkable struggle for freedom.\"[5]Wright would eventually create the International Afro-American Museum (IAM) in 1965 and the doors opened in January 1966. The IAM was located on 1549 West Grand Boulevard in a house owned by Dr. Wright.[6] \nThe IAM featured galleries of African art and instruments, a collection of inventions by African Americans, and an exhibition on Civil Rights activists. Some of the exhibits included the inventions of Michigan native Elijah McCoy, and masks from Nigeria and Ghana that Dr. Wright had acquired while visiting there. Wright also opened a traveling exhibit to tour the state.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown,_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Detroit Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Detroit Institute of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Detroit Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Science_Center"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Museum of African American History (1985)","text":"In 1978, the city of Detroit leased the museum a plot of land in Midtown near the Detroit Public Library, the Detroit Institute of Art, and the Detroit Science Center.[6] Groundbreaking for a new museum occurred on May 21, 1985.Two years later, the doors of the new 28,000-square-foot Museum of African American History were opened to the public at 301 Frederick Street.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-6"},{"link_name":"Christy S. Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_S._Coleman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History (1997)","text":"Once again, the museum outgrew its facility and city leaders began developing ideas for a larger new museum. In 1992, Detroit voters authorized the City of Detroit to sell construction bonds to finance a larger building, and ground was broken for the third generation of the Museum in August 1993.In 1997, Detroit architects Sims-Varner & Associates[8][9] (now SDG Associates) designed a new 125,000 square foot (11,000 m2) facility on Warren Avenue, the museum's current location.[6] In 1999, Christy S. Coleman became president and CEO of the museum, establishing a $12 million core exhibit.The Wright Museum is a nonprofit institution[10] and has dual missions, serving as both a museum of artifacts and a place of cultural retention and growth.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Underground Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Harriet Tubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman"}],"text":"Home to the Blanche Coggin Underground Railroad Collection, the Harriet Tubman Museum Collection, and the Sheffield Collection (which details the labor movement in Detroit), The Wright houses more than 35,000 artifacts pertaining to the African-American experience. Some of the permanent exhibits and displays include:","title":"Collections and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exhibit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Middle Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Passage"},{"link_name":"Civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"}],"sub_title":"And Still We Rise: Our Journey through African American History and Culture","text":"And Still We Rise is a permanent exhibit for The Wright that offers a comprehensive look at the history of African-American resilience. The two-story interactive journey takes guests from African kingdoms and the tragedy of the Middle Passage, to the heroism of the Civil rights movement and beyond.","title":"Collections and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome"},{"link_name":"Hubert Massey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Massey"},{"link_name":"mural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"rotunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"social equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equality"},{"link_name":"terrazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrazzo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Ring of Genealogy (Ford Freedom Rotunda Floor)","text":"Located under The Wright's world-famous dome is master muralist Hubert Massey's 72-foot mural on the circular rotunda floor entitled \"Genealogy.\" It was inspired by the struggle of African Americans for freedom, education, economic empowerment, and social equality. High-end terrazzo, marble chips, and cement were used to create the ornate flooring.[11]","title":"Collections and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melba Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melba_Boyd"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Wall","text":"A wall of the museum has the museum's official poem, \"This Museum Was Once a Dream,\" written by Melba Boyd, inscribed in bronze.[12][13]","title":"Collections and exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical reenactments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reenactment"}],"text":"The Wright offers a range of public programs and educational opportunities for young audiences including historical reenactments, interpretive tours of exhibitions, seminars, summer camps, workshops, and more.","title":"Education and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hart Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_A._Hart_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_diaspora"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"Hart Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"African World Festival","text":"Launched in 1983 in Hart Plaza, African World Festival (AWF) moved to the grounds of The Wright in 2012. AWF, the museum's largest public outreach program, is a family-friendly event that welcomes more than 150,000 people over a three-day weekend in August. It is one of the largest cultural festivals in the Midwest dedicated to celebrating the histories and cultures of the Diaspora.[14] The event was canceled in 2020 due to COVID-19 restrictions. In 2021, the event will resume as a hybrid event with in-person and virtual events. The Wright reportedly envisions returning the festival back to Hart Plaza.[15]","title":"Education and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juneteenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth"},{"link_name":"slavery in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Juneteenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Juneteenth","text":"Juneteenth is the oldest nationally celebrated commemoration of the ending of slavery in the United States. In 2021, days after President Joe Biden signed a law making Juneteenth, June 19, a federal holiday, the museum presented a hybrid virtual and in-person three-day celebration.[16]","title":"Education and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kwanzaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Kwanzaa celebration","text":"Kwanzaa is celebrated from December 26 through January 1. Each year, The Wright uses daily programming with songs and dances, storytelling, poetry reading, and more to mark the occasion.[17]","title":"Education and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Camp Africa","text":"From science and technology to engineering, mathematics, and the arts—Camp Africa is a free, week-long summer day camp open to children ages 7 – 12. Campers explore and celebrate the accomplishments of individuals in a variety of fields and careers across the African diaspora.[18]","title":"Education and events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Building highlights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Michigan State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"terrazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrazzo"},{"link_name":"nameplates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nameplate"}],"sub_title":"Ford Freedom Rotunda","text":"The Ford Freedom Rotunda features a glass dome that is larger than the Michigan State Capitol dome. It measures 100 feet in diameter by 55 feet high glass dome; making it two feet wider than the State Capitol dome.[19] Flags of the 92 nations represented in African-American history adorn the upper level of the rotunda, while the Ring of Genealogy, a 37-foot terrazzo tile creation featuring bronze nameplates of prominent African Americans in history, is on the ground level.","title":"Building highlights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"General Motors Theater","text":"The General Motors Theater is a recently renovated 317-seat facility that serves to host lectures, concerts, film screenings, presentations, seminars, and workshops.[20]","title":"Building highlights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Science_Center"},{"link_name":"stormwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater"},{"link_name":"bioswale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioswale"},{"link_name":"Detroit River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_River"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Ripple of impact","text":"In response to severe flooding that impacted Detroit in August 2014, The Wright collaborated with neighboring institution Michigan Science Center to build and manage stormwater diversion equipment on Warren Avenue. This sustainability initiative helps The Wright effectively manage nearly 190,000 gallons of stormwater each year through this diversion system. , and has been responsible for removing 50,000 gallons of stormwater permanently from the sewer system overall.The development of green stormwater infrastructure projects, like the newly renovated bioswale and urban gardens, helps prevent pollution to the Detroit River, beautify the cultural campus, and teach students and visitors about land and water preservation & sustainability.[21]","title":"Building highlights"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Michigan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Michigan"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"History of the African-Americans in Metro Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_African-Americans_in_Metro_Detroit"},{"title":"List of museums focused on African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans"},{"title":"Cultural Center Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Center_Historic_District"},{"title":"Detroit Historical Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Historical_Museum"},{"title":"Detroit Institute of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts"},{"title":"Detroit Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Science_Center"}]
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[{"reference":"Greenwood Davis, Heather. \"13 destinations for African-American history and culture\". NationalGeographic. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210307030918/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/10-destinations-to-visit-for-african-american-history-and-culture","url_text":"\"13 destinations for African-American history and culture\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/10-destinations-to-visit-for-african-american-history-and-culture","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History\". Historic Detroit.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicdetroit.org/buildings/charles-h-wright-museum-of-african-american-history","url_text":"\"Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visit the Museum\". Tuskegeemuseum.org. The Tuskegee Airmen National Historical Museum. Retrieved July 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuskegeemuseum.org/history/","url_text":"\"Visit the Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"African World Festival\". TheWright.org. Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewright.org/events/african-world-festival","url_text":"\"African World Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Brame, Karen D. \"Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History\". Black Listed Culture. Black Listed Culture. Retrieved July 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://blacklistedculture.com/charles-h-wright-museum-of-african-american-history/#:~:text=I%20was%20committed%20to%20what,their%20remarkable%20struggle%20for%20freedom.","url_text":"\"Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History\". historicdetroit.org. Historic Detroit. Retrieved July 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicdetroit.org/buildings/charles-h-wright-museum-of-african-american-histor","url_text":"\"Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History\""}]},{"reference":"\"A designer's designer Architect Howard Sims helped create blue print for post-rebellion Detroit\". Michigan Chronicle. April 4, 2016. Archived from the original on September 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://michiganchronicle.com/2016/04/04/a-designers-designer-architect-howard-sims-helped-create-blue-print-for-post-rebellion-detroit/#/?playlistId=0&videoId=0","url_text":"\"A designer's designer Architect Howard Sims helped create blue print for post-rebellion Detroit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923182156/https://michiganchronicle.com/2016/04/04/a-designers-designer-architect-howard-sims-helped-create-blue-print-for-post-rebellion-detroit/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sims-Varner and Associates\". Docomomo US. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.docomomo-us.org/designer/sims-varner-associates","url_text":"\"Sims-Varner and Associates\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811130600/https://docomomo-us.org/designer/sims-varner-associates","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Rick (February 4, 2014). \"Will Detroit Foundations Save the Nation's Largest Black Museum, Too?\". Nonprofit Quarterly. Retrieved May 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nonprofitquarterly.org/will-detroit-foundations-save-the-nation-s-largest-black-museum-too/","url_text":"\"Will Detroit Foundations Save the Nation's Largest Black Museum, Too?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_Quarterly","url_text":"Nonprofit Quarterly"}]},{"reference":"Massey, H. \"Charles H. Wright Museum of African-American History\". Hubert Massey. Hubert Massey. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hubertmasseymurals.net/2016/09/charles-h-wright-museum-of-african-american-history/","url_text":"\"Charles H. Wright Museum of African-American History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curriculum Vitae: Melba Joyce Boyd\" (PDF). Wayne State University (Curriculum Vitae). p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2018 – via Wayne State University.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.wayne.edu/profile/ab6993/1578/boyd_cv2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Curriculum Vitae: Melba Joyce Boyd\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181105192325/https://people.wayne.edu/profile/ab6993/1578/boyd_cv2017.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Marlon A (August 17, 2014). \"African World Festival draws big crowd in Detroit for 3-day event\". Freep.com. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2014/08/17/african-world-festival-draws-big-crowd-in-detroit-for-3-day-event/14208077/","url_text":"\"African World Festival draws big crowd in Detroit for 3-day event\""}]},{"reference":"Graham Digital, WDIV-TV. \"African World Festival held annually in Detroit postponed due to coronavirus outbreak\". ClickonDetroit.com. Graham Media Group. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2020/05/15/african-world-festival-held-annually-in-detroit-postponed-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak/","url_text":"\"African World Festival held annually in Detroit postponed due to coronavirus outbreak\""}]},{"reference":"Beddingfield, Duante (June 18, 2021). \"Charles H. Wright Museum's Juneteenth weekend events will continue 'rain or shine'\". Freep.com. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/arts/2021/06/18/charles-h-wright-museum-juneteenth-weekend-events-go-rain-shine/7692639002/","url_text":"\"Charles H. Wright Museum's Juneteenth weekend events will continue 'rain or shine'\""}]},{"reference":"Hicks, Mark (December 25, 2020). \"Even in pandemic, Kwanzaa traditions stand strong in Metro Detroit\". DetroitNews.com. Detroit News. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/12/25/kwanzaa-traditions-metro-detroit-pandemic/4044379001/","url_text":"\"Even in pandemic, Kwanzaa traditions stand strong in Metro Detroit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Camp Africa Spring at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History\". MetroParent.com. Zoe Communications Group. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metroparent.com/events/camp-africa-spring-at-the-charles-h-wright-museum-of-african-american-history/","url_text":"\"Camp Africa Spring at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History\""}]},{"reference":"Araj, Victoria (February 18, 2015). \"The Charles H. Wright Museum Celebrates African-American History Year-Round\". Opportunity Detroit. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://opportunitydetroit.com/blog/charles-h-wright-museum-celebrates-african-american-history-year-round/","url_text":"\"The Charles H. Wright Museum Celebrates African-American History Year-Round\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Motors Theater\". THEVENDRY.com. THE VENDRY LLC. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thevendry.co/venue/148692/the-charles-h-wright-museum-of-african-american-history-detroit-mi/space/5778","url_text":"\"General Motors Theater\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fred A. and Barbara M. Erb Family Foundation\". ERBFF.org. Fred A. and Barbara M. Erb Family Foundation. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.erbff.org/programs/great-lakes/museum-stormwater-initiative-launch/","url_text":"\"Fred A. and Barbara M. Erb Family Foundation\""}]}]
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Wright Museum of African American History\""},{"Link":"https://michiganchronicle.com/2016/04/04/a-designers-designer-architect-howard-sims-helped-create-blue-print-for-post-rebellion-detroit/#/?playlistId=0&videoId=0","external_links_name":"\"A designer's designer Architect Howard Sims helped create blue print for post-rebellion Detroit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923182156/https://michiganchronicle.com/2016/04/04/a-designers-designer-architect-howard-sims-helped-create-blue-print-for-post-rebellion-detroit/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.docomomo-us.org/designer/sims-varner-associates","external_links_name":"\"Sims-Varner and Associates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811130600/https://docomomo-us.org/designer/sims-varner-associates","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nonprofitquarterly.org/will-detroit-foundations-save-the-nation-s-largest-black-museum-too/","external_links_name":"\"Will Detroit Foundations Save the Nation's Largest Black Museum, Too?\""},{"Link":"https://hubertmasseymurals.net/2016/09/charles-h-wright-museum-of-african-american-history/","external_links_name":"\"Charles H. 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Boyd – Distinguished Professor & Chair"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150505061915/https://clas.wayne.edu/melbajoyceboyd","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://people.wayne.edu/profile/ab6993/1578/boyd_cv2017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Curriculum Vitae: Melba Joyce Boyd\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181105192325/https://people.wayne.edu/profile/ab6993/1578/boyd_cv2017.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2014/08/17/african-world-festival-draws-big-crowd-in-detroit-for-3-day-event/14208077/","external_links_name":"\"African World Festival draws big crowd in Detroit for 3-day event\""},{"Link":"https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2020/05/15/african-world-festival-held-annually-in-detroit-postponed-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak/","external_links_name":"\"African World Festival held annually in Detroit postponed due to coronavirus outbreak\""},{"Link":"https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/arts/2021/06/18/charles-h-wright-museum-juneteenth-weekend-events-go-rain-shine/7692639002/","external_links_name":"\"Charles H. Wright Museum's Juneteenth weekend events will continue 'rain or shine'\""},{"Link":"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/12/25/kwanzaa-traditions-metro-detroit-pandemic/4044379001/","external_links_name":"\"Even in pandemic, Kwanzaa traditions stand strong in Metro Detroit\""},{"Link":"https://www.metroparent.com/events/camp-africa-spring-at-the-charles-h-wright-museum-of-african-american-history/","external_links_name":"\"Camp Africa Spring at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History\""},{"Link":"https://opportunitydetroit.com/blog/charles-h-wright-museum-celebrates-african-american-history-year-round/","external_links_name":"\"The Charles H. Wright Museum Celebrates African-American History Year-Round\""},{"Link":"https://www.thevendry.co/venue/148692/the-charles-h-wright-museum-of-african-american-history-detroit-mi/space/5778","external_links_name":"\"General Motors Theater\""},{"Link":"https://www.erbff.org/programs/great-lakes/museum-stormwater-initiative-launch/","external_links_name":"\"Fred A. and Barbara M. Erb Family Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://www.chwmuseum.org/","external_links_name":"Wright Museum website"},{"Link":"https://thewright.org/african-world-festival","external_links_name":"African World Festival"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000097436791","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/144208666","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007599539705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00003560","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20027686","external_links_name":"Structurae"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Rogers
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Kate Rogers
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["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 Compilation appearances","3 References","4 External links"]
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kate Rogers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Kate RogersBirth nameKate RogersOriginToronto, Ontario, CanadaGenresPop, trip hopInstrument(s)Voice, acoustic guitar, baritone ukulele, harmonicaYears active1998–presentLabelsGrand Central RecordsWebsitewww.katerogers.netMusical artist
Kate Rogers is a Canadian singer from Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Biography
Rogers was raised in rural Ontario and studied at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto for seven years. Her early career as a recording artist included vocals for Grand Central Records artists Rae & Christian and Aim.
She later attended Fashion Design College and during this period she recorded her first song at Grand Central's studio, entitled "Fine". The song was later released on the compilation album Central Heating 2 (2000). In 1999, she appeared on a track for Aim's debut album, Cold Water Music, which was followed by appearances on the records of several other Grand Central acts.
In 2004, she released her debut album, St. Eustacia. In 2005, she released the album Seconds, consisting of cover versions of songs from artists including The Smiths, Radiohead, The Pixies and Green Day.
In 2006, Rogers performed with Toronto indie band The Coast. Rogers' Beauregard was released in 2008 on Rogers' own independent record label under the group name "Kate Rogers Band".
Her fifth solo album, Repeat Repeat, was released in 2013 and was the first album that featured her as the sole songwriter.
She is the cousin of Mark Rae, the head of Grand Central Records.
Discography
Kate Rogers vs Grand Central (October 2003) (A collection of Rogers' appearances on other Grand Central Records artists' records)
St. Eustacia (February 2004)
Seconds (April 2005)
Beauregard (October 2008)
Gadabout (2010)
Repeat Repeat (February 2013)
Compilation appearances
Friends in Bellwoods II (2009): "The Same Party"
References
^ a b c Edwards, Michael (April 1, 2004). "Kate Rogers: St. Eustacia". Exclaim!. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
^ a b "Sweet success for Kate Rogers". Manchester Evening News. August 13, 2004. Retrieved 2 October 2021. updated January 12, 2013
^ a b Bainbridge, Luke (February 1, 2004). "Kate Rogers: St Eustacia". The Observer. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
^ Cairns, Dan (22 February 2004). "Pop: New Kids in Town: Kate Rogers". The Times. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^ a b "Kate Rogers challenges herself on solo CD". The Waterloo Region Record. February 20, 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2021. updated April 9, 2020
^ Adams, Gregory (February 4, 2013). "The Kate Rogers Band Announce Canadian Dates". Exclaim!. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
^ "Kate Rogers Biography, Songs, & Albums". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
This article about a Canadian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunji_(era)
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Bunji (era)
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["1 Change of era","2 Events of the Bunji era","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
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Period of Japanese history (1185–1190 CE)
Part of a series on theHistory of JapanShōsōin
ListPaleolithicbefore 14,000 BCJōmon14,000 – 1000 BCYayoi
1000 BC – 300 ADKofun
300 AD – 538 ADAsuka
538 – 710Nara
710 – 794HeianFormer Nine Years' WarLater Three-Year WarGenpei War 794–1185KamakuraJōkyū WarMongol invasionsGenkō WarKenmu Restoration 1185–1333MuromachiNanboku-chō periodSengoku period 1336–1573Azuchi–Momoyama
Nanban tradeImjin WarBattle of Sekigahara 1573–1603Edo (Tokugawa)
Tokugawa shogunateInvasion of RyukyuSiege of OsakaSakokuPerry ExpeditionConvention of KanagawaBakumatsuMeiji RestorationBoshin War 1603–1868Meiji
Invasion of Taiwan (1874)Satsuma RebellionFirst Sino-Japanese WarTreaty of ShimonosekiTriple InterventionInvasion of Taiwan (1895)Colonization of TaiwanBoxer RebellionRusso-Japanese WarTreaty of PortsmouthJapan–Korea TreatyColonization of Korea 1868–1912Taishō
World War IIntervention in SiberiaGreat Kantō earthquake 1912–1926Shōwa
MilitarismFinancial crisisNanking incidentMukden IncidentInvasion of ManchuriaMay 15 incidentFebruary 26 incidentAnti-Comintern PactTripartite PactSecond Sino-Japanese WarWorld War IIAttack on Pearl HarborPacific WarAtomic bombingsSoviet–Japanese WarSurrender of JapanOccupation of JapanPostwar JapanAnpo protestsEconomic miracleAsset price bubble1926–1989Heisei
Lost DecadesGreat Hanshin earthquakeCool JapanTōhoku earthquakeImperial transition 1989–2019ReiwaCOVID-19 pandemicAbe assassination 2019–present
Topics
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Era names
Education
Empire
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Glossary
History
Timelinevte
Bunji (文治) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. "year name") after Genryaku and before Kenkyū. This period spanned the years from August 1185 through April 1190. The reigning emperor was Go-Toba-tennō (後鳥羽天皇).
Change of era
1185 Bunji gannen (文治元年): The new era name was created to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Genryaku 2, on the 16th day of the 4th month of 1184.
Events of the Bunji era
1185 (Bunji 1, 29th day of the 11th month): The court formally approves of the establishment of a shogunate government at Kamakura in the Kantō region.
1186 (Bunji 2, 4th month): Go-Shirakawa visits Kenrei-mon In, mother of the late Emperor Antoku and last Imperial survivor of the Battle of Dan-no-ura, at her humble retreat in the nunnery of Jakkō-in , near Ōhara , Sakyō-ku, Kyoto.
Notes
^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric et al. (2005). "Empo" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 91., p. 91., at Google Books
^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 207-221; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 334-339; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 215-220.
^ Brown, p. 337.
^ a b Kitagawa, p. 787.
References
Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida. (1979). The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō', an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 5145872
Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, eds. (1975). The Tale of the Heike. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 9784130870245; OCLC 193064639
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
Varley, H. Paul. (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231049405; OCLC 6042764
External links
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Preceded byGenryaku
Era or nengōBunji 1185–1190
Succeeded byKenkyū
vteJapanese era names (nengō) by period538–1264AsukaHeianHeian (cont'd)Heian (cont'd)Heian (cont'd)Heian (cont'd)Kamakura (cont'd)
645–650Taika650–654Hakuchi686–686Shuchō701–704Taihō704–708Keiun708–715Wadō Nara715–717Reiki717–724Yōrō724–729Jinki729–749Tenpyō749Tenpyō-kanpō749–757Tenpyō-shōhō757–765Tenpyō-hōji765–767Tenpyō-jingo767–770Jingo-keiun770–781Hōki781–782Ten'ō782–806Enryaku
806–810Daidō810–824Kōnin824–834Tenchō834–848Jōwa848–851Kashō851–854Ninju854–857Saikō857–859Ten'an859–877Jōgan877–885Gangyō885–889Ninna889–898Kanpyō898–901Shōtai901–923Engi923–931Enchō931–938Jōhei938–947Tengyō947–957Tenryaku957–961Tentoku961–964Ōwa
964–968Kōhō968–970Anna970–973Tenroku973–976Ten'en976–978Jōgen978–983Tengen983–985Eikan985–987Kanna987–988Eien988–990Eiso990–995Shōryaku995–999Chōtoku999–1004Chōhō1004–1012Kankō1012–1017Chōwa1017–1021Kannin1021–1024Jian1024–1028Manju1028–1037Chōgen1037–1040Chōryaku
1040–1044Chōkyū1044–1046Kantoku1046–1053Eishō1053–1058Tengi1058–1065Kōhei1065–1069Jiryaku1069–1074Enkyū1074–1077Jōhō1077–1081Jōryaku1081–1084Eihō1084–1087Ōtoku1087–1094Kanji1094–1096Kahō1096–1097Eichō1097–1099Jōtoku1099–1104Kōwa1104–1106Chōji1106–1108Kajō1108–1110Tennin1110–1113Ten'ei
1113–1118Eikyū1118–1120Gen'ei1120–1124Hōan1124–1126Tenji1126–1131Daiji1131–1132Tenshō1132–1135Chōshō1135–1141Hōen1141–1142Eiji1142–1144Kōji1144–1145Ten'yō1145–1151Kyūan1151–1154Ninpei1154–1156Kyūju1156–1159Hōgen1159–1160Heiji1160–1161Eiryaku1161–1163Ōhō1163–1165Chōkan1165–1166Eiman
1166–1169Nin'an1169–1171Kaō1171–1175Jōan1175–1177Angen1177–1181Jishō1181–1182Yōwa1182–1184Juei1184–1185Genryaku Kamakura1185–1190Bunji1190–1199Kenkyū1199–1201Shōji1201–1204Kennin1204–1206Genkyū1206–1207Ken'ei1207–1211Jōgen1211–1213Kenryaku1213–1219Kempo1219–1222Jōkyū
1222–1224Jōō1224–1225Gennin1225–1227Karoku1227–1229Antei1229–1232Kangi1232–1233Jōei1233–1234Tenpuku1234–1235Bunryaku1235–1238Katei1238–1239Ryakunin1239–1240En'ō1240–1243Ninji1243–1247Kangen1247–1249Hōji1249–1256Kenchō1256–1257Kōgen1257–1259Shōka1259–1260Shōgen1260–1261Bun'ō1261–1264Kōchō
1264–presentKamakura (cont'd)Nanboku-chōNanboku-chōMuromachi (cont'd)MomoyamaEdo (cont'd)Modern Japan
1264–1275Bun'ei1275–1278Kenji1278–1288Kōan1288–1293Shōō1293–1299Einin1299–1302Shōan1302–1303Kengen1303–1306Kagen1306–1308Tokuji1308–1311Enkyō1311–1312Ōchō1312–1317Shōwa1317–1319Bunpō1319–1321Gen'ō1321–1324Genkō1324–1326Shōchū1326–1329Karyaku1329–1331Gentoku1331–1334Genkōa1332–1333Shōkyōb
Northern Court1334–1338Kenmu1338–1342Ryakuō1342–1345Kōei1345–1350Jōwa1350–1352Kannō1352–1356Bunna1356–1361Enbun1361–1362Kōan1362–1368Jōji1368–1375Ōan1375–1379Eiwa1379–1381Kōryaku1381–1384Eitoku1384–1387Shitoku1387–1389Kakei1389–1390Kōō1390–1394Meitokuc
Southern Court1334–1336Kenmu1336–1340Engen1340–1346Kōkoku1346–1370Shōhei1370–1372Kentoku1372–1375Bunchū1375–1381Tenju1381–1384Kōwa1384–1392Genchūc Muromachi1394–1428Ōei1428–1429Shōchō1429–1441Eikyō1441–1444Kakitsu1444–1449Bun'an1449–1452Hōtoku
1452–1455Kyōtoku1455–1457Kōshō1457–1460Chōroku1460–1466Kanshō1466–1467Bunshō1467–1469Ōnin1469–1487Bunmei1487–1489Chōkyō1489–1492Entoku1492–1501Meiō1501–1521Bunki1504–1521Eishō1521–1528Daiei1528–1532Kyōroku1532–1555Tenbun1555–1558Kōji1558–1570Eiroku1570–1573Genki
1573–1592Tenshō1592–1596Bunroku1596–1615Keichō Edo1615–1624Genna1624–1644Kan'ei1644–1648Shōhō1648–1652Keian1652–1655Jōō1655–1658Meireki1658–1661Manji1661–1673Kanbun1673–1681Enpō1681–1684Tenna1684–1688Jōkyō1688–1704Genroku1704–1711Hōei1711–1716Shōtoku1716–1736Kyōhō
1736–1741Genbun1741–1744Kanpō1744–1748Enkyō1748–1751Kan'en1751–1764Hōreki1764–1772Meiwa1772–1781An'ei1781–1789Tenmei1789–1801Kansei1801–1804Kyōwa1804–1818Bunka1818–1830Bunsei1830–1844Tenpō1844–1848Kōka1848–1854Kaei1854–1860Ansei1860–1861Man'en1861–1864Bunkyū1864–1865Genji1865–1868Keiō
1868–1912Meiji1912–1926Taishō1926–1989Shōwa1989–2019Heisei2019–presentReiwa
a Not recognized by the Northern Court, which retained Gentoku until 1332.
b Not recognized by the Southern Court.
c Genchū discontinued upon reunification of the Northern and Southern Courts in 1392 and Meitoku retained until 1394.
This article about a Japanese era name is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese era name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_name"},{"link_name":"Genryaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genryaku"},{"link_name":"Kenkyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenky%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Go-Toba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bunji (文治) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. \"year name\") after Genryaku and before Kenkyū. This period spanned the years from August 1185 through April 1190.[1] The reigning emperor was Go-Toba-tennō (後鳥羽天皇).[2]","title":"Bunji (era)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1185 Bunji gannen (文治元年): The new era name was created to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Genryaku 2, on the 16th day of the 4th month of 1184.[3]","title":"Change of era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogunate"},{"link_name":"Kamakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Kantō region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k788-4"},{"link_name":"Go-Shirakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Shirakawa"},{"link_name":"Kenrei-mon In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenrei-mon_In"},{"link_name":"Emperor Antoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Antoku"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dan-no-ura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dan-no-ura"},{"link_name":"Jakkō-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakk%C5%8D-in&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%82%E5%85%89%E9%99%A2"},{"link_name":"Ōhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Chara,_Kyoto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F_(%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82)"},{"link_name":"Sakyō-ku, Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saky%C5%8D-ku,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k788-4"}],"text":"1185 (Bunji 1, 29th day of the 11th month): The court formally approves of the establishment of a shogunate government at Kamakura in the Kantō region.[4]\n1186 (Bunji 2, 4th month): Go-Shirakawa visits Kenrei-mon In, mother of the late Emperor Antoku and last Imperial survivor of the Battle of Dan-no-ura, at her humble retreat in the nunnery of Jakkō-in [ja], near Ōhara [ja], Sakyō-ku, Kyoto.[4]","title":"Events of the Bunji era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA91."},{"link_name":"Japan encyclopedia, p. 91.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA91."},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-k788_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-k788_4-1"}],"text":"^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric et al. (2005). \"Empo\" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 91., p. 91., at Google Books\n\n^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 207-221; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 334-339; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 215-220.\n\n^ Brown, p. 337.\n\n^ a b Kitagawa, p. 787.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA91."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA91.","external_links_name":"Japan encyclopedia, p. 91."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5145872","external_links_name":"OCLC 5145872"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/193064639","external_links_name":"OCLC 193064639"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC","external_links_name":"Japan encyclopedia."},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition","external_links_name":"OCLC 58053128"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran","external_links_name":"Annales des empereurs du Japon."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691","external_links_name":"OCLC 5850691"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6042764","external_links_name":"OCLC 6042764"},{"Link":"http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/","external_links_name":"-- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunji_(era)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurd_Person_Singular
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Absurd Person Singular
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["1 Production history","2 Characters","2.1 Sidney","2.2 Jane","2.3 Geoffrey","2.4 Eva","2.5 Ronald","2.6 Marion","3 References","4 External links"]
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Play written by Alan Ayckbourn
Absurd Person Singular is a 1972 play by Alan Ayckbourn. Divided into three acts, it documents the changing fortunes of three married couples. Each act takes place at a Christmas celebration at one of the couples' homes on successive Christmas Eves.
Production history
The play made its world premiere at the Library Theatre, Scarborough on 26 June 1972 and its London début at the Criterion Theatre on 4 July 1973, transferring to the Vaudeville Theatre in September 1974, completing a run of 973 performances.
Its official New York Broadway début was at the Music Box Theatre on 8 October 1974. It ran for 591 performances in its first run on Broadway (through March 1976). It starred Richard Kiley, Geraldine Page, Sandy Dennis, Carole Shelley, Larry Blyden, and Tony Roberts. It was revived on Broadway on 18 October 2005 at the Biltmore Theatre, for 56 performances.
In 1994 James Maxwell directed a production for the Royal Exchange, Manchester with Trevor Cooper, Margo Gunn, Denys Hawthorne, Patrick O'Kane and Amanda Boxer.
The BBC produced a television drama, adapted from the play, first broadcast on 1 January 1985. It was directed by Michael Simpson and starred John Baddeley, Cheryl Campbell, Michael Gambon, Nicky Henson, Lesley Joseph, Maureen Lipman, Geoffrey Palmer and Prunella Scales.
The play was revived in the West End at the Whitehall Theatre, May 1990; and at the Garrick Theatre in December 2007.
A new production was staged during May 2011 at the new Curve Theatre in Leicester, starring Tracy-Ann Oberman and Louise Plowright and directed by Paul Kerryson.
The play was revived once again at the Stephen Joseph Theatre in Scarborough – 40 years after its original run there, in 2012.
The play returned to New York for a limited season in December 2019 with an all-British cast at Theatre Row, Off-Broadway. It was the first major revival in the city for almost fifteen years and transferred back to the UK in January 2020, at the Lawrence Batley Theatre, Huddersfield, in Ayckbourn's native county of Yorkshire. It was directed by John Cotgrave and starred Maria Sykes, Adam Elms, Claire Marlein, Alex Thompson, Eve Burley, and Joshua Nutbrown.
Characters
Sidney
A contractor eager for social and professional advancement, Sidney will do anything to impress his perceived superiors—at the expense of his marriage. Sidney is socially inept, and shares that innocence with his wife, keeping their marriage together. As the play progresses, he becomes wealthier and wealthier, until eventually the friends he was once desperate to impress are now courting him as their own fortunes sink lower and lower. By the final act success has transformed Sidney's innocence into something approaching macabre sadism: in the earlier acts, the other couples view him with indulgent contempt and tolerate his childishness, but as the play progresses and he acquires money and power, they find themselves compelled to take him much more seriously, until self-preservation dictates they play along with his games.
Jane
Jane is the most sympathetic character in the play. Sidney's loyal wife, also in her 30s, she is not much brighter than he is, but is equally eager to please. Unlike Marion and Eva, she also has a knack for housework, in which she takes refuge from the complexities and difficulties of the world. She takes most of her social cues from her lover, and would do almost anything to help him succeed, but is not motivated by greed or social standing: she just wants a comfortable living and a happy family. In the final act, Jane seems to lose a sense of identity, parroting her husband's enthusiasm in his macabre party game. Like her husband, Jane also lacks sensitivity to others' feelings. Her habit of breaking into song when cleaning is also a clue that she is happiest when she is cleaning and that it is an escape from her real life. Jane represents the stereotypical TV commercial wife.
Geoffrey
An architect by trade, Geoffrey is initially on the way up, only to fall from grace after a design fails and collapses between the second and third acts. A confident man and something of a Jack-the-Lad, he has many casual affairs and could be said to flaunt it. His indifference towards his wife Eva may have led to her addiction to anti-depressants, and even to cause her suicide attempts in the second act. However, by the third act, he is an utterly broken man: his confidence and charisma have been dashed by his career grinding to a halt, and the prospect of Sidney being the last man on earth willing to hire him doesn't thrill him very much, either.
Eva
Geoffrey's wife. Eva's appearance in the first act is brief and whimsical, establishing only her addiction to anti-depressants and her difficulties with her husband Geoffrey. She comes into her own in the second act, as a very depressed Eva tries repeatedly to kill herself, growing more and more desperate to end it all even as the other characters prevent her from doing so. By the third act she has recovered, dispensed with her addiction to pain-killers, and appears to be teetotal (or at least a much lighter drinker, refusing alcohol even though she's not driving). She has also taken control of her relationship with Geoffrey, setting the course for his business and forcing him into situations he has typically charmed his way out of but which are now unavoidable. By the end of the play she is in perhaps the best position, being in control of her life and her relationship, neither warped by success nor embittered by failure, though she clearly has many practical challenges to overcome.
Ronald
An aging banker, Ronald takes pride in his work and enjoys the finer things in life. More conservative than the other characters, he is wry and sardonic. Initially both indulgent and disdainful of Sidney and Jane—although casually admiring Geoffrey—he is something of a side show in the second act and by the third act is clearly in severe financial trouble, unable to afford even to heat his house. Although he tries to maintain a facade of cheerful aristocratic bluster, his nerves show through, and he is forced to submit to Sidney as the holder of a large business account in Ronald's bank. (In fact, it is implied that Sidney is Ronald's only remaining significant client.)
Marion
Ronald's second wife is charming though snobbish and deeply eccentric. As the play advances more and more of her eccentricities are attributed to alcoholism, climaxing in her thoroughly drunk presence in the third act. Her main role in the play is to reflect and magnify the position of the taciturn Ronald, making his path from polite disdain of Sidney to impoverished failure more clearly elucidated than Ronald's naturally reserved personality would allow.
References
^ "Absurd Person Singular – Broadway Play – Original | IBDB". Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^ "Absurd Person Singular – Broadway Play – 2005 Revival | IBDB". Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^ "Alan Ayckbourn Film Recordings: Absurd Person Singular". alanayckbourn.net. Archived from the original on 10 December 2006. Retrieved 27 April 2007.
External links
Absurd Person Singular on official Ayckbourn site
Absurd Person Singular produced by the MTC
Absurd Person Singular at the Internet Broadway Database
vteThe plays of Alan AyckbournPlays
The Square Cat
Love After All
Dad's Tale
Standing Room Only
Christmas v Mastermind
Mr Whatnot
Relatively Speaking
The Sparrow
How the Other Half Loves
Family Circles
Time and Time Again
Absurd Person Singular
The Norman Conquests: Table Manners, Living Together, Round and Round the Garden
Absent Friends
Confusions
Jeeves (musical)
Bedroom Farce
Just Between Ourselves
Ten Times Table
Joking Apart
Sisterly Feelings
Taking Steps
Suburban Strains
Season's Greetings
Way Upstream
Making Tracks
Intimate Exchanges
It Could Be Any One Of Us
A Chorus of Disapproval
Woman in Mind
A Small Family Business
Henceforward...
Man of the Moment
Mr A's Amazing Maze Plays
The Revengers' Comedies
Invisible Friends
Body Language
This Is Where We Came In
Callisto 5
Wildest Dreams
My Very Own Story
Time of My Life
Dreams from a Summer House
Communicating Doors
Haunting Julia
The Musical Jigsaw Play
A Word from Our Sponsor
The Champion of Paribanou
Things We Do for Love
Comic Potential
The Boy Who Fell Into a Book
House and Garden: House, Garden
Virtual Reality
Whenever
Damsels in Distress: GamePlan, FlatSpin, RolePlay
Snake in the Grass
The Jollies
Sugar Daddies
Orvin – Champion Of Champions
My Sister Sadie
Drowning on Dry Land
Private Fears in Public Places
Miss Yesterday
Improbable Fiction
If I Were You
Things That Go Bump: Life and Beth
Awaking Beauty
My Wonderful Day
Life of Riley
Neighbourhood Watch
One-act plays
Countdown (from Mixed Doubles)
Confusions: Mother Figure, Drinking Companion, Between Mouthfuls, Gosforth's Fete, A Talk in the Park
A Cut in the Rates
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Ayckbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn"}],"text":"Absurd Person Singular is a 1972 play by Alan Ayckbourn. Divided into three acts, it documents the changing fortunes of three married couples. Each act takes place at a Christmas celebration at one of the couples' homes on successive Christmas Eves.","title":"Absurd Person Singular"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Criterion Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Vaudeville Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Music Box Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Box_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Richard Kiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kiley"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Page"},{"link_name":"Sandy Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Dennis"},{"link_name":"Carole Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Larry Blyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Blyden"},{"link_name":"Tony Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Roberts_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"James Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Maxwell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Royal Exchange, Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Trevor Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Margo Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Denys Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Hawthorne"},{"link_name":"Patrick O'Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Kane"},{"link_name":"Amanda Boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Boxer"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Michael Gambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gambon"},{"link_name":"Nicky Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Henson"},{"link_name":"Lesley Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Maureen Lipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Lipman"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Prunella Scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunella_Scales"},{"link_name":"Whitehall Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Garrick Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrick_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Curve Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Tracy-Ann Oberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy-Ann_Oberman"},{"link_name":"Louise Plowright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Plowright"},{"link_name":"Theatre Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Row_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Batley Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Batley_Theatre"}],"text":"The play made its world premiere at the Library Theatre, Scarborough on 26 June 1972 and its London début at the Criterion Theatre on 4 July 1973, transferring to the Vaudeville Theatre in September 1974, completing a run of 973 performances.Its official New York Broadway début was at the Music Box Theatre on 8 October 1974. It ran for 591 performances in its first run on Broadway (through March 1976). It starred Richard Kiley, Geraldine Page, Sandy Dennis, Carole Shelley, Larry Blyden, and Tony Roberts.[1] It was revived on Broadway on 18 October 2005 at the Biltmore Theatre, for 56 performances.[2]In 1994 James Maxwell directed a production for the Royal Exchange, Manchester with Trevor Cooper, Margo Gunn, Denys Hawthorne, Patrick O'Kane and Amanda Boxer.The BBC produced a television drama, adapted from the play, first broadcast on 1 January 1985.[3] It was directed by Michael Simpson and starred John Baddeley, Cheryl Campbell, Michael Gambon, Nicky Henson, Lesley Joseph, Maureen Lipman, Geoffrey Palmer and Prunella Scales.The play was revived in the West End at the Whitehall Theatre, May 1990; and at the Garrick Theatre in December 2007.A new production was staged during May 2011 at the new Curve Theatre in Leicester, starring Tracy-Ann Oberman and Louise Plowright and directed by Paul Kerryson.The play was revived once again at the Stephen Joseph Theatre in Scarborough – 40 years after its original run there, in 2012.The play returned to New York for a limited season in December 2019 with an all-British cast at Theatre Row, Off-Broadway. It was the first major revival in the city for almost fifteen years and transferred back to the UK in January 2020, at the Lawrence Batley Theatre, Huddersfield, in Ayckbourn's native county of Yorkshire. It was directed by John Cotgrave and starred Maria Sykes, Adam Elms, Claire Marlein, Alex Thompson, Eve Burley, and Joshua Nutbrown.","title":"Production history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sidney","text":"A contractor eager for social and professional advancement, Sidney will do anything to impress his perceived superiors—at the expense of his marriage. Sidney is socially inept, and shares that innocence with his wife, keeping their marriage together. As the play progresses, he becomes wealthier and wealthier, until eventually the friends he was once desperate to impress are now courting him as their own fortunes sink lower and lower. By the final act success has transformed Sidney's innocence into something approaching macabre sadism: in the earlier acts, the other couples view him with indulgent contempt and tolerate his childishness, but as the play progresses and he acquires money and power, they find themselves compelled to take him much more seriously, until self-preservation dictates they play along with his games.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sympathetic character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_character"}],"sub_title":"Jane","text":"Jane is the most sympathetic character in the play. Sidney's loyal wife, also in her 30s, she is not much brighter than he is, but is equally eager to please. Unlike Marion and Eva, she also has a knack for housework, in which she takes refuge from the complexities and difficulties of the world. She takes most of her social cues from her lover, and would do almost anything to help him succeed, but is not motivated by greed or social standing: she just wants a comfortable living and a happy family. In the final act, Jane seems to lose a sense of identity, parroting her husband's enthusiasm in his macabre party game. Like her husband, Jane also lacks sensitivity to others' feelings. Her habit of breaking into song when cleaning is also a clue that she is happiest when she is cleaning and that it is an escape from her real life. Jane represents the stereotypical TV commercial wife.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Geoffrey","text":"An architect by trade, Geoffrey is initially on the way up, only to fall from grace after a design fails and collapses between the second and third acts. A confident man and something of a Jack-the-Lad, he has many casual affairs and could be said to flaunt it. His indifference towards his wife Eva may have led to her addiction to anti-depressants, and even to cause her suicide attempts in the second act. However, by the third act, he is an utterly broken man: his confidence and charisma have been dashed by his career grinding to a halt, and the prospect of Sidney being the last man on earth willing to hire him doesn't thrill him very much, either.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Eva","text":"Geoffrey's wife. Eva's appearance in the first act is brief and whimsical, establishing only her addiction to anti-depressants and her difficulties with her husband Geoffrey. She comes into her own in the second act, as a very depressed Eva tries repeatedly to kill herself, growing more and more desperate to end it all even as the other characters prevent her from doing so. By the third act she has recovered, dispensed with her addiction to pain-killers, and appears to be teetotal (or at least a much lighter drinker, refusing alcohol even though she's not driving). She has also taken control of her relationship with Geoffrey, setting the course for his business and forcing him into situations he has typically charmed his way out of but which are now unavoidable. By the end of the play she is in perhaps the best position, being in control of her life and her relationship, neither warped by success nor embittered by failure, though she clearly has many practical challenges to overcome.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ronald","text":"An aging banker, Ronald takes pride in his work and enjoys the finer things in life. More conservative than the other characters, he is wry and sardonic. Initially both indulgent and disdainful of Sidney and Jane—although casually admiring Geoffrey—he is something of a side show in the second act and by the third act is clearly in severe financial trouble, unable to afford even to heat his house. Although he tries to maintain a facade of cheerful aristocratic bluster, his nerves show through, and he is forced to submit to Sidney as the holder of a large business account in Ronald's bank. (In fact, it is implied that Sidney is Ronald's only remaining significant client.)","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Marion","text":"Ronald's second wife is charming though snobbish and deeply eccentric. As the play advances more and more of her eccentricities are attributed to alcoholism, climaxing in her thoroughly drunk presence in the third act. Her main role in the play is to reflect and magnify the position of the taciturn Ronald, making his path from polite disdain of Sidney to impoverished failure more clearly elucidated than Ronald's naturally reserved personality would allow.","title":"Characters"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Koch
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Einstein family
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["1 Etymology","2 Pauline Einstein (Albert's mother)","2.1 Early life","2.2 Business problems","2.3 After Hermann","2.4 Death","3 Hermann Einstein (Albert's father)","3.1 Early life","3.2 Marriage to Pauline","3.3 Work","3.4 Death","4 Maria \"Maja\" Einstein (Albert's younger sister)","5 Lieserl Einstein (Albert's daughter)","6 Hans Albert Einstein (Albert's first son)","7 Eduard \"Tete\" Einstein (Albert's second son)","8 See also","9 References","10 Works cited","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
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Family of physicist Albert Einstein
This article is about the family of Albert Einstein. For other people named Einstein, see Einstein (surname).
Albert EinsteinCurrent regionWorldwidePlace of originPrince-Bishopric of Augsburg, Duchy of Württemberg, Kingdom of Württemberg, Electorate of Bavaria, Kingdom of Bavaria, Switzerland, German EmpireMembersAlbert Einstein, Maja Einstein, Hermann Einstein, Pauline KochConnected familiesKoch, Moos, Overnauer
Hermann Einstein (top); Albert Einstein and Maja Einstein (bottom left); Pauline Koch (bottom right)
The Einstein family is the family of physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). Einstein's great-great-great-great-grandfather, Jakob Weil, was his oldest recorded relative, born in the late 17th century, and the family continues to this day. Albert Einstein's great-great-grandfather, Löb Moses Sontheimer (1745–1831), was also the grandfather of the tenor Heinrich Sontheim (1820–1912) of Stuttgart.
Albert's three children were from his relationship with his first wife, Mileva Marić, his daughter Lieserl being born a year before they married. Albert Einstein's second wife was Elsa Einstein, whose mother Fanny Koch was the sister of Albert's mother, and whose father, Rudolf Einstein, was the son of Raphael Einstein, a brother of Albert's paternal grandfather. Albert and Elsa were thus first cousins through their mothers and second cousins through their fathers.
Etymology
Einstein (English: /ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne, German: ⓘ) is either a German habitational surname from various places named with a Middle High German derivative of the verb einsteinen 'to enclose, surround with stone'; or a Jewish (Ashkenazic) adaptation of the German name, or else an ornamental name using the ending -stein 'stone'.
Pauline Einstein (Albert's mother)
Pauline Einstein (née Koch)Born(1858-02-08)8 February 1858Cannstatt, Kingdom of WürttembergDied20 February 1920(1920-02-20) (aged 62)Berlin, Free State of Prussia, Weimar RepublicSpouseHermann EinsteinChildrenAlbert Einstein Maja EinsteinParent(s)Julius Derzbacher Jette Bernheimer
Pauline Einstein (née Koch) (8 February 1858 – 20 February 1920) was the mother of the physicist Albert Einstein. She was born in Cannstatt, Kingdom of Württemberg. She was Jewish and had an older sister, Fanny, and two older brothers, Jacob and Caesar. Her parents were Julius Doerzbacher, who had adopted the family name Koch in 1842, and Jette Bernheimer. They were married in 1847. Pauline's father was from Jebenhausen, now part of the city of Göppingen, and grew up in modest economic circumstances. Later, he lived in Cannstatt and together with his brother Heinrich, made a considerable fortune in the corn trade. They even became "Royal Württemberg Purveyor to the Court". Their mother was from Cannstatt and was a quiet and caring person.
Early life
At 18 years old, Pauline married the merchant Hermann Einstein who lived in Ulm. They married in Cannstatt on 8 August 1876. After the wedding, the young couple lived in Ulm, where Hermann became joint partner in a bed feathers company. Their son, Albert was born on 14 March 1879. On the initiative of Hermann's brother Jakob the family moved to Munich's borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt in the summer of 1880, where the two brothers together founded an electrical engineering company called Einstein & Cie. The second child of Hermann and Pauline, their daughter Maria (called Maja), was born in Munich on 18 November 1881. Pauline Einstein was a well-educated and quiet woman who had an inclination for the arts. She was a talented and dedicated piano player. She made Albert begin violin lessons at the age of five.
Business problems
The factory of Hermann and Jakob was moved to Pavia, Italy, in 1894. Hermann, Maria and Pauline moved to Milan in the same year and one year later, moved to Pavia. Albert stayed with relatives in Munich to continue his education there.
Unfortunately, the business was unsuccessful and the brothers had to abandon their factory in 1896. Though Hermann had lost most of his money, he founded (without his brother) another electrical engineering company in Milan. This time business was better. However, Hermann's health had deteriorated, and he died of heart failure in Milan on 10 October 1902.
After Hermann
In 1903, Pauline went to live with her sister Fanny and her husband Rudolf Einstein, a first cousin of Hermann, in Hechingen, Württemberg. Fanny's daughter, Elsa was to become the second wife of Albert in 1919.
In 1910, Pauline moved with her sister, Fanny and her family to Berlin. She took on a job as housekeeper in Heilbronn, Kingdom of Württemberg in 1911. She lived with her brother Jacob Koch in Zurich and from 1915 in Heilbronn again.
Death
During World War I, Pauline fell ill with cancer. In 1918, when visiting her daughter, Maria, and son-in-law, Paul Winteler, in Luzern, Pauline was taken to the sanatorium Rosenau, due to her illness. At the end of 1919, Albert took his terminally-ill mother out of the sanatorium in Luzern and brought her to Haberlandstrasse 5, Berlin, to stay with him and his second wife, Elsa, where she later died that year.
Hermann Einstein (Albert's father)
Hermann EinsteinBorn(1847-08-30)30 August 1847Buchau, Kingdom of WürttembergDied10 October 1902(1902-10-10) (aged 55)Milan, Kingdom of ItalyNationalitySubject of Kingdom of Württemberg (1847–1894) Subject of Kingdom of Italy (1894–1902)Occupation(s)Scientific utility salesman, electricianSpousePauline KochChildrenAlbert Einstein Maja EinsteinParent(s)Abraham Einstein Helene MoosRelativesHans Albert Einstein (grandson)Lieserl Einstein (granddaughter)Eduard Einstein (grandson)
Hermann Einstein (30 August 1847 – 10 October 1902) was the father of Albert Einstein. He was Ashkenazi Jewish.
Early life
Abraham and Helene Einstein
Hermann Einstein was born in Buchau, Kingdom of Württemberg to Abraham Einstein and Helene Moos (3 July 1814 – 20 August 1887).
He had six siblings:
Raphael (3 December 1839 – 15 January 1842); male
Jette (13 January 1844 – 7 January 1905); female
Heinrich (12 October 1845 – 16 November 1877); male
August Ignaz (23 December 1849 – 14 April 1911); male
Jakob (25 November 1850 – 1912); male
Friederike "Rika" (15 March 1855 – 17 June 1938); female
At the age of 14, Hermann attended the secondary school in the regional capital Stuttgart and was academically successful. He had a strong affection for mathematics, and would have liked to study in this or a related area, but as the financial situation of the family precluded further education, he decided to become a merchant and began an apprenticeship in Stuttgart.
Marriage to Pauline
Hermann married 18-year-old Pauline Koch in Cannstatt, Kingdom of Württemberg on 8 August 1876. After their wedding, the young couple lived in Ulm, where Hermann became joint partner in the feather bed shop of his cousins, Moses and Hermann Levi. In Ulm, their eldest son Albert was born on 14 March 1879. On the initiative of Hermann's brother Jakob, the family moved to Munich in the summer of 1880. There, the two brothers founded the electrical engineering company Einstein & Cie, with Hermann being the merchant and Jakob the technician. The second child of Hermann and Pauline, their daughter Maria (called Maja), was born in Munich on 18 November 1881.
Work
The Einsteins' electrical firm manufactured dynamos and electrical meters based on direct current. They were instrumental in bringing electricity to Munich. In 1885, they won the contract that provided DC lights to illuminate the Oktoberfest for the first time.
In 1893 the Einstein brothers lost a bid on a contract for the electrification of Munich to Schukert; Hermann and Jakob's small company lacked the capital to convert their equipment over from the direct current (DC) standard to the more efficient alternating current (AC) standard being used by Schukert. Their fortunes took a downward turn from there. They were forced to sell their Munich factory and, in search of business, the two brothers moved their company to Pavia, Italy in 1894. Hermann, Pauline and Maja moved to Milan in the same year and one year later moved to Pavia. Albert stayed with relatives in Munich to continue his education there, though he spent time in Pavia as well.
Due to poor business, Hermann and Jakob had to abandon their factory in 1896. Though Hermann had lost most of their money, he founded another electrical engineering company in Milan, this time without his brother. He was supported financially by his relative Rudolf Einstein in this venture.
Death
Hermann Einstein died of heart failure in Milan in 1902. His grave is in Civico Mausoleo Palanti inside Cimitero Monumentale di Milano. Hermann Einstein was 55 years old when he died.
Maria "Maja" Einstein (Albert's younger sister)
Maria 'Maja' EinsteinMaria 'Maja' Einstein in the 1900sBornMaria Einstein(1881-11-18)18 November 1881Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, German EmpireDied25 June 1951(1951-06-25) (aged 69)Princeton, New Jersey, United StatesNationalityGerman, Swiss, AmericanOccupationDoctorPartnerPaul WintelerParent(s)Hermann Einstein Pauline KochRelativesAlbert Einstein (brother)
Maria "Maja" Einstein (18 November 1881 – 25 June 1951) and her older brother, Albert, were the two children of Hermann Einstein and Pauline Einstein (née Koch), who had moved from Ulm to Munich in June 1881, when Albert was one. There Hermann and his brother Jakob had founded Einstein & Cie., an electrical engineering company.
Maja and Albert, c. 1886
Maja and Albert, c. 1893
She attended elementary school in Munich from 1887 to 1894. She then moved with her parents to Milan, where she attended the German International School; Albert had stayed behind with relatives in Munich to complete his schooling. From 1899 to 1902, she attended a workshop for teachers in Aarau. After she passed her final exams, she studied Romance languages and literature in Berlin, Bern and Paris. In 1909, she graduated from the University of Bern; her dissertation was entitled "Contribution to the Tradition of the Chevalier au Cygne and the Enfances Godefroi".
In the year following her graduation, she married Paul Winteler, but they were to be childless. The young couple moved to Luzern in 1911, where Maja's husband had found a job. In 1922, they moved to Colonnata near Florence in Italy.
After the Italian leader Benito Mussolini introduced anti-Semitic laws in Italy, Albert invited Maja to emigrate to the United States in 1939 and live in his residence in Mercer Street, Princeton, New Jersey. Her husband was denied entry into the United States on health grounds. Maja spent some pleasant years with Albert, until she had a stroke in 1946, and became bedridden. She later developed progressive arteriosclerosis, and died in Princeton on 25 June 1951 four years before her brother.
Lieserl Einstein (Albert's daughter)
Lieserl EinsteinBorn(1902-01-27)27 January 1902Újvidék, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-HungaryDiedSeptember 1903(1903-09-00) (aged 1)ParentsAlbert Einstein (father)Mileva Marić (mother)RelativesPauline Koch (paternal grandmother)Hermann Einstein (paternal grandfather)Hans Albert Einstein Eduard Einstein
Lieserl Einstein (27 January 1902 – September 1903) was the first child of Mileva Marić and Albert Einstein.
According to the correspondence between her parents, Lieserl was born on 27 January 1902, a year before her parents married, in Újvidék, Austria-Hungary, present-day Novi Sad, Serbia, and was cared for by her mother for a short time while Einstein worked in Switzerland before Marić joined him there without the child.
Lieserl's existence was unknown to biographers until 1986, when a batch of letters between Albert and Mileva Marić was discovered by Hans Albert Einstein's daughter Evelyn.
Marić had hoped for a girl, while Einstein would have preferred a boy. In their letters, they called the unborn child "Lieserl", when referring to a girl, or "Hanserl", if a boy. Both "Lieserl" and "Hanserl" were diminutives of the common German names Liese (short for Elizabeth) and Hans.
The first reference to Marić's pregnancy was found in a letter Einstein wrote to her from Winterthur, probably on 28 May 1901 (letter 36), asking twice about "the boy" and "our little son", whereas Marić's first reference was found in her letter of 13 November 1901 (letter 43) from Stein am Rhein, in which she referred to the unborn child as "Lieserl". Einstein goes along with Marić's wish for a daughter, and referred to the unborn child as "Lieserl" as well, but with a sense of humour as in letter 45 of 12 December 1901 "... and be happy about our Lieserl, whom I secretly (so Dollie doesn't notice) prefer to imagine a Hanserl."
The child must have been born shortly before 4 February 1902, when Einstein wrote: "... now you see that it really is a Lieserl, just as you'd wished. Is she healthy and does she cry properly? I love her so much and don't even know her yet!"
The last time "Lieserl" was mentioned in their extant correspondence was in Einstein's letter of 19 September 1903 (letter 54), in which he showed concern that she had scarlet fever. His asking "As what is the child registered?" adding "We must take precautions that problems don't arise for her later" may indicate the intention to give the child up for adoption.
As neither the full name nor the fate of the child are known, several hypotheses about her life and death have been put forward:
Michele Zackheim, in her book on "Lieserl", Einstein's Daughter, states that "Lieserl" had a developmental disability, and that she lived with her mother's family and probably died of scarlet fever in September 1903.
Another possibility, favoured by Robert Schulmann of the Einstein Papers Project, is that "Lieserl" was adopted by Marić's close friend, Helene Savić, and was raised by her and lived under the name "Zorka Savić" until the 1990s. Savić did in fact raise a child by the name of Zorka, who was blind from childhood and died in the 1990s. Before his death in 2012, her grandson Milan N. Popović, upon extensive research of the relationship between Einstein and Marić, rejected the possibility that it was "Lieserl", and also favoured the hypothesis that the child died in September 1903.
A letter widely circulated on the Internet on the "universal force" of love, attributed as "a letter from Albert Einstein to his daughter", is a hoax.
Hans Albert Einstein (Albert's first son)
Main article: Hans Albert Einstein
Hans Albert Einstein (May 14, 1904 – July 26, 1973) was born in Bern, Switzerland, the second child and first son of Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić. Hans earned his doctorate at ETH Zurich in 1936 and emigrated to the U.S. in 1938. He was a long-time professor of Hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, widely recognized for his research on sediment transport.
Hans Albert had four children, three biological sons and one adopted daughter, Evelyn Einstein. Of Hans Albert's biological sons, only Bernhard Caesar Einstein lived to adulthood. Bernhard himself had five children with his wife, Doris Aude Ascher. Bernhard was an engineer with multiple patents.
Eduard "Tete" Einstein (Albert's second son)
Eduard EinsteinBorn(1910-07-28)28 July 1910Zurich, SwitzerlandDied25 October 1965(1965-10-25) (aged 55)Psychiatric Clinic Burghölzli, ZurichResting placeCemetery Hönggerberg,Other names"Tete"Parent(s)Albert Einstein and Mileva MarićRelativesHans Albert Einstein, Lieserl
Eduard Einstein (28 July 1910 – 25 October 1965) was born in Zürich, Switzerland, the second son of physicist Albert Einstein from his first wife Mileva Marić. Albert Einstein and his family moved to Berlin in 1914. Shortly thereafter the parents separated, and Marić returned to Zürich, taking Eduard and his older brother Hans Albert with her. His father remarried in 1919 and in 1933 emigrated to the United States under the threat of Germany's rising Nazi regime.
Eduard was a good student and had musical talent. After gymnasium, he started to study medicine to become a psychiatrist, but by the age of 21 he was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He was institutionalized two years later for the first of several times. Biographers of his father have speculated that the drugs and "cures" of the time damaged rather than aided the young Einstein. His brother Hans Albert Einstein believed that his memory and cognitive abilities had been deeply affected by electroconvulsive therapy treatments Eduard received while institutionalized.
After a breakdown, Eduard had told his father Albert that he hated him, and after the father's emigration to the United States they never saw each other again. The father and son, whom the father fondly referred to as "Tete" (for petit), corresponded regularly before and after Eduard became ill. Their correspondence continued after the father's immigration to the U.S.
Eduard remained interested in music and art, wrote poetry, and was a Sigmund Freud enthusiast. He hung a picture of Freud on his bedroom wall.
His mother cared for him until she died in 1948. From then on Eduard lived most of the time at the psychiatric clinic Burghölzli in Zurich, where he died in 1965 of a stroke at age 55. He is buried at Hönggerberg Cemetery in Zurich.
See also
Genius, a television series depicting the Einsteins
References
^ Aron Tanzer (1988). Die Geschichte der Juden in Jebenhausen und Göppingen (The History of Jews in Jebenhausen and Göppingen). Weissenhorn, Germany: Anton H. Konrad Verlag. pp. 220, 301, 334, 378, 383.
^ "Short life history: Elsa Einstein". Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ Modified from P. Hanks; F. Hodges (1997). A dictionary of surnames. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ "Short life history: Pauline Einstein". Albert Einstein In The World Wide Web. ETH-Bibliothek, Zurich. January 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
^ "Albert Einstein – Biography". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
^ Schwartz, Joseph (2005). Introducing Einstein. ISBN 1-84046-667-7.
^ Botstein, Leon; Galison, Peter; Holton, Gerald James; Schweber, Silvan S. (2008) Einstein for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture, Princeton Univ. Press
^ "Short life history: Hermann Einstein" Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine in Albert Einstein, autobiographic writings, 1946
^ Barry R. Parker, Einstein: The Passions of a Scientist, Prometheus Books – 2003, page 31
^ Michaels, Daniel; Sylvers, Eric (26 December 2021). "Italian Tech Startup Revives Einstein's Father's Power Plant". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
^ "Short life history: Hermann Einstein". Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
^ Christof Rieber, Albert Einstein. Biografie eines Nonkonformisten, Thorbecke 2018, page 78 f.
^ "www.einstein-website.de". Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
^ a b "Short life history: Maria Winteler-Einstein". Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
^ Highfield & Carter 1993, p. 203
^ a b Highfield & Carter 1993, p. 248
^ The Love Letters, p. 54
^ The Love Letters, p. 63
^ the english translation of the german "Doxerl", one of the names Einstein used for Marić
^ The Love Letters, p. 66
^ The Love Letters, p. 73
^ The Love Letters, p. 78
^ "Lieserl Einstein's biography". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
^ Milan Popović: In Alberts Shadow. The life and letters of Mileva Marić, Einstein's first wife, Johns Hopkins University Press, London 2003, p.11, ISBN 978-0-8018-7856-5
^ The Truth Behind Einstein's Letter on the 'Universal Force' of Love
^ "A Universal Force". Snopes.com. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ "University of California In Memoriam". www.lib.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
^ "Short life history: Hans Albert Einstein". www.einstein-website.de. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ Martin, Douglas (18 April 2011). "Evelyn Einstein Dies at 70; Shaped by a Link to Fame". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
^ Calaprice, Alice (1996). The Quotable Einstein. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. xxiii. ISBN 0-691-02696-3.
^ Zackheim, Michele (12 February 2008). "Einstein — Children of a Lesser God: For the Offspring of a Science Deity, the Legacy Is More Burden Than Blessing". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
^ Clark, Ronald W. (1971). Einstein: The Life and Times. Avon. ISBN 0-380-44123-3.
^ Barry Parker (2003): Einstein: The Passions of a Scientist. Prometheus Books. New York. p. 236.
^ Parker (2003): Einstein, pp. 236-237.
^ "Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1928". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ "Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1944". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ "Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, circa 1933". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ "Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1933". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ ""Albert Einstein on Sigmund Freud"". Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ Robert Dünki, Anna Pia Maissen: '... damit das traurige Dasein unseres Sohnes etwas besser gesichert wird' Mileva und Albert Einsteins Sorgen um ihren Sohn Eduard (1910–1965). Die Familie Einstein und das Stadtarchiv Zürich. In: Stadtarchiv Zürich. Jahresbericht 2007/2008. (german)
Works cited
Einstein, Albert and Marić, Mileva (1992) The Love Letters. Edited by Jürgen Renn & Robert Schulmann. Translated by Shawn Smith. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. ISBN 0-691-08760-1
Highfield; Carter, Paul (1993). The Private Lives of Albert Einstein. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-17170-2.
Christof Rieber: Albert Einstein. Biografie eines Nonkonformisten. Thorbecke: Ostfildern 2018 ISBN 978-3-7995-1281-7
Further reading
Michele Zackheim, Einstein's Daughter: the Search for Lieserl, Riverhead 1999, ISBN 1-57322-127-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Einstein Family.
Lieserl Einstein's Biography Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine from einstein-website.de
Pauline Koch's fact file Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine from einstein-website.de
vteAlbert EinsteinPhysics
Theory of relativity
Special relativity
General relativity
Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc2)
Brownian motion
Photoelectric effect
Einstein coefficients
Einstein solid
Equivalence principle
Einstein field equations
Einstein radius
Einstein relation (kinetic theory)
Cosmological constant
Bose–Einstein condensate
Bose–Einstein statistics
Bose–Einstein correlations
Einstein–Cartan theory
Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations
Einstein–de Haas effect
EPR paradox
Bohr–Einstein debates
Teleparallelism
Thought experiments
Unsuccessful investigations
Wave–particle duality
Gravitational wave
Tea leaf paradox
Works
Annus mirabilis papers (1905)
"Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement" (1905)
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory (1916)
The Meaning of Relativity (1922)
The World as I See It (1934)
The Evolution of Physics (1938)
"Why Socialism?" (1949)
Russell–Einstein Manifesto (1955)
In popularculture
Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie (1922 documentary)
The Einstein Theory of Relativity (1923 documentary)
Relics: Einstein's Brain (1994 documentary)
Insignificance (1985 film)
Picasso at the Lapin Agile (1993 play)
I.Q. (1994 film)
Einstein's Gift (2003 play)
Einstein and Eddington (2008 TV film)
Genius (2017 series)
Oppenheimer (2023 film)
Prizes
Albert Einstein Award
Albert Einstein Medal
Kalinga Prize
Albert Einstein Peace Prize
Albert Einstein World Award of Science
Einstein Prize for Laser Science
Einstein Prize (APS)
Books aboutEinstein
Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel
Einstein and Religion
Einstein for Beginners
Einstein: His Life and Universe
Einstein's Cosmos
I Am Albert Einstein
Introducing Relativity
Subtle is the Lord
Family
Mileva Marić (first wife)
Elsa Einstein (second wife; cousin)
Lieserl Einstein (daughter)
Hans Albert Einstein (son)
Pauline Koch (mother)
Hermann Einstein (father)
Maja Einstein (sister)
Eduard Einstein (son)
Robert Einstein (cousin)
Bernhard Caesar Einstein (grandson)
Evelyn Einstein (granddaughter)
Thomas Martin Einstein (great-grandson)
Siegbert Einstein (distant cousin)
Related
Awards and honors
Brain
House
Memorial
Political views
Religious views
Things named after
Albert Einstein Archives
Einstein's Blackboard
Einstein Papers Project
Einstein refrigerator
Einsteinhaus
Einsteinium
Max Talmey
Category
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Einstein (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Hermann Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hermann_Einstein_(Albert's_father)"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Maja Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Maria_%22Maja%22_Einstein_(Albert's_younger_sister)"},{"link_name":"Pauline Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pauline_Koch_(Albert's_mother)"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Sontheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Sontheim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tanzer-1"},{"link_name":"Mileva Marić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Elsa Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Fanny Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanny_Koch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the family of Albert Einstein. For other people named Einstein, see Einstein (surname).Hermann Einstein (top); Albert Einstein and Maja Einstein (bottom left); Pauline Koch (bottom right)The Einstein family is the family of physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). Einstein's great-great-great-great-grandfather, Jakob Weil, was his oldest recorded relative, born in the late 17th century, and the family continues to this day. Albert Einstein's great-great-grandfather, Löb Moses Sontheimer (1745–1831), was also the grandfather of the tenor Heinrich Sontheim (1820–1912) of Stuttgart.[1]Albert's three children were from his relationship with his first wife, Mileva Marić, his daughter Lieserl being born a year before they married. Albert Einstein's second wife was Elsa Einstein, whose mother Fanny Koch was the sister of Albert's mother, and whose father, Rudolf Einstein, was the son of Raphael Einstein, a brother of Albert's paternal grandfather. Albert and Elsa were thus first cousins through their mothers and second cousins through their fathers.[2]","title":"Einstein family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈaɪnstaɪn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"EYEN-styne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[ˈaɪnʃtaɪn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/De-Einstein.ogg/De-Einstein.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Einstein.ogg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Einstein (English: /ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne, German: [ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] ⓘ) is either a German habitational surname from various places named with a Middle High German derivative of the verb einsteinen 'to enclose, surround with stone'; or a Jewish (Ashkenazic) adaptation of the German name, or else an ornamental name using the ending -stein 'stone'.[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Cannstatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannstatt"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Jebenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebenhausen"},{"link_name":"Göppingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ppingen"},{"link_name":"Purveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/purveyor"}],"text":"Pauline Einstein (née Koch) (8 February 1858 – 20 February 1920) was the mother of the physicist Albert Einstein. She was born in Cannstatt, Kingdom of Württemberg.[4] She was Jewish and had an older sister, Fanny, and two older brothers, Jacob and Caesar. Her parents were Julius Doerzbacher, who had adopted the family name Koch in 1842, and Jette Bernheimer. They were married in 1847. Pauline's father was from Jebenhausen, now part of the city of Göppingen, and grew up in modest economic circumstances. Later, he lived in Cannstatt and together with his brother Heinrich, made a considerable fortune in the corn trade. They even became \"Royal Württemberg Purveyor to the Court\". Their mother was from Cannstatt and was a quiet and caring person.","title":"Pauline Einstein (Albert's mother)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermann Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hermann_Einstein_(Albert's_father)"},{"link_name":"Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-5"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"At 18 years old, Pauline married the merchant Hermann Einstein who lived in Ulm. They married in Cannstatt on 8 August 1876. After the wedding, the young couple lived in Ulm, where Hermann became joint partner in a bed feathers company. Their son, Albert was born on 14 March 1879.[5] On the initiative of Hermann's brother Jakob the family moved to Munich's borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt in the summer of 1880, where the two brothers together founded an electrical engineering company called[6] Einstein & Cie. The second child of Hermann and Pauline, their daughter Maria (called Maja), was born in Munich on 18 November 1881. Pauline Einstein was a well-educated and quiet woman who had an inclination for the arts. She was a talented and dedicated piano player. She made Albert begin violin lessons at the age of five.[7]","title":"Pauline Einstein (Albert's mother)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"}],"sub_title":"Business problems","text":"The factory of Hermann and Jakob was moved to Pavia, Italy, in 1894. Hermann, Maria and Pauline moved to Milan in the same year and one year later, moved to Pavia. Albert stayed with relatives in Munich to continue his education there. \nUnfortunately, the business was unsuccessful and the brothers had to abandon their factory in 1896. Though Hermann had lost most of his money, he founded (without his brother) another electrical engineering company in Milan. This time business was better. However, Hermann's health had deteriorated, and he died of heart failure in Milan on 10 October 1902.","title":"Pauline Einstein (Albert's mother)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Heilbronn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilbronn"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich"}],"sub_title":"After Hermann","text":"In 1903, Pauline went to live with her sister Fanny and her husband Rudolf Einstein, a first cousin of Hermann, in Hechingen, Württemberg. Fanny's daughter, Elsa was to become the second wife of Albert in 1919.\nIn 1910, Pauline moved with her sister, Fanny and her family to Berlin. She took on a job as housekeeper in Heilbronn, Kingdom of Württemberg in 1911. She lived with her brother Jacob Koch in Zurich and from 1915 in Heilbronn again.","title":"Pauline Einstein (Albert's mother)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Luzern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzern"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"During World War I, Pauline fell ill with cancer. In 1918, when visiting her daughter, Maria, and son-in-law, Paul Winteler, in Luzern, Pauline was taken to the sanatorium Rosenau, due to her illness. At the end of 1919, Albert took his terminally-ill mother out of the sanatorium in Luzern and brought her to Haberlandstrasse 5, Berlin, to stay with him and his second wife, Elsa, where she later died that year.","title":"Pauline Einstein (Albert's mother)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazi Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish"}],"text":"Hermann Einstein (30 August 1847 – 10 October 1902) was the father of Albert Einstein. He was Ashkenazi Jewish.","title":"Hermann Einstein (Albert's father)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_and_Helen_Einstein.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buchau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Buchau"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Abraham and Helene EinsteinHermann Einstein was born in Buchau, Kingdom of Württemberg to Abraham Einstein and Helene Moos (3 July 1814 – 20 August 1887).He had six siblings:[8]Raphael (3 December 1839 – 15 January 1842); male\nJette (13 January 1844 – 7 January 1905); female\nHeinrich (12 October 1845 – 16 November 1877); male\nAugust Ignaz (23 December 1849 – 14 April 1911); male\nJakob (25 November 1850 – 1912); male\nFriederike \"Rika\" (15 March 1855 – 17 June 1938); femaleAt the age of 14, Hermann attended the secondary school in the regional capital Stuttgart and was academically successful. He had a strong affection for mathematics, and would have liked to study in this or a related area, but as the financial situation of the family precluded further education, he decided to become a merchant and began an apprenticeship in Stuttgart.","title":"Hermann Einstein (Albert's father)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pauline Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pauline_Koch_(Albert's_mother)"},{"link_name":"Cannstatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannstatt"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm"},{"link_name":"Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm"},{"link_name":"Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Maja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"}],"sub_title":"Marriage to Pauline","text":"Hermann married 18-year-old Pauline Koch in Cannstatt, Kingdom of Württemberg on 8 August 1876. After their wedding, the young couple lived in Ulm, where Hermann became joint partner in the feather bed shop of his cousins, Moses and Hermann Levi. In Ulm, their eldest son Albert was born on 14 March 1879. On the initiative of Hermann's brother Jakob, the family moved to Munich in the summer of 1880. There, the two brothers founded the electrical engineering company Einstein & Cie, with Hermann being the merchant and Jakob the technician. The second child of Hermann and Pauline, their daughter Maria (called Maja), was born in Munich on 18 November 1881.","title":"Hermann Einstein (Albert's father)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo"},{"link_name":"meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_meter"},{"link_name":"direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"Oktoberfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest"},{"link_name":"alternating current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Work","text":"The Einsteins' electrical firm manufactured dynamos and electrical meters based on direct current. They were instrumental in bringing electricity to Munich. In 1885, they won the contract that provided DC lights to illuminate the Oktoberfest for the first time.In 1893 the Einstein brothers lost a bid on a contract for the electrification of Munich to Schukert; Hermann and Jakob's small company lacked the capital to convert their equipment over from the direct current (DC) standard to the more efficient alternating current (AC) standard being used by Schukert.[9] Their fortunes took a downward turn from there. They were forced to sell their Munich factory and, in search of business, the two brothers moved their company to Pavia, Italy in 1894. Hermann, Pauline and Maja moved to Milan in the same year and one year later moved to Pavia. Albert stayed with relatives in Munich to continue his education there, though he spent time in Pavia as well.[10]Due to poor business, Hermann and Jakob had to abandon their factory in 1896.[11] Though Hermann had lost most of their money, he founded another electrical engineering company in Milan, this time without his brother. He was supported financially by his relative Rudolf Einstein in this venture.[12]","title":"Hermann Einstein (Albert's father)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Civico Mausoleo Palanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civico_Mausoleo_Palanti"},{"link_name":"Cimitero Monumentale di Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimitero_Monumentale_di_Milano"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Hermann Einstein died of heart failure in Milan in 1902. His grave is in Civico Mausoleo Palanti inside Cimitero Monumentale di Milano. Hermann Einstein was 55 years old when he died.","title":"Hermann Einstein (Albert's father)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermann Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hermann_Einstein_(Albert's_father)"},{"link_name":"Pauline Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pauline_Koch_(Albert's_mother)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maja-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maja_and_Albert_Einstein_c1886.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Einstein.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau"},{"link_name":"Romance languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages"},{"link_name":"University of Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bern"},{"link_name":"Luzern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzern"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitic"},{"link_name":"Princeton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maja-14"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Highfield248-16"},{"link_name":"arteriosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriosclerosis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Highfield248-16"}],"text":"Maria \"Maja\" Einstein (18 November 1881 – 25 June 1951) and her older brother, Albert, were the two children of Hermann Einstein and Pauline Einstein (née Koch), who had moved from Ulm to Munich in June 1881, when Albert was one.[13] There Hermann and his brother Jakob had founded Einstein & Cie., an electrical engineering company.[14]Maja and Albert, c. 1886Maja and Albert, c. 1893She attended elementary school in Munich from 1887 to 1894. She then moved with her parents to Milan, where she attended the German International School; Albert had stayed behind with relatives in Munich to complete his schooling. From 1899 to 1902, she attended a workshop for teachers in Aarau. After she passed her final exams, she studied Romance languages and literature in Berlin, Bern and Paris. In 1909, she graduated from the University of Bern; her dissertation was entitled \"Contribution to the Tradition of the Chevalier au Cygne and the Enfances Godefroi\".In the year following her graduation, she married Paul Winteler, but they were to be childless. The young couple moved to Luzern in 1911, where Maja's husband had found a job. In 1922, they moved to Colonnata near Florence in Italy.[15]After the Italian leader Benito Mussolini introduced anti-Semitic laws in Italy, Albert invited Maja to emigrate to the United States in 1939 and live in his residence in Mercer Street, Princeton, New Jersey. Her husband was denied entry into the United States on health grounds.[14] Maja spent some pleasant years with Albert, until she had a stroke in 1946, and became bedridden.[16] She later developed progressive arteriosclerosis, and died in Princeton on 25 June 1951 four years before her brother.[16]","title":"Maria \"Maja\" Einstein (Albert's younger sister)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mileva Marić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Újvidék","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Hans Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Liese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liese_(given_name)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_(name)"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Stein am Rhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein_am_Rhein"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"scarlet fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"developmental disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disability"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Milan N. Popović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_N._Popovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Lieserl Einstein (27 January 1902 – September 1903) was the first child of Mileva Marić and Albert Einstein.According to the correspondence between her parents, Lieserl was born on 27 January 1902, a year before her parents married, in Újvidék, Austria-Hungary, present-day Novi Sad, Serbia, and was cared for by her mother for a short time while Einstein worked in Switzerland before Marić joined him there without the child.Lieserl's existence was unknown to biographers until 1986, when a batch of letters between Albert and Mileva Marić was discovered by Hans Albert Einstein's daughter Evelyn.Marić had hoped for a girl, while Einstein would have preferred a boy. In their letters, they called the unborn child \"Lieserl\", when referring to a girl, or \"Hanserl\", if a boy. Both \"Lieserl\" and \"Hanserl\" were diminutives of the common German names Liese (short for Elizabeth) and Hans.The first reference to Marić's pregnancy was found in a letter Einstein wrote to her from Winterthur, probably on 28 May 1901 (letter 36), asking twice about \"the boy\" and \"our little son\",[17] whereas Marić's first reference was found in her letter of 13 November 1901 (letter 43) from Stein am Rhein, in which she referred to the unborn child as \"Lieserl\".[18] Einstein goes along with Marić's wish for a daughter, and referred to the unborn child as \"Lieserl\" as well, but with a sense of humour as in letter 45 of 12 December 1901 \"... and be happy about our Lieserl, whom I secretly (so Dollie[19] doesn't notice) prefer to imagine a Hanserl.\"[20]The child must have been born shortly before 4 February 1902, when Einstein wrote: \"... now you see that it really is a Lieserl, just as you'd wished. Is she healthy and does she cry properly? [...] I love her so much and don't even know her yet!\"[21]The last time \"Lieserl\" was mentioned in their extant correspondence was in Einstein's letter of 19 September 1903 (letter 54), in which he showed concern that she had scarlet fever. His asking \"As what is the child registered?\" adding \"We must take precautions that problems don't arise for her later\" may indicate the intention to give the child up for adoption.[22]As neither the full name nor the fate of the child are known, several hypotheses about her life and death have been put forward:Michele Zackheim, in her book on \"Lieserl\", Einstein's Daughter, states that \"Lieserl\" had a developmental disability, and that she lived with her mother's family and probably died of scarlet fever in September 1903.[23]\nAnother possibility, favoured by Robert Schulmann of the Einstein Papers Project, is that \"Lieserl\" was adopted by Marić's close friend, Helene Savić, and was raised by her and lived under the name \"Zorka Savić\" until the 1990s. Savić did in fact raise a child by the name of Zorka, who was blind from childhood and died in the 1990s. Before his death in 2012, her grandson Milan N. Popović, upon extensive research of the relationship between Einstein and Marić, rejected the possibility that it was \"Lieserl\", and also favoured the hypothesis that the child died in September 1903.[24]A letter widely circulated on the Internet on the \"universal force\" of love, attributed as \"a letter from Albert Einstein to his daughter\", is a hoax.[25][26]","title":"Lieserl Einstein (Albert's daughter)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ETH Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich"},{"link_name":"Hydraulic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"sediment transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment_transport"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Einstein"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Caesar Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Caesar_Einstein"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Hans Albert Einstein (May 14, 1904 – July 26, 1973) was born in Bern, Switzerland, the second child and first son of Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić. Hans earned his doctorate at ETH Zurich in 1936 and emigrated to the U.S. in 1938. He was a long-time professor of Hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, widely recognized for his research on sediment transport.[27][28]Hans Albert had four children, three biological sons and one adopted daughter, Evelyn Einstein.[29] Of Hans Albert's biological sons, only Bernhard Caesar Einstein lived to adulthood. Bernhard himself had five children with his wife, Doris Aude Ascher.[30] Bernhard was an engineer with multiple patents.[31]","title":"Hans Albert Einstein (Albert's first son)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Mileva Marić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Hans Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Hans Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"electroconvulsive therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Burghölzli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh%C3%B6lzli"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Eduard Einstein (28 July 1910 – 25 October 1965) was born in Zürich, Switzerland, the second son of physicist Albert Einstein from his first wife Mileva Marić. Albert Einstein and his family moved to Berlin in 1914. Shortly thereafter the parents separated, and Marić returned to Zürich, taking Eduard and his older brother Hans Albert with her. His father remarried in 1919 and in 1933 emigrated to the United States under the threat of Germany's rising Nazi regime.Eduard was a good student and had musical talent. After gymnasium, he started to study medicine to become a psychiatrist, but by the age of 21 he was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He was institutionalized two years later for the first of several times. Biographers of his father have speculated that the drugs and \"cures\" of the time damaged rather than aided the young Einstein.[32] His brother Hans Albert Einstein believed that his memory and cognitive abilities had been deeply affected by electroconvulsive therapy treatments Eduard received while institutionalized.[33]After a breakdown, Eduard had told his father Albert that he hated him, and after the father's emigration to the United States they never saw each other again.[34] The father and son, whom the father fondly referred to as \"Tete\" (for petit), corresponded regularly before and after Eduard became ill. Their correspondence continued after the father's immigration to the U.S.[35][36]Eduard remained interested in music and art,[37] wrote poetry,[38] and was a Sigmund Freud enthusiast. He hung a picture of Freud on his bedroom wall.[39]His mother cared for him until she died in 1948. From then on Eduard lived most of the time at the psychiatric clinic Burghölzli in Zurich, where he died in 1965 of a stroke at age 55. He is buried at Hönggerberg Cemetery in Zurich.[40]","title":"Eduard \"Tete\" Einstein (Albert's second son)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-08760-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08760-1"},{"link_name":"The Private Lives of Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/privatelivesofal00high_1"},{"link_name":"Faber and Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-571-17170-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-17170-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7995-1281-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7995-1281-7"}],"text":"Einstein, Albert and Marić, Mileva (1992) The Love Letters. Edited by Jürgen Renn & Robert Schulmann. Translated by Shawn Smith. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. ISBN 0-691-08760-1\nHighfield; Carter, Paul (1993). The Private Lives of Albert Einstein. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-17170-2.\nChristof Rieber: Albert Einstein. Biografie eines Nonkonformisten. Thorbecke: Ostfildern 2018 ISBN 978-3-7995-1281-7","title":"Works cited"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57322-127-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57322-127-9"}],"text":"Michele Zackheim, Einstein's Daughter: the Search for Lieserl, Riverhead 1999, ISBN 1-57322-127-9.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Einstein_Family.jpg"},{"image_text":"Abraham and Helene Einstein","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Abraham_and_Helen_Einstein.jpg/220px-Abraham_and_Helen_Einstein.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maja and Albert, c. 1886","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Maja_and_Albert_Einstein_c1886.jpg/170px-Maja_and_Albert_Einstein_c1886.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maja and Albert, c. 1893","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Maria_Einstein.jpg/170px-Maria_Einstein.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(2017_TV_series)"}]
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[{"reference":"Aron Tanzer (1988). Die Geschichte der Juden in Jebenhausen und Göppingen (The History of Jews in Jebenhausen and Göppingen). Weissenhorn, Germany: Anton H. Konrad Verlag. pp. 220, 301, 334, 378, 383.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Short life history: Elsa Einstein\". Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170803204554/http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinelsa_content.html","url_text":"\"Short life history: Elsa Einstein\""},{"url":"http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinelsa_content.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"P. Hanks; F. Hodges (1997). A dictionary of surnames. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Short life history: Pauline Einstein\". Albert Einstein In The World Wide Web. ETH-Bibliothek, Zurich. January 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722183452/http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinpauline_content.html","url_text":"\"Short life history: Pauline Einstein\""},{"url":"http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinpauline_content.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Einstein – Biography\". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html","url_text":"\"Albert Einstein – Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Foundation","url_text":"Nobel Foundation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Joseph (2005). Introducing Einstein. ISBN 1-84046-667-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84046-667-7","url_text":"1-84046-667-7"}]},{"reference":"Michaels, Daniel; Sylvers, Eric (26 December 2021). \"Italian Tech Startup Revives Einstein's Father's Power Plant\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/italian-tech-startup-revives-einsteins-fathers-power-plant-11640523602","url_text":"\"Italian Tech Startup Revives Einstein's Father's Power Plant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Short life history: Hermann Einstein\". Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108233735/http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/print/p_hermann.html","url_text":"\"Short life history: Hermann Einstein\""},{"url":"http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/print/p_hermann.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"www.einstein-website.de\". Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220510222623/https://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinmaja.html","url_text":"\"www.einstein-website.de\""},{"url":"http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinmaja.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Short life history: Maria Winteler-Einstein\". Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220510222623/https://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinmaja.html","url_text":"\"Short life history: Maria Winteler-Einstein\""},{"url":"http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinmaja.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lieserl Einstein's biography\". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722184159/http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinlieserl.html","url_text":"\"Lieserl Einstein's biography\""},{"url":"http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinlieserl.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Universal Force\". Snopes.com. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/einstein-universal-force/","url_text":"\"A Universal Force\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of California In Memoriam\". www.lib.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 25 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/in_memoriam/catalog/einstein_hans_albert.html","url_text":"\"University of California In Memoriam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Short life history: Hans Albert Einstein\". www.einstein-website.de. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190730171656/https://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinhansalbert_content.html","url_text":"\"Short life history: Hans Albert Einstein\""},{"url":"https://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinhansalbert_content.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Douglas (18 April 2011). \"Evelyn Einstein Dies at 70; Shaped by a Link to Fame\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/19/us/19einstein.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Evelyn Einstein Dies at 70; Shaped by a Link to Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Calaprice, Alice (1996). The Quotable Einstein. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. xxiii. ISBN 0-691-02696-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02696-3","url_text":"0-691-02696-3"}]},{"reference":"Zackheim, Michele (12 February 2008). \"Einstein — Children of a Lesser God: For the Offspring of a Science Deity, the Legacy Is More Burden Than Blessing\". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 6 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovermagazine.com/2008/mar/lesser-god","url_text":"\"Einstein — Children of a Lesser God: For the Offspring of a Science Deity, the Legacy Is More Burden Than Blessing\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Ronald W. (1971). Einstein: The Life and Times[page needed]. Avon. ISBN 0-380-44123-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_W._Clark","url_text":"Clark, Ronald W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources","url_text":"page needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-44123-3","url_text":"0-380-44123-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1928\". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219192433/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-writes-mentally-ill-son-philosophy","url_text":"\"Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1928\""},{"url":"http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-writes-mentally-ill-son-philosophy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1944\". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219193920/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-writes-to-schizophrenic-son","url_text":"\"Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1944\""},{"url":"http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-writes-to-schizophrenic-son","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, circa 1933\". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219192313/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?exiled-einstein-writes-son-who-remained-in-zurich","url_text":"\"Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, circa 1933\""},{"url":"http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?exiled-einstein-writes-son-who-remained-in-zurich","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1933\". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219195644/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-renounces-german-citizenship-becomes-outlaw-in-nazi-germany","url_text":"\"Albert Einstein to Eduard Einstein, 1933\""},{"url":"http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-renounces-german-citizenship-becomes-outlaw-in-nazi-germany","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Albert Einstein on Sigmund Freud\"\". Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219200844/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?albert-einstein-on-sigmund-freud","url_text":"\"\"Albert Einstein on Sigmund Freud\"\""},{"url":"http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?albert-einstein-on-sigmund-freud","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Highfield; Carter, Paul (1993). The Private Lives of Albert Einstein. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-17170-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/privatelivesofal00high_1","url_text":"The Private Lives of Albert Einstein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber","url_text":"Faber and Faber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-17170-2","url_text":"0-571-17170-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi
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Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
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["1 Name","2 Biography","3 Fatwa Regarding Qadianis","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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Indian Islamic scholar (1826–1905)
Maulana Rashid Ahmed GangohiPersonalBorn1826Gangoh, Ceded and Conquered Provinces, British IndiaDied11 August 1905 (aged 78)Gangoh, United Provinces, British IndiaReligionIslamNationalityIndianDenominationSunniJurisprudenceHanafiCreedMaturidiMovementDeobandiMain interest(s)Aqidah, Tafsir, Hadith, FiqhNotable idea(s)Darul Uloom DeobandMilitary serviceYears of service1857Battles/warsIndian War of Independence
Battle of Shamli
Muslim leaderDisciple ofHaji Imdadullah
Disciples
Ibrahim UjaniMaulana Syed Shah Waris Hasan,Shah Peer Muhammad Sahab
Influenced by
Mamluk Ali NanautawiHaji ImdadullahAbdul Ghani Dihlawi
Influenced
Khalil Ahmad SaharanpuriAshraf Ali ThanwiMuhammad Ilyas KandhlawiMajid Ali JaunpuriHussain Ahmed Madani
Part of a series on theDeobandi movement
Ideology and influences
Dars-i Nizami
Maturidi theology
Hanafi fiqh
Founders and key figures
Mamluk Ali Nanautawi
Imdadullah Muhajir Makki
Rahmatullah Kairanawi
Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri
Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi
Sayyid Muhammad Abid
Mahmud Deobandi
Muhammad Ali Mungeri
Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
Ashraf Ali Thanwi
Ubaidullah Sindhi
Anwar Shah Kashmiri
Kifayatullah Dehlawi
Hussain Ahmed Madani
Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi
Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi
Notable institutions
Darul ulooms and madrasas
Deoband
Mazahir Uloom
Nadwatul Ulama
Aminia
Shahi
Dabhel
Hathazari
Ashrafia
Karachi
Banuri Town
Bury
In'aamiyyah
List of Deobandi universities
Centres (markaz) of Tablighi Jamaat
Bhopal
Dewsbury
Dhaka
Nerul
Nizamuddin
Raiwind
Associated organizations
All India MuslimPersonal Law Board
Bangladesh Qawmi MadrasaEducation Commission
Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh
Islamic Fiqh Academy, India
Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
Tablighi Jamaat
vte
Rashīd Aḥmad ibn Hidāyat Aḥmad Ayyūbī Anṣārī Gangohī (1826 – 11 August 1905) (Urdu: مولانا رشید احمد گنگوہی) was an Indian Deobandi Islamic scholar, a leading figure of the Deobandi jurist and scholar of hadith, author of Fatawa-e-Rashidiya. His lineage reaches back to Abu Ayyub al-Ansari.
Along with Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi he was a pupil of Mamluk Ali Nanautawi. Both studied the books of hadith under Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi and later became Sufi disciples of Haji Imdadullah. His lectures on Sahih al-Bukhari and Jami` at-Tirmidhi were recorded by his student Muhammad Yahya Kandhlawi, later edited, arranged, and commented on by Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi, and published as Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari and Al-Kawakib al-Durri sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi.
Name
In Tazkiratur Rashid his name and nasab is given as follows: Rashīd Aḥmad ibn Hidāyat Aḥmad ibn Qāẓī Pīr Bak͟hsh ibn Qāẓī G͟hulām Ḥasan ibn Qāẓī G͟hulām ‘Alī ibn Qāẓī ‘Alī Akbar ibn Qāẓī Muḥammad Aslam al-Anṣārī al-Ayyūbī. In the biographical work Nuzhat al-Khawatir he is mentioned with the nisbats "al-Anṣārī, al-Ḥanafī, ar-Rāmpūrī then al-Gangohī". In the introduction to al-Kawkab ad-Durri he is mentioned as "Mawlānā Abī Mas‘ūd Rashīd Aḥmad al-Anṣārī al-Ayyūbī al-Kankawhī al-Ḥanafī al-Jishtī an-Naqshbandī al-Qādirī as-Suhrawardī".
His given name was Rashid Ahmad; Abu Masud was his kunya. His heritage can be traced back to Prophet Muhammad's companion Ayub Ansari.
Biography
Rashid Ahmad was born on Monday, 6 Dhu al-Qi'dah 1244 AH (1826 AD) in Gangoh, Saharanpur District, British India (in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India). He was born in the mahallah of Sarai, close to the tomb of Abdul Quddus Gangohi. Both his father Maulana Hidayat Ahmad and his mother Karimun Nisa belonged to Ansari Ayyubi families, claiming descent from Abu Ayyub al-Ansari RadiAllahu 'anhu. His ancestral village was Rampur, but his grandfather Qazi Pir Bakhsh had settled in Gangoh.
Hidayat Ahmad was an Islamic scholar connected to the Waliullahi tradition, and in tasawwuf (Sufism) an authorized khalifah (successor) of Shah Ghulam Ali Mujaddidi Dihlawi. He died in 1252 AH (1836) at the age of 35, when Rashid was seven. A few years later Rashid's younger brother Sa'id Ahmad also died, at the age of nine.
After the death of Hidayat Ahmad the responsibility for Rashid's upbringing fell to his grandfather Qazi Pir Bakhsh. He also had four maternal uncles: Muhammad Naqi, Muhammad Taqi, Abdul Ghani, and Muhammad Shafi. He was especially close to Abdul Ghani, who took on a fatherly role for him. He also had a close friendship with his younger cousin, Abun Nasr, son of Abdul Ghani's.
Rashid Ahmad received his elementary education from a local teacher, Miyanji Qutb Bakhsh Gangohi. He read the Qur'an in Gangoh, probably at home with his mother. Then he studied the primary Persian books with his older brother Inayat Ahmad. He completed Persian studies in Karnal with his maternal uncle Muhammad Taqi, and also partly with Muhammad Ghaus. Afterwards he studied the primary books of Arabic grammar (sarf and nahw) with Muhammad Bakhsh Rampuri, on whose encouragement he then traveled to Delhi in pursuit of knowledge in 1261 AH (1845), at the age of 17.
After arriving in Delhi he studied Arabic with Qazi Ahmaduddin Punjabi Jehlami. Afterwards he attended the classes of different teachers before becoming a pupil of Mamluk Ali Nanautawi, a scholar of the Shah Waliullah line, and a professor at Delhi College. It was in this period that Rashid Ahmad met and developed a close companionship with Mamluk Ali's nephew, Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi. Both were private pupils of Mamluk Ali. After he completed his studies with Mamluk Ali, he stayed a few more years in Delhi to study under other teachers. He became a pupil of Mufti Sadruddin Azurdah, with whom he studied some books of the ulum-i aqliyah (rational sciences). He studied the books of hadith and tafsir under Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi. Shah Ahmad Sa'id, the older brother of Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi, was also among his teachers.
After four years in Delhi, Rashid returned home to Gangoh. He married Khadijah, daughter of his uncle Muhammad Naqi, at the age of 21. It was not until after his marriage that he memorized the Qur'an. He then travelled to Thana Bhawan, where he gave bay'ah (allegiance) at the hand of Haji Imdadullah in the Sufi path. He remained in Imdadullah's company and service for 42 days. When he prepared to leave for Gangoh, Imdadullah held his hand and gave him permission to take disciples.
While Nanautawi and Gangohi are often mentioned as co-founders of Darul Uloom Deoband, Rizvi writes that there is no historical evidence that Gangohi played a role in its establishment in 1283 AH. However, due to his close relationship with Nanautawi and others involved, it is unlikely that he was unaware of its founding. Rizvi cites a record of Gangohi's written inspection of the madrasah on 3 Rajab 1285 AH as the earliest evidence for his formal relationship with the madrasah. It was also common for graduates of the madrasah to attend Rashid Ahmad's hadith lectures in Gangoh.
Alongside Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi, Gangohi's efforts were instrumental in fostering a transnational, pan-Islamic consciousness in the subcontinent amongst the educated middle classes; during an era of increasing connectivity and arrival of new technologies of communication. He forbade Muslims from engaging in various customs which he regarded as stemming from Hindu culture and criticised those Muslims "who retained trappings of ‘Hindu’ culture and lifestyles"; whether in clothing or lifestyle. As a strong opponent of the British rule; Gangohi also fiercely denounced the singing of patriotic British songs in English schools; denouncing it as an act of Kufr (disbelief).
In 1297 AH, after the death of Qasim, Rashid was made sarparast (patron) of Darul Uloom Deoband. From 1314 AH he was also sarparast of the Darul Uloom's sister madrasah, Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur.
In 1314 AH he also lost his eye-sight and became blind. In 1323 AH during the Tahujjad prayers (predawn prayers), he was bitten by a highly venemous snake. This led to him later dying on (the same day) Friday, 8 Jumada II 1323 AH (1905 AD) after the Adhan (call for prayer) for the Friday prayer.
Fatwa Regarding Qadianis
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi pronounced Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani a deceiver (Dajjal) and his followers kuffar (disbelievers).
Legacy
His biographical works include: Yaad Yaraan by Ashraf Ali Thanwi and Habibur Rahman Usmani, Wasl al-Habeeb ma'a Wasī'at Nāmah wa Qaṣīdat Mudḥiḥa by Aashiq-e-Ilahi Mirathi, Tazkiratur Rashid by Aashiq-e-Ilahi Mirathi.
See also
Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
Majid Ali Jaunpuri
Hussain Ahmed Madani
Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad
Masjid-e-Rasheed
Notes
^ Arabic: هدايت أحمد, Hidāyat Aḥmad, or هداية أحمد, Hidāyah Aḥmad
References
^ a b c d e f Profile of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi on haqislam.org website Published 14 February 2010, Retrieved 16 August 2018
^ a b c d e f g "The Epitome of Shari'ah and Tariqah: Shaykh Rashid Ahmad al-Gangohi". Deoband.org website. Translated into English by Ismaeel Nakhuda. 26 April 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Excerpted from ‘Abd al-Hayy ibn Fakhr ad-Din al-Hasani; Abu ’l-Hasan ‘Ali al-Hasani an-Nadwi. Nuzhat al-Khawatir, Published 26 April 2009, Retrieved 16 August 2018
^ Nizampuri, Ashraf Ali (2013). The Hundred (Bangla Mayer Eksho Kritishontan) (1st ed.). Salman Publishers. p. 29. ISBN 978-112009250-2.
^ "Al-'Alam by al-Zirikli". shamela.ws.
^ Ingram, Brannon (2018), Kassam, Zayn R.; Greenberg, Yudit Kornberg; Bagli, Jehan (eds.), "Rashīd Aḥmad Gangohī", Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism, Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 580–582, doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_860, ISBN 978-94-024-1267-3, retrieved 15 October 2022
^ Brannon Ingram (University of North Carolina), Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism, p 479.
^ Al-ghazali, Muhammad (1988–2016). "GENGÛHÎ, Reşîd Ahmed". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q ‘Āshiq Ilāhī Mīraṭhī (1908). تذکرۃ الرشید / Taẕkiratur-Rashīd (in Urdu). Sāḍhaurah: Bilālī Sṭīm .
^ a b c d e f ‘Abd al-Ḥayy ibn Fakhr ad-Dīn al-Ḥasanī; Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī al-Ḥasanī an-Nadwī (1999). "الشيخ العلامة رشيد أحمد الگنگوهي / ash-Shaykh al-'Allāmah Rashīd Aḥmad al-Gangohī". نزهة الخواطر وبهجة المسامع والنواظر / Nuzhat al-khawāṭir wa-bahjat al-masāmi' wa-al-nawāẓir (in Arabic). Vol. 8 (1st ed.). Bayrūt: Dār Ibn Ḥazm. pp. 1229–1231.
^ Muhammad Yahya ibn Muhammad Ismail al-Kandahlawi; Rashid Ahmad al-Kankawhi; Muhammad Zakariya al-Kandahlawi. "مقدمة المحشي / Muqaddimat al-Muhashshi". الكوكب الدري على جامع الترمذي / al-Kawkab ad-durrī 'alá Jāmi' at-Tirmidhī (in Arabic). p. 12.
^ a b c d Muḥammad Zakarīyā Kāndhlawī (1973). "حضرت اقدس مولانا رشید احمد صاحب گنگوہی / Haẓrat Aqdas Maulānā Rashīd Aḥmad Ṣaḥib Gangohī". تاریخ مشائخ چشت / Tārīk͟h Mashā'ik͟h-i Chisht (in Urdu). Biharabad, Karachi: Maktabatush-Shaik͟h.
^ a b c Sayyid Mahbub Rizvi (1980). History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband. Vol. 1. Translated by Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi. Dar al-Ulum, Deoband: Idara-e Ihtemam.
^ Ingram, Brannon (July 2009). "Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism". The Muslim World. 99. 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 490–491. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Profiles of many founders of Deoband including Rashid Ahmad Gangohi on darululoom-deoband.com website Retrieved 16 August 2018
^ Reference: Ulema of Deoband. “Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullah Alayh)-P3 – Jamiatul Ulama Gauteng.” Jamiatul Ulama, 25 Aug. 2010, thejamiat.co.za/2010/08/25/hadhrat-maulana-rashid-ahmad-gangohi-rahmatullah-alayh-p3/.
^ Rashed Kandohli, N. H. (2012). Baqiyat Fatāwā Rashīdiyyah. (pp. 37–38). Hazrat Mufti Ilahi Baksh Academy. Retrieved from https://www.banuri.edu.pk/readquestion/qadyani-k-khilaf-hazrat-gangohi-ka-fatwa/11-06-2013
^ Ahmad, Ishtiaque (2020). Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Maulana Azad National Urdu University. pp. 104–105. hdl:10603/338413.
^ Ahmad, Ishtiaque (2020). Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Maulana Azad National Urdu University. pp. 210–212. hdl:10603/338413.
^ Ahmad, Ishtiaque (2020). Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Maulana Azad National Urdu University. pp. 213–241. hdl:10603/338413.
^ Jones, Justin (2023). "Remembrances of Rashīd: life-histories as lessons in the Dēōband movement". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 33 (4): 933–948. doi:10.1017/S1356186322000645. ISSN 1356-1863.
External links
The Academic Education and Spiritual Training of Ḥaḍrat Rashīd Aḥmad Gangōhi
Books Collection
Jones, J. (2023). "Remembrances of Rashid: life-histories as lessons in the Deoband movement". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1–16. doi:10.1017/S1356186322000645. ISSN 1356-1863. S2CID 259878312.
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Ibrahim Raza Khan (1907–1965)
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Abdul Hamid Madarshahi (1869–1920)
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Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi (1900–1962)
Yusuf Kandhlawi (1917–1965)
Shah Ahmad Hasan (1882–1967)
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Mahmood Hasan Gangohi (1907–1996)
Athar Mubarakpuri (1916–1996)
Shamsuddin Qasemi (1935–1996)
Manzoor Nomani (1905–1997)
Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri (1914–1997)
Muhammad Abdullah Ghazi (1935–1998)
Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi (1913–1999)
Ismail Katki (1914–2005)
Nur Uddin Gohorpuri (1924–2005)
Ashraf Ali Bishwanathi (1928–2005)
Kafilur Rahman Nishat Usmani (1942–2006)
Syed Fazlul Karim (1935–2006)
Abdullah Abbas Nadwi (1925–2006)
Sirajussajidin Katki (1939–2006)
Abrarul Haq Haqqi (1920–2006)
Ubaidul Haq (1928–2007)
Anzar Shah Kashmiri (1927–2008)
Obaidul Haque Wazirpuri (1934–2008)
Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi (1848–1917)
Abdul Awwal Jaunpuri (1867–1921)
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Meher Ali Shah (1859–1937)
Ghulamur Rahman Maizbhandari (1865–1937)
Muhammad Ishaq (1883–1938)
Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique (1845–1939)
Abd Allah Siraj (1876–1949)
Khwaja Yunus Ali (1886–1951)
Nesaruddin Ahmad (1873–1952)
Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari (1879–1952)
Mustafa Sabri (1869–1954)
Ghousi Shah (1893–1954)
Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri (1898–1959)
Abdul Batin Jaunpuri (1900–1973)
Momtazuddin Ahmad (1889–1974)
Muhammad Abu Zahra (1898–1974)
Amimul Ehsan Barkati (1911–1974)
Ghulam Mohiyuddin Gilani (1891–1974)
Abul Wafa Al Afghani (1893–1975)
Abdul Majid Daryabadi (1892–1977)
Abul A'la Maududi (1903–1979)
Abdur Rahim Firozpuri (1918–1987)
Muntakhib al-Haqq (fl. 1980s)
Abu Zafar Mohammad Saleh (1915–1990)
Ahmed Muhyuddin Nuri Shah Jilani (1915–1990)
Sayed Moazzem Hossain (1901–1991)
Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi (1909–1992)
Ayub Ali (1919–1995)
Mukhtar Ashraf (1916–1996)
Abdul Haque Faridi (1903–1996)
Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi (1917–1997)
Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda (1917–1997)
Amin Ahsan Islahi (1904–1997)
Ghulam Moinuddin Gilani (1920–1997)
Naeem Siddiqui (1916–2002)
Abdul Latif Fultali (1913–2008)
Muhammad Abdullah (1932–2008)
Naseeruddin Naseer Gilani (1949–2009)15th/21st
Israr Ahmed (1932–2010)
Marghubur Rahman (1914–2010)
Abu Saeed Muhammad Omar Ali (1945–2010)
Zafeeruddin Miftahi (1926–2011)
Azizul Haque (1919–2012)
Abdus Sattar Akon (1929–2012)
Shah Saeed Ahmed Raipuri (1926–2012)
Fazlul Haque Amini (1945–2012)
Wahbi Sulayman Ghawji (1923–2013)
Muhammad Fazal Karim (1954–2013)
Qazi Mu'tasim Billah (1933–2013)
Zubairul Hasan Kandhlawi (1950–2014)
Nurul Islam Farooqi (1959–2014)
Ahmad Naruyi (1963–2014)
Asad Muhammad Saeed as-Sagharji (d. 2015)
Abdur Rahman Chatgami (1920–2015)
Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi (1935–2015)
Abdullah Quraishi Al-Azhari (1935–2015)
Sibtain Raza Khan (1927–2015)
Muhiuddin Khan (1935–2016)
Abdul Jabbar Jahanabadi (1937–2016)
Shah Turab-ul-Haq (1944–2016)
Saleemullah Khan (1921–2017)
Yunus Jaunpuri (1937–2017)
Alauddin Siddiqui (1938–2017)
Muhammad Abdul Wahhab (1923–2018)
Salim Qasmi (1926–2018)
Akhtar Raza Khan (1943–2018)
Iftikhar-ul-Hasan Kandhlawi (1922–2019)
Yusuf Motala (1946–2019)
Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri (1965–2019)
Khalid Mahmud (1925–2020)
Tafazzul Haque Habiganji (1938–2020)
Muhammad Abdus Sobhan (1936–2020)
Abdul Momin Imambari (1930–2020)
Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (1940–2020)
Salman Mazahiri (1946–2020)
Shah Ahmad Shafi (1945–2020)
Adil Khan (1957–2020)
Khadim Hussain Rizvi (1966–2020)
Nur Hossain Kasemi (1945–2020)
Azizur Rahman Hazarvi (1948–2020)
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Usman Mansoorpuri (1944–2021)
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Wali Rahmani (1943–2021)
Ebrahim Desai (1963–2021)
Abdus Salam Chatgami (1943–2021)
Abdur Razzaq Iskander (1935–2021)
Nurul Islam Jihadi (1916–2021)
Faizul Waheed (1964–2021)
Wahiduddin Khan (1925–2021)
AbdulWahid Rigi (d. 2022)
Abdul Halim Bukhari (1945–2022)
Rafi Usmani (1936–2022)
Delwar Hossain Sayeedi (1940–2023)
Shahidul Islam (1960–2023)
Living
Saifur Rahman Nizami (b. 1916)
Ghulam Rasool Jamaati (b. 1923)
Syed Waheed Ashraf (b. 1933)
Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani (b. 1935)
Muhibbullah Babunagari (b. 1935)
Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri (b. 1935)
Abdul Qadir Pakistani (b. 1935)
Yusuf Ziya Kavakçı (b. 1938)
Madni Miyan (b. 1938)
Sultan Zauq Nadvi (b. 1939)
Zia Uddin (b. 1941)
Taqi Usmani (b. 1943)
Kamaluddin Zafree (b. 1945)
Muneeb-ur-Rehman (b. 1945)
Qamaruzzaman Azmi (b. 1946)
Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi (b. 1946)
Abul Qasim Nomani (b. 1947)
Idrees Dahiri (b. 1947)
Farid Uddin Chowdhury (b. 1947)
Farid Uddin Masood (b. 1950)
Mahmudul Hasan (b. 1950)
Mukhtaruddin Shah (b. 1950)
Ilyas Qadri (b. 1950)
Kafeel Ahmad Qasmi (b. 1951)
Tahir-ul-Qadri (b. 1951)
Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi (b. 1953)
Tariq Jamil (b. 1953)
Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi (b. 1953)
Sufyan Qasmi (b. 1954)
Nurul Islam Walipuri (b. 1955)
Sajjad Nomani (b. 1955)
Ghousavi Shah (b. 1955)
Ameen Mian Quadri (b. 1955)
Pir Sabir Shah (b. 1955)
Abu Taher Misbah (b. 1956)
Kaukab Noorani Okarvi (b. 1957)
Hamid Saeed Kazmi (b. 1957)
Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi (b. 1957)
AFM Khalid Hossain (b. 1959)
Najibul Bashar Maizbhandari (b. 1959)
Abdul Aziz Ghazi]] (b. 1960)
Shakir Ali Noori (b. 1960)
Ruhul Amin (b. 1962)
Mizanur Rahman Sayed (b. 1963)
Hanif Jalandhari (b. 1963)
Sajidur Rahman (b. 1964)
Ibrahim Mogra (b. 1965)
Saad Kandhlawi (b. 1965)
Faiz-ul-Aqtab Siddiqi (b. 1967)
Arshad Misbahi (b. 1968)
Abu Reza Nadwi (b. 1968)
Muhammad Abdul Malek (b. 1969)
Mahfuzul Haque (b. 1969)
Ilyas Ghuman (b. 1969)
Qasim Rashid Ahmad (b. 1970)
Asjad Raza Khan (b. 1970)
Syed Rezaul Karim (b. 1971)
Riyadh ul Haq (b. 1971)
Obaidullah Hamzah (b. 1972)
Raza Saqib Mustafai (b. 1972)
Manzoor Mengal (b. 1973)
Syed Faizul Karim (b. 1973)
Mamunul Haque (b. 1973)
Husamuddin Fultali (b. 1974)
Abdur Rahman Mangera (b. 1974)
Faraz Rabbani (b. 1974)
Adnan Kakakhail (b. 1975)
Muhammad al-Kawthari (b. 1976)
Amer Jamil (b. 1977)
Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi (b. 1982)
Shahinur Pasha Chowdhury (b. 1985)
Abbas Siddiqui (b. 1987)
Kaif Raza Khan (b. 2001)
Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi
Tauqeer Raza Khan
Subhan Raza Khan
Abdul Malek Halim
Izharul Islam Chowdhury
Amjad M. Mohammed
Anwar-ul-Haq Haqqani
Mukarram Ahmad
Abdul Khabeer Azad
Muzaffar Qadri
Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence
Hanbali
Maliki
Shafi'i
Zahiri
vteMaturidi school of Sunni theologyMaturidi scholars3rd AH/9th AD
Abu Bakr al-Samarqandi (d. 268 AH)
Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 333 AH)
Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi (d. 342 AH)
Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. 379 AH)
Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (d. 396 AH)
4th AH/10th AD
Abu Zayd al-Dabusi (d. 429 AH)
Ali Hujwiri (d. 464 AH)
Yūsuf Balasaguni (d. 469 AH)
Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi (d. 482 AH)
Al-Sarakhsi (d. 483 AH)
Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 493 AH)
5th AH/11th AD
Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi (d. 508 AH)
Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 534 AH)
Yusuf Hamadani (d. 535 AH)
Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami (d. 536 AH)
Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH)
Ahmad Yasawi (d. 561 AH)
Nur al-Din Zengi (d. 569 AH)
Siraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 575 AH)
Nur al-Din al-Sabuni (d. 580 AH)
Fatima al-Samarqandi (d. 581 AH)
Al-Kasani (d. 587 AH)
Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi (d. 593 AH)
6th AH/12th AD
Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi (d. beginning of the 6th century AH)
Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa (d. 624 AH)
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (d. 632 AH)
Mu'in al-Din Chishti (d. 633 AH)
Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi (d. 659 AH)
Baba Farid (d. 664 AH)
Rumi (d. 671 AH)
Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi (d. after 690 AH)
7th AH/13th AD
Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 710 AH)
Sultan Walad (d. 711 AH)
Nizamuddin Auliya (d. 725 AH)
Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 747 AH)
Akmal al-Din al-Babarti (d. 786 AH)
Baha' al-Din Naqshband (d. 791 AH)
Kadi Burhan al-Din (d. 800 AH)
8th AH/14th AD
Bande Nawaz (d. 825 AH)
Shams al-Din al-Fanari (d. 834 AH)
'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (d. 841 AH)
Yaqub al-Charkhi (d. 851 AH)
Ahmad ibn Arabshah (d. 861 AH)
Badr al-Din al-'Ayni (d. 855 AH)
Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam (d. 861 AH)
Khidr Bey (d. 863 AH)
Ali al-Bistami (d. 874 AH)
'Ali al-Qushji (d. 879 AH)
Mehmed II (d. 886 AH)
Khwaja Ahrar (d. 895 AH)
9th AH/15th AD
Ali-Shir Nava'i (d. 906 AH)
Husayn Kashifi (d. 910 AH)
Ibn Kemal (d. 940 AH)
Abdul Quddus Gangohi (d. 943 AH)
Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī (d. 955 AH)
Taşköprüzade (d. 968 AH)
Muhammad Birgivi (d. 980 AH)
Ebussuud Efendi (d. 982 AH)
10th AH/16th AD
Khwaja Baqi Billah (d. 1011 AH)
'Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH)
Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari (d. 1025 AH)
Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1034 AH)
Mahmud Hudayi (d. 1037 AH)
'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1052 AH)
Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (d. 1061 AH)
'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti (d. 1067 AH)
Wang Daiyu (d. around 1068 AH)
Kâtip Çelebi (d. 1068 AH)
Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji (d. 1069 AH)
Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (d. 1081 AH)
11th AH/17th AD
Aurangzeb (d. 1118 AH)
Ma Zhu (d. around 1123 AH)
Ismail Haqqi Bursevi (d. 1127 AH)
Shah Abdur Rahim (d. 1131 AH)
Liu Zhi of Nanjing (d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH)
Nizamuddin Sihalivi (d. 1161 AH)
Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi (d. 1174 AH)
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1176 AH)
'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (d. 1176 AH)
İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (d. 1193 AH)
Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (d. 1195 AH)
12th AH/18th AD
Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi (d. 1204 AH)
Murtada al-Zabidi (d. 1205 AH)
Sanaullah Panipati (d. 1225 AH)
Ghabdennasir Qursawi (d. 1226 AH)
Ghulam Ali Dehlavi (d. 1239 AH)
Shah Abdul Aziz (d. 1239 AH)
Shah Ismail Dehlvi (d. 1246 AH)
Syed Ahmad Barelvi (d. 1246 AH)
Ibn 'Abidin (d. 1252 AH)
Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi (d. 1257 AH)
Mamluk Ali Nanautawi (d. 1267 AH)
Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1278 AH)
Yusuf Ma Dexin (d. 1291 AH)
Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi (d. 1297 AH)
Naqi Ali Khan (d. 1297 AH)
'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani (d. 1298 AH)
13th AH/19th AD
'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (d. 1304 AH)
Shihab al-Din al-Marjani (d. 1306 AH)
Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi (d. 1308 AH)
Giritli Sırrı Pasha (d. 1312 AH)
Ahmed Cevdet Pasha (d. 1312 AH)
Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (d. 1317 AH)
Abai Qunanbaiuly (d. 1321 AH)
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1323 AH)
Ahmad Hasan Amrohi (d. 1330 AH)
Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui (d. 1335 AH)
Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (d. 1338 AH)
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (d. 1340 AH)
Shakarim Qudayberdiuli (d. 1344 AH)
Muhammad Ali Mungeri (d. 1346 AH)
Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (d. 1346 AH)
Anwar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1352 AH)
Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i (d. 1354 AH)
Fatma Aliye Topuz (d. 1354 AH)
Meher Ali Shah (d. 1356 AH)
Muhammed Hamdi Yazır (d. 1361 AH)
Ashraf Ali Thanwi (d. 1361 AH)
Ubaidullah Sindhi (d. 1364 AH)
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (d. 1368 AH)
Musa Bigiev (d. 1368 AH)
Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari (d. 1371 AH)
Kifayatullah Dehlawi (d. 1371 AH)
Mustafa Sabri (d. 1373 AH)
Husayn Ahmad al-Madani (d. 1377 AH)
Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan (d. 1378 AH)
Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen (d. 1391 AH)
Muhammad Abu Zahra (d. 1394 AH)
Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi (d. 1395 AH)
Abul Wafa Al Afghani (d. 1395 AH)
Abdul Majid Daryabadi (d. 1397 AH)
14th AH/20th AD
Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi (d. 1402 AH)
Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi (d. 1403 AH)
Abdul Haq Akorwi (d. 1409 AH)
Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi (d. 1412 AH)
Muhammad Ayyub Ali (d. 1415 AH)
Anzar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1428 AH)
Wahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436 AH)
Muhammad Salim Qasmi (d. 1439 AH)
Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (d. 1441 AH)
Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442 AH)
Nur Hossain Kasemi (d. 1442 AH)
Usmankhan Alimov (d. 1443 AH)
Muhammad Rafi' Usmani
Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri
Muhammad Taqi Usmani
Husein Kavazović
Salah Mezhiev
Theology books
Al-Fiqh al-Akbar
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Han Kitab
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Kutadgu Bilig
Tafsir al-Mazhari
Izhar ul-Haqq
Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad
Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili
See also
2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
2020 International Maturidi Conference
Ahl al-Ra'y
Kalam
Tawhid
Gedimu
Firangi Mahal
Deobandi
Barelvi
Maturidi-related templates
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Islamic theology
Authority control databases International
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İslâm Ansiklopedisi
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people"},{"link_name":"Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi"},{"link_name":"Islamic scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_scholar"},{"link_name":"Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi_movement"},{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faqih"},{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_studies"},{"link_name":"Fatawa-e-Rashidiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatawa-e-Rashidiya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani_eng-2"},{"link_name":"Abu Ayyub al-Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Ansari"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautawi"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Ali Nanautawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Ali_Nanautawi"},{"link_name":"Sufi disciples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murid"},{"link_name":"Haji Imdadullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Imdadullah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sahih al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Jami` at-Tirmidhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%60_at-Tirmidhi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi"},{"link_name":"Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lami_al-Darari_ala_Jami_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Al-Kawakib al-Durri sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kawakib_al-Durri_sharh_Jami_al-Tirmidhi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Rashīd Aḥmad ibn Hidāyat Aḥmad Ayyūbī Anṣārī Gangohī (1826 – 11 August 1905) (Urdu: مولانا رشید احمد گنگوہی) was an Indian Deobandi Islamic scholar, a leading figure of the Deobandi jurist and scholar of hadith, author of Fatawa-e-Rashidiya.[2] His lineage reaches back to Abu Ayyub al-Ansari.[4][5]Along with Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi he was a pupil of Mamluk Ali Nanautawi. Both studied the books of hadith under Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi and later became Sufi disciples of Haji Imdadullah.[6] His lectures on Sahih al-Bukhari and Jami` at-Tirmidhi were recorded by his student Muhammad Yahya Kandhlawi, later edited, arranged, and commented on by Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi, and published as Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari and Al-Kawakib al-Durri sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi.[7]","title":"Rashid Ahmad Gangohi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani_eng-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"kunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Ayub Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Ansari"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haqislam-1"}],"text":"In Tazkiratur Rashid his name and nasab is given as follows: Rashīd Aḥmad ibn Hidāyat Aḥmad[note 1] ibn Qāẓī Pīr Bak͟hsh ibn Qāẓī G͟hulām Ḥasan ibn Qāẓī G͟hulām ‘Alī ibn Qāẓī ‘Alī Akbar ibn Qāẓī Muḥammad Aslam al-Anṣārī al-Ayyūbī.[8] In the biographical work Nuzhat al-Khawatir he is mentioned with the nisbats \"al-Anṣārī, al-Ḥanafī, ar-Rāmpūrī then al-Gangohī\".[9][2] In the introduction to al-Kawkab ad-Durri he is mentioned as \"Mawlānā Abī Mas‘ūd Rashīd Aḥmad al-Anṣārī al-Ayyūbī al-Kankawhī al-Ḥanafī al-Jishtī an-Naqshbandī al-Qādirī as-Suhrawardī\".[10]His given name was Rashid Ahmad; Abu Masud was his kunya.[citation needed] His heritage can be traced back to Prophet Muhammad's companion Ayub Ansari.[1]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gangoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangoh"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani_eng-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kandhlawi-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rizvi_eng-13"},{"link_name":"mahallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahallah"},{"link_name":"Abdul Quddus Gangohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Quddus_Gangohi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"Maulana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana"},{"link_name":"Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansari_(nisbat)"},{"link_name":"Abu Ayyub al-Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Ansari"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haqislam-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"Rampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampur,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Qazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"Islamic scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_scholar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"tasawwuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasawwuf"},{"link_name":"Shah Ghulam Ali Mujaddidi Dihlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Ghulam_Ali_Mujaddidi_Dihlawi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rizvi_eng-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kandhlawi-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kandhlawi-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kandhlawi-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"Karnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani_eng-2"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Ali Nanautawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Ali_Nanautawi"},{"link_name":"Delhi College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakir_Husain_Delhi_College"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautawi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rizvi_eng-13"},{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"tafsir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirathi-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani_eng-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pan-Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Islamism"},{"link_name":"subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hindu culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_culture"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"British rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Kufr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufr"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazahir_Uloom_Saharanpur"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darululoom-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haqislam-1"}],"text":"Rashid Ahmad was born on Monday, 6 Dhu al-Qi'dah 1244 AH (1826 AD) in Gangoh, Saharanpur District, British India (in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India).[2][8][9][11][12] He was born in the mahallah of Sarai, close to the tomb of Abdul Quddus Gangohi.[8] Both his father Maulana Hidayat Ahmad and his mother Karimun Nisa belonged to Ansari Ayyubi families, claiming descent from Abu Ayyub al-Ansari RadiAllahu 'anhu.[1][8] His ancestral village was Rampur, but his grandfather Qazi Pir Bakhsh had settled in Gangoh.[8]Hidayat Ahmad was an Islamic scholar connected to the Waliullahi tradition,[8] and in tasawwuf (Sufism) an authorized khalifah (successor) of Shah Ghulam Ali Mujaddidi Dihlawi.[8][12] He died in 1252 AH (1836) at the age of 35, when Rashid was seven.[8] A few years later Rashid's younger brother Sa'id Ahmad also died, at the age of nine.After the death of Hidayat Ahmad the responsibility for Rashid's upbringing fell to his grandfather Qazi Pir Bakhsh.[8][11] He also had four maternal uncles: Muhammad Naqi, Muhammad Taqi, Abdul Ghani, and Muhammad Shafi.[8] He was especially close to Abdul Ghani, who took on a fatherly role for him.[citation needed] He also had a close friendship with his younger cousin, Abun Nasr, son of Abdul Ghani's.[citation needed]Rashid Ahmad received his elementary education from a local teacher, Miyanji Qutb Bakhsh Gangohi.[11] He read the Qur'an in Gangoh, probably at home with his mother.[11] Then he studied the primary Persian books with his older brother Inayat Ahmad.[8] He completed Persian studies in Karnal with his maternal uncle Muhammad Taqi,[8][9] and also partly with Muhammad Ghaus.[8] Afterwards he studied the primary books of Arabic grammar (sarf and nahw) with Muhammad Bakhsh Rampuri,[8][9] on whose encouragement he then traveled to Delhi in pursuit of knowledge in 1261 AH (1845), at the age of 17.[8]After arriving in Delhi he studied Arabic with Qazi Ahmaduddin Punjabi Jehlami.[8][9][2] Afterwards he attended the classes of different teachers before becoming a pupil of Mamluk Ali Nanautawi, a scholar of the Shah Waliullah line, and a professor at Delhi College. It was in this period that Rashid Ahmad met and developed a close companionship with Mamluk Ali's nephew, Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi. Both were private pupils of Mamluk Ali. After he completed his studies with Mamluk Ali, he stayed a few more years in Delhi to study under other teachers. He became a pupil of Mufti Sadruddin Azurdah, with whom he studied some books of the ulum-i aqliyah (rational sciences).[12] He studied the books of hadith and tafsir under Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi. Shah Ahmad Sa'id, the older brother of Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi, was also among his teachers.[8][9][2]After four years in Delhi, Rashid returned home to Gangoh.[citation needed] He married Khadijah, daughter of his uncle Muhammad Naqi, at the age of 21. It was not until after his marriage that he memorized the Qur'an. He then travelled to Thana Bhawan, where he gave bay'ah (allegiance) at the hand of Haji Imdadullah in the Sufi path. He remained in Imdadullah's company and service for 42 days. When he prepared to leave for Gangoh, Imdadullah held his hand and gave him permission to take disciples.[citation needed]While Nanautawi and Gangohi are often mentioned as co-founders of Darul Uloom Deoband, Rizvi writes that there is no historical evidence that Gangohi played a role in its establishment in 1283 AH.[citation needed] However, due to his close relationship with Nanautawi and others involved, it is unlikely that he was unaware of its founding.[citation needed] Rizvi cites a record of Gangohi's written inspection of the madrasah on 3 Rajab 1285 AH as the earliest evidence for his formal relationship with the madrasah. It was also common for graduates of the madrasah to attend Rashid Ahmad's hadith lectures in Gangoh.[citation needed]Alongside Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi, Gangohi's efforts were instrumental in fostering a transnational, pan-Islamic consciousness in the subcontinent amongst the educated middle classes; during an era of increasing connectivity and arrival of new technologies of communication.[citation needed] He forbade Muslims from engaging in various customs which he regarded as stemming from Hindu culture and criticised those Muslims \"who retained trappings of ‘Hindu’ culture and lifestyles\"; whether in clothing or lifestyle. As a strong opponent of the British rule; Gangohi also fiercely denounced the singing of patriotic British songs in English schools; denouncing it as an act of Kufr (disbelief).[13]In 1297 AH, after the death of Qasim, Rashid was made sarparast (patron) of Darul Uloom Deoband. From 1314 AH he was also sarparast of the Darul Uloom's sister madrasah, Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur.[14]In 1314 AH he also lost his eye-sight and became blind. In 1323 AH during the Tahujjad prayers (predawn prayers), he was bitten by a highly venemous snake.[15] This led to him later dying on (the same day) Friday, 8 Jumada II 1323 AH (1905 AD) after the Adhan (call for prayer) for the Friday prayer.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Rashid Ahmad Gangohi pronounced Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani a deceiver (Dajjal) and his followers kuffar (disbelievers). [16]","title":"Fatwa Regarding Qadianis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashraf Ali Thanwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"His biographical works include: Yaad Yaraan by Ashraf Ali Thanwi and Habibur Rahman Usmani,[17] Wasl al-Habeeb ma'a Wasī'at Nāmah wa Qaṣīdat Mudḥiḥa by Aashiq-e-Ilahi Mirathi,[18] Tazkiratur Rashid by Aashiq-e-Ilahi Mirathi.[19][20]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"}],"text":"^ Arabic: هدايت أحمد, Hidāyat Aḥmad, or هداية أحمد, Hidāyah Aḥmad","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari"},{"title":"Majid Ali Jaunpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majid_Ali_Jaunpuri"},{"title":"Hussain Ahmed Madani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Ahmed_Madani"},{"title":"Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhannad_%27ala_al-Mufannad"},{"title":"Masjid-e-Rasheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid-e-Rasheed"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The Epitome of Shari'ah and Tariqah: Shaykh Rashid Ahmad al-Gangohi\". Deoband.org website. Translated into English by Ismaeel Nakhuda. 26 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deoband.org/2009/04/history/biographies-of-scholars/the-epitome-of-sharia-and-tariqa/","url_text":"\"The Epitome of Shari'ah and Tariqah: Shaykh Rashid Ahmad al-Gangohi\""}]},{"reference":"Nizampuri, Ashraf Ali (2013). The Hundred (Bangla Mayer Eksho Kritishontan) (1st ed.). Salman Publishers. p. 29. ISBN 978-112009250-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-112009250-2","url_text":"978-112009250-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Al-'Alam by al-Zirikli\". shamela.ws.","urls":[{"url":"https://shamela.ws/index.php/author/3035","url_text":"\"Al-'Alam by al-Zirikli\""}]},{"reference":"Ingram, Brannon (2018), Kassam, Zayn R.; Greenberg, Yudit Kornberg; Bagli, Jehan (eds.), \"Rashīd Aḥmad Gangohī\", Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism, Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 580–582, doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_860, ISBN 978-94-024-1267-3, retrieved 15 October 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_860","url_text":"\"Rashīd Aḥmad Gangohī\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1267-3_860","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-024-1267-3","url_text":"978-94-024-1267-3"}]},{"reference":"Al-ghazali, Muhammad (1988–2016). \"GENGÛHÎ, Reşîd Ahmed\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/arama/?q=GENG%C3%9BH%C3%8E%2C+Re%C5%9F%C3%AEd+Ahmed","url_text":"\"GENGÛHÎ, Reşîd Ahmed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam","url_text":"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs","url_text":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation"}]},{"reference":"‘Āshiq Ilāhī Mīraṭhī (1908). تذکرۃ الرشید / Taẕkiratur-Rashīd (in Urdu). Sāḍhaurah: Bilālī Sṭīm [Bilali Steam].","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TazkeraTurRasheedPartI","url_text":"تذکرۃ الرشید / Taẕkiratur-Rashīd"}]},{"reference":"‘Abd al-Ḥayy ibn Fakhr ad-Dīn al-Ḥasanī; Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī al-Ḥasanī an-Nadwī (1999). \"الشيخ العلامة رشيد أحمد الگنگوهي / ash-Shaykh al-'Allāmah Rashīd Aḥmad al-Gangohī\". نزهة الخواطر وبهجة المسامع والنواظر / Nuzhat al-khawāṭir wa-bahjat al-masāmi' wa-al-nawāẓir (in Arabic). Vol. 8 (1st ed.). Bayrūt: Dār Ibn Ḥazm. pp. 1229–1231.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Muhammad Yahya ibn Muhammad Ismail al-Kandahlawi; Rashid Ahmad al-Kankawhi; Muhammad Zakariya al-Kandahlawi. \"مقدمة المحشي / Muqaddimat al-Muhashshi\". الكوكب الدري على جامع الترمذي / al-Kawkab ad-durrī 'alá Jāmi' at-Tirmidhī (in Arabic). p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Muḥammad Zakarīyā Kāndhlawī (1973). \"حضرت اقدس مولانا رشید احمد صاحب گنگوہی / Haẓrat Aqdas Maulānā Rashīd Aḥmad Ṣaḥib Gangohī\". تاریخ مشائخ چشت / Tārīk͟h Mashā'ik͟h-i Chisht (in Urdu). Biharabad, Karachi: Maktabatush-Shaik͟h.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sayyid Mahbub Rizvi (1980). History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband. Vol. 1. Translated by Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi. Dar al-Ulum, Deoband: Idara-e Ihtemam.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ingram, Brannon (July 2009). \"Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism\". The Muslim World. 99. 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 490–491. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2009.01281.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x"}]},{"reference":"Ahmad, Ishtiaque (2020). Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Maulana Azad National Urdu University. pp. 104–105. hdl:10603/338413.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtiaque_Ahmad_Qasmi","url_text":"Ahmad, Ishtiaque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Azad_National_Urdu_University","url_text":"Maulana Azad National Urdu University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F338413","url_text":"10603/338413"}]},{"reference":"Ahmad, Ishtiaque (2020). Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Maulana Azad National Urdu University. pp. 210–212. hdl:10603/338413.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtiaque_Ahmad_Qasmi","url_text":"Ahmad, Ishtiaque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Azad_National_Urdu_University","url_text":"Maulana Azad National Urdu University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F338413","url_text":"10603/338413"}]},{"reference":"Ahmad, Ishtiaque (2020). Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Maulana Azad National Urdu University. pp. 213–241. hdl:10603/338413.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtiaque_Ahmad_Qasmi","url_text":"Ahmad, Ishtiaque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Azad_National_Urdu_University","url_text":"Maulana Azad National Urdu University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F338413","url_text":"10603/338413"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Justin (2023). \"Remembrances of Rashīd: life-histories as lessons in the Dēōband movement\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 33 (4): 933–948. doi:10.1017/S1356186322000645. ISSN 1356-1863.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/remembrances-of-rashid-lifehistories-as-lessons-in-the-deoband-movement/4E23C49DC34DA9D102FC0E365BE84F74","url_text":"\"Remembrances of Rashīd: life-histories as lessons in the Dēōband movement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186322000645","url_text":"10.1017/S1356186322000645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863","url_text":"1356-1863"}]},{"reference":"Jones, J. (2023). \"Remembrances of Rashid: life-histories as lessons in the Deoband movement\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1–16. doi:10.1017/S1356186322000645. ISSN 1356-1863. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Milhaud
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Darius Milhaud
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["1 Life and career","2 Works","3 Notable students","4 Archival collections","5 Selected filmography","6 Legacy","7 Bibliography","8 References","9 External links"]
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French composer, conductor and teacher (1892–1974)
"Milhaud" redirects here. For the commune in the Gard, see Milhaud, Gard. For other uses, see Milhaud (disambiguation).
Darius MilhaudMilhaud in 1923Born(1892-09-04)4 September 1892Marseille, FranceDied22 June 1974(1974-06-22) (aged 81)Geneva, SwitzerlandEducationParis ConservatoryOccupationsComposerConductorAcademic teacherWorksList of compositionsSpouseMadeleine Milhaud MilhaudChildren1
Darius Milhaud (French: ; 4 September 1892 – 22 June 1974) was a French composer, conductor, and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—also known as The Group of Six—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century. His compositions are influenced by jazz and Brazilian music and make extensive use of polytonality. Milhaud is considered one of the key modernist composers. A renowned teacher, he taught many future jazz and classical composers, including Burt Bacharach, Dave Brubeck, Philip Glass, Steve Reich, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Iannis Xenakis among others.
Life and career
Milhaud was born in Marseille, the son of Sophie (Allatini) and Gad Gabriel Milhaud. Nevertheless, he grew up in Aix-en-Provence, which he regarded as his true ancestral city. His was a long-established Jewish family of the Comtat Venaissin—a secluded region of Provence—with roots traceable there at least to the 15th century. On his father's side, Milhaud's Jewish lineage was thus neither Ashkenazi nor Sephardi, but rather specifically Provençal—dating to Jewish settlement in that part of southern France as early as the first centuries of the Common Era. Milhaud's mother, however, was partly Sephardi on her father's side; according to the obituary in the NYT, his mother was from a Sephardi Jewish family from Italy.
Milhaud began as a violinist, later turning to composition instead. Milhaud studied in Paris at the Paris Conservatory where he met his fellow group members Arthur Honegger and Germaine Tailleferre. He studied composition under Charles Widor and harmony and counterpoint with André Gedalge. He also studied privately with Vincent d'Indy. From 1917 to 1919, he served as secretary to Paul Claudel, the eminent poet and dramatist who was then the French ambassador to Brazil, and with whom Milhaud collaborated for many years, setting music for many of Claudel's poems and plays. While in Brazil, they collaborated on a ballet, L'Homme et son désir.
On his return to France, Milhaud composed works influenced by the Brazilian popular music he had heard, including compositions of Brazilian pianist and composer Ernesto Nazareth. Le Bœuf sur le toit includes melodies by Nazareth and other popular Brazilian composers of the time, and evokes the sounds of Carnaval. Among the melodies is, in fact, a Carnaval tune by the name of "The Bull on the Roof" (in Portuguese, which he translated to French 'Le boeuf sur le toit', known in English as 'The Ox on the Roof'). He also produced Saudades do Brasil, a suite of twelve dances evoking twelve neighborhoods in Rio de Janeiro. Shortly after the original piano version appeared, he orchestrated the suite.
Contemporary European influences were also important. Milhaud dedicated his Fifth String Quartet (1920) to Arnold Schoenberg, and the following year conducted both the French and British premieres of Pierrot lunaire after multiple rehearsals. And on a trip to the United States in 1922, Milhaud heard "authentic" jazz for the first time, on the streets of Harlem, which left a great impact on his musical outlook. The following year, he completed his composition La création du monde (The Creation of the World), using ideas and idioms from jazz, cast as a ballet in six continuous dance scenes.
In 1925, Milhaud married his cousin, Madeleine (1902–2008), an actress and reciter. In 1930 she gave birth to a son, the painter and sculptor Daniel Milhaud, who was the couple's only child.
The invasion of France by Nazi Germany forced the Milhauds to leave France in 1940 and emigrate to the United States (his Jewish background made it impossible for Milhaud to return to his native country until after its liberation). He secured a teaching post at Mills College in Oakland, California, where he composed the opera Bolivar (1943) and collaborated with Henri Temianka and the Paganini Quartet. In an extraordinary concert there in 1949, the Budapest Quartet performed the composer's 14th String Quartet, followed by the Paganini Quartet's performance of his 15th; and then both ensembles played the two pieces together as an octet. The following year, these same pieces were performed at the Aspen Music Festival in Colorado, by the Paganini and Juilliard String Quartets.
Jazz pianist Dave Brubeck became one of Milhaud's most famous students when Brubeck furthered his music studies at Mills College in the late 1940s. In a February 2010 interview with JazzWax, Brubeck said he attended Mills, a women's college (men were allowed in graduate programs), specifically to study with Milhaud, saying, "Milhaud was an enormously gifted classical composer and teacher who loved jazz and incorporated it into his work. My older brother Howard was his assistant and had taken all of his classes." Brubeck named his first son Darius.
In 1947 Milhaud was among the founders of the Music Academy of the West summer conservatory, where popular songwriter Burt Bacharach was among his students. Milhaud told Bacharach, "Don't be afraid of writing something people can remember and whistle. Don't ever feel discomfited by a melody."
From 1947 to 1971, he taught alternate years at Mills and the Paris Conservatoire, until poor health, which caused him to use a wheelchair during his later years (beginning in the 1930s), compelled him to retire. He also taught on the faculty of the Aspen Music Festival and School. As well as Brubeck, his students included William Bolcom, Steve Reich, Katharine Mulky Warne, and Regina Hansen Willman. He died in Geneva at the age of 81, and he was buried in the Saint-Pierre Cemetery in Aix-en-Provence.
Works
See also: List of compositions by Darius Milhaud
Suite d'après corrette (0:29)
Suite for oboe, clarinet and bassoon, Op. 161b (1937); after the incidental music Jules César, Op. 158 (1936)
Darius Milhaud was very prolific and composed for a wide range of genres. His opus list ended at 443.
Milhaud (like such contemporaries as Hindemith, Malipiero, Henry Cowell, Hovhaness, Martinů, and Villa-Lobos) was an extremely rapid creator, for whom the art of writing music seemed almost as natural as breathing. His most popular works include Le bœuf sur le toit (a ballet that lent its name to the legendary cabaret frequented by Milhaud and other members of Les Six), La création du monde (a ballet for small orchestra with solo saxophone, influenced by jazz), Scaramouche (a suite for two pianos, also for alto saxophone or clarinet and orchestra), and Saudades do Brasil (a dance suite). His autobiography is titled Notes sans musique (Notes Without Music), later revised as Ma vie heureuse (My Happy Life).
Notable students
For Milhaud's notable students, see List of music students by teacher: K to M § Darius Milhaud.
Archival collections
There is a Darius Milhaud Collection at Mills College in California.
Papers for the Darius Milhaud Society, formed by Milhaud's student Katharine Mulky Warne, are archived at Cleveland State University.
There is another Darius Milhaud Collection at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts in New York City.
Seymour Fromer Collection at the Western Jewish History Center of the Judah L. Magnes Museum, in Berkeley, California, has librettos for Milhaud's opera, David, as well as a program for its American premiere, in Los Angeles at the Hollywood Bowl, and photocopies of newspaper coverage in the B'nai B'rith Messenger of Los Angeles of this event (1956).
Selected filmography
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The Beloved Vagabond (1915)
L'Inhumaine (1924)
Land Without Bread (1933)
Tartarin of Tarascon (1934)
Madame Bovary (1934)
The Beloved Vagabond (1936)
The Citadel of Silence (1937)
Rasputin (1938)
Mollenard (1938)
The Mayor's Dilemma (1939)
Espoir: Sierra de Teruel (1945)
The Private Affairs of Bel Ami (1947)
Dreams That Money Can Buy (1947)
Dieu a choisi Paris (1969)
Legacy
Writing in his Guide to Twentieth Century Music, critic Mark Morris described Milhaud's work as "one of the unassessed quantities of 20th century music. For as one of its most prolific composers (around 450 works), the quality of his music is so patently uneven that the reputation for the banal and the shallow has masked what is or might be (given the paucity of performances) both inspired and fascinating." For a composer of acknowledged influence and significance, a number of his pieces lack contemporary professional recordings, such as the second Viola Concerto – a consequence perhaps of his prolific and uneven output.
Lycée intercommunal Darius-Milhaud near Paris is named after him.
Bibliography
Deborah Mawer: Darius Milhaud. Modality and Structure in Music of the 1920s (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997)
Barbara L. Kelly: Tradition and Style in the Works of Darius Milhaud (1912–1939) (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003)
References
^ Reinhold Brinkmann & Christoph Wolff, Driven into Paradise: The Musical Migration from Nazi Germany to the United States (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1999), 133. ISBN 0-520-21413-7.
^ Portrait(s) of Darius Milhaud. Darius Milhaud Society. 24 January 2002. ISBN 978-0-9719037-0-8 – via Google Books.
^ a b Neil W. Levin
^ "Darius Milhaud". Milken Archive of Jewish Music.
^ "Darius Milhaud, Rebel Composer, Dies". The New York Times. 25 June 1974.
^ Milhaud 1967, p. .
^ "Milhaud Quartets Volume 2 TROUBADISC TRO-CD 01410 Classical Music Reviews: July 2020 - MusicWeb-International". www.musicweb-international.com.
^ British Music and Modernism, 1895–1960, Riley, Matthew (ed), pp. 225–226]
^ a b "Milhaud – La création du monde". Pomona College, Department of Music. 1999. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2006..
^ The Independent. Obituary, 31 March 2008. London.
^ "Darius Milhaud" in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 3, ed. Stanley Sadie (Oxford University Press, 2001)
^ Madeleine and Darius Milhaud, Hélène and Henri Hoppenot, Conversation: Correspondance 1918–1974, complétée par des pages du Journal d'Hélène Hoppenot, ed. Marie France Mousli (Paris: Gallimard, 2006), pp. 182–184.
^ Mills College program of 10 August 1949, in Archives of Henri Temianka Estate.
^ Aspen Institute program of 26 July 1950, in Archives of Henri Temianka Estate.
^ Brubeck interview.
^ Greenberg, Robert (26 August 2019). "Music History Monday: Lotte Lehmann". robertgreenbergmusic.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
^ Cucos 2005, p. 200.
^ Cucos 2005, p. 205.
^ Centre Darius Milhaud: Cimetière Saint Pierre.
^ "Seymour Fromer collection on Darius Milhaud's David, 1954–1975", Western Jewish History Center
^ "Making Things Happen: The American Premiere of Darius Milhaud's Opera David (1956) Archived 11 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Western Jewish History Center
^ "Mark Morris's Guide to Twentieth Century Composers – MusicWeb-International".
Sources
Cucos, Mihai (Winter 2005). "A Few Points about Burt Bacharach ...". Perspectives of New Music. 43 (1): 198–211. doi:10.1353/pnm.2005.0004. JSTOR 25164577. S2CID 258130151.
Milhaud, Darius (1967). Notes Without Music: An Autobiography. Translated by Donald Evans. London: Calder and Boyars. (French version published in 1953)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Darius Milhaud.
Complete categorized list of Darius Milhaud's composed works, with opus numbers
Darius Milhaud biography and works, Universal Edition
Biography and audio from Service Sacrée, Milken Archive of American Jewish Music
Darius Milhaud 1892–1974 by Ronald Crichton. The Musical Times, August 1974
The Boeuf Chronicles – How the ox got on the roof: Darius Milhaud and the Brazilian sources of "Le Boeuf sur le Toit" by Daniella Thompson
Darius Milhaud's maximum card from Israel Archived 16 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
"Darius Milhaud (biography, works, resources)" (in French and English). IRCAM.
Free scores by Darius Milhaud at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
vteDarius MilhaudList of compositionsOperas
L'Orestie d'Eschyle
Christophe Colomb
L'abandon d'Ariane
La Délivrance de Thésée
La mère coupable
Le pauvre matelot
David
Ballets
La création du monde
Le Bœuf sur le toit
Les mariés de la tour Eiffel
L'éventail de Jeanne
L'Homme et son désir
Le Train bleu
Symphonies
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3 ("Te Deum")
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8 ("Rhôdanienne")
No. 9
No. 10
No. 11 ("Romantique")
No. 12 ("La Rurale")
No. 13 ("Pacem in terris")
Little Symphonies
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
Orchestra works
Saudades do Brasil
Suite provençale
Incidental and film music
Days of Hope
Dreams That Money Can Buy
Judith
Land Without Bread
La Tragédie impériale
Le jeu de Robin et Marion
Le Voyageur sans bagage
Love Cavalcade
Madame Bovary
Mollenard
The Beloved Vagabond
The Citadel of Silence
The Private Affairs of Bel Ami
Chamber music
La cheminée du roi René
Scaramouche
Sonata for flute, oboe, clarinet and piano
Piano music
Le Bœuf sur le toit
Saudades do Brasil
Collaborations
Genesis Suite
Homage to Paderewski
L'Album des Six
Les mariés de la tour Eiffel
L'éventail de Jeanne
Mouvements du coeur
Variations sur le nom de Marguerite Long
Named for Milhaud
Lycée intercommunal Darius-Milhaud
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For the commune in the Gard, see Milhaud, Gard. For other uses, see Milhaud (disambiguation).Darius Milhaud (French: [daʁjys mijo]; 4 September 1892 – 22 June 1974) was a French composer, conductor, and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—also known as The Group of Six—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century. His compositions are influenced by jazz and Brazilian music and make extensive use of polytonality. Milhaud is considered one of the key modernist composers.[1] A renowned teacher, he taught many future jazz and classical composers, including Burt Bacharach, Dave Brubeck, Philip Glass, Steve Reich, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Iannis Xenakis among others.","title":"Darius Milhaud"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levin-3"},{"link_name":"Comtat Venaissin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi"},{"link_name":"Sephardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levin-3"},{"link_name":"NYT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYT"},{"link_name":"Sephardi Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jewish"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Paris Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"Arthur Honegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honegger"},{"link_name":"Germaine Tailleferre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Tailleferre"},{"link_name":"composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition"},{"link_name":"Charles Widor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Widor"},{"link_name":"harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony"},{"link_name":"counterpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpoint"},{"link_name":"André Gedalge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gedalge"},{"link_name":"Vincent d'Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy"},{"link_name":"Paul Claudel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Claudel"},{"link_name":"L'Homme et son désir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Homme_et_son_d%C3%A9sir"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilhaud1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (August_2021)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-6"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Nazareth"},{"link_name":"Le Bœuf sur le toit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_B%C5%93uf_sur_le_toit"},{"link_name":"Carnaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"Saudades do Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudades_do_Brasil"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pierrot lunaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCmonde-9"},{"link_name":"La création du monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_cr%C3%A9ation_du_monde"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCmonde-9"},{"link_name":"Madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Milhaud"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#Liberation_of_France"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoppenot-12"},{"link_name":"Mills College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_College"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"Henri Temianka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Temianka"},{"link_name":"Paganini Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganini_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Budapest Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Paganini Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganini_Quartet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Aspen Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Juilliard String Quartets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dave Brubeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Brubeck"},{"link_name":"JazzWax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JazzWax"},{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Brubeck"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Darius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Brubeck"},{"link_name":"Music Academy of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Academy_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenberg-16"},{"link_name":"Burt Bacharach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Bacharach"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucos2005200-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECucos2005205-18"},{"link_name":"Paris Conservatoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Conservatoire"},{"link_name":"Aspen Music Festival and School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Music_Festival_and_School"},{"link_name":"William Bolcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bolcom"},{"link_name":"Steve Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Reich"},{"link_name":"Katharine Mulky Warne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Mulky_Warne"},{"link_name":"Regina Hansen Willman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Hansen_Willman"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Saint-Pierre Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Pierre_Cemetery_(Aix-en-Provence)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Milhaud was born in Marseille, the son of Sophie (Allatini) and Gad Gabriel Milhaud.[2] Nevertheless, he grew up in Aix-en-Provence, which he regarded as his true ancestral city.[3] His was a long-established Jewish family of the Comtat Venaissin—a secluded region of Provence—with roots traceable there at least to the 15th century. On his father's side, Milhaud's Jewish lineage was thus neither Ashkenazi nor Sephardi, but rather specifically Provençal—dating to Jewish settlement in that part of southern France as early as the first centuries of the Common Era.[3] Milhaud's mother, however, was partly Sephardi on her father's side; according to the obituary in the NYT, his mother was from a Sephardi Jewish family from Italy.[4][5]Milhaud began as a violinist, later turning to composition instead. Milhaud studied in Paris at the Paris Conservatory where he met his fellow group members Arthur Honegger and Germaine Tailleferre. He studied composition under Charles Widor and harmony and counterpoint with André Gedalge. He also studied privately with Vincent d'Indy. From 1917 to 1919, he served as secretary to Paul Claudel, the eminent poet and dramatist who was then the French ambassador to Brazil, and with whom Milhaud collaborated for many years, setting music for many of Claudel's poems and plays. While in Brazil, they collaborated on a ballet, L'Homme et son désir.[6]On his return to France, Milhaud composed works influenced by the Brazilian popular music he had heard, including compositions of Brazilian pianist and composer Ernesto Nazareth. Le Bœuf sur le toit includes melodies by Nazareth and other popular Brazilian composers of the time, and evokes the sounds of Carnaval. Among the melodies is, in fact, a Carnaval tune by the name of \"The Bull on the Roof\" (in Portuguese, which he translated to French 'Le boeuf sur le toit', known in English as 'The Ox on the Roof'). He also produced Saudades do Brasil, a suite of twelve dances evoking twelve neighborhoods in Rio de Janeiro. Shortly after the original piano version appeared, he orchestrated the suite.Contemporary European influences were also important. Milhaud dedicated his Fifth String Quartet (1920) to Arnold Schoenberg,[7] and the following year conducted both the French and British premieres of Pierrot lunaire after multiple rehearsals.[8] And on a trip to the United States in 1922, Milhaud heard \"authentic\" jazz for the first time, on the streets of Harlem,[9] which left a great impact on his musical outlook. The following year, he completed his composition La création du monde (The Creation of the World), using ideas and idioms from jazz, cast as a ballet in six continuous dance scenes.[9]In 1925, Milhaud married his cousin, Madeleine (1902–2008), an actress and reciter. In 1930 she gave birth to a son, the painter and sculptor Daniel Milhaud, who was the couple's only child.[10]The invasion of France by Nazi Germany forced the Milhauds to leave France in 1940[11] and emigrate to the United States (his Jewish background made it impossible for Milhaud to return to his native country until after its liberation).[12] He secured a teaching post at Mills College in Oakland, California, where he composed the opera Bolivar (1943) and collaborated with Henri Temianka and the Paganini Quartet. In an extraordinary concert there in 1949, the Budapest Quartet performed the composer's 14th String Quartet, followed by the Paganini Quartet's performance of his 15th; and then both ensembles played the two pieces together as an octet.[13] The following year, these same pieces were performed at the Aspen Music Festival in Colorado, by the Paganini and Juilliard String Quartets.[14]Jazz pianist Dave Brubeck became one of Milhaud's most famous students when Brubeck furthered his music studies at Mills College in the late 1940s. In a February 2010 interview with JazzWax, Brubeck said he attended Mills, a women's college (men were allowed in graduate programs), specifically to study with Milhaud, saying, \"Milhaud was an enormously gifted classical composer and teacher who loved jazz and incorporated it into his work. My older brother Howard was his assistant and had taken all of his classes.\"[15] Brubeck named his first son Darius.In 1947 Milhaud was among the founders of the Music Academy of the West summer conservatory,[16] where popular songwriter Burt Bacharach was among his students.[17] Milhaud told Bacharach, \"Don't be afraid of writing something people can remember and whistle. Don't ever feel discomfited by a melody.\"[18]From 1947 to 1971, he taught alternate years at Mills and the Paris Conservatoire, until poor health, which caused him to use a wheelchair during his later years (beginning in the 1930s), compelled him to retire. He also taught on the faculty of the Aspen Music Festival and School. As well as Brubeck, his students included William Bolcom, Steve Reich, Katharine Mulky Warne, and Regina Hansen Willman. He died in Geneva at the age of 81, and he was buried in the Saint-Pierre Cemetery in Aix-en-Provence.[19]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of compositions by Darius Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Darius_Milhaud"},{"link_name":"Suite d'après corrette (0:29)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darius_Milhaud_-_suite_d%27apr%C3%A8s_corrette_-_ii._tambourin.ogg"},{"link_name":"Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"Malipiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Malipiero"},{"link_name":"Henry Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cowell"},{"link_name":"Hovhaness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness"},{"link_name":"Martinů","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"Villa-Lobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos"},{"link_name":"cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Boeuf_sur_le_Toit_(cabaret)"}],"text":"See also: List of compositions by Darius MilhaudSuite d'après corrette (0:29)\n\nSuite for oboe, clarinet and bassoon, Op. 161b (1937); after the incidental music Jules César, Op. 158 (1936)Darius Milhaud was very prolific and composed for a wide range of genres. His opus list ended at 443.Milhaud (like such contemporaries as Hindemith, Malipiero, Henry Cowell, Hovhaness, Martinů, and Villa-Lobos) was an extremely rapid creator, for whom the art of writing music seemed almost as natural as breathing. His most popular works include Le bœuf sur le toit (a ballet that lent its name to the legendary cabaret frequented by Milhaud and other members of Les Six), La création du monde (a ballet for small orchestra with solo saxophone, influenced by jazz), Scaramouche (a suite for two pianos, also for alto saxophone or clarinet and orchestra), and Saudades do Brasil (a dance suite). His autobiography is titled Notes sans musique (Notes Without Music), later revised as Ma vie heureuse (My Happy Life).","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of music students by teacher: K to M § Darius Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M#Darius_Milhaud"}],"text":"For Milhaud's notable students, see List of music students by teacher: K to M § Darius Milhaud.","title":"Notable students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darius Milhaud Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060905115226/https://www.mills.edu/academics/library/special_collections/sc_milhaud.php"},{"link_name":"Mills College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_College"},{"link_name":"Katharine Mulky Warne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Mulky_Warne"},{"link_name":"Cleveland State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_State_University"},{"link_name":"Darius Milhaud Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nypl.org/research/manuscripts/music/musmilhaud.xml"},{"link_name":"New York Public Library for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Western Jewish History Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Jewish_History_Center"},{"link_name":"Judah L. Magnes Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_L._Magnes_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"B'nai B'rith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith"}],"text":"There is a Darius Milhaud Collection at Mills College in California.\nPapers for the Darius Milhaud Society, formed by Milhaud's student Katharine Mulky Warne, are archived at Cleveland State University.\nThere is another Darius Milhaud Collection at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts in New York City.\nSeymour Fromer Collection[20] at the Western Jewish History Center of the Judah L. Magnes Museum, in Berkeley, California, has librettos for Milhaud's opera, David, as well as a program for its American premiere, in Los Angeles at the Hollywood Bowl,[21] and photocopies of newspaper coverage in the B'nai B'rith Messenger of Los Angeles of this event (1956).","title":"Archival collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Beloved Vagabond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beloved_Vagabond_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"L'Inhumaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Inhumaine"},{"link_name":"Land Without Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Without_Bread"},{"link_name":"Tartarin of Tarascon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarin_of_Tarascon_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Madame Bovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"The Beloved Vagabond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beloved_Vagabond_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"The Citadel of Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Citadel_of_Silence"},{"link_name":"Rasputin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasputin_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Mollenard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollenard"},{"link_name":"The Mayor's Dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayor%27s_Dilemma"},{"link_name":"Espoir: Sierra de Teruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espoir:_Sierra_de_Teruel"},{"link_name":"The Private Affairs of Bel Ami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Private_Affairs_of_Bel_Ami"},{"link_name":"Dreams That Money Can Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_That_Money_Can_Buy"},{"link_name":"Dieu a choisi Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieu_a_choisi_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieu_a_choisi_Paris"}],"text":"The Beloved Vagabond (1915)\nL'Inhumaine (1924)\nLand Without Bread (1933)\nTartarin of Tarascon (1934)\nMadame Bovary (1934)\nThe Beloved Vagabond (1936)\nThe Citadel of Silence (1937)\nRasputin (1938)\nMollenard (1938)\nThe Mayor's Dilemma (1939)\nEspoir: Sierra de Teruel (1945)\nThe Private Affairs of Bel Ami (1947)\nDreams That Money Can Buy (1947)\nDieu a choisi Paris [fr] (1969)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lycée intercommunal Darius-Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_intercommunal_Darius-Milhaud"}],"text":"Writing in his Guide to Twentieth Century Music, critic Mark Morris described Milhaud's work as \"one of the unassessed quantities of 20th century music. For as one of its most prolific composers (around 450 works), the quality of his music is so patently uneven that the reputation for the banal and the shallow has masked what is or might be (given the paucity of performances) both inspired and fascinating.\"[22] For a composer of acknowledged influence and significance, a number of his pieces lack contemporary professional recordings, such as the second Viola Concerto – a consequence perhaps of his prolific and uneven output.Lycée intercommunal Darius-Milhaud near Paris is named after him.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbara L. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_L._Kelly"}],"text":"Deborah Mawer: Darius Milhaud. Modality and Structure in Music of the 1920s (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997)\nBarbara L. Kelly: Tradition and Style in the Works of Darius Milhaud (1912–1939) (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"Portrait(s) of Darius Milhaud. Darius Milhaud Society. 24 January 2002. ISBN 978-0-9719037-0-8 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9CEIAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Gabriel+Milhaud,+merchant,+and+of+Sophie+Milhaud,+nee+Allatini%22","url_text":"Portrait(s) of Darius Milhaud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9719037-0-8","url_text":"978-0-9719037-0-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Darius Milhaud\". Milken Archive of Jewish Music.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milkenarchive.org/artists/view/darius-milhaud/","url_text":"\"Darius Milhaud\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milken_Archive_of_Jewish_Music","url_text":"Milken Archive of Jewish Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Darius Milhaud, Rebel Composer, Dies\". The New York Times. 25 June 1974.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/25/archives/darius-milhaud-rebel-composer-dies-helped-to-change-tone-of-music.html","url_text":"\"Darius Milhaud, Rebel Composer, Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Milhaud Quartets Volume 2 TROUBADISC TRO-CD 01410 [JW] Classical Music Reviews: July 2020 - MusicWeb-International\". www.musicweb-international.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2020/Jul/Milhaud_quartets_v2_TROCD01410.htm","url_text":"\"Milhaud Quartets Volume 2 TROUBADISC TRO-CD 01410 [JW] Classical Music Reviews: July 2020 - MusicWeb-International\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milhaud – La création du monde\". Pomona College, Department of Music. 1999. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060901142248/http://www.music.pomona.edu/orchestra/mil_crea.htm","url_text":"\"Milhaud – La création du monde\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_College","url_text":"Pomona College"},{"url":"http://www.music.pomona.edu/Orchestra/mil_crea.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greenberg, Robert (26 August 2019). \"Music History Monday: Lotte Lehmann\". robertgreenbergmusic.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200207093617/https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music-history-monday-lotte-lehmann/","url_text":"\"Music History Monday: Lotte Lehmann\""},{"url":"https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music-history-monday-lotte-lehmann/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Morris's Guide to Twentieth Century Composers – MusicWeb-International\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweb-international.com/mark_morris/france.htm#milhaud","url_text":"\"Mark Morris's Guide to Twentieth Century Composers – MusicWeb-International\""}]},{"reference":"Cucos, Mihai (Winter 2005). \"A Few Points about Burt Bacharach ...\". Perspectives of New Music. 43 (1): 198–211. doi:10.1353/pnm.2005.0004. JSTOR 25164577. S2CID 258130151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music","url_text":"Perspectives of New Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpnm.2005.0004","url_text":"10.1353/pnm.2005.0004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25164577","url_text":"25164577"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258130151","url_text":"258130151"}]},{"reference":"Milhaud, Darius (1967). Notes Without Music: An Autobiography. Translated by Donald Evans. London: Calder and Boyars.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Darius Milhaud (biography, works, resources)\" (in French and English). IRCAM.","urls":[{"url":"https://brahms.ircam.fr/composers/composer/2292/","url_text":"\"Darius Milhaud (biography, works, resources)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM","url_text":"IRCAM"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Xia
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Tony Xia
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Recon Group","2.2 Aston Villa F.C.","2.3 Legal Issues","3 Personal life","4 References"]
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Chinese businessman
Tony XiaBornXia JiantongQuzhou, ChinaNationalityChineseAlma materHarvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)Occupation(s)Entrepreneur, investorYears active1999–presentChildren1
Tony Jiantong Xia (Chinese: 夏建统; pinyin: Xià Jiàntǒng) is a Chinese businessman. He is the chairman, CEO and owner of Recon Group.
Early life and education
Xia was born in Quzhou, Zhejiang. At the age of 14, he left home to attend university in Beijing. He was amongst the first 25 of 1,000 selected to study abroad at Harvard (where he studied landscape design), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and a five-month exchange to study at Trinity College, Oxford in 1998–99. He has a PhD as a doctor of design in urban planning.
Career
In March 1999, Xia founded design company XWHO in Boston, US co-owned by his then-girlfriend and one of his lecturers. The company relocated to Hangzhou, China where Xia started a planning company called Teamax, which he sold for £430 million.
Recon Group
Xia took over Chinese company Recon Group in 2004. The company is based in Beijing and Hangzhou and is the umbrella organisation for Xia's companies which operate in IT, health and agriculture, new energy and smart transportation, engineering and design, financial services, and sports, leisure, and tourism. Xia added he planned to invest in or buy football clubs in India, Spain, the US, and Australia to create a new 'sports sector' within his portfolio.
In February 2017 Recon Group subsidiary Recon Holding agreed to purchase a 51% stake in Millennium Films, a Hollywood film studio specialising in action films including The Expendables series. Previous majority stakeholder and founder Avi Lerner would have remained as Chief Executive Officer with Xia becoming chairman. This deal was later announced to be off in August 2017 due to the Chinese government clamping down on overseas business investments.
On 19 March 2020, Xia announced that the Recon Group had focused attention to their Healthcare and Bioscience division, which was producing and exporting COVID-19 testing kits, hand sanitizer, ventilators, thermometers and PPE to countries around the world that were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Aston Villa F.C.
On 18 May 2016, it was announced that Recon Group had agreed to buy Aston Villa for a reported £60 million from American businessman Randy Lerner, with the club becoming part of Recon Group's Sports, Leisure and Tourism division. On 14 June 2016, the sale was completed for a reported £76 million after being approved by the Football League. Upon completion of the sale, Xia became chairman of the club.
Xia's tenure at Aston Villa featured heavy investment in the club, but problems with moving cash out of China and into the United Kingdom soon hit Xia and Aston Villa hard. On 5 June 2018, Aston Villa missed the deadline for a £4 million tax bill, and the club was faced with a winding up order and the real possibility of going out of business. On 6 June 2018, Xia suspended Aston Villa's CEO Keith Wyness, who later resigned, after he was alleged to have discussed the prospect of Aston Villa's possible administration and subsequent 12-point deduction with third parties without Xia's knowledge. The following day, 7 June 2018, Xia managed to negotiate an agreement with HM Revenue and Customs to pay £500,000 of the £4 million bill, promising to pay the remaining portion at a later date. This saved the club from immediate danger, but Xia confirmed that the club was still in significant financial difficulty. Xia sold his majority stake in the club to NSWE in July 2018, and became a minority stakeholder and co-chairman.
In June 2019, Keith Wyness took Aston Villa to court for constructive dismissal, however this was settled out of court in favour of Wyness and the club released a statement saying he had acted in the best interests of the club. Wyness later tried to sue Xia directly, but that was also rejected by a judge who stated that the case would be prejudiced against Xia (living in China at the time), who would be required to travel back to the UK to give evidence at considerable financial and time costs.
On 9 August 2019, documents from Companies House revealed that Recon Group's minority share ownership had been bought out, and Xia no longer had any stake in the club.
Legal Issues
On 18 October 2019, a court in Beijing issued an arrest warrant for Xia. There was a £30,000 reward for information that led to his arrest. Recon Group, and by extension Xia, were accused of Breach of Contract and Non-Payment of Debt. Xia responded via his Twitter account, claiming that the allegations were a fabrication, created by a "local competitor attempting to cause damage to ". Xia reportedly spent 6 months in several detention centres in China between July 2020 and January 2021, after being formally arrested on suspicion of harming the interests of a Shenzhen-listed manufacturing company.
A 2021 investigation by Al Jazeera into alleged money laundering in English football claimed that Xia's ownership of Aston Villa may have been part of this. A deal-maker who was speaking to an undercover journalist claimed that the money used was not Xia's, but in fact was a front for an unknown investor. Following this investigation, former colleague Keith Wyness cast doubt on whether Xia was as weathly as he had claimed, stating “Not a lot was known about him that could be independently verified. My concern was that for a supposed billionaire with a string of companies, Mr Xia appeared not to have a grasp of basic financial modelling.”
Personal life
Xia has a home in Beijing. He has a wife, Sally, and one child. He became an Aston Villa fan after watching them at Villa Park during his time as a student at Oxford University. Xia played football at college as a striker.
Xia describes himself as a self-made millionaire. In 2018, his estimated wealth was £1bn.
Xia uses the English name Tony Xia.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Phillips, Tom (19 May 2016). "Tony Xia hopes revamp will turn Aston Villa into one of world's top three clubs". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ "联合睿康全资收购英超"降班马" 实控人夏建统再施财技". Netsease. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ "Steve Hollis: Tony Xia takeover will prove "transformational" for Aston Villa". Express & Star. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
^ "Aston Villa takeover: Chinese businessman Dr Tony Xia agrees £60m deal". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ Brown, Graeme (4 July 2018). "What kind of a doctor is Tony Xia? The story behind the Aston Villa owner's title". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^ a b Wollaston, Steve (18 May 2016). "Who is Dr Tony Xia?". birminghammail. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "China's Recon Buys 51% of Avi Lerner's Millennium Films for $100 Million". Variety. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ "Chinese Firm Abandons $100M Acquisition of Avi Lerner's Millennium Films". The Hollywood Reporter. 30 August 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ Rushton, James (19 March 2020). "What former Aston Villa owner Dr Tony Xia claims to be doing to help tackle coronavirus". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "Introducing Tony Xia | Latest News | Aston Villa". www.avfc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "Club statement: Sale confirmed | Latest News | Aston Villa". www.avfc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
^ James, Stuart (5 June 2018). "Aston Villa miss £4m tax bill deadline as chief executive is suspended". The Guardian.
^ Evans, Gregg (6 June 2018). "Keith Wyness investigated over huge bust-up with owner Tony Xia". Birmingham Mail.
^ "Aston Villa reach agreement with HMRC over £4m tax bill". The Guardian. 7 June 2018.
^ "Aston Villa: Wes Edens & Nassef Sawiris to make 'significant investment' in club". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
^ Rudge, Dean (5 June 2019). "Here's what happened when Keith Wyness tried to sue Tony Xia". Birmingham Mail.
^ Maher, Matt (9 August 2019). "Tony Xia leaves Aston Villa with former owner's remaining shareholding wiped out". Express & Star.
^ Nursey, James (18 October 2019). "Arrest warrant issued for former Aston Villa owner Dr Tony Xia in China". The Mirror. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
^ "Dr Tony Xia Twitter Statement". Twitter. 18 October 2019.
^ White, Jonathan (7 February 2021). "Ex-Aston Villa owner Tony Xia 'detained for six months before arrest'". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
^ "Investigation reveals how football can be used to launder money". Al Jazeera. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ "Samuelson also claims Chinese investor, Tony Xia, who bought @AVFCOfficial in 2016 was a front for an unknown investor. He says he doesn't know where his client's money really came from". Al Jazeera English on Twitter. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-10.
^ Maher, Matt (13 August 2021). "Matt Maher: Shining a light on to the men in the shadows". Express & Star. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
^ Harrison, David (10 August 2021). "How a convicted criminal can buy a famous English football club". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ Kendrick, Mat (22 May 2016). "What Tony Xia's latest interview tells us about the Aston Villa owner". birminghammail. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^ Strachan, Ian (25 January 2018). "Rich List 2018: No.7= - Dr Tony Xia". birminghampost. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
|
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On 14 June 2016, the sale was completed for a reported £76 million after being approved by the Football League. Upon completion of the sale, Xia became chairman of the club.[10][11]Xia's tenure at Aston Villa featured heavy investment in the club, but problems with moving cash out of China and into the United Kingdom soon hit Xia and Aston Villa hard. On 5 June 2018, Aston Villa missed the deadline for a £4 million tax bill, and the club was faced with a winding up order and the real possibility of going out of business.[12] On 6 June 2018, Xia suspended Aston Villa's CEO Keith Wyness, who later resigned, after he was alleged to have discussed the prospect of Aston Villa's possible administration and subsequent 12-point deduction with third parties without Xia's knowledge.[13] The following day, 7 June 2018, Xia managed to negotiate an agreement with HM Revenue and Customs to pay £500,000 of the £4 million bill, promising to pay the remaining portion at a later date. This saved the club from immediate danger, but Xia confirmed that the club was still in significant financial difficulty.[14] Xia sold his majority stake in the club to NSWE in July 2018, and became a minority stakeholder and co-chairman.[15]In June 2019, Keith Wyness took Aston Villa to court for constructive dismissal, however this was settled out of court in favour of Wyness and the club released a statement saying he had acted in the best interests of the club. Wyness later tried to sue Xia directly, but that was also rejected by a judge who stated that the case would be prejudiced against Xia (living in China at the time), who would be required to travel back to the UK to give evidence at considerable financial and time costs.[16]On 9 August 2019, documents from Companies House revealed that Recon Group's minority share ownership had been bought out, and Xia no longer had any stake in the club.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"arrest warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_warrant"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Legal Issues","text":"On 18 October 2019, a court in Beijing issued an arrest warrant for Xia. There was a £30,000 reward for information that led to his arrest. Recon Group, and by extension Xia, were accused of Breach of Contract and Non-Payment of Debt.[18] Xia responded via his Twitter account, claiming that the allegations were a fabrication, created by a \"local competitor attempting to cause damage to [him]\".[19] Xia reportedly spent 6 months in several detention centres in China between July 2020 and January 2021, after being formally arrested on suspicion of harming the interests of a Shenzhen-listed manufacturing company.[20]A 2021 investigation by Al Jazeera into alleged money laundering in English football claimed that Xia's ownership of Aston Villa may have been part of this.[21] A deal-maker who was speaking to an undercover journalist claimed that the money used was not Xia's, but in fact was a front for an unknown investor.[22][23] Following this investigation, former colleague Keith Wyness cast doubt on whether Xia was as weathly as he had claimed, stating “Not a lot was known about him that could be independently verified. My concern was that for a supposed billionaire with a string of companies, Mr Xia appeared not to have a grasp of basic financial modelling.”[24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BM2-25"},{"link_name":"Villa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BM1-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP_Jan2018-26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1-1"}],"text":"Xia has a home in Beijing. He has a wife, Sally, and one child.[25] He became an Aston Villa fan after watching them at Villa Park during his time as a student at Oxford University.[1] Xia played football at college as a striker.[1][6]Xia describes himself as a self-made millionaire.[1] In 2018, his estimated wealth was £1bn.[26]Xia uses the English name Tony Xia.[1]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Phillips, Tom (19 May 2016). \"Tony Xia hopes revamp will turn Aston Villa into one of world's top three clubs\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/may/19/tony-xia-revamp-aston-villa-top-three-world-owner","url_text":"\"Tony Xia hopes revamp will turn Aston Villa into one of world's top three clubs\""}]},{"reference":"\"联合睿康全资收购英超\"降班马\" 实控人夏建统再施财技\". Netsease. Retrieved 20 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.163.com/16/0519/22/BNFAEIQH00014AEE.html","url_text":"\"联合睿康全资收购英超\"降班马\" 实控人夏建统再施财技\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Hollis: Tony Xia takeover will prove \"transformational\" for Aston Villa\". Express & Star. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/aston-villa-fc/2016/05/19/steve-hollis-tony-xia-takeover-will-prove-transformational-for-aston-villa/","url_text":"\"Steve Hollis: Tony Xia takeover will prove \"transformational\" for Aston Villa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_%26_Star","url_text":"Express & Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Aston Villa takeover: Chinese businessman Dr Tony Xia agrees £60m deal\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36327300","url_text":"\"Aston Villa takeover: Chinese businessman Dr Tony Xia agrees £60m deal\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Graeme (4 July 2018). \"What kind of a doctor is Tony Xia? The story behind the Aston Villa owner's title\". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/what-kind-doctor-tony-xia-14865724","url_text":"\"What kind of a doctor is Tony Xia? The story behind the Aston Villa owner's title\""}]},{"reference":"Wollaston, Steve (18 May 2016). \"Who is Dr Tony Xia?\". birminghammail. Retrieved 19 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/who-dr-tony-xia-lowdown-11353864#r3z-addoor","url_text":"\"Who is Dr Tony Xia?\""}]},{"reference":"\"China's Recon Buys 51% of Avi Lerner's Millennium Films for $100 Million\". Variety. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/chinas-recon-holding-millennium-films-for-100-million-1201994750/","url_text":"\"China's Recon Buys 51% of Avi Lerner's Millennium Films for $100 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese Firm Abandons $100M Acquisition of Avi Lerner's Millennium Films\". The Hollywood Reporter. 30 August 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/chinese-firm-abandons-100m-acquisition-avi-lerners-millennium-films-1034194","url_text":"\"Chinese Firm Abandons $100M Acquisition of Avi Lerner's Millennium Films\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Rushton, James (19 March 2020). \"What former Aston Villa owner Dr Tony Xia claims to be doing to help tackle coronavirus\". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/dr-tony-xia-recon-coronavirus-17946699","url_text":"\"What former Aston Villa owner Dr Tony Xia claims to be doing to help tackle coronavirus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing Tony Xia | Latest News | Aston Villa\". www.avfc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160519104219/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10265~5580405%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Introducing Tony Xia | Latest News | Aston Villa\""},{"url":"http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~5580405,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Club statement: Sale confirmed | Latest News | Aston Villa\". www.avfc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160615112812/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10265~5650044%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Club statement: Sale confirmed | Latest News | Aston Villa\""},{"url":"http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~5650044,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James, Stuart (5 June 2018). \"Aston Villa miss £4m tax bill deadline as chief executive is suspended\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/jun/05/aston-villa-tax-bill-unpaid-wyness-suspended-tony-xia","url_text":"\"Aston Villa miss £4m tax bill deadline as chief executive is suspended\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Gregg (6 June 2018). \"Keith Wyness investigated over huge bust-up with owner Tony Xia\". Birmingham Mail.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/keith-wyness-investigated-over-huge-14749897","url_text":"\"Keith Wyness investigated over huge bust-up with owner Tony Xia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aston Villa reach agreement with HMRC over £4m tax bill\". The Guardian. 7 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/jun/07/aston-villa-reach-agreement-hmrc-over-4m-tax-bill","url_text":"\"Aston Villa reach agreement with HMRC over £4m tax bill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aston Villa: Wes Edens & Nassef Sawiris to make 'significant investment' in club\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44901531","url_text":"\"Aston Villa: Wes Edens & Nassef Sawiris to make 'significant investment' in club\""}]},{"reference":"Rudge, Dean (5 June 2019). \"Here's what happened when Keith Wyness tried to sue Tony Xia\". Birmingham Mail.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/heres-what-happened-keith-wyness-16382977","url_text":"\"Here's what happened when Keith Wyness tried to sue Tony Xia\""}]},{"reference":"Maher, Matt (9 August 2019). \"Tony Xia leaves Aston Villa with former owner's remaining shareholding wiped out\". Express & Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/aston-villa/2019/08/09/tony-xia-leaves-aston-villa-with-former-owners-remaining-shareholding-wiped-out/","url_text":"\"Tony Xia leaves Aston Villa with former owner's remaining shareholding wiped out\""}]},{"reference":"Nursey, James (18 October 2019). \"Arrest warrant issued for former Aston Villa owner Dr Tony Xia in China\". The Mirror. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/arrest-warrant-issued-former-aston-20648242","url_text":"\"Arrest warrant issued for former Aston Villa owner Dr Tony Xia in China\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Tony Xia Twitter Statement\". Twitter. 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Dr_TonyXia/status/1185241428428853249","url_text":"\"Dr Tony Xia Twitter Statement\""}]},{"reference":"White, Jonathan (7 February 2021). \"Ex-Aston Villa owner Tony Xia 'detained for six months before arrest'\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 12 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/sport/china/article/3120884/ex-aston-villa-owner-tony-xia-detained-six-months-arrest-report","url_text":"\"Ex-Aston Villa owner Tony Xia 'detained for six months before arrest'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investigation reveals how football can be used to launder money\". Al Jazeera. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajiunit.com/article/investigation-reveals-how-football-can-be-used-to-launder-money/","url_text":"\"Investigation reveals how football can be used to launder money\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Al Jazeera"}]},{"reference":"\"Samuelson also claims Chinese investor, Tony Xia, who bought @AVFCOfficial in 2016 was a front for an unknown investor. He says he doesn't know where his client's money really came from\". Al Jazeera English on Twitter. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/ajiunit/status/1424847760650551296","url_text":"\"Samuelson also claims Chinese investor, Tony Xia, who bought @AVFCOfficial in 2016 was a front for an unknown investor. He says he doesn't know where his client's money really came from\""}]},{"reference":"Maher, Matt (13 August 2021). \"Matt Maher: Shining a light on to the men in the shadows\". Express & Star. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/2021/08/13/matt-maher-shining-a-light-on-to-the-men-in-the-shadows/","url_text":"\"Matt Maher: Shining a light on to the men in the shadows\""}]},{"reference":"Harrison, David (10 August 2021). \"How a convicted criminal can buy a famous English football club\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/8/10/how-convicted-criminal-can-buy-famous-english-football-club-launder-money","url_text":"\"How a convicted criminal can buy a famous English football club\""}]},{"reference":"Kendrick, Mat (22 May 2016). \"What Tony Xia's latest interview tells us about the Aston Villa owner\". birminghammail. Retrieved 23 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/what-tony-xias-latest-interview-11368005","url_text":"\"What Tony Xia's latest interview tells us about the Aston Villa owner\""}]},{"reference":"Strachan, Ian (25 January 2018). \"Rich List 2018: No.7= - Dr Tony Xia\". birminghampost. Retrieved 19 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghampost.co.uk/business/rich-list-2018-no7-dr-14132081","url_text":"\"Rich List 2018: No.7= - Dr Tony Xia\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/may/19/tony-xia-revamp-aston-villa-top-three-world-owner","external_links_name":"\"Tony Xia hopes revamp will turn Aston Villa into one of world's top three clubs\""},{"Link":"http://news.163.com/16/0519/22/BNFAEIQH00014AEE.html","external_links_name":"\"联合睿康全资收购英超\"降班马\" 实控人夏建统再施财技\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/aston-villa-fc/2016/05/19/steve-hollis-tony-xia-takeover-will-prove-transformational-for-aston-villa/","external_links_name":"\"Steve Hollis: Tony Xia takeover will prove \"transformational\" for Aston Villa\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36327300","external_links_name":"\"Aston Villa takeover: Chinese businessman Dr Tony Xia agrees £60m deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/what-kind-doctor-tony-xia-14865724","external_links_name":"\"What kind of a doctor is Tony Xia? The story behind the Aston Villa owner's title\""},{"Link":"http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/who-dr-tony-xia-lowdown-11353864#r3z-addoor","external_links_name":"\"Who is Dr Tony Xia?\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/chinas-recon-holding-millennium-films-for-100-million-1201994750/","external_links_name":"\"China's Recon Buys 51% of Avi Lerner's Millennium Films for $100 Million\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/chinese-firm-abandons-100m-acquisition-avi-lerners-millennium-films-1034194","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Firm Abandons $100M Acquisition of Avi Lerner's Millennium Films\""},{"Link":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/dr-tony-xia-recon-coronavirus-17946699","external_links_name":"\"What former Aston Villa owner Dr Tony Xia claims to be doing to help tackle coronavirus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160519104219/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10265~5580405%2C00.html","external_links_name":"\"Introducing Tony Xia | Latest News | Aston Villa\""},{"Link":"http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~5580405,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160615112812/http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10265~5650044%2C00.html","external_links_name":"\"Club statement: Sale confirmed | Latest News | Aston Villa\""},{"Link":"http://www.avfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10265~5650044,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/jun/05/aston-villa-tax-bill-unpaid-wyness-suspended-tony-xia","external_links_name":"\"Aston Villa miss £4m tax bill deadline as chief executive is suspended\""},{"Link":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/keith-wyness-investigated-over-huge-14749897","external_links_name":"\"Keith Wyness investigated over huge bust-up with owner Tony Xia\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/jun/07/aston-villa-reach-agreement-hmrc-over-4m-tax-bill","external_links_name":"\"Aston Villa reach agreement with HMRC over £4m tax bill\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44901531","external_links_name":"\"Aston Villa: Wes Edens & Nassef Sawiris to make 'significant investment' in club\""},{"Link":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/heres-what-happened-keith-wyness-16382977","external_links_name":"\"Here's what happened when Keith Wyness tried to sue Tony Xia\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/aston-villa/2019/08/09/tony-xia-leaves-aston-villa-with-former-owners-remaining-shareholding-wiped-out/","external_links_name":"\"Tony Xia leaves Aston Villa with former owner's remaining shareholding wiped out\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/arrest-warrant-issued-former-aston-20648242","external_links_name":"\"Arrest warrant issued for former Aston Villa owner Dr Tony Xia in China\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/Dr_TonyXia/status/1185241428428853249","external_links_name":"\"Dr Tony Xia Twitter Statement\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/sport/china/article/3120884/ex-aston-villa-owner-tony-xia-detained-six-months-arrest-report","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Aston Villa owner Tony Xia 'detained for six months before arrest'\""},{"Link":"https://www.ajiunit.com/article/investigation-reveals-how-football-can-be-used-to-launder-money/","external_links_name":"\"Investigation reveals how football can be used to launder money\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/ajiunit/status/1424847760650551296","external_links_name":"\"Samuelson also claims Chinese investor, Tony Xia, who bought @AVFCOfficial in 2016 was a front for an unknown investor. He says he doesn't know where his client's money really came from\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/2021/08/13/matt-maher-shining-a-light-on-to-the-men-in-the-shadows/","external_links_name":"\"Matt Maher: Shining a light on to the men in the shadows\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/8/10/how-convicted-criminal-can-buy-famous-english-football-club-launder-money","external_links_name":"\"How a convicted criminal can buy a famous English football club\""},{"Link":"http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/what-tony-xias-latest-interview-11368005","external_links_name":"\"What Tony Xia's latest interview tells us about the Aston Villa owner\""},{"Link":"https://www.birminghampost.co.uk/business/rich-list-2018-no7-dr-14132081","external_links_name":"\"Rich List 2018: No.7= - Dr Tony Xia\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Mental_Health
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Mental Health Systems Act of 1980
|
["1 Historical background","2 Short life of the act","2.1 Key components","3 Repeal of most of the provisions in 1981","3.1 Consequences of the repeal","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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United States federal law
Mental Health Systems Act of 1980Long titleA bill to improve the provision of mental health services and otherwise promote mental health throughout the United States; and for other purposes.Acronyms (colloquial)MHSAEnacted bythe 96th United States CongressCitationsPublic lawPub.L. 96-398CodificationActs amendedCommunity Mental Health Centers Act, Public Health Service Act, Social Security ActTitles amended42U.S.C. sections created42 U.S.C. §§ 9401–9523U.S.C. sections amended42 U.S.C. § 210, § 225a, § 242a, § 300m, § 1396b, § 2689Legislative historyIntroduced in the Senate as S. 1177 by Ted Kennedy (D–MA) on May 17, 1979Signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 7, 1980Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 (MHSA) was legislation signed by American President Jimmy Carter which provided grants to community mental health centers. In 1981 President Ronald Reagan, who had made major efforts during his governorship to reduce funding and enlistment for California mental institutions, pushed a political effort through the Democratically controlled House of Representatives and a Republican controlled Senate to repeal most of MHSA. The MHSA was considered landmark legislation in mental health care policy.
Historical background
In the backdrop of the 1960s and 1970s there was a rise in the community health movement as a response to deinstitutionalization efforts in health care. Coinciding with a movement during the 1970s for rehabilitation of people with severe mental illnesses, the Mental Health Systems Act supported and financed community mental health support systems, which coordinated general health care, mental health care, and social support services. Before this movement gained momentum, mentally ill individuals were often placed in some state run psychiatric hospitals for extended periods, where they received long-term custodial care. The community mental health movement sought to shift the focus of care from institutional settings to community-based services, transitioning from care to community based services, aiming for more compassionate and efficient treatment with the goal of providing more humane and effective treatment for those struggling with their mental health. One pivotal legislation supporting this shift was the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963, also known as the Community Mental Health Act (CMHCA). It provided federal funding for the establishment of community mental health centers (CMHCs) across the country. These centers were intended to offer a range of mental health services, including outpatient care, crisis intervention, and rehabilitation, with the goal of reducing the need for long-term institutionalization. However, by the late 1970s, it became clear that the initial promise of the community mental health movement had not been fully realized. While many CMHCs had been established, they faced challenges in securing ongoing funding and providing comprehensive services to individuals with mental illnesses. The law followed the 1978 Report of the President's Commission on Mental Health, which made recommendations for improving mental health care in the United States. While some concerns existed about the methodology followed by the President's Committee, the report served as the foundation for the MHSA, which in turn was seen as landmark legislation in U.S. mental health policy. In response to these challenges, Congress passed the Mental Health Systems Act in 1980.
Short life of the act
The Mental Health Systems Act (MHSA) of 1980 could be considered as some sort of landmark legislation passed by the United States Congress, it has as its main goal to fundamentally reform the mental health care system in the country by emphasizing in community based care where focus of mental health services would shift from institutionalization towards community-based, where states would provide appropriate treatment and related services in most supportive settings, with oversight and funding. It tried to address deficiencies and shortcomings of the existing mental health system by boosting federal funding and support for community-based services. The act emphasized the importance of comprehensive, integrated mental health care that addressed the needs of individuals across the lifespan and provided support for services such as crisis intervention, rehabilitation, and housing. The MHSA represented a moment in the evolution of health policy in the United States as it was enacted during a time when there was increased awareness and advocacy for mental health services. The goal was to revitalize the community health movement that began in the 1960s by prompting states to amend their laws to ensure protection and services for mental health patients while enhancing community based mental health services at a national level. Additionally it introduced a Patients' Bill of Rights Act, which served as the Patients' Bill of Rights specifically tailored for mental health patients. It also included an advocacy provision offering grants for experimental pilot programs designed to provide mental health advocacy services to individuals, with mental disabilities.
Key components
One of the aspects of the Mental Health Systems Act involved allocating block grants to states to bolster the establishment and growth of community health services. The block grants gave states flexibility in using funds allowing them to customize services to fit the unique needs of their communities. These grants were designated for establishing and expanding community health centers nationwide. The goal was to offer a range of health services, such, as prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation at the community level rather than in large institutions.
The Mental Health Systems Act provided funding to states for creating and implementing community based health services with a focus on building an accessible mental health care system that emphasized research and evaluation to enhance services. It also set aside funds for research on illness prevention, treatment effectiveness and the structure of health systems.
Furthermore the Mental Health Systems Act stressed the importance of collaboration among state and local governments well as between mental health providers, social service agencies and other community groups. It acknowledged that meeting the needs of individuals with illnesses required a unified approach involving various disciplines.
Despite its objectives some members of Congress and the Reagan administration opposed the Mental Health Systems Act due to doubts about the governments role, in funding and supervising mental health services.
Repeal of most of the provisions in 1981
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, passed by a Democratic-controlled House of Representatives and a Republican-controlled Senate, and signed by President Ronald Reagan on August 13, 1981, repealed most of the Mental Health Systems Act. The Patients' Bill of Rights, section 501, was not repealed; per Congressional record, the Congress felt that state provisions were sufficient and section 501 served as a recommendation to states to review and refine existing policies.
Most of the provisions, in 1981 were repealed by President Ronald Reagan after taking office as part of his efforts to cut spending and reduce government involvement in social welfare programs.
Of the Mental Health Systems Act Reagan’s administration introduced the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 which combined funding for social service programs, including mental health services into a single grant given to states. Supporters believed this approach gave states flexibility and independence. Critics feared it would result in reduced funding for mental health services and go against the community mental health movements objectives. The repeal occurred within the broader context of shifting political ideologies and priorities in the United States, following the election of President Ronald Reagan in 1980. Reagan advocated for smaller government, reduced federal spending, and greater emphasis on states' rights and local control. With a focus on government decreased spending and promoting states rights and local governance there was a reevaluation of federal involvement and financing in areas, like mental health. In 1981, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) was approved by the National Congress and signed into law by President Reagan. It included provisions that repealed most of the MHSA, discontinuing federal funding and the support for community mental health centers established under the MHSA. OBRA redirected mental health funding mechanisms and transferred more responsibility for mental health services to the states, reducing significantly federal funding for mental health programs. The repeal of most provisions of the MHSA in 1981 reflected broader shifts in political priorities, budgetary constraints, and changing attitudes toward federal involvement in mental health policy and funding. It was primarily driven by several reasons and circumstances.
Consequences of the repeal
Undoubtedly the repeal of the Mental Health Systems Act had an effect on the health system in America. The decrease in funding for health services led to service cuts and closures of numerous community mental health centers. Individuals with illnesses encountered increased difficulties, in accessing care with facing homelessness, incarceration or inadequate support. The Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 was an initiative aimed at enhancing and broadening community based health services across the country. Yet its influence was brief as changes, in politics during the 1980s resulted in its removal and a notable decrease in government backing for health programs. Though the objectives of the community mental health initiative are still applicable today the difficulties in obtaining funding and assistance, for health services persist as a significant issue.
See also
Lanterman–Petris–Short Act
References
^ Ford, Matt (June 8, 2015). "Cook County Jail, America's Largest Mental Hospital is a Jail". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
^ Goldman, Howard H.; Morrissey, Joseph P.; Ridgely, M. Susan; Frank, Richard G.; Newman, Sandra J.; Kennedy, Cille (January 1992). "Lessons from the Program on Chronic Mental Illness". Health Affairs. 11 (3): 51–68. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.11.3.51. PMID 1398453.
^ PARDES, Herbert. The demise of a major innovation: Carter's 1980 Community Mental Health Systems Act in Reagan's hands. Mental health care delivery: Innovations, impediments, and implementation, p. 189-203, 1990.
^ Grob GN. From Asylum to Community: Mental Health Policy in Modern America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 1991.
^ id
^ Langsley, Donald G. (December 1980). "The Community Mental Health Center: Does It Treat Patients?". Psychiatric Services. 31 (12): 815–819. doi:10.1176/ps.31.12.815. PMID 7203401.
^ Fink, Paul J.; Weinstein, Stephen P. (April 1979). "Whatever Happened to Psychiatry? The Deprofessionalization of Community Mental Health Centers". American Journal of Psychiatry. 136 (4A): 406–409. doi:10.1176/ajp.1979.136.4a.406.
^ Thomas, Alexander (1998). "Ronald Reagan and the Commitment of the Mentally Ill: Capital, Interest Groups, and the Eclipse of Social Policy". Electronic Journal of Sociology. 3 (4).
^ 4 Treatise on Health Care Law § 20.09 (2024)
^ Mental Health Systems Act, Pub. L. No. 96-398, 94 Stat. 1564 (1980), https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-94/STATUTE-94-Pg1564.
^ Mental Health Systems Act, Pub. L. No. 96-398, 94 Stat. 1564 (1980), https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-94/STATUTE-94-Pg1564.
^ id
^ id
^ Grob, Gerald N. (September 2005). "Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health". The Milbank Quarterly. 83 (3): 425–456. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x. PMC 2690151. PMID 16201999.
^ See, U.S. Congress. House. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1979. Hearings on the Mental Health Systems Act.
^ See also, U.S. Congress. Senate. Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1979. Hearings on the Mental Health Systems Act, February 7, 1979
^ Lyon-Levine, Martha; Levine, Martin; Zusman, Jack (March 1985). "Developments in Patients' Bill of Rights Since the Mental Health Systems Act" (PDF). Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter. 9 (2). Retrieved September 13, 2015.
^ Grob, Gerald N. (September 2005). "Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health". The Milbank Quarterly. 83 (3): 425–456. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x. PMC 2690151. PMID 16201999.
^ See Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981, Pub. L. No. 97-35, 95 Stat. 357,187–96 (1981) https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10576/pdf/COMPS-10576.pdf
^ Grob, Gerald N. (September 2005). "Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health". The Milbank Quarterly. 83 (3): 425–456. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x. PMC 2690151. PMID 16201999.
^ id
^ Public Law 97-35. U.S. Statutes at Large. 1981;95:535–98
^ Osher, Fred (May 9, 2016). "We Need Better Funding for Mental Health Services". The New York Times.
Further reading
Grob, Gerald N. (September 2005). "Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health". Milbank Quarterly. 83 (3): 425–456. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x. PMC 2690151. PMID 16201999.
External links
Mental Health Systems Act (PDF/details) as amended in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
S. 1177 (96th): Mental Health Systems Act
This United States federal legislation article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 (MHSA) was legislation signed by American President Jimmy Carter which provided grants to community mental health centers. In 1981 President Ronald Reagan, who had made major efforts during his governorship to reduce funding and enlistment for California mental institutions, pushed a political effort through the Democratically controlled House of Representatives and a Republican controlled Senate to repeal most of MHSA.[1] The MHSA was considered landmark legislation in mental health care policy.","title":"Mental Health Systems Act of 1980"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-8"}],"text":"In the backdrop of the 1960s and 1970s there was a rise in the community health movement as a response to deinstitutionalization efforts in health care. Coinciding with a movement during the 1970s for rehabilitation of people with severe mental illnesses, the Mental Health Systems Act supported and financed community mental health support systems, which coordinated general health care, mental health care, and social support services.[2] Before this movement gained momentum, mentally ill individuals were often placed in some state run psychiatric hospitals for extended periods, where they received long-term custodial care. [3] The community mental health movement sought to shift the focus of care from institutional settings to community-based services, transitioning from care to community based services, aiming for more compassionate and efficient treatment with the goal of providing more humane and effective treatment for those struggling with their mental health. [4] One pivotal legislation supporting this shift was the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963, also known as the Community Mental Health Act (CMHCA). It provided federal funding for the establishment of community mental health centers (CMHCs) across the country.[5] These centers were intended to offer a range of mental health services, including outpatient care, crisis intervention, and rehabilitation, with the goal of reducing the need for long-term institutionalization.[6] However, by the late 1970s, it became clear that the initial promise of the community mental health movement had not been fully realized. While many CMHCs had been established, they faced challenges in securing ongoing funding and providing comprehensive services to individuals with mental illnesses.[7] The law followed the 1978 Report of the President's Commission on Mental Health, which made recommendations for improving mental health care in the United States. While some concerns existed about the methodology followed by the President's Committee, the report served as the foundation for the MHSA, which in turn was seen as landmark legislation in U.S. mental health policy.[8] In response to these challenges, Congress passed the Mental Health Systems Act in 1980.","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Mental Health Systems Act (MHSA) of 1980 could be considered as some sort of landmark legislation passed by the United States Congress, it has as its main goal to fundamentally reform the mental health care system in the country by emphasizing in community based care where focus of mental health services would shift from institutionalization towards community-based, where states would provide appropriate treatment and related services in most supportive settings, with oversight and funding.[9] It tried to address deficiencies and shortcomings of the existing mental health system by boosting federal funding and support for community-based services. The act emphasized the importance of comprehensive, integrated mental health care that addressed the needs of individuals across the lifespan and provided support for services such as crisis intervention, rehabilitation, and housing. The MHSA represented a moment in the evolution of health policy in the United States as it was enacted during a time when there was increased awareness and advocacy for mental health services. The goal was to revitalize the community health movement that began in the 1960s by prompting states to amend their laws to ensure protection and services for mental health patients while enhancing community based mental health services at a national level. Additionally it introduced a Patients' Bill of Rights Act, which served as the Patients' Bill of Rights specifically tailored for mental health patients. It also included an advocacy provision offering grants for experimental pilot programs designed to provide mental health advocacy services to individuals, with mental disabilities. [10]","title":"Short life of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Key components","text":"One of the aspects of the Mental Health Systems Act involved allocating block grants to states to bolster the establishment and growth of community health services. The block grants gave states flexibility in using funds allowing them to customize services to fit the unique needs of their communities. These grants were designated for establishing and expanding community health centers nationwide. The goal was to offer a range of health services, such, as prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation at the community level rather than in large institutions. [11]\nThe Mental Health Systems Act provided funding to states for creating and implementing community based health services with a focus on building an accessible mental health care system that emphasized research and evaluation to enhance services. It also set aside funds for research on illness prevention, treatment effectiveness and the structure of health systems.[12]\nFurthermore the Mental Health Systems Act stressed the importance of collaboration among state and local governments well as between mental health providers, social service agencies and other community groups. It acknowledged that meeting the needs of individuals with illnesses required a unified approach involving various disciplines.[13]Despite its objectives some members of Congress and the Reagan administration opposed the Mental Health Systems Act due to doubts about the governments role, in funding and supervising mental health services.[14][15][16]","title":"Short life of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Patients' Bill of Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._patients%27_bill_of_rights"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lyon-levine-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, passed by a Democratic-controlled House of Representatives and a Republican-controlled Senate, and signed by President Ronald Reagan on August 13, 1981, repealed most of the Mental Health Systems Act. The Patients' Bill of Rights, section 501, was not repealed; per Congressional record, the Congress felt that state provisions were sufficient and section 501 served as a recommendation to states to review and refine existing policies.[17]Most of the provisions, in 1981 were repealed by President Ronald Reagan after taking office as part of his efforts to cut spending and reduce government involvement in social welfare programs.[18]Of the Mental Health Systems Act Reagan’s administration introduced the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 which combined funding for social service programs, including mental health services into a single grant given to states. Supporters believed this approach gave states flexibility and independence. Critics feared it would result in reduced funding for mental health services and go against the community mental health movements objectives.[19] The repeal occurred within the broader context of shifting political ideologies and priorities in the United States, following the election of President Ronald Reagan in 1980. Reagan advocated for smaller government, reduced federal spending, and greater emphasis on states' rights and local control. With a focus on government decreased spending and promoting states rights and local governance there was a reevaluation of federal involvement and financing in areas, like mental health. In 1981, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) was approved by the National Congress and signed into law by President Reagan.[20] It included provisions that repealed most of the MHSA, discontinuing federal funding and the support for community mental health centers established under the MHSA. OBRA redirected mental health funding mechanisms and transferred more responsibility for mental health services to the states, reducing significantly federal funding for mental health programs. [21][22] The repeal of most provisions of the MHSA in 1981 reflected broader shifts in political priorities, budgetary constraints,[23] and changing attitudes toward federal involvement in mental health policy and funding. It was primarily driven by several reasons and circumstances.","title":"Repeal of most of the provisions in 1981"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Consequences of the repeal","text":"Undoubtedly the repeal of the Mental Health Systems Act had an effect on the health system in America. The decrease in funding for health services led to service cuts and closures of numerous community mental health centers. Individuals with illnesses encountered increased difficulties, in accessing care with facing homelessness, incarceration or inadequate support. The Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 was an initiative aimed at enhancing and broadening community based health services across the country. Yet its influence was brief as changes, in politics during the 1980s resulted in its removal and a notable decrease in government backing for health programs. Though the objectives of the community mental health initiative are still applicable today the difficulties in obtaining funding and assistance, for health services persist as a significant issue.[citation needed]","title":"Repeal of most of the provisions in 1981"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0009.2005.00408.x"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2690151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16201999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201999"}],"text":"Grob, Gerald N. (September 2005). \"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\". Milbank Quarterly. 83 (3): 425–456. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x. PMC 2690151. PMID 16201999.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Lanterman–Petris–Short Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanterman%E2%80%93Petris%E2%80%93Short_Act"}]
|
[{"reference":"Ford, Matt (June 8, 2015). \"Cook County Jail, America's Largest Mental Hospital is a Jail\". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/americas-largest-mental-hospital-is-a-jail/395012/","url_text":"\"Cook County Jail, America's Largest Mental Hospital is a Jail\""}]},{"reference":"Goldman, Howard H.; Morrissey, Joseph P.; Ridgely, M. Susan; Frank, Richard G.; Newman, Sandra J.; Kennedy, Cille (January 1992). \"Lessons from the Program on Chronic Mental Illness\". Health Affairs. 11 (3): 51–68. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.11.3.51. PMID 1398453.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.11.3.51","url_text":"10.1377/hlthaff.11.3.51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1398453","url_text":"1398453"}]},{"reference":"Langsley, Donald G. (December 1980). \"The Community Mental Health Center: Does It Treat Patients?\". Psychiatric Services. 31 (12): 815–819. doi:10.1176/ps.31.12.815. PMID 7203401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fps.31.12.815","url_text":"10.1176/ps.31.12.815"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7203401","url_text":"7203401"}]},{"reference":"Fink, Paul J.; Weinstein, Stephen P. (April 1979). \"Whatever Happened to Psychiatry? The Deprofessionalization of Community Mental Health Centers\". American Journal of Psychiatry. 136 (4A): 406–409. doi:10.1176/ajp.1979.136.4a.406.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.1979.136.4a.406","url_text":"10.1176/ajp.1979.136.4a.406"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Alexander (1998). \"Ronald Reagan and the Commitment of the Mentally Ill: Capital, Interest Groups, and the Eclipse of Social Policy\". Electronic Journal of Sociology. 3 (4).","urls":[{"url":"https://sociology.lightningpath.org/ejs-archives/vol003.004/thomas.html","url_text":"\"Ronald Reagan and the Commitment of the Mentally Ill: Capital, Interest Groups, and the Eclipse of Social Policy\""}]},{"reference":"Grob, Gerald N. (September 2005). \"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\". The Milbank Quarterly. 83 (3): 425–456. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x. PMC 2690151. PMID 16201999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","url_text":"\"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0009.2005.00408.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","url_text":"2690151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201999","url_text":"16201999"}]},{"reference":"Lyon-Levine, Martha; Levine, Martin; Zusman, Jack (March 1985). \"Developments in Patients' Bill of Rights Since the Mental Health Systems Act\" (PDF). Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter. 9 (2). Retrieved September 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.usc.edu/assets/docs/Developments_in_Patients.pdf","url_text":"\"Developments in Patients' Bill of Rights Since the Mental Health Systems Act\""}]},{"reference":"Grob, Gerald N. (September 2005). \"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\". The Milbank Quarterly. 83 (3): 425–456. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x. PMC 2690151. PMID 16201999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","url_text":"\"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0009.2005.00408.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","url_text":"2690151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201999","url_text":"16201999"}]},{"reference":"Grob, Gerald N. (September 2005). \"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\". The Milbank Quarterly. 83 (3): 425–456. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x. PMC 2690151. PMID 16201999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","url_text":"\"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0009.2005.00408.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","url_text":"2690151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201999","url_text":"16201999"}]},{"reference":"Osher, Fred (May 9, 2016). \"We Need Better Funding for Mental Health Services\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/05/09/getting-the-mentally-ill-out-of-jail-and-off-the-streets/we-need-better-funding-for-mental-health-services","url_text":"\"We Need Better Funding for Mental Health Services\""}]},{"reference":"Grob, Gerald N. (September 2005). \"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\". Milbank Quarterly. 83 (3): 425–456. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x. PMC 2690151. PMID 16201999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","url_text":"\"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0009.2005.00408.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","url_text":"2690151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201999","url_text":"16201999"}]}]
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history"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/96th-congress/senate-bill/1177","external_links_name":"S. 1177"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mental_Health_Systems_Act_of_1980&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/americas-largest-mental-hospital-is-a-jail/395012/","external_links_name":"\"Cook County Jail, America's Largest Mental Hospital is a Jail\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.11.3.51","external_links_name":"10.1377/hlthaff.11.3.51"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1398453","external_links_name":"1398453"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fps.31.12.815","external_links_name":"10.1176/ps.31.12.815"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7203401","external_links_name":"7203401"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.1979.136.4a.406","external_links_name":"10.1176/ajp.1979.136.4a.406"},{"Link":"https://sociology.lightningpath.org/ejs-archives/vol003.004/thomas.html","external_links_name":"\"Ronald Reagan and the Commitment of the Mentally Ill: Capital, Interest Groups, and the Eclipse of Social Policy\""},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-94/STATUTE-94-Pg1564","external_links_name":"https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-94/STATUTE-94-Pg1564"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-94/STATUTE-94-Pg1564","external_links_name":"https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-94/STATUTE-94-Pg1564"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","external_links_name":"\"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0009.2005.00408.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","external_links_name":"2690151"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201999","external_links_name":"16201999"},{"Link":"http://law.usc.edu/assets/docs/Developments_in_Patients.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Developments in Patients' Bill of Rights Since the Mental Health Systems Act\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","external_links_name":"\"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0009.2005.00408.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","external_links_name":"2690151"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201999","external_links_name":"16201999"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10576/pdf/COMPS-10576.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10576/pdf/COMPS-10576.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","external_links_name":"\"Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental 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Health\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0009.2005.00408.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00408.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151","external_links_name":"2690151"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201999","external_links_name":"16201999"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1777/uslm/COMPS-1777.xml","external_links_name":"Mental Health Systems Act"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1777/pdf/COMPS-1777.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-1777/","external_links_name":"details"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps","external_links_name":"Statute Compilations collection"},{"Link":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/96/s1177","external_links_name":"S. 1177 (96th): Mental Health Systems Act"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mental_Health_Systems_Act_of_1980&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Lebedev-Lastochkin
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Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin
|
["1 References","2 See also"]
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18th-century Russian merchant and explorer
The Russians of Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin, with their ships tossed inland by the tsunami, meeting Japanese in 1779
Pavel Sergeyevich Lebedev-Lastochkin (Russian: Павел Сергеевич Лебедев-Ласточкин) was a Russian merchant from Yakutsk who, in the late 18th century, became one of the first Russians to make contact with the Japanese. The government had hoped to enlist the efforts of private merchants, to help them open Japan at far less cost to the government than if they had sent official emissaries or military.
Lastochkin volunteered for the mission, seeking the profits from either Japanese trade goods or furs from Hokkaidō. His first attempt failed entirely when his ship sank in the Sea of Okhotsk. But he, along with another merchant named Grigory Shelikhov, was granted trade monopoly over the Kuril Islands (a string of islands extending north from Japan to Siberia). The plan was to sail to Uruppu, one of the islands, with an expedition crew and about 40 settlers. They would set up a small colony town near Uruppu, and try to persuade some Ainu to guide them down to Japan. This second expedition failed as well when, after reaching Uruppu in the summer of 1775, the ship sank in a storm.
Lastochkin tried yet again, this time bringing a number of extra ships. It was now 1778, and the expedition met with the Lords of Matsumae clan, the Japanese guardians of the northern borders, for the first time. They bestowed gifts upon the samurai lords, and asked to trade. The samurai informed Lastochkin's party that they did not have the authority to make such agreements on behalf of the shōgun, but that they should return the following year. When he did Lastochkin's gifts were returned and he was forbidden to return to Hokkaido, and informed that he should inquire at Nagasaki, on the southern island of Kyūshū, and inconveniently far from Russian holdings, if he wished to trade. Latoschkin returned to Uruppu to plan his next move.
In 1779, an earthquake caused a massive tsunami, which tossed the Russian ship some distance inland. This finally convinced Latoschkin to give up on seeking trade with Japan. However, despite his failure to 'open' Japan to trade, he was still one of the first, if not the very first, Russian to meet Japanese, in Japan, in any official capacity.
References
McDougall, Walter (1993). Let the Sea Make a Noise: Four Hundred Years of Cataclysm, Conquest, War and Folly in the North Pacific. New York: Avon Books.
See also
Empire of Japan–Russian Empire relations
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russians_meeting_Japanese_in_Akkeshi_1779.jpg"},{"link_name":"tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russia"},{"link_name":"Yakutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutsk"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Hokkaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Sea of Okhotsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk"},{"link_name":"Grigory Shelikhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Shelikhov"},{"link_name":"Kuril Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islands"},{"link_name":"Uruppu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruppu"},{"link_name":"Ainu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_people"},{"link_name":"Matsumae clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsumae_clan"},{"link_name":"shōgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"}],"text":"The Russians of Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin, with their ships tossed inland by the tsunami, meeting Japanese in 1779Pavel Sergeyevich Lebedev-Lastochkin (Russian: Павел Сергеевич Лебедев-Ласточкин) was a Russian merchant from Yakutsk who, in the late 18th century, became one of the first Russians to make contact with the Japanese. The government had hoped to enlist the efforts of private merchants, to help them open Japan at far less cost to the government than if they had sent official emissaries or military.Lastochkin volunteered for the mission, seeking the profits from either Japanese trade goods or furs from Hokkaidō. His first attempt failed entirely when his ship sank in the Sea of Okhotsk. But he, along with another merchant named Grigory Shelikhov, was granted trade monopoly over the Kuril Islands (a string of islands extending north from Japan to Siberia). The plan was to sail to Uruppu, one of the islands, with an expedition crew and about 40 settlers. They would set up a small colony town near Uruppu, and try to persuade some Ainu to guide them down to Japan. This second expedition failed as well when, after reaching Uruppu in the summer of 1775, the ship sank in a storm.Lastochkin tried yet again, this time bringing a number of extra ships. It was now 1778, and the expedition met with the Lords of Matsumae clan, the Japanese guardians of the northern borders, for the first time. They bestowed gifts upon the samurai lords, and asked to trade. The samurai informed Lastochkin's party that they did not have the authority to make such agreements on behalf of the shōgun, but that they should return the following year. When he did Lastochkin's gifts were returned and he was forbidden to return to Hokkaido, and informed that he should inquire at Nagasaki, on the southern island of Kyūshū, and inconveniently far from Russian holdings, if he wished to trade. Latoschkin returned to Uruppu to plan his next move.In 1779, an earthquake caused a massive tsunami, which tossed the Russian ship some distance inland. This finally convinced Latoschkin to give up on seeking trade with Japan. However, despite his failure to 'open' Japan to trade, he was still one of the first, if not the very first, Russian to meet Japanese, in Japan, in any official capacity.","title":"Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Russians of Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin, with their ships tossed inland by the tsunami, meeting Japanese in 1779","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Russians_meeting_Japanese_in_Akkeshi_1779.jpg/330px-Russians_meeting_Japanese_in_Akkeshi_1779.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Empire of Japan–Russian Empire relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan%E2%80%93Russian_Empire_relations"}]
|
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceShipOne_flight_15P
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SpaceShipOne flight 15P
|
["1 Crew","2 Flight profile","3 Spectacle","4 Reactions","5 Relation to the Ansari X Prize","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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First privately funded human spaceflight (2004)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "SpaceShipOne flight 15P" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
SpaceShipOne flight 15PPilot Mike Melvill moments after exiting SpaceShipOne and becoming the first private astronaut in history, designer Burt Rutan on the leftMission typeTest flightOperatorScaled CompositesMission duration24 minutesDistance travelled35 kilometers (22 mi)Apogee100.124 kilometers (62.214 mi)
Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftSpaceShipOneManufacturerScaled CompositesLaunch mass3,600 kilograms (7,900 lb)Dry mass1,200 kilograms (2,600 lb)
CrewCrew size1MembersMike MelvillCallsignSpaceShipOne
Start of missionLaunch dateJune 21, 2004, 14:50 (2004-06-21UTC14:50Z) UTCLaunch siteWhite Knight, Mojave
End of missionLanding dateJune 21, 2004, 15:14 (2004-06-21UTC15:15Z) UTCLanding siteMojave
Scaled Composites Tier One← Flight 14PFlight 16P →
Flight 15P of SpaceShipOne (X0) was the first privately funded human spaceflight. It took place on June 21, 2004. It was the fourth powered test flight of the Tier One program, with the previous three test flights reaching much lower altitudes. The flight carried only its pilot, Mike Melvill, who thus became the first non-governmental astronaut.
This flight was a full-altitude test, but not itself a competitive flight for the Ansari X Prize, the prize for the first non-governmental reusable crewed spacecraft. Problems were encountered during the flight but later corrected, paving the way for SpaceShipOne to make competitive flights later in 2004.
Crew
Position
Astronaut
Pilot
Mike MelvillFirst spaceflight
Flight profile
All times are in PDT, which is seven hours behind UTC. This was the local civil time at the spaceport on the day of the flight. All measurements are first stated in the U.S. customary units in which they were originally reported, with conversions to SI units also given.
Taxiing for takeoff from Mojave Spaceport was originally planned for 06:30, because the wind conditions in that area are most favorable in the early morning. Taxiing actually started at 06:37, and the flight took off at 06:47. After an ascent to 47,000 feet (14.3 km) coupled with the White Knight airplane, the SpaceShipOne craft separated at 07:50 and immediately ignited its rocket.
White Knight carried SpaceShipOne aloft, with a Beechcraft Starship flying chase. This photograph was taken from the ground at 06:55.
SpaceShipOne landing on Flight 15P
SpaceShipOne Flight 15P photo
Mike Melvill and Burt Rutan speak to the media after the first flight into Space
Shortly after ignition, at about 60,000 feet (18 km), the craft unexpectedly rolled 90 degrees to the left, due to wind shear. When the pilot attempted to correct it, it rolled 90 degrees to the right. The pilot leveled the craft out and proceeded with the climb. The correction of the roll excursion, using full trim, caused a pitch trim tab to run up against a stop. This caused the trim actuator, as designed, to stop operating for a 3 s timeout. Not realizing what had happened, the pilot and controllers interpreted this as a failure of the trim actuator, and they switched to a backup system. Spacecraft attitude was problematic during the entire climb, and not corrected until the start of re-entry.
During the burn, a new aerodynamic fairing installed around the rocket nozzle overheated, became too soft, and crumpled inwards. This caused a loud bang, which the pilot reported, but did not cause a flight problem.
The rocket burn lasted for 76 seconds. At burn-out the altitude was 180,000 feet (54.9 km), the Mach number was 2.9, and the speed was 2150 mph (3460 km/h; 961 m/s).
The planned apogee altitude was 360,000 feet (110 km), but due to the attitude problem encountered during the climb, the craft actually attained only 328,491 feet (100,124 m). In doing so, it passed the boundary to space at 100 km, making the flight, as planned, officially a spaceflight. It can be calculated that the altitude exceeded 100 km for approximately 10.23 s.
Around apogee the craft experienced about 31⁄2 minutes of weightlessness. Pilot Mike Melvill opened a bag of M&M's and watched them float around the capsule in free fall.
The craft re-entered the atmosphere 22 miles (35 km) south of its planned 5 by 5-mile (8 by 8 km) re-entry zone. The pilot finally corrected the spacecraft's attitude at this point, using a backup trim system. The craft reached Mach 2.9 and experienced deceleration of 5.0 'g (49 m/s²) during descent. The craft switched to gliding configuration at an altitude of 57,000 feet (17.4 km), then returned to the spaceport and landed safely at 08:14.
Spectacle
Scaled Composites, the makers of SpaceShipOne, announced the planned spaceflight on June 2, 2004, and invited the public to watch. An estimated 11,000 people went to Mojave Spaceport to watch the flight, and millions more watched on television. Distinguished attendees included former astronaut Buzz Aldrin and the Commanding officer of Edwards Air Force Base.
Many spectators turned out to see the flight, but found themselves looking into the sun.
Because SpaceShipOne launches to the east of Mojave Spaceport early in the morning, the crowd at the spaceport found themselves looking into the sun when watching the aircraft. Nevertheless, the crowd was exuberant, cheering every milestone in the flight, including the double sonic boom following the thrust phase. After SpaceShipOne landed, White Knight and the chase planes made celebratory passes over the runway. Mike Melvill displayed great excitement, waving to the crowd while standing on top of SpaceShipOne. He also held up a sign reading "SpaceShipOne, GovernmentZero," given to him by a spectator - an apparent reference to the then-ongoing suspension of Space Shuttle flight operations following the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia during STS-107. Melvill was greeted by Buzz Aldrin, the second person to have walked on the Moon.
Reactions
NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe issued a statement about the flight, saying:
We applaud the remarkable achievement of Burt Rutan, Paul Allen and test pilot Mike Melvill following the first successful suborbital flight of SpaceShipOne.
Not unlike the first U.S. and Soviet space travelers in 1961, and China's first successful spaceflight last October, these private citizens are pioneers in their own right. They are doing much to open the door to a new marketplace offering the experience of weightlessness and suborbital space flight to the public.
We congratulate the SpaceShipOne team and wish all those who may follow safe flights.
The X Prize Foundation issued a press release about the flight:
We congratulate the entire Scaled Composites' team, in particular Burt Rutan and Mike Melvill for achieving this tremendous milestone. We also thank Paul Allen for his willingness to help open this critical, but risky frontier. The entire X PRIZE organization looks forward to receiving Scaled Composites' 60-day notice indicating they are ready to make their attempt to win the $10 million purse. Once such notice is received, we will make the information publicly available.
The Federal Aviation Administration presented Melvill with astronaut wings in a ceremony at 10:22, two hours after landing.
Relation to the Ansari X Prize
As intended, the flight exceeded the 100 km threshold required for the X PRIZE. However, the flight was not intended as an X PRIZE competitive flight and was not registered as such.
The flight did not carry any passengers, or equivalent ballast, as required for an X PRIZE flight, and so could not qualify as a competitive flight. Furthermore, the X PRIZE rules require a repeat flight within two weeks, which the Scaled Composites team had no intention of making.
Flight 15P was intended to be the final test flight before making the two X PRIZE flights later in 2004. Due to the problems encountered on this flight, an additional test flight might be needed. However, by July 7, 2004, Burt Rutan reported that the faults had been resolved and the next flights would be competitive.
See also
SpaceShipTwo
Timeline of private spaceflight
Virgin Galactic
References
^ Mahone, Glenn; Jacobs, Bob (June 21, 2004). "NASA Administrator Lauds Successful Human Space Flight". NASA.gov. NASA. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
Further reading
"SpaceShipOne Makes History: First Private Manned Mission to Space" (Press release). Scaled Composites. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
External links
'Anomalies' in first private spaceflight revealed, New Scientist
More X-Prize News from Starfighter's Model Blog
Scaled Composites FAQ on June 21 launch Archived June 22, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
Scaled Composites' public flight log Archived June 24, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
Space Ship One's First Flight into Space – images of the flight, from Fred's Air Show Journal
Spaceflight Now contemporaneous report
Spaceflight Now full report
vteRutan Aircraft Factory and Scaled Composites aircraft and spacecraftAircraft (main designs)
VariViggen
VariEze
Quickie
Defiant
Long-EZ
Voyager
Pond Racer
Boomerang
Proteus
Model 367 BiPod
Model 401
Aircraft (as subcontractor)
Adam A500
Bell Eagle Eye
Toyota TAA-1
Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer
Williams V-Jet II
X-38
X-47A Pegasus
Technology demonstrators
ARES
ATTT
BiPod
Catbird
Grizzly
Triumph
Model 395 (uncrewed)
Model 396 (uncrewed)
Vantage
Rocketcraft (as subcontractor)
McDonnell Douglas DC-X
Rotary Rocket
Spaceflight programPrograms / Ships
SpaceShipOne
White Knight One
SpaceShipTwo
VSS Enterprise†
VSS Unity
White Knight Two
VMS Eve
VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett
RocketMotorTwo
SpaceShipThree
Stratolaunch Roc
Ansari X Prize flights
Tier One
11P
13P
14P
15P
16P
17P
The Spaceship Company
Mojave Aerospace Ventures
Model numbers
1
27
28
31
32
33
35
40
49
54
58
59
61
68
70
72
73
74
76
77
78
79
81
89
91
97
115
120
126
133
143
144
151
158
163
164
165
169
170
173
175
179
181
191
202
205
206
226
231
233
241
247
254
257
260
271
276
281
287
300
301
302
309
311
313
316
318
326
333
339
340
341
342
343
344
346
348
351
355
367
372
375
395
396
400
401
406
Notable people
Burt Rutan (founder)
Doug Shane (former president)
Michael Alsbury (test pilot)
Mike Melvill (vice president/general manager, test pilot)
Brian Binnie (manager, test pilot)
Peter Siebold (director of flight operations, test pilot)
Paul Allen (SpaceShipOne sole investor)
|
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The flight carried only its pilot, Mike Melvill, who thus became the first non-governmental astronaut.This flight was a full-altitude test, but not itself a competitive flight for the Ansari X Prize, the prize for the first non-governmental reusable crewed spacecraft. 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This was the local civil time at the spaceport on the day of the flight. All measurements are first stated in the U.S. customary units in which they were originally reported, with conversions to SI units also given.Taxiing for takeoff from Mojave Spaceport was originally planned for 06:30, because the wind conditions in that area are most favorable in the early morning. Taxiing actually started at 06:37, and the flight took off at 06:47. After an ascent to 47,000 feet (14.3 km) coupled with the White Knight airplane, the SpaceShipOne craft separated at 07:50 and immediately ignited its rocket.White Knight carried SpaceShipOne aloft, with a Beechcraft Starship flying chase. This photograph was taken from the ground at 06:55.SpaceShipOne landing on Flight 15PSpaceShipOne Flight 15P photoMike Melvill and Burt Rutan speak to the media after the first flight into SpaceShortly after ignition, at about 60,000 feet (18 km), the craft unexpectedly rolled 90 degrees to the left, due to wind shear. When the pilot attempted to correct it, it rolled 90 degrees to the right. The pilot leveled the craft out and proceeded with the climb. The correction of the roll excursion, using full trim, caused a pitch trim tab to run up against a stop. This caused the trim actuator, as designed, to stop operating for a 3 s timeout. Not realizing what had happened, the pilot and controllers interpreted this as a failure of the trim actuator, and they switched to a backup system. Spacecraft attitude was problematic during the entire climb, and not corrected until the start of re-entry.During the burn, a new aerodynamic fairing installed around the rocket nozzle overheated, became too soft, and crumpled inwards. This caused a loud bang, which the pilot reported, but did not cause a flight problem.The rocket burn lasted for 76 seconds. At burn-out the altitude was 180,000 feet (54.9 km), the Mach number was 2.9, and the speed was 2150 mph (3460 km/h; 961 m/s).The planned apogee altitude was 360,000 feet (110 km), but due to the attitude problem encountered during the climb, the craft actually attained only 328,491 feet (100,124 m). In doing so, it passed the boundary to space at 100 km, making the flight, as planned, officially a spaceflight. It can be calculated that the altitude exceeded 100 km for approximately 10.23 s.Around apogee the craft experienced about 31⁄2 minutes of weightlessness. Pilot Mike Melvill opened a bag of M&M's and watched them float around the capsule in free fall.The craft re-entered the atmosphere 22 miles (35 km) south of its planned 5 by 5-mile (8 by 8 km) re-entry zone. The pilot finally corrected the spacecraft's attitude at this point, using a backup trim system. The craft reached Mach 2.9 and experienced deceleration of 5.0 'g (49 m/s²) during descent. The craft switched to gliding configuration at an altitude of 57,000 feet (17.4 km), then returned to the spaceport and landed safely at 08:14.","title":"Flight profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scaled Composites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaled_Composites"},{"link_name":"Buzz Aldrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin"},{"link_name":"Commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"Edwards Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sso_15p_crowd.jpg"},{"link_name":"sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Mojave Spaceport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Airport_%26_Spaceport"},{"link_name":"sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia"},{"link_name":"STS-107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-107"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"}],"text":"Scaled Composites, the makers of SpaceShipOne, announced the planned spaceflight on June 2, 2004, and invited the public to watch. An estimated 11,000 people went to Mojave Spaceport to watch the flight, and millions more watched on television. Distinguished attendees included former astronaut Buzz Aldrin and the Commanding officer of Edwards Air Force Base.Many spectators turned out to see the flight, but found themselves looking into the sun.Because SpaceShipOne launches to the east of Mojave Spaceport early in the morning, the crowd at the spaceport found themselves looking into the sun when watching the aircraft. Nevertheless, the crowd was exuberant, cheering every milestone in the flight, including the double sonic boom following the thrust phase. After SpaceShipOne landed, White Knight and the chase planes made celebratory passes over the runway. Mike Melvill displayed great excitement, waving to the crowd while standing on top of SpaceShipOne. He also held up a sign reading \"SpaceShipOne, GovernmentZero,\" given to him by a spectator - an apparent reference to the then-ongoing suspension of Space Shuttle flight operations following the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia during STS-107. Melvill was greeted by Buzz Aldrin, the second person to have walked on the Moon.","title":"Spectacle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Sean O'Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe"},{"link_name":"Burt Rutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Rutan"},{"link_name":"Paul Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Allen"},{"link_name":"China's first successful spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhou_5"},{"link_name":"suborbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suborbital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"X Prize Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"astronaut wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Badge"}],"text":"NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe issued a statement about the flight, saying:We applaud the remarkable achievement of Burt Rutan, Paul Allen and test pilot Mike Melvill following the first successful suborbital flight of SpaceShipOne.\nNot unlike the first U.S. and Soviet space travelers in 1961, and China's first successful spaceflight last October, these private citizens are pioneers in their own right. They are doing much to open the door to a new marketplace offering the experience of weightlessness and suborbital space flight to the public.\n\nWe congratulate the SpaceShipOne team and wish all those who may follow safe flights.[1]The X Prize Foundation issued a press release about the flight:We congratulate the entire Scaled Composites' team, in particular Burt Rutan and Mike Melvill for achieving this tremendous milestone. We also thank Paul Allen for his willingness to help open this critical, but risky frontier. The entire X PRIZE organization looks forward to receiving Scaled Composites' 60-day notice indicating they are ready to make their attempt to win the $10 million purse. Once such notice is received, we will make the information publicly available.The Federal Aviation Administration presented Melvill with astronaut wings in a ceremony at 10:22, two hours after landing.","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As intended, the flight exceeded the 100 km threshold required for the X PRIZE. However, the flight was not intended as an X PRIZE competitive flight and was not registered as such.The flight did not carry any passengers, or equivalent ballast, as required for an X PRIZE flight, and so could not qualify as a competitive flight. Furthermore, the X PRIZE rules require a repeat flight within two weeks, which the Scaled Composites team had no intention of making.Flight 15P was intended to be the final test flight before making the two X PRIZE flights later in 2004. Due to the problems encountered on this flight, an additional test flight might be needed. However, by July 7, 2004, Burt Rutan reported that the faults had been resolved and the next flights would be competitive.","title":"Relation to the Ansari X Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"SpaceShipOne Makes History: First Private Manned Mission to Space\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070914133459/http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/062104-2.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/062104-2.htm"}],"text":"\"SpaceShipOne Makes History: First Private Manned Mission to Space\" (Press release). Scaled Composites. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"White Knight carried SpaceShipOne aloft, with a Beechcraft Starship flying chase. This photograph was taken from the ground at 06:55.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sso_15p_prerelease.jpg/220px-Sso_15p_prerelease.jpg"},{"image_text":"SpaceShipOne landing on Flight 15P","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kluft-photo-SS1-landing-June-2004-Img_1406c.jpg/220px-Kluft-photo-SS1-landing-June-2004-Img_1406c.jpg"},{"image_text":"SpaceShipOne Flight 15P photo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SpaceShipOne_Flight_15P_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-SpaceShipOne_Flight_15P_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mike Melvill and Burt Rutan speak to the media after the first flight into Space","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mike_Melvill_and_Burt_Rutan_speak_to_the_media_after_the_first_flight_into_Space_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Mike_Melvill_and_Burt_Rutan_speak_to_the_media_after_the_first_flight_into_Space_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Many spectators turned out to see the flight, but found themselves looking into the sun.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sso_15p_crowd.jpg/220px-Sso_15p_crowd.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"SpaceShipTwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceShipTwo"},{"title":"Timeline of private spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_private_spaceflight"},{"title":"Virgin Galactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Galactic"}]
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[{"reference":"Mahone, Glenn; Jacobs, Bob (June 21, 2004). \"NASA Administrator Lauds Successful Human Space Flight\". NASA.gov. NASA. Retrieved June 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/jun/HQ_04199_ok_spaceship1.html","url_text":"\"NASA Administrator Lauds Successful Human Space Flight\""}]},{"reference":"\"SpaceShipOne Makes History: First Private Manned Mission to Space\" (Press release). Scaled Composites. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070914133459/http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/062104-2.htm","url_text":"\"SpaceShipOne Makes History: First Private Manned Mission to Space\""},{"url":"http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/062104-2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SpaceShipOne+flight+15P%22","external_links_name":"\"SpaceShipOne flight 15P\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SpaceShipOne+flight+15P%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SpaceShipOne+flight+15P%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SpaceShipOne+flight+15P%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SpaceShipOne+flight+15P%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SpaceShipOne+flight+15P%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/jun/HQ_04199_ok_spaceship1.html","external_links_name":"\"NASA Administrator Lauds Successful Human Space Flight\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070914133459/http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/062104-2.htm","external_links_name":"\"SpaceShipOne Makes History: First Private Manned Mission to Space\""},{"Link":"http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/062104-2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99996052","external_links_name":"'Anomalies' in first private spaceflight revealed, New Scientist"},{"Link":"http://starfighter.blogspot.com/2004/07/more-x-prize-news.html","external_links_name":"More X-Prize News"},{"Link":"http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/june21faq.htm","external_links_name":"Scaled Composites FAQ on June 21 launch"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040622053812/http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/june21faq.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://scaled.com/projects/tierone/logs-WK-SS1.htm","external_links_name":"Scaled Composites' public flight log"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040624031649/http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/logs-WK-SS1.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://spaceshipone.airshowjournal.com/2004/","external_links_name":"Space Ship One's First Flight into Space"},{"Link":"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/ss1/status2.html","external_links_name":"Spaceflight Now contemporaneous report"},{"Link":"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/ss1/040621launch.html","external_links_name":"Spaceflight Now full report"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia
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History of the Roman Curia
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["1 Historical origins","1.1 Sixtus V","1.2 Pius X","2 Modern era","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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The history of the Roman Curia, the administrative apparatus responsible for managing the affairs of the Holy See and the Catholic Church, can be traced to the 11th century when informal methods of administration began to take on a more organized structure and eventually a bureaucratic form. The Curia has undergone a series of renewals and reforms, including a major overhaul following the loss of the Papal States, which fundamentally altered the range and nature of the Curia's responsibilities, removing many of an entirely secular nature.
Historical origins
Like every bishop, the pope was surrounded by a college of priests. The college met regularly to form councils to lead its diocese. Its function also extended a calling to the universal Church, and for matters relating to it, the Pope surrounded himself with other bishops around Rome to hear their advice. Gradually, these consistories took an almost permanent presence: the word "curia" is first used in the Church by a papal document in 1089, during the reign of Pope Urban II. He set up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church.
Meetings were held three times a week under Pope Innocent III.
Outside the presbyteries, which dealt with general topics, the pope set up specialized committees of Cardinals on particular topics. These commissions, first in temporary mandate, became more and more important and stable. Gradually, consistories lost their effectiveness and started to look like meetings apparatus. The real work was done within the congregations.
The first congregation, the Holy Office did not begin its existence as a congregation until 1558, in the reign of Pope Paul IV. Then other congregations were created on this model: one after the Council for the Interpretation of the Decrees of the Council of Trent in 1561, and one for the Index in 1571.
After the Council of Trent, Pope Sixtus V reorganized the administration of the Holy See on 22 January 1588 with the Apostolic Constitution Immensa Aeterni Dei which established as standard practice the organization of groups of cardinal as standing committees to examine or review defined categories problems. Some of these congregations were created to assist in the administration of the Papal States rather than those of the Holy See or the Church.
Sixtus V
The congregations established by Sixtus V were: the Holy Office, for the Apostolic Signatura, for the erection of churches, for "the abundance of supplies and prosperity of the Church's temporal dominions", for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, for equipping and maintaining the fleet for the defence of the Church's dominions, for an index of forbidden books, for the execution and interpretation of the Council of Trent, for relieving the ills of the States of the Church, for the University of the Rome, for regulating of religious orders, for regulating bishops and other prelates, for taking care of roads, bridges, and waters, for the Vatican printing-press, and for regulating the affairs of the Church's temporal dominions. The Constitution also created the Congregation of Rites, which at that time included jurisdiction over Causes of the Saints.
Pius X
There was another general reorganization in 1908 under Pope Pius X, which reflected the focus on ecclesiastical matters alone following the loss of the Papal States.
While the Pope was sovereign of that region, the Curia had both religious and civil functions. The latter were lost when the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, expanding to include the greater part of Italy, seized most of the Papal States in 1860 and the city of Rome itself and its surrounding area in 1870, thus ending the Papacy's temporal power. The Curia was from then on dedicated in practice entirely to the Pope's ecclesiastical responsibilities. When the Holy See concluded the Lateran Pacts with the Italian State in 1929, the Holy See recognized the annexation by Italy of the Papal States, and Vatican City State was created. The Curia has continued to devote itself exclusively to ecclesiastical affairs, and a distinct body, not considered part of the Curia, was established for the governance of the minuscule state.
Modern era
The Second Vatican Council was followed by further changes. Some offices ceased to exist, because their former functions were abolished, as happened with the Dataria. The functions of some others were transferred to another office, as the remaining functions of the Apostolic Chancery and those of the Secretariate of Briefs were transferred to the Secretariat of State, and those of the Congregation of Ceremonies to the Prefecture of the Pontifical Household. Others were split into separate offices, as the Congregation of Rites became the Congregation for the Causes of Saints and the Congregation for Divine Worship, the latter of which later became, by fusion with another office, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. Others again were simply given a new name.
Pope Benedict XVI made only modest changes to the structure of the Roman Curia. In March 2006, he placed both the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant Peoples and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace under a single president, Cardinal Renato Martino. When Martino retired in 2009, the Councils each received its own president once again. Also in March 2006 the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue was briefly merged into the Pontifical Council for Culture under Cardinal Paul Poupard. Those Councils maintained their separate officials and staffs while their status and competencies continued unchanged, and in May 2007 Interreligious Dialogue was restored to its separate status again with its own president. In June 2010 Benedict created the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelisation, appointing Archbishop Rino Fisichella its first president. On 16 January 2013 Pope Benedict transferred responsibility for catechesis from the Congregation for the Clergy to the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization.
See also
Curia (Catholic Church)
Regarding the History of the Roman Curia:
History of the Roman Catholic Church
History of the Papacy
Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church
Role of the Roman Catholic Church in civilization
Regarding the current state of the Roman Curia:
Roman Curia
Pope Paul VI's reform of the Roman Curia
References
^ Del Re, Niccolò (1998). La Curia Romana: Lineamenti Storico-Giuridici (4th ed.). Rome: Libreria editrice vaticana. p. 21.
^ McBrien, Robert P. (2000). Lives of the Popes. HarperCollins. p. 182 ISBN 9780060653040
^ Del Re 1998, p. 26.
^ a b Catholic Encyclopedia, Roman Congregations
^ Murphy, Joseph J. (October 1914). "Pius X and the Cardinalate". The Ecclesiastical Review. LI. Philadelphia: The Dolphin Press: 445.
^ Jedin, Hubert (1999). The Church in the Modern Age. Vol. 10. London: Burns & Oates. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-86012-092-6.
^ Pope Paul VI. "Regimini Ecclesiae universae", 15 August 1967, Libreria Editrice Vaticana
^ Allen Jr., John L. (30 May 2006). "Council for Interreligious Dialogue to be restored, Vatican says". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
^ "Pope appoints Archbishop Fisichella to lead Council for New Evangelization". Catholic News Agency. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
^ "Pope transfers responsibility for catechesis, seminaries". Catholic News Agency. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"}],"text":"The history of the Roman Curia, the administrative apparatus responsible for managing the affairs of the Holy See and the Catholic Church, can be traced to the 11th century when informal methods of administration began to take on a more organized structure and eventually a bureaucratic form. The Curia has undergone a series of renewals and reforms, including a major overhaul following the loss of the Papal States, which fundamentally altered the range and nature of the Curia's responsibilities, removing many of an entirely secular nature.","title":"History of the Roman Curia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"consistories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_consistory"},{"link_name":"Urban II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_II"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Re199826-3"},{"link_name":"Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholic-4"},{"link_name":"Council of Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Immensa Aeterni Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immensa_Aeterni_Dei"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"}],"text":"Like every bishop, the pope was surrounded by a college of priests.[1] The college met regularly to form councils to lead its diocese. Its function also extended a calling to the universal Church, and for matters relating to it, the Pope surrounded himself with other bishops around Rome to hear their advice. Gradually, these consistories took an almost permanent presence: the word \"curia\" is first used in the Church by a papal document in 1089, during the reign of Pope Urban II. He set up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church.[2]\nMeetings were held three times a week under Pope Innocent III.[3]Outside the presbyteries, which dealt with general topics, the pope set up specialized committees of Cardinals on particular topics. These commissions, first in temporary mandate, became more and more important and stable. Gradually, consistories lost their effectiveness and started to look like meetings apparatus. The real work was done within the congregations.The first congregation, the Holy Office did not begin its existence as a congregation until 1558, in the reign of Pope Paul IV.[4] Then other congregations were created on this model: one after the Council for the Interpretation of the Decrees of the Council of Trent in 1561, and one for the Index in 1571.After the Council of Trent, Pope Sixtus V reorganized the administration of the Holy See on 22 January 1588 with the Apostolic Constitution Immensa Aeterni Dei which established as standard practice the organization of groups of cardinal as standing committees to examine or review defined categories problems. Some of these congregations were created to assist in the administration of the Papal States rather than those of the Holy See or the Church.","title":"Historical origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catholic-4"},{"link_name":"the Holy Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Signatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura"},{"link_name":"for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments"},{"link_name":"Council of Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Congregation_of_Rites"}],"sub_title":"Sixtus V","text":"The congregations established by Sixtus V were:[4] the Holy Office, for the Apostolic Signatura, for the erection of churches, for \"the abundance of supplies and prosperity of the Church's temporal dominions\", for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, for equipping and maintaining the fleet for the defence of the Church's dominions, for an index of forbidden books, for the execution and interpretation of the Council of Trent, for relieving the ills of the States of the Church, for the University of the Rome, for regulating of religious orders, for regulating bishops and other prelates, for taking care of roads, bridges, and waters, for the Vatican printing-press, and for regulating the affairs of the Church's temporal dominions. The Constitution also created the Congregation of Rites, which at that time included jurisdiction over Causes of the Saints.","title":"Historical origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacy"},{"link_name":"temporal power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_power_(Papal)"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Lateran Pacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Vatican City State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City_State"},{"link_name":"distinct body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City#Administration"}],"sub_title":"Pius X","text":"There was another general reorganization in 1908 under Pope Pius X, which reflected the focus on ecclesiastical matters alone following the loss of the Papal States.[5]While the Pope was sovereign of that region, the Curia had both religious and civil functions. The latter were lost when the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, expanding to include the greater part of Italy, seized most of the Papal States in 1860 and the city of Rome itself and its surrounding area in 1870, thus ending the Papacy's temporal power. The Curia was from then on dedicated in practice entirely to the Pope's ecclesiastical responsibilities. When the Holy See concluded the Lateran Pacts with the Italian State in 1929, the Holy See recognized the annexation by Italy of the Papal States, and Vatican City State was created. The Curia has continued to devote itself exclusively to ecclesiastical affairs, and a distinct body, not considered part of the Curia, was established for the governance of the minuscule state.","title":"Historical origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"Dataria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery"},{"link_name":"Secretariate of Briefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariate_of_Briefs"},{"link_name":"Secretariat of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Ceremonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Ceremonies"},{"link_name":"Prefecture of the Pontifical Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Pontifical_Household"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Causes of Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints"},{"link_name":"Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Pastoral_Care_of_Migrants_and_Itinerant_Peoples"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Justice_and_Peace"},{"link_name":"Renato Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Martino"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Interreligious_Dialogue"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Culture"},{"link_name":"Paul Poupard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Poupard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_the_New_Evangelisation"},{"link_name":"Rino Fisichella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rino_Fisichella"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"catechesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechesis"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Clergy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Second Vatican Council was followed by further changes. Some offices ceased to exist, because their former functions were abolished, as happened with the Dataria.[6] The functions of some others were transferred to another office, as the remaining functions of the Apostolic Chancery and those of the Secretariate of Briefs were transferred to the Secretariat of State,[7] and those of the Congregation of Ceremonies to the Prefecture of the Pontifical Household. Others were split into separate offices, as the Congregation of Rites became the Congregation for the Causes of Saints and the Congregation for Divine Worship, the latter of which later became, by fusion with another office, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. Others again were simply given a new name.Pope Benedict XVI made only modest changes to the structure of the Roman Curia. In March 2006, he placed both the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant Peoples and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace under a single president, Cardinal Renato Martino. When Martino retired in 2009, the Councils each received its own president once again. Also in March 2006 the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue was briefly merged into the Pontifical Council for Culture under Cardinal Paul Poupard. Those Councils maintained their separate officials and staffs while their status and competencies continued unchanged, and in May 2007 Interreligious Dialogue was restored to its separate status again with its own president.[8] In June 2010 Benedict created the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelisation, appointing Archbishop Rino Fisichella its first president.[9] On 16 January 2013 Pope Benedict transferred responsibility for catechesis from the Congregation for the Clergy to the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization.[10]","title":"Modern era"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Curia (Catholic Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia_(Catholic_Church)"},{"title":"History of the Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"title":"History of the Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Papacy"},{"title":"Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"title":"Role of the Roman Catholic Church in civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church_in_civilization"},{"title":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"title":"Pope Paul VI's reform of the Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI%27s_reform_of_the_Roman_Curia"}]
|
[{"reference":"Del Re, Niccolò (1998). La Curia Romana: Lineamenti Storico-Giuridici (4th ed.). Rome: Libreria editrice vaticana. p. 21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Murphy, Joseph J. (October 1914). \"Pius X and the Cardinalate\". The Ecclesiastical Review. LI. Philadelphia: The Dolphin Press: 445.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0m0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA440","url_text":"\"Pius X and the Cardinalate\""}]},{"reference":"Jedin, Hubert (1999). The Church in the Modern Age. Vol. 10. London: Burns & Oates. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-86012-092-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LjLQwToInS4C&pg=PA169","url_text":"The Church in the Modern Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-092-6","url_text":"978-0-86012-092-6"}]},{"reference":"Allen Jr., John L. (30 May 2006). \"Council for Interreligious Dialogue to be restored, Vatican says\". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 2 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncronline.org/news/council-interreligious-dialogue-be-restored-vatican-says","url_text":"\"Council for Interreligious Dialogue to be restored, Vatican says\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pope appoints Archbishop Fisichella to lead Council for New Evangelization\". Catholic News Agency. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-appoints-archbishop-fisichella-to-lead-council-for-new-evangelization/","url_text":"\"Pope appoints Archbishop Fisichella to lead Council for New Evangelization\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pope transfers responsibility for catechesis, seminaries\". Catholic News Agency. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-transfers-responsibility-for-catechesis-seminaries/","url_text":"\"Pope transfers responsibility for catechesis, seminaries\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13136a.htm","external_links_name":"Roman Congregations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0m0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA440","external_links_name":"\"Pius X and the Cardinalate\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LjLQwToInS4C&pg=PA169","external_links_name":"The Church in the Modern Age"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19670815_regimini-ecclesiae-universae.html","external_links_name":"Pope Paul VI. \"Regimini Ecclesiae universae\", 15 August 1967, Libreria Editrice Vaticana"},{"Link":"https://www.ncronline.org/news/council-interreligious-dialogue-be-restored-vatican-says","external_links_name":"\"Council for Interreligious Dialogue to be restored, Vatican says\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-appoints-archbishop-fisichella-to-lead-council-for-new-evangelization/","external_links_name":"\"Pope appoints Archbishop Fisichella to lead Council for New Evangelization\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-transfers-responsibility-for-catechesis-seminaries/","external_links_name":"\"Pope transfers responsibility for catechesis, seminaries\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/content/romancuria/en.html","external_links_name":"The Roman Curia, Vatican"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Martini
|
Hélène Martini
|
["1 References"]
|
French theater director
Hélène Martini
Hélène de Cressac Martini (6 August 1924 – 5 August 2017) was a Polish-born French striptease artist turned businesswoman and nightclub owner associated with the Folies Bergère, and nicknamed "The Countess" and "The Empress of the Night".
The Polish-born (present-day Belarus) Martini landed in Paris aged 20 after surviving the Holocaust. She was believed to be the sole surviving member of her family. Starting out at the Folies Bergere, she won three million francs on the lottery. She then went on to employ her managerial and entrepreneurial skills to run half a dozen Paris nightclubs, first with her Syria-born husband, Nachat Martini, a lawyer, professor and secret agent (1910–1961), whom she married in 1955. After his death in early 1961, she carried on alone. The couple had no children. She died in 2017, on the day before her 93rd birthday, leaving no known living relatives.
References
^ "Foreign News: The King Is Dead". Content.time.com. 6 January 1961. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
^ "Hélène Martini". Thetimes.co.uk. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
^ "Paris' "empress of the night" dies aged 92". Thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
^ "Empress of the Night cabaret owner to auction off 6,000 costumes". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
^ "HELENE MARTINI". Bestiairedubasmontmartre.org. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ "Foreign News: The King Is Dead". Content.time.com. 6 January 1961. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ "Showgirl who became 'empress' of Paris night dies at 92". Timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
^ "Showgirl who became 'empress' of Paris night dies at 92". Timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
^ "Hélène Martini, "l'impératrice de la nuit" parisienne s'est éteinte". Lefigaro.fr. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Other
IdRef
This French business–related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Martini.jpg"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Folies Bergère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Hélène MartiniHélène de Cressac Martini (6 August 1924 – 5 August 2017) was a Polish-born French striptease artist[1] turned businesswoman and nightclub owner associated with the Folies Bergère, and nicknamed \"The Countess\" and \"The Empress of the Night\".[2][3][4][5][6]The Polish-born (present-day Belarus) Martini landed in Paris aged 20 after surviving the Holocaust. She was believed to be the sole surviving member of her family. Starting out at the Folies Bergere, she won three million francs on the lottery.[7] She then went on to employ her managerial and entrepreneurial skills to run half a dozen Paris nightclubs, first with her Syria-born husband, Nachat Martini, a lawyer, professor and secret agent (1910–1961), whom she married in 1955. After his death in early 1961, she carried on alone. The couple had no children. She died in 2017, on the day before her 93rd birthday, leaving no known living relatives.[8][9]","title":"Hélène Martini"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Hélène Martini","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7b/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Martini.jpg/220px-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Martini.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Foreign News: The King Is Dead\". Content.time.com. 6 January 1961. Retrieved 13 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,874247,00.html","url_text":"\"Foreign News: The King Is Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hélène Martini\". Thetimes.co.uk. Retrieved 19 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/helene-martini-obituary-fq8qfnxll","url_text":"\"Hélène Martini\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris' \"empress of the night\" dies aged 92\". Thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 19 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/222286-Paris-empress-of-the-night-Helene-Martini-dies-aged-92","url_text":"\"Paris' \"empress of the night\" dies aged 92\""}]},{"reference":"\"Empress of the Night cabaret owner to auction off 6,000 costumes\". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 19 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/9320021/Empress-of-the-Night-cabaret-owner-to-auction-off-6000-costumes.html","url_text":"\"Empress of the Night cabaret owner to auction off 6,000 costumes\""}]},{"reference":"\"HELENE MARTINI\". Bestiairedubasmontmartre.org. Retrieved 12 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bestiairedubasmontmartre.org/martini.htm","url_text":"\"HELENE MARTINI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign News: The King Is Dead\". Content.time.com. 6 January 1961. Retrieved 12 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,874247,00.html","url_text":"\"Foreign News: The King Is Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Showgirl who became 'empress' of Paris night dies at 92\". Timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 13 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/showgirl-who-became-empress-of-the-paris-night-dies-at-92/","url_text":"\"Showgirl who became 'empress' of Paris night dies at 92\""}]},{"reference":"\"Showgirl who became 'empress' of Paris night dies at 92\". Timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 19 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/showgirl-who-became-empress-of-the-paris-night-dies-at-92","url_text":"\"Showgirl who became 'empress' of Paris night dies at 92\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hélène Martini, \"l'impératrice de la nuit\" parisienne s'est éteinte\". Lefigaro.fr. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/theatre/2017/08/08/03003-20170808ARTFIG00235-helene-martini-l-imperatrice-de-la-nuit-parisienne-s-est-eteinte.php","url_text":"\"Hélène Martini, \"l'impératrice de la nuit\" parisienne s'est éteinte\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,874247,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Foreign News: The King Is Dead\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/helene-martini-obituary-fq8qfnxll","external_links_name":"\"Hélène Martini\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/222286-Paris-empress-of-the-night-Helene-Martini-dies-aged-92","external_links_name":"\"Paris' \"empress of the night\" dies aged 92\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/9320021/Empress-of-the-Night-cabaret-owner-to-auction-off-6000-costumes.html","external_links_name":"\"Empress of the Night cabaret owner to auction off 6,000 costumes\""},{"Link":"http://www.bestiairedubasmontmartre.org/martini.htm","external_links_name":"\"HELENE MARTINI\""},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,874247,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Foreign News: The King Is Dead\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/showgirl-who-became-empress-of-the-paris-night-dies-at-92/","external_links_name":"\"Showgirl who became 'empress' of Paris night dies at 92\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/showgirl-who-became-empress-of-the-paris-night-dies-at-92","external_links_name":"\"Showgirl who became 'empress' of Paris night dies at 92\""},{"Link":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/theatre/2017/08/08/03003-20170808ARTFIG00235-helene-martini-l-imperatrice-de-la-nuit-parisienne-s-est-eteinte.php","external_links_name":"\"Hélène Martini, \"l'impératrice de la nuit\" parisienne s'est éteinte\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000002318443","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/23902001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjDRvrgvgrH99BqHVpQbcX","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15124629s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15124629s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1049508866","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97869766","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/24511971X","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Martini&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics
|
Cycling at the 1964 Summer Olympics
|
["1 Medal summary","1.1 Road cycling","1.2 Track cycling","2 Participating nations","3 Medal table","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Cyclingat the Games of the XVIII OlympiadCycling at the 1964 Olympics on a stamp of JapanVenuesHachiōji CityHachioji VelodromeDate14 –20 October 1964Competitors303 from 40 nations← 19601968 →
The cycling competition at the 1964 Summer Olympics consisted of two road cycling events and five track cycling events, all for men only. The 4000m individual pursuit event was introduced at these Games.
Medal summary
Road cycling
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Individual road racedetails
Mario Zanin Italy
Kjeld Rodian Denmark
Walter Godefroot Belgium
Team time trialdetails
Netherlands (NED)Bart ZoetEvert DolmanGerben KarstensJan Pieterse
Italy (ITA)Ferruccio ManzaSeverino AndreoliLuciano Dalla BonaPietro Guerra
Sweden (SWE)Sture PetterssonSven HamrinErik PetterssonGösta Pettersson
Track cycling
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Individual pursuitdetails
Jiří Daler Czechoslovakia
Giorgio Ursi Italy
Preben Isaksson Denmark
Team pursuitdetails
United Team of Germany (EUA)Ernst StrengLothar ClaesgesKarlheinz HenrichsKarl Link
Italy (ITA)Franco TestaCencio MantovaniCarlo RancatiLuigi Roncaglia
Netherlands (NED)Cor SchuuringHenk CornelisseGerard KoelJaap Oudkerk
Sprintdetails
Giovanni Pettenella Italy
Sergio Bianchetto Italy
Daniel Morelon France
Tandemdetails
Angelo Damiano and Sergio Bianchetto Italy
Imants Bodnieks and Viktor Logunov Soviet Union
Willi Fuggerer and Klaus Kobusch United Team of Germany
Time trialdetails
Patrick Sercu Belgium
Giovanni Pettenella Italy
Pierre Trentin France
Participating nations
303 cyclists from 40 nations competed.
Argentina (10)
Australia (14)
Belgium (10)
Bulgaria (1)
Cambodia (6)
Colombia (8)
Czechoslovakia (9)
Denmark (12)
Ethiopia (4)
France (14)
United Team of Germany (13)
Great Britain (12)
Hong Kong (4)
Hungary (7)
India (5)
Iran (4)
Italy (14)
Japan (15)
Luxembourg (2)
Malaysia (9)
Mexico (9)
Mongolia (4)
Netherlands (12)
New Zealand (5)
Pakistan (4)
Peru (1)
Philippines (4)
Poland (8)
Taiwan (4)
Romania (5)
South Korea (6)
Soviet Union (12)
Spain (6)
Sweden (4)
Switzerland (5)
Thailand (8)
Trinidad and Tobago (3)
United States (16)
Uruguay (8)
Vietnam (6)
Medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Italy35082 Belgium1012 Netherlands1012 United Team of Germany10125 Czechoslovakia10016 Denmark01127 Soviet Union01018 France00229 Sweden0011Totals (9 entries)77721
References
^ a b "Cycling at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
External links
Official Olympic Report
vte Events at the 1964 Summer Olympics (Tokyo)
Athletics
Baseball (demonstration)
Basketball
Boxing
Budo (demonstration)
Canoeing
Cycling
Diving
Equestrian
Fencing
Field hockey
Football
Gymnastics
Judo
Modern pentathlon
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Swimming
Volleyball
Water polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling
vteCycling at the Summer OlympicsEditions
1896
1900
1904
1906 (Intercalated)
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
cyclists
2016
cyclists
2020
cyclists
2024
EventsTrack
Keirin
Madison
Omnium
Individual sprint
Team sprint
Team pursuit
Road
Road race
Time trial
Mountain bike
Cross-country
BMX
Individual
Freestyle
Defunct
Individual pursuit
Points race
Track time trial
Tandem
1⁄4 mile
1⁄3 mile
1⁄2 mile
1 mile
2 miles
5 miles
25 miles
660 yards
5 kilometres
10 kilometres
20 kilometres
25 kilometres
50 kilometres
100 kilometres
12 hours
Cyclists
...
Netherlands
... (incomplete list)
List of medalists
men
women
List of Olympic records
List of Olympic venues
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Cycling at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417063550/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1964/CYC/","url_text":"\"Cycling at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1964/CYC/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417063550/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1964/CYC/","external_links_name":"\"Cycling at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1964/CYC/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060622162855/http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm","external_links_name":"Official Olympic Report"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_States
|
List of largest banks in the United States
|
["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References"]
|
The following table lists the 100 largest bank holding companies in the United States ranked by total assets of December 31, 2023 per the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council; their market capitalization is also shown.
As of October 19, 2023, there were 4,049 commercial banks and 565 savings and loan associations in the U.S. insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) with US$23.4 trillion in assets.
The list excludes the following three banks listed amongst the 100 largest by the Federal Reserve but not the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council because they are not holding companies: Zions Bancorporation ($87 billion in assets), Cadence Bank ($48 billion in assets) and Bank OZK ($30 billion in assets).
Foreign banks with branches in the US
Defunct or acquired
Rank
Bank name
Headquarters location
Total assets(billions of US$)
CET1capitalrequirement(2022)
Market capitalization (billions of US$ as of 12/31/2023)
Ticker
1
JPMorgan Chase
New York City
$3,874
12.0
$491.76
JPM
2
Bank of America
Charlotte, North Carolina
$3,181
10.4
$266.46
BAC
3
Citigroup
New York City
$2,412
11.5
$98.45
C
4
Wells Fargo
San Francisco, California
$1,932
9.2
$178.75
WFC
5
Goldman Sachs
New York City
$1,642
13.3
$125.80
GS
6
Morgan Stanley
New York City
$1,194
13.3
$153.05
MS
7
U.S. Bancorp
Minneapolis, Minnesota
$663
7.0
$67.39
USB
8
PNC Financial Services
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
$562
7.4
$61.68
PNC
9
Truist Financial
Charlotte, North Carolina
$535
7.0
$49.24
TFC
10
TD Bank, N.A.
Cherry Hill, New Jersey
$523
7.0
$100.30
TD
11
Charles Schwab Corporation
Westlake, Texas
$493
7.0
$125.39
SCHW
12
Capital One
McLean, Virginia
$478
7.6
$49.94
COF
13
The Bank of New York Mellon
New York City
$410
8.5
$40.03
BK
14
State Street Corporation
Boston, Massachusetts
$297
8.0
$23.90
STT
15
BMO USA
Chicago, Illinois
$293
7.9
$68.12
BMO
16
American Express
New York City
$261
7.0
$136.52
AXP
17
Citizens Financial Group
Providence, Rhode Island
$222
7.9
$15.45
CFG
18
HSBC Bank USA
New York City
$220
10.9
$155.81
HSBC
19
Fifth Third Bank
Cincinnati, Ohio
$215
7.0
$23.49
FITB
20
First Citizens BancShares
Raleigh, North Carolina
$214
–
$20.47
FCNCA
21
USAA
San Antonio, Texas
$212
–
N/A
N/A
22
M&T Bank
Buffalo, New York
$208
9.2
$22.75
MTB
23
Ally Financial
Detroit, Michigan
$196
7.0
$10.53
ALLY
24
UBS
New York City
$195
9.3
$100.04
UBS
25
Huntington Bancshares
Columbus, Ohio
$189
7.8
$18.42
HBAN
26
KeyCorp
Cleveland, Ohio
$188
7.0
$13.48
KEY
27
Barclays
New York City
$187
8.8
$29.63
BCS
28
Ameriprise
Minneapolis, Minnesota
$175
–
$38.44
AMP
29
RBC Bank
Toronto, Ontario
$168
7.9
$137.70
RY
30
Santander Bank
Boston, Massachusetts
$165
8.2
$66.55
SAN
31
Regions Financial Corporation
Birmingham, Alabama
$153
7.0
$18.02
RF
32
Discover Financial
Riverwoods, Illinois
$152
7.0
$28.11
DFS
33
Northern Trust
Chicago, Illinois
$151
7.0
$17.47
NTRS
34
Synchrony Financial
Stamford, Connecticut
$117
–
$15.80
SYF
35
New York Community Bank
Hicksville, New York
$114
–
$7.39
NYCB
36
Deutsche Bank
New York City
$114
9.0
$27.49
DB
37
Comerica
Dallas, Texas
$86
–
$7.36
CMA
38
First Horizon National Corporation
Memphis, Tennessee
$82
–
$7.91
FHN
39
Raymond James Financial
St. Petersburg, Florida
$80
–
$23.40
RJF
40
Mizuho Financial Group
New York City
$78
$43.23
MFG
41
Webster Bank
Stamford, Connecticut
$75
–
$8.73
WBS
42
CIBC Bank USA
Chicago, Illinois
$72
–
$42.22
CM
43
Western Alliance Bancorporation
Phoenix, Arizona
$71
–
$7.20
WAL
44
Popular, Inc.
San Juan, Puerto Rico
$69
–
$5.92
BPOP
45
East West Bank
Pasadena, California
$69
$10.14
EWBC
46
BNP Paribas
New York City
$61
9.6
$79.48
BNPQY
47
Valley Bank
Wayne, New Jersey
$61
$5.51
VLY
48
Synovus
Columbus, Georgia
$60
$5.51
SNV
49
John Deere
Reno, Nevada
$59
$4.34
50
Wintrust Financial
Rosemont, Illinois
$56
$5.68
WTFC
51
Columbia Bank
Tacoma, Washington
$52
$4.05
COLB
52
Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.
San Antonio, Texas
$51
$6.95
CFR
53
BOK Financial Corporation
Tulsa, Oklahoma
$50
$5.62
BOKF
54
Old National Bank
Evansville, Indiana
$49
$4.94
ONB
55
Pinnacle Financial Partners
Nashville, Tennessee
$48
$6.70
PNFP
56
FNB Corporation
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
$46
$4.94
FNB
57
South State Bank
Winter Haven, Florida
$45
$6.42
SSB
58
UMB Financial Corporation
Kansas City, Missouri
$44
$4.05
UMBF
59
Associated Banc-Corp
Green Bay, Wisconsin
$41
$3.23
ASB
60
Prosperity Bancshares
Houston, Texas
$39
$6.35
PB
61
Banc of California, Inc.
Los Angeles, California
$39
–
$2.12
BANC
62
Stifel
St. Louis, Missouri
$38
$7.05
SF
63
Midland
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
$37
$3.5
N/A
64
EverBank
Jacksonville, Florida
$36
$4.55
N/A
65
BankUnited
Miami Lakes, Florida
$36
$2.41
BKU
66
Hancock Whitney
Gulfport, Mississippi
$36
$4.19
HWC
67
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
New York City
$33
N/A
N/A
68
Commerce Bancshares
Kansas City, Missouri
$32
$6.97
CBSH
69
First National of Nebraska
Omaha, Nebraska
$31
$3.13
OTC Pink: FINN
70
First Interstate BancSystem
Billings, Montana
$31
$3.2
FIBK
71
SoFi
San Francisco, California
$30
$9.54
SOFI
72
United Bank (West Virginia)
Charleston, West Virginia
$30
$5.07
UBSI
73
Texas Capital Bank
Dallas, Texas
$28
$3.10
TCBI
74
Credit Suisse
New York City
$28
13.5
N/A
75
FirstBank Holding Co
Lakewood, Colorado
$28
N/A
N/A
76
Glacier Bancorp
Kalispell, Montana
$28
$4.58
GBCI
77
Arvest Bank
Bentonville, Arkansas
$28
N/A
N/A
78
Beal Bank
Plano, Texas
$28
N/A
N/A
79
Fulton Financial Corporation
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
$27
$2.70
FULT
80
Simmons Bank
Pine Bluff, Arkansas
$27
$2.48
SFNC
81
United Community Bank
Greenville, South Carolina
$27
$3.48
UCBI
82
BCI Financial Group
Miami, Florida
$26
N/A
N/A
83
Ameris Bancorp
Atlanta, Georgia
$25
$3.66
ABCB
84
First Hawaiian Bank
Honolulu, Hawaii
$25
$2.92
FHB
85
Bank of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii
$24
$2.88
BOH
86
Cathay Bank
Los Angeles, California
$23
$3.24
CATY
87
Home BancShares
Conway, Arkansas
$23
$5.11
HOMB
88
WaFd Bank
Seattle, Washington
$23
$2.12
WAFD
89
Axos Financial
Las Vegas, Nevada
$22
$3.15
AX
90
Customers Bancorp
Wyomissing, Pennsylvania
$21
$1.81
CUBI
91
Atlantic Union Bank
Richmond, Virginia
$21
$2.74
AUB
92
Eastern Bank
Boston, Massachusetts
$21
$2.51
EBC
93
WSFS Bank
Wilmington, Delaware
$21
$2.79
WSFS
94
HTLF Bank
Denver, Colorado
$19
$1.60
HTLF
95
Independent Bank
Rockland, Massachusetts
$19
$2.89
INDB
96
Hope Bancorp
Los Angeles, California
$20
$1.45
HOPE
97
Pinnacle Bank
Omaha, Nebraska
$18
$3.16
N/A
98
Central Bancompany, Inc.
Jefferson City, Missouri
$19
$2.79
N/A
99
Independent Bank Group, Inc.
McKinney, Texas
$19
$2.10
IBTX
100
Pacific Premier Bancorp
Irvine, California
$20
$2.79
PPBI
See also
Banking in the United States
List of largest banks in the Americas
List of largest banks in North America
List of largest banks in Latin America
List of largest banks in the world
Notes
^ Acquired by UBS in June 2023
References
^ "FDIC Quarterly". Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
^ "Large Commercial Banks". Federal Reserve.
^ "Holding Companies with Assets Greater Than $10 Billion". Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council. 30 September 2022.
^ "Large Bank Capital Requirements" (PDF). August 2022.
^ "Results". Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
^ "Yahoo! Finance". Yahoo! Finance.
^ "Banc of California's PacWest Acquisition Wins Fed Approval". Bloomberg.com. 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
^ "Now Headquartered in Los Angeles, Banc of California Donates $1 Million to Expand Financing Options for Small Businesses". Los Angeles Times. 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
vteList of banks in the Americas
United States and Canada
Latin America and the Caribbean
Regions
Latin America
Hispanic
North America
Northern
Caribbean
Central America
South America
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Dependencies andother territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Falkland Islands
French Guiana
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saba
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands
|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yuanyuan
|
Chen Yuanyuan
|
["1 Biography","2 In fiction","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 See also"]
|
Chinese Ming Dynasty female singer and actress
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Chen YuanyuanA 17th-century portrait of Chen YuanyuanBornXing Yuan1623 (1623)Jiangsu, Ming EmpireDied1689 or 1695Qing EmpireSpouseWu SanguiOccupationGējì,drama actress
Chen YuanyuanTraditional Chinese陳圓圓Simplified Chinese陈圆圆TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinChén YuányuánWade–GilesCh'en Yüan-yüanXing Yuan(birth name)Chinese邢沅TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXíng YuánWanfen(courtesy name)Chinese畹芬TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWǎnfēn
In this Chinese name, the family name is Chen.
Chen Yuanyuan (1623–1689 or 1695) was a Chinese Gējì who later became the concubine of military leader Wu Sangui. In Chinese folklore, the Shun army's capture of her in 1644 prompted Wu's fateful decision to let the Qing armies enter China proper through Shanhai Pass, thereby sealing the fate of the Ming dynasty.
Biography
Chen Yuanyuan was born in Jiangnan to a poor family with the original surname Xing (邢). After her parents died when she was young, she was adopted by her aunt and took her uncle's surname, Chen. At ten, her uncle sold her to become a Gējì. She became renowned as one of the Eight Beauties of Qinhuai, along with Ma Xianglan, Bian Yujing , Li Xiangjun, Dong Xiaowan, Gu Mei, Kou Baimen , and Liu Rushi.
Chen studied Kunqu and excelled in Yiyang opera, often wearing her hair in a wo duo ji (high bun, 倭堕髻). She was especially praised for her role as Hongniang in The Romance of the West Chamber by poet Zou Shu (邹枢). Government official Gong Ruofu (贡若甫) bought her freedom and intended to take her as a concubine, but she was released due to disagreements with other women in his household. In 1641, Chen had a brief relationship with the poet and calligrapher Mao Xiang (冒襄), who also intended to take her as a concubine, but before that she was “acquired” – kidnapped or bought – by the powerful courtier Tian Hongyu (田弘遇), father-in-law of the Chongzhen Emperor.
Accounts of Chen's arrival in Beijing vary, citing 1641, 1642, or 1643. Mao claimed he proposed to Chen in 1641, with plans for marriage the following year. However, by spring 1642 when he went to visit her again, she had been taken away, leading to the belief that she arrived in Beijing in 1642. At that time, Tian, concerned that his daughter Tian Xiuying (田秀英) might fall out of favor, sought beautiful women in Jiangnan to win over the emperor in the interests of the Tian family. However, amid the Ming dynasty's struggles against Li Zicheng and the Manchu, the Chongzhen Emperor had little time for Chen. Three months after entering the Forbidden City, she was sent back to Tian. She then performed in his family opera troupe until she was either bought for Ming general Wu Sangui by his father or given to Wu as a gift by Tian.
In April 1644, when Beijing fell to Li Zicheng's peasant army, Wu's household in the city were captured by Li and his subordinate Liu Zongmin (刘宗敏). By various accounts, Chen was either taken as a hostage, made a concubine, or raped by them. Wu eventually allied with the Qing regent, Dorgon, allowing the Qing armies to enter China proper through Shanhai Pass. The combined forces of Wu and the Qing ousted Li's peasant army from Beijing, where the Qing dynasty then established its rule over China.
After Chen reunited with her husband, she followed him on various campaigns, ending up in Yunnan, which was awarded to Wu by the Qing rulers as part of his fiefdom. One account claims that Chen became a nun in Kunming after she fell out of Wu's favor due to her age and disagreements with his harem. In the 1980s, Chen's final whereabouts was uncovered by the historian Huang Tousong (黄透松), who was exiled to Guizhou in the 1970s during the Cultural Revolution. According to his research, by the end of Wu's failed rebellion against the Qing, Chen and her stepson Wu Qihua (吴启华) aka Wu Yingqi (吴应麒) were escorted by General Ma Bao (马宝) to what is now Majia Zhai village in Guizhou, where they lived until their deaths among the ethnic minorities hostile to Qing rule. The knowledge of Chen's whereabouts was passed down only by oral history in the village until Huang published the discovery. The inscription on Chen's tombstones in the village was intentionally cryptic to deter detection throughout the years but has been confirmed by government historians in 2005.
In fiction
Statue of Chen in Gold Hall Park in Kunming
In Chinese folklore, Chen Yuanyuan plays a dramatic and romanticized role in the rise and fall of dynasties. According to stories that emerged during the Kangxi era, Wu Sangui's motivation for joining forces with the Qing to attack Li Zicheng was to save Chen from Li's capture. This earned Chen the notoriety of a femme fatale and Wu the label of a traitor. Although such stories proved popular, some historians regard them as products of fiction.
The story of Chen and Wu was immortalized in Wu Weiye's qu, the Song of Yuanyuan:
In that time when the emperor abandoned the human world,
Wu crushed the enemy and captured the capital, bearing down from Jade Pass.
The six armies, wailing and grieving, were uniformly clad in the white of mourning,
One wave of headgear-lifting anger propelled him, all for the sake of the fair-faced one.
The fair-faced one, drifting, and fallen, was not what I longed for.
The offending bandits, smote by heaven, wallowed in wanton pleasures.
Lightning swept the Yellow Turbans, the Black Mountain troops were quelled.
Having wailed for ruler and kin, I met her again.
— Wu Weiye, excerpt from Song of Yuanyuan
References
^ "秘传人口述:陈圆圆生前思念吴三桂形神交瘁".
^ "明朝灭亡后，陈圆圆怎样度过后半生？被吴三桂嫌弃，在深山中终老".
^ "声甲天下之声，色甲天下之色：秦淮八艳之陈圆圆".
^ Lee & Stephanowska 1998
^ "How to look at generation Geji Chen Yuanyuan objectively".
^ 《乾隆武进县志·卷十四·摭遗》:圆圆，金牛里人。姓陈氏，父曰惊闺，俗呼陈货郎。崇正初为田戚畹歌妓，后以赠吴逆三桂。甲申之变，圆圆留京师，贼遣人招三桂。三桂意犹与。既而知圆圆为贼所得，遂决意请讨。梅村圆圆曲谓“冲冠一怒为红颜者”，此也。
^ 《十美词纪》(清)吴江邹枢贯衡：“陈圆者，女优也。少聪慧，色娟秀，好梳倭堕髻，纤柔婉转，就之如啼。演《西厢》，扮贴旦红娘脚色，体态倾靡，说白便巧，曲尽萧寺当年情绪。”
^ 清·邹枢《十美词纪》:“陈圆者，女优也。少聪慧，色娟秀，好梳倭堕髻:纤柔婉转，就这如啼。演西厢，扮贴旦红娘脚色。体态倾靡，说白便巧，曲尽萧寺当年情绪。常在予家演剧，留连不去。后为田皇亲以二千金酬其母，挈去京师，闻又属之某王，宠冠后宫，入滇南终焉。”
^ "Sun Huichang: Chen Yuanyuan".
^ Lee, Wai-yee. "Women as Emblems of Dynastic Fall in Qing Literature". In Wang, David Der-wei; Wei, Shang (eds.). Dynastic Crisis and Cultural Innovation: From the Late Ming to the Late Qing and Beyond. Brill. p. 95.
^ "Light up the lamp and read Chen Yuanyuan".
^ "The Chinese village that kept a courtesan's secret for centuries". South China Morning Post. 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
^ Lee & Stephanowska 1998
^ "Romance and Myth in Water Painting Garden".
^ 清·胡介祉《茨村咏史新乐府》:“崇祯辛巳年，田贵妃父宏遇进香普陀，道过金阊，渔猎声妓，遂挟沅以归。”
^ 清·叶梦珠《阅世编》：“十六年春，戚畹田宏遇南游吴阊，闻歌妓陈沅、顾寿。名震一时，宏遇使人购得顾寿，而沅尤靓丽绝世，客有私于宏遇者，以八百金市沅进之，宏遇载以还京。”
^ 明·冒襄《影梅庵忆语》:因便过吴门，慰陈姬。盖残冬屡趣余，皆未及答。至则十日前复为窦霍门下客，以势逼去。先吴门有?匿之者，集千人哗劫之。势家复为大言挟诈，又不惜数千金为贿，地方恐贻伊戚，劫出复纳入。余至怅惘无极，然以急严亲患难，负一女子无憾也。
^ 明·冒襄《影梅庵忆语》:偶一日，赴饮归，谓余曰：“此中有陈姬某，擅梨园之胜，不可不见。”余佐忠节治舟数往返，始得之。其人淡而韵，盈盈冉冉，衣椒茧时背顾湘裙。真如孤鸾之在烟雾。是日燕弋腔红梅。以燕俗之剧，咿呀啁哳之调，乃出之陈姬身口，如云出岫，如珠在盘，令人欲仙欲死。漏下四鼓，风雨忽作，必欲驾小舟去。余牵衣订再晤。答云：“光福梅花如冷云万顷，子能越旦偕我游否？则有半月淹也。”余迫省觐，告以不敢迟留，故复?南岳归棹，当迟子于虎??丛桂间，盖计其期，八月返也。余别去，恰以观涛日奉母回。至西湖，因家君调已破之襄阳，心绪如焚。便讯陈姬，则已为窦霍豪家掠去。闻之惨然。
^ "How to look at generation Geji Chen Yuanyuan objectively".
^ 清·陆次云《圆圆传》:声甲天下之声，色甲天下之色。崇祯癸未岁，总兵吴三桂慕其名，赍千金往聘之，已先为田畹所得。时圆圆以不得事吴，快怏也。而吴更甚。田畹者，怀宗妃之父也，年耄矣。圆圆度流水高山之曲以歌之，畹每击节，不知其悼知音之希也。甲申春，流贼大炽，怀宗宵旰忧之，废寝食。妃谋所以解帝忧者于父。畹进圆圆，圆圆扫眉而入，冀邀一顾，帝穆然也。旋命之归畹第，时闯师将迫畿辅矣。帝急召三桂对平台，锡蟒玉，赐上方，托重寄，命守山海关。三桂亦慷慨受命，以忠贞自许也。而寇深矣，长安富贵家胥畹忧甚，语圆圆，圆圆曰:「当世乱，而公无所依，祸必至。曷不缔交于吴将军，庶缓急有借乎?」畹曰:「斯何时，吾欲与之缱吴欲之而故却也，强而可，至则戎服临筵，俨然有不可犯之色。畹陈列益盛，礼益恭。酒甫行，吴即欲去。畹屡易席，至邃室一淡妆者，统诸美而先众音，情艳意娇。三桂不觉其神移心荡也，遽命解戎服，易轻裘,顾谓畹曰:「此非所谓圆圆耶?洵足倾人城矣!公宁勿畏而拥此耶?」畹不知所答，命圆圆行酒。圆圆至席，吴语曰:「卿乐甚?」圆圆小语曰:红拂尚不乐越公，矧吴颔之。酣饮间，警报踵至，吴似不欲行者，而不得不行。畹前席曰:「设寇至，将奈何?」吴遽曰:「能以圆圆见赠，吾当保公家，先于保国也。」畹勉许之。吴即命圆圆拜辞畹，择细马驮之去。畹爽然，无如何也。
^ "The most unjust beauty in Chinese history: the tragedy and fate of Chen Yuanyuan".
^ Wakeman 1986, p. 300
^ 《明史·流寇》：“初，三桂奉诏入援至山海关，京师陷，犹豫不进。自成劫其父襄，作书招之，三桂欲降，至滦州，闻爱姬陈沅被刘宗敏掠去，愤甚，疾归山海，袭破贼将。自成怒，亲部贼十余万，执吴襄于军，东攻山海关，以别将从一片石越关外。三桂惧，乞降于我。”
^ "The history of red makeup photos of a generation - parallel traces of the famous Geji Chen Yuanyuan".
^ "The Chinese village that kept a courtesan's secret for centuries". South China Morning Post. 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2024-05-28.
^ "The oral account of the secret successor: Chen Yuanyuan missed Wu Sangui during his lifetime and was physically and mentally exhausted".
^ "Chen Yuanyuan was buried in Majiazhai, Guizhou".
^ Wakeman 1986, pp. 292–294
^ Spence 1990, p. 33
^ Huang 1997, p. 205
^ Lovell 2006, p. 252
^ Wakeman 1986, pp. 292–294
^ Chang & Owen 2010, p. 179
Bibliography
Chang, Kang-i Sun; Owen, Stephen (2010), The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85559-4, retrieved 2015-05-14
Huang, Ray (1997), China: A Macro History, M. E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-1-56324-731-6
Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stephanowska, A.D. (1998), Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Qing Period, 1644-1911, East Gate, pp. 21–26, ISBN 0-7656-0043-9, retrieved 2015-05-14
Lovell, Julia (2006), The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC-2000 AD, Atlantic Books, ISBN 9781843542124
Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2000), Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century, East Gate, pp. 330–334, ISBN 0-7656-0504-X, retrieved 2015-05-14
Spence, Jonathan D. (1990), The Search for Modern China, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 9780393307801
Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1986), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0520048040
Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (2009), Telling Chinese History: A Selection of Essays, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 9780520256064
Xie 谢, Yongfang 永芳; Shi 施, Qin 琴 (2014). "像传题咏与经典重构———以《秦淮八艳图咏》为中心" . Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiu (2): 180–188.
See also
The Deer and the Cauldron, a wuxia novel by Jin Yong in which Chen appears.
The Green Phoenix: A Novel of the Woman Who Re-made Asia, Empress Xiaozhuang, a historical novel by Alice Poon in which Chen has a minor role.
Tales of Ming Courtesans, a historical novel by Alice Poon in which Chen is one of the three protagonists, the other two being Liu Rushi and Li Xiangjun.
vteEight Beauties of Qinhuai
Ma Xianglan
Bian Yujing
Li Xiangjun
Liu Rushi
Dong Xiaowan
Gu Hengbo
Kou Baimen
Chen Yuanyuan
vteProstitution in ChinaRegions
Prostitution in Hong Kong
Prostitution in Macau
Prostitution in Tibet
Prostitutes
Ah Toy
Ching Shih
Du Zhu
Lin Hei'er
Courtesans
Bai Mudan
Empress Dowager Bian
Chen Yuanyuan
Dong Xiaowan
Eight Beauties of Qinhuai
Gu Mei
Hongfu
Li Shishi
Li Xiangjun
Li Ye
Liu Rushi
Ma Shouzhen
Sai Jinhua
Su Xiaoxiao
Wang Wei
Xue Susu
Xue Tao
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Other
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_(surname)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gējì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%93j%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"Wu Sangui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Sangui"},{"link_name":"Shun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shun_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"China proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_proper"},{"link_name":"Shanhai Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanhai_Pass"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Chen.Chen Yuanyuan (1623–1689 or 1695)[1][2] was a Chinese Gējì who later became the concubine of military leader Wu Sangui. In Chinese folklore, the Shun army's capture of her in 1644 prompted Wu's fateful decision to let the Qing armies enter China proper through Shanhai Pass, thereby sealing the fate of the Ming dynasty.[3]","title":"Chen Yuanyuan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiangnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnan"},{"link_name":"Gējì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%93j%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"Eight Beauties of Qinhuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Beauties_of_Qinhuai"},{"link_name":"Ma Xianglan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xianglan"},{"link_name":"Bian Yujing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_Yujing"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9E%E7%8E%89%E4%BA%AC"},{"link_name":"Li Xiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xiangjun"},{"link_name":"Dong Xiaowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Xiaowan"},{"link_name":"Gu Mei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Mei"},{"link_name":"Kou Baimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kou_Baimen"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%87%E7%99%BD%E9%96%80"},{"link_name":"Liu Rushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Rushi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kunqu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunqu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hongniang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongniang"},{"link_name":"The Romance of the West Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Romance_of_the_West_Chamber"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"the Chongzhen Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Li Zicheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zicheng"},{"link_name":"the Forbidden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Dorgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"the Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Guizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Chen Yuanyuan was born in Jiangnan to a poor family with the original surname Xing (邢). After her parents died when she was young, she was adopted by her aunt and took her uncle's surname, Chen. At ten, her uncle sold her to become a Gējì. She became renowned as one of the Eight Beauties of Qinhuai, along with Ma Xianglan, Bian Yujing [zh], Li Xiangjun, Dong Xiaowan, Gu Mei, Kou Baimen [zh], and Liu Rushi.[4][5][6]Chen studied Kunqu and excelled in Yiyang opera, often wearing her hair in a wo duo ji (high bun, 倭堕髻).[7] She was especially praised for her role as Hongniang in The Romance of the West Chamber by poet Zou Shu (邹枢).[8][9][10] Government official Gong Ruofu (贡若甫) bought her freedom and intended to take her as a concubine, but she was released due to disagreements with other women in his household.[11] In 1641, Chen had a brief relationship with the poet and calligrapher Mao Xiang (冒襄), who also intended to take her as a concubine, but before that she was “acquired” – kidnapped or bought – by the powerful courtier Tian Hongyu (田弘遇), father-in-law of the Chongzhen Emperor.[12][13][14]Accounts of Chen's arrival in Beijing vary, citing 1641,[15] 1642, or 1643.[16] Mao claimed he proposed to Chen in 1641, with plans for marriage the following year. However, by spring 1642 when he went to visit her again, she had been taken away, leading to the belief that she arrived in Beijing in 1642.[17][18] At that time, Tian, concerned that his daughter Tian Xiuying (田秀英) might fall out of favor, sought beautiful women in Jiangnan to win over the emperor in the interests of the Tian family. However, amid the Ming dynasty's struggles against Li Zicheng and the Manchu, the Chongzhen Emperor had little time for Chen. Three months after entering the Forbidden City, she was sent back to Tian. She then performed in his family opera troupe until she was either bought for Ming general Wu Sangui by his father or given to Wu as a gift by Tian.[19][20]In April 1644, when Beijing fell to Li Zicheng's peasant army, Wu's household in the city were captured by Li and his subordinate Liu Zongmin (刘宗敏).[21] By various accounts, Chen was either taken as a hostage, made a concubine, or raped by them. Wu eventually allied with the Qing regent, Dorgon, allowing the Qing armies to enter China proper through Shanhai Pass. The combined forces of Wu and the Qing ousted Li's peasant army from Beijing, where the Qing dynasty then established its rule over China.[22][23]After Chen reunited with her husband, she followed him on various campaigns, ending up in Yunnan, which was awarded to Wu by the Qing rulers as part of his fiefdom. One account claims that Chen became a nun in Kunming after she fell out of Wu's favor due to her age and disagreements with his harem.[24] In the 1980s, Chen's final whereabouts was uncovered by the historian Huang Tousong (黄透松), who was exiled to Guizhou in the 1970s during the Cultural Revolution. According to his research, by the end of Wu's failed rebellion against the Qing, Chen and her stepson Wu Qihua (吴启华) aka Wu Yingqi (吴应麒) were escorted by General Ma Bao (马宝) to what is now Majia Zhai village in Guizhou, where they lived until their deaths among the ethnic minorities hostile to Qing rule. The knowledge of Chen's whereabouts was passed down only by oral history in the village until Huang published the discovery. The inscription on Chen's tombstones in the village was intentionally cryptic to deter detection throughout the years but has been confirmed by government historians in 2005.[25][26][27]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%AB%E9%99%B3%E5%9C%93%E5%9C%93%E5%A1%91%E5%83%8F.JPG"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Wu Weiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Weiye"},{"link_name":"qu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Yellow Turbans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Wu Weiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Weiye"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Statue of Chen in Gold Hall Park in KunmingIn Chinese folklore, Chen Yuanyuan plays a dramatic and romanticized role in the rise and fall of dynasties. According to stories that emerged during the Kangxi era, Wu Sangui's motivation for joining forces with the Qing to attack Li Zicheng was to save Chen from Li's capture. This earned Chen the notoriety of a femme fatale and Wu the label of a traitor. Although such stories proved popular, some historians regard them as products of fiction.[28][29][30][31]The story of Chen and Wu was immortalized in Wu Weiye's qu, the Song of Yuanyuan:[32]In that time when the emperor abandoned the human world,\nWu crushed the enemy and captured the capital, bearing down from Jade Pass.\nThe six armies, wailing and grieving, were uniformly clad in the white of mourning,\nOne wave of headgear-lifting anger propelled him, all for the sake of the fair-faced one.\nThe fair-faced one, drifting, and fallen, was not what I longed for.\nThe offending bandits, smote by heaven, wallowed in wanton pleasures.\nLightning swept the Yellow Turbans, the Black Mountain troops were quelled.\nHaving wailed for ruler and kin, I met her again.\n\n— Wu Weiye, excerpt from Song of Yuanyuan[33]","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chang, Kang-i Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang-i_Sun_Chang"},{"link_name":"Owen, Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(academic)"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1jGz0qXPgM0C&pg=PA179"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-85559-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85559-4"},{"link_name":"Huang, Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Huang"},{"link_name":"M. E. Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._E._Sharpe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56324-731-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-731-6"},{"link_name":"Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Qing Period, 1644-1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uwPWtJ5WSQMC&pg=PA25"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7656-0043-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0043-9"},{"link_name":"Lovell, Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Lovell"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781843542124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843542124"},{"link_name":"Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KLNrqn4WLZYC&pg=PA334"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7656-0504-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0504-X"},{"link_name":"Spence, Jonathan D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Spence"},{"link_name":"The Search for Modern China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China"},{"link_name":"W. W. Norton & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780393307801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393307801"},{"link_name":"Wakeman, Frederic Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman"},{"link_name":"University of California Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0520048040","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520048040"},{"link_name":"Wakeman, Frederic Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman"},{"link_name":"University of California Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780520256064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520256064"}],"text":"Chang, Kang-i Sun; Owen, Stephen (2010), The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85559-4, retrieved 2015-05-14Huang, Ray (1997), China: A Macro History, M. E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-1-56324-731-6Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stephanowska, A.D. (1998), Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Qing Period, 1644-1911, East Gate, pp. 21–26, ISBN 0-7656-0043-9, retrieved 2015-05-14Lovell, Julia (2006), The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC-2000 AD, Atlantic Books, ISBN 9781843542124Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2000), Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century, East Gate, pp. 330–334, ISBN 0-7656-0504-X, retrieved 2015-05-14Spence, Jonathan D. (1990), The Search for Modern China, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 9780393307801Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1986), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0520048040Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (2009), Telling Chinese History: A Selection of Essays, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 9780520256064Xie 谢, Yongfang 永芳; Shi 施, Qin 琴 (2014). \"像传题咏与经典重构———以《秦淮八艳图咏》为中心\" [Acclaim for portraits and classical reconstruction: 'Qinhuai bayan tuyong' as the centre]. Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiu (2): 180–188.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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South China Morning Post. 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2024-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3009628/remote-chinese-village-kept-courtesans-secret","url_text":"\"The Chinese village that kept a courtesan's secret for centuries\""}]},{"reference":"\"The oral account of the secret successor: Chen Yuanyuan missed Wu Sangui during his lifetime and was physically and mentally exhausted\".","urls":[{"url":"http://culture.people.com.cn/n/2015/0716/c172318-27312923.html","url_text":"\"The oral account of the secret successor: Chen Yuanyuan missed Wu Sangui during his lifetime and was physically and mentally exhausted\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chen Yuanyuan was buried in Majiazhai, Guizhou\".","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2005-07-23/11416509246s.shtml","url_text":"\"Chen Yuanyuan was buried in Majiazhai, Guizhou\""}]},{"reference":"Chang, Kang-i Sun; Owen, Stephen (2010), The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85559-4, retrieved 2015-05-14","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang-i_Sun_Chang","url_text":"Chang, Kang-i Sun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(academic)","url_text":"Owen, Stephen"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1jGz0qXPgM0C&pg=PA179","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85559-4","url_text":"978-0-521-85559-4"}]},{"reference":"Huang, Ray (1997), China: A Macro History, M. E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-1-56324-731-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Huang","url_text":"Huang, Ray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._E._Sharpe","url_text":"M. E. Sharpe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-731-6","url_text":"978-1-56324-731-6"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stephanowska, A.D. (1998), Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Qing Period, 1644-1911, East Gate, pp. 21–26, ISBN 0-7656-0043-9, retrieved 2015-05-14","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uwPWtJ5WSQMC&pg=PA25","url_text":"Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Qing Period, 1644-1911"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0043-9","url_text":"0-7656-0043-9"}]},{"reference":"Lovell, Julia (2006), The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC-2000 AD, Atlantic Books, ISBN 9781843542124","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Lovell","url_text":"Lovell, Julia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Books","url_text":"Atlantic Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843542124","url_text":"9781843542124"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2000), Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century, East Gate, pp. 330–334, ISBN 0-7656-0504-X, retrieved 2015-05-14","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KLNrqn4WLZYC&pg=PA334","url_text":"Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0504-X","url_text":"0-7656-0504-X"}]},{"reference":"Spence, Jonathan D. (1990), The Search for Modern China, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 9780393307801","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Spence","url_text":"Spence, Jonathan D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China","url_text":"The Search for Modern China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company","url_text":"W. W. Norton & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393307801","url_text":"9780393307801"}]},{"reference":"Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1986), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0520048040","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman","url_text":"Wakeman, Frederic Jr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520048040","url_text":"0520048040"}]},{"reference":"Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (2009), Telling Chinese History: A Selection of Essays, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 9780520256064","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman","url_text":"Wakeman, Frederic Jr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520256064","url_text":"9780520256064"}]},{"reference":"Xie 谢, Yongfang 永芳; Shi 施, Qin 琴 (2014). \"像传题咏与经典重构———以《秦淮八艳图咏》为中心\" [Acclaim for portraits and classical reconstruction: 'Qinhuai bayan tuyong' as the centre]. Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiu (2): 180–188.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gerolt
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Friedrich von Gerolt
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["1 Family","2 Life","3 References","4 Sources"]
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Friedrich von Gerolt
Friedrich Karl Joseph Freiherr von Gerolt (5 March 1797 Bonn – 27 July 1879 Linz am Rhein) was Prussian Privy Councillor, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in the United States.
Family
Gerolt was born the son of the German jurist and politician Bernard Franz Josef of Gerolt and his wife, Anna Katharina Josepha Caroline v. Bouget from Odenkirchen. He descended from the Gerolt family, which was founded on 3 January 1558 in Prague, and was awarded the coat of arms on 16 April 1614, knighted in the Castle of Linz in Austria by Emperor Matthias.
He married on 28 August 1837 in Bonn, Huberta Josephine Henriette Walter, daughter of Privy Councillor at the former Court of Appeal in Wetzlar, Walter Francis Martin, and his wife Anna Maria de Noel.
Life
He studied mining and geology in 1823, and was listed as Mining Office secretary in Düren.
In March 1824, he traveled to Mexico, prospecting for silver mines, and published a geological map in 1828.
King Friedrich Wilhelm III invested, him and his brothers in 1830, with the Leyen manor (now Castle Ockenfels in Ockenfels).
In 1837, he was chargé d'affaires in Mexico and at the suggestion of Alexander von Humboldt in 1844, made Extraordinary Envoy and Minister of the Kingdom of Prussia to the United States of America. In October 1848, he was superseded by Friedrich Ludwig von Rönne.
He sought comment on a German constitution from John C. Calhoun.
From 1849 to 1868, he was again sent as ambassador of Prussia to Washington from 1868 until the empire was founded in 1871, he was then working for the North German Confederation as an envoy in Washington.
In 1852, he negotiated an extradition treaty with Daniel Webster.
In 1858, Gerolt was elevated to Freiherr.
Gerolt was consistently 27 years as a diplomat in the United States and is still regarded as the longest serving ambassador of Germany in the U.S.
During his time in Washington, he maintained good contacts with many politicians, including several presidents and government ministers.
In the quarter century of service, Gerolt saw presidents James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and Ulysses Grant.
Millard Fillmore was the only incumbent U.S. president, who visited Germany in the 19th century. In 1855, he met with Alexander von Humboldt and King Friedrich Wilhelm IV together in Berlin. In this period 1.5 million German emigrated to the U.S., and there were a total of 14 German consulates in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans, St. Louis, Galveston, Savannah, Cincinnati, San Francisco, Louisville, Milwaukee, Chicago, Boston and New Bedford.
References
^ "Bougie – Bougy – Bogie – Bouget – Bougé – Familienverband".
^ "Friedrich Karl Joseph von Gerolt".
^ Richard C. Simmons, ed. (1989). The United States Constitution: the first 200 years. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2923-3.
^ Robert Vincent Remini (1997). Daniel Webster: the man and his time. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 723. ISBN 978-0-393-04552-9. Friedrich von Gerolt.
Sources
Dr. Ralph Lutz, Die Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und den Vereinigten Staaten während des Sezessionskrieges, Heidelberg 1911th
Enno Eimers, Preussen und die USA 1850 bis 1867. Transatlantische Wechselwirkungen, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-428-11577-5
vte Ambassadors of Germany to the United States North German ConfederationMinister Resident
Friedrich von Gerolt (1868–1871)
German EmpireEnvoy Extraordinary andMinister Plenipotentiary
Kurd von Schlözer (1871–1882, Chargé d'Affaires)
Carl von Eisendecher (1882–1884)
Friedrich Johann Graf von Alvensleben (1884–1888)
Ludwig, Graf von Arco-Valley (1888–1891)
Theodor von Holleben (1891–1893)
Clemens von Ketteler (1892–1896)
Ambassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary
Anton Saurma von der Jeltsch (1893–1895)
Max von Thielmann (1895–1897)
Theodor von Holleben (1897–1903)
Hermann Speck von Sternburg (1903–1908)
Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff (1908–1917)
Dr. Karl Lang (1921–1922, Chargé d'Affaires)
Otto Wiedfeldt (1922–1925)
Adolf Georg von Maltzan (1925–1927)
Friedrich Wilhelm von Prittwitz und Gaffron (1927–1933)
Hans Luther (1933–1937)
Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff (1937–1938)
Hans Thomsen (1938–1941, Chargé d'Affaires)
Federal Republic of GermanyAmbassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary
Heinrich Krekeler (1951–1953, Chargé d'Affaires & 1953–1958)
Wilhelm Grewe (1958–1962)
Karl Heinrich Knappstein (1962–1968)
Rolf Friedemann Pauls (1968–1973)
Berndt von Staden (1973–1979)
Peter Hermes (1979–1984)
Günther van Well (1984–1987)
Jürgen Ruhfus (1987–1992)
Immo Stabreit (1992–1995)
Jürgen Chrobog (1995–2001)
Wolfgang Ischinger (2001–2006)
Klaus Scharioth (2006–2011)
Peter Ammon (2011–2014)
Peter Wittig (2014–2018)
Emily Haber (2018-present)
German Democratic RepublicAmbassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary
Rolf Sieber (1974–1978)
Horst Grunert (1978–1983)
Gerhard Herder (1983–1990)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
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IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn"},{"link_name":"Linz am Rhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz_am_Rhein"},{"link_name":"Minister Plenipotentiary in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Ambassador_to_the_United_States"}],"text":"Friedrich Karl Joseph Freiherr von Gerolt (5 March 1797 Bonn – 27 July 1879 Linz am Rhein) was Prussian Privy Councillor, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in the United States.","title":"Friedrich von Gerolt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard Franz Josef of Gerolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Franz_Josef_of_Gerolt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Odenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odenkirchen"},{"link_name":"Emperor Matthias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Matthias"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Walter Francis Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Francis_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Gerolt was born the son of the German jurist and politician Bernard Franz Josef of Gerolt and his wife, Anna Katharina Josepha Caroline v. Bouget from Odenkirchen. He descended from the Gerolt family, which was founded on 3 January 1558 in Prague, and was awarded the coat of arms on 16 April 1614, knighted in the Castle of Linz in Austria by Emperor Matthias.[1]He married on 28 August 1837 in Bonn, Huberta Josephine Henriette Walter, daughter of Privy Councillor at the former Court of Appeal in Wetzlar, Walter Francis Martin, and his wife Anna Maria de Noel.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Düren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCren"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_III"},{"link_name":"Ockenfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockenfels"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Ludwig von Rönne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_von_R%C3%B6nne"},{"link_name":"John C. Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"North German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"extradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"Daniel Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Freiherr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr"},{"link_name":"James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Millard Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"James Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ulysses Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_Grant"},{"link_name":"Millard Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_IV"}],"text":"He studied mining and geology in 1823, and was listed as Mining Office secretary in Düren. \nIn March 1824, he traveled to Mexico, prospecting for silver mines, and published a geological map in 1828.[2]\nKing Friedrich Wilhelm III invested, him and his brothers in 1830, with the Leyen manor (now Castle Ockenfels in Ockenfels). \nIn 1837, he was chargé d'affaires in Mexico and at the suggestion of Alexander von Humboldt in 1844, made Extraordinary Envoy and Minister of the Kingdom of Prussia to the United States of America. In October 1848, he was superseded by Friedrich Ludwig von Rönne. \nHe sought comment on a German constitution from John C. Calhoun.[3]\nFrom 1849 to 1868, he was again sent as ambassador of Prussia to Washington from 1868 until the empire was founded in 1871, he was then working for the North German Confederation as an envoy in Washington. \nIn 1852, he negotiated an extradition treaty with Daniel Webster.[4]\nIn 1858, Gerolt was elevated to Freiherr.Gerolt was consistently 27 years as a diplomat in the United States and is still regarded as the longest serving ambassador of Germany in the U.S. \nDuring his time in Washington, he maintained good contacts with many politicians, including several presidents and government ministers. \nIn the quarter century of service, Gerolt saw presidents James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and Ulysses Grant.Millard Fillmore was the only incumbent U.S. president, who visited Germany in the 19th century. In 1855, he met with Alexander von Humboldt and King Friedrich Wilhelm IV together in Berlin. In this period 1.5 million German emigrated to the U.S., and there were a total of 14 German consulates in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans, St. Louis, Galveston, Savannah, Cincinnati, San Francisco, Louisville, Milwaukee, Chicago, Boston and New Bedford.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enno Eimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enno_Eimers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-428-11577-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-428-11577-5"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ambassadors_of_Germany_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ambassadors_of_Germany_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ambassadors_of_Germany_to_the_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ambassadors of Germany to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Germany_to_the_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg"},{"link_name":"North German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesadler_art-bundespraesident-brd.png"},{"link_name":"Friedrich von Gerolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reich"},{"link_name":"Kurd von Schlözer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd_von_Schl%C3%B6zer"},{"link_name":"Carl von Eisendecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_von_Eisendecher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Johann Graf von Alvensleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Johann_von_Alvensleben&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ludwig, Graf von Arco-Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Aloys_von_Arco_auf_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theodor von Holleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_von_Holleben"},{"link_name":"Clemens von Ketteler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_von_Ketteler"},{"link_name":"Anton Saurma von der Jeltsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Saurma_von_der_Jeltsch"},{"link_name":"Max von Thielmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Thielmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theodor von Holleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_von_Holleben"},{"link_name":"Hermann Speck von Sternburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Speck_von_Sternburg"},{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Bernstorff"},{"link_name":"Dr. Karl Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Lang_(diplomat)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Otto Wiedfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Wiedfeldt"},{"link_name":"Adolf Georg von Maltzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Georg_von_Maltzan"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm von Prittwitz und Gaffron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Prittwitz_und_Gaffron"},{"link_name":"Hans Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Luther"},{"link_name":"Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Heinrich_Dieckhoff"},{"link_name":"Hans Thomsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Thomsen"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Krekeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ludwig_Hermann_Krekeler"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Grewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Grewe"},{"link_name":"Karl Heinrich Knappstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Knappstein"},{"link_name":"Rolf Friedemann Pauls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Friedemann_Pauls"},{"link_name":"Berndt von Staden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berndt_von_Staden"},{"link_name":"Peter Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hermes"},{"link_name":"Günther van Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_van_Well"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Ruhfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ruhfus"},{"link_name":"Immo Stabreit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immo_Stabreit"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Chrobog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Chrobog"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Ischinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ischinger"},{"link_name":"Klaus Scharioth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Scharioth"},{"link_name":"Peter Ammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ammon"},{"link_name":"Peter Wittig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wittig"},{"link_name":"Emily Haber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Haber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_(1955%E2%80%931990).svg"},{"link_name":"German Democratic 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States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n98027504"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116590904.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/200800736"}],"text":"Dr. Ralph Lutz, Die Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und den Vereinigten Staaten während des Sezessionskrieges, Heidelberg 1911th\nEnno Eimers, Preussen und die USA 1850 bis 1867. Transatlantische Wechselwirkungen, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-428-11577-5vte Ambassadors of Germany to the United States North German ConfederationMinister Resident\nFriedrich von Gerolt (1868–1871)\nGerman EmpireEnvoy Extraordinary andMinister Plenipotentiary\nKurd von Schlözer (1871–1882, Chargé d'Affaires)\nCarl von Eisendecher (1882–1884)\nFriedrich Johann Graf von Alvensleben (1884–1888)\nLudwig, Graf von Arco-Valley (1888–1891)\nTheodor von Holleben (1891–1893)\nClemens von Ketteler (1892–1896)\nAmbassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary\nAnton Saurma von der Jeltsch (1893–1895)\nMax von Thielmann (1895–1897)\nTheodor von Holleben (1897–1903)\nHermann Speck von Sternburg (1903–1908)\nJohann Heinrich von Bernstorff (1908–1917)\nDr. Karl Lang (1921–1922, Chargé d'Affaires)\nOtto Wiedfeldt (1922–1925)\nAdolf Georg von Maltzan (1925–1927)\nFriedrich Wilhelm von Prittwitz und Gaffron (1927–1933)\nHans Luther (1933–1937)\nHans-Heinrich Dieckhoff (1937–1938)\nHans Thomsen (1938–1941, Chargé d'Affaires)\nFederal Republic of GermanyAmbassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary\nHeinrich Krekeler (1951–1953, Chargé d'Affaires & 1953–1958)\nWilhelm Grewe (1958–1962)\nKarl Heinrich Knappstein (1962–1968)\nRolf Friedemann Pauls (1968–1973)\nBerndt von Staden (1973–1979)\nPeter Hermes (1979–1984)\nGünther van Well (1984–1987)\nJürgen Ruhfus (1987–1992)\nImmo Stabreit (1992–1995)\nJürgen Chrobog (1995–2001)\nWolfgang Ischinger (2001–2006)\nKlaus Scharioth (2006–2011)\nPeter Ammon (2011–2014)\nPeter Wittig (2014–2018)\nEmily Haber (2018-present)\n German Democratic RepublicAmbassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary\nRolf Sieber (1974–1978)\nHorst Grunert (1978–1983)\nGerhard Herder (1983–1990)Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Friedrich von Gerolt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/WP_Friedrich_von_Gerolt.jpg/220px-WP_Friedrich_von_Gerolt.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Bougie – Bougy – Bogie – Bouget – Bougé – Familienverband\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.de-bougie.de/Bouget","url_text":"\"Bougie – Bougy – Bogie – Bouget – Bougé – Familienverband\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friedrich Karl Joseph von Gerolt\".","urls":[{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL646823A/Friedrich_Karl_Joseph_von_Gerolt","url_text":"\"Friedrich Karl Joseph von Gerolt\""}]},{"reference":"Richard C. Simmons, ed. (1989). The United States Constitution: the first 200 years. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2923-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VgcNAQAAIAAJ&q=Friedrich+von+Gerolt&pg=PA94","url_text":"The United States Constitution: the first 200 years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2923-3","url_text":"978-0-7190-2923-3"}]},{"reference":"Robert Vincent Remini (1997). Daniel Webster: the man and his time. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 723. ISBN 978-0-393-04552-9. Friedrich von Gerolt.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/danielwebsterman00remi","url_text":"Daniel Webster: the man and his time"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/danielwebsterman00remi/page/723","url_text":"723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04552-9","url_text":"978-0-393-04552-9"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Burciaga
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Cecilia Burciaga
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
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Cecilia Preciado de Burciaga (May 17, 1945- March 25, 2013) was a Chicana scholar, activist and educator. Burciaga worked for over twenty years at Stanford University where she was the "highest ranking Latino administrator on campus." She advocated for the university to hire more women and people of color when she was a high-ranking administrator at Stanford. She was also extremely committed to enrolling more Chicano students, especially in graduate studies. Burciaga served on the National Advisory on Women with President Jimmy Carter and for President Bill Clinton as a member of the White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans. An award named after her and her husband, José Antonio Burciaga, is given at Stanford to students who show significant contributions to the community.
Biography
Burciaga was born in Pomona and grew up in Chino. Her parents were Mexican immigrants who ran a dairy farm. Her mother encouraged her to read, rather than do housework. She graduated from Pomona Catholic High School in 1963.
Burciaga first taught at the high school level as a Spanish teacher in Chino.
Burciaga started working at Stanford in 1974. Part of her initial job was to help increase the number of Mexican Americans attending Stanford and working as staff and faculty. Within three years, she had been promoted to assistant provost of faculty affairs based on her successful recruitment of Mexican Americans. In this position, she helped recruit more minority and women faculty members. In 1977, Burciaga is a speaker at the 1977 National Women's Conference among other notable speakers including Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, Lady Bird Johnson, Bella Abzug, Barbara Jordan, Audrey Colom, Claire Randall, Gerridee Wheeler, Gloria Steinem, Lenore Hershey and Jean O'Leary. In 1980, she became assistant to the university president and provost for Chicano affairs. During the 1980s, in an interview, she discussed how even though affirmative action was part of the mission of Stanford, there was apathy and a general attitude that there were no "qualified candidates" among minority groups. In 1991 she was promoted to associate dean. Burciaga was not only an administrator at Stanford, she also facilitated Chicano and Latino students' integration into campus life.
Burciaga was laid off from Stanford University in 1994, due to budget cuts said the then provost, Condoleezza Rice. Stanford students were so incensed by her lay-off that they staged protests and hunger strikes. The hunger strikes took place in May and lasted between four and five days.
In 1994, she became a founding dean of Cal State University, Monterey Bay. She worked as an administrator there for many years. In 2002, the university settled on a lawsuit brought by Burciaga and two others, citing racial discrimination as to the cause. The settlement established a $1.5 million scholarship fund for low-income students from California.
She died in Stanford, California on March 25, 2013, of lung cancer.
References
^ a b c d e f g h Trounson, Rebecca (27 March 2013). "Cecilia Preciado Burciaga Dies at 67, Longtime Stanford Administrator". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ a b c d Noriega, Chon A. (1 April 2013). "Cecilia Preciado Burciaga, Presente!". Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ Taylor, Dennis (28 March 2013). "Cecilia Burciaga: Latina Activist and Bay Area College Administrator Dead at 67". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Cecilia and Tony Burciaga Community Development Award". El Centro Chicano y Latino. Stanford University. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ a b Villagran, Nora Elizabeth (13 May 1994). "Woman of Diversity Cecilia Burciaga Looks to a Future Without Stanford". San Jose Mercury News.
^ "Alumni Spotlight" (PDF). The Pace Setter. 1 (1): 9. December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ a b c d e Meier, Matt S.; Gutierrez, Margo (2000). Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 189–190. ISBN 9780313304255.
^ a b Sullivan, Kathleen J. (2 April 2013). "Cecilia Preciado Burciaga, Advocate for Latino Students, Dead at 67". Stanford News. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ “1977 National Women's Conference: A Question of Choices,” 1977-11-21, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at the University of Georgia, American Archive of Public Broadcasting
^ Coit, Lois (31 July 1984). "Remembering the 'Ones Not There'". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
^ a b Najarro, Ileana (5 April 2013). "Cecilia Burciaga, Chicano/Latino Student Advocate, Dies at 67, Leaving Extensive Legacy". The Stanford Daily. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^
Rindfleisch, Jan (2017). Roots and Offshoots: Silicon Valley's Arts Community. Santa Clara, CA: Ginger Press. pp. 142–149. ISBN 9780998308401.
^ "In Memoriam". Chronicle of Higher Education. 59 (31). 12 April 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
External links
Remembering Cecilia Preciado Burciaga
"Cecilia Preciado Burciaga: An Oral History," Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program, 2011.
Cecilia P. Burciaga Papers housed at Stanford University Libraries
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_National_Women%27s_Conference"},{"link_name":"Rosalynn Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter"},{"link_name":"Betty Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Ford"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Bella Abzug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Abzug"},{"link_name":"Barbara Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Gloria Steinem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Steinem"},{"link_name":"Lenore Hershey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenore_Hershey"},{"link_name":"Jean O'Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_O%27Leary"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Condoleezza Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"hunger strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cal State University, Monterey Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Monterey_Bay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"Stanford, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Burciaga was born in Pomona and grew up in Chino.[1] Her parents were Mexican immigrants who ran a dairy farm.[1] Her mother encouraged her to read, rather than do housework.[5] She graduated from Pomona Catholic High School in 1963.[6]Burciaga first taught at the high school level as a Spanish teacher in Chino.[7]Burciaga started working at Stanford in 1974.[8] Part of her initial job was to help increase the number of Mexican Americans attending Stanford and working as staff and faculty.[7] Within three years, she had been promoted to assistant provost of faculty affairs based on her successful recruitment of Mexican Americans.[7] In this position, she helped recruit more minority and women faculty members.[7] In 1977, Burciaga is a speaker at the 1977 National Women's Conference among other notable speakers including Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, Lady Bird Johnson, Bella Abzug, Barbara Jordan, Audrey Colom, Claire Randall, Gerridee Wheeler, Gloria Steinem, Lenore Hershey and Jean O'Leary.[9] In 1980, she became assistant to the university president and provost for Chicano affairs.[8] During the 1980s, in an interview, she discussed how even though affirmative action was part of the mission of Stanford, there was apathy and a general attitude that there were no \"qualified candidates\" among minority groups.[10] In 1991 she was promoted to associate dean.[7] Burciaga was not only an administrator at Stanford, she also facilitated Chicano and Latino students' integration into campus life.[11]Burciaga was laid off from Stanford University in 1994, due to budget cuts[5] said the then provost, Condoleezza Rice.[1] Stanford students were so incensed by her lay-off that they staged protests and hunger strikes.[1] The hunger strikes took place in May and lasted between four and five days.[11][12]In 1994, she became a founding dean of Cal State University, Monterey Bay.[1] She worked as an administrator there for many years.[13] In 2002, the university settled on a lawsuit brought by Burciaga and two others, citing racial discrimination as to the cause.[2] The settlement established a $1.5 million scholarship fund for low-income students from California.[2]She died in Stanford, California on March 25, 2013, of lung cancer.[1]","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Trounson, Rebecca (27 March 2013). \"Cecilia Preciado Burciaga Dies at 67, Longtime Stanford Administrator\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/mar/27/local/la-me-cecilia-preciado-burciaga-20130328","url_text":"\"Cecilia Preciado Burciaga Dies at 67, Longtime Stanford Administrator\""}]},{"reference":"Noriega, Chon A. (1 April 2013). \"Cecilia Preciado Burciaga, Presente!\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chon-a-noriega/post_4547_b_2975846.html","url_text":"\"Cecilia Preciado Burciaga, Presente!\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Dennis (28 March 2013). \"Cecilia Burciaga: Latina Activist and Bay Area College Administrator Dead at 67\". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_22891241/cecilia-burciaga-latina-activist-and-bay-area-college","url_text":"\"Cecilia Burciaga: Latina Activist and Bay Area College Administrator Dead at 67\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cecilia and Tony Burciaga Community Development Award\". El Centro Chicano y Latino. Stanford University. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://elcentro.stanford.edu/programs/community-programs/cecilia-and-tony-burciaga-community-development-award","url_text":"\"Cecilia and Tony Burciaga Community Development Award\""}]},{"reference":"Villagran, Nora Elizabeth (13 May 1994). \"Woman of Diversity Cecilia Burciaga Looks to a Future Without Stanford\". San Jose Mercury News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Alumni Spotlight\" (PDF). The Pace Setter. 1 (1): 9. December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150520221211/http://www.pomonacatholic.org/ourpages/auto/2011/9/26/55934765/Winter%202011.pdf","url_text":"\"Alumni Spotlight\""},{"url":"http://www.pomonacatholic.org/ourpages/auto/2011/9/26/55934765/Winter%202011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Meier, Matt S.; Gutierrez, Margo (2000). Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 189–190. ISBN 9780313304255.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313304255","url_text":"9780313304255"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Kathleen J. (2 April 2013). \"Cecilia Preciado Burciaga, Advocate for Latino Students, Dead at 67\". Stanford News. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/april/cecilia-burciaga-services-040213.html","url_text":"\"Cecilia Preciado Burciaga, Advocate for Latino Students, Dead at 67\""}]},{"reference":"Coit, Lois (31 July 1984). \"Remembering the 'Ones Not There'\". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 20 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0731/073104.html","url_text":"\"Remembering the 'Ones Not There'\""}]},{"reference":"Najarro, Ileana (5 April 2013). \"Cecilia Burciaga, Chicano/Latino Student Advocate, Dies at 67, Leaving Extensive Legacy\". The Stanford Daily. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2013/04/05/cecilia-burciaga-chicanolatino-student-advocate-dies-at-67-leaves-behind-a-legacy/","url_text":"\"Cecilia Burciaga, Chicano/Latino Student Advocate, Dies at 67, Leaving Extensive Legacy\""}]},{"reference":"Rindfleisch, Jan (2017). Roots and Offshoots: Silicon Valley's Arts Community. Santa Clara, CA: Ginger Press. pp. 142–149. ISBN 9780998308401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780998308401","url_text":"9780998308401"}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam\". Chronicle of Higher Education. 59 (31). 12 April 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rlh&AN=87012137&site=ehost-live","url_text":"\"In Memoriam\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/mar/27/local/la-me-cecilia-preciado-burciaga-20130328","external_links_name":"\"Cecilia Preciado Burciaga Dies at 67, Longtime Stanford Administrator\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chon-a-noriega/post_4547_b_2975846.html","external_links_name":"\"Cecilia Preciado Burciaga, Presente!\""},{"Link":"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_22891241/cecilia-burciaga-latina-activist-and-bay-area-college","external_links_name":"\"Cecilia Burciaga: Latina Activist and Bay Area College Administrator Dead at 67\""},{"Link":"https://elcentro.stanford.edu/programs/community-programs/cecilia-and-tony-burciaga-community-development-award","external_links_name":"\"Cecilia and Tony Burciaga Community Development Award\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150520221211/http://www.pomonacatholic.org/ourpages/auto/2011/9/26/55934765/Winter%202011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Alumni Spotlight\""},{"Link":"http://www.pomonacatholic.org/ourpages/auto/2011/9/26/55934765/Winter%202011.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/april/cecilia-burciaga-services-040213.html","external_links_name":"\"Cecilia Preciado Burciaga, Advocate for Latino Students, Dead at 67\""},{"Link":"https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-526-f47gq6s51g","external_links_name":"1977 National Women's Conference: A Question of Choices"},{"Link":"https://americanarchive.org/","external_links_name":"American Archive of Public Broadcasting"},{"Link":"http://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0731/073104.html","external_links_name":"\"Remembering the 'Ones Not There'\""},{"Link":"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2013/04/05/cecilia-burciaga-chicanolatino-student-advocate-dies-at-67-leaves-behind-a-legacy/","external_links_name":"\"Cecilia Burciaga, Chicano/Latino Student Advocate, Dies at 67, Leaving Extensive Legacy\""},{"Link":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rlh&AN=87012137&site=ehost-live","external_links_name":"\"In Memoriam\""},{"Link":"http://www.queridacecilia.com/","external_links_name":"Remembering Cecilia Preciado Burciaga"},{"Link":"https://historicalsociety.stanford.edu/publications/burciaga-cecilia-preciado","external_links_name":"\"Cecilia Preciado Burciaga: An Oral History,\""},{"Link":"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8ms411d/","external_links_name":"Cecilia P. Burciaga Papers"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000027415354","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63055955","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4DtjjxF4KhxwpfPKWXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87124329","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Statement
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Presidential Statement
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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A Presidential Statement is often created when the United Nations Security Council cannot reach consensus or are prevented from passing a resolution by a permanent member's veto, or threat thereof. Such statements are similar in content, format, and tone to resolutions, but are not legally binding.
The adoption of a Presidential Statement requires consensus, although Security Council members may abstain. The Statement is signed by the sitting Security Council President.
References
^ Matam Farrall, Jeremy (2007). United Nations sanctions and the rule of law. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-521-87802-9.
External links
Presidential Statements of the Security Council
This United Nations–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Security Council President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council"}],"text":"The adoption of a Presidential Statement requires consensus, although Security Council members may abstain. The Statement is signed by the sitting Security Council President.","title":"Presidential Statement"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Matam Farrall, Jeremy (2007). United Nations sanctions and the rule of law. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-521-87802-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4vCVDYufeMsC&pg=PA21","url_text":"United Nations sanctions and the rule of law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87802-9","url_text":"978-0-521-87802-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4vCVDYufeMsC&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"United Nations sanctions and the rule of law"},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/presidential-statements","external_links_name":"Presidential Statements of the Security Council"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential_Statement&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_American_League_Championship_Series
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2003 American League Championship Series
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["1 Summary","1.1 New York Yankees vs. Boston Red Sox","2 Game summaries","2.1 Game 1","2.2 Game 2","2.3 Game 3","2.4 Game 4","2.5 Game 5","2.6 Game 6","2.7 Game 7","3 Composite box","4 Aftermath","5 Notable performers","6 References","6.1 Inline citations","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]
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34th edition of Major League Baseball's American League Championship Series
2003 American League Championship Series Team (Wins) Manager(s) Season New York Yankees (4) Joe Torre 101–61, .623, GA: 6 Boston Red Sox (3) Grady Little 95–67, .586, GB: 6DatesOctober 8–16MVPMariano Rivera (New York)UmpiresTim McClellandTerry CraftAlfonso MárquezDerryl CousinsJoe WestÁngel HernándezBroadcastTelevisionFox (United States)MLB International (International)TV announcersJoe Buck, Tim McCarver, Bret Boone and Chris Myers (Fox)Gary Thorne and Rick Sutcliffe (MLB International)RadioESPNRadio announcersJon Miller and Joe MorganALDSNew York Yankees over Minnesota Twins (3–1)Boston Red Sox over Oakland Athletics (3–2)
← 2002
ALCS
2004 →
The 2003 American League Championship Series (ALCS) was played between the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees from October 8 to 16, 2003. The Yankees won the series four games to three to advance to the World Series, where they lost in six games to the National League champion Florida Marlins.
Summary
This series delivered yet another blow to Red Sox fans' hopes of winning a World Series for the first time since 1918. The series seemed evenly matched, with the lead being held first by the Red Sox, then by the Yankees. The Sox forced the series to a full seven games, with the seventh game setting another major league record for the rivalry between the two teams: it marked the first time two major league teams played more than 25 games against each other over the course of a single season. The Red Sox also set an ALCS record with 12 home runs in the series.
New York Yankees vs. Boston Red Sox
New York won the series, 4–3.
Game
Date
Score
Location
Time
Attendance
1
October 8
Boston Red Sox – 5, New York Yankees – 2
Yankee Stadium (I)
3:20
56,281
2
October 9
Boston Red Sox – 2, New York Yankees – 6
Yankee Stadium (I)
3:05
56,295
3
October 11
New York Yankees – 4, Boston Red Sox – 3
Fenway Park
3:09
34,209
4
October 13
New York Yankees – 2, Boston Red Sox – 3
Fenway Park
2:49
34,599
5
October 14
New York Yankees – 4, Boston Red Sox – 2
Fenway Park
3:04
34,619
6
October 15
Boston Red Sox – 9, New York Yankees – 6
Yankee Stadium (I)
3:57
56,277
7
October 16
Boston Red Sox – 5, New York Yankees – 6 (11 innings)
Yankee Stadium (I)
3:56
56,279
Game summaries
Game 1
Wednesday, October 8, 2003 at Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New York 8:07ET MLB on FOX
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Boston
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
5
13
0
New York
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
3
0
WP: Tim Wakefield (1–0) LP: Mike Mussina (0–1) Sv: Scott Williamson (1)Home runs:BOS: David Ortiz (1), Todd Walker (1), Manny Ramírez (1)NYY: None
Tim Wakefield shut the Bronx Bombers down for six innings in Game 1, allowing only back-to-back one-out singles to Jorge Posada and Hideki Matsui in the second. Mike Mussina pitched three shutout innings before allowing a leadoff single to Manny Ramirez in the fourth, when the Red Sox began to flex their muscles. David Ortiz homered into the third deck in right field to put the Red Sox up 2–0. Next inning, Todd Walker drove Mussina's first pitch down the right-field line; the ball appeared to strike the foul pole, but was called foul by right field umpire Angel Hernandez. Home plate umpire Tim McClelland immediately overruled him, and awarded Walker home plate. Ramirez followed with a home run later that inning to put the Red Sox ahead 4–0. In the top of the seventh, Jeff Nelson allowed a two-out single to Ramirez and hit Ortiz with a pitch before Kevin Millar's RBI single made it 5-0 Boston. In the bottom of the inning, Wakefield walked Jason Giambi and Bernie Williams before being relieved by Alan Embree, who allowed an RBI double to Posada and sacrifice fly to Matsui to make it 5-2 Boston. But the Yankees did not score again and the Red Sox took a 1–0 series lead, with Scott Williamson earning the save.
Game 2
Thursday, October 9, 2003 at Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New York
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Boston
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
10
1
New York
0
2
1
0
1
0
2
0
X
6
8
0
WP: Andy Pettitte (1–0) LP: Derek Lowe (0–1)Home runs:BOS: Jason Varitek (1)NYY: Nick Johnson (1)
After leaving the bases loaded in the first, the Red Sox took a 1–0 lead in the second off Andy Pettitte when Jason Varitek hit a leadoff double, moved to third on Trot Nixon's single, and scored on Damian Jackson's single. In the bottom of the inning, Derek Lowe issued a leadoff walk to Jorge Posada and one out later, Nick Johnson's home run put the Yankees up 2-1. Next inning, Lowe allowed three consecutive one-out singles, the last of which, by Bernie Williams, scored Derek Jeter to make it 3-1 Yankees. In the fifth, Williams doubled with one out and scored on a single by Hideki Matsui, who was tagged out at second to end the inning. Varitek's home run in the sixth off Pettitte made it 4-2 Yankees. In the seventh, Lowe allowed a two-out single to Jason Giambi and walked Williams before being relieved by Scott Sauerbeck, who allowed a two-run double to Posada to make it 6-2 Yankees. Their lead held, tying the series at 1-1 heading to Boston.
Game 3
Saturday, October 11, 2003 at Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
New York
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
7
0
Boston
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
6
0
WP: Roger Clemens (1–0) LP: Pedro Martínez (0–1) Sv: Mariano Rivera (1)Home runs:NYY: Derek Jeter (1)BOS: None
Game 3 was highly anticipated, a classic matchup between Sox ace Pedro Martínez and former Sox pitcher Roger Clemens, who, on the cusp of retirement, was thought to be pitching his last game at Fenway Park. Early on, Karim Garcia was hit in the back by a Martínez fastball. Words were exchanged and Martínez threateningly gestured towards Yankee catcher Jorge Posada. When Garcia was forced out at second, he slid hard into Todd Walker. The following inning, Manny Ramírez took exception to a high Clemens pitch and charged the mound. Both benches cleared, and the resulting brawl turned surreal when 72-year-old Yankee bench coach Don Zimmer charged Martínez. Martínez sidestepped Zimmer, placed his hands on Zimmer's head and propelled Zimmer to the ground. The Zimmer/Martinez altercation ended there as Yankee trainer Gene Monahan and various Yankee players attended to him. After a 13-minute delay, during which Fenway Park stopped all beer sales for the remainder of the game, Clemens struck out Ramirez and proceeded to pitch effectively as the Yankees held a lead. The game did not end quietly: a Fenway groundskeeper got into a scuffle with Yankee reliever Jeff Nelson and Garcia in the middle of the 9th inning in the bullpen area. The employee had cheered a double play the Red Sox turned and Nelson was upset; the employee was taken to the hospital with cleat marks on his back and arm, while Garcia left with a cut hand.
In the bottom of the first, Clemens allowed a leadoff single to Johnny Damon and subsequent double to Todd Walker. After Nomar Garciaparra struck out, Ramirez's double put the Red Sox up 2-0. The Yankees cut it to 2-1 in the second off Martinez when Posada hit a leadoff double and scored on Garcia's single two outs later. Jeter's home run next inning tied the game. In the fourth, Posada drew a leadoff walk, moved to third on Nick Johnson's single, and scored on Matsui's ground-rule double. After Garcia was hit by a pitch to load the bases, Alfonso Soriano hit into a double play that scored Johnson and put the Yankees up 4-2. In the bottom of the seventh, reliever Félix Heredia issued a leadoff walk to Ortiz. Jose Contreras relieved Heredia and allowed a single to Kevin Millar that moved Ortiz to third. Ortiz scored when Trot Nixon hit into a double play to make it 4-3 Yankees. Their lead held, though, putting them up 2-1 in the series.
Game 4
Monday, October 13, 2003 at Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
New York
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
6
1
Boston
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
X
3
6
0
WP: Tim Wakefield (2–0) LP: Mike Mussina (0–2) Sv: Scott Williamson (2)Home runs:NYY: Rubén Sierra (1)BOS: Todd Walker (2), Trot Nixon (1)
Rain postponed Game 4 from Sunday, October 12, to Monday, October 13. The Red Sox went up 1-0 on Todd Walker's second home run of the series in the fourth off Mike Mussina. In the top of the fifth, Tim Wakefield allowed back-to-back one-hit singles before Jeter's double tied the game and put runners on second and third. Bernie Williams walked with two outs to load the bases, but Posada lined out to left to end the inning. In the bottom half, Nixon's home run put the Red Sox up 2-1. They loaded the bases in the seventh off Mussina on a double and two walks with one out when Varitek hit into a force out at second, narrowly beating Soriano's throw to first to avoid a double play and allow Millar to score to make it 3-1. Ruben Sierra's one-out home run in the ninth off Scott Williamson made it 3-2, but Williamson struck out David Dellucci and Soriano to end the game, pick up his second save of the series, and tie the series at 2-2.
Game 5
Tuesday, October 14, 2003 at Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
New York
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
7
1
Boston
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
6
1
WP: David Wells (1–0) LP: Derek Lowe (0–2) Sv: Mariano Rivera (2)Home runs:NYY: NoneBOS: Manny Ramírez (2)
The Yankees loaded the bases in the second off Derek Lowe on two walks and a hit when Garcia's single scored two, then Soriano's single scored another. Ramirez's leadoff home run in the fourth off David Wells made it 3-1. They made it 4-1 in the eighth when Bernie Williams reached on a force out at second, moved to third on Posada's single and scored on Matsui's groundout off Alan Embree. In the bottom of the inning, Todd Walker hit a leadoff triple off Mariano Rivera and scored on Garciaparra's groundout to make it 4-2 Yankees. Rivera, though, shut out the Red Sox for the rest of the game, leaving the Yankees one win away from the World Series.
Game 6
Wednesday, October 15, 2003 at Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New York
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Boston
0
0
4
0
0
0
3
0
2
9
16
1
New York
1
0
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
6
12
2
WP: Alan Embree (1–0) LP: José Contreras (0–1) Sv: Scott Williamson (3)Home runs:BOS: Jason Varitek (2), Trot Nixon (2)NYY: Jason Giambi (1), Jorge Posada (1)
Jason Giambi's two-out home run in the first off John Burkett put the Yankees up 1-0, but Varitek's leadoff home run in the third off Andy Pettitte tied the score. The Red Sox loaded the bases with one out on two walks and a single before Ortiz's single scored two and Millar's single scored another to put them up 4-1. In the bottom of the fourth, Posada and Matsui hit back-to-back one-out singles before Nick Johnson's double and Aaron Boone's groundout scored a run each. Garciaparra's error allowed Garcia to reach base before Soriano's two-run double put the Yankees on top, 5-4, and ended Burkett's night. Posada's home run next inning off Bronson Arroyo made it 6-4 Yankees. In the top of the seventh, Garciaparra hit a leadoff triple off Jose Contreras and scored on Matsui's errant throw to third. Ramirez then doubled, moved to third on a wild pitch, and scored on Ortiz's single to tie the game. After allowing a one-out single to Bill Mueller, Contreras was relieved by Félix Heredia, who struck out Trot Nixon, but threw a wild pitch that put runners on second and third. After intentionally walking Varitek to load the bases, Heredia walked Damon to force in a run and put the Red Sox up 7-6. They added insurance in the ninth when Mueller doubled with one out off Jeff Nelson. Gabe White relieved Nelson and allowed a home run to Nixon to make it 9-6. Scott Williamson retired the Yankees in order in the bottom half for his third save of the series, forcing a Game 7.
Game 7
Thursday, October 16, 2003 at Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New York
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R
H
E
Boston
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
5
11
0
New York
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
3
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WP: Mariano Rivera (1–0) LP: Tim Wakefield (2–1)Home runs:BOS: Trot Nixon (3), Kevin Millar (1), David Ortiz (2)NYY: Jason Giambi (3), Aaron Boone (1)
In the Martinez–Clemens rematch of Game 3, Clemens allowed a one-out single to Millar before Nixon's home run put Boston up 2-0. After Mueller struck out, Varitek doubled and scored on third baseman Enrique Wilson's throwing error to first on Damon's ground ball. Millar's leadoff home run in the fourth made it 4-0 Boston. Nixon then walked and moved to third on Mueller's single to knock Clemens out of the game. In the first relief appearance of his career, Mike Mussina cleaned up Clemens's mess by striking out Varitek and inducing a Johnny Damon double play. His three innings of scoreless relief, and home runs in the fifth and seventh innings by Giambi kept the Yankees in the game. But in the eighth inning, with the Red Sox leading 5–2 after Ortiz homered in the top half off David Wells, things unraveled for Boston. Sox manager Grady Little kept a tiring Martínez in for the eighth, a controversial move still discussed years later. Little had two relievers who had shown effectiveness in the games leading up to the seventh game—Scott Williamson and Mike Timlin (who had not allowed a single hit in the playoffs), but both had experienced stretches of ineffectiveness during the season, while Martínez had Hall of Fame credentials. Critics of the move note that Martínez had experienced diminished effectiveness in the late innings of games in which he had thrown more than 100 pitches. After Martínez assured Little he still had something left, he gave up a double to Jeter and a single to Bernie Williams, prompting Little to go to the mound. To the surprise of many, Little left Martínez in the game, leaving lefty Alan Embree in the bullpen with the left-handed Matsui coming to the plate. Martínez gave up a ground rule double to Matsui and a bloop double to Posada to tie the game, sending it to extra innings. Mariano Rivera came in for the ninth and pitched three shutout innings.
Tim Wakefield pitched a scoreless tenth for Boston and in the bottom of the 11th faced Aaron Boone, who had entered earlier as a pinch-runner. On Wakefield's first pitch of the inning, Boone launched a walk-off home run into the left field seats. Fox Sports displayed a collection of images thereafter: tears welling up in the eyes of Aaron's brother, Seattle Mariners infielder Bret Boone (the guest announcer), ALCS MVP Rivera running to the mound and collapsing on it in joy, Boone jumping on home plate, and Rivera being carried off on his teammates' shoulders.
Composite box
2003 ALCS (4–3): New York Yankees over Boston Red Sox
Team
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11
R
H
E
New York Yankees
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30
54
5
Boston Red Sox
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4
4
5
3
1
6
2
2
0
0
29
68
3
Total attendance: 328,559 Average attendance: 46,937
Aftermath
The series is widely considered one of the most devastating losses in Boston sports history. The loss was crushing for Red Sox fans, many of whom blamed Little for leaving Martínez in the game since Martínez had experienced difficulty beyond 100 pitches. In his book Now I Can Die in Peace, Bill Simmons writes that the Boston owners and Theo Epstein had ordered Little to remove Martínez from the game when he finished the seventh inning and/or topped the three-digit pitch count. Martínez was sure he would not be called on for the eighth inning, but agreed to pitch when Little asked. After the game, Little reportedly prophetically told Martínez, "Petey, I might not be here anymore." Little defended his move by saying he felt that even a tired Martínez was the best option. Little's defenders also noted that the Red Sox offense collapsed in the game, as the club scored only two runs in the last nine innings, and also noted Damon's poor defensive play in center field during the crucial inning. Others have noted that by staying with a physically fragile pitcher in an ultimate game with two runners on base, a three-run lead, a rested pitcher who had performed well in the postseason ready in the bullpen and the other team's MVP on deck, Little did exactly what Hall of Fame manager Walter Alston did with Sandy Koufax in Game 7 of the 1965 World Series, which Alston's Dodgers won. Little's contract was not renewed after the season and he was replaced by Terry Francona. Little went on to manage the Los Angeles Dodgers before being replaced by Joe Torre after the 2007 season.
Boone's pennant-clinching home run often draws comparisons to another famous Yankee home run against the Red Sox in the postseason: the one Bucky Dent hit in a one-game playoff between the two teams that decided the American League East division title in 1978. But the Yankees won the World Series that year, against the Dodgers. As with Dent, Boone has had the expletive "Fucking" assigned as a middle name by Red Sox fans in the following years.
Until the final game of the pennant race, some baseball fans had been hoping for a rematch of the 1918 World Series between the Red Sox and the Chicago Cubs, one of only two major league teams to have played for a longer period of time since winning the World Series (the other was the Chicago White Sox, who won the Series in 2005). The Cubs reached the 2003 National League Championship Series against the Florida Marlins. As with the Red Sox, they had a three-run lead and were only five outs away from reaching the World Series, although this was in Game 6, when the Marlins scored eight runs in that inning and won the game 8–3. The Marlins won Game 7, 9–6, to advance to the World Series, where they defeated the Yankees, four games to two. The Cubs did not reach the World Series until 2016, winning in seven games over the Cleveland Indians.
The following year, Boston and New York met again in the ALCS, with Boston becoming the first team in major league history—as well as just the third team in American professional sports history—to come back to win a playoff series after being down three games to none; they then swept the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series to win their first championship since 1918 and thus end the Curse of the Bambino.
In the 2005–06 offseason, the rivalry between Boston and New York revived the Yankees' loss to the Marlins in the 2003 World Series when they traded Josh Beckett, the pitcher who pitched a complete-game shutout against the Yankees in the deciding game of the Series, to the Red Sox.
The Yankees eventually hired postseason hero Boone as their manager in 2018. The two teams have met in the postseason twice during his tenure (2018, 2021), with Boston winning both times; in 2018, the Red Sox beat the Yankees en route to becoming the first team to win two World Series exactly one century apart, a feat that Boone kept them from doing in 2003, as the Red Sox won the inaugural World Series.
Notable performers
Trot Nixon—.333 average, three home runs, five RBI
David Ortiz, Manny Ramírez, Jason Varitek, Todd Walker—two home runs each.
Tim Wakefield—Won Game 1 and Game 4 for the Red Sox, and very likely would have been the ALCS MVP had Boston held on to win the series.
Jorge Posada—.296 average, four doubles
Mariano Rivera—eight innings, 1.12 ERA, two saves (Series MVP)
Mike Timlin and Alan Embree (combined)—ten innings, four hits, no earned runs
Mike Mussina and Rivera—six innings, six strikeouts, four hits, and zero earned runs combined in relief during Game 7.
Jason Giambi—Before the eighth inning rally in Game 7, Giambi had provided the Yankees' only offense with two solo home runs off Pedro Martínez.
Aaron Boone—Hit an 11th inning walk-off home run in Game 7.
References
Inline citations
^ a b c d e f g Shaughnessy, Dan (2005). Reversing the Curse. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-51748-0.
^ Antonen, Mel (October 16, 2003). "Red Sox still kicking; Boston bats break loose 9-6, force Game 7 with Yankees". USA Today. p. C1.
^ a b "2003 ALCS Game 1 - Boston Red Sox vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
^ "2003 ALCS Game 2 - Boston Red Sox vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
^ a b "2003 ALCS Game 3 - New York Yankees vs. Boston Red Sox". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
^ "2003 ALCS Game 4 - New York Yankees vs. Boston Red Sox". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
^ "2003 ALCS Game 5 - New York Yankees vs. Boston Red Sox". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
^ "2003 ALCS Game 6 - Boston Red Sox vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
^ "2003 ALCS Game 7 - Boston Red Sox vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
^ a b c d e f Shaughnessy, Dan (October 17, 2003). "Heartbreak again; Yankees beat Red Sox, 6-5, on 11th-inning homer to capture AL pennant". Boston Globe. p. A1. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Major League Baseball on Fox: Game 7 of 2003 American League Championship Series (television). Fox Sports. October 16, 2003.
^ Shaughnessy, Dan (May 15, 2010). "A chance to change, but a familiar ending". Boston Globe. p. C1. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
^ Golen, Jimmy (December 4, 2003). "Red Sox hire Francona as manager". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
^ "Torre succeeds Little as Dodgers manager". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 1, 2007.
^ Muskat, Carrie (October 14, 2003). "Crazy eighth forces Game 7". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
^ Sullivan, Paul (October 15, 2003). "Giveaway is handmade; Fan, Gonzalez hurt Cubs with title in grasp". Chicago Tribune. p. 10.3.
^ Morrissey, Rick (October 15, 2003). "8th-inning disaster so Cubs". Chicago Tribune. p. 10.4.
^ Frisaro, Joe (October 15, 2003). "Fish rock Cubs: Bring on the World". MLB.com. Marlins.MLB.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
^ a b Kepner, Tyler (October 26, 2003). "Young Ace Has Winning Hand, And Yankees Are Sent Reeling". New York Times. p. 1.1.
^ Shaughnessy, Dan (October 21, 2004). "A World Series ticket; Sox complete comeback, oust Yankees for AL title". The Boston Globe. p. A1.
^ Shaughnessy, Dan (October 28, 2004). "YES!!!: Red Sox complete sweep, win first Series since 1918". The Boston Globe. p. A1.
^ Snow, Chris; Edes, Gordon (November 25, 2005). "Red Sox Finalize an Extended Deal; Trade with the Marlins Lands Beckett, Lowell—Mota". Boston Globe. p. C2.
^ Hoch, Brian (December 4, 2017). "Yanks name '03 ALCS hero Boone new skipper". MLB.com.
Bibliography
Shaughnessy, Dan (2005). Reversing the Curse. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-51748-0.
External links
2003 ALCS at Baseball-Reference
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American League Championship Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Florida_Marlins_season"}],"text":"The 2003 American League Championship Series (ALCS) was played between the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees from October 8 to 16, 2003. The Yankees won the series four games to three to advance to the World Series, where they lost in six games to the National League champion Florida Marlins.","title":"2003 American League Championship Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"the first time since 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Bambino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaughnessy-1"},{"link_name":"rivalry between the two teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankees%E2%80%93Red_Sox_rivalry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"}],"text":"This series delivered yet another blow to Red Sox fans' hopes of winning a World Series for the first time since 1918. The series seemed evenly matched, with the lead being held first by the Red Sox, then by the Yankees.[1] The Sox forced the series to a full seven games, with the seventh game setting another major league record for the rivalry between the two teams: it marked the first time two major league teams played more than 25 games against each other over the course of a single season.[2] The Red Sox also set an ALCS record with 12 home runs in the series.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New York Yankees vs. Boston Red Sox","text":"New York won the series, 4–3.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium (I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Bronx, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx,_New_York"},{"link_name":"MLB on FOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Tim Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wakefield"},{"link_name":"Jorge Posada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Posada"},{"link_name":"Hideki Matsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Matsui"},{"link_name":"Tim McClelland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McClelland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game1-3"},{"link_name":"Jeff Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Nelson_(pitcher)"},{"link_name":"Scott Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Williamson"}],"sub_title":"Game 1","text":"Wednesday, October 8, 2003 at Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New York 8:07ET MLB on FOXTim Wakefield shut the Bronx Bombers down for six innings in Game 1, allowing only back-to-back one-out singles to Jorge Posada and Hideki Matsui in the second. Mike Mussina pitched three shutout innings before allowing a leadoff single to Manny Ramirez in the fourth, when the Red Sox began to flex their muscles. David Ortiz homered into the third deck in right field to put the Red Sox up 2–0. Next inning, Todd Walker drove Mussina's first pitch down the right-field line; the ball appeared to strike the foul pole, but was called foul by right field umpire Angel Hernandez. Home plate umpire Tim McClelland immediately overruled him, and awarded Walker home plate. Ramirez followed with a home run later that inning to put the Red Sox ahead 4–0.[3] In the top of the seventh, Jeff Nelson allowed a two-out single to Ramirez and hit Ortiz with a pitch before Kevin Millar's RBI single made it 5-0 Boston. In the bottom of the inning, Wakefield walked Jason Giambi and Bernie Williams before being relieved by Alan Embree, who allowed an RBI double to Posada and sacrifice fly to Matsui to make it 5-2 Boston. But the Yankees did not score again and the Red Sox took a 1–0 series lead, with Scott Williamson earning the save.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium (I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Bronx, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Andy Pettitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Pettitte"},{"link_name":"Jason Varitek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Varitek"},{"link_name":"Trot Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trot_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Damian Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Jackson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Derek Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Jorge Posada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Posada"},{"link_name":"Nick Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Johnson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Bernie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Derek Jeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jeter"},{"link_name":"Hideki Matsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Matsui"},{"link_name":"Jason Giambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Giambi"},{"link_name":"Scott Sauerbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Sauerbeck"}],"sub_title":"Game 2","text":"Thursday, October 9, 2003 at Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New YorkAfter leaving the bases loaded in the first, the Red Sox took a 1–0 lead in the second off Andy Pettitte when Jason Varitek hit a leadoff double, moved to third on Trot Nixon's single, and scored on Damian Jackson's single. In the bottom of the inning, Derek Lowe issued a leadoff walk to Jorge Posada and one out later, Nick Johnson's home run put the Yankees up 2-1. Next inning, Lowe allowed three consecutive one-out singles, the last of which, by Bernie Williams, scored Derek Jeter to make it 3-1 Yankees. In the fifth, Williams doubled with one out and scored on a single by Hideki Matsui, who was tagged out at second to end the inning. Varitek's home run in the sixth off Pettitte made it 4-2 Yankees. In the seventh, Lowe allowed a two-out single to Jason Giambi and walked Williams before being relieved by Scott Sauerbeck, who allowed a two-run double to Posada to make it 6-2 Yankees. Their lead held, tying the series at 1-1 heading to Boston.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Pedro Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"Roger Clemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Clemens"},{"link_name":"Karim Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Jorge Posada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Posada"},{"link_name":"Todd Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Walker"},{"link_name":"Manny Ramírez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Ram%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"Don Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Zimmer"},{"link_name":"Gene Monahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Monahan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game3-5"},{"link_name":"Johnny Damon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Damon"},{"link_name":"Todd Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Walker"},{"link_name":"Nomar Garciaparra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomar_Garciaparra"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Soriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Soriano"},{"link_name":"Félix Heredia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Heredia"},{"link_name":"Jose Contreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Contreras"},{"link_name":"Kevin Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Millar"}],"sub_title":"Game 3","text":"Saturday, October 11, 2003 at Fenway Park in Boston, MassachusettsGame 3 was highly anticipated, a classic matchup between Sox ace Pedro Martínez and former Sox pitcher Roger Clemens, who, on the cusp of retirement, was thought to be pitching his last game at Fenway Park. Early on, Karim Garcia was hit in the back by a Martínez fastball. Words were exchanged and Martínez threateningly gestured towards Yankee catcher Jorge Posada. When Garcia was forced out at second, he slid hard into Todd Walker. The following inning, Manny Ramírez took exception to a high Clemens pitch and charged the mound. Both benches cleared, and the resulting brawl turned surreal when 72-year-old Yankee bench coach Don Zimmer charged Martínez. Martínez sidestepped Zimmer, placed his hands on Zimmer's head and propelled Zimmer to the ground. The Zimmer/Martinez altercation ended there as Yankee trainer Gene Monahan and various Yankee players attended to him. After a 13-minute delay, during which Fenway Park stopped all beer sales for the remainder of the game, Clemens struck out Ramirez and proceeded to pitch effectively as the Yankees held a lead. The game did not end quietly: a Fenway groundskeeper got into a scuffle with Yankee reliever Jeff Nelson and Garcia in the middle of the 9th inning in the bullpen area. The employee had cheered a double play the Red Sox turned and Nelson was upset; the employee was taken to the hospital with cleat marks on his back and arm, while Garcia left with a cut hand.[5]In the bottom of the first, Clemens allowed a leadoff single to Johnny Damon and subsequent double to Todd Walker. After Nomar Garciaparra struck out, Ramirez's double put the Red Sox up 2-0. The Yankees cut it to 2-1 in the second off Martinez when Posada hit a leadoff double and scored on Garcia's single two outs later. Jeter's home run next inning tied the game. In the fourth, Posada drew a leadoff walk, moved to third on Nick Johnson's single, and scored on Matsui's ground-rule double. After Garcia was hit by a pitch to load the bases, Alfonso Soriano hit into a double play that scored Johnson and put the Yankees up 4-2. In the bottom of the seventh, reliever Félix Heredia issued a leadoff walk to Ortiz. Jose Contreras relieved Heredia and allowed a single to Kevin Millar that moved Ortiz to third. Ortiz scored when Trot Nixon hit into a double play to make it 4-3 Yankees. Their lead held, though, putting them up 2-1 in the series.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Todd Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Walker"},{"link_name":"David Dellucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dellucci"}],"sub_title":"Game 4","text":"Monday, October 13, 2003 at Fenway Park in Boston, MassachusettsRain postponed Game 4 from Sunday, October 12, to Monday, October 13. The Red Sox went up 1-0 on Todd Walker's second home run of the series in the fourth off Mike Mussina. In the top of the fifth, Tim Wakefield allowed back-to-back one-hit singles before Jeter's double tied the game and put runners on second and third. Bernie Williams walked with two outs to load the bases, but Posada lined out to left to end the inning. In the bottom half, Nixon's home run put the Red Sox up 2-1. They loaded the bases in the seventh off Mussina on a double and two walks with one out when Varitek hit into a force out at second, narrowly beating Soriano's throw to first to avoid a double play and allow Millar to score to make it 3-1. Ruben Sierra's one-out home run in the ninth off Scott Williamson made it 3-2, but Williamson struck out David Dellucci and Soriano to end the game, pick up his second save of the series, and tie the series at 2-2.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"}],"sub_title":"Game 5","text":"Tuesday, October 14, 2003 at Fenway Park in Boston, MassachusettsThe Yankees loaded the bases in the second off Derek Lowe on two walks and a hit when Garcia's single scored two, then Soriano's single scored another. Ramirez's leadoff home run in the fourth off David Wells made it 3-1. They made it 4-1 in the eighth when Bernie Williams reached on a force out at second, moved to third on Posada's single and scored on Matsui's groundout off Alan Embree. In the bottom of the inning, Todd Walker hit a leadoff triple off Mariano Rivera and scored on Garciaparra's groundout to make it 4-2 Yankees. Rivera, though, shut out the Red Sox for the rest of the game, leaving the Yankees one win away from the World Series.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium (I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Bronx, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx,_New_York"},{"link_name":"John Burkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burkett"},{"link_name":"Aaron Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Boone"},{"link_name":"Bronson Arroyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronson_Arroyo"},{"link_name":"Bill Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mueller"},{"link_name":"Gabe White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_White"}],"sub_title":"Game 6","text":"Wednesday, October 15, 2003 at Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New YorkJason Giambi's two-out home run in the first off John Burkett put the Yankees up 1-0, but Varitek's leadoff home run in the third off Andy Pettitte tied the score. The Red Sox loaded the bases with one out on two walks and a single before Ortiz's single scored two and Millar's single scored another to put them up 4-1. In the bottom of the fourth, Posada and Matsui hit back-to-back one-out singles before Nick Johnson's double and Aaron Boone's groundout scored a run each. Garciaparra's error allowed Garcia to reach base before Soriano's two-run double put the Yankees on top, 5-4, and ended Burkett's night. Posada's home run next inning off Bronson Arroyo made it 6-4 Yankees. In the top of the seventh, Garciaparra hit a leadoff triple off Jose Contreras and scored on Matsui's errant throw to third. Ramirez then doubled, moved to third on a wild pitch, and scored on Ortiz's single to tie the game. After allowing a one-out single to Bill Mueller, Contreras was relieved by Félix Heredia, who struck out Trot Nixon, but threw a wild pitch that put runners on second and third. After intentionally walking Varitek to load the bases, Heredia walked Damon to force in a run and put the Red Sox up 7-6. They added insurance in the ninth when Mueller doubled with one out off Jeff Nelson. Gabe White relieved Nelson and allowed a home run to Nixon to make it 9-6. Scott Williamson retired the Yankees in order in the bottom half for his third save of the series, forcing a Game 7.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium (I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Bronx, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Enrique Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Mike Mussina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mussina"},{"link_name":"David Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wells"},{"link_name":"Grady Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grady_Little"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaughnessy-1"},{"link_name":"Scott Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Williamson"},{"link_name":"Mike Timlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Timlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaughnessy-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobe-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobe-10"},{"link_name":"Bernie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Williams"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaughnessy-1"},{"link_name":"Alan Embree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Embree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaughnessy-1"},{"link_name":"Mariano Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Rivera"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobe-10"},{"link_name":"Tim Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wakefield"},{"link_name":"Aaron Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Boone"},{"link_name":"walk-off home run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk-off_home_run"},{"link_name":"Fox Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_(USA)"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Bret Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Boone"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Game 7","text":"Thursday, October 16, 2003 at Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New YorkIn the Martinez–Clemens rematch of Game 3, Clemens allowed a one-out single to Millar before Nixon's home run put Boston up 2-0. After Mueller struck out, Varitek doubled and scored on third baseman Enrique Wilson's throwing error to first on Damon's ground ball. Millar's leadoff home run in the fourth made it 4-0 Boston. Nixon then walked and moved to third on Mueller's single to knock Clemens out of the game. In the first relief appearance of his career, Mike Mussina cleaned up Clemens's mess by striking out Varitek and inducing a Johnny Damon double play. His three innings of scoreless relief, and home runs in the fifth and seventh innings by Giambi kept the Yankees in the game. But in the eighth inning, with the Red Sox leading 5–2 after Ortiz homered in the top half off David Wells, things unraveled for Boston. Sox manager Grady Little kept a tiring Martínez in for the eighth, a controversial move still discussed years later.[1] Little had two relievers who had shown effectiveness in the games leading up to the seventh game—Scott Williamson and Mike Timlin (who had not allowed a single hit in the playoffs),[1] but both had experienced stretches of ineffectiveness during the season, while Martínez had Hall of Fame credentials.[10] Critics of the move note that Martínez had experienced diminished effectiveness in the late innings of games in which he had thrown more than 100 pitches.[10] After Martínez assured Little he still had something left, he gave up a double to Jeter and a single to Bernie Williams, prompting Little to go to the mound.[1] To the surprise of many, Little left Martínez in the game, leaving lefty Alan Embree in the bullpen with the left-handed Matsui coming to the plate.[1] Martínez gave up a ground rule double to Matsui and a bloop double to Posada to tie the game, sending it to extra innings. Mariano Rivera came in for the ninth and pitched three shutout innings.[10]Tim Wakefield pitched a scoreless tenth for Boston and in the bottom of the 11th faced Aaron Boone, who had entered earlier as a pinch-runner. On Wakefield's first pitch of the inning, Boone launched a walk-off home run into the left field seats. Fox Sports displayed a collection of images thereafter: tears welling up in the eyes of Aaron's brother, Seattle Mariners infielder Bret Boone (the guest announcer), ALCS MVP Rivera running to the mound and collapsing on it in joy, Boone jumping on home plate, and Rivera being carried off on his teammates' shoulders.[11]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"}],"text":"2003 ALCS (4–3): New York Yankees over Boston Red Sox","title":"Composite box"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Boston"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobe-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaughnessy-1"},{"link_name":"Now I Can Die in Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_I_Can_Die_in_Peace"},{"link_name":"Bill Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Theo Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Epstein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaughnessy-1"},{"link_name":"1965 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Terry Francona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Francona"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Joe Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Torre"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bucky Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Dent"},{"link_name":"American League East division title in 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_American_League_East_tie-breaker_game"},{"link_name":"Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_New_York_Yankees_season"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season"},{"link_name":"1918 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobe-10"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobe-10"},{"link_name":"2003 National League Championship Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_National_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"},{"link_name":"inning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bartman_incident"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldSeries-19"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"ALCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_American_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Curse of the Bambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Bambino"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Josh Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Beckett"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldSeries-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_World_Series"},{"link_name":"inaugural World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_World_Series"}],"text":"The series is widely considered one of the most devastating losses in Boston sports history.[10][12] The loss was crushing for Red Sox fans, many of whom blamed Little for leaving Martínez in the game since Martínez had experienced difficulty beyond 100 pitches.[1] In his book Now I Can Die in Peace, Bill Simmons writes that the Boston owners and Theo Epstein had ordered Little to remove Martínez from the game when he finished the seventh inning and/or topped the three-digit pitch count. Martínez was sure he would not be called on for the eighth inning, but agreed to pitch when Little asked. After the game, Little reportedly prophetically told Martínez, \"Petey, I might not be here anymore.\" Little defended his move by saying he felt that even a tired Martínez was the best option. Little's defenders also noted that the Red Sox offense collapsed in the game, as the club scored only two runs in the last nine innings, and also noted Damon's poor defensive play in center field during the crucial inning.[1] Others have noted that by staying with a physically fragile pitcher in an ultimate game with two runners on base, a three-run lead, a rested pitcher who had performed well in the postseason ready in the bullpen and the other team's MVP on deck, Little did exactly what Hall of Fame manager Walter Alston did with Sandy Koufax in Game 7 of the 1965 World Series, which Alston's Dodgers won. Little's contract was not renewed after the season and he was replaced by Terry Francona.[13] Little went on to manage the Los Angeles Dodgers before being replaced by Joe Torre after the 2007 season.[14]Boone's pennant-clinching home run often draws comparisons to another famous Yankee home run against the Red Sox in the postseason: the one Bucky Dent hit in a one-game playoff between the two teams that decided the American League East division title in 1978. But the Yankees won the World Series that year, against the Dodgers. As with Dent, Boone has had the expletive \"Fucking\" assigned as a middle name by Red Sox fans in the following years.Until the final game of the pennant race, some baseball fans had been hoping for a rematch of the 1918 World Series[10] between the Red Sox and the Chicago Cubs, one of only two major league teams to have played for a longer period of time since winning the World Series (the other was the Chicago White Sox, who won the Series in 2005).[10] The Cubs reached the 2003 National League Championship Series against the Florida Marlins. As with the Red Sox, they had a three-run lead and were only five outs away from reaching the World Series, although this was in Game 6, when the Marlins scored eight runs in that inning and won the game 8–3.[15][16][17] The Marlins won Game 7, 9–6, to advance to the World Series,[18] where they defeated the Yankees, four games to two.[19] The Cubs did not reach the World Series until 2016, winning in seven games over the Cleveland Indians.The following year, Boston and New York met again in the ALCS, with Boston becoming the first team in major league history—as well as just the third team in American professional sports history—to come back to win a playoff series after being down three games to none;[20] they then swept the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series to win their first championship since 1918 and thus end the Curse of the Bambino.[21]In the 2005–06 offseason, the rivalry between Boston and New York revived the Yankees' loss to the Marlins in the 2003 World Series when they traded Josh Beckett, the pitcher who pitched a complete-game shutout against the Yankees in the deciding game of the Series, to the Red Sox.[19][22]The Yankees eventually hired postseason hero Boone as their manager in 2018.[23] The two teams have met in the postseason twice during his tenure (2018, 2021), with Boston winning both times; in 2018, the Red Sox beat the Yankees en route to becoming the first team to win two World Series exactly one century apart, a feat that Boone kept them from doing in 2003, as the Red Sox won the inaugural World Series.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trot Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trot_Nixon"},{"link_name":"David Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Manny Ramírez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Ram%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"Jason Varitek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Varitek"},{"link_name":"Todd Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Walker"},{"link_name":"Tim Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wakefield"},{"link_name":"Jorge Posada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Posada"},{"link_name":"Mariano Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Mike Timlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Timlin"},{"link_name":"Alan Embree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Embree"},{"link_name":"Mike Mussina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mussina"},{"link_name":"Jason Giambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Giambi"},{"link_name":"Aaron Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Boone"}],"text":"Trot Nixon—.333 average, three home runs, five RBI\nDavid Ortiz, Manny Ramírez, Jason Varitek, Todd Walker—two home runs each.\nTim Wakefield—Won Game 1 and Game 4 for the Red Sox, and very likely would have been the ALCS MVP had Boston held on to win the series.\nJorge Posada—.296 average, four doubles\nMariano Rivera—eight innings, 1.12 ERA, two saves (Series MVP)\nMike Timlin and Alan Embree (combined)—ten innings, four hits, no earned runs\nMike Mussina and Rivera—six innings, six strikeouts, four hits, and zero earned runs combined in relief during Game 7.\nJason Giambi—Before the eighth inning rally in Game 7, Giambi had provided the Yankees' only offense with two solo home runs off Pedro Martínez.\nAaron Boone—Hit an 11th inning walk-off home run in Game 7.","title":"Notable performers"}]
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[]
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Retrieved June 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807054956/http://articles.boston.com/2003-10-17/news/29195353_1_red-sox-tim-wakefield-sox-fans","url_text":"\"Heartbreak again; Yankees beat Red Sox, 6-5, on 11th-inning homer to capture AL pennant\""},{"url":"http://articles.boston.com/2003-10-17/news/29195353_1_red-sox-tim-wakefield-sox-fans","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Major League Baseball on Fox: Game 7 of 2003 American League Championship Series (television). Fox Sports. October 16, 2003.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shaughnessy, Dan (May 15, 2010). \"A chance to change, but a familiar ending\". Boston Globe. p. C1. Retrieved March 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/sports/hockey/bruins/articles/2010/05/15/a_chance_to_change_but_a_familiar_ending/?page=full","url_text":"\"A chance to change, but a familiar ending\""}]},{"reference":"Golen, Jimmy (December 4, 2003). \"Red Sox hire Francona as manager\". USA Today. 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Chicago Tribune. p. 10.3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morrissey, Rick (October 15, 2003). \"8th-inning disaster so Cubs\". Chicago Tribune. p. 10.4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Frisaro, Joe (October 15, 2003). \"Fish rock Cubs: Bring on the World\". MLB.com. Marlins.MLB.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110309102214/http://florida.marlins.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20031015&content_id=581068&vkey=ds2003game&fext=.jsp&c_id=fla","url_text":"\"Fish rock Cubs: Bring on the World\""},{"url":"http://florida.marlins.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20031015&content_id=581068&vkey=ds2003game&fext=.jsp&c_id=fla","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kepner, Tyler (October 26, 2003). \"Young Ace Has Winning Hand, And Yankees Are Sent Reeling\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kalakaua
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Kalākaua
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["1 Early life and family","2 Education","3 Political and military careers","4 Marriage","5 Political ascendancy","5.1 1873 election","5.2 1874 election","6 Reign","6.1 Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 and its extension","6.2 Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad","6.3 Trip around the world","6.4 ʻIolani Palace","6.5 1883 coronation","6.6 Kalākaua coinage","6.7 Birthday Jubilee, November 15–29, 1886","6.8 Military policy","6.9 Polynesian confederation","7 1887 Bayonet Constitution","8 Death and succession","9 Legacy","9.1 Notable published works","10 Honours","11 Ancestry","12 See also","13 Notes","13.1 Footnotes","13.2 Citations","14 References","15 Further reading","16 External links"]
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King of Hawaii from 1874 to 1891
KalākauaPortrait by James J. Williams, 1882King of the Hawaiian Islands (more ...) ReignFebruary 12, 1874 – January 20, 1891ProclamationFebruary 13, 1874, Kīnaʻu HaleCoronationFebruary 12, 1883, ʻIolani Palace, HonoluluPredecessorLunaliloSuccessorLiliʻuokalaniPrime MinisterWilliam L. GreenWalter M. GibsonBorn(1836-11-16)November 16, 1836Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawai'iDiedJanuary 20, 1891(1891-01-20) (aged 54)San Francisco, California, U.S.BurialFebruary 15, 1891Mauna ʻAla Royal MausoleumSpouseKapiʻolaniNamesDavid Laʻamea Kamanakapuʻu Māhinulani Nālaʻiaʻehuokalani Lumialani KalākauaHouseHouse of KalākauaFatherCaesar KapaʻakeaMotherAnalea KeohokāloleReligionChurch of HawaiiSignature
Kalākaua (David Laʻamea Kamanakapuʻu Māhinulani Nālaʻiaʻehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua; November 16, 1836 – January 20, 1891), sometimes called The Merrie Monarch, was the last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, reigning from February 12, 1874, until his death in 1891. Succeeding Lunalilo, he was elected to the vacant throne of Hawaiʻi against Queen Emma. Kalākaua had a convivial personality and enjoyed entertaining guests with his singing and ukulele playing. At his coronation and his birthday jubilee, the hula, which had hitherto been banned in public in the kingdom, became a celebration of Hawaiian culture.
During Kalākaua's reign, the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 brought great prosperity to the kingdom. Its renewal continued the prosperity but allowed United States to have exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In 1881, Kalākaua took a trip around the world to encourage the immigration of contract sugar plantation workers. He wanted Hawaiians to broaden their education beyond their nation. He instituted a government-financed program to sponsor qualified students to be sent abroad to further their education. Two of his projects, the statue of Kamehameha I and the rebuilding of ʻIolani Palace, were expensive endeavors but are popular tourist attractions today.
Extravagant expenditures and Kalākaua's plans for a Polynesian confederation played into the hands of annexationists who were already working toward a United States takeover of Hawaiʻi. In 1887, Kalākaua was pressured to sign a new constitution that made the monarchy little more than a figurehead position. After his brother William Pitt Leleiohoku II died in 1877, the king named their sister Liliʻuokalani as heir-apparent. She acted as regent during his absences from the country. After Kalākaua's death, she became the last monarch of Hawaiʻi.
Early life and family
Kalākaua was born at 2:00 a.m. on November 16, 1836, to Caesar Kaluaiku Kapaʻakea and Analea Keohokālole in the grass hut compound belonging to his maternal grandfather ʻAikanaka, at the base of Punchbowl Crater in Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu. Of the aliʻi class of Hawaiian nobility, his family was considered collateral relations of the reigning House of Kamehameha, sharing common descent from the 18th-century aliʻi nui Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. From his biological parents, he descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku, two of the five royal counselors of Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Kameʻeiamoku, the grandfather of both his mother and father, was one of the royal twins alongside Kamanawa depicted on the Hawaiian coat of arms. However, Kalākaua and his siblings traced their high rank from their mother's line of descent, referring to themselves as members of the "Keawe-a-Heulu line", although later historians would refer to the family as the House of Kalākaua. The second surviving child of a large family, his biological siblings included his elder brother James Kaliokalani, and younger siblings Lydia Kamakaʻeha (later renamed Liliʻuokalani), Anna Kaʻiulani, Kaʻiminaʻauao, Miriam Likelike and William Pitt Leleiohoku II.
Kalākaua at the age of fourteen, c. 1850
Given the name Kalākaua, which translates into "The Day Battle," the date of his birth coincided with the signing of the unequal treaty imposed by British Captain Lord Edward Russell of the Actaeon on Kamehameha III. He and his siblings were hānai (informally adopted) to other family members in the Native Hawaiian tradition. Prior to birth, his parents had promised to give their child in hānai to Kuini Liliha, a high-ranking chiefess and the widow of High Chief Boki. However, after he was born, High Chiefess Haʻaheo Kaniu took the baby to Honuakaha, the residence of the king. Kuhina Nui (regent) Elizabeth Kīnaʻu, who disliked Liliha, deliberated and decreed his parents to give him to Haʻaheo and her husband Keaweamahi Kinimaka. When Haʻaheo died in 1843 she bequeathed all her properties to him. After Haʻaheo's death, his guardianship was entrusted to his hānai father, who was a chief of lesser rank; he took Kalākaua to live in Lāhainā on the island of Maui. Kinimaka would later marry Pai, a subordinate Tahitian chiefess, who treated Kalākaua as her own until the birth of her own son.
Education
At the age of four, Kalākaua returned to Oʻahu to begin his education at the Chiefs' Children's School (later renamed the Royal School). He and his classmates had been formally proclaimed by Kamehameha III as eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. His classmates included his siblings James Kaliokalani and Lydia Kamakaʻeha and their thirteen royal cousins including the future kings Kamehameha IV, Kamehameha V and Lunalilo. They were taught by American missionaries Amos Starr Cooke and his wife, Juliette Montague Cooke. At the school, Kalākaua became fluent in English and the Hawaiian language and was noted for his fun and humor rather than his academic prowess. The strong-willed boy defended his less robust elder brother Kaliokalani from the older boys at the school.
In October 1840, their paternal grandfather Kamanawa II requested his grandsons to visit him on the night before his execution for the murder of his wife Kamokuiki. The next morning the Cookes allowed the guardian of the royal children John Papa ʻĪʻī to bring Kaliokalani and Kalākaua to see Kamanawa for the last time. It is not known if their sister was also taken to see him. Later sources, especially in biographies of Kalākaua indicated that the boys witnessed the public hanging of their grandfather at the gallows. Historian Helena G. Allen noted the indifference the Cookes' had toward the request and the traumatic experience it must have been for the boys.
After the Cookes retired and closed the school in 1850, Kalākaua briefly studied at Joseph Watt's English school for native children at Kawaiahaʻo and later joined the relocated day school (also called Royal School) run by Reverend Edward G. Beckwith. Illness prevented him from finishing his schooling and he was sent back to Lāhainā to live with his mother.
Following his formal schooling, he studied law under Charles Coffin Harris in 1853. Kalākaua would appoint Harris as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaiʻi in 1877.
Political and military careers
Kalākaua, photograph by Joseph W. King, c. 1860s
Kalākaua's various military, government and court positions prevented him from fully completing his legal training. He received his earliest military training under the Prussian officer, Major Francis Funk, who instilled an admiration of the Prussian military system. In 1852, Prince Liholiho, who would later reign as Kamehameha IV, appointed Kalakaua as one of his aide-de-camp on his military staff. The following year, he commissioned Kalākaua as brevet captain in the infantry. In the army, Kalākaua served as first lieutenant in his father Kapaʻakea's militia of 240 men and later worked as military secretary to Major John William Elliott Maikai, the adjutant general of the army. He was promoted to major and assigned to the personal staff of Kamehameha IV when the king ascended to the throne in 1855. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in 1858.
He became a personal associate and friend of Prince Lot, the future Kamehameha V, who instilled his mission of "Hawaiʻi for Hawaiians" in the young Kalākaua. In the fall of 1860, when he was Chief Clerk of the kingdom's Department of the Interior, Kalākaua accompanied Prince Lot, high chief Levi Haʻalelea and Hawaii's Consul for Peru, Josiah C. Spalding, on a two-month tour of British Columbia and California. They sailed from Honolulu aboard the yacht Emma Rooke, on August 29, arriving on September 18 in Victoria, British Columbia, where they were received by the local dignitaries of the city. In California, the party visited San Francisco, Sacramento, Folsom and other local areas where they were honorably received.
In 1856, Kalākaua was appointed a member of the Privy Council of State by Kamehameha IV. He was also appointed to the House of Nobles, the upper body of the Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1858, serving there until 1873. He served as 3rd Chief Clerk of the Department of the Interior in 1859 under Prince Lot who was Minister of the Interior before becoming king in 1863. He held this position until 1863. On June 30, 1863, Kalākaua was appointed Postmaster General and served until his resignation on March 18, 1865. In 1865, he was appointed the King's Chamberlain and served until 1869 when he resigned to finish his law studies. In 1870, he was admitted to the Hawaiian bar and was hired as a clerk in the Land Office, a post he held until he came to the throne. He was decorated a Knight Companion of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I in 1867.
American writer Mark Twain, working as a traveling reporter for the Sacramento Daily Union, visited Hawaiʻi in 1866 during the reign of Kamehameha V. He met the young Kalākaua and other members of the legislature and noted:
Hon. David Kalakaua, who at present holds the office of King's Chamberlain, is a man of fine presence, is an educated gentleman and a man of good abilities. He is approaching forty, I should judge—is thirty-five, at any rate. He is conservative, politic and calculating, makes little display, and does not talk much in the Legislature. He is a quiet, dignified, sensible man, and would do no discredit to the kingly office. The King has power to appoint his successor. If he does such a thing, his choice will probably fall on Kalakaua.
Marriage
Kapiʻolani, the wife and future queen consort of Kalākaua
Kalākaua was briefly engaged to marry Princess Victoria Kamāmalu, the younger sister of Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. However, the match was terminated when the princess decided to renew her on-and-off betrothal to her cousin Lunalilo. Kalākaua would later fall in love with Kapiʻolani, the young widow of Bennett Nāmākēhā, the uncle of Kamehameha IV's wife Queen Emma. A descendant of King Kaumualiʻi of Kauai, Kapiʻolani was Queen Emma's lady-in-waiting and Prince Albert Edward Kamehameha's nurse and caretaker. They married on December 19, 1863, in a quiet ceremony conducted by a minister of the Anglican Church of Hawaiʻi. The timing of the wedding was heavily criticized since it fell during the official mourning period for King Kamehameha IV. The marriage remained childless.
Political ascendancy
1873 election
King Kamehameha V, died on December 12, 1872, without naming a successor to the throne. Under the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, if the king did not appoint a successor, a new king would be appointed by the legislature to begin a new royal line of succession.
There were several candidates for the Hawaiian throne including Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who had been asked to succeed to the throne by Kamehameha V on his deathbed but had declined the offer. However, the contest was centered on the two high-ranking male aliʻi, or chiefs: Lunalilo and Kalākaua. Lunalilo was more popular, partly because he was a higher-ranking chief than Kalākaua and was the immediate cousin of Kamehameha V. Lunalilo was also the more liberal of the two—he promised to amend the constitution to give the people a greater voice in the government. According to historian Ralph S. Kuykendall, there was an enthusiasm among Lunalilo's supporters to have him declared king without holding an election. In response, Lunalilo issued a proclamation stating that, even though he believed himself to be the rightful heir to the throne, he would submit to an election for the good of the kingdom. On January 1, 1873, a popular election was held for the office of King of Hawaiʻi. Lunalilo won with an overwhelming majority while Kalākaua performed extremely poorly receiving 12 votes out of the more than 11,000 votes cast. The next day, the legislature confirmed the popular vote and elected Lunalilo unanimously. Kalākaua conceded.
1874 election
Following Lunalilo's ascension, Kalākaua was appointed as colonel on the military staff of the king. He kept politically active during Lunalilo's reign, including leadership involvement with a political organization known as the Young Hawaiians; the group's motto was "Hawaiʻi for the Hawaiians". He had gained political capital with his staunch opposition to ceding any part of the Hawaiian islands to foreign interests. During the ʻIolani Barracks mutiny by the Royal Guards of Hawaiʻi in September 1873, Kalākaua was suspected to have incited the native guards to rebel against their white officers. Lunalilo responded to the insurrection by disbanding the military unit altogether, leaving Hawaiʻi without a standing army for the remainder of his reign.
The issue of succession was a major concern especially since Lunalilo was unmarried and childless at the time. Queen Dowager Emma, the widow of Kamehameha IV, was considered to be Lunalilo's favorite choice as his presumptive heir. On the other hand, Kalākaua and his political cohorts actively campaigned for him to be named successor in the event of the king's death. Among the other candidates considered viable as Lunalilo's successor was the previously mentioned Bernice Pauahi Bishop. She had strong ties to the United States through her marriage to wealthy American businessman Charles Reed Bishop who also served as one of Lunalilo's cabinet ministers. When Lunalilo became ill several months after his election, Native Hawaiians counseled with him to appoint a successor to avoid another election. However he may have personally felt about Emma, he never put it in writing. He failed to act on the issue of a successor, and died on February 3, 1874, setting in motion a bitter election. While Lunalilo did not think of himself as a Kamehameha, his election continued the Kamehameha line to some degree making him the last of the monarchs of the Kamehameha dynasty.
Pauahi chose not to run. Kalākaua's political platform was that he would reign in strict accordance with the kingdom's constitution. Emma campaigned on her assurance that Lunalilo had personally told her he wanted her to succeed him. Several individuals who claimed first-hand knowledge of Lunalilo's wishes backed her publicly. With Lunalilo's privy council issuing a public denial of that claim, the kingdom was divided on the issue. British Commissioner James Hay Wodehouse put the British and American forces docked at Honolulu on the alert for possible violence.
The election was held on February 12, and Kalākaua was elected by the Legislative Assembly by a margin of thirty-nine to six. His election provoked the Honolulu Courthouse riot where supporters of Queen Emma targeted legislators who supported Kalākaua; thirteen legislators were injured. The kingdom was without an army since the mutiny the year before and many police officers sent to quell the riot joined the mob or did nothing. Unable to control the mob, Kalākaua and Lunalilo's former ministers had to request the aid of American and British military forces docked in the harbor to put down the uprising.
Reign
Given the unfavorable political climate following the riot, Kalākaua was quickly sworn in the following day, in a ceremony witnessed by government officials, family members, foreign representatives and some spectators. This inauguration ceremony was held at Kīnaʻu Hale, the residence of the Royal Chamberlain, instead of Kawaiahaʻo Church, as was customary. The hastiness of the affair would prompt him to hold a coronation ceremony in 1883. Upon ascending to the throne, Kalākaua named his brother, William Pitt Leleiohoku, Leleiohoku II, as his heir-apparent. When Leleiohoku II died in 1877, Kalākaua changed the name of his sister Lydia Dominis to Liliuokalani and designated her as his heir-apparent.
From March to May 1874, he toured the main Hawaiian Islands of Kauai, Maui, Hawaiʻi Island, Molokai and Oahu and visited the Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement.
Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 and its extension
Illustration of Kalākaua's state dinner at the White House, meeting with President Ulysses S. Grant.
Within a year of Kalākaua's election, he helped negotiate the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. This free trade agreement between the United States and Hawaiʻi, allowed sugar and other products to be exported to the US duty-free. He led the Reciprocity Commission consisting of sugar planter Henry A. P. Carter of C. Brewer & Co., Hawaiʻi Chief Justice Elisha Hunt Allen, and Minister of Foreign Affairs William Lowthian Green. Kalākaua became the first reigning monarch to visit America. The state dinner in his honor hosted by President Ulysses S. Grant was the first White House state dinner ever held.
Many in the Hawaiʻi business community were willing to cede Pearl Harbor to the United States in exchange for the treaty, but Kalākaua was opposed to the idea. A seven-year treaty was signed on January 30, 1875, without any Hawaiian land being ceded. San Francisco sugar refiner Claus Spreckels became a major investor in Hawaiʻi's sugar industry. Initially, he bought half of the first year's production; ultimately he became the plantations' major shareholder. Spreckels became one of Kalākaua's close associates.
When it expired, an extension of the treaty was negotiated, giving exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States. Ratifications by both parties took two years and eleven months, and were exchanged on December 9, 1887, extending the agreement for an additional seven years.
Over the term of Kalākaua's reign, the treaty had a major effect on the kingdom's income. In 1874, Hawaiʻi exported $1,839,620.27 in products. The value of exported products in 1890, the last full year of his reign, was $13,282,729.48, an increase of 722%. The export of sugar during that period grew from 24,566,611 pounds to 330,822,879 pounds.
Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad
The Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad was a government-funded educational program during Kalākaua's reign to help students further their education beyond the institutions available in Hawaiʻi at that time. Between 1880 and 1887, Kalākaua selected 18 students for enrollment in a university or apprenticeship to a trade, outside the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. These students furthered their education in Italy, England, Scotland, China, Japan and California. During the life of the program, the legislature appropriated $100,000 to support it. When the Bayonet Constitution went into effect, the students were recalled to Hawaiʻi.
Trip around the world
Main article: Kalākaua's 1881 world tour
Journey of King Kalākaua in 1881
King Kalākaua and his boyhood friends William Nevins Armstrong and Charles Hastings Judd, along with personal cook Robert von Oelhoffen, circumnavigated the globe in 1881. The purpose of the 281-day trip was to encourage the importation of contract labor for plantations. Kalākaua set a world record as the first monarch to travel around the world. He appointed his sister and heir-apparent Liliuokalani to act as Regent during his absence.
Setting sail on January 20, they visited California before sailing to Asia. There they spent four months opening contract labor dialogue in Japan and China, while sightseeing and spreading goodwill through nations that were potential sources for workers. They continued through Southeast Asia, and then headed for Europe in June, where they stayed until mid-September. Their most productive immigration talks were in Portugal, where Armstrong stayed behind to negotiate an expansion of Hawaiʻi's existing treaty with the government.
President James A. Garfield in Washington, D.C., had been assassinated in their absence. On their return trip to the United States, Kalākaua paid a courtesy call on Garfield's successor President Chester A. Arthur.
Before embarking on a train ride across the United States, Kalākaua visited Thomas Edison for a demonstration of electric lighting, discussing its potential use in Honolulu.
They departed for Hawaiʻi from San Francisco on October 22, arriving in Honolulu on October 31. His homecoming celebration went on for days. He had brought the small island nation to the attention of world leaders, but the trip had sparked rumors that the kingdom was for sale. In Hawaiʻi there were critics who believed the labor negotiations were just his excuse to see the world. Eventually, his efforts bore fruit in increased contract labor for Hawaiʻi.
Thomas Thrum's Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1883 reported Kalākaua's tour expense appropriated by the government as $22,500, although his personal correspondence indicates he exceeded that early on.
ʻIolani Palace
Main article: ʻIolani Palace
"he working tools of a mason" presented to Kalākaua by the freemasons on December 31, 1879, on display in the palace basement
'Iolani Palace is the only royal palace on US soil. The first palace was a coral and wood structure which served primarily as office space for the kingdom's monarchs beginning with Kamehameha III in 1845. By the time Kalākaua became king, the structure had decayed, and he ordered it destroyed to be replaced with a new building. During the 1878 session of the legislature Finance Chairman Walter Murray Gibson, a political supporter of Kalākaua's, pushed through appropriations of $50,000 for the new palace.
Construction began in 1879, with an additional $80,000 appropriated later to furnish it and complete the construction. Three architects worked on the design, Thomas J. Baker, Charles J. Wall and Isaac Moore. December 31, 1879, the 45th birthday of Queen Kapiʻolani, was the date Kalākaua chose for the ceremonial laying of the cornerstone. Minister of Foreign Affairs John Mākini Kapena delivered the ceremony's formal address in Hawaiian. As Master of the Freemason Lodge Le Progres de L'Oceanie, Kalākaua charged the freemasons with orchestrating the ceremonies. The parade preceding the laying of the cornerstone involved every civilian and military organization in Hawaiʻi. The Pacific Commercial Advertiser noted it was "one of the largest seen in Honolulu for some years". A copper time capsule containing photographs, documents, currency, and the Hawaiian census was sealed inside the cornerstone. After speeches had been made, the freemasons presented the king with "the working tools of a mason", a plumb bob, level, square tool, and a trowel.
In between the laying of the cornerstone and the finishing of the new palace, Kalākaua had seen how other monarchs lived. He wanted ʻIolani to measure up to the standards of the rest of the world. The furnishing and interiors of the finished palace were reflective of that. Immediately upon completion, the king invited all 120 members of Lodge Le Progres de L'Oceanie to the palace for a lodge meeting. Kalākaua had also seen during his visit to Edison's studio how effective electric lighting could be for the kingdom. On July 21, 1886, ʻIolani Palace led the way with the first electric lights in the kingdom, showcasing the technology. The monarch invited the public to attend a lighting ceremony on the palace grounds, attracting 5,000 spectators. The Royal Hawaiian Band entertained, refreshments were served, and the king paraded his troops around the grounds. The total cost of building and furnishing the new palace was $343,595.
1883 coronation
Coronation ceremony at ʻIolani Palace, 1883
Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani had been denied a coronation ceremony in 1874 because of the civil unrest following the election. Under Finance Chairman Gibson, the 1880 legislature appropriated $10,000 for a coronation. Gibson was believed to be the main proponent behind the event. On October 10, 1882, the Saturday Press indicated that not all the public was in favor of the coronation. By this point, Gibson's role in the kingdom's finances and his influence on Kalākaua were beginning to come under scrutiny: "Our versatile Premier ... is pulling another string in this puppet farce." At the same time, the newspaper rebuked many of the recent actions and policies not only of Gibson but of the King's cabinet in general.
The coronation ceremony and related celebratory events were spread out over a two-week period. A special octagon-shaped pavilion and grandstand were built for the February 12, 1883, ceremony. Preparations were made for an anticipated crowd exceeding 5,000, with lawn chairs to accommodate any overflow. Before the actual event, a procession of 630 adults and children paraded from downtown to the palace. Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani, accompanied by their royal retinue, came out of the palace onto the event grounds. The coronation was preceded by a choir singing and the formal recitation of the King's official titles. The news coverage noted, "The King looked ill at ease." Chief Justice of Hawaiʻi's Supreme Court Albert Francis Judd officiated and delivered the oath of office to the king. The crown was then handed to Kalākaua, and he placed it upon his head. The ceremony ended with the choir singing, and a prayer. A planned post-coronation reception by Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani was cancelled without advance notice. Today, Kalākaua's coronation pavilion serves as the bandstand for the Royal Hawaiian Band.
Following the ceremony, Kalākaua unveiled the Kamehameha Statue in front of Aliiolani Hale, the government building, with Gibson delivering the unveiling speech. This statue was a second replica. Originally intended for the centennial of Captain James Cook's landing in Hawaiʻi, the statue, which was the brainchild of Gibson, had been cast by Thomas Ridgeway Gould but had been lost during shipment off the Falkland Islands. By the time the replica arrived, the intended date had passed, and it was decided to unveil the statue as part of the coronation ceremony. Later, the original statue was salvaged and restored. It was sent to Kohala, Hawaiʻi, Kamehameha's birthplace, where it was unveiled by the king on May 8. The legislature had allocated $10,000 for the first statue and insured it for $12,000. A further $7,000 was allocated for the second statue with an additional $4,000 from the insurance money spent to add four bas relief panels depicting historic moments during Kamehamena's reign.
That evening, the royal couple hosted a state dinner, and there was a luau at a later day. The hula was performed nightly on the palace grounds. Regattas, horse races and a number of events filled the celebration period. Due to weather conditions, the planned illumination of the palace and grounds for the day of the coronation happened a week later, and the public was invited to attend. Fireworks displays lit up the sky at the palace and at Punchbowl Crater. A grand ball was held the evening of February 20.
Although exact figures are unknown, historian Kuykendall stated that the final cost of the coronation exceeded $50,000.
Kalākaua coinage
Kalākaua 1883 dime
The Kalākaua coinage was minted to boost Hawaiian pride. At this time, United States gold coins had been accepted for any debt over $50; any debt under $50 was payable by US silver coins. In 1880, the legislature passed a currency law that allowed it to purchase bullion for the United States mint to produce Hawaiʻi's own coins. The design would have the King's image on the obverse side, with Hawaiʻi's coat of arms and motto "Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono" on the reverse. In a deal with Claus Spreckels, he sponsored the minting by purchasing the required silver. In return, he was guaranteed an equal amount of six percent gold bonds, thereby giving him a guaranteed profit.
When Hawaiʻi's silver coins began circulating in December 1883, the business community was reluctant to accept them, fearing they would drive US gold coins out of the market. Spreckels opened his own bank to circulate them. Business owners feared economic inflation and lost faith in the government, as did foreign governments. Political fallout from the coinage led to the 1884 election-year shift towards the Kuokoa (independent) Party in the legislature. It passed the Currency Act to restrict acceptance of silver coins as payment for debts under $10. Exchange of silver for gold at the treasury was then limited to $150,000 a month. In 1903, the Hawaiʻi silver coins were redeemed for US silver and melted down at the San Francisco Mint.
Birthday Jubilee, November 15–29, 1886
Kalākaua's 50th birthday on November 16, 1886, was celebrated with a two-week jubilee. Gibson had by this time joined the King's cabinet as prime minister of Hawaiʻi. He and Minister of the Interior Luther Aholo put forth a motion for the legislature to form a committee to oversee the birthday jubilee on September 20. The motion was approved, and at Gibson's subsequent request, the legislature appropriated $15,000 for the jubilee. An announcement was made on November 3 that all government schools would be closed the week of November 15.
Gifts for the king began arriving on November 15. At midnight, the jubilee officially began with fireworks at the Punchbowl Crater. At sunrise, the kingdom's police force arrived at ʻIolani Palace to pay tribute, followed by the king's Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, the kingdom's diplomats, and officials of government departments. School student bodies and civic organizations also paid tribute. The Royal Hawaiian Band played throughout the day. In the afternoon, the doors of the palace were opened to all the officials and organizations, and the public. In the evening, the palace was aglow with lanterns, candles and electric lighting throwing "a flood of radiance over the Palace and grounds". The evening ended with a Fireman's Parade and fireworks. Throughout the next two weeks, there was a regatta, a Jubilee ball, a luau, athletic competitions, a state dinner, and a marksmanship contest won by the Honolulu Rifles. Harper's Weekly reported in 1891 that the final cost of the jubilee was $75,000.
Military policy
Kalākaua with his military staff officers, 1882
During the early part of his reign, Kalākaua restored the Household Guards which had been defunct since his predecessor Lunalilo abolished the unit in 1874. Initially, the king created three volunteer companies: the Leleiohoku Guard, a cavalry unit; the Prince's Own, an artillery unit; and the Hawaiian Guards, an infantry unit. By the latter part of his reign, the army of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi consisted of six volunteer companies including the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, the Leleiohoku Guard, the Mamalahoa Guard and the Honolulu Rifles, and the regular troops of the King's Household Guard. The ranks of these regiments were composed mainly of Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian officers with a few white officers including his brother-in-law John Owen Dominis. Each unit was subject to call for active service when necessary. The king and the governor of Oahu also had their own personal staff of military officers with the ranks of colonel and major.
On October 1, 1886, the Military Act of 1886 was passed which created a Department of War and a Department of the Navy under the Minister of Foreign Affairs who would also serve as Secretary of War and of the Navy. Dominis was appointed lieutenant general and commander-in-chief and other officers were commissioned while the king was made the supreme commander and generalissimo of the Hawaiian Army. Around this time, the government also bought and commissioned His Hawaiian Majesty's Ship (HHMS) Kaimiloa, the first and only vessel of the Hawaiian Royal Navy, under the command of Captain George E. Gresley Jackson.
After 1887, the military commissions creating Dominis and his staff officers were recalled for economic reasons and the Military Act of 1886 was later declared unconstitutional. The Military Act of 1888 was passed reducing the size of the army to the King's Guards, a permanent force with a cap of 65 members, and five volunteer companies: the Honolulu Rifles, the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, and the Leleiohoku Guard. In 1890, another military act further restricted the army to just the King's Royal Guards with a maximal recruitment of 36-100 men.
Polynesian confederation
Portrait of Kalākaua
The idea of Hawaiʻi's involvement in the internal affairs of Polynesian nations had been around at least two decades before Kalākaua's election, when Australian Charles St Julian volunteered to be a political liaison to Hawaiʻi in 1853. He accomplished nothing of any significance. Kalākaua's interest in forming a Polynesian coalition, with him at the head, was influenced by both Walter M. Gibson and Italian soldier of fortune Celso Caesar Moreno. In 1879 Moreno urged the king to create such a realm with Hawaiʻi at the top of the empire by " ... uniting under your sceptre the whole Polynesian race and make Honolulu a monarchical Washington, where the representatives of all the islands would convene in Congress."
In response to the activities of Germany and Great Britain in Oceania, Gibson's Pacific Commercial Advertiser urged Hawaiʻi's involvement in protecting the island nations from international aggression. Gibson was appointed to Kalākaua's cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1882. In 1883, he introduced the approved legislation to convey in writing to foreign governments that Hawaiʻi fully supported the independence of Polynesian nations. The subsequent "Hawaiian protest" letter he drafted was mostly ignored by nations that received it. The Daily Bulletin in Honolulu issued its own response, "Hawaiʻi's true policy is to confine her attention to herself, ...". The Hawaiian Gazette criticized Gibson's character and mockingly referred to the proposed venture as the "Empire of the Calabash".
Hawaiian envoys and Malietoa Laupepa on board of the Kaimiloa in 1887.
In 1885, Gibson dispatched Minister to the United States Henry A. P. Carter to Washington, D.C., and Europe to convey Hawaiʻi's intentions towards Polynesia. Carter made little headway with Gibson's instructions. He pushed for direct intervention into a political upheaval in Samoa, where the German Empire backed rebels under their leader Tamasese in an attempt to overthrow King Malietoa Laupepa. In an effort to keep him in power, Gibson convinced the 1886 legislature to allocate $100,000 to purchase the steamship Zealandia, $50,000 for its operating expenses, and $35,000 for foreign missions. United States special commissioner to Samoa, George H. Bates advised Kalākaua that Hawaiʻi should mind its own business and stay out of Samoan affairs. Instead, Hawaiʻi sent a delegation headed by John E. Bush to Samoa, where Samoan King Malietoa Laupepa signed a Samoan-Hawaiian confederation treaty on February 17, 1887. Bush also presented Malietoa with the Royal Order of the Star of Oceania, which Kalakaua had created to honor the monarchs and chiefs of the Polynesian confederation. The government sent HHMS Kaimiloa for Bush's use in visiting the chiefs of the other islands of Polynesia.
The United States and Great Britain joined with Germany in expressing their disapproval of the treaty. Germany warned the United States and Great Britain, "In case Hawaiʻi ... should try to interfere in favor of Malietoa, the King of the Sandwich Islands would thereby enter into state of war with us." When German warships arrived in Samoan waters, Malietoa surrendered and was sent into exile. The Kaimiloa and Bush's delegation were recalled to Honolulu after the ousting of the Gibson administration. Kalākaua's later explanation of Hawaiʻi's interference in Samoa was, "Our Mission was simply a Mission of phylanthropy more than any thing, but the arogance of the Germans prevented our good intentions and . . . we had to withdraw the Mission."
1887 Bayonet Constitution
Main article: 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom
In Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution, Sanford B. Dole devoted a chapter to the Bayonet Constitution. He stated that King Kalākaua appointed cabinet members not for their ability to do the job, but for their ability to bend to his will. Consequently, according to Dole, appropriated funds were shifted from one account to another, "for fantastic enterprises and for the personal aggrandizement of the royal family." Dole placed much of the blame on Gibson, and accused Kalākaua of taking a bribe of $71,000 from Tong Kee to grant an opium license, an action done via one of the king's political allies Junius Kaʻae.
Despite his own personal opposition, Kalākaua signed a legislative bill in 1886 creating a single opium vending and distribution license. Kaʻae had suggested to rice planter Tong Kee, also known as Aki, that a monetary gift to the king might help him acquire it. Aki took the suggestion and gave thousands of dollars to the king. Another merchant, Chun Lung, made the government an offer of $80,000.00 which forced Aki to raise even more cash. The license was eventually awarded to Chun who withheld his payment until the license was actually signed over to him on December 31, 1886. Kalākaua admitted that he had been overruled by his cabinet who were friendly with Chun. After the reform party took control of the government, the opium license debt remained unpaid. Kalākaua agreed to make restitution for his debts via revenues from the Crown Lands. However, other liabilities and outstanding debt forced him to sign his debt over to trustees who would control all of Kalākaua's private estates and Crown Land revenues. When trustees refused to add the opium debt, Aki sued. Although the court ruled, "The king could do no wrong", the trustees were found liable for the debt.
The Hawaiian League was formed to change the status quo of government "by all means necessary", and had joined forces with the Honolulu Rifles militia group. Anticipating a coup d'état, the king took measures to save himself by dismissing Gibson and his entire cabinet on June 28. Fearing an assassination was not out of the question, Kalākaua barricaded himself inside the palace. The Hawaiian League presented a June 30 resolution demanding the king's restitution for the alleged bribe. Also known as the "committee of thirteen", it was composed of: Paul Isenberg, William W. Hall, James A. Kennedy, William Hyde Rice, Captain James A. King, E. B. Thomas, H. C. Reed, John Mark Vivas, W. P. A. Brewer, Rev. W. B. Oleson, Cecil Brown, Captain George Ross and Joseph Ballard Atherton.
The newly appointed cabinet members were William Lowthian Green as prime minister and minister of finance, Clarence W. Ashford as attorney general, Lorrin A. Thurston as minister of the interior, and Godfrey Brown as minister of foreign affairs.
A new constitution was drafted immediately by the Hawaiian Committee and presented to Kalākaua for his signature on July 6. The next day he issued a proclamation of the abrogation of the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. The new constitution was nicknamed the Bayonet Constitution because of the duress under which it was signed. His sister Liliuokalani stated in Hawaii's Story that her brother was convinced that if he did not sign, he would be assassinated. She wrote that he no longer knew who was friend or foe. He felt betrayed by people he once trusted and had told her that everywhere he went he was under constant surveillance.
It has been known ever since that day as "The Bayonet Constitution," and the name is well chosen; for the cruel treatment received by the king from the military companies, which had been organized by his enemies under other pretences, but really to give them the power of coercion, was the chief measure used to enforce his submission.— Liliʻuokalani
The Bayonet Constitution allowed the King to appoint his cabinet but placed that cabinet under the sole authority of the legislature. It required any executive actions of the monarch to be approved by the cabinet. Previous suffrage (voting rights) was restricted to male subjects of the kingdom regardless of race. The new constitution restricted suffrage only to Hawaiian, American or European men residing in Hawaii, if they were 21 years old, literate with no back unpaid taxes, and would take an oath to support the law of the land. By placing a new minimum qualifier of $3,000 in property ownership and a minimum income of $600 for voters of the House of Nobles, the new constitution disqualified many poor Native Hawaiians from voting for half of the legislature. Naturalized Asians were deprived of the vote for both houses of the legislature.
Gibson was arrested on July 1 and charged with embezzlement of public funds. The case was soon dropped for lack of evidence. Gibson fled to California on July 12, and died there 6 months later on January 21, 1888.
When the new constitution went into effect, state-sponsored students studying abroad were recalled. One of those was Robert William Wilcox who had been sent to Italy for military training. Wilcox's initial reaction to the turn of events was advocating Liliuokalani be installed as Regent. On July 30, 1889, however, he and Robert Napuʻuako Boyd, another state-sponsored student, led a rebellion aimed at restoring the 1864 constitution, and, thereby, the king's power. Kalākaua, possibly fearing Wilcox intended to force him to abdicate in favor of his sister, was not in the palace when the insurrection happened. The government's military defense led to the surrender of the Wilcox's insurgents.
Death and succession
Main articles: Death and two state funerals of Kalākaua and Palace Hotel, San Francisco
Kalākaua (in white slacks) aboard the USS Charleston en route to San Francisco
Kalākaua sailed for California aboard the USS Charleston on November 25, 1890. Accompanying him were his trusted friends George W. Macfarlane and Robert Hoapili Baker. There was uncertainty about the purpose of the king's trip. Minister of Foreign Affairs John Adams Cummins reported the trip was solely for the king's health and would not extend beyond California. Local newspapers and British commissioner Wodehouse worried the king might go farther east to Washington, D.C., to negotiate a continued cession of Pearl Harbor to the United States after the expiration of the reciprocity treaty or possible annexation of the kingdom. His sister Liliʻuokalani, after unsuccessfully dissuading him from departing, wrote he meant to discuss the McKinley Tariff with the Hawaiian ambassador to the United States Henry A. P. Carter in Washington. She was again appointed to serve as regent during his absence.
Upon arriving in California, the party landed in San Francisco on December 5. Kalākaua, whose health had been declining, stayed in a suite at the Palace Hotel. Traveling throughout Southern California and Northern Mexico, he suffered a minor stroke in Santa Barbara and was rushed back to San Francisco. He was placed under the care of George W. Woods, surgeon of the United States Pacific Fleet. Against the advice of Dr. Woods, Kalākaua insisted on going to his initiation at the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (A.A.O.N.M.S.) on January 14. He was given a tonic of Vin Mariani that got him on his feet, and was accompanied to the rites by an escort from the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. The ceremonies did not take long, and he was returned to his suite within an hour. Two days before his death, he lapsed into a coma. Kalākaua died at 2:35 pm on Tuesday, January 20, 1891. US Navy officials listed the official cause of death as Bright's Disease (inflammation of the kidneys).
His last words were, "Aue, he kanaka au, eia i loko o ke kukonukonu o ka maʻi!," or "Alas, I am a man who is seriously ill." The more popular quote, "Tell my people I tried", attributed as his last words, was actually invented by novelist Eugene Burns in his 1952 biography of Kalākaua, The Last King of Paradise. Shortly before his death, his voice was recorded on a phonograph cylinder, which is now in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum.
The news of Kalākaua's death did not reach Hawaiʻi until January 29 when the Charleston returned to Honolulu with the king's remains. As his designated heir-apparent, Liliuokalani ascended to the throne the same day.
After a state funeral in California and a second one in Honolulu, the king's remains were buried in the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla on February 15, 1891. In a ceremony officiated by his sister Liliʻuokalani on June 24, 1910, his remains, and those of his family, were transferred to the underground Kalākaua Crypt after the main mausoleum building had been converted into a chapel.
Legacy
Kalākaua's reign is generally regarded as the first Hawaiian Renaissance, for both his influence on Hawaiʻi's music, and for other contributions he made to reinvigorate Hawaiian culture. His actions inspired the reawakening Hawaiian pride and nationalism for the kingdom.
During the earlier reign of Christian convert Kaʻahumanu, dancing the hula was forbidden and punishable by law. Subsequent monarchs gradually began allowing the hula, but it was Kalākaua who brought it back in full force. Chants, meles and the hula were part of the official entertainment at Kalākaua's coronation and his birthday jubilee. He issued an invitation to all Hawaiians with knowledge of the old mele and chants to participate in the coronation, and arranged for musicologist A. Marques to observe the celebrations. Kalākaua's cultural legacy lives on in the Merrie Monarch Festival, a large-scale annual hula competition in Hilo, Hawaiʻi, begun in 1964 and named in his honor. A composer of the ancient chants or mele, for the first time Kalākaua published a written version of the Kumulipo, a 2,102-line chant that had traditionally been passed down orally. It traces the royal lineage and the creation of the cosmos. He is also known to have revived the Hawaiian martial art of Lua, and surfing.
The Hawaiian Board of Health (different from the governmental Board of Health) passed by the 1886 legislature consisted of five Native Hawaiians, appointed by Kalākaua, who oversaw the licensing and regulation of the traditional practice of native healing arts. He also appointed Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina as the first Native Hawaiian curator of the Hawaiian National Museum and increased funding for the institution.
In 1886, Kalākaua had his Privy Council license the ancient Hale Nauā Society for persons of Hawaiian ancestry. The original Hale Naua had not been active since Kamehameha I, when it had functioned as a genealogical research organization for claims of royal lineage. When Kalākaua reactivated it, he expanded its purpose to encompass Hawaiian culture as well as modern-day arts and sciences and included women as equals. The ranks of the society grew to more than 200 members, and was a political support for Kalākaua that lasted until his death in 1891. In 2004, the National Museum of Natural History displayed Kalākaua's red-and-yellow feathered Hale Naua ʻahuʻula and feathered kāhili as part of its Hawaiian special exhibit.
Kalākaua's sponsorship of and a brief career in the Hawaiian language press gave him the additional epithet of the "Editor King". From 1861 to 1863, Kalākaua with G. W. Mila, J. W. H. Kauwahi and John K. Kaunamano co-edited Ka Hoku o ka Pakipika (The Star of the Pacific), the first Hawaiian language newspaper solely written by Native Hawaiians without the influence of American missionaries. This nationalist paper focused on Hawaiian topics especially traditional folklore and poetry. In 1870 he also edited the daily newspaper Ka Manawa (Times), which concerned itself with international news, local news and genealogies but only lasted for two months. He also sponsored the literary journal, Ka Hoku o Ke Kai (The Star of the Sea), which ran from 1883 to 1884.
The Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame honored Kalākaua and his brother and sisters as Na Lani ʻEhā ("The Heavenly Four") for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaiʻi's musical culture and history. "Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī" was officially designated the Hawaiʻi state anthem in 1967. Originally titled "Hymn to Kamehameha I", Henri Berger, leader of the Royal Hawaiian Band, wrote the instrumental melody in 1872, influenced by the Prussian anthem "Heil dir im Siegerkranz". Kalākaua added the lyrics in 1874, and the Kawaiahaʻo Church Choir sang it on his birthday that year. In 1876, it became the official anthem of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi until the overthrow of the monarchy. Other works by the king include "Sweet Lei Lehua", "ʻAkahi Hoʻi", "E Nihi Ka Hele", "Ka Momi", and "Koni Au I Ka Wai". Seven of his songs were published in Ka Buke O Na Leo Mele Hawaii (1888) using the pseudonym "Figgs". He generally wrote only the lyrics for most of his surviving works.
He established diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Serbia and was awarded the Order of Cross of Takovo.
King Kalākaua, Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson, and "Kalākaua's Singing Boys", his own personal headed choir, c. 1889
The ukulele was introduced to the Hawaiian islands during the reign of Kalākaua, by Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, and Augusto Dias, Portuguese immigrants from Madeira and Cape Verde. The king became proficient on the instrument. According to American journalist Mary Hannah Krout and Hawaiʻi resident Isobel Osbourne Strong, wife of artist Joseph Dwight Strong and stepdaughter of Robert Louis Stevenson, he would often play the ukulele and perform meles for his visitors, accompanied by his personal musical group Kalākaua's Singing Boys (aka King's Singing Boys). Strong recalled the Singing Boys as "the best singers and performers on the ukulele and guitar in the whole islands". Kalākaua was inducted into the Ukulele Hall of Fame in 1997.
Kalākaua Avenue was created in March 1905 by the House and Senate of the Hawaiʻi Territorial Legislature. It renamed the highway known as Waikiki Road, "to commemorate the name of his late Majesty Kalākaua, during whose reign Hawaiʻi made great advancement in material prosperity".
The King David Kalakaua Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 under its former name U.S. Post Office, Customhouse, and Courthouse. Located at 335 Merchant Street in Honolulu, it was once the official seat of administration for the Territory of Hawaiʻi. The building was renamed for Kalākaua in 2003.
In 1985, a bronze statue of Kalākaua was donated to the City and County of Honolulu to commemorate the 100-year anniversary of the arrival of the first Japanese laborers after the king's visit to Japan. It was commissioned by the Oahu Kanyaku Imin Centennial Committee on behalf of the Japanese-American community of Hawaiʻi. The statue was designed and created by musician Palani Vaughan, architect Leland Onekea and Native Hawaiian sculptor Sean Kekamakupaa Kaonohiokalani Lee Loy Browne. It is located at the corner of Kalākaua and Kuhio avenues in Waikiki.
In 1988, a cast bronze statue titled "King David Kalākaua" was placed in Kalakaua Park in Hilo, Hawai'i (57" H). It was created by Hawaiian artist Henry Bianchini.
A Hawaiian song about Kalākaua can be heard in the Disney movie Lilo & Stitch when Lilo is introduced in the movie. The mele was written as a mele inoa, its original title being "He Inoa No Kalani Kalākaua Kulele" (a namesong for the chief, Kalākaua). On the Lilo & Stitch soundtrack, it was retitled as "He Mele No Lilo".
Notable published works
Na Mele Aimoku, Na Mele Kupuna, a Me Na Mele Ponoi O Ka Moi Kalākaua I. Dynastic Chants, Ancestral Chants, and Personal Chants of King Kalākaua I. (1886). Hawaiian Historical Society, Honolulu, 2001.
The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People. (1888). C.E. Tuttle Company, New York, 1990.
Honours
Kingdom of Hawaii:
Companion of the Order of Kamehameha I, 1867
Founder of the Order of Kalākaua, September 28, 1874
Founder of the Order of Kapiolani, August 30, 1880
Founder of the Order of the Star of Oceania, December 16, 1886
Austria-Hungary: Commander of the Order of Franz Joseph, 1871; Grand Cross, 1874
German Empire: Knight of the Red Eagle, 1st Class, April 21, 1878
Denmark: Grand Cross of the Dannebrog, March 11, 1880
Sweden-Norway: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa, February 18, 1881
Empire of Japan: Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, March 14, 1881
Siam: Grand Cross of the Crown of Siam, April 1881
United Kingdom: Honorary Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, July 28, 1881
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, August 1881
Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa, August 19, 1881
Kingdom of Serbia:
Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo, June 28, 1883
Grand Cross of St. Sava, June 28, 1883
Ancestry
Ancestors of Kalākaua 8. High Chief Kepoʻokalani 4. High Chief Kamanawa II 9. High Chiefess Alapaʻiwahine 2. High Chief Caesar Kapaʻakea 10. High Chief Kanepawale 5. High Chiefess Kamokuiki 11. High Chiefess Uaua 1. Kalākaua 12. High Chief Kepoʻokalani (= 8) 6. High Chief ʻAikanaka 13. High Chiefess Keohohiwa 3. High Chiefess Analea Keohokālole 14. High Chief Kahoalani Eia 7. High Chiefess Kamaʻeokalani 15. High Chiefess Keakaula
vteKalākaua family tree
Key- (k)= Kane (male/husband)(w)= wahine (female/wife)Subjects with bold titles, lavender highlighted, bold box= Direct bloodlineBold title, bold, grey box= Aunts, uncles, cousins lineBold title, bold white box= European or American (raised to aliʻi status by marriage or monarch's decree)Regular name and box= makaʻāinana or untitled foreign subject
Kāneikaiwilani (k)Kanalohanaui (k)Keakealani (w)Ahu-a-ʻI (k)Piʻilani (w) IIMoana (k)
Lonoikahaupu (k)Kalanikauleleiaiwi (w)Kauauaʻamahi (k)Keawe II (k)Lonomaʻaikanaka (w)Kauhiahaki (k)Iliki-a-Moana (w)
Keawepoepoe (k)Kanoena (w)Haʻaeamahi (k)Kekelakekeokalani (w)Alapainui (k)Keaka (w)Keeaumoku Nui (k)Kamakaimoku (w)Kaeamamao (k)Kaolanialiʻi (w)
Kameʻeiamoku (k)Kamakaʻeheikuli (w)Keōua (k)Kahekili II (k)Kekuiapoiwa II (w)Ikuaʻana (w)Heulu (k)Moana (w)Keaweʻopala (k)Nohomualani (k)
Keaweaheulu (k)Ululani (w)Hakau (w)Kanaʻina (k)Kauwa (w)Eia (k)
Kepoʻokalani (k)Alapai (w)Keohohiwa (w)Keōpūolani (w)Kamehameha IKalaniʻōpuʻu (k)Kānekapōlei (w)Kiʻilaweau (k)Nāhiʻōleʻa (k)Kahoʻowaha II (w)Inaina (w)
Hao (K)Kailipakalua (w)
Kamanawa II (k)Kamokuiki (w)ʻAikanaka (k)Kamaeokalani (w)Kaōleiokū (k)Keoua (w)Luahine (w)KalaʻimamahuKaheiheimālie
Kamehameha IIKamehameha IIIKekūanaōʻa (k)KahalaiʻaLuanuʻu (k)Pauahi (w)Kīnaʻu (w)Pākī (k)Kōnia (w)Kanaʻina IIKaʻahumanu III
Kapaʻakea(1815–1866)Keohokālole(1816–1869)Keʻelikōlani (w)Kamehameha IVKamehameha VKaʻahumanu IVPauahi Bishop (w)Bishop (k)Lunalilo (k)
Kaliokalani(1835–1852)Kalākaua (1836–1891)Kapiʻolani(1834–1899)Liliʻuokalani(1838–1917)Dominis(1832–1891)Kaʻiulani (1842–?)Kaʻiminaʻauao (1845–1848)Cleghorn(1835–1910)Likelike(1851–1887)Leleiohoku II(1854–1877)
Kaʻiulani (1875–1899)
Notes:
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Genealogy of Liliuokalani, page 400, appendix B, No. 2 Queen of Hawaii, Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen. University of Hawaii Press. p. 400. Retrieved September 29, 2016. Kapaakea genealogy.
See also
Coins of the Hawaiian dollar
Kalākaua's Cabinet Ministers
Kalākaua's Privy Council of State
Kalākaua's 1881 world tour
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
^ Forbes 2003, p. 404.
^ a b "Crowned! Kalakaua's Coronation Accomplished: A Large But Unenthusiatic Assemblage!". The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. February 14, 1883. LCCN sn83025121. Archived from the original on December 29, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
^ a b c d Biographical Sketch 1884, pp. 72–74.
^ a b c Allen 1995, pp. 1–6.
^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 1–2, 104–105, 399–409; Allen 1982, pp. 33–36; Haley 2014, p. 96
^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 104–105; Kuykendall 1967, p. 262; Osorio 2002, p. 201; Van Dyke 2008, p. 96
^ Liliuokalani 1898, p. 399.
^ Supreme Court of Hawaii (1866). In The Matter Of The Estate Of L. H. Kaniu, Deceased. Honolulu: Government Press. pp. 82–86. OCLC 29559942. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2018. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Dibble 1843, p. 330.
^ "CALENDAR: Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers". The Polynesian. Vol. 1, no. 9. Honolulu. July 20, 1844. p. 1, col. 3. Archived from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.; Cooke & Cooke 1937, pp. v–vi; Van Dyke 2008, p. 364
^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 5–9; Allen 1982, pp. 45–46
^ a b c d e f g h i Zambucka 2002, pp. 5–10.
^ Cooke & Cooke 1937, pp. 84–85.
^ Gutmanis 1974, p. 144.
^ a b Allen 1995, p. 8.
^ Haley 2014, p. 100.
^ Allen 1995, pp. 23–24.
^ "Chief Justice Allen resigns, Harris appointed to take his place". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser at Newspapers.com. February 3, 1877. OCLC 8807872. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
^ a b Allen 1982, p. 22.
^ a b c Damon, Samuel C. (February 1, 1876). "The Kings of Hawaii". The Friend. Vol. 25, no. 2. Honolulu: Samuel C. Damon. pp. 9–12. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
^ "By Authority". The Polynesian. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. November 5, 1853. LCCN sn82015408. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
^ Allen 1995, pp. 28–29.
^ a b "H. R. H. Prince L. Kamehameha at Victoria, Vancouver's Island". Polynesian at Newspapers.com. November 3, 1860. p. 2. OCLC 8807758. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
^ Baur 1922, pp. 248–249.
^ Zambucka 2002, p. 8.
^ Hawaii & Lydecker 1918, pp. 76, 81, 86, 103, 109, 113, 117, 121, 124
^ "Appropriation Bill for 1858–1859". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. May 12, 1859. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on May 28, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
^ "Postmaster General – office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
^ "Chamberlain – office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
^ Twain 1938, p. 105.
^ Allen 1995, pp. 33–34.
^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 12–15.
^ Zambucka 2002, p. 15.
^ Kuykendall 1953, pp. 3, 239
^ Kuykendall 1953, p. 243
^ Tsai 2016, pp. 61–62.
^ Kuykendall 1953, p. 245
^ a b c Kuykendall 1967, p. 4
^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 6
^ a b Dabagh, Lyons & Hitchcock 1974, pp. 1–16
^ a b Kuykendall 1953, pp. 259–260; Allen 1982, pp. 131–132; Pogány 1963, pp. 53–61
^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 5
^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 245
^ Van Dyke 2008, p. 93
^ Kam 2017, p. 95
^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 8
^ a b Kuykendall 1967, p. 9
^ Rossi 2013, pp. 103–107.
^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 12
^ a b "The Heir Apparent". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XXI, no. 42. Honolulu. April 14, 1877. p. 2. OCLC 8807872. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
^ Tsai 2014, pp. 115–143.
^ "King Kalakaua". Evening Star. Washington D. C. December 12, 1874. LCCN sn83045462. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.; Monkman, Betty C. "The White House State Dinner". The White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
^ MacLennan 2014, pp. 224–228
^ Medcalf & Russell 1991, p. 5
^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 59–62
^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 396–397; "The New Hawaiian Treaty". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. May 15, 1886. LCCN sn85047084. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 83–84
^ "Hawaiian Legislature: Department of Foreign Affairs". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. June 10, 1882. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.; "The Legislature". The Daily Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. July 1, 1884. LCCN sn82016412. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.; "Resolutions". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. September 28, 1886. LCCN sn85047084. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
^ Quigg 1988, pp. 170–208
^ "The King's Tour Round the World: Portugal, Spain, Scotland, England, Paris. etc". Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands: The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. October 29, 1881. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
^ "Proclamation". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. February 12, 1881. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 228–230; "The King's Tour Around the World: Last Days in Japan". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. June 11, 1881. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 232
^ "The King's Tour Round the World: Additional Particulars of the Royal Visit to Spain and Portugal". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. October 15, 1881. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
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MacLennan, Carol A. (2014). Sovereign Sugar. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3949-9. OCLC 875895012. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017 – via Project MUSE.
Medcalf, Donald; Russell, Ronald (1991) . Hawaiian Money Standard Catalog (second ed.). Mill Creek, WA: Ronald Russell. ISBN 978-0-9623263-0-1.
Newbury, Colin (2001). "Patronage and Bureaucracy in the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1840–1893". Pacific Studies. 24 (1–2). Laie, HI: Brigham Young University, Hawaii Campus: 1–38. ISSN 0275-3596. OCLC 193272210. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012.
Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2549-2. OCLC 48579247. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Parker, David "Kawika" (2008). "Crypts of the Ali`i The Last Refuge of the Hawaiian Royalty". Tales of Our Hawaiʻi (PDF). Honolulu: Alu Like, Inc. OCLC 309392477. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2013.
Pogány, András H. (1963). "Joseph Jajczay, Captain of the Hawaiian King's Bodyguard". The Hungarian Quarterly. 4 (1–2). Budapest: 53–61. OCLC 18822542.
Quigg, Agnes (1988). "Kalakaua's Hawaiian Studies Abroad Program". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 22. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 170–208. hdl:10524/103. OCLC 60626541 – via eVols at University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
Rossi, Pualiʻiliʻimaikalani (December 2013). No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu: The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi's Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response (PDF). University of Hawaii at Manoa (Thesis). Honolulu. hdl:10125/100744. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
Silva, Noenoe K. (2004). Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-8622-3. OCLC 191222123. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1881). Portuguese Immigration to the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. hdl:10524/23168. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1883). Portuguese Immigration to the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. hdl:10524/657. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1896). Japanese immigration. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. hdl:10524/23173. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Thurston, Lorrin A. (1936). Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution. Honolulu Advertiser Publishing.
Tranquada, Jim; King, John (2012). The ʻUkulele: A History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3544-6. OCLC 767806914. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2017 – via Project MUSE.
Tsai, Tiffany Ing (2016). "The 1873 Election in Hawaiʻi between Prince William Charles Lunalilo and the Other Candidate". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 50 (50). Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 53–73. doi:10.1353/hjh.2016.0002. hdl:10524/59459. OCLC 60626541. S2CID 164663327. Archived from the original on December 25, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2017 – via Project MUSE.
Tsai, Tiffany Lani Ing (2014). ""He Ka Waiho Hoʻohemahema": Kana Maoli Responses to King Kalakaua's Tour of the Kingdom from 1874 Newspapers in Hawaiʻi". Hawaiian Journal of History. 48. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 115–143. hdl:10524/47258. OCLC 60626541.
Twain, Mark (1938). Letters from the Sandwich Islands: Written for the Sacramento Union. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. pp. 16–137. OCLC 187974. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
Van Dyke, Jon M. (2008). Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai'i?. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3210-0. Archived from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017 – via Project MUSE.
Vowell, Sarah (2011). Unfamiliar Fishes. Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1-101-48645-0. OCLC 646111859.
Wharton, Glenn (2012). The Painted King. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3495-1. OCLC 741751139. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017 – via Project MUSE.
Zambucka, Kristin (2002). Kalakaua: Hawaiʻi's Last King. Honolulu: Māna Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-931897-04-7. OCLC 123305738. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Further reading
Armstrong, William N. (1904). Around the World with a King. New York, NY: F. A. Stokes Company – via HathiTrust.
Baur, John E. (1988). "When Royalty Came to California". California History. 67 (4): 244–265. doi:10.2307/25158494. JSTOR 25158494.
Burns, Eugene (1952). The Last King of Paradise. New York: Pellegrini & Cudahy. OCLC 414982.
Dukas, Neil Bernard (2004). A Military History of Sovereign Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-56647-636-2. OCLC 56195693.
Girod, André (2014). American Gothic: Une mosaïque de personnalités américaines (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-04037-0.
Hallock, Leavitt Homan (1911). Hawaii Under King Kalakaua from Personal Experiences of Leavitt H. Hallock. Portland, ME: Smith & Sale. OCLC 2802182 – via HathiTrust.
Houston, James D. (2008). Bird of Another Heaven. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-38808-7. OCLC 71552454.
Ing, Tiffany (May 2015). Illuminating the American, International, and Hawaiʻi Representations of David Kalākaua and His Reign, 1874–1891 (Thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/50983.
Kalakaua dead. The king dies on a foreign shore ... at San Francisco, Cal., January 20, 1891. Funeral ceremonies ... Reception in Honolulu ... Notes on the king's trip through southern California, by Lieut. Gen. P. Blow, U.S.N. Reports of Rear Admiral Brown, U.S.N., and Medical Inspector Woods. Honolulu: Bulletin Publishing Company. 1891. OCLC 82800064. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017 – via HathiTrust.
Kalakaua, David; Daggett, Rollin M. (1888). The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People. New York, NY: Charles L. Webster & Company – via HathiTrust.
Lowe, Ruby Hasegawa (1999). David Kalākaua. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 978-0-87336-041-8. OCLC 40729128.
The Pacific Commercial Advertiser (1883). Coronation of the King and Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, at Honolulu, Monday, Feb 12th 1883. Honolulu: Printed at the Advertiser Steam Printing House. OCLC 77955761 – via HathiTrust.
Poepoe, Joseph M.; Brown, George (1891). Ka Moolelo o ka Moi Kalakaua I. Honolulu. OCLC 16331688.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Rossi, Puali'ili'imaikalani (December 2013). No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu : The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi's Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response (Thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. p. 193. hdl:10125/100744.
Schweizer, Niklaus R. (1991). "King Kalakaua: An International Perspective". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 25. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 103–120. hdl:10524/539. OCLC 60626541.
Tabrah, Ruth M. (1984). Hawaii: A History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30220-2.
Tate, Merze (1960). "Hawaii's Program of Primacy in Polynesia". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 61 (4). Oregon Historical Society: 377–407. JSTOR 20612586.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kalākaua.
Works by Kalākaua at Project Gutenberg
Works by Kalākaua at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Lydecker, Robert C. (1918). (full text) 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom and Kalakaua's November 3 speech before the Legislative Assembly. The Honolulu Gazette Col., Ltd. pp. 159–173.
A guide to the Rough log and journal, 1880–1881, 1891
Palmer, Walter B.; Day, Clive; Viner, Jacob; Hornbeck, Stanley Kuhl (1919). Reciprocity and commercial treaties. Govt. Print. Off. p. 25 – via HathiTrust.
"KING KALAKAUA PHOTOGRAPH EXHIBITION". Honolulu: Hawaiʻi State Archives.
Royal titles
Preceded byLunalilo
King of Hawaiʻi 1874–1891
Succeeded byLiliʻuokalani
vteMonarchs of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Kamehameha I
Kamehameha II
Kamehameha III
Kamehameha IV
Kamehameha V
Lunalilo
Kalākaua
Liliʻuokalani
vteHawaiian Music Hall of FamePatrons
Kalākaua
Leleiohoku II
Likelike
Liliʻuokalani
1995
Alfred Apaka
Helen Desha Beamer
Henri Berger
Sol K. Bright Sr.
Keaulumoku
Joseph Kekuku
Charles E. King
Lena Machado
Mary Kawena Pukui
Victoria K. I`i Rodrigues
1996
Albert "Sonny" Cunha
Sol Hoʻopiʻi
Alvin Kaleolani Isaacs
Haunani Kahalewai
Mekia Kealakaʻi
1998
John Kameaaloha Almeida
Irmgard Farden Aluli
Robert Alexander Anderson
Bina Mossman
David Nape
Songs honored: Hawaii Aloha, Ua Like No A Like, Kaulana Na Pua, Makalapua and Na Ali`i
1999
The Royal Hawaiian Band
2000
Maddy Lam
Hawaiian Chanters: Keaulumoku, Ka`opulupulu, Kapoukahi, Kapihe and Hewahewa
2001
Haili Church Choir
Genoa Keawe
2002
Ray Kinney
Gabby Pahinui
Songs honored: Alika, Kalama'ula, Wehiwehi 'Oe
2003
Kamehameha Schools
2004
Kahauanu Lake
Kawaiahaʻo Church
2005
Alfred Alohikea
Kahauanu Lake Trio
Bill Ali'iloa Lincoln
Henry W. Waia`u
2006
Mahi Beamer
The Brothers Cazimero
Charles K.L. Davis
Linda Dela Cruz
Nina Keali`iwahamana
Emma Veary
2007
Bill Ka'iwa
Jesse Kalima
Eddie Kamae
Donald McDiarmid Sr.
Peter Moon
Marlene Sai
John Pi'ilani Watkins
2008
Joseph Ae'a
Elizabeth "Lizzie" Kahau Kauanui Alohikea
Anuhea Audrey Brown
Thomas Kihei Desha Brown
Alice Angeline Johnson
John Keola Lake
Albert Po'ai Nahale-a Sr.
Leo Nahenahe Singers
Palani Vaughan
James Kaʻupena Wong
2009
Hui Ohana
Thomas Sylvester Kalama
Dennis Kamakahi
Ma'iki Aiu Lake
Kui Lee
2010
Pat Namaka Bacon
Andy Cummings
Ernest Kaʻai
Richard Kauhi Quartet
Keali'i Reichel
2011
Joseph Ilalaole
Benny Kalama
Sam Li'a Kalainaina
Akoni Mika
Alice Namakelua
Olomana
James Pihanui Kuluwaimaka Palea
2012
Ka Leo Hawai‘i
George Kainapau
Makaha Sons of Ni'ihau
George Na'ope
Harry Owens
Song honored: Hawaii Ponoi
2013
Kamaka Hawaii, Inc. (ukulele maker)
Matthew H. Kane
Iolani Luahine
Napua Stevens
Don Ho
2014
Hawaii Calls
Sonny Chillingworth
Edith Kawelohea McKinzie
Puakea Nogelmeier
Beverly Noa
Lani Custino
2015
Lokalia Montgomery
Lei Collins
Halekulani Girls (Alice Fredlund, Sybil Bright Andrews, Linda Dela Cruz)
Jerry Byrd
Darrell Lupenui
Thaddius Wilson
O'Brian Eselu
2016
Johnny Noble
Jean “Kini” Sullivan
John Kaimikaua
Mamo Howell
Danny Kaleikini
2017
Richard “Babe” Bell
The Isaacs ‘Ohana
The Kanaka’ole ‘Ohana
Krash Kealoha
Jacqueline "Skylark" Rossetti
Kimo Kahoano
Karen Keawehawai’i
Melveen Leed
Israel Kamakawiwoʻole
2018
Beamer ‘Ohana (Nona, Keola, Kapono)
Bray ‘Ohana (Daddy and Lydia Bray)
Ho‘opi‘i Brothers (Richard and Solomon)
Kahananui ‘Ohana (Dorothy Kahananui and Dorothy Gillett)
Saichi Kawahara
Literary award: He Mele Aloha: A Hawaiian Songbook (Vicky Hollinger, Kimo Hussey, Puakea Nogelmeier, Carol Wilcox), The Queen’s Songbook (Dorothy Kahananui Gillett, Barbara Smith and Hui Hanai)
2019
Pua Haʻaheo
Marta Hohu
Leila Hohu Kiaha
David “Feet” Rogers
Harry B. Soria Jr.
Kauʻi Zuttermeister
Hawaiian Room musicians from the Lexington Hotel, NYC
2020
Paused due to the global pandemic
2021
Jules Ah See
2022
Jules Ah See
Kihei de Silva
Mapuana de Silva
Kawaikapuokalani Hewitt
David Kalama
Makua Laiana
Lorenzo Lyons
Mary P. Robins
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG1883.02.14-2"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hawaiian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi"},{"link_name":"Lunalilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunalilo"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Queen Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"hula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula"},{"link_name":"Reciprocity Treaty of 1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"statue of Kamehameha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_statues"},{"link_name":"ʻIolani Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIolani_Palace"},{"link_name":"William Pitt Leleiohoku II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leleiohoku_II"},{"link_name":"Liliʻuokalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani"}],"text":"King of Hawaii from 1874 to 1891Kalākaua (David Laʻamea Kamanakapuʻu Māhinulani Nālaʻiaʻehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua;[2] November 16, 1836 – January 20, 1891), sometimes called The Merrie Monarch, was the last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, reigning from February 12, 1874, until his death in 1891. Succeeding Lunalilo, he was elected to the vacant throne of Hawaiʻi against Queen Emma. Kalākaua had a convivial personality and enjoyed entertaining guests with his singing and ukulele playing. At his coronation and his birthday jubilee, the hula, which had hitherto been banned in public in the kingdom, became a celebration of Hawaiian culture.During Kalākaua's reign, the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 brought great prosperity to the kingdom. Its renewal continued the prosperity but allowed United States to have exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In 1881, Kalākaua took a trip around the world to encourage the immigration of contract sugar plantation workers. He wanted Hawaiians to broaden their education beyond their nation. He instituted a government-financed program to sponsor qualified students to be sent abroad to further their education. Two of his projects, the statue of Kamehameha I and the rebuilding of ʻIolani Palace, were expensive endeavors but are popular tourist attractions today.Extravagant expenditures and Kalākaua's plans for a Polynesian confederation played into the hands of annexationists who were already working toward a United States takeover of Hawaiʻi. In 1887, Kalākaua was pressured to sign a new constitution that made the monarchy little more than a figurehead position. After his brother William Pitt Leleiohoku II died in 1877, the king named their sister Liliʻuokalani as heir-apparent. She acted as regent during his absences from the country. After Kalākaua's death, she became the last monarch of Hawaiʻi.","title":"Kalākaua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caesar Kaluaiku Kapaʻakea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa%CA%BBakea"},{"link_name":"Analea Keohokālole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keohok%C4%81lole"},{"link_name":"ʻAikanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAikanaka_(father_of_Keohok%C4%81lole)"},{"link_name":"Punchbowl Crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punchbowl_Crater"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Oʻahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Sketch188472%E2%80%9374-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19951%E2%80%936-4"},{"link_name":"aliʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi"},{"link_name":"House of Kamehameha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha"},{"link_name":"Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keawe%CA%BB%C4%ABkekahiali%CA%BBiokamoku"},{"link_name":"Keaweaheulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keawe-a-Heulu"},{"link_name":"Kameʻeiamoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kame%CA%BBeiamoku"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_I"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kamanawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamanawa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"House of Kalākaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kal%C4%81kaua"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"James Kaliokalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kaliokalani"},{"link_name":"Lydia Kamakaʻeha (later renamed Liliʻuokalani)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani"},{"link_name":"Anna Kaʻiulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Ka%CA%BBiulani"},{"link_name":"Kaʻiminaʻauao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CA%BBimina%CA%BBauao"},{"link_name":"Miriam Likelike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelike"},{"link_name":"William Pitt Leleiohoku II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leleiohoku_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiliuokalani1898399-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalakaua,_ca._1850.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord Edward Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edward_Russell"},{"link_name":"Actaeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Actaeon_(1831)"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_III"},{"link_name":"hānai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81nai"},{"link_name":"Kuini Liliha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuini_Liliha"},{"link_name":"Boki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boki_(Hawaiian_chief)"},{"link_name":"Haʻaheo Kaniu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CA%BBaheo_Kaniu"},{"link_name":"Kuhina Nui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhina_Nui"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Kīnaʻu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABna%CA%BBu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Sketch188472%E2%80%9374-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19951%E2%80%936-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lāhainā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahaina,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"},{"link_name":"Tahitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19951%E2%80%936-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDibble1843330-9"}],"text":"Kalākaua was born at 2:00 a.m. on November 16, 1836, to Caesar Kaluaiku Kapaʻakea and Analea Keohokālole in the grass hut compound belonging to his maternal grandfather ʻAikanaka, at the base of Punchbowl Crater in Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.[3][4] Of the aliʻi class of Hawaiian nobility, his family was considered collateral relations of the reigning House of Kamehameha, sharing common descent from the 18th-century aliʻi nui Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. From his biological parents, he descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku, two of the five royal counselors of Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Kameʻeiamoku, the grandfather of both his mother and father, was one of the royal twins alongside Kamanawa depicted on the Hawaiian coat of arms.[5] However, Kalākaua and his siblings traced their high rank from their mother's line of descent, referring to themselves as members of the \"Keawe-a-Heulu line\", although later historians would refer to the family as the House of Kalākaua.[6] The second surviving child of a large family, his biological siblings included his elder brother James Kaliokalani, and younger siblings Lydia Kamakaʻeha (later renamed Liliʻuokalani), Anna Kaʻiulani, Kaʻiminaʻauao, Miriam Likelike and William Pitt Leleiohoku II.[7]Kalākaua at the age of fourteen, c. 1850Given the name Kalākaua, which translates into \"The Day [of] Battle,\" the date of his birth coincided with the signing of the unequal treaty imposed by British Captain Lord Edward Russell of the Actaeon on Kamehameha III. He and his siblings were hānai (informally adopted) to other family members in the Native Hawaiian tradition. Prior to birth, his parents had promised to give their child in hānai to Kuini Liliha, a high-ranking chiefess and the widow of High Chief Boki. However, after he was born, High Chiefess Haʻaheo Kaniu took the baby to Honuakaha, the residence of the king. Kuhina Nui (regent) Elizabeth Kīnaʻu, who disliked Liliha, deliberated and decreed his parents to give him to Haʻaheo and her husband Keaweamahi Kinimaka.[3][4] When Haʻaheo died in 1843 she bequeathed all her properties to him.[8] After Haʻaheo's death, his guardianship was entrusted to his hānai father, who was a chief of lesser rank; he took Kalākaua to live in Lāhainā on the island of Maui. Kinimaka would later marry Pai, a subordinate Tahitian chiefess, who treated Kalākaua as her own until the birth of her own son.[4][9]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chiefs' Children's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polynesian1844-10"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_IV"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_V"},{"link_name":"Lunalilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunalilo"},{"link_name":"Amos Starr Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Starr_Cooke"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liliuokalani_1898_pages=5%E2%80%939-11"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Sketch188472%E2%80%9374-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka20025%E2%80%9310-12"},{"link_name":"Kamanawa II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamanawa_II"},{"link_name":"Kamokuiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamokuiki"},{"link_name":"John Papa ʻĪʻī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Papa_%CA%BB%C4%AA%CA%BB%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookeCooke193784%E2%80%9385-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutmanis1974144-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19958-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley2014100-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19958-15"},{"link_name":"Lāhainā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%81hain%C4%81"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Sketch188472%E2%80%9374-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka20025%E2%80%9310-12"},{"link_name":"Charles Coffin Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coffin_Harris"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen199523%E2%80%9324-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"At the age of four, Kalākaua returned to Oʻahu to begin his education at the Chiefs' Children's School (later renamed the Royal School). He and his classmates had been formally proclaimed by Kamehameha III as eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.[10] His classmates included his siblings James Kaliokalani and Lydia Kamakaʻeha and their thirteen royal cousins including the future kings Kamehameha IV, Kamehameha V and Lunalilo. They were taught by American missionaries Amos Starr Cooke and his wife, Juliette Montague Cooke.[11] At the school, Kalākaua became fluent in English and the Hawaiian language and was noted for his fun and humor rather than his academic prowess. The strong-willed boy defended his less robust elder brother Kaliokalani from the older boys at the school.[3][12]In October 1840, their paternal grandfather Kamanawa II requested his grandsons to visit him on the night before his execution for the murder of his wife Kamokuiki. The next morning the Cookes allowed the guardian of the royal children John Papa ʻĪʻī to bring Kaliokalani and Kalākaua to see Kamanawa for the last time. It is not known if their sister was also taken to see him.[13][14] Later sources, especially in biographies of Kalākaua indicated that the boys witnessed the public hanging of their grandfather at the gallows.[15][16] Historian Helena G. Allen noted the indifference the Cookes' had toward the request and the traumatic experience it must have been for the boys.[15]After the Cookes retired and closed the school in 1850, Kalākaua briefly studied at Joseph Watt's English school for native children at Kawaiahaʻo and later joined the relocated day school (also called Royal School) run by Reverend Edward G. Beckwith. Illness prevented him from finishing his schooling and he was sent back to Lāhainā to live with his mother.[3][12]\nFollowing his formal schooling, he studied law under Charles Coffin Harris in 1853. Kalākaua would appoint Harris as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaiʻi in 1877.[17][18]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalakaua,_photograph_by_Joseph_W._King,_Mission_Houses_Museum_Archives.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Funk"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen198222-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka20025%E2%80%9310-12"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"brevet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Damon1876-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"John William Elliott Maikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Elliott_Maikai"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen198222-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka20025%E2%80%9310-12"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Damon1876-20"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka20025%E2%80%9310-12"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen199528%E2%80%9329-22"},{"link_name":"Levi Haʻalelea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CA%BBalelea"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victoria-23"},{"link_name":"Victoria, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victoria-23"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Folsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folsom,_California"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaur1922248%E2%80%93249-24"},{"link_name":"Privy Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka20028-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka20025%E2%80%9310-12"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka20025%E2%80%9310-12"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka20025%E2%80%9310-12"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Royal Order of Kamehameha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Damon1876-20"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka20025%E2%80%9310-12"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Daily Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacramento_Union"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwain1938105-30"}],"text":"Kalākaua, photograph by Joseph W. King, c. 1860sKalākaua's various military, government and court positions prevented him from fully completing his legal training. He received his earliest military training under the Prussian officer, Major Francis Funk, who instilled an admiration of the Prussian military system.[19][12] In 1852, Prince Liholiho, who would later reign as Kamehameha IV, appointed Kalakaua as one of his aide-de-camp on his military staff. The following year, he commissioned Kalākaua as brevet captain in the infantry.[20][21] In the army, Kalākaua served as first lieutenant in his father Kapaʻakea's militia of 240 men and later worked as military secretary to Major John William Elliott Maikai, the adjutant general of the army.[19][12] He was promoted to major and assigned to the personal staff of Kamehameha IV when the king ascended to the throne in 1855. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in 1858.[20][12]He became a personal associate and friend of Prince Lot, the future Kamehameha V, who instilled his mission of \"Hawaiʻi for Hawaiians\" in the young Kalākaua.[22] In the fall of 1860, when he was Chief Clerk of the kingdom's Department of the Interior, Kalākaua accompanied Prince Lot, high chief Levi Haʻalelea and Hawaii's Consul for Peru, Josiah C. Spalding, on a two-month tour of British Columbia and California.[23] They sailed from Honolulu aboard the yacht Emma Rooke, on August 29, arriving on September 18 in Victoria, British Columbia, where they were received by the local dignitaries of the city.[23] In California, the party visited San Francisco, Sacramento, Folsom and other local areas where they were honorably received.[24]In 1856, Kalākaua was appointed a member of the Privy Council of State by Kamehameha IV. He was also appointed to the House of Nobles, the upper body of the Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1858, serving there until 1873.[25][26] He served as 3rd Chief Clerk of the Department of the Interior in 1859 under Prince Lot who was Minister of the Interior before becoming king in 1863. He held this position until 1863.[12][27] On June 30, 1863, Kalākaua was appointed Postmaster General and served until his resignation on March 18, 1865.[12][28] In 1865, he was appointed the King's Chamberlain and served until 1869 when he resigned to finish his law studies. In 1870, he was admitted to the Hawaiian bar and was hired as a clerk in the Land Office, a post he held until he came to the throne.[12][29] He was decorated a Knight Companion of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I in 1867.[20][12]American writer Mark Twain, working as a traveling reporter for the Sacramento Daily Union, visited Hawaiʻi in 1866 during the reign of Kamehameha V. He met the young Kalākaua and other members of the legislature and noted:Hon. David Kalakaua, who at present holds the office of King's Chamberlain, is a man of fine presence, is an educated gentleman and a man of good abilities. He is approaching forty, I should judge—is thirty-five, at any rate. He is conservative, politic and calculating, makes little display, and does not talk much in the Legislature. He is a quiet, dignified, sensible man, and would do no discredit to the kingly office. The King has power to appoint his successor. If he does such a thing, his choice will probably fall on Kalakaua.[30]","title":"Political and military careers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Kapiolani_(PP-97-15-019).jpg"},{"link_name":"Victoria Kamāmalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Kam%C4%81malu"},{"link_name":"Kapiʻolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapi%CA%BBolani"},{"link_name":"Bennett Nāmākēhā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_N%C4%81m%C4%81k%C4%93h%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Queen Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Kaumualiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaumualii"},{"link_name":"Kauai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauai"},{"link_name":"lady-in-waiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady-in-waiting"},{"link_name":"Albert Edward Kamehameha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kamehameha"},{"link_name":"Church of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen199533%E2%80%9334-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiliuokalani189812%E2%80%9315-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka200215-33"}],"text":"Kapiʻolani, the wife and future queen consort of KalākauaKalākaua was briefly engaged to marry Princess Victoria Kamāmalu, the younger sister of Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. However, the match was terminated when the princess decided to renew her on-and-off betrothal to her cousin Lunalilo. Kalākaua would later fall in love with Kapiʻolani, the young widow of Bennett Nāmākēhā, the uncle of Kamehameha IV's wife Queen Emma. A descendant of King Kaumualiʻi of Kauai, Kapiʻolani was Queen Emma's lady-in-waiting and Prince Albert Edward Kamehameha's nurse and caretaker. They married on December 19, 1863, in a quiet ceremony conducted by a minister of the Anglican Church of Hawaiʻi. The timing of the wedding was heavily criticized since it fell during the official mourning period for King Kamehameha IV.[31][32] The marriage remained childless.[33]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political ascendancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Bernice Pauahi Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_Pauahi_Bishop"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"Ralph S. Kuykendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Simpson_Kuykendall"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsai201661%E2%80%9362-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"1873 election","text":"King Kamehameha V, died on December 12, 1872, without naming a successor to the throne. Under the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, if the king did not appoint a successor, a new king would be appointed by the legislature to begin a new royal line of succession.[34]There were several candidates for the Hawaiian throne including Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who had been asked to succeed to the throne by Kamehameha V on his deathbed but had declined the offer. However, the contest was centered on the two high-ranking male aliʻi, or chiefs: Lunalilo and Kalākaua. Lunalilo was more popular, partly because he was a higher-ranking chief than Kalākaua and was the immediate cousin of Kamehameha V. Lunalilo was also the more liberal of the two—he promised to amend the constitution to give the people a greater voice in the government. According to historian Ralph S. Kuykendall, there was an enthusiasm among Lunalilo's supporters to have him declared king without holding an election. In response, Lunalilo issued a proclamation stating that, even though he believed himself to be the rightful heir to the throne, he would submit to an election for the good of the kingdom.[35] On January 1, 1873, a popular election was held for the office of King of Hawaiʻi. Lunalilo won with an overwhelming majority while Kalākaua performed extremely poorly receiving 12 votes out of the more than 11,000 votes cast.[36] The next day, the legislature confirmed the popular vote and elected Lunalilo unanimously. Kalākaua conceded.[37]","title":"Political ascendancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K67-4-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K67-4-38"},{"link_name":"political capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_capital"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dabagh-40"},{"link_name":"ʻIolani Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIolani_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Royal Guards of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Guards_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1874Mutiny-41"},{"link_name":"Queen Dowager Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K67-5-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K67-4-38"},{"link_name":"Charles Reed Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Reed_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Native Hawaiians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiians"},{"link_name":"a bitter election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Courthouse_riot"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"privy council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_council"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K67-9-47"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Courthouse riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Courthouse_riot"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K67-9-47"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dabagh-40"}],"sub_title":"1874 election","text":"Following Lunalilo's ascension, Kalākaua was appointed as colonel on the military staff of the king.[38] He kept politically active during Lunalilo's reign, including leadership involvement with a political organization known as the Young Hawaiians; the group's motto was \"Hawaiʻi for the Hawaiians\".[38] He had gained political capital with his staunch opposition to ceding any part of the Hawaiian islands to foreign interests.[39][40] During the ʻIolani Barracks mutiny by the Royal Guards of Hawaiʻi in September 1873, Kalākaua was suspected to have incited the native guards to rebel against their white officers. Lunalilo responded to the insurrection by disbanding the military unit altogether, leaving Hawaiʻi without a standing army for the remainder of his reign.[41]The issue of succession was a major concern especially since Lunalilo was unmarried and childless at the time. Queen Dowager Emma, the widow of Kamehameha IV, was considered to be Lunalilo's favorite choice as his presumptive heir.[42] On the other hand, Kalākaua and his political cohorts actively campaigned for him to be named successor in the event of the king's death.[38] Among the other candidates considered viable as Lunalilo's successor was the previously mentioned Bernice Pauahi Bishop. She had strong ties to the United States through her marriage to wealthy American businessman Charles Reed Bishop who also served as one of Lunalilo's cabinet ministers. When Lunalilo became ill several months after his election, Native Hawaiians counseled with him to appoint a successor to avoid another election. However he may have personally felt about Emma, he never put it in writing. He failed to act on the issue of a successor, and died on February 3, 1874, setting in motion a bitter election.[43] While Lunalilo did not think of himself as a Kamehameha, his election continued the Kamehameha line to some degree[44] making him the last of the monarchs of the Kamehameha dynasty.[45]Pauahi chose not to run. Kalākaua's political platform was that he would reign in strict accordance with the kingdom's constitution. Emma campaigned on her assurance that Lunalilo had personally told her he wanted her to succeed him. Several individuals who claimed first-hand knowledge of Lunalilo's wishes backed her publicly. With Lunalilo's privy council issuing a public denial of that claim, the kingdom was divided on the issue.[46] British Commissioner James Hay Wodehouse put the British and American forces docked at Honolulu on the alert for possible violence.[47]The election was held on February 12, and Kalākaua was elected by the Legislative Assembly by a margin of thirty-nine to six. His election provoked the Honolulu Courthouse riot where supporters of Queen Emma targeted legislators who supported Kalākaua; thirteen legislators were injured. The kingdom was without an army since the mutiny the year before and many police officers sent to quell the riot joined the mob or did nothing. Unable to control the mob, Kalākaua and Lunalilo's former ministers had to request the aid of American and British military forces docked in the harbor to put down the uprising.[47][40]","title":"Political ascendancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kawaiahaʻo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaiaha%CA%BBo_Church"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossi2013103%E2%80%93107-48"},{"link_name":"Leleiohoku II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leleiohoku_II"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Liliuokalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heirapparent-50"},{"link_name":"Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaupapa_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsai2014115%E2%80%93143-51"}],"text":"Given the unfavorable political climate following the riot, Kalākaua was quickly sworn in the following day, in a ceremony witnessed by government officials, family members, foreign representatives and some spectators. This inauguration ceremony was held at Kīnaʻu Hale, the residence of the Royal Chamberlain, instead of Kawaiahaʻo Church, as was customary. The hastiness of the affair would prompt him to hold a coronation ceremony in 1883.[48] Upon ascending to the throne, Kalākaua named his brother, William Pitt Leleiohoku, Leleiohoku II, as his heir-apparent.[49] When Leleiohoku II died in 1877, Kalākaua changed the name of his sister Lydia Dominis to Liliuokalani and designated her as his heir-apparent.[50]From March to May 1874, he toured the main Hawaiian Islands of Kauai, Maui, Hawaiʻi Island, Molokai and Oahu and visited the Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement.[51]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalakaua_Grant_state_visit_1874.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reciprocity Treaty of 1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875"},{"link_name":"Henry A. P. Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._P._Carter"},{"link_name":"C. Brewer & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Brewer_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Elisha Hunt Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Hunt_Allen"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"William Lowthian Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lowthian_Green"},{"link_name":"visit America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua%27s_1874%E2%80%9375_state_visit_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"state dinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_banquet"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Claus Spreckels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Spreckels"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 and its extension","text":"Illustration of Kalākaua's state dinner at the White House, meeting with President Ulysses S. Grant.Within a year of Kalākaua's election, he helped negotiate the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. This free trade agreement between the United States and Hawaiʻi, allowed sugar and other products to be exported to the US duty-free. He led the Reciprocity Commission consisting of sugar planter Henry A. P. Carter of C. Brewer & Co., Hawaiʻi Chief Justice Elisha Hunt Allen, and Minister of Foreign Affairs William Lowthian Green. Kalākaua became the first reigning monarch to visit America. The state dinner in his honor hosted by President Ulysses S. Grant was the first White House state dinner ever held.[52]Many in the Hawaiʻi business community were willing to cede Pearl Harbor to the United States in exchange for the treaty, but Kalākaua was opposed to the idea. A seven-year treaty was signed on January 30, 1875, without any Hawaiian land being ceded.[53] San Francisco sugar refiner Claus Spreckels became a major investor in Hawaiʻi's sugar industry. Initially, he bought half of the first year's production; ultimately he became the plantations' major shareholder.[54] Spreckels became one of Kalākaua's close associates.[55]When it expired, an extension of the treaty was negotiated, giving exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States. Ratifications by both parties took two years and eleven months, and were exchanged on December 9, 1887, extending the agreement for an additional seven years.[56]Over the term of Kalākaua's reign, the treaty had a major effect on the kingdom's income. In 1874, Hawaiʻi exported $1,839,620.27 in products. The value of exported products in 1890, the last full year of his reign, was $13,282,729.48, an increase of 722%. The export of sugar during that period grew from 24,566,611 pounds to 330,822,879 pounds.[57]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_of_Hawaiian_Youths_Abroad"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Bayonet Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad","text":"The Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad was a government-funded educational program during Kalākaua's reign to help students further their education beyond the institutions available in Hawaiʻi at that time. Between 1880 and 1887, Kalākaua selected 18 students for enrollment in a university or apprenticeship to a trade, outside the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. These students furthered their education in Italy, England, Scotland, China, Japan and California. During the life of the program, the legislature appropriated $100,000 to support it.[58] When the Bayonet Constitution went into effect, the students were recalled to Hawaiʻi.[59]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalakaua_journey_around_the_world.svg"},{"link_name":"William Nevins Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nevins_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Charles Hastings Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hastings_Judd"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"James A. Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield"},{"link_name":"Chester A. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Trip around the world","text":"Journey of King Kalākaua in 1881King Kalākaua and his boyhood friends William Nevins Armstrong and Charles Hastings Judd, along with personal cook Robert von Oelhoffen, circumnavigated the globe in 1881. The purpose of the 281-day trip was to encourage the importation of contract labor for plantations. Kalākaua set a world record as the first monarch to travel around the world.[60] He appointed his sister and heir-apparent Liliuokalani to act as Regent during his absence.[61]Setting sail on January 20, they visited California before sailing to Asia. There they spent four months opening contract labor dialogue in Japan and China, while sightseeing and spreading goodwill through nations that were potential sources for workers.[62] They continued through Southeast Asia, and then headed for Europe in June, where they stayed until mid-September.[63] Their most productive immigration talks were in Portugal, where Armstrong stayed behind to negotiate an expansion of Hawaiʻi's existing treaty with the government.[64]President James A. Garfield in Washington, D.C., had been assassinated in their absence. On their return trip to the United States, Kalākaua paid a courtesy call on Garfield's successor President Chester A. Arthur.[65]\nBefore embarking on a train ride across the United States, Kalākaua visited Thomas Edison for a demonstration of electric lighting, discussing its potential use in Honolulu.[66]They departed for Hawaiʻi from San Francisco on October 22, arriving in Honolulu on October 31. His homecoming celebration went on for days. He had brought the small island nation to the attention of world leaders, but the trip had sparked rumors that the kingdom was for sale. In Hawaiʻi there were critics who believed the labor negotiations were just his excuse to see the world. Eventually, his efforts bore fruit in increased contract labor for Hawaiʻi.[67]Thomas Thrum's Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1883 reported Kalākaua's tour expense appropriated by the government as $22,500,[68] although his personal correspondence indicates he exceeded that early on.[69]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masonic_Tools_Iolani_Palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-71"},{"link_name":"Walter Murray Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_M._Gibson"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"cornerstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerstone"},{"link_name":"John Mākini Kapena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M%C4%81kini_Kapena"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceremony-76"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"plumb bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumb_bob"},{"link_name":"level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_level"},{"link_name":"trowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowel"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceremony-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuykendall196797-79"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-71"}],"sub_title":"ʻIolani Palace","text":"\"[T]he working tools of a mason\" presented to Kalākaua by the freemasons on December 31, 1879, on display in the palace basement'Iolani Palace is the only royal palace on US soil.[70] The first palace was a coral and wood structure which served primarily as office space for the kingdom's monarchs beginning with Kamehameha III in 1845. By the time Kalākaua became king, the structure had decayed, and he ordered it destroyed to be replaced with a new building.[71] During the 1878 session of the legislature Finance Chairman Walter Murray Gibson, a political supporter of Kalākaua's, pushed through appropriations of $50,000 for the new palace.[72]Construction began in 1879, with an additional $80,000 appropriated later to furnish it and complete the construction.[73] Three architects worked on the design, Thomas J. Baker, Charles J. Wall and Isaac Moore.[74] December 31, 1879, the 45th birthday of Queen Kapiʻolani, was the date Kalākaua chose for the ceremonial laying of the cornerstone. Minister of Foreign Affairs John Mākini Kapena delivered the ceremony's formal address in Hawaiian.[75] As Master of the Freemason Lodge Le Progres de L'Oceanie, Kalākaua charged the freemasons with orchestrating the ceremonies. The parade preceding the laying of the cornerstone involved every civilian and military organization in Hawaiʻi. The Pacific Commercial Advertiser noted it was \"one of the largest seen in Honolulu for some years\".[76] A copper time capsule containing photographs, documents, currency, and the Hawaiian census was sealed inside the cornerstone. After speeches had been made, the freemasons presented the king with \"the working tools of a mason\", a plumb bob, level, square tool, and a trowel.[76]In between the laying of the cornerstone and the finishing of the new palace, Kalākaua had seen how other monarchs lived. He wanted ʻIolani to measure up to the standards of the rest of the world. The furnishing and interiors of the finished palace were reflective of that. Immediately upon completion, the king invited all 120 members of Lodge Le Progres de L'Oceanie to the palace for a lodge meeting.[77] Kalākaua had also seen during his visit to Edison's studio how effective electric lighting could be for the kingdom. On July 21, 1886, ʻIolani Palace led the way with the first electric lights in the kingdom, showcasing the technology. The monarch invited the public to attend a lighting ceremony on the palace grounds, attracting 5,000 spectators. The Royal Hawaiian Band entertained, refreshments were served, and the king paraded his troops around the grounds.[78][79] The total cost of building and furnishing the new palace was $343,595.[71]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronation_of_Kalakaua_(PPWD-8-4-007,_crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCoronation-82"},{"link_name":"Albert Francis Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Francis_Judd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG1883.02.14-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Hawaiian Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hawaiian_Band"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-71"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_statues"},{"link_name":"Aliiolani Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi%C5%8Dlani_Hale"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Postponed-83"},{"link_name":"James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ridgeway Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ridgeway_Gould"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kohala, Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohala,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"bas relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Regattas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatta"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCoronation-82"},{"link_name":"Punchbowl Crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punchbowl_Crater"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Postponed-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCoronation-82"}],"sub_title":"1883 coronation","text":"Coronation ceremony at ʻIolani Palace, 1883Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani had been denied a coronation ceremony in 1874 because of the civil unrest following the election. Under Finance Chairman Gibson, the 1880 legislature appropriated $10,000 for a coronation.[80] Gibson was believed to be the main proponent behind the event. On October 10, 1882, the Saturday Press indicated that not all the public was in favor of the coronation. By this point, Gibson's role in the kingdom's finances and his influence on Kalākaua were beginning to come under scrutiny: \"Our versatile Premier ... is pulling another string in this puppet farce.\" At the same time, the newspaper rebuked many of the recent actions and policies not only of Gibson but of the King's cabinet in general.[81]The coronation ceremony and related celebratory events were spread out over a two-week period.[82] A special octagon-shaped pavilion and grandstand were built for the February 12, 1883, ceremony. Preparations were made for an anticipated crowd exceeding 5,000, with lawn chairs to accommodate any overflow. Before the actual event, a procession of 630 adults and children paraded from downtown to the palace. Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani, accompanied by their royal retinue, came out of the palace onto the event grounds. The coronation was preceded by a choir singing and the formal recitation of the King's official titles. The news coverage noted, \"The King looked ill at ease.\" Chief Justice of Hawaiʻi's Supreme Court Albert Francis Judd officiated and delivered the oath of office to the king. The crown was then handed to Kalākaua, and he placed it upon his head. The ceremony ended with the choir singing, and a prayer. A planned post-coronation reception by Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani was cancelled without advance notice.[2] Today, Kalākaua's coronation pavilion serves as the bandstand for the Royal Hawaiian Band.[71]Following the ceremony, Kalākaua unveiled the Kamehameha Statue in front of Aliiolani Hale, the government building, with Gibson delivering the unveiling speech.[83] This statue was a second replica. Originally intended for the centennial of Captain James Cook's landing in Hawaiʻi, the statue, which was the brainchild of Gibson, had been cast by Thomas Ridgeway Gould but had been lost during shipment off the Falkland Islands. By the time the replica arrived, the intended date had passed, and it was decided to unveil the statue as part of the coronation ceremony. Later, the original statue was salvaged and restored. It was sent to Kohala, Hawaiʻi, Kamehameha's birthplace, where it was unveiled by the king on May 8. The legislature had allocated $10,000 for the first statue and insured it for $12,000. A further $7,000 was allocated for the second statue with an additional $4,000 from the insurance money spent to add four bas relief panels depicting historic moments during Kamehamena's reign.[84]That evening, the royal couple hosted a state dinner, and there was a luau at a later day. The hula was performed nightly on the palace grounds. Regattas, horse races and a number of events filled the celebration period.[82] Due to weather conditions, the planned illumination of the palace and grounds for the day of the coronation happened a week later, and the public was invited to attend. Fireworks displays lit up the sky at the palace and at Punchbowl Crater. A grand ball was held the evening of February 20.[83]Although exact figures are unknown, historian Kuykendall stated that the final cost of the coronation exceeded $50,000.[82]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawai_1883_dime_129426.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kalākaua coinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua_coinage"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medcalf5-86"},{"link_name":"Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua_Mau_ke_Ea_o_ka_%CA%BB%C4%80ina_i_ka_Pono"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Kuokoa (independent) Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(Kuokoa)_Party"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Kalākaua coinage","text":"Kalākaua 1883 dimeThe Kalākaua coinage was minted to boost Hawaiian pride. At this time, United States gold coins had been accepted for any debt over $50; any debt under $50 was payable by US silver coins.[85] In 1880, the legislature passed a currency law that allowed it to purchase bullion for the United States mint to produce Hawaiʻi's own coins.[86] The design would have the King's image on the obverse side, with Hawaiʻi's coat of arms and motto \"Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono\" on the reverse. In a deal with Claus Spreckels, he sponsored the minting by purchasing the required silver. In return, he was guaranteed an equal amount of six percent gold bonds, thereby giving him a guaranteed profit.[87]When Hawaiʻi's silver coins began circulating in December 1883, the business community was reluctant to accept them, fearing they would drive US gold coins out of the market. Spreckels opened his own bank to circulate them.[88] Business owners feared economic inflation and lost faith in the government, as did foreign governments. Political fallout from the coinage led to the 1884 election-year shift towards the Kuokoa (independent) Party in the legislature. It passed the Currency Act to restrict acceptance of silver coins as payment for debts under $10. Exchange of silver for gold at the treasury was then limited to $150,000 a month. In 1903, the Hawaiʻi silver coins were redeemed for US silver and melted down at the San Francisco Mint.[89]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luther Aholo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Aholo"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jubilee1stDay-92"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Birthday Jubilee, November 15–29, 1886","text":"Kalākaua's 50th birthday on November 16, 1886, was celebrated with a two-week jubilee. Gibson had by this time joined the King's cabinet as prime minister of Hawaiʻi. He and Minister of the Interior Luther Aholo put forth a motion for the legislature to form a committee to oversee the birthday jubilee on September 20. The motion was approved, and at Gibson's subsequent request, the legislature appropriated $15,000 for the jubilee.[90] An announcement was made on November 3 that all government schools would be closed the week of November 15.[91]Gifts for the king began arriving on November 15. At midnight, the jubilee officially began with fireworks at the Punchbowl Crater. At sunrise, the kingdom's police force arrived at ʻIolani Palace to pay tribute, followed by the king's Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, the kingdom's diplomats, and officials of government departments. School student bodies and civic organizations also paid tribute. The Royal Hawaiian Band played throughout the day. In the afternoon, the doors of the palace were opened to all the officials and organizations, and the public. In the evening, the palace was aglow with lanterns, candles and electric lighting throwing \"a flood of radiance over the Palace and grounds\".[92] The evening ended with a Fireman's Parade and fireworks. Throughout the next two weeks, there was a regatta, a Jubilee ball, a luau, athletic competitions, a state dinner, and a marksmanship contest won by the Honolulu Rifles.[93] Harper's Weekly reported in 1891 that the final cost of the jubilee was $75,000.[94]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalakaua_and_staff_outside_Iolani_Palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1874Mutiny-41"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Rifles"},{"link_name":"John Owen Dominis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Owen_Dominis"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military-96"},{"link_name":"generalissimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalissimo"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1886Act-97"},{"link_name":"Kaimiloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaimiloa"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaimiloa-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuykendall1967403%E2%80%93404-100"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1886Act-97"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuykendall1967410%E2%80%93411,_421,_465%E2%80%93466-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1888Act-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Military policy","text":"Kalākaua with his military staff officers, 1882During the early part of his reign, Kalākaua restored the Household Guards which had been defunct since his predecessor Lunalilo abolished the unit in 1874. Initially, the king created three volunteer companies: the Leleiohoku Guard, a cavalry unit; the Prince's Own, an artillery unit; and the Hawaiian Guards, an infantry unit.[41][95] By the latter part of his reign, the army of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi consisted of six volunteer companies including the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, the Leleiohoku Guard, the Mamalahoa Guard and the Honolulu Rifles, and the regular troops of the King's Household Guard. The ranks of these regiments were composed mainly of Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian officers with a few white officers including his brother-in-law John Owen Dominis. Each unit was subject to call for active service when necessary. The king and the governor of Oahu also had their own personal staff of military officers with the ranks of colonel and major.[96]On October 1, 1886, the Military Act of 1886 was passed which created a Department of War and a Department of the Navy under the Minister of Foreign Affairs who would also serve as Secretary of War and of the Navy. Dominis was appointed lieutenant general and commander-in-chief and other officers were commissioned while the king was made the supreme commander and generalissimo of the Hawaiian Army.[96][97] Around this time, the government also bought and commissioned His Hawaiian Majesty's Ship (HHMS) Kaimiloa, the first and only vessel of the Hawaiian Royal Navy, under the command of Captain George E. Gresley Jackson.[98][99]After 1887, the military commissions creating Dominis and his staff officers were recalled for economic reasons and the Military Act of 1886 was later declared unconstitutional.[100][97] The Military Act of 1888 was passed reducing the size of the army to the King's Guards, a permanent force with a cap of 65 members, and five volunteer companies: the Honolulu Rifles, the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, and the Leleiohoku Guard. In 1890, another military act further restricted the army to just the King's Royal Guards with a maximal recruitment of 36-100 men.[101][102][103]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalakaua_dust_%26_scratches.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles St Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_St_Julian"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Celso Caesar Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celso_Caesar_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"Pacific Commercial Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"The Hawaiian Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hawaiian_Gazette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawaiian-Samoan_meeting_aboard_Kaimiloa_1887.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry A. P. Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._P._Carter"},{"link_name":"a political upheaval in Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Malietoa Laupepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malietoa_Laupepa"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"John E. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Bush_(Hawaii_politician)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Royal Order of the Star of Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Star_of_Oceania"},{"link_name":"Kaimiloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaimiloa"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaimiloa-98"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"Polynesian confederation","text":"Portrait of KalākauaThe idea of Hawaiʻi's involvement in the internal affairs of Polynesian nations had been around at least two decades before Kalākaua's election, when Australian Charles St Julian volunteered to be a political liaison to Hawaiʻi in 1853. He accomplished nothing of any significance.[104] Kalākaua's interest in forming a Polynesian coalition, with him at the head, was influenced by both Walter M. Gibson and Italian soldier of fortune Celso Caesar Moreno. In 1879 Moreno urged the king to create such a realm with Hawaiʻi at the top of the empire by \" ... uniting under your sceptre the whole Polynesian race and make Honolulu a monarchical Washington, where the representatives of all the islands would convene in Congress.\"[105]In response to the activities of Germany and Great Britain in Oceania, Gibson's Pacific Commercial Advertiser urged Hawaiʻi's involvement in protecting the island nations from international aggression.[106] Gibson was appointed to Kalākaua's cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1882.[107] In 1883, he introduced the approved legislation to convey in writing to foreign governments that Hawaiʻi fully supported the independence of Polynesian nations. The subsequent \"Hawaiian protest\" letter he drafted was mostly ignored by nations that received it.[108] The Daily Bulletin in Honolulu issued its own response, \"Hawaiʻi's true policy is to confine her attention to herself, ...\".[109] The Hawaiian Gazette criticized Gibson's character and mockingly referred to the proposed venture as the \"Empire of the Calabash\".[110]Hawaiian envoys and Malietoa Laupepa on board of the Kaimiloa in 1887.In 1885, Gibson dispatched Minister to the United States Henry A. P. Carter to Washington, D.C., and Europe to convey Hawaiʻi's intentions towards Polynesia. Carter made little headway with Gibson's instructions. He pushed for direct intervention into a political upheaval in Samoa, where the German Empire backed rebels under their leader Tamasese in an attempt to overthrow King Malietoa Laupepa.[111] In an effort to keep him in power, Gibson convinced the 1886 legislature to allocate $100,000 to purchase the steamship Zealandia, $50,000 for its operating expenses, and $35,000 for foreign missions. United States special commissioner to Samoa, George H. Bates advised Kalākaua that Hawaiʻi should mind its own business and stay out of Samoan affairs. Instead, Hawaiʻi sent a delegation headed by John E. Bush to Samoa, where Samoan King Malietoa Laupepa signed a Samoan-Hawaiian confederation treaty on February 17, 1887.[112] Bush also presented Malietoa with the Royal Order of the Star of Oceania, which Kalakaua had created to honor the monarchs and chiefs of the Polynesian confederation. The government sent HHMS Kaimiloa for Bush's use in visiting the chiefs of the other islands of Polynesia.[98]The United States and Great Britain joined with Germany in expressing their disapproval of the treaty. Germany warned the United States and Great Britain, \"In case Hawaiʻi ... should try to interfere in favor of Malietoa, the King of the Sandwich Islands would thereby enter into [a] state of war with us.\" When German warships arrived in Samoan waters, Malietoa surrendered and was sent into exile. The Kaimiloa and Bush's delegation were recalled to Honolulu after the ousting of the Gibson administration.[113] Kalākaua's later explanation of Hawaiʻi's interference in Samoa was, \"Our Mission was simply a Mission of phylanthropy [sic] more than any thing, but the arogance [sic] of the Germans prevented our good intentions and . . . we had to withdraw the Mission.\"[114]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanford B. Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_B._Dole"},{"link_name":"Bayonet Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Tong Kee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_Kee"},{"link_name":"Junius Kaʻae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Ka%CA%BBae"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander189619-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander189427-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley2014265-121"},{"link_name":"Chun Lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chun_Lung"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZambucka200283-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaws1968245-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDye1997209-124"},{"link_name":"Crown Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceded_lands"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrout18987-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2003290-126"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrout18987-125"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V121-127"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Rifles"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V121-127"},{"link_name":"Paul Isenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Isenberg"},{"link_name":"William Hyde Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hyde_Rice"},{"link_name":"James A. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._King"},{"link_name":"Cecil Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Brown_(Hawaii_politician)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Ballard Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ballard_Atherton"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Clarence W. Ashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_W._Ashford"},{"link_name":"Lorrin A. Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrin_A._Thurston"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liliuokalani181-131"},{"link_name":"Liliʻuokalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liliuokalani181-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLennan201447%E2%80%9348-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Robert William Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Robert Napuʻuako Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Napu%CA%BBuako_Boyd"},{"link_name":"rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilcox_rebellion_of_1889"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"}],"text":"In Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution, Sanford B. Dole devoted a chapter to the Bayonet Constitution. He stated that King Kalākaua appointed cabinet members not for their ability to do the job, but for their ability to bend to his will. Consequently, according to Dole, appropriated funds were shifted from one account to another, \"for fantastic enterprises and for the personal aggrandizement of the royal family.\"[115] Dole placed much of the blame on Gibson, and accused Kalākaua of taking a bribe of $71,000 from Tong Kee to grant an opium license, an action done via one of the king's political allies Junius Kaʻae.[116][117]Despite his own personal opposition, Kalākaua signed a legislative bill in 1886 creating a single opium vending and distribution license.[118][119] Kaʻae had suggested to rice planter Tong Kee, also known as Aki, that a monetary gift to the king might help him acquire it. Aki took the suggestion and gave thousands of dollars to the king.[120][121] Another merchant, Chun Lung, made the government an offer of $80,000.00 which forced Aki to raise even more cash.[122][123] The license was eventually awarded to Chun who withheld his payment until the license was actually signed over to him on December 31, 1886. Kalākaua admitted that he had been overruled by his cabinet who were friendly with Chun.[124] After the reform party took control of the government, the opium license debt remained unpaid. Kalākaua agreed to make restitution for his debts via revenues from the Crown Lands. However, other liabilities and outstanding debt forced him to sign his debt over to trustees who would control all of Kalākaua's private estates and Crown Land revenues.[125][126] When trustees refused to add the opium debt, Aki sued. Although the court ruled, \"The king could do no wrong\", the trustees were found liable for the debt.[125]The Hawaiian League was formed to change the status quo of government \"by all means necessary\",[127] and had joined forces with the Honolulu Rifles militia group. Anticipating a coup d'état, the king took measures to save himself by dismissing Gibson and his entire cabinet on June 28.[127] Fearing an assassination was not out of the question, Kalākaua barricaded himself inside the palace. The Hawaiian League presented a June 30 resolution demanding the king's restitution for the alleged bribe. Also known as the \"committee of thirteen\", it was composed of: Paul Isenberg, William W. Hall, James A. Kennedy, William Hyde Rice, Captain James A. King, E. B. Thomas, H. C. Reed, John Mark Vivas, W. P. A. Brewer, Rev. W. B. Oleson, Cecil Brown, Captain George Ross and Joseph Ballard Atherton.[128]The newly appointed cabinet members were William Lowthian Green as prime minister and minister of finance, Clarence W. Ashford as attorney general, Lorrin A. Thurston as minister of the interior, and Godfrey Brown as minister of foreign affairs.[129]A new constitution was drafted immediately by the Hawaiian Committee and presented to Kalākaua for his signature on July 6. The next day he issued a proclamation of the abrogation of the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.[130] The new constitution was nicknamed the Bayonet Constitution because of the duress under which it was signed. His sister Liliuokalani stated in Hawaii's Story that her brother was convinced that if he did not sign, he would be assassinated. She wrote that he no longer knew who was friend or foe. He felt betrayed by people he once trusted and had told her that everywhere he went he was under constant surveillance.[131]It has been known ever since that day as \"The Bayonet Constitution,\" and the name is well chosen; for the cruel treatment received by the king from the military companies, which had been organized by his enemies under other pretences, but really to give them the power of coercion, was the chief measure used to enforce his submission.— Liliʻuokalani[131]The Bayonet Constitution allowed the King to appoint his cabinet but placed that cabinet under the sole authority of the legislature. It required any executive actions of the monarch to be approved by the cabinet. Previous suffrage (voting rights) was restricted to male subjects of the kingdom regardless of race. The new constitution restricted suffrage only to Hawaiian, American or European men residing in Hawaii, if they were 21 years old, literate with no back unpaid taxes, and would take an oath to support the law of the land. By placing a new minimum qualifier of $3,000 in property ownership and a minimum income of $600 for voters of the House of Nobles, the new constitution disqualified many poor Native Hawaiians from voting for half of the legislature. Naturalized Asians were deprived of the vote for both houses of the legislature.[132][133]Gibson was arrested on July 1 and charged with embezzlement of public funds. The case was soon dropped for lack of evidence. Gibson fled to California on July 12, and died there 6 months later on January 21, 1888.[134]When the new constitution went into effect, state-sponsored students studying abroad were recalled. One of those was Robert William Wilcox who had been sent to Italy for military training. Wilcox's initial reaction to the turn of events was advocating Liliuokalani be installed as Regent. On July 30, 1889, however, he and Robert Napuʻuako Boyd, another state-sponsored student, led a rebellion aimed at restoring the 1864 constitution, and, thereby, the king's power. Kalākaua, possibly fearing Wilcox intended to force him to abdicate in favor of his sister, was not in the palace when the insurrection happened. The government's military defense led to the surrender of the Wilcox's insurgents.[135]","title":"1887 Bayonet Constitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalakaua_aboard_the_U.S.S._Charleston.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Charleston_(C-2)"},{"link_name":"USS Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Charleston_(C-2)"},{"link_name":"George W. Macfarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Macfarlane"},{"link_name":"Robert Hoapili Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hoapili_Baker"},{"link_name":"McKinley Tariff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinley_Tariff"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Palace Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Hotel,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"United States Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (A.A.O.N.M.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriners"},{"link_name":"Vin Mariani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_Mariani"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Bright's Disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson2013-141"},{"link_name":"phonograph cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder"},{"link_name":"Bernice P. Bishop Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Museum"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heirapparent-50"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"state funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_two_state_funerals_of_Kal%C4%81kaua"},{"link_name":"Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_(Mauna_%CA%BBAla)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKam2017127%E2%80%93130-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker200833-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker200815,_39-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"text":"Kalākaua (in white slacks) aboard the USS Charleston en route to San FranciscoKalākaua sailed for California aboard the USS Charleston on November 25, 1890. Accompanying him were his trusted friends George W. Macfarlane and Robert Hoapili Baker. There was uncertainty about the purpose of the king's trip. Minister of Foreign Affairs John Adams Cummins reported the trip was solely for the king's health and would not extend beyond California. Local newspapers and British commissioner Wodehouse worried the king might go farther east to Washington, D.C., to negotiate a continued cession of Pearl Harbor to the United States after the expiration of the reciprocity treaty or possible annexation of the kingdom. His sister Liliʻuokalani, after unsuccessfully dissuading him from departing, wrote he meant to discuss the McKinley Tariff with the Hawaiian ambassador to the United States Henry A. P. Carter in Washington. She was again appointed to serve as regent during his absence.[136]Upon arriving in California, the party landed in San Francisco on December 5. Kalākaua, whose health had been declining, stayed in a suite at the Palace Hotel.[137] Traveling throughout Southern California and Northern Mexico, he suffered a minor stroke in Santa Barbara and was rushed back to San Francisco. He was placed under the care of George W. Woods, surgeon of the United States Pacific Fleet. Against the advice of Dr. Woods, Kalākaua insisted on going to his initiation at the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (A.A.O.N.M.S.) on January 14. He was given a tonic of Vin Mariani that got him on his feet, and was accompanied to the rites by an escort from the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. The ceremonies did not take long, and he was returned to his suite within an hour.[138] Two days before his death, he lapsed into a coma. Kalākaua died at 2:35 pm on Tuesday, January 20, 1891.[139] US Navy officials listed the official cause of death as Bright's Disease (inflammation of the kidneys).[140]His last words were, \"Aue, he kanaka au, eia i loko o ke kukonukonu o ka maʻi!,\" or \"Alas, I am a man who is seriously ill.\" The more popular quote, \"Tell my people I tried\", attributed as his last words, was actually invented by novelist Eugene Burns in his 1952 biography of Kalākaua, The Last King of Paradise.[141] Shortly before his death, his voice was recorded on a phonograph cylinder, which is now in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum.[142]The news of Kalākaua's death did not reach Hawaiʻi until January 29 when the Charleston returned to Honolulu with the king's remains.[143] As his designated heir-apparent,[50] Liliuokalani ascended to the throne the same day.[144]After a state funeral in California and a second one in Honolulu, the king's remains were buried in the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla on February 15, 1891.[145][146] In a ceremony officiated by his sister Liliʻuokalani on June 24, 1910, his remains, and those of his family, were transferred to the underground Kalākaua Crypt after the main mausoleum building had been converted into a chapel.[147][148]","title":"Death and succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawaiian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance#First_Hawaiian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hana-150"},{"link_name":"Kaʻahumanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CA%BBahumanu"},{"link_name":"meles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mele_(Hawaiian_term)"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Merrie Monarch Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival"},{"link_name":"Hilo, Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hmhof-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Kumulipo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumulipo"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Lua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapu_Kuialua"},{"link_name":"surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Kaili_Metcalf_Beckley_Nakuina"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hana-150"},{"link_name":"Hale Nauā Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Nau%C4%81_Society"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_I"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"ʻahuʻula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAhu_%CA%BBula"},{"link_name":"kāhili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81hili"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"J. W. H. Kauwahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._H._Kauwahi"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapin198467%E2%88%9268-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapin198467%E2%88%9268-159"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapin200070-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapin199659%E2%80%9361-162"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Music_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Na Lani ʻEhā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Lani_%CA%BBEh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hmhof-152"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Pono%CA%BB%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Henri Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Berger"},{"link_name":"Royal Hawaiian Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hawaiian_Band"},{"link_name":"Heil dir im Siegerkranz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heil_dir_im_Siegerkranz"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_King_Kalakaua_and_his_Singing_Boys.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_immigration_to_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Mary Hannah Krout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Hannah_Krout"},{"link_name":"Isobel Osbourne Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel_Osbourne"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Kalākaua Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"King David Kalakaua Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David_Kalakaua_Building"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Palani Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Kalākaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Kalakaua Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalakaua_Park"},{"link_name":"Henry Bianchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bianchini"},{"link_name":"Lilo & Stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilo_%26_Stitch"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"}],"text":"Kalākaua's reign is generally regarded as the first Hawaiian Renaissance, for both his influence on Hawaiʻi's music, and for other contributions he made to reinvigorate Hawaiian culture. His actions inspired the reawakening Hawaiian pride and nationalism for the kingdom.[149][150]During the earlier reign of Christian convert Kaʻahumanu, dancing the hula was forbidden and punishable by law. Subsequent monarchs gradually began allowing the hula, but it was Kalākaua who brought it back in full force. Chants, meles and the hula were part of the official entertainment at Kalākaua's coronation and his birthday jubilee. He issued an invitation to all Hawaiians with knowledge of the old mele and chants to participate in the coronation, and arranged for musicologist A. Marques to observe the celebrations.[151] Kalākaua's cultural legacy lives on in the Merrie Monarch Festival, a large-scale annual hula competition in Hilo, Hawaiʻi, begun in 1964 and named in his honor.[152][153] A composer of the ancient chants or mele, for the first time Kalākaua published a written version of the Kumulipo, a 2,102-line chant that had traditionally been passed down orally. It traces the royal lineage and the creation of the cosmos.[154] He is also known to have revived the Hawaiian martial art of Lua, and surfing.[155]The Hawaiian Board of Health (different from the governmental Board of Health) passed by the 1886 legislature consisted of five Native Hawaiians, appointed by Kalākaua, who oversaw the licensing and regulation of the traditional practice of native healing arts.[156] He also appointed Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina as the first Native Hawaiian curator of the Hawaiian National Museum and increased funding for the institution.[150]In 1886, Kalākaua had his Privy Council license the ancient Hale Nauā Society for persons of Hawaiian ancestry. The original Hale Naua had not been active since Kamehameha I, when it had functioned as a genealogical research organization for claims of royal lineage. When Kalākaua reactivated it, he expanded its purpose to encompass Hawaiian culture as well as modern-day arts and sciences and included women as equals. The ranks of the society grew to more than 200 members, and was a political support for Kalākaua that lasted until his death in 1891.[157] In 2004, the National Museum of Natural History displayed Kalākaua's red-and-yellow feathered Hale Naua ʻahuʻula and feathered kāhili as part of its Hawaiian special exhibit.[158]Kalākaua's sponsorship of and a brief career in the Hawaiian language press gave him the additional epithet of the \"Editor King\". From 1861 to 1863, Kalākaua with G. W. Mila, J. W. H. Kauwahi and John K. Kaunamano co-edited Ka Hoku o ka Pakipika (The Star of the Pacific), the first Hawaiian language newspaper solely written by Native Hawaiians without the influence of American missionaries. This nationalist paper focused on Hawaiian topics especially traditional folklore and poetry.[159][160] In 1870 he also edited the daily newspaper Ka Manawa (Times), which concerned itself with international news, local news and genealogies but only lasted for two months.[159][161] He also sponsored the literary journal, Ka Hoku o Ke Kai (The Star of the Sea), which ran from 1883 to 1884.[162]The Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame honored Kalākaua and his brother and sisters as Na Lani ʻEhā (\"The Heavenly Four\") for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaiʻi's musical culture and history.[152][163] \"Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī\" was officially designated the Hawaiʻi state anthem in 1967. Originally titled \"Hymn to Kamehameha I\", Henri Berger, leader of the Royal Hawaiian Band, wrote the instrumental melody in 1872, influenced by the Prussian anthem \"Heil dir im Siegerkranz\". Kalākaua added the lyrics in 1874, and the Kawaiahaʻo Church Choir sang it on his birthday that year. In 1876, it became the official anthem of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi until the overthrow of the monarchy.[164] Other works by the king include \"Sweet Lei Lehua\", \"ʻAkahi Hoʻi\", \"E Nihi Ka Hele\", \"Ka Momi\", and \"Koni Au I Ka Wai\". Seven of his songs were published in Ka Buke O Na Leo Mele Hawaii (1888) using the pseudonym \"Figgs\". He generally wrote only the lyrics for most of his surviving works.[165]He established diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Serbia[166] and was awarded the Order of Cross of Takovo.[167]King Kalākaua, Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson, and \"Kalākaua's Singing Boys\", his own personal headed choir, c. 1889The ukulele was introduced to the Hawaiian islands during the reign of Kalākaua, by Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, and Augusto Dias, Portuguese immigrants from Madeira and Cape Verde.[168] The king became proficient on the instrument. According to American journalist Mary Hannah Krout and Hawaiʻi resident Isobel Osbourne Strong, wife of artist Joseph Dwight Strong and stepdaughter of Robert Louis Stevenson, he would often play the ukulele and perform meles for his visitors, accompanied by his personal musical group Kalākaua's Singing Boys (aka King's Singing Boys). Strong recalled the Singing Boys as \"the best singers and performers on the ukulele and guitar in the whole islands\".[169] Kalākaua was inducted into the Ukulele Hall of Fame in 1997.[170]Kalākaua Avenue was created in March 1905 by the House and Senate of the Hawaiʻi Territorial Legislature. It renamed the highway known as Waikiki Road, \"to commemorate the name of his late Majesty Kalākaua, during whose reign Hawaiʻi made great advancement in material prosperity\".[171]The King David Kalakaua Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 under its former name U.S. Post Office, Customhouse, and Courthouse. Located at 335 Merchant Street in Honolulu, it was once the official seat of administration for the Territory of Hawaiʻi. The building was renamed for Kalākaua in 2003.[172]In 1985, a bronze statue of Kalākaua was donated to the City and County of Honolulu to commemorate the 100-year anniversary of the arrival of the first Japanese laborers after the king's visit to Japan.[173] It was commissioned by the Oahu Kanyaku Imin Centennial Committee on behalf of the Japanese-American community of Hawaiʻi. The statue was designed and created by musician Palani Vaughan, architect Leland Onekea and Native Hawaiian sculptor Sean Kekamakupaa Kaonohiokalani Lee Loy Browne. It is located at the corner of Kalākaua and Kuhio avenues in Waikiki.[174]In 1988, a cast bronze statue titled \"King David Kalākaua\" was placed in Kalakaua Park in Hilo, Hawai'i (57\" H). It was created by Hawaiian artist Henry Bianchini.A Hawaiian song about Kalākaua can be heard in the Disney movie Lilo & Stitch when Lilo is introduced in the movie. The mele was written as a mele inoa, its original title being \"He Inoa No Kalani Kalākaua Kulele\" (a namesong for the chief, Kalākaua). On the Lilo & Stitch soundtrack, it was retitled as \"He Mele No Lilo\".[175]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"}],"sub_title":"Notable published works","text":"Na Mele Aimoku, Na Mele Kupuna, a Me Na Mele Ponoi O Ka Moi Kalākaua I. Dynastic Chants, Ancestral Chants, and Personal Chants of King Kalākaua I. (1886). Hawaiian Historical Society, Honolulu, 2001.[176]\nThe Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People. (1888). C.E. Tuttle Company, New York, 1990.[177]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Order of Kamehameha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I"},{"link_name":"Order of Kalākaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kal%C4%81kaua"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Order of Kapiolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kapiolani"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Order of the Star of Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Star_of_Oceania"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Order of Franz Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Red Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Dannebrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sweden-Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden-Norway"},{"link_name":"Order of Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Vasa"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kalakaua-186"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Crown of Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Honorary Grand Cross of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p430-188"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Order of Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kalakaua-186"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Takovo"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of St. Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Sava"}],"text":"Kingdom of Hawaii:\nCompanion of the Order of Kamehameha I, 1867\nFounder of the Order of Kalākaua, September 28, 1874[178]\nFounder of the Order of Kapiolani, August 30, 1880[179]\nFounder of the Order of the Star of Oceania, December 16, 1886[180]\n Austria-Hungary: Commander of the Order of Franz Joseph, 1871;[181] Grand Cross, 1874[182]\n German Empire: Knight of the Red Eagle, 1st Class, April 21, 1878[183]\n Denmark: Grand Cross of the Dannebrog, March 11, 1880[184]\n Sweden-Norway: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa, February 18, 1881[185]\n Empire of Japan: Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, March 14, 1881[186]\n Siam: Grand Cross of the Crown of Siam, April 1881[187]\n United Kingdom: Honorary Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, July 28, 1881[188]\n Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, August 1881[189]\n Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa, August 19, 1881[186]\n Kingdom of Serbia:[190]\nGrand Cross of the Cross of Takovo, June 28, 1883\nGrand Cross of St. Sava, June 28, 1883","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Chief Kepoʻokalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepookalani"},{"link_name":"High Chief Kamanawa II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamanawa_II"},{"link_name":"High Chiefess Alapaʻiwahine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapaiwahine"},{"link_name":"High Chief Caesar Kapaʻakea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapaakea"},{"link_name":"High Chiefess Kamokuiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamokuiki"},{"link_name":"High Chief Kepoʻokalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepookalani"},{"link_name":"High Chief ʻAikanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikanaka_(1790%E2%80%931868)"},{"link_name":"High Chiefess Keohohiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keohohiwa"},{"link_name":"High Chiefess Analea Keohokālole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keohok%C4%81lole"},{"link_name":"High Chiefess Kamaʻeokalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamaeokalani&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Ancestors of Kalākaua 8. High Chief Kepoʻokalani 4. High Chief Kamanawa II 9. High Chiefess Alapaʻiwahine 2. High Chief Caesar Kapaʻakea 10. High Chief Kanepawale 5. High Chiefess Kamokuiki 11. High Chiefess Uaua 1. Kalākaua 12. High Chief Kepoʻokalani (= 8) 6. High Chief ʻAikanaka 13. High Chiefess Keohohiwa 3. High Chiefess Analea Keohokālole 14. High Chief Kahoalani Eia 7. High Chiefess Kamaʻeokalani 15. High Chiefess Keakaula","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Footnotes","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes2003404_1-0"},{"link_name":"Forbes 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFForbes2003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HG1883.02.14_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HG1883.02.14_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Crowned! Kalakaua's Coronation Accomplished: A Large But Unenthusiatic Assemblage!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1883-02-14/ed-1/seq-2/"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"sn83025121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/sn83025121"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171229233010/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1883-02-14/ed-1/seq-2/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Sketch188472%E2%80%9374_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Sketch188472%E2%80%9374_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Sketch188472%E2%80%9374_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Sketch188472%E2%80%9374_3-3"},{"link_name":"Biographical Sketch 1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBiographical_Sketch1884"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen19951%E2%80%936_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen19951%E2%80%936_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen19951%E2%80%936_4-2"},{"link_name":"Allen 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAllen1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Liliuokalani 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiliuokalani1898"},{"link_name":"Allen 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAllen1982"},{"link_name":"Haley 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHaley2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Liliuokalani 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiliuokalani1898"},{"link_name":"Kuykendall 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKuykendall1967"},{"link_name":"Osorio 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOsorio2002"},{"link_name":"Van Dyke 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVan_Dyke2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiliuokalani1898399_7-0"},{"link_name":"Liliuokalani 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiliuokalani1898"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"In The Matter Of The Estate Of L. H. 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Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)\n\n^ Chapter LII: An Act To Provide For A Military Force To Be Designated As 'The King's Royal Guard'. Honolulu: Black & Auld. 1890. pp. 107–109. OCLC 42350849. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)\n\n^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 305–308\n\n^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 311–312\n\n^ \"Hawaiian Primacy in Polynesia\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. November 19, 1881. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.\n\n^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 143\n\n^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 315–316\n\n^ \"The \"Bulletin's\" Protest\". The Daily Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. September 7, 1883. LCCN sn82016412. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. 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Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. June 30, 1887. LCCN sn82016412. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2018 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.\n\n^ Van Dyke 2008, pp. 121–122\n\n^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 366–372\n\n^ a b Liliuokalani 1898, p. 181\n\n^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 368–372\n\n^ MacLennan 2014, pp. 47–48.\n\n^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 365–366\n\n^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 424–430\n\n^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 470–474; Allen 1982, pp. 225–226; Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 206–207\n\n^ Rego, Nilda (April 25, 2013). \"Days Gone By: 1890: Hawaii's King Kalakaua visits San Francisco\". The Mercury News. San Francisco. OCLC 723850972. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.\n\n^ Karpiel 2000, pp. 392–393\n\n^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 472\n\n^ Dando-Collins 2014, p. 42; Mcdermott, Choy & Guerrero 2015, p. 59;Carl Nolte (August 22, 2009). \"S.F.'s (New) Palace Hotel Celebrates a Century\". 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Retrieved June 25, 2013.\n\n^ Zambucka 2002, pp. 63–65; Vowell 2011, p. 84; Kanahele, George (July 1979). \"Hawaiian Renaissance Grips, Changes Island History\". Haʻilono Mele. Vol. 5, no. 7. Honolulu: The Hawaiian Music Foundation. pp. 1–9. LCCN no99033299. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2016.\n\n^ a b Williams, Ronald Jr. (January 2015). \"The Other Hawaiian Renaissance\". Hana Hou!. Vol. 17, no. 6. Honolulu. OCLC 262477335. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.\n\n^ Buck 1994, pp. 108–111\n\n^ a b \"Patron of Hawaiian Music Culture: David Kalakaua (1836–1891)\". Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2008.\n\n^ \"Merrie Monarch Festival\". eVols. University of Hawai'i at Manoa. hdl:10524/1440. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2017.\n\n^ Zambucka 2002, pp. 63–65; Buck 1994, pp. 123–126\n\n^ Foster 2014, p. 44\n\n^ \"An Act: To Regulate the Hawaiian Board of Health\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. October 11, 1886. LCCN sn85047084. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.\n\n^ Karpiel 1999\n\n^ Risser, William. \"Hawai'i treasures on display\". Honolulu Advertiser. OCLC 8807414. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.\n\n^ a b Chapin 1984, pp. 67−68.\n\n^ Silva 2004, pp. 45–86; Chapin 2000, p. 44; Forbes 2001, pp. 294–295\n\n^ Chapin 2000, p. 70.\n\n^ Chapin 1996, pp. 59–61.\n\n^ Scott, Marjorie J. (September 8, 1995). \"Contributions of royal family recognized\". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu. p. 17. OCLC 8807414. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. 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Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2019.\n\n^ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 93.\n\n^ Tranquada & King 2012, pp. 38–40\n\n^ Tranquada & King 2012, pp. 47–50\n\n^ \"David Kalakaua (1836–1891): Inaugural Hall of Fame Inductee, 1997\". Ukulele Hall of Fame Museum. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.\n\n^ \"Kalakaua Avenue\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. March 16, 1905. LCCN sn85047084. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.; \"The House Sensitive\". The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. March 17, 1905. LCCN sn83025121. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. 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Retrieved March 11, 2021.\n\n^ \"Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-Österreichischer Fran Joseph-orden\", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1874, p. 136, retrieved March 10, 2021\n\n^ \"Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-Österreichischer Fran Joseph-orden\", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1891, p. 187, retrieved March 10, 2021\n\n^ \"Rother Adler-orden\", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 38 – via hathitrust.org{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1890) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1890 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1890] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 9–10. Retrieved February 10, 2021 – via da:DIS Danmark.\n\n^ Sveriges statskalender för år 1890 (PDF) (in Swedish). Stockholm: P. A. Nordstedt & Söner. 1890. p. 469. SELIBR 8261599. Retrieved March 10, 2021.\n\n^ a b King Kalakaua's Tour Round the World, Honolulu, 1881, pp. 46, 74{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Kalakaua to his sister, May 12, 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) \"The Royal Tourist – Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London Archived October 19, 2019, at the Wayback Machine\", Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 5, p. 84\n\n^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 339\n\n^ Kalakaua to his sister, August 11, 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) \"The Royal Tourist – Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London Archived October 19, 2019, at the Wayback Machine\", Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 5, p. 107\n\n^ Milomir Ognjanović. \"Medal for a Friendship\". Serbia National Review. Retrieved March 10, 2021.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Around the World with a King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008585037"},{"link_name":"HathiTrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/25158494","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F25158494"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25158494","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25158494"},{"link_name":"The Last King of Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DoIZAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"414982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/414982"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56647-636-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56647-636-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"56195693","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56195693"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-343-04037-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-343-04037-0"},{"link_name":"Hawaii Under King Kalakaua from Personal Experiences of Leavitt H. 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Reports of Rear Admiral Brown, U.S.N., and Medical Inspector Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100330575"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"82800064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/82800064"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170202063150/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100330575"},{"link_name":"HathiTrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust"},{"link_name":"Daggett, Rollin M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollin_M._Daggett"},{"link_name":"The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001881141"},{"link_name":"HathiTrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust"},{"link_name":"David Kalākaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=ks6&l=en"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87336-041-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87336-041-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40729128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40729128"},{"link_name":"Coronation of the King and Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, at Honolulu, Monday, Feb 12th 1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100511096"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"77955761","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/77955761"},{"link_name":"HathiTrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust"},{"link_name":"Ka Moolelo o ka Moi Kalakaua I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kalakaua-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book-nalu-1-011escapewin&a=d&p2=book"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16331688","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/16331688"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu : The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi's Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/100744"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10125/100744","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10125%2F100744"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10524/539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10524%2F539"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"60626541","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60626541"},{"link_name":"Tabrah, Ruth M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Tabrah"},{"link_name":"Hawaii: A History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hawaiihistory00tabr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-30220-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30220-2"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20612586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20612586"}],"text":"Armstrong, William N. (1904). Around the World with a King. New York, NY: F. A. Stokes Company – via HathiTrust.\nBaur, John E. (1988). \"When Royalty Came to California\". California History. 67 (4): 244–265. doi:10.2307/25158494. JSTOR 25158494.\nBurns, Eugene (1952). The Last King of Paradise. New York: Pellegrini & Cudahy. OCLC 414982.\nDukas, Neil Bernard (2004). A Military History of Sovereign Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-56647-636-2. OCLC 56195693.\nGirod, André (2014). American Gothic: Une mosaïque de personnalités américaines (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-04037-0.\nHallock, Leavitt Homan (1911). Hawaii Under King Kalakaua from Personal Experiences of Leavitt H. Hallock. Portland, ME: Smith & Sale. OCLC 2802182 – via HathiTrust.\nHouston, James D. (2008). Bird of Another Heaven. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-38808-7. OCLC 71552454.\nIng, Tiffany (May 2015). Illuminating the American, International, and Hawaiʻi Representations of David Kalākaua and His Reign, 1874–1891 (Thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/50983.\nKalakaua dead. The king dies on a foreign shore ... at San Francisco, Cal., January 20, 1891. Funeral ceremonies ... Reception in Honolulu ... Notes on the king's trip through southern California, by Lieut. Gen. P. Blow, U.S.N. Reports of Rear Admiral Brown, U.S.N., and Medical Inspector Woods. Honolulu: Bulletin Publishing Company. 1891. OCLC 82800064. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017 – via HathiTrust.\nKalakaua, David; Daggett, Rollin M. (1888). The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People. New York, NY: Charles L. Webster & Company – via HathiTrust.\nLowe, Ruby Hasegawa (1999). David Kalākaua. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 978-0-87336-041-8. OCLC 40729128.\nThe Pacific Commercial Advertiser (1883). Coronation of the King and Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, at Honolulu, Monday, Feb 12th 1883. Honolulu: Printed at the Advertiser Steam Printing House. OCLC 77955761 – via HathiTrust.\nPoepoe, Joseph M.; Brown, George (1891). Ka Moolelo o ka Moi Kalakaua I. Honolulu. OCLC 16331688.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nRossi, Puali'ili'imaikalani (December 2013). No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu : The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi's Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response (Thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. p. 193. hdl:10125/100744.\nSchweizer, Niklaus R. (1991). \"King Kalakaua: An International Perspective\". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 25. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 103–120. hdl:10524/539. OCLC 60626541.\nTabrah, Ruth M. (1984). Hawaii: A History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30220-2.\nTate, Merze (1960). \"Hawaii's Program of Primacy in Polynesia\". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 61 (4). Oregon Historical Society: 377–407. JSTOR 20612586.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Kalākaua at the age of fourteen, c. 1850","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kalakaua%2C_ca._1850.jpg/220px-Kalakaua%2C_ca._1850.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kalākaua, photograph by Joseph W. King, c. 1860s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kalakaua%2C_photograph_by_Joseph_W._King%2C_Mission_Houses_Museum_Archives.jpg/220px-Kalakaua%2C_photograph_by_Joseph_W._King%2C_Mission_Houses_Museum_Archives.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kapiʻolani, the wife and future queen consort of Kalākaua","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Queen_Kapiolani_%28PP-97-15-019%29.jpg/220px-Queen_Kapiolani_%28PP-97-15-019%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of Kalākaua's state dinner at the White House, meeting with President Ulysses S. Grant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kalakaua_Grant_state_visit_1874.jpg/275px-Kalakaua_Grant_state_visit_1874.jpg"},{"image_text":"Journey of King Kalākaua in 1881","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kalakaua_journey_around_the_world.svg/220px-Kalakaua_journey_around_the_world.svg.png"},{"image_text":"\"[T]he working tools of a mason\" presented to Kalākaua by the freemasons on December 31, 1879, on display in the palace basement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Masonic_Tools_Iolani_Palace.jpg/170px-Masonic_Tools_Iolani_Palace.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coronation ceremony at ʻIolani Palace, 1883","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coronation_of_Kalakaua_%28PPWD-8-4-007%2C_crop%29.jpg/220px-Coronation_of_Kalakaua_%28PPWD-8-4-007%2C_crop%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kalākaua 1883 dime","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hawai_1883_dime_129426.jpg/220px-Hawai_1883_dime_129426.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kalākaua with his military staff officers, 1882","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kalakaua_and_staff_outside_Iolani_Palace.jpg/220px-Kalakaua_and_staff_outside_Iolani_Palace.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Kalākaua","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kalakaua_dust_%26_scratches.jpg/170px-Kalakaua_dust_%26_scratches.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hawaiian envoys and Malietoa Laupepa on board of the Kaimiloa in 1887.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hawaiian-Samoan_meeting_aboard_Kaimiloa_1887.jpg/220px-Hawaiian-Samoan_meeting_aboard_Kaimiloa_1887.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kalākaua (in white slacks) aboard the USS Charleston en route to San Francisco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kalakaua_aboard_the_U.S.S._Charleston.jpg/220px-Kalakaua_aboard_the_U.S.S._Charleston.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Kalākaua, Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson, and \"Kalākaua's Singing Boys\", his own personal headed choir, c. 1889","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_King_Kalakaua_and_his_Singing_Boys.jpg/220px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_King_Kalakaua_and_his_Singing_Boys.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Coins of the Hawaiian dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_of_the_Hawaiian_dollar"},{"title":"Kalākaua's Cabinet Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua%27s_Cabinet_Ministers"},{"title":"Kalākaua's Privy Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua%27s_Privy_Council_of_State"},{"title":"Kalākaua's 1881 world tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua%27s_1881_world_tour"}]
|
[{"reference":"Queen of Hawaii, Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen. University of Hawaii Press. p. 400. Retrieved September 29, 2016. Kapaakea genealogy.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hawaiisstorybyh00goog","url_text":"Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hawaiisstorybyh00goog/page/n355","url_text":"400"}]},{"reference":"\"Crowned! Kalakaua's Coronation Accomplished: A Large But Unenthusiatic Assemblage!\". The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. February 14, 1883. LCCN sn83025121. Archived from the original on December 29, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1883-02-14/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"Crowned! Kalakaua's Coronation Accomplished: A Large But Unenthusiatic Assemblage!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn83025121","url_text":"sn83025121"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171229233010/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1883-02-14/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Supreme Court of Hawaii (1866). In The Matter Of The Estate Of L. H. Kaniu, Deceased. Honolulu: Government Press. pp. 82–86. OCLC 29559942. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ckDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"In The Matter Of The Estate Of L. H. Kaniu, Deceased"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29559942","url_text":"29559942"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229031850/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ckDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CALENDAR: Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers\". The Polynesian. Vol. 1, no. 9. Honolulu. July 20, 1844. p. 1, col. 3. Archived from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1844-07-20/ed-1/seq-1","url_text":"\"CALENDAR: Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170311050237/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1844-07-20/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chief Justice Allen resigns, Harris appointed to take his place\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser at Newspapers.com. February 3, 1877. OCLC 8807872. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034523/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23005286/chief_justice_allen_resigns_harris/","url_text":"\"Chief Justice Allen resigns, Harris appointed to take his place\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8807872","url_text":"8807872"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23005286/chief_justice_allen_resigns_harris/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Damon, Samuel C. (February 1, 1876). \"The Kings of Hawaii\". The Friend. Vol. 25, no. 2. Honolulu: Samuel C. Damon. pp. 9–12. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_C._Damon","url_text":"Damon, Samuel C."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dywlAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA10","url_text":"\"The Kings of Hawaii\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229032828/https://books.google.com/books?id=dywlAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA10","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"By Authority\". The Polynesian. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. November 5, 1853. LCCN sn82015408. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1853-11-05/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"By Authority\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn82015408","url_text":"sn82015408"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630142634/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1853-11-05/ed-1/seq-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"H. R. H. Prince L. Kamehameha at Victoria, Vancouver's Island\". Polynesian at Newspapers.com. November 3, 1860. p. 2. OCLC 8807758. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180824035242/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22518360/h_r_h_prince_l_kamehameha_at/","url_text":"\"H. R. H. Prince L. Kamehameha at Victoria, Vancouver's Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8807758","url_text":"8807758"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22518360/h_r_h_prince_l_kamehameha_at/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Appropriation Bill for 1858–1859\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. May 12, 1859. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on May 28, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1859-05-12/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Appropriation Bill for 1858–1859\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn82015418","url_text":"sn82015418"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170528203541/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1859-05-12/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Postmaster General – office record\" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH01d3/9ea62573.dir/doc.pdf","url_text":"\"Postmaster General – office record\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014539/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH01d3/9ea62573.dir/doc.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chamberlain – office record\" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH75c8.dir/doc.pdf","url_text":"\"Chamberlain – office record\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170209231948/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH75c8.dir/doc.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Heir Apparent\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XXI, no. 42. Honolulu. April 14, 1877. p. 2. OCLC 8807872. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1877-04-14/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"The Heir Apparent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8807872","url_text":"8807872"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108233803/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1877-04-14/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"King Kalakaua\". Evening Star. Washington D. C. December 12, 1874. LCCN sn83045462. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1874-12-12/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"King Kalakaua\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn83045462","url_text":"sn83045462"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180116215538/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1874-12-12/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Monkman, Betty C. \"The White House State Dinner\". The White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-white-house-state-dinner","url_text":"\"The White House State Dinner\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221044847/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-white-house-state-dinner","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The New Hawaiian Treaty\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. May 15, 1886. LCCN sn85047084. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-05-15/ed-1/seq-5/","url_text":"\"The New Hawaiian Treaty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn85047084","url_text":"sn85047084"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054954/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-05-15/ed-1/seq-5/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hawaiian Legislature: Department of Foreign Affairs\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. June 10, 1882. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1882-06-10/ed-1/seq-5/","url_text":"\"Hawaiian Legislature: Department of Foreign Affairs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn82015418","url_text":"sn82015418"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054853/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1882-06-10/ed-1/seq-5/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Legislature\". The Daily Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. July 1, 1884. LCCN sn82016412. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1884-07-01/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"The Legislature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn82016412","url_text":"sn82016412"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054905/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1884-07-01/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Resolutions\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. September 28, 1886. LCCN sn85047084. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-09-28/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Resolutions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn85047084","url_text":"sn85047084"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054910/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-09-28/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The King's Tour Round the World: Portugal, Spain, Scotland, England, Paris. etc\". Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands: The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. October 29, 1881. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-10-29/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"The King's Tour Round the World: Portugal, Spain, Scotland, England, Paris. etc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn82015418","url_text":"sn82015418"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180116215538/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-10-29/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Proclamation\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. February 12, 1881. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-02-12/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Proclamation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn82015418","url_text":"sn82015418"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180116215538/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-02-12/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The King's Tour Around the World: Last Days in Japan\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. June 11, 1881. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-06-11/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"The King's Tour Around the World: Last Days in Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn82015418","url_text":"sn82015418"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180116215538/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-06-11/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The King's Tour Round the World: Additional Particulars of the Royal Visit to Spain and Portugal\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. October 15, 1881. LCCN sn82015418. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180824040519/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-10-15/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"The King's Tour Round the World: Additional Particulars of the Royal Visit to Spain and Portugal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn82015418","url_text":"sn82015418"},{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-10-15/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Royal Visitor\". Evening Star. Washington, D. C. September 28, 1881. LCCN sn83045462. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180824040523/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1881-09-28/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"A Royal Visitor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn83045462","url_text":"sn83045462"},{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1881-09-28/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kalakaua Visits Edison: The King in Search of a Means to Light Up Honolulu\". The Sun. New York, NY. September 26, 1881. LCCN sn83030272. Archived from the original on October 29, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1881-09-26/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Kalakaua Visits Edison: The King in Search of a Means to Light Up Honolulu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn83030272","url_text":"sn83030272"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161029014614/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1881-09-26/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"King Kalakaua's Movements – His Majesty Examines The Edison Electric Light\" (PDF). The New York Times. New York. September 26, 1881. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 23, 2018. 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Retrieved March 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100116864","url_text":"Biographical Sketch of His Majesty King Kalakaua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12787107","url_text":"12787107"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181019041142/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100116864","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Elizabeth (1994). Paradise Remade: The Politics of Culture and History in Hawai'i. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-4399-0608-8. OCLC 859678638. Archived from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2017 – via Project MUSE.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/9437","url_text":"Paradise Remade: The Politics of Culture and History in Hawai'i"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University_Press","url_text":"Temple University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0608-8","url_text":"978-1-4399-0608-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859678638","url_text":"859678638"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180822214005/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/9437","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chapin, Helen G. (2000). Guide to Newspapers of Hawaiʻi: 1834–2000. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. hdl:10524/1444. OCLC 45330644.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=newsguide","url_text":"Guide to Newspapers of Hawaiʻi: 1834–2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Historical_Society","url_text":"Hawaiian Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F1444","url_text":"10524/1444"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45330644","url_text":"45330644"}]},{"reference":"Chapin, Helen G. (1984). \"Newspapers of Hawaiʻi's 1834 to 1903: From He Liona to the Pacific Cable\". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 18. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 47–86. hdl:10524/179. OCLC 60626541 – via eVols at University of Hawai'i at Manoa.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F179","url_text":"10524/179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60626541","url_text":"60626541"}]},{"reference":"Chapin, Helen Geracimos (1996). Shaping History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1718-3. OCLC 247186687. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D-QPLqwlr7cC","url_text":"Shaping History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawaiʻi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1718-3","url_text":"978-0-8248-1718-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247186687","url_text":"247186687"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191230005943/https://books.google.com/books?id=D-QPLqwlr7cC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, Amos Starr; Cooke, Juliette Montague (1937). Richards, Mary Atherton (ed.). The Chiefs' Children School: A Record Compiled from the Diary and Letters of Amos Starr Cooke and Juliette Montague Cooke, by Their Granddaughter Mary Atherton Richards. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. OCLC 1972890. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Starr_Cooke","url_text":"Cooke, Amos Starr"},{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001873424","url_text":"The Chiefs' Children School: A Record Compiled from the Diary and Letters of Amos Starr Cooke and Juliette Montague Cooke, by Their Granddaughter Mary Atherton Richards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1972890","url_text":"1972890"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050834/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001873424","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dabagh, Jean; Lyons, Curtis Jere; Hitchcock, Harvey Rexford (1974). Dabagh, Jean (ed.). \"A King is Elected: One Hundred Years Ago\" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. 8. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 76–89. hdl:10524/112. OCLC 60626541. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/112/1/JL08086.pdf","url_text":"\"A King is Elected: One Hundred Years Ago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F112","url_text":"10524/112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60626541","url_text":"60626541"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015835/http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/112/1/JL08086.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dando-Collins, Stephen (2014). Taking Hawaii: How Thirteen Honolulu Businessmen Overthrew the Queen of Hawaii in 1893, With a Bluff. New York: Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-4976-1429-1. OCLC 874921510. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmMkAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Taking Hawaii: How Thirteen Honolulu Businessmen Overthrew the Queen of Hawaii in 1893, With a Bluff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-1429-1","url_text":"978-1-4976-1429-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/874921510","url_text":"874921510"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191227123623/https://books.google.com/books?id=pmMkAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Daws, Gavan (1968). Shoal of Time. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824803247. OCLC 574446745.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journalofprincea00kame","url_text":"Shoal of Time"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824803247","url_text":"9780824803247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/574446745","url_text":"574446745"}]},{"reference":"Dibble, Sheldon (1843). History of the Sandwich Islands. Lahainaluna: Press of the Mission Seminary. OCLC 2145112.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Dibble","url_text":"Dibble, Sheldon"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historysandwich00dibbgoog","url_text":"History of the Sandwich Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2145112","url_text":"2145112"}]},{"reference":"Dole, Sanford B. (1936). Farrell, Andrew (ed.). Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution. Honolulu: Honolulu, Advertiser Publishing Company. OCLC 4823270. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2017 – via HathiTrust.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_B._Dole","url_text":"Dole, Sanford B."},{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006663046","url_text":"Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4823270","url_text":"4823270"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229153907/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006663046","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust","url_text":"HathiTrust"}]},{"reference":"Dye, Bob (1997). Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawai?i. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1772-5. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NETf7njQoocC&pg=PA209","url_text":"Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawai?i"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1772-5","url_text":"978-0-8248-1772-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191223212021/https://books.google.com/books?id=NETf7njQoocC&pg=PA209","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Forbes, David W., ed. (2001). Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780–1900, Volume 3: 1851–1880. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2503-4. OCLC 123279964. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lB_F9CffeN8C","url_text":"Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780–1900, Volume 3: 1851–1880"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2503-4","url_text":"978-0-8248-2503-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123279964","url_text":"123279964"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191224175329/https://books.google.com/books?id=lB_F9CffeN8C","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Forbes, David W., ed. (2003). Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780–1900, Volume 4: 1881–1900. Vol. 4. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2636-9. OCLC 123279964. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jAuzOipG26YC","url_text":"Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780–1900, Volume 4: 1881–1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2636-9","url_text":"978-0-8248-2636-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123279964","url_text":"123279964"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160501002312/https://books.google.com/books?id=jAuzOipG26YC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Jeanette (2014). Volcanoes National Park. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4671-3294-7. OCLC 889525130. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. 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OCLC 60626541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F526","url_text":"10524/526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60626541","url_text":"60626541"}]},{"reference":"Haley, James L. (2014). Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-60065-5. OCLC 865158092. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. 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Lydecker, Robert Colfax (ed.). Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company. OCLC 60737418. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rosterlegislatur00hawarich","url_text":"Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60737418","url_text":"60737418"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160329214645/https://archive.org/details/rosterlegislatur00hawarich","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ing, Tiffany Lani (2019). Reclaiming Kalākaua: Nineteenth-Century Perspectives on a Hawaiian Sovereign. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-8156-6. OCLC 1085155006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-8156-6","url_text":"978-0-8248-8156-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1085155006","url_text":"1085155006"}]},{"reference":"Kalakaua (1971). Greer, Richard A. (ed.). \"The Royal Tourist—Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London\". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 5. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 75–109. hdl:10524/186. OCLC 60626541 – via eVols at University of Hawai'i at Manoa.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F186","url_text":"10524/186"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60626541","url_text":"60626541"}]},{"reference":"Kam, Ralph Thomas (2017). Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty: Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties, 1819–1953. S. I.: McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-6846-8. OCLC 966566652. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4kvanAAACAAJ","url_text":"Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty: Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties, 1819–1953"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6846-8","url_text":"978-1-4766-6846-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/966566652","url_text":"966566652"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191224234834/https://books.google.com/books?id=4kvanAAACAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kamins, Robert M.; Adler, Jacob (1984). \"Political Debut of Walter Murray Gibson\". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 18. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 96–115. hdl:10524/609. 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Sovereign Sugar. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3949-9. OCLC 875895012. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017 – via Project MUSE.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/29077","url_text":"Sovereign Sugar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press","url_text":"University of Hawaii Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3949-9","url_text":"978-0-8248-3949-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/875895012","url_text":"875895012"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220170112/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/29077","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Medcalf, Donald; Russell, Ronald (1991) [1978]. Hawaiian Money Standard Catalog (second ed.). Mill Creek, WA: Ronald Russell. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231028/http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf","url_text":"Tales of Our Hawaiʻi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/309392477","url_text":"309392477"},{"url":"http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pogány, András H. (1963). \"Joseph Jajczay, Captain of the Hawaiian King's Bodyguard\". The Hungarian Quarterly. 4 (1–2). Budapest: 53–61. OCLC 18822542.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18822542","url_text":"18822542"}]},{"reference":"Quigg, Agnes (1988). \"Kalakaua's Hawaiian Studies Abroad Program\". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 22. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 170–208. hdl:10524/103. 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Portuguese Immigration to the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. hdl:10524/657.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F657","url_text":"10524/657"}]},{"reference":"Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1896). Japanese immigration. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. hdl:10524/23173.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F23173","url_text":"10524/23173"}]},{"reference":"Thurston, Lorrin A. (1936). Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution. Honolulu Advertiser Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tranquada, Jim; King, John (2012). The ʻUkulele: A History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3544-6. OCLC 767806914. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. 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California History. 67 (4): 244–265. doi:10.2307/25158494. JSTOR 25158494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25158494","url_text":"10.2307/25158494"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25158494","url_text":"25158494"}]},{"reference":"Burns, Eugene (1952). The Last King of Paradise. New York: Pellegrini & Cudahy. OCLC 414982.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DoIZAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Last King of Paradise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/414982","url_text":"414982"}]},{"reference":"Dukas, Neil Bernard (2004). A Military History of Sovereign Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-56647-636-2. OCLC 56195693.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56647-636-2","url_text":"978-1-56647-636-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56195693","url_text":"56195693"}]},{"reference":"Girod, André (2014). American Gothic: Une mosaïque de personnalités américaines (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-04037-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-343-04037-0","url_text":"978-2-343-04037-0"}]},{"reference":"Hallock, Leavitt Homan (1911). Hawaii Under King Kalakaua from Personal Experiences of Leavitt H. Hallock. Portland, ME: Smith & Sale. OCLC 2802182 – via HathiTrust.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006512931","url_text":"Hawaii Under King Kalakaua from Personal Experiences of Leavitt H. Hallock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2802182","url_text":"2802182"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust","url_text":"HathiTrust"}]},{"reference":"Houston, James D. (2008). Bird of Another Heaven. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-38808-7. OCLC 71552454.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-xsyRUNKauEC","url_text":"Bird of Another Heaven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38808-7","url_text":"978-0-307-38808-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71552454","url_text":"71552454"}]},{"reference":"Ing, Tiffany (May 2015). Illuminating the American, International, and Hawaiʻi Representations of David Kalākaua and His Reign, 1874–1891 (Thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/50983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F50983","url_text":"10125/50983"}]},{"reference":"Kalakaua dead. The king dies on a foreign shore ... at San Francisco, Cal., January 20, 1891. Funeral ceremonies ... Reception in Honolulu ... Notes on the king's trip through southern California, by Lieut. Gen. P. Blow, U.S.N. Reports of Rear Admiral Brown, U.S.N., and Medical Inspector Woods. Honolulu: Bulletin Publishing Company. 1891. OCLC 82800064. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017 – via HathiTrust.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100330575","url_text":"Kalakaua dead. The king dies on a foreign shore ... at San Francisco, Cal., January 20, 1891. Funeral ceremonies ... Reception in Honolulu ... Notes on the king's trip through southern California, by Lieut. Gen. P. Blow, U.S.N. Reports of Rear Admiral Brown, U.S.N., and Medical Inspector Woods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82800064","url_text":"82800064"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202063150/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100330575","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust","url_text":"HathiTrust"}]},{"reference":"Kalakaua, David; Daggett, Rollin M. (1888). The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People. New York, NY: Charles L. Webster & Company – via HathiTrust.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollin_M._Daggett","url_text":"Daggett, Rollin M."},{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001881141","url_text":"The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust","url_text":"HathiTrust"}]},{"reference":"Lowe, Ruby Hasegawa (1999). David Kalākaua. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 978-0-87336-041-8. OCLC 40729128.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=ks6&l=en","url_text":"David Kalākaua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87336-041-8","url_text":"978-0-87336-041-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40729128","url_text":"40729128"}]},{"reference":"The Pacific Commercial Advertiser (1883). Coronation of the King and Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, at Honolulu, Monday, Feb 12th 1883. Honolulu: Printed at the Advertiser Steam Printing House. OCLC 77955761 – via HathiTrust.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100511096","url_text":"Coronation of the King and Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, at Honolulu, Monday, Feb 12th 1883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77955761","url_text":"77955761"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust","url_text":"HathiTrust"}]},{"reference":"Poepoe, Joseph M.; Brown, George (1891). Ka Moolelo o ka Moi Kalakaua I. Honolulu. OCLC 16331688.","urls":[{"url":"http://ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kalakaua-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book-nalu-1-011escapewin&a=d&p2=book","url_text":"Ka Moolelo o ka Moi Kalakaua I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16331688","url_text":"16331688"}]},{"reference":"Rossi, Puali'ili'imaikalani (December 2013). No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu : The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi's Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response (Thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. p. 193. hdl:10125/100744.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/100744","url_text":"No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu : The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi's Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F100744","url_text":"10125/100744"}]},{"reference":"Schweizer, Niklaus R. (1991). \"King Kalakaua: An International Perspective\". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 25. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 103–120. hdl:10524/539. OCLC 60626541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F539","url_text":"10524/539"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60626541","url_text":"60626541"}]},{"reference":"Tabrah, Ruth M. (1984). Hawaii: A History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30220-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Tabrah","url_text":"Tabrah, Ruth M."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hawaiihistory00tabr","url_text":"Hawaii: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30220-2","url_text":"978-0-393-30220-2"}]},{"reference":"Tate, Merze (1960). \"Hawaii's Program of Primacy in Polynesia\". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 61 (4). Oregon Historical Society: 377–407. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hospital
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Ralph Hospital
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["1 External links"]
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United States Army general
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Ralph HospitalGrave at Arlington National CemeteryBorn(1891-01-27)January 27, 1891Washington, D.C.DiedDecember 20, 1972(1972-12-20) (aged 81)BuriedArlington National Cemetery, Virginia, United StatesAllegiance United StatesService/branch United States ArmyYears of service1913–1951Rank Brigadier GeneralUnit Field Artillery BranchCommands held1st Battalion, 84th Field Artillery Regiment1st Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery Regiment75th Field Artillery BrigadeBattles/warsWorld War IWorld War IIAwardsSilver StarChildren1RelationsEarl Flansburgh (son-in-law)John Flansburgh (grandson)Paxus Calta (grandson)Other workCornell University faculty
Brigadier General Ralph Hospital was born January 27, 1891, in Washington, D.C. He was commissioned in November 1913 as a Field Artillery officer and saw service with the 15th Cavalry Regiment during the Mexican Campaign in Douglas, Arizona and Sierra Blanca, Texas. He served as an Artillery officer in France during World War I and then took an instructor job at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York until the mid-1920s. Major Hospital served with the 15th Field Artillery Regiment during its period under the Hawaiian Division in 1925, and returned to the states in 1926 to attend Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He was a Distinguished Graduate and soon returned to Ithaca to instruct ROTC again.
Lieutenant Colonel Hospital pinned on Colonel in 1941 and saw service in World War II, first as commander of the 75th Field Artillery Brigade and then was frocked to Brigadier General and placed as Commanding General of the 91st Division Artillery. In Spring 1944 they sailed for north Africa and then Italy, making the push for the Po River Valley and the Gothic Line. General Hospital was awarded the Silver Star for his heroism in the Italian campaigns. He retired in January 1951 and was officially promoted to Brigadier General in February 1951 on the U.S. Army Retired List. He returned to Ithaca, New York, as Professor of Military Studies and Tactics until the mid-1960s.
General Hospital died on December 20, 1972, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery near the JFK grove.
General Hospital's awards include the Silver Star, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, Army Commendation Medal, and the Italian Medal for Military Valor. His campaign awards include the Mexican Campaign, World War I Victory, American Defense, American Campaign, European-Middle Eastern-North Africa Campaign Medal with three bronze campaign stars, the Army of Occupation Service Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal.
Hospital was the father of Polly Flansburgh, owner of Boston by Foot, and father-in-law to the late Earl Flansburgh, famed Boston architect. He is the maternal grandfather of musician John Flansburgh, one half of the alternative rock band They Might Be Giants, and Paxus Calta (born Earl S. Flansburgh), anti-nuclear activist. They Might Be Giants included a picture of him on the cover art for their album Lincoln.
External links
Generals of World War II
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Po River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_(river)"},{"link_name":"Gothic Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line"},{"link_name":"Ithaca, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Boston by Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_by_Foot"},{"link_name":"Earl Flansburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Flansburgh"},{"link_name":"maternal grandfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_grandfather"},{"link_name":"John Flansburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Flansburgh"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"They Might Be Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Might_Be_Giants"},{"link_name":"Paxus Calta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxus_Calta"},{"link_name":"anti-nuclear activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_(album)"}],"text":"Brigadier General Ralph Hospital was born January 27, 1891, in Washington, D.C. He was commissioned in November 1913 as a Field Artillery officer and saw service with the 15th Cavalry Regiment during the Mexican Campaign in Douglas, Arizona and Sierra Blanca, Texas. He served as an Artillery officer in France during World War I and then took an instructor job at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York until the mid-1920s. Major Hospital served with the 15th Field Artillery Regiment during its period under the Hawaiian Division in 1925, and returned to the states in 1926 to attend Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He was a Distinguished Graduate and soon returned to Ithaca to instruct ROTC again.Lieutenant Colonel Hospital pinned on Colonel in 1941 and saw service in World War II, first as commander of the 75th Field Artillery Brigade and then was frocked to Brigadier General and placed as Commanding General of the 91st Division Artillery. In Spring 1944 they sailed for north Africa and then Italy, making the push for the Po River Valley and the Gothic Line. General Hospital was awarded the Silver Star for his heroism in the Italian campaigns. He retired in January 1951 and was officially promoted to Brigadier General in February 1951 on the U.S. Army Retired List. He returned to Ithaca, New York, as Professor of Military Studies and Tactics until the mid-1960s.General Hospital died on December 20, 1972, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery near the JFK grove.General Hospital's awards include the Silver Star, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, Army Commendation Medal, and the Italian Medal for Military Valor. His campaign awards include the Mexican Campaign, World War I Victory, American Defense, American Campaign, European-Middle Eastern-North Africa Campaign Medal with three bronze campaign stars, the Army of Occupation Service Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal.Hospital was the father of Polly Flansburgh, owner of Boston by Foot, and father-in-law to the late Earl Flansburgh, famed Boston architect. He is the maternal grandfather of musician John Flansburgh, one half of the alternative rock band They Might Be Giants, and Paxus Calta (born Earl S. Flansburgh), anti-nuclear activist. They Might Be Giants included a picture of him on the cover art for their album Lincoln.","title":"Ralph Hospital"}]
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[{"Link":"https://generals.dk/general/Hospital/Ralph/USA.html","external_links_name":"Generals of World War II"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdram
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Amateur theatre
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["1 Definition","2 Relationship to professional theatre","3 In the United Kingdom","3.1 Umbrella organisations","3.2 Major festivals","3.3 Competitions","4 In the United States","4.1 Umbrella organisations","5 In Australia","6 In New Zealand","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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Theatre performed by amateur actors and singers
Gobowen Amateur Dramatic Society's presentation of See How They Run, 1954
Amateur theatre, also known as amateur dramatics, is theatre performed by amateur actors and singers. Amateur theatre groups may stage plays, revues, musicals, light opera, pantomime or variety shows, and do so for the social activity as well as for aesthetic values. Productions may take place in venues ranging from the open air, community centres, or schools to independent or major professional theatres.
Amateur theatre is distinct from the professional or community theatre because performers are usually not paid. Amateur actors are not typically members of actors' unions.
Definition
Opinions vary on how to define "amateur" in relation to theatre. Technically speaking, an "amateur" is anyone who does not accept, or is not offered, money for their services. One interpretation of this is: "One lacking the skill of a professional, as in an art". Another is: "A person who engages in an art, science, study, or athletic activity as a pastime rather than as a profession".
An amateur actor is unlikely to be a member of an actors' union as most countries' trades unions have strict policies in place. In the United States, the Actors' Equity Association serves a similar purpose: to protect the professional industry and its artists.
While the majority of professional stage performers have developed their skills and studied their craft at recognised training institutions such as the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (London), Juilliard School (New York) or National Institute of Dramatic Art (Sydney), amateurs are not usually professionally trained.
Amateur theatre (amateur dramatics) can be defined as "theatre performances in which the people involved are not paid but take part for their own enjoyment". Locally organised theatrical events provide a source of entertainment for the community, and can be a fun and exciting hobby, with strong bonds of friendship formed through participation. Many amateur theatre groups reject the "amateur" label and its negative association with "amateurish", preferring to style themselves "dramatic societies", "theatre groups" or just "players".
Scottish theatre-maker and writer Andrew Mckinnon in 2006 observed that the word 'amateur' has a negative connotation. Many amateur groups are therefore re-branding themselves as 'community' groups.
Relationship to professional theatre
François Cellier and Cunningham Bridgeman wrote, in 1914, that prior to the late 19th century, amateur actors were treated with contempt by professionals. After the formation of amateur Gilbert and Sullivan companies licensed to perform the Savoy operas, professionals recognised that the amateur societies "support the culture of music and the drama. They are now accepted as useful training schools for the legitimate stage, and from the volunteer ranks have sprung many present-day favourites." Amateurs continue to argue that they perform a community service, while even in the 1960s, there was still, "particularly in professional quarters, a deep-rooted suspicion that amateur theatre is really an institution that exists in order to give significance to 'amateur dramatics' a frivolous kind of amusement with no pretention to art" or "as a base for starring the most popular and politically astute members" Nevertheless, many professional actors established their craft on the amateur stage.
After 1988, in the UK, membership in the actors' Equity union can no longer be made compulsory, and professional performers may perform with any amateur company. Some amateur companies engage professional directors. These changes are blurring the distinction between amateur and professional theatre. Amateur theatre is sometimes referred to in the UK as "non-commercial theatre". In recent times the distinction between 'amateur' and 'professional' has been blurred further, with professional companies encouraging community involvement in their productions through using local amateur companies. An example of this is the Royal Shakespeare Company's 2016 tour of A Midsummer Night's Dream: A Play for the Nation: in each of the 14 cities visited by the touring show, the company recruited local members of amateur companies to play the parts of Nick Bottom and the other Mechanicals.
In the United Kingdom
Beeston Musical Theatre Group performing My Fair Lady in Nottingham, England, 2011
People throughout Great Britain participate in amateur theatre as performers, crew or audience members and many children first experience live theatre during local amateur performances of the annual Christmas pantomime. Amateur theatre can sometimes be a springboard for the development of new performing talent with a number of professional actors having their first stage experiences in amateur theatre such as Liam Neeson (Slemish Players in Ballymena), Jamie Dornan (Holywood Players in Ballymoney), James Nesbitt (Ulster Youth Theatre) and Nathan Wright (in Dudley).
A survey carried in 2002 by the major UK umbrella organisation for amateur theatre, National Operatic and Dramatic Association ("NODA"), noted that "Public support in the UK for amateur theatre is patchy", but found that the annual turnover of affiliated groups was £34 million from 25,760 performances with 437,800 participants, 29% of whom were under 21; attendances were 7,315,840.
An earlier, limited survey in England in 1991 revealed that only 19% of amateur drama groups were affiliated to a national "umbrella" organisation, suggesting that NODA's later survey may not reflect the true level of grass roots community involvement with amateur theatre.
In 2012 there were more than 2,500 amateur theatre groups putting on around 30,000 productions a year.
Umbrella organisations
Of the major bodies representing amateur theatre nationally, the National Operatic and Dramatic Association ("NODA") was founded in 1899 and in 2005 reported a membership of over 2,400 amateur theatre companies and 3,000 individuals staging musicals, operas, plays, concerts and pantomimes in venues ranging from professional theatres to village halls.
The Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain ("LTG") represents over 100 independent amateur theatres with auditoria from 64 to 450 seats, while the National Drama Festivals Association ("NDFA") caters for some 500 groups participating in around 100 local drama festivals. (See "Major Festivals" below)
There are regional bodies throughout the UK.
England
The All-England Theatre Festival ("AETF") caters for amateur theatre groups which participate in local drama festivals, and is also concerned with a similar number of festivals of one-act and full-length plays, involving a similar number of theatre companies. The AETF hold All-England Finals, the winners of which go forward to represent England at the National Festival of Community Theatre along with representatives from Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Please see "Major Festivals" below.
As of January 2005, the Arts Council England was not providing any funding towards infrastructure organisations for amateur and community theatre, other than youth theatre through its support for the National Association of Youth Theatre. Other associations include Avon Association of Drama, Woking Drama Association, Somerset Fellowship of Drama, Spalding Amateur Dramatic And Operatic Society and the Greater Manchester Drama Federation ("GMDF") which holds annual festivals with 60+ active members.
Scotland
The Scottish Community Drama Association ("SCDA"), founded in 1926, works to promote all aspects of community drama in Scotland. SCDA received funding of £50,000 from the Scottish Arts Council in 2004-05.
Wales
The Drama Association of Wales ("DAW"), founded in 1934, exists to increase opportunities for people in the community to be creatively involved in drama. This is supported through the provision of training, new writing initiatives and access to an extensive specialist lending library containing plays, playsets and technical theatre books.
Northern Ireland
The Association of Ulster Drama Festivals ("AUDF") and is made up of three representatives from each member festival, as well as the Churches Drama League and Young Farmer Clubs. Founded in 1949 it aims "to foster and encourage amateur drama through the holding of Festivals of Drama, the fostering of relations and co-operation between Ulster Drama Festivals, and the fostering of relations with similar organisations in Northern Ireland and other regions ..."
Major festivals
There are many local festivals of amateur theatre within the UK and two major national and one international festival:
National Festival of Community Theatre – run by the four regional associations
British 'All Winners' Festival run by the National Drama Festivals Association
International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival – an adjudicated competition in Buxton
Competitions
There a number of UK wide competitions that are organised by different bodies:
The Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain (LTG) - Playwriting competition, run every two to three years.
The National Drama Festivals Association (NDFA) - two playwriting competitions with a certificate and cash prize -
George Taylor Memorial Award (1979) in memory of the founder of Amateur Stage, funded jointly by Amateur Stage and NDFA.
Nan Nuttall Memorial Award (1994) to stimulate new writing for Youth Groups and encourage participation in Drama Festivals (in memory of a Secretary of Manchester & District Drama Federation.
The Scottish Community Drama Association (SCDA) - "Play on Words" competition, Britain’s largest for new short plays, with three best entries winning support from professional writers.
The Amateur Musical Theatre Challenge (2009) - to bring together amateur theatre groups from Scotland.
Drama Association of Wales/Cymdeithas Ddrama Cymru (DAW) - Playwriting competition for one-act plays in Welsh or English and with a running time of 20 to 50 minutes. It is an annual event and attracts 250 entries from all over the world. In some years, entries are invited under a specific theme.
National Festival of Community Theatre - The Geoffrey Whitworth Trophy (founder of the British Drama League) for "the best original unpublished play receiving its première in the first round of the National Festival of Community Theatre anywhere in the UK".
In the United States
Actors of the Smith College Club of St. Louis are sketched rehearsing for an all-woman amateur benefit performance of George Bernard Shaw's "Arms and the Man" in December 1908. No men were allowed in the rehearsals or at the performance. The illustration is by Marguerite Martyn of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
In the United States, amateur theatre is generally known as community theatre. In 2009 there were 923 member organizations of the American Association of Community Theatre. Membership in this organisation is voluntary, making the actual number of community theatre organisations in the USA uncertain.
While the performers in community theatre are typically non-professional, there is a provision of the Actors' Equity Association which allows up to two paid professional actors to appear as guest performers in a community theatre production.
Community theatre organisations are eligible for non-profit status under article 501(c) of the United States Internal Revenue Code.
Umbrella organisations
The American Association of Community Theatre is the major umbrella association for community theatre in the United States. According to their website: "AACT is a nonprofit corporation that serves both individuals and organizations by providing expertise, assistance and support so that community theatres can provide the best possible theatrical experience for participants and audience alike." Among other activities the AACT sponsors a national theatre festival in odd-numbered years.
In Australia
Roxy Community Theatre, Leeton, NSW
The Independent Theatre Association is the peak body for amateur or Community drama in Western Australia. Australian amateur theatre is dependent on volunteer effort and very few amateur theatres pay salaries, although some employ cleaners. Amateur acting experience is highly sought as an entry point for aspiring professionals. The annual Finley awards celebrate the achievements of theatres in several categories.
A Workers' Education Dramatic Society and student counterpart was active in Brisbane between 1930 and 1962.
See also: List of amateur theatres in Australia.
In New Zealand
There are many amateur theatre societies in New Zealand where it is often referred to as community theatre. The umbrella organization is called Theatre New Zealand (formally the New Zealand Theatre Federation) and was formed in 1970 out of a merger of the New Zealand branch of the British Drama League (established in 1932) and the New Zealand Drama Council (established in 1945).
See also
National Operatic and Dramatic Association
Community theatre
Actor
Drama
Theatre
References
^ "Actors' Equity - Responsibilities". Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
^ "Answers.com - Amateur". Answers.com. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
^ "Equity". Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
^ "Actors' Equity Association". Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
^ "Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary". Retrieved 2 December 2014.
^ Al-Ahram Weekly, 21–27 September 2006, Issue No. 813.
^ Cellier, François and Cunningham Bridgeman (1914). Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & sons, ltd. pp. 393–394.
^ Cochrane, "The Pervasiveness of the Commonplace: The Historian and Amateur Theatre", Theatre Research International, Vol. 26
^ Schoell, Edwin R. (May 1963). Amateur Theatre in Britain. Educational Theatre Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2. pp. 151–157.
^ a b c d Susan Elkin (16 June 2014). "Don't underestimate amateur theatre as a source of training". The Stage. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
^ Jane Scott (11 May 2011). "Am-dram is a serious business". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
^ www.rsc.org.uk, RSC -. "Dream 2016". www.dream2016.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2019-08-14. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
^ a b c d e Commons, The Committee Office, House of. "House of Commons - Culture, Media and Sport - Minutes of Evidence". publications.parliament.uk.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Ballymoney Drama Festival | Programme". ballymoneydramafest. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
^ "Arts Council of Northern Ireland, ART FORM AND SPECIALIST AREA POLICY 2007-2012, published January 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
^ Hutchinson, R & Feist, A (1991). Amateur Arts in the UK. Policy Studies Institute.
^ Holly Williams (11 November 2012). "Class act: The amateur-dramatics societies that could give the pros a run for their money". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
^ "Little Theatre Guild". Retrieved 2 December 2014.
^ "AUDF: History". Association of Ulster Drama Festivals History. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
^ a b c d "Commissioning new work – A good practice guide for amateur theatre companies and playwrights - The Arts Council England" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
^ "Information for all Participating Groups for 35th BRITISH ALL WINNERS FESTIVAL".
^ "FEATS 2007 Technical Data Package" (PDF).
^ Marguerite Martyn, "College Girls Swear Real Swears in "Arms and Man," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 13, 1908,, Part 6, Page 1
^ "Member Organization search of the website of the American Association of Community Theatre". Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
^ "Agreements and Codes: Guest Artist Archived 2009-03-15 at the Wayback Machine". Actors' Equity Association. actorsequity.org. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ "Why a Non-Profit Theater Company - Community Theater Green Room -- Why a NonProfit Theater Company?". www.communitytheater.org.
^ "AACT's Mission & Purpose". American Association of Community Theatre. aact.org. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ "Festival Cycle". American Association of Community Theatre. aact.org. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ "Independent Theatre Association". Retrieved 26 November 2014.
^ "A history of political theatre in Brisbane". Retrieved 26 November 2014.
^ "British Drama League. New Zealand Branch Inc : Further records". National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
Further reading
Keith Arrowsmith, The Methuen Amateur Theatre Handbook. Methuen Drama, 2002. ISBN 978-0413755704
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amateur theatre.
Amateur Theatre Directory
Amateur Stage Magazine
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
2
Other
Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gobowen_Amateur_Dramatic_Society%27s_presentation_of_%22See_How_They_Run%22_at_Gobowen_(15963963546).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gobowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobowen"},{"link_name":"See How They Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_How_They_Run_(play)"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur"},{"link_name":"community theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Gobowen Amateur Dramatic Society's presentation of See How They Run, 1954Amateur theatre, also known as amateur dramatics, is theatre performed by amateur actors and singers. Amateur theatre groups may stage plays, revues, musicals, light opera, pantomime or variety shows, and do so for the social activity as well as for aesthetic values. Productions may take place in venues ranging from the open air, community centres, or schools to independent or major professional theatres.Amateur theatre is distinct from the professional or community theatre because performers are usually not paid. Amateur actors are not typically members of actors' unions.[1]","title":"Amateur theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Actors' Equity Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Opinions vary on how to define \"amateur\" in relation to theatre. Technically speaking, an \"amateur\" is anyone who does not accept, or is not offered, money for their services. One interpretation of this is: \"One lacking the skill of a professional, as in an art\". Another is: \"A person who engages in an art, science, study, or athletic activity as a pastime rather than as a profession\".[2]An amateur actor is unlikely to be a member of an actors' union as most countries' trades unions have strict policies in place.[3] In the United States, the Actors' Equity Association[4] serves a similar purpose: to protect the professional industry and its artists.While the majority of professional stage performers have developed their skills and studied their craft at recognised training institutions such as the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (London), Juilliard School (New York) or National Institute of Dramatic Art (Sydney), amateurs are not usually professionally trained.Amateur theatre (amateur dramatics) can be defined as \"theatre performances in which the people involved are not paid but take part for their own enjoyment\".[5] Locally organised theatrical events provide a source of entertainment for the community, and can be a fun and exciting hobby, with strong bonds of friendship formed through participation. Many amateur theatre groups reject the \"amateur\" label and its negative association with \"amateurish\", preferring to style themselves \"dramatic societies\", \"theatre groups\" or just \"players\".Scottish theatre-maker and writer Andrew Mckinnon in 2006 observed that the word 'amateur' has a negative connotation. Many amateur groups are therefore re-branding themselves as 'community' groups.[6]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"François Cellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Cellier"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Savoy operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_opera"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cellier_and_Bridgeman-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elkin-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elkin-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elkin-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"François Cellier and Cunningham Bridgeman wrote, in 1914, that prior to the late 19th century, amateur actors were treated with contempt by professionals. After the formation of amateur Gilbert and Sullivan companies licensed to perform the Savoy operas, professionals recognised that the amateur societies \"support the culture of music and the drama. They are now accepted as useful training schools for the legitimate stage, and from the volunteer ranks have sprung many present-day favourites.\"[7] Amateurs continue to argue that they perform a community service,[8] while even in the 1960s, there was still, \"particularly in professional quarters, a deep-rooted suspicion that amateur theatre is really an institution that exists in order to give significance to 'amateur dramatics' a frivolous kind of amusement with no pretention to art\" or \"as a base for starring the most popular and politically astute members\"[9] Nevertheless, many professional actors established their craft on the amateur stage.[10]After 1988, in the UK, membership in the actors' Equity union can no longer be made compulsory, and professional performers may perform with any amateur company. Some amateur companies engage professional directors. These changes are blurring the distinction between amateur and professional theatre.[10][11] Amateur theatre is sometimes referred to in the UK as \"non-commercial theatre\".[10] In recent times the distinction between 'amateur' and 'professional' has been blurred further, with professional companies encouraging community involvement in their productions through using local amateur companies.[citation needed] An example of this is the Royal Shakespeare Company's 2016 tour of A Midsummer Night's Dream: A Play for the Nation: in each of the 14 cities visited by the touring show, the company recruited local members of amateur companies to play the parts of Nick Bottom and the other Mechanicals.[12]","title":"Relationship to professional theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MFL_Image.jpg"},{"link_name":"pantomime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NODAMem-13"},{"link_name":"Liam Neeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson"},{"link_name":"Jamie Dornan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dornan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"James Nesbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nesbitt"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Nathan Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Wright_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elkin-10"},{"link_name":"National Operatic and Dramatic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Operatic_and_Dramatic_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NODAMem-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchinson_1991-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-17"}],"text":"Beeston Musical Theatre Group performing My Fair Lady in Nottingham, England, 2011People throughout Great Britain participate in amateur theatre as performers, crew or audience members and many children first experience live theatre during local amateur performances of the annual Christmas pantomime. Amateur theatre can sometimes be a springboard for the development of new performing talent[13] with a number of professional actors having their first stage experiences in amateur theatre such as Liam Neeson (Slemish Players in Ballymena), Jamie Dornan (Holywood Players in Ballymoney),[14] James Nesbitt (Ulster Youth Theatre)[15] and Nathan Wright (in Dudley).[10]A survey carried in 2002 by the major UK umbrella organisation for amateur theatre, National Operatic and Dramatic Association (\"NODA\"), noted that \"Public support in the UK for amateur theatre is patchy\", but found that the annual turnover of affiliated groups was £34 million from 25,760 performances with 437,800 participants, 29% of whom were under 21; attendances were 7,315,840.[13]An earlier, limited survey in England in 1991 revealed that only 19% of amateur drama groups were affiliated to a national \"umbrella\" organisation,[16] suggesting that NODA's later survey may not reflect the true level of grass roots community involvement with amateur theatre.In 2012 there were more than 2,500 amateur theatre groups putting on around 30,000 productions a year.[17]","title":"In the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Operatic and Dramatic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Operatic_and_Dramatic_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NODAMem-13"},{"link_name":"Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Theatre_Guild_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"National Drama Festivals Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Drama_Festivals_Association"},{"link_name":"All-England Theatre Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-England_Theatre_Festival"},{"link_name":"National Festival of Community Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Festival_of_Community_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Arts Council England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_England"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NODAMem-13"},{"link_name":"Woking Drama Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking_Drama_Association"},{"link_name":"Scottish Community Drama Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Community_Drama_Association"},{"link_name":"Scottish Arts Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Arts_Council"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NODAMem-13"},{"link_name":"Drama Association of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Association_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Umbrella organisations","text":"Of the major bodies representing amateur theatre nationally, the National Operatic and Dramatic Association (\"NODA\") was founded in 1899 and in 2005 reported a membership of over 2,400 amateur theatre companies and 3,000 individuals staging musicals, operas, plays, concerts and pantomimes in venues ranging from professional theatres to village halls.[13]The Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain (\"LTG\") represents over 100 independent amateur theatres with auditoria from 64 to 450 seats,[18] while the National Drama Festivals Association (\"NDFA\") caters for some 500 groups participating in around 100 local drama festivals. (See \"Major Festivals\" below)There are regional bodies throughout the UK.England\nThe All-England Theatre Festival (\"AETF\") caters for amateur theatre groups which participate in local drama festivals, and is also concerned with a similar number of festivals of one-act and full-length plays, involving a similar number of theatre companies. The AETF hold All-England Finals, the winners of which go forward to represent England at the National Festival of Community Theatre along with representatives from Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Please see \"Major Festivals\" below.As of January 2005, the Arts Council England was not providing any funding towards infrastructure organisations for amateur and community theatre, other than youth theatre through its support for the National Association of Youth Theatre.[13] Other associations include Avon Association of Drama, Woking Drama Association, Somerset Fellowship of Drama, Spalding Amateur Dramatic And Operatic Society and the Greater Manchester Drama Federation (\"GMDF\") which holds annual festivals with 60+ active members.Scotland\nThe Scottish Community Drama Association (\"SCDA\"), founded in 1926, works to promote all aspects of community drama in Scotland. SCDA received funding of £50,000 from the Scottish Arts Council in 2004-05.[13]Wales\nThe Drama Association of Wales (\"DAW\"), founded in 1934, exists to increase opportunities for people in the community to be creatively involved in drama. This is supported through the provision of training, new writing initiatives and access to an extensive specialist lending library containing plays, playsets and technical theatre books.Northern Ireland\nThe Association of Ulster Drama Festivals (\"AUDF\") and is made up of three representatives from each member festival, as well as the Churches Drama League and Young Farmer Clubs. Founded in 1949 it aims \"to foster and encourage amateur drama through the holding of Festivals of Drama, the fostering of relations and co-operation between Ulster Drama Festivals, and the fostering of relations with similar organisations in Northern Ireland and other regions ...\"[19]","title":"In the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Festival of Community Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Festival_of_Community_Theatre"},{"link_name":"National Drama Festivals Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Drama_Festivals_Association"},{"link_name":"International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Gilbert_and_Sullivan_Festival"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton"}],"sub_title":"Major festivals","text":"There are many local festivals of amateur theatre within the UK and two major national and one international festival:National Festival of Community Theatre – run by the four regional associations\nBritish 'All Winners' Festival run by the National Drama Festivals Association\nInternational Gilbert and Sullivan Festival – an adjudicated competition in Buxton","title":"In the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art-20"},{"link_name":"National Festival of Community Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Festival_of_Community_Theatre"},{"link_name":"British Drama League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Drama_League"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art-20"}],"sub_title":"Competitions","text":"There a number of UK wide competitions that are organised by different bodies:The Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain (LTG) - Playwriting competition, run every two to three years.\nThe National Drama Festivals Association (NDFA) - two playwriting competitions with a certificate and cash prize[20] -\nGeorge Taylor Memorial Award (1979) in memory of the founder of Amateur Stage, funded jointly by Amateur Stage and NDFA.[21]\nNan Nuttall Memorial Award (1994) to stimulate new writing for Youth Groups and encourage participation in Drama Festivals (in memory of a Secretary of Manchester & District Drama Federation.[22]\nThe Scottish Community Drama Association (SCDA) - \"Play on Words\" competition, Britain’s largest for new short plays, with three best entries winning support from professional writers.[20]\nThe Amateur Musical Theatre Challenge (2009) - to bring together amateur theatre groups from Scotland.\nDrama Association of Wales/Cymdeithas Ddrama Cymru (DAW) - Playwriting competition for one-act plays in Welsh or English and with a running time of 20 to 50 minutes. It is an annual event and attracts 250 entries from all over the world. In some years, entries are invited under a specific theme.[20]\nNational Festival of Community Theatre - The Geoffrey Whitworth Trophy (founder of the British Drama League) for \"the best original unpublished play receiving its première in the first round of the National Festival of Community Theatre anywhere in the UK\".[20]","title":"In the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smith_College_Club_of_St._Louis_presents_Arms_and_the_Man_by_Shaw,_1908.jpg"},{"link_name":"Smith College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College"},{"link_name":"Arms and the Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_and_the_Man"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Martyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Martyn"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"community theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_theatre"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Actors' Equity Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"501(c)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Actors of the Smith College Club of St. Louis are sketched rehearsing for an all-woman amateur benefit performance of George Bernard Shaw's \"Arms and the Man\" in December 1908. No men were allowed in the rehearsals or at the performance. The illustration is by Marguerite Martyn of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.[23]In the United States, amateur theatre is generally known as community theatre. In 2009 there were 923 member organizations of the American Association of Community Theatre.[24] Membership in this organisation is voluntary, making the actual number of community theatre organisations in the USA uncertain.While the performers in community theatre are typically non-professional, there is a provision of the Actors' Equity Association which allows up to two paid professional actors to appear as guest performers in a community theatre production.[25]Community theatre organisations are eligible for non-profit status under article 501(c) of the United States Internal Revenue Code.[26]","title":"In the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Umbrella organisations","text":"The American Association of Community Theatre is the major umbrella association for community theatre in the United States. According to their website: \"AACT is a nonprofit corporation that serves both individuals and organizations by providing expertise, assistance and support so that community theatres can provide the best possible theatrical experience for participants and audience alike.\"[27] Among other activities the AACT sponsors a national theatre festival in odd-numbered years.[28]","title":"In the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Roxy_Community_Theatre_at_dusk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_theatre"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"List of amateur theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia#Amateur"}],"text":"Roxy Community Theatre, Leeton, NSWThe Independent Theatre Association is the peak body for amateur or Community drama in Western Australia.[29] Australian amateur theatre is dependent on volunteer effort and very few amateur theatres pay salaries, although some employ cleaners. Amateur acting experience is highly sought as an entry point for aspiring professionals.[citation needed] The annual Finley awards celebrate the achievements of theatres in several categories.A Workers' Education Dramatic Society and student counterpart was active in Brisbane between 1930 and 1962.[30]See also: List of amateur theatres in Australia.","title":"In Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theatre New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"British Drama League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-England_Theatre_Festival"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"There are many amateur theatre societies in New Zealand where it is often referred to as community theatre. The umbrella organization is called Theatre New Zealand (formally the New Zealand Theatre Federation) and was formed in 1970 out of a merger of the New Zealand branch of the British Drama League (established in 1932) and the New Zealand Drama Council (established in 1945).[31]","title":"In New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0413755704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0413755704"}],"text":"Keith Arrowsmith, The Methuen Amateur Theatre Handbook. Methuen Drama, 2002. ISBN 978-0413755704","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Gobowen Amateur Dramatic Society's presentation of See How They Run, 1954","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gobowen_Amateur_Dramatic_Society%27s_presentation_of_%22See_How_They_Run%22_at_Gobowen_%2815963963546%29.jpg/220px-Gobowen_Amateur_Dramatic_Society%27s_presentation_of_%22See_How_They_Run%22_at_Gobowen_%2815963963546%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beeston Musical Theatre Group performing My Fair Lady in Nottingham, England, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/MFL_Image.jpg/220px-MFL_Image.jpg"},{"image_text":"Actors of the Smith College Club of St. Louis are sketched rehearsing for an all-woman amateur benefit performance of George Bernard Shaw's \"Arms and the Man\" in December 1908. No men were allowed in the rehearsals or at the performance. The illustration is by Marguerite Martyn of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.[23]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Smith_College_Club_of_St._Louis_presents_Arms_and_the_Man_by_Shaw%2C_1908.jpg/350px-Smith_College_Club_of_St._Louis_presents_Arms_and_the_Man_by_Shaw%2C_1908.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roxy Community Theatre, Leeton, NSW","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Roxy_Community_Theatre_at_dusk.jpg/220px-The_Roxy_Community_Theatre_at_dusk.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"National Operatic and Dramatic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Operatic_and_Dramatic_Association"},{"title":"Community theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_theatre"},{"title":"Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"title":"Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"title":"Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Actors' Equity - Responsibilities\". Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180602152051/http://www.actorsequity.org/membership/responsibilities.asp","url_text":"\"Actors' Equity - Responsibilities\""},{"url":"http://www.actorsequity.org/membership/responsibilities.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Answers.com - Amateur\". Answers.com. Retrieved 1 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answers.com/topic/amateur","url_text":"\"Answers.com - Amateur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answers.com","url_text":"Answers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Equity\". Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101226025120/http://www.equity.org.uk/HowToJoin/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Equity\""},{"url":"http://www.equity.org.uk/HowToJoin/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Actors' Equity Association\". Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141118140544/http://www.actorsequity.org/AboutEquity/aboutequityhome.asp","url_text":"\"Actors' Equity Association\""},{"url":"http://www.actorsequity.org/AboutEquity/aboutequityhome.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary\". Retrieved 2 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/amateur-dramatics","url_text":"\"Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"Cellier, François and Cunningham Bridgeman (1914). Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & sons, ltd. pp. 393–394.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schoell, Edwin R. (May 1963). Amateur Theatre in Britain. Educational Theatre Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2. pp. 151–157.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Susan Elkin (16 June 2014). \"Don't underestimate amateur theatre as a source of training\". The Stage. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thestage.co.uk/opinion/education-training/2014/06/dont-underestimate-amateur-theatre-source-training/","url_text":"\"Don't underestimate amateur theatre as a source of training\""}]},{"reference":"Jane Scott (11 May 2011). \"Am-dram is a serious business\". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2011/may/11/am-dram-amateur-dramatics-professional","url_text":"\"Am-dram is a serious business\""}]},{"reference":"www.rsc.org.uk, RSC -. \"Dream 2016\". www.dream2016.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2019-08-14. Retrieved 2017-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190814014340/http://www.dream2016.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Dream 2016\""},{"url":"http://www.dream2016.org.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Commons, The Committee Office, House of. \"House of Commons - Culture, Media and Sport - Minutes of Evidence\". publications.parliament.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmcumeds/254/5012508.htm","url_text":"\"House of Commons - Culture, Media and Sport - Minutes of Evidence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ballymoney Drama Festival | Programme\". ballymoneydramafest. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 2021-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331042312/https://www.ballymoneydramafestival.com/copy-of-2019-programme","url_text":"\"Ballymoney Drama Festival | Programme\""},{"url":"https://www.ballymoneydramafestival.com/copy-of-2019-programme","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arts Council of Northern Ireland, ART FORM AND SPECIALIST AREA POLICY 2007-2012, published January 2007\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2010-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100923092353/http://www.artscouncil-ni.org/artforms/pdfs/VoluntaryArts.pdf","url_text":"\"Arts Council of Northern Ireland, ART FORM AND SPECIALIST AREA POLICY 2007-2012, published January 2007\""},{"url":"http://www.artscouncil-ni.org/artforms/pdfs/VoluntaryArts.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, R & Feist, A (1991). Amateur Arts in the UK. Policy Studies Institute.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Holly Williams (11 November 2012). \"Class act: The amateur-dramatics societies that could give the pros a run for their money\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/class-act-the-amateurdramatics-societies-that-could-give-the-pros-a-run-for-their-money-8294817.html","url_text":"\"Class act: The amateur-dramatics societies that could give the pros a run for their money\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121114235751/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/class-act-the-amateurdramatics-societies-that-could-give-the-pros-a-run-for-their-money-8294817.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Little Theatre Guild\". Retrieved 2 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://littletheatreguild.org/welcome/","url_text":"\"Little Theatre Guild\""}]},{"reference":"\"AUDF: History\". Association of Ulster Drama Festivals History. Retrieved 2 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.audf.org.uk/history1.html","url_text":"\"AUDF: History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commissioning new work – A good practice guide for amateur theatre companies and playwrights - The Arts Council England\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2008-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090114192055/http://www.writernet.co.uk/images/424.pdf","url_text":"\"Commissioning new work – A good practice guide for amateur theatre companies and playwrights - The Arts Council England\""},{"url":"http://www.writernet.co.uk/images/424.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Information for all Participating Groups for 35th BRITISH ALL WINNERS FESTIVAL\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.feats.eu/2008/publicdocs/ndfaannounce.rtf","url_text":"\"Information for all Participating Groups for 35th BRITISH ALL WINNERS FESTIVAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"FEATS 2007 Technical Data Package\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.feats.eu/2007/2007datapackage.pdf","url_text":"\"FEATS 2007 Technical Data Package\""}]},{"reference":"\"Member Organization search of the website of the American Association of Community Theatre\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2009-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207222859/http://aact.matchingneeds.com/com/directories/search.php","url_text":"\"Member Organization search of the website of the American Association of Community Theatre\""},{"url":"http://aact.matchingneeds.com/com/directories/search.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Why a Non-Profit Theater Company - Community Theater Green Room -- Why a NonProfit Theater Company?\". www.communitytheater.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.communitytheater.org/articles/business/nonprofit.asp","url_text":"\"Why a Non-Profit Theater Company - Community Theater Green Room -- Why a NonProfit Theater Company?\""}]},{"reference":"\"AACT's Mission & Purpose\". American Association of Community Theatre. aact.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aact.org/aacts-mission-purpose","url_text":"\"AACT's Mission & Purpose\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festival Cycle\". American Association of Community Theatre. aact.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aact.org/festival-cycle","url_text":"\"Festival Cycle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Independent Theatre Association\". Retrieved 26 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ita.org.au/","url_text":"\"Independent Theatre Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"A history of political theatre in Brisbane\". Retrieved 26 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:190044","url_text":"\"A history of political theatre in Brisbane\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Drama League. New Zealand Branch Inc : Further records\". National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22677112","url_text":"\"British Drama League. New Zealand Branch Inc : Further records\""}]}]
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The Arts Council England\""},{"Link":"http://www.writernet.co.uk/images/424.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.feats.eu/2008/publicdocs/ndfaannounce.rtf","external_links_name":"\"Information for all Participating Groups for 35th BRITISH ALL WINNERS FESTIVAL\""},{"Link":"http://www.feats.eu/2007/2007datapackage.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FEATS 2007 Technical Data Package\""},{"Link":"https://stltoday.newspapers.com/image/138905979/?terms=Marguerite%2BMartyn","external_links_name":"Marguerite Martyn, \"College Girls Swear Real Swears in \"Arms and Man,\" St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 13, 1908,, Part 6, Page 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207222859/http://aact.matchingneeds.com/com/directories/search.php","external_links_name":"\"Member Organization search of the website of the American Association of Community Theatre\""},{"Link":"http://aact.matchingneeds.com/com/directories/search.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.actorsequity.org/agreements/agreements.asp?code=130","external_links_name":"Agreements and Codes: Guest Artist"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090315173517/http://www.actorsequity.org/agreements/agreements.asp?code=130","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.communitytheater.org/articles/business/nonprofit.asp","external_links_name":"\"Why a Non-Profit Theater Company - 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New Zealand Branch Inc : Further records\""},{"Link":"http://www.amateurtheatredirectory.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Amateur Theatre Directory"},{"Link":"http://www.amateurstagemagazine.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Amateur Stage Magazine"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/806688/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX544566","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952470n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952470n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4034128-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294754105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004126","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571231","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118371&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123653&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43956","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027498255","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROA_Time
|
ROA Time
|
["1 Broadcasting methods","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Official time of Spain
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "ROA Time" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
ROA Time is the official time of Spain. It is established by ROA, the Royal Institute and Observatory of the Armada (Armada being the name of the Spanish Navy in Spanish), at San Fernando, Cádiz.
Broadcasting methods
ROA broadcasts the official time in Spain using the following methods:
Transmission of time signals in HF in two daily intervals of 25 minutes. From 10:00 UTC to 10:25 UTC on 15.006 MHz and from 10:30 UTC to 10:55 UTC on 4.998 MHz. The station is a Harris RF-130 with 1kW of power broadcasting from San Fernando (Cádiz). This is the only radio broadcast of official time in Spain as there is no longwave station broadcasting time signals such as DCF77 from Germany or MSF60 (also known as NPL) from the United Kingdom.
Via hotline (Phone number: +34 956 59 94 29), using a time information broadcasting protocol widely used in Europe (European Telephone Code Standard). Access is limited to two minutes per call and admits international calls.
NTP Protocol (Network Time Protocol), through two Internet servers placed in San Fernando and a third one placed in Madrid (NTP Servers: hora.roa.es and minuto.roa.es, both available through ntp.roa.es).
Timestamping. The ROA, as a TSA (Time Stamping Authority), provides a timestamping server for official certifications through a standard digital certificate x509 v3. This system is used by the whole public administration in Spain for timestamping their transactions. This service is available through the SARA Network (Sistema de Aplicaciones y Redes para las Administraciones).
References
^ Royal Institute and Observatory. "Broadcasting of the official legal Spanish time".
External links
Real Observatorio de la Armada - Time, Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (Royal Institute and Observatory of the Spanish Navy)
ROA official time
vteTime signal stationsLongwave
BPC
BPL
BSF
Beta
DCF77
JJY
RBU
RTZ
TDF time signal
Time from NPL
WWVB
Shortwave
BPM
CHU
HD2IOA
HLA
JN53DV
ROA Time
RWM
WWV
WWVH
YVTO
VHF/FM/UHF
Radio Data System
Satellite
BeiDou
DORIS
GLONASS
Galileo
Global Positioning System
IRNSS
Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
Defunct
BSF
HBG
NAA
OLB5
OMA
Radio VNG
WWVL
Y3S
vteTime signal authorities ANFR KRISS MIKES NICT NIST NPL NRC NTSC PTB ROA SHN VNIIFTRIOther
ALS162
HLA
MIKES
JJY
WWVB
WWV
WWVH
MSF
BBC (198 kHz)
CHU
BPC
BPL
BPM
DCF77
DCF (EFR)
EBC
LOL
RBU
RJH (Beta)
RNS (CHAYKA)
RTZ
RWM
BSF
HD2IOA
JN53DV
PPE
YVTO
|
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[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_lemur
|
Mouse lemur
|
["1 Reproduction and evolution","2 Species","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Genus of mammals
Mouse lemurs
Pygmy mouse lemur (M. myoxinus)
Conservation status
CITES Appendix I (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primates
Suborder:
Strepsirrhini
Family:
Cheirogaleidae
Genus:
MicrocebusÉ. Geoffroy, 1834
Type species
Lemur pusillusÉ. Geoffroy, 1795
Diversity
About 25 species
Combined distribution of Microcebus
Synonyms
Murilemur Gray, 1870
Scartes Swainson, 1835
Myscebus Lesson, 1840
Azema Gray, 1870
Gliscebus Lesson, 1840
Myocebus Wagner, 1841
The mouse lemurs are nocturnal lemurs of the genus Microcebus. Like all lemurs, mouse lemurs are native to Madagascar.
Mouse lemurs have a combined head, body and tail length of 20–30 centimetres (7.9–11.8 in) and weigh 30–65 grams (1.1–2.3 oz), making them the smallest primates (the smallest species being Madame Berthe's mouse lemur); however, their weight fluctuates in response to daylight duration. Lemurs and mouse lemurs were announced by the IUCN as the most endangered of all vertebrates. There were two known mouse lemur species in 1992; by 2016, there were 24. It was estimated that the 24 mouse lemur species evolved from a common ancestor 18–11 million years ago.
Mouse lemurs are omnivorous; their diets are diverse and include insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, gum, fruit, flowers, nectar, and also leaves and buds depending on the season.
Mouse lemurs are considered cryptic species—with very little morphological differences between the various species, but with high genetic diversity. Recent evidence points to differences in their mating calls, which is very diverse. Since mouse lemurs are nocturnal, they might not have evolved to look differently, but had evolved various auditory and vocal systems.
Mouse lemur brains can weigh less than 2 grams (0.071 oz) while their testes can weigh 2.5 grams (0.088 oz).
As written in Genetics, mouse lemurs help to provide a more extensive understanding of the biology, behavior, and health of primates. Mouse lemurs are categorized as prosimian primates. They are among the smallest and most rapidly developing primates and are becoming more abundant in Madagascar and around the world. These tiny creatures are helping to prove valuable information about the biology and evolution of primates through the analysis of their phenotypes and mutations, especially as a model organism for human medical research.
Reproduction and evolution
Mouse lemurs are also known for their sperm competition. During breeding seasons, the testicles of male mouse lemurs increase in size to about 130% of their normal size. This was speculated to increase the sperm production thereby conferring an advantage for the individual to bear more offspring. There are various hypotheses relating the rapid evolution of mouse lemur species to this sperm competition. In sexually inactive females the vulva is sealed, during the reproductive cycle the vulva is open. The vaginal morphology is also based on the time of day. Analysis of the genomes of five different mouse lemur species revealed that Madagascar’s biogeography had been undergoing change before the arrival of humans.
Species
Genus Microcebus: mouse lemurs
Arnhold's mouse lemur, M. arnholdi
Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, M. berthae
Bongolava mouse lemur M. bongolavensis
Boraha mouse lemur M. boraha
Danfoss' mouse lemur M. danfossi
Ganzhorn's mouse lemur. M. ganzhorni
Gerp's mouse lemur. M. gerpi
Reddish-gray mouse lemur, M. griseorufus
Jolly's mouse lemur, M. jollyae
Jonah's mouse lemur, M. jonahi
Goodman's mouse lemur, M. lehilahytsara
MacArthur's mouse lemur, M. macarthurii
Claire's mouse lemur, M. mamiratra, synonymous to M. lokobensis
Bemanasy mouse lemur, M. manitatra
Margot Marsh's mouse lemur, M. margotmarshae
Marohita mouse lemur, M. marohita
Mittermeier's mouse lemur, M. mittermeieri
Gray mouse lemur, M. murinus
Pygmy mouse lemur, M. myoxinus
Golden-brown mouse lemur, M. ravelobensis
Brown mouse lemur, M. rufus
Sambirano mouse lemur, M. sambiranensis
Simmons' mouse lemur, M. simmonsi
Anosy mouse lemur. M. tanosi
Northern rufous mouse lemur, M. tavaratra
References
^ a b McKenna, MC; Bell, SK (1997). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.
^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ "IUCN 2014". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). "Microcebus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
^ Schwitzer, C; Mittermeier, R. A.; Louis Jr., E. E.; Richardson, M. C. (2013). "Family Cheirogaleidae: Mouse, giant mouse, dwarf and fork-marked lemurs". In Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 3. Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 30. ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7.
^ "Primate Factsheets: Mouse lemur (Microcebus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". wisc.edu.
^ Andrès, M; Gachot-Neveu, H; Perret, M (2001). "Genetic determination of paternity in captive grey mouse lemurs: pre-copulatory sexual competition rather than sperm competition in a nocturnal prosimian?". Behaviour. 138 (8): 1047–63. doi:10.1163/156853901753286560.
^ "Yoder Lab – Research". duke.edu.
^ Horvath, Julie E.; Weisrock, David W.; Embry, Stephanie L.; Fiorentino, Isabella; Balhoff, James P.; Kappeler, Peter; Wray, Gregory A.; Willard, Huntington F.; Yoder, Anne D. (2008). "Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs". Genome Research. 18 (3): 489–499. doi:10.1101/gr.7265208. PMC 2259113. PMID 18245770.
^ Schwitzer, C; Mittermeier, R. A.; Louis Jr., E. E.; Richardson, M. C. (2013). "Family Cheirogaleidae: Mouse, giant mouse, dwarf and fork-marked lemurs". In Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 3. Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 42. ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7.
^ Montgomery, S. H.; Capellini, I.; Venditti, C.; Barton, R. A.; Mundy, N. I. (2011). "Adaptive Evolution of Four Microcephaly Genes and the Evolution of Brain Size in Anthropoid Primates". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28: 625–638. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq237. PMID 20961963.
^ Ezran, Camille; Karanewsky, Caitlin J.; Pendleton, Joseph L.; Sholtz, Alex; Kransnow, Maya R.; Willick, Jason; Razafindrakoto, Andriamahery; Zohdy, Sarah; Albertelli, Megan A. (June 2017). "The Mouse Lemur, a Genetic Model Organism for Primate Biology, Behavior, and Health". Genetics. 206 (2). Mark A. Krasnow also contributed as a writer: 651–664. doi:10.1534/genetics.116.199448. PMC 5499178. PMID 28592502.
^ Folia Primatol (Basel). 2003 Sep–Dec;74(5–6):355-66. Mating system in mouse lemurs: theories and facts, using analysis of paternity. Andrès M1, Solignac M, Perret M.
^ Rina Evasoa, Mamy; Radespiel, Ute; Hasiniaina, Alida F.; Rasoloharijaona, Solofonirina; Randrianambinina, Blanchard; Rakotondravony, Romule; Zimmermann, Elke (2018-05-16). "Variation in reproduction of the smallest-bodied primate radiation, the mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.): A synopsis". American Journal of Primatology. 80 (7): e22874. doi:10.1002/ajp.22874. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 29767414. S2CID 21709451.
^ Golembiewski, Kate (18 July 2016). "Ridiculously Cute Mouse Lemurs Hold Key to Madagascar's Past". Field Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
^ Mittermeier, Russell A.; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Konstant, William R.; Glander, Kenneth; Tattersall, Ian; Groves, Colin P.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Hapke, Andreas; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Mayor, Mireya I.; Louis, Edward E.; Rumpler, Yves; Schwitzer, Christoph; Rasoloarison, Rodin M. (December 2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. hdl:10161/6237. S2CID 17614597.
^ a b Louis, Edward E. (2008). "Revision of the Mouse Lemurs, Microcebus (Primates, Lemuriformes), of Northern and Northwestern Madagascar with Descriptions of Two New Species at Montagne d'Ambre National Park and Antafondro Classified Forest" (PDF). Primate Conservation. 23: 19–38. doi:10.1896/052.023.0103. S2CID 84533039. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-05.
^ a b c Stafford, Ned (2006-11-20). "Nature News: Lemur boom on Madagascar". Nature: news061120–15. doi:10.1038/news061120-15. S2CID 84701328. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
^ a b c Scott Hotaling; Mary E. Foley; Nicolette M. Lawrence; Jose Bocanegra; Marina B. Blanco; Rodin Rasoloarison; Peter M. Kappeler; Meredith A. Barrett; Anne D. Yoder; David W. Weisrock (2016). "Species discovery and validation in a cryptic radiation of endangered primates: coalescent-based species delimitation in Madagascar's mouse lemurs". Molecular Ecology. 25 (9): 2029–2045. Bibcode:2016MolEc..25.2029H. doi:10.1111/mec.13604. PMID 26946180. S2CID 43912903.
^ Radespiel, U.; Ratsimbazafy, J. H.; Rasoloharijaona, S.; Raveloson, H.; Andriaholinirina, N.; Rakotondravony, R.; Randrianarison, R. M.; Randrianambinina, B. (2011). "First indications of a highland specialist among mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) and evidence for a new mouse lemur species from eastern Madagascar". Primates. 53 (2): 157–170. doi:10.1007/s10329-011-0290-2. PMID 22198090. S2CID 8473176.
^ "New Primate Species Discovered on Madagascar". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
^ a b Rasoloarison, Rodin M.; Weisrock, David W.; Yoder, Anne D.; Rakotondravony, Daniel; Kappeler, Peter M. (2013). "Two New Species of Mouse Lemurs (Cheirogaleidae: Microcebus) from Eastern Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 34 (3): 1–15. doi:10.1007/s10764-013-9672-1. S2CID 17860060.
^ a b Pappas, Stephanie (26 March 2013). "Tiny Lemur Twins Are 2 New Species". LiveScience.
^ Schüßler, Dominik; Blanco, Marina B.; Salmona, Jordi; Poelstra, Jelmer; Andriambeloson, Jean B.; Miller, Alex; Randrianambinina, Blanchard; Rasolofoson, David W.; Mantilla-Contreras, Jasmin; Chikhi, Lounès; Louis, Edward E. (2020). "Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species". American Journal of Primatology. 82 (9): e23180. doi:10.1002/ajp.23180. ISSN 1098-2345. PMID 32716088.
External links
Media related to Microcebus at Wikimedia Commons
Mouse lemur skeleton – Skeleton from the University of Texas at Austin
BBC video clips and news articles
vteExtant species of family Cheirogaleidae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Cheirogaleus(dwarf lemurs)
Fat-tailed dwarf lemur (C. medius)
Southern fat-tailed dwarf lemur (C. adipicaudatus)
Greater dwarf lemur (C. major)
Furry-eared dwarf lemur (C. crossleyi)
Lesser iron-gray dwarf lemur (C. minusculus)
Sibree's dwarf lemur (C. sibreei)
Lavasoa dwarf lemur (C. lavasoensis)
Montagne d'Ambre dwarf lemur (C. andysabini)
Groves' dwarf lemur (C. grovesi)
Thomas' dwarf lemur (C. thomasi)
Microcebus(mouse lemurs)
Arnhold's mouse lemur (M. arnholdi)
Madame Berthe's mouse lemur (M. berthae)
Bongolava mouse lemur (M. bongolavensis)
Boraha mouse lemur (M. boraha)
Danfoss' mouse lemur (M. danfossi)
Ganzhorn's mouse lemur (M. ganzhorni)
Gerp's mouse lemur (M. gerpi)
Reddish-gray mouse lemur (M. griseorufus)
Jolly's mouse lemur (M. jollyae)
Jonah's mouse lemur (M. jonahi)
Goodman's mouse lemur (M. lehilahytsara)
MacArthur's mouse lemur (M. macarthurii)
Claire's mouse lemur (M. mamiratra)
Bemanasy mouse lemur (M. manitatra)
Margot Marsh's mouse lemur (M. margotmarshae)
Marohita mouse lemur (M. marohita)
Mittermeier's mouse lemur (M. mittermeieri)
Gray mouse lemur (M. murinus)
Pygmy mouse lemur (M. myoxinus)
Golden-brown mouse lemur (M. ravelobensis)
Brown mouse lemur (M. rufus)
Sambirano mouse lemur (M. sambiranensis)
Simmons' mouse lemur (M. simmonsi)
Anosy mouse lemur (M. tanosi)
Northern Rufous mouse lemur (M. tavaratra)
Mirza(Giant mouse lemurs)
Coquerel's giant mouse lemur (M. coquereli)
Northern giant mouse lemur (M. zaza)
Allocebus (mouse lemurs)
Hairy-eared dwarf lemur (A. trichotis)
Phaner(Fork-marked lemurs)
Masoala fork-marked lemur (P. furcifer)
Pale fork-marked lemur (P. pallescens)
Pariente's fork-marked lemur (P. parienti)
Amber Mountain fork-marked lemur (P. electromontis)
Category
vteStrepsirrhini
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
StrepsirrhiniStrepsirrhini
†Plesiopithecus
†Sulaimanius
†Notharctidae
Cantius
Copelemur
Hesperolemur
Notharctus
Pelycodus
Smilodectes
†Ekgmowechashalidae
Bugtilemur
Ekgmowechashala
Gatanthropus
Muangthanhinius
Palaeohodites
†Cercamoniidae
Agerinia
Anchomomys
Barnesia
Buxella
Donrussellia
Mazateronodon
Nievesia
Panobius
Periconodon
Pronycticebus
Protoadapis
†Adapidae
Adapis
Cryptadapis
Leptadapis
Magnadapis
Microadapis
Palaeolemur
†Asiadapidae
Asiadapis
Marcgodinotius
†Sivaladapidae
Anthradapis
Guangxilemur
Kyitchaungia
Laomaki
Paukkaungia
Yunnanadapis
Hoanghoniinae
Hoanghonius
Lushius
Rencunius
Wailekia
Sivaladapinae
Indraloris
Ramadapis
Siamoadapis
Sinoadapis
Sivaladapis
†Caenopithecidae
Adapoides
Afradapis
Aframonius
Caenopithecus
Darwinius
Europolemur
Godinotia
Mahgarita
Masradapis
Mescalerolemur
Namadapis
Notnamaia?
†Azibiidae
Algeripithecus
Azibius
†Djebelemuridae
Djebelemur
Notnamaia?
Omanodon
Shizarodon
Lemuriformes
see below↓
LemuriformesLorisoidea
†Karanisia?
†Saharagalago
Galagidae
Euoticus
Galago
Galagoides
†Komba
†Laetolia
Otolemur
Paragalago
†Progalago
†Saharagalago?
Sciurocheirus
†Wadilemur
Lorisidae
†Mioeuoticus
†Namaloris
Lorisinae
Loris
†Nycticeboides
Nycticebus
Xanthonycticebus
Perodicticinae
Arctocebus
Perodicticus
Pseudopotto
Lemuroidea
Daubentonia
Lepilemur
†Megaladapis
†Plesiopithecus?
†Propotto
Cheirogaleidae
Allocebus
Cheirogaleus
Microcebus
Mirza
Phaner
Lemuridae
Eulemur
Hapalemur
Lemur
†Pachylemur
Varecia
†Archaeolemuridae
Archaeolemur
Hadropithecus
Indriidae
Avahi
Indri
Propithecus
†Palaeopropithecidae
Archaeoindris
Babakotia
Mesopropithecus
Palaeopropithecus
See also: Adapiformes
Subfossil lemur
Taxon identifiersMicrocebus
Wikidata: Q4377
Wikispecies: Microcebus
ADW: Microcebus
BOLD: 751484
CoL: 63B2M
EoL: 39321
GBIF: 2436446
iNaturalist: 43545
IRMNG: 1432681
ITIS: 572786
MSW: 12100016
NCBI: 13149
Open Tree of Life: 734824
Paleobiology Database: 143024
Plazi: D1DD0541-B576-2789-3EF3-F6C7E5267A3B
ZooBank: 83FD60FB-9D1B-43C3-A0C9-F098828C5AC7
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal"},{"link_name":"lemurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msw3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwitzer_etal2013p30-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Madame Berthe's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Berthe%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horvarth_etal2008-9"},{"link_name":"omnivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivorous"},{"link_name":"insect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"},{"link_name":"buds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwitzer_etal2013p42-10"},{"link_name":"cryptic species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_complex"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"testes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montgomery_etal2010-11"},{"link_name":"model organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The mouse lemurs are nocturnal lemurs of the genus Microcebus. Like all lemurs, mouse lemurs are native to Madagascar.[4]Mouse lemurs have a combined head, body and tail length of 20–30 centimetres (7.9–11.8 in) and weigh 30–65 grams (1.1–2.3 oz),[5] making them the smallest primates[6] (the smallest species being Madame Berthe's mouse lemur); however, their weight fluctuates in response to daylight duration.[7] Lemurs and mouse lemurs were announced by the IUCN as the most endangered of all vertebrates. There were two known mouse lemur species in 1992; by 2016, there were 24.[8] It was estimated that the 24 mouse lemur species evolved from a common ancestor 18–11 million years ago.[9]Mouse lemurs are omnivorous; their diets are diverse and include insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, gum, fruit, flowers, nectar, and also leaves and buds depending on the season.[10]Mouse lemurs are considered cryptic species—with very little morphological differences between the various species, but with high genetic diversity. Recent evidence points to differences in their mating calls, which is very diverse. Since mouse lemurs are nocturnal, they might not have evolved to look differently, but had evolved various auditory and vocal systems.[citation needed]Mouse lemur brains can weigh less than 2 grams (0.071 oz) while their testes can weigh 2.5 grams (0.088 oz).[11]As written in Genetics, mouse lemurs help to provide a more extensive understanding of the biology, behavior, and health of primates. Mouse lemurs are categorized as prosimian primates. They are among the smallest and most rapidly developing primates and are becoming more abundant in Madagascar and around the world. These tiny creatures are helping to prove valuable information about the biology and evolution of primates through the analysis of their phenotypes and mutations, especially as a model organism for human medical research.[12]","title":"Mouse lemur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sperm competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_competition"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Mouse lemurs are also known for their sperm competition. During breeding seasons, the testicles of male mouse lemurs increase in size to about 130% of their normal size. This was speculated to increase the sperm production thereby conferring an advantage for the individual to bear more offspring. There are various hypotheses relating the rapid evolution of mouse lemur species to this sperm competition.[13] In sexually inactive females the vulva is sealed, during the reproductive cycle the vulva is open. The vaginal morphology is also based on the time of day.[14] Analysis of the genomes of five different mouse lemur species revealed that Madagascar’s biogeography had been undergoing change before the arrival of humans.[15]","title":"Reproduction and evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mittermeier2008-16"},{"link_name":"Arnhold's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhold%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_Microcebus01-17"},{"link_name":"Madame Berthe's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Berthe%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"Bongolava mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongolava_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-18"},{"link_name":"Boraha mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boraha_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hotaling-19"},{"link_name":"Danfoss' mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danfoss%27_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-18"},{"link_name":"Ganzhorn's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzhorn%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hotaling-19"},{"link_name":"Gerp's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerp%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radespiel-20"},{"link_name":"Reddish-gray mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddish-gray_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"Jolly's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"Jonah's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"Goodman's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodman%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"MacArthur's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Claire's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-18"},{"link_name":"Bemanasy mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemanasy_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hotaling-19"},{"link_name":"Margot Marsh's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Marsh%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_Microcebus01-17"},{"link_name":"Marohita mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marohita_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasoloarison_et_al.-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LiveScience_SP-23"},{"link_name":"Mittermeier's mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittermeier%27s_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"Gray mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"Pygmy mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"Golden-brown mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-brown_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"Brown mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"Sambirano mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambirano_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"Simmons' mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons%27_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"Anosy mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosy_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasoloarison_et_al.-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LiveScience_SP-23"},{"link_name":"Northern rufous mouse lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_rufous_mouse_lemur"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Genus Microcebus: mouse lemurs[16]\nArnhold's mouse lemur, M. arnholdi[17]\nMadame Berthe's mouse lemur, M. berthae\nBongolava mouse lemur M. bongolavensis[18]\nBoraha mouse lemur M. boraha[19]\nDanfoss' mouse lemur M. danfossi[18]\nGanzhorn's mouse lemur. M. ganzhorni[19]\nGerp's mouse lemur. M. gerpi[20]\nReddish-gray mouse lemur, M. griseorufus\nJolly's mouse lemur, M. jollyae\nJonah's mouse lemur, M. jonahi\nGoodman's mouse lemur, M. lehilahytsara\nMacArthur's mouse lemur, M. macarthurii[21]\nClaire's mouse lemur, M. mamiratra, synonymous to M. lokobensis[18]\nBemanasy mouse lemur, M. manitatra[19]\nMargot Marsh's mouse lemur, M. margotmarshae[17]\nMarohita mouse lemur, M. marohita[22][23]\nMittermeier's mouse lemur, M. mittermeieri\nGray mouse lemur, M. murinus\nPygmy mouse lemur, M. myoxinus\nGolden-brown mouse lemur, M. ravelobensis\nBrown mouse lemur, M. rufus\nSambirano mouse lemur, M. sambiranensis\nSimmons' mouse lemur, M. simmonsi\nAnosy mouse lemur. M. tanosi[22][23]\nNorthern rufous mouse lemur, M. tavaratra[24]","title":"Species"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"McKenna, MC; Bell, SK (1997). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11013-6","url_text":"978-0-231-11013-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Checklist of CITES Species\". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Microcebus","url_text":"\"Checklist of CITES Species\""}]},{"reference":"\"IUCN 2014\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iucnredlist.org/","url_text":"\"IUCN 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature","url_text":"International Union for Conservation of Nature"}]},{"reference":"Groves, C. P. (2005). \"Microcebus\". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Groves","url_text":"Groves, C. P."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100016","url_text":"\"Microcebus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA1","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-801-88221-4","url_text":"0-801-88221-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Schwitzer, C; Mittermeier, R. A.; Louis Jr., E. E.; Richardson, M. C. (2013). \"Family Cheirogaleidae: Mouse, giant mouse, dwarf and fork-marked lemurs\". In Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 3. Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 30. ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_A._Mittermeier","url_text":"Mittermeier, Russell A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, Don E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96553-89-7","url_text":"978-84-96553-89-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Primate Factsheets: Mouse lemur (Microcebus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology\". wisc.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/mouse_lemur/taxon","url_text":"\"Primate Factsheets: Mouse lemur (Microcebus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology\""}]},{"reference":"Andrès, M; Gachot-Neveu, H; Perret, M (2001). \"Genetic determination of paternity in captive grey mouse lemurs: pre-copulatory sexual competition rather than sperm competition in a nocturnal prosimian?\". Behaviour. 138 (8): 1047–63. doi:10.1163/156853901753286560.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853901753286560","url_text":"10.1163/156853901753286560"}]},{"reference":"\"Yoder Lab – Research\". duke.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://sites.biology.duke.edu/yoderlab/research_speciation.html","url_text":"\"Yoder Lab – Research\""}]},{"reference":"Horvath, Julie E.; Weisrock, David W.; Embry, Stephanie L.; Fiorentino, Isabella; Balhoff, James P.; Kappeler, Peter; Wray, Gregory A.; Willard, Huntington F.; Yoder, Anne D. (2008). \"Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs\". Genome Research. 18 (3): 489–499. doi:10.1101/gr.7265208. PMC 2259113. PMID 18245770.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2259113","url_text":"\"Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.7265208","url_text":"10.1101/gr.7265208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2259113","url_text":"2259113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18245770","url_text":"18245770"}]},{"reference":"Schwitzer, C; Mittermeier, R. A.; Louis Jr., E. E.; Richardson, M. C. (2013). \"Family Cheirogaleidae: Mouse, giant mouse, dwarf and fork-marked lemurs\". In Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 3. Primates. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 42. ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_A._Mittermeier","url_text":"Mittermeier, Russell A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, Don E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96553-89-7","url_text":"978-84-96553-89-7"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, S. H.; Capellini, I.; Venditti, C.; Barton, R. A.; Mundy, N. I. (2011). \"Adaptive Evolution of Four Microcephaly Genes and the Evolution of Brain Size in Anthropoid Primates\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28: 625–638. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq237. PMID 20961963.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq237","url_text":"10.1093/molbev/msq237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20961963","url_text":"20961963"}]},{"reference":"Ezran, Camille; Karanewsky, Caitlin J.; Pendleton, Joseph L.; Sholtz, Alex; Kransnow, Maya R.; Willick, Jason; Razafindrakoto, Andriamahery; Zohdy, Sarah; Albertelli, Megan A. (June 2017). \"The Mouse Lemur, a Genetic Model Organism for Primate Biology, Behavior, and Health\". Genetics. 206 (2). Mark A. Krasnow also contributed as a writer: 651–664. doi:10.1534/genetics.116.199448. PMC 5499178. PMID 28592502.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genetics.org/content/206/2/651","url_text":"\"The Mouse Lemur, a Genetic Model Organism for Primate Biology, Behavior, and Health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.116.199448","url_text":"10.1534/genetics.116.199448"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5499178","url_text":"5499178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28592502","url_text":"28592502"}]},{"reference":"Rina Evasoa, Mamy; Radespiel, Ute; Hasiniaina, Alida F.; Rasoloharijaona, Solofonirina; Randrianambinina, Blanchard; Rakotondravony, Romule; Zimmermann, Elke (2018-05-16). \"Variation in reproduction of the smallest-bodied primate radiation, the mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.): A synopsis\". American Journal of Primatology. 80 (7): e22874. doi:10.1002/ajp.22874. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 29767414. S2CID 21709451.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.22874","url_text":"10.1002/ajp.22874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0275-2565","url_text":"0275-2565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29767414","url_text":"29767414"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21709451","url_text":"21709451"}]},{"reference":"Golembiewski, Kate (18 July 2016). \"Ridiculously Cute Mouse Lemurs Hold Key to Madagascar's Past\". Field Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/ridiculously-cute-mouse-lemurs-hold-key-madagascars-past","url_text":"\"Ridiculously Cute Mouse Lemurs Hold Key to Madagascar's Past\""}]},{"reference":"Mittermeier, Russell A.; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Konstant, William R.; Glander, Kenneth; Tattersall, Ian; Groves, Colin P.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Hapke, Andreas; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Mayor, Mireya I.; Louis, Edward E.; Rumpler, Yves; Schwitzer, Christoph; Rasoloarison, Rodin M. (December 2008). \"Lemur Diversity in Madagascar\". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. hdl:10161/6237. S2CID 17614597.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Mittermeier","url_text":"Mittermeier, Russell A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-008-9317-y","url_text":"10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10161%2F6237","url_text":"10161/6237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17614597","url_text":"17614597"}]},{"reference":"Louis, Edward E. (2008). \"Revision of the Mouse Lemurs, Microcebus (Primates, Lemuriformes), of Northern and Northwestern Madagascar with Descriptions of Two New Species at Montagne d'Ambre National Park and Antafondro Classified Forest\" (PDF). Primate Conservation. 23: 19–38. doi:10.1896/052.023.0103. S2CID 84533039. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205163701/http://primate-sg.org/PDF/PC23.new.microcebus.V3.pdf","url_text":"\"Revision of the Mouse Lemurs, Microcebus (Primates, Lemuriformes), of Northern and Northwestern Madagascar with Descriptions of Two New Species at Montagne d'Ambre National Park and Antafondro Classified Forest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1896%2F052.023.0103","url_text":"10.1896/052.023.0103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84533039","url_text":"84533039"},{"url":"http://primate-sg.org/PDF/PC23.new.microcebus.V3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stafford, Ned (2006-11-20). \"Nature News: Lemur boom on Madagascar\". Nature: news061120–15. doi:10.1038/news061120-15. S2CID 84701328. Retrieved 2007-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nature.com/news/2006/061120/full/news061120-15.html","url_text":"\"Nature News: Lemur boom on Madagascar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews061120-15","url_text":"10.1038/news061120-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84701328","url_text":"84701328"}]},{"reference":"Scott Hotaling; Mary E. Foley; Nicolette M. Lawrence; Jose Bocanegra; Marina B. Blanco; Rodin Rasoloarison; Peter M. Kappeler; Meredith A. Barrett; Anne D. Yoder; David W. Weisrock (2016). \"Species discovery and validation in a cryptic radiation of endangered primates: coalescent-based species delimitation in Madagascar's mouse lemurs\". Molecular Ecology. 25 (9): 2029–2045. Bibcode:2016MolEc..25.2029H. doi:10.1111/mec.13604. PMID 26946180. S2CID 43912903.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmec.13604","url_text":"\"Species discovery and validation in a cryptic radiation of endangered primates: coalescent-based species delimitation in Madagascar's mouse lemurs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MolEc..25.2029H","url_text":"2016MolEc..25.2029H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmec.13604","url_text":"10.1111/mec.13604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26946180","url_text":"26946180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43912903","url_text":"43912903"}]},{"reference":"Radespiel, U.; Ratsimbazafy, J. H.; Rasoloharijaona, S.; Raveloson, H.; Andriaholinirina, N.; Rakotondravony, R.; Randrianarison, R. M.; Randrianambinina, B. (2011). \"First indications of a highland specialist among mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) and evidence for a new mouse lemur species from eastern Madagascar\". Primates. 53 (2): 157–170. doi:10.1007/s10329-011-0290-2. PMID 22198090. S2CID 8473176.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10329-011-0290-2","url_text":"10.1007/s10329-011-0290-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22198090","url_text":"22198090"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8473176","url_text":"8473176"}]},{"reference":"\"New Primate Species Discovered on Madagascar\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2008-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719073516/http://www.pressrelations.de/new/standard/result_main.cfm?aktion=jour_pm&r=331600","url_text":"\"New Primate Species Discovered on Madagascar\""},{"url":"http://www.pressrelations.de/new/standard/result_main.cfm?aktion=jour_pm&r=331600","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rasoloarison, Rodin M.; Weisrock, David W.; Yoder, Anne D.; Rakotondravony, Daniel; Kappeler, Peter M. (2013). \"Two New Species of Mouse Lemurs (Cheirogaleidae: Microcebus) from Eastern Madagascar\". International Journal of Primatology. 34 (3): 1–15. doi:10.1007/s10764-013-9672-1. S2CID 17860060.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Primatology","url_text":"International Journal of Primatology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-013-9672-1","url_text":"10.1007/s10764-013-9672-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17860060","url_text":"17860060"}]},{"reference":"Pappas, Stephanie (26 March 2013). \"Tiny Lemur Twins Are 2 New Species\". LiveScience.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/28172-two-mouse-lemurs-new-species.html","url_text":"\"Tiny Lemur Twins Are 2 New Species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveScience","url_text":"LiveScience"}]},{"reference":"Schüßler, Dominik; Blanco, Marina B.; Salmona, Jordi; Poelstra, Jelmer; Andriambeloson, Jean B.; Miller, Alex; Randrianambinina, Blanchard; Rasolofoson, David W.; Mantilla-Contreras, Jasmin; Chikhi, Lounès; Louis, Edward E. (2020). \"Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species\". American Journal of Primatology. 82 (9): e23180. doi:10.1002/ajp.23180. ISSN 1098-2345. PMID 32716088.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.23180","url_text":"\"Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.23180","url_text":"10.1002/ajp.23180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1098-2345","url_text":"1098-2345"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32716088","url_text":"32716088"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_Point_Road
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Center Point Road
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["1 Background","2 Promotion","3 Commercial performance","4 Critical reception","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications","9 References"]
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2019 studio album by Thomas RhettCenter Point RoadStudio album by Thomas RhettReleasedMay 31, 2019 (2019-05-31)Genre
Country
pop
Length52:45LabelValoryProducer
Thomas Rhett
Dann Huff
Jesse Frasure
Julian Bunetta
The Stereotypes
Cleve Wilson
Thomas Rhett chronology
Life Changes(2017)
Center Point Road(2019)
Country Again: Side A(2021)
Singles from Center Point Road
"Look What God Gave Her"Released: March 1, 2019
"Remember You Young"Released: July 15, 2019
"Beer Can't Fix"Released: January 6, 2020
Center Point Road is the fourth studio album by American country music singer Thomas Rhett, released on May 31, 2019, through Big Machine Label Group imprint Valory Music Co. It was supported by the lead single "Look What God Gave Her". Rhett co-wrote and co-produced all 16 tracks on the album, sharing production duties with Dann Huff, Jesse Frasure, Julian Bunetta, The Stereotypes, and Cleve Wilson. The album also features collaborations with Little Big Town, Jon Pardi, and Kelsea Ballerini. The album received a nomination for Best Country Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2020.
Background
Rhett named the album after a road from his hometown of Hendersonville, Tennessee that he said symbolized his childhood.
Promotion
"Look What God Gave Her" was released as the lead single from the album on March 1, 2019. On March 3, 2019, "Don't Threaten Me with a Good Time" was released, alongside a performance of it on Saturday Night Live. Rhett later revealed the cover art and track listing on March 29, and also shared the track "That Old Truck". On April 19, 2019, Rhett released "Remember You Young" as another promotional single.
Commercial performance
Center Point Road debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 with 76,000 album-equivalent units, of which 45,000 were pure album sales. It is Rhett's second No. 1 album. In its first week it registered 33.59 million US streams, making it the largest streaming week for a country album at the time. The album has sold more than 101,600 copies in pure albums in the US and 362,000 in units consumed.
Critical reception
Rhett was hailed for his versatility on Center Point Road by Rolling Stone, while Newsday suggested the album fell short of crossing over to pop music.
Track listing
Center Point Road track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Up"Thomas RhettAshley GorleyJesse FrasureShane McAnallyThomas RhettDann HuffJesse Frasure3:272."Don't Threaten Me with a Good Time" (featuring Little Big Town)RhettKaren FairchildJonathan YipRay RomulusJeremy ReevesRay Charles McCullough IIGorleyFrasureRhettHuffFrasureThe Stereotypes3:353."Blessed"RhettJoe SpargurSean DouglasRhettHuffFrasureJulian Bunetta3:344."Look What God Gave Her"RhettRhett AkinsJulian BunettaJosh RyanJacob KasherAmmar MalikRhettHuffBunetta2:485."Center Point Road" (featuring Kelsea Ballerini)RhettAmy WadgeCleve WilsonFrasureRhettHuffFrasureCleve Wilson3:366."That Old Truck"RhettBunettaKamron KimbroRyan TedderRhettHuffBunetta3:327."VHS"RhettWadgeGorleyFrasureRhettHuffFrasure3:168."Notice"RhettGorleyFrasureDouglasRhettHuffFrasure3:429."Sand"RhettFrasureHardyRhettHuffFrasure2:4210."Beer Can't Fix" (featuring Jon Pardi)RhettBunettaTedderZach SkeltonRhettHuffBunetta3:2911."Things You Do for Love"RhettGorleyFrasureJosh OsborneLuke LairdRhettHuffFrasure3:2612."Remember You Young"RhettGorleyFrasureRhettHuffFrasure3:0013."Don't Stop Drivin'"RhettGorleyJosh MillerZach CrowellRhettHuffFrasure3:0314."Barefoot"RhettMillerMatt DragstremAkinsRhettHuffFrasure3:0015."Dream You Never Had"RhettGorleyFrasureAkinsRhettHuffFrasure3:2216."Almost"RhettWadgeGorleyFrasureRhettHuffFrasure3:13Total length:52:45
Personnel
Thomas Rhett – lead vocals, backing vocals
Dave Cohen – keyboards
Charlie Judge – keyboards, cello
Julian Bunetta – keyboards, programming, electric guitar, drums, backing vocals
Matt Dragstrem – programming, backing vocals
Jesse Frasure – programming, backing vocals
David Huff – programming
Zach Skelton – programming
The Stereotypes – programming
Cleve Wilson – programming
Tyler Chiarelli – electric guitar
Brandon Day – electric guitar
Dann Huff – electric guitar
John Ryan – electric guitar, backing vocals
Derek Wells – electric guitar
Ilya Toshinsky – acoustic guitars
Jimmie Lee Sloas – bass
Chris Kimmerer – drums
Randy Leago – baritone saxophone
Jim Hoke – tenor saxophone, horn arrangements
Barry Green – trombone
Mike Haynes – trumpet
Kasey Akins – backing vocals
Lauren Akins – backing vocals
Bob Bailey – backing vocals
Jamar Carter – backing vocals
Everett Drake – backing vocals
Kim Fleming – backing vocals
Vicki Hampton – backing vocals
Michael Hardy – backing vocals
Ashley Gorley – backing vocals
Kyla Jade – backing vocals
Macy Page – backing vocals
Josh Reedy – backing vocals
Jason Kyle Saetveit – backing vocals
Ryan Tedder – backing vocals
Russell Terrell – backing vocals
Amy Wadge – backing vocals
Kelsea Ballerini – duet vocals on "Center Point Road"
Little Big Town – backing vocals on "Don't Threaten Me with a Good Time"
Jon Pardi – duet vocals on "Beer Can't Fix"
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for Center Point Road
Chart (2019)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (ARIA)
24
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
2
Scottish Albums (OCC)
53
UK Country Albums (OCC)
1
US Billboard 200
1
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)
1
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for Center Point Road
Chart (2019)
Position
US Billboard 200
153
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)
17
Chart (2020)
Position
US Billboard 200
164
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)
15
Certifications
Certifications for Center Point Road
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)
Gold
40,000‡
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Center Point Road – Thomas Rhett". AllMusic. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
^ Moss, Marissa R. (May 31, 2019). "Thomas Rhett Doesn't Really Care If You Think He's Country Enough". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
^ "Country Aircheck: Happy Holidays" (PDF). Country Aircheck (684): 2. December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
^ Krol, Jacklyn (March 28, 2019). "Thomas Rhett Reveals 'Center Point Road' Track Listing, Album Cover". Taste of Country. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
^ a b Freeman, Jon (March 29, 2019). "Thomas Rhett Previews New Album 'Center Point Road 'With 'That Old Truck'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
^ Bonaguro, Alison (March 29, 2019). "Thomas Rhett Takes Friends and Fans Down Center Point Road". Country Music Television. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
^ Kaplan, Ilana (March 3, 2019). "See Thomas Rhett Debut New Song 'Don't Threaten Me With a Good Time' on 'SNL'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
^ Krol, Jacklyn (April 19, 2019). "Thomas Rhett Debuts Tear-Jerking New Song 'Remember You Young' ". Taste of Country. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
^ Caulfield, Keith (June 9, 2019). "Thomas Rhett Scores Second No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart With 'Center Point Road'". Billboard. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
^ Bjorke, Matt (March 3, 2020). "Top 10 Country Albums In Pure Sales: March 2, 2020". Roughstock. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
^ Bjorke, Matt (March 2, 2020). "Country Music's Most-Consumed Albums Chart: March 2, 2020". Roughstock. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
^ Bernstein, Jonathan (May 31, 2019). "Thomas Rhett Is a Perfect Country Gentleman on 'Center Point Road'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
^ Gamboa, Glenn (May 29, 2019). "'Center Point Road': Rhett stretches country's boundaries". Newsday. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
^ "Australiancharts.com – Thomas Rhett – Center Point Road". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
^ "Thomas Rhett Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
^ "Official Country Artists Albums Chart Top 20". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
^ "Thomas Rhett Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
^ "Thomas Rhett Chart History (Top Country Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
^ "Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
^ "Top Country Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2020". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
^ "Top Country Albums – Year-End 2020". Billboard. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
^ "Canadian album certifications – Thomas Rhett – Center Point Road". Music Canada. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
^ "American album certifications – Thomas Rhett – Center Point Road". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
vteThomas RhettDiscographyStudio albums
It Goes Like This (2013)
Tangled Up (2015)
Life Changes (2017)
Center Point Road (2019)
Country Again: Side A (2021)
Where We Started (2022)
Compilations
20 Number Ones (2023)
EPs
Thomas Rhett (2012)
Singles
"Something to Do with My Hands"
"Beer with Jesus"
"It Goes Like This"
"Get Me Some of That"
"Make Me Wanna"
"Crash and Burn"
"Die a Happy Man"
"T-Shirt"
"Vacation"
"Star of the Show"
"Craving You"
"Unforgettable"
"Marry Me"
"Life Changes"
"Sixteen"
"Look What God Gave Her"
"Remember You Young"
"Beer Can't Fix"
"Be a Light"
"What's Your Country Song"
"Country Again"
"Slow Down Summer"
"Half of Me"
"Angels (Don't Always Have Wings)"
"Talking to Jesus"
"Mamaw's House"
Featured singles
"Small Town Throwdown"
"Goodbye Summer"
"God Who Listens"
"Thank You Lord"
"Praise the Lord"
Promotional singles
"Leave Right Now"
"Death Row"
Written singles
"1994"
"Parking Lot Party"
"Round Here"
"Think a Little Less"
"Ring on Every Finger"
"Some People Do"
"She Had Me at Heads Carolina"
"Stars Like Confetti"
Tours
Very Hot Summer Tour
Center Point Road Tour
Related articles
Rhett Akins
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rhett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rhett"},{"link_name":"Big Machine Label Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Machine_Label_Group"},{"link_name":"Valory Music Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valory_Music_Co."},{"link_name":"Look What God Gave Her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_What_God_Gave_Her"},{"link_name":"Dann Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dann_Huff"},{"link_name":"Jesse Frasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Frasure"},{"link_name":"The Stereotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stereotypes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Little Big Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Town"},{"link_name":"Jon Pardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pardi"},{"link_name":"Kelsea Ballerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsea_Ballerini"},{"link_name":"Best Country Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Country_Album"},{"link_name":"62nd Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-5"}],"text":"Center Point Road is the fourth studio album by American country music singer Thomas Rhett, released on May 31, 2019, through Big Machine Label Group imprint Valory Music Co. It was supported by the lead single \"Look What God Gave Her\". Rhett co-wrote and co-produced all 16 tracks on the album, sharing production duties with Dann Huff, Jesse Frasure, Julian Bunetta, The Stereotypes, and Cleve Wilson.[4] The album also features collaborations with Little Big Town, Jon Pardi, and Kelsea Ballerini. The album received a nomination for Best Country Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2020.[5]","title":"Center Point Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hendersonville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendersonville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMT-6"}],"text":"Rhett named the album after a road from his hometown of Hendersonville, Tennessee that he said symbolized his childhood.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Look What God Gave Her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_What_God_Gave_Her"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"\"Look What God Gave Her\" was released as the lead single from the album on March 1, 2019. On March 3, 2019, \"Don't Threaten Me with a Good Time\" was released, alongside a performance of it on Saturday Night Live.[7] Rhett later revealed the cover art and track listing on March 29, and also shared the track \"That Old Truck\".[5] On April 19, 2019, Rhett released \"Remember You Young\" as another promotional single.[8]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"album-equivalent units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB200-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Center Point Road debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 with 76,000 album-equivalent units, of which 45,000 were pure album sales. It is Rhett's second No. 1 album. In its first week it registered 33.59 million US streams, making it the largest streaming week for a country album at the time.[9] The album has sold more than 101,600 copies in pure albums in the US and 362,000 in units consumed.[10][11]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Rhett was hailed for his versatility on Center Point Road by Rolling Stone, while Newsday suggested the album fell short of crossing over to pop music.[12][13]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Rhett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rhett"},{"link_name":"Ashley Gorley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Gorley"},{"link_name":"Jesse Frasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Frasure"},{"link_name":"Shane McAnally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_McAnally"},{"link_name":"Dann Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dann_Huff"},{"link_name":"Jesse Frasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Frasure"},{"link_name":"Little Big Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Town"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Yip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stereotypes"},{"link_name":"Ray Romulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stereotypes"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stereotypes"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles McCullough II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stereotypes"},{"link_name":"The Stereotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stereotypes"},{"link_name":"Sean Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Douglas_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Look What God Gave Her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_What_God_Gave_Her"},{"link_name":"Rhett Akins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhett_Akins"},{"link_name":"Ammar Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammar_Malik"},{"link_name":"Kelsea Ballerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsea_Ballerini"},{"link_name":"Amy Wadge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Wadge"},{"link_name":"Ryan Tedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Tedder"},{"link_name":"Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Beer Can't Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Can%27t_Fix"},{"link_name":"Jon Pardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pardi"},{"link_name":"Josh Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Luke Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Laird"},{"link_name":"Remember You Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remember_You_Young"},{"link_name":"Zach Crowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Crowell"}],"text":"Center Point Road track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Up\"Thomas RhettAshley GorleyJesse FrasureShane McAnallyThomas RhettDann HuffJesse Frasure3:272.\"Don't Threaten Me with a Good Time\" (featuring Little Big Town)RhettKaren FairchildJonathan YipRay RomulusJeremy ReevesRay Charles McCullough IIGorleyFrasureRhettHuffFrasureThe Stereotypes3:353.\"Blessed\"RhettJoe SpargurSean DouglasRhettHuffFrasureJulian Bunetta3:344.\"Look What God Gave Her\"RhettRhett AkinsJulian BunettaJosh RyanJacob KasherAmmar MalikRhettHuffBunetta2:485.\"Center Point Road\" (featuring Kelsea Ballerini)RhettAmy WadgeCleve WilsonFrasureRhettHuffFrasureCleve Wilson3:366.\"That Old Truck\"RhettBunettaKamron KimbroRyan TedderRhettHuffBunetta3:327.\"VHS\"RhettWadgeGorleyFrasureRhettHuffFrasure3:168.\"Notice\"RhettGorleyFrasureDouglasRhettHuffFrasure3:429.\"Sand\"RhettFrasureHardyRhettHuffFrasure2:4210.\"Beer Can't Fix\" (featuring Jon Pardi)RhettBunettaTedderZach SkeltonRhettHuffBunetta3:2911.\"Things You Do for Love\"RhettGorleyFrasureJosh OsborneLuke LairdRhettHuffFrasure3:2612.\"Remember You Young\"RhettGorleyFrasureRhettHuffFrasure3:0013.\"Don't Stop Drivin'\"RhettGorleyJosh MillerZach CrowellRhettHuffFrasure3:0314.\"Barefoot\"RhettMillerMatt DragstremAkinsRhettHuffFrasure3:0015.\"Dream You Never Had\"RhettGorleyFrasureAkinsRhettHuffFrasure3:2216.\"Almost\"RhettWadgeGorleyFrasureRhettHuffFrasure3:13Total length:52:45","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Rhett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rhett"},{"link_name":"Jesse Frasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Frasure"},{"link_name":"David Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Huff_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"The Stereotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stereotypes"},{"link_name":"Dann Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dann_Huff"},{"link_name":"Ilya Toshinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Toshinsky"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Lee Sloas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Lee_Sloas"},{"link_name":"Michael Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ashley Gorley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Gorley"},{"link_name":"Ryan Tedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Tedder"},{"link_name":"Kelsea Ballerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsea_Ballerini"},{"link_name":"Little Big Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Town"},{"link_name":"Jon Pardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pardi"}],"text":"Thomas Rhett – lead vocals, backing vocals\nDave Cohen – keyboards\nCharlie Judge – keyboards, cello\nJulian Bunetta – keyboards, programming, electric guitar, drums, backing vocals\nMatt Dragstrem – programming, backing vocals\nJesse Frasure – programming, backing vocals\nDavid Huff – programming\nZach Skelton – programming\nThe Stereotypes – programming\nCleve Wilson – programming\nTyler Chiarelli – electric guitar\nBrandon Day – electric guitar\nDann Huff – electric guitar\nJohn Ryan – electric guitar, backing vocals\nDerek Wells – electric guitar\nIlya Toshinsky – acoustic guitars\nJimmie Lee Sloas – bass\nChris Kimmerer – drums\nRandy Leago – baritone saxophone\nJim Hoke – tenor saxophone, horn arrangements\nBarry Green – trombone\nMike Haynes – trumpet\nKasey Akins – backing vocals\nLauren Akins – backing vocals\nBob Bailey – backing vocals\nJamar Carter – backing vocals\nEverett Drake – backing vocals\nKim Fleming – backing vocals\nVicki Hampton – backing vocals\nMichael Hardy – backing vocals\nAshley Gorley – backing vocals\nKyla Jade – backing vocals\nMacy Page – backing vocals\nJosh Reedy – backing vocals\nJason Kyle Saetveit – backing vocals\nRyan Tedder – backing vocals\nRussell Terrell – backing vocals\nAmy Wadge – backing vocals\nKelsea Ballerini – duet vocals on \"Center Point Road\"\nLittle Big Town – backing vocals on \"Don't Threaten Me with a Good Time\"\nJon Pardi – duet vocals on \"Beer Can't Fix\"","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_Point_Road&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Thomas_Rhett-14"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_Thomas_Rhett-15"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-16"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UKCountry_-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Thomas_Rhett-18"},{"link_name":"Top Country Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Country_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCountry_Thomas_Rhett-19"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_Point_Road&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Center Point Road\n\n\nChart (2019)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[14]\n\n24\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[15]\n\n2\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[16]\n\n53\n\n\nUK Country Albums (OCC)[17]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[18]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Top Country Albums (Billboard)[19]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for Center Point Road\n\n\nChart (2019)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[20]\n\n153\n\n\nUS Top Country Albums (Billboard)[21]\n\n17\n\n\nChart (2020)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[22]\n\n164\n\n\nUS Top Country Albums (Billboard)[23]\n\n15","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Center Point Road – Thomas Rhett\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/center-point-road-mw0003258153","url_text":"\"Center Point Road – Thomas Rhett\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Moss, Marissa R. (May 31, 2019). \"Thomas Rhett Doesn't Really Care If You Think He's Country Enough\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/thomas-rhett-center-point-road-album-842652/","url_text":"\"Thomas Rhett Doesn't Really Care If You Think He's Country Enough\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Country Aircheck: Happy Holidays\" (PDF). Country Aircheck (684): 2. December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.countryaircheck.com/pdfs/current121619.pdf","url_text":"\"Country Aircheck: Happy Holidays\""}]},{"reference":"Krol, Jacklyn (March 28, 2019). \"Thomas Rhett Reveals 'Center Point Road' Track Listing, Album Cover\". Taste of Country. Retrieved March 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tasteofcountry.com/thomas-rhett-reveals-center-point-road-track-listing-album-cover/","url_text":"\"Thomas Rhett Reveals 'Center Point Road' Track Listing, Album Cover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_of_Country","url_text":"Taste of Country"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Jon (March 29, 2019). \"Thomas Rhett Previews New Album 'Center Point Road 'With 'That Old Truck'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/thomas-rhett-new-album-center-point-road-that-old-truck-815020/","url_text":"\"Thomas Rhett Previews New Album 'Center Point Road 'With 'That Old Truck'\""}]},{"reference":"Bonaguro, Alison (March 29, 2019). \"Thomas Rhett Takes Friends and Fans Down Center Point Road\". Country Music Television. Retrieved March 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/news/1804515/thomas-rhett-takes-friends-and-fans-down-center-point-road/","url_text":"\"Thomas Rhett Takes Friends and Fans Down Center Point Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"Country Music Television"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Ilana (March 3, 2019). \"See Thomas Rhett Debut New Song 'Don't Threaten Me With a Good Time' on 'SNL'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/thomas-rhett-new-song-dont-threaten-me-with-a-good-time-snl-802514/","url_text":"\"See Thomas Rhett Debut New Song 'Don't Threaten Me With a Good Time' on 'SNL'\""}]},{"reference":"Krol, Jacklyn (April 19, 2019). \"Thomas Rhett Debuts Tear-Jerking New Song 'Remember You Young' [Listen]\". Taste of Country. Retrieved May 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tasteofcountry.com/thomas-rhett-remember-you-young/","url_text":"\"Thomas Rhett Debuts Tear-Jerking New Song 'Remember You Young' [Listen]\""}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Keith (June 9, 2019). \"Thomas Rhett Scores Second No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart With 'Center Point Road'\". Billboard. Retrieved June 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8515077/thomas-rhett-no-1-billboard-200-albums-chart-center-point-road","url_text":"\"Thomas Rhett Scores Second No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart With 'Center Point Road'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Bjorke, Matt (March 3, 2020). \"Top 10 Country Albums In Pure Sales: March 2, 2020\". Roughstock. Retrieved March 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://roughstock.com/news/2020/03/44152-top-10-country-albums-in-pure-sales-march-2-2020","url_text":"\"Top 10 Country Albums In Pure Sales: March 2, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Bjorke, Matt (March 2, 2020). \"Country Music's Most-Consumed Albums Chart: March 2, 2020\". Roughstock. Retrieved March 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://roughstock.com/news/2020/03/44148-country-musics-most-consumed-albums-chart-march-2-2020","url_text":"\"Country Music's Most-Consumed Albums Chart: March 2, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Jonathan (May 31, 2019). \"Thomas Rhett Is a Perfect Country Gentleman on 'Center Point Road'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/review-thomas-rhett-center-point-road-842621/","url_text":"\"Thomas Rhett Is a Perfect Country Gentleman on 'Center Point Road'\""}]},{"reference":"Gamboa, Glenn (May 29, 2019). \"'Center Point Road': Rhett stretches country's boundaries\". Newsday. Retrieved December 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/thomas-rhett-center-point-road-review-1.31686472","url_text":"\"'Center Point Road': Rhett stretches country's boundaries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2019\". Billboard. Retrieved May 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Country Albums – Year-End 2019\". Billboard. Retrieved May 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/top-country-albums","url_text":"\"Top Country Albums – Year-End 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2020\". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2020/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Country Albums – Year-End 2020\". Billboard. Retrieved December 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2020/top-country-albums","url_text":"\"Top Country Albums – Year-End 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Thomas Rhett – Center Point Road\". Music Canada. Retrieved January 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Center+Point+Road%20Thomas+Rhett","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Thomas Rhett – Center Point Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Thomas Rhett – Center Point Road\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Thomas+Rhett&ti=Center+Point+Road&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Thomas Rhett – Center Point Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Prussia
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List of monarchs of Prussia
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["1 Duchy of Prussia (1525–1701)","2 Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918)","3 Timeline","4 Pretenders to the Prussian throne since 1918","5 Family tree","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Bibliography","8 External links"]
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Rulers of the Duchy- and Kingdom of Prussia
"King of Prussia" redirects here. For the Pennsylvania town, see King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. For other uses, see King of Prussia (disambiguation).
Monarchy of PrussiaKönig von PreußenRoyal Coat of armsLast to reignWilhelm II
DetailsStyleHis MajestyFirst monarchAlbert (as Duke)Last monarchWilhelm IIFormation10 April 1525Abolition9 November 1918ResidenceKönigsberg CastleStadtschloss, Berlin (last)AppointerHereditaryPretender(s)Georg Friedrich
The Monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia. The Duchy had evolved out of the Teutonic Order, a Roman Catholic crusader state and theocracy located along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The Teutonic Knights were under the leadership of a Grand Master, the last of whom, Albert, converted to Protestantism and secularized the lands, which then became the Duchy of Prussia.
The Duchy was initially a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland, as a result of the terms of the Prussian Homage whereby Albert was granted the Duchy as part of the terms of peace following the Prussian War. When the main line of Prussian Hohenzollerns died out in 1618, the Duchy passed to a different branch of the family, who also reigned as Electors of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire. While still nominally two different territories, Prussia under the suzerainty of Poland and Brandenburg under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire, the two states are known together historiographically as Brandenburg-Prussia.
Following the third Northern War, a series of treaties freed the Duchy of Prussia from vassalage to any other state, making it a fully sovereign Duchy in its own right. This complex situation (where the Hohenzollern ruler of the independent Duchy of Prussia was also a subject of the Holy Roman Emperor as Elector of Brandenburg) laid the eventual groundwork for the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. For diplomatic reasons, the rulers of Prussia called themselves King in Prussia from 1701 to 1772. They still nominally owed fealty to the Emperor as Electors of Brandenburg, so the "King in Prussia" title (as opposed to "King of Prussia") avoided offending the Emperor. Additionally, calling themselves "King of Prussia" implied sovereignty over the entire Prussian region, parts of which were still part of Poland.
As the Prussian state grew through several wars and diplomatic moves throughout the 18th century, it became apparent that Prussia had become a Great Power in its own right. By 1772, the pretense was dropped, and the style "King of Prussia" was adopted. The Prussian kings continued to use the title "Elector of Brandenburg" until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, reflecting the legal fiction that their domains within the empire were still under the ultimate overlordship of the Emperor. Legally, the Hohenzollerns ruled Brandenburg in personal union with their Prussian kingdom, but in practice they treated their domains as a single unit. The Hohenzollerns gained de jure sovereignty over Brandenburg when the empire dissolved in 1806, and Brandenburg was formally merged into Prussia.
In 1871, in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire was formed, and the King of Prussia, Wilhelm I was crowned German Emperor. From that point forward, though the Kingdom of Prussia retained its status as a constituent state of the empire (by far the largest and most powerful), all subsequent Kings of Prussia also served as German Emperor, and that title took precedence.
Duchy of Prussia (1525–1701)
Main article: Duchy of Prussia
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImageAlbert(1490-05-17)17 May 1490 – 20 March 1568(1568-03-20) (aged 77)10 April 152520 March 1568Grand Master of Teutonic Knights, granted the title of Duke of PrussiaHohenzollernAlbert Frederick(1553-05-07)7 May 1553 – 27 August 1618(1618-08-27) (aged 65)20 March 156827 August 1618Son of AlbertHohenzollernJohn Sigismund(1572-11-08)8 November 1572 – 23 December 1619(1619-12-23) (aged 47)27 August 161823 December 1619Son in law and second cousin thrice removed of Albert Frederick, also Elector of BrandenburgHohenzollernGeorge William(1595-11-13)13 November 1595 – 1 December 1640(1640-12-01) (aged 45)23 December 16191 December 1640Son of John Sigismund, also Elector of BrandenburgHohenzollernFrederick Williamthe Great Elector(1620-02-16)16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688(1688-04-29) (aged 68)1 December 164029 April 1688Son of George William, also Elector of BrandenburgHohenzollernFrederick I(1657-07-11)11 July 1657 – 25 February 1713(1713-02-25) (aged 55)29 April 168818 January 1701Son of Frederick William, also Elector of BrandenburgHohenzollern
Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918)
Main article: Kingdom of Prussia
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImageFrederick Ithe Mercenary King(1657-07-11)11 July 1657 – 25 February 1713(1713-02-25) (aged 55)18 January 170125 February 1713Son of Frederick William, also Elector of BrandenburgHohenzollernFrederick William Ithe Soldier King(1688-08-14)14 August 1688 – 31 May 1740(1740-05-31) (aged 51)25 February 171331 May 1740Son of Frederick IHohenzollernFrederick IIthe Great(1712-01-24)24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786(1786-08-17) (aged 74)31 May 174017 August 1786Son of Frederick William IHohenzollernFrederick William II(1744-09-25)25 September 1744 – 16 November 1797(1797-11-16) (aged 53)17 August 178616 November 1797Nephew of Frederick II, grandson of Frederick William IHohenzollernFrederick William III(1770-08-03)3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840(1840-06-07) (aged 69)16 November 17977 June 1840Son of Frederick William IIHohenzollernFrederick William IV(1795-10-15)15 October 1795 – 2 January 1861(1861-01-02) (aged 65)7 June 18402 January 1861Son of Frederick William III; also President of the Erfurt Union (1849–1850)HohenzollernWilhelm I(1797-03-22)22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888(1888-03-09) (aged 90)2 January 18619 March 1888Brother of Frederick William IV, son of Frederick William III; also President of the North German Confederation (1867–1871) and German Emperor (from 1871)HohenzollernFrederick III(1831-10-18)18 October 1831 – 15 June 1888(1888-06-15) (aged 56)9 March 188815 June 1888Son of Wilhelm I; also German Emperor; only Prussian monarch to rule for less than one yearHohenzollernWilhelm II(1859-01-27)27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941(1941-06-04) (aged 82)15 June 18889 November 1918(abdicated)Son of Frederick III; also German Emperor; also last King of Prussia and last German EmperorHohenzollern
Timeline
Pretenders to the Prussian throne since 1918
William II (9 November 1918 – 4 June 1941)
Frederick William (4 June 1941 – 20 July 1951)
Louis Ferdinand (20 July 1951 – 26 September 1994)
George Frederick (26 September 1994 – present)
Family tree
Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg
Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg
John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg
Joachim I Nestor, Elector of BrandenburgFrederick Iof Ansbachand Bayreuth1460–1536SophiaJagiellon1464–1512
Albert1490-1525-1568Anna Marieof Brunswick-Lüneburg1532–1568Joachim II Hector, Elector of BrandenburgSophie ofBrandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach1485–1537Frederick IIof Legnica1480–1547Casimir ofBrandenburg-Bayreuth1481–1527Susannaof Bavaria1502–1543Hedwig ofMünsterbergand Oleśnica1508–1531George ofBrandenburg-Ansbach1484–1543Emilieof Saxony1516–1591
AlbertFrederick1553-1568-1618Marie Eleonoreof Cleves1550–1608John Georgeof Brandenburg1525-1598Sophieof Legnica1525–1546Marie ofBrandenburg-Kulmbach1519–1567Frederick III,ElectorPalatine1515–1576William Iof Nassau-Dillenburg1487–1559Anna Maria ofBrandenburg-Ansbach1526–1589George Frederickregent1539-1577-1603
Anna Sophiaof Prussia1527–1591Eleanorof Prussia1583–1607JoachimFrederick ofBrandenbrugregent1546-1605-1608Catherine ofBrandenburg-Küstrin1549–1602Louis VI,ElectorPalatine1539–1583William Iof theNetherlands1533–1584Elisabethof Nassau-Dillenburg1542–1603Sabine ofWürttemberg1549–1581John VIof Nassau-Dillenburg1536–1606
Magdalene ofBrandenburg1582–1616Annaof Prussia1576–1625John Sigismund1572-1618-1619regent1611–1618Anna Maria ofthe Palatinate1561–1589Frederick IV,ElectorPalatine1574–1610Louise Julianaof Nassau1576–1644John Albert Iof Solms-BraunfelsJohn VIIof Nassau-Siegen1561–1623John VII ofMecklenburg1558–1592
Anne Eleonoreof Hesse-Darmstadt1601–1659GeorgeWilliam1595-1619-1640ElizabethCharlotteof the Palatinate1597–1660Frederick VElectorPalatine1596–1632FrederickHenry ofOrange1584–1617Amaliaof Solms-Braunfels1602–1675Maurice ofHesse-Kassel1572–1632Julianeof Nassau-Siegen1587–1643
George Williamof Saxe-Lauenburg1624–1705ErnestAugustusof Hanover1629–1698Sophia of thePalatinate1630–1714FrederickWilliam1620-1640-1688LouiseHenrietteof Orange1627–1667John Albert ofMecklenburg1590–1636
SophiaDorotheaof Celle1666–1726George Iof GreatBritain1660–1727SophiaCharlotteof Hanover1688–1705Frederick I1657-1688-1713Catherineof Sweden1584–1638John Casimirof Kleeburg1589–1652
Carolineof Ansbach1683–1737George II ofGreat Britain1683–1760SophiaDorotheaof Hanover1687–1757FrederickWilliam I1688–1713-1740Louis IXof Hesse-Darmstadt1719–1790EleonoraCatherine ofZweibrücken1626–1692Frederickof Hesse-Eschwege1617–1655ElisabethSophie ofMecklenburg1613–1676
Frederick,Prince of Wales1707–1751Augusta ofSaxe-Gotha1719–1772Charles LouisFrederick ofMecklenburg1708–1752ElisabethAlbertineof Saxe-Hildburghausen1713–1761Christineof Hesse-Eschwege1648–1702FerdinandAlbert I ofBrunswick-Wolfenbüttel1636–1687
George III ofthe UnitedKingdom1738–1820Charlotte ofMecklenburg-Strelitz1744–1818Charles II ofMecklenburg-Strelitz1741–1816Antoinette ofBrunswick-Wolfenbüttel1696–1762FerdinandAlbert II ofBrunswick-Wolfenbüttel1680–1735Amalieof Hesse-Darmstadt1754–1832
AugustusWilliam ofPrussia1722–1758Luise ofBrunswick-Wolfenbüttel1722–1780Frederick IIthe Great1712-1740-1786ElisabethChristineof Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel1715–1797PhilippineCharlotteof Prussia1716–1801Charles I ofBrunswick-Wolfenbüttel1713–1780Louiseof Hesse-Darmstadt1757–1830Carolineof Baden1776–1841
William IV of the UnitedKingdom1765–1837SophieAntoinetteof Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel1724–1802FredericaLouisa ofHesse-Darmstadt1751–1805FrederickWilliam II1744-1786-1797ElizabethChristine ofBrunswick-Woldenbüttel1746–1840
Augustaof GreatBritain1737–1813CharlesWilliam ofBrunswick-Wolfenbüttel1735–1806Francis ofSaxe-Coburg-Saalfeld1750–1806FrederickWilliam III1770-1797-1840Louise ofMecklenburg-Strelitz1776–1810CharlesFrederick ofSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach1783–1853
Caroline ofBrunswick-Wolfenbüttel1768–1821George IV ofthe UnitedKingdom1762–1830Frederickof York andAlbany1763–1827FredericaCharlotteof Prussia1767–1820
Edwardof Kent andStrathearn1767–1820Victoria ofSaxe-Coburg-Saalfeld1786–1861Emich Carlof Leiningen1763–1814Ernerst I ofSaxe-Coburgand Gotha1784–1844Louise ofSaxe-Gotha-Altenburg1800–1831William Ithe Great1797-1861-1888Augustaof Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach1811–1890CarolineMatildaof GreatBritain1751–1775FrederickWilliam IVof Prussia1795-1840-1861ElisabethLudovikaof Bavaria1801–1873
Victoria ofthe UnitedKingdom1819–1901Albert ofSaxe-Coburgand Gotha1819–1861LouiseAugustaof Denmark1771–1843FrederickChristian IIof Schleswig-Holstein1765–1814
Feodora ofLeiningen1807–1872Ernest I ofHohenlohe-Langenburg1794–1860Victoria ofthe UnitedKingdom1840–1901Frederick III1831-1888-1888LouiseSophie ofDanneskiold-Samsøe1796–1867ChristianAugust II ofAugustenburg1798–1869
Adelheid ofHohenlohe-Langenburg1835–1900Frederick VIIIof Schleswig-Holstein1829–1880FrederickFrancis II ofMecklenburg-Schwerin1823–1883AugustaReuss ofKöstritz1822–1862Alexander IIof Russia1818-1855-1881Maria ofHesse andby Rhine1824–1880
AugustaVictoria ofSchleswig-Holstein1858–1921William II1859-1888-1918-1941in pretence1918–1941FrederickFrancis III ofMecklenburgSchwerin1851–1897Marie ofMecklenburg-Schwerin1854–1920VladimirAlexandrovichof Russia1847–1909MariaAlexandrovnaof Russia1853–1920Alfred ofSaxe-Coburgand Gotha1844–1900
Wilhelmin pretence1882-1941-1951Cecilie ofMecklenburg-Schwerin1886–1945KirillVladimirovichof Russia1876–1938VictoriaMelita ofSaxe-Coburgand Gotha1876–1936
LouisFerdinandin pretence1907-1951-1994KiraKirillovnaof Russia1909–1967
Donataof Castell-Rüdenhausen1950–2015LouisFerdinandof Prussia1944–1977
GeorgFriedrichin pretence1976-1994-
See also
Constitution of Prussia (1850)
Crown of Frederick I
Crown of William II
German Emperor
History of Germany
History of Prussia
Hohenzollern Castle
King in Prussia
List of German monarchs
List of rulers of Brandenburg
List of Prussian consorts
Lückentheorie
Minister President of Prussia
Neuchâtel Crisis
Year of the Three Emperors
References
^ Spencer, Charles, Blenheim, Chapter 22: Vindication, p.316
^ Statement of Abdication of William II (28 November 1918)
Bibliography
Hull, Isabel V. (2004), The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918.
Horne, Charles F. (2009), Source Records of the Great War, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1104855536, archived from the original on 2023-01-25, retrieved 2016-03-23
External links
House of Hohenzollern
vteMonarchs of PrussiaDuchy of Prussia (1525–1701)
Albert
Albert Frederick
John Sigismund1
George William1
Frederick William1
Frederick I1
Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918)
Frederick I1
Frederick William I1
Frederick II1
Frederick William II1
Frederick William III1
Frederick William IV
William I2
Frederick III2
William II2
1also Elector of Brandenburg; 2also German Emperor
vte Orders, decorations and medals of PrussiaOrders
Order of the Black Eagle
Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown
Order of the Red Eagle
Order of the Crown
House Order of Hohenzollern
Pour le Mérite
Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)
Order of Louise
Wilhelm-Orden
Military decorations
Iron Cross
Kulm Cross
Military Merit Cross
Military Honor Medal
Merit Cross for War Aid
Warrior Merit Medal
Civil decorations
Lifesaving Medal
General Honor Decoration
Merit Cross
Jerusalem Cross
Cross of the Mount of Olives
Red Cross Medal
Ladies Merit Cross
Cross of Merit for Women and Girls
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For the Pennsylvania town, see King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. For other uses, see King of Prussia (disambiguation).The Monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia. The Duchy had evolved out of the Teutonic Order, a Roman Catholic crusader state and theocracy located along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The Teutonic Knights were under the leadership of a Grand Master, the last of whom, Albert, converted to Protestantism and secularized the lands, which then became the Duchy of Prussia.The Duchy was initially a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland, as a result of the terms of the Prussian Homage whereby Albert was granted the Duchy as part of the terms of peace following the Prussian War. When the main line of Prussian Hohenzollerns died out in 1618, the Duchy passed to a different branch of the family, who also reigned as Electors of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire. While still nominally two different territories, Prussia under the suzerainty of Poland and Brandenburg under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire, the two states are known together historiographically as Brandenburg-Prussia.Following the third Northern War, a series of treaties freed the Duchy of Prussia from vassalage to any other state, making it a fully sovereign Duchy in its own right. This complex situation (where the Hohenzollern ruler of the independent Duchy of Prussia was also a subject of the Holy Roman Emperor as Elector of Brandenburg) laid the eventual groundwork for the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. For diplomatic reasons, the rulers of Prussia called themselves King in Prussia from 1701 to 1772. They still nominally owed fealty to the Emperor as Electors of Brandenburg, so the \"King in Prussia\" title (as opposed to \"King of Prussia\") avoided offending the Emperor. Additionally, calling themselves \"King of Prussia\" implied sovereignty over the entire Prussian region, parts of which were still part of Poland.As the Prussian state grew through several wars and diplomatic moves throughout the 18th century, it became apparent that Prussia had become a Great Power in its own right. By 1772, the pretense was dropped, and the style \"King of Prussia\" was adopted. The Prussian kings continued to use the title \"Elector of Brandenburg\" until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, reflecting the legal fiction that their domains within the empire were still under the ultimate overlordship of the Emperor. Legally, the Hohenzollerns ruled Brandenburg in personal union with their Prussian kingdom, but in practice they treated their domains as a single unit. The Hohenzollerns gained de jure sovereignty over Brandenburg when the empire dissolved in 1806, and Brandenburg was formally merged into Prussia.In 1871, in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire was formed, and the King of Prussia, Wilhelm I was crowned German Emperor. From that point forward, though the Kingdom of Prussia retained its status as a constituent state of the empire (by far the largest and most powerful), all subsequent Kings of Prussia also served as German Emperor, and that title took precedence.","title":"List of monarchs of Prussia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Duchy of Prussia (1525–1701)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Frederick William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm,_German_Crown_Prince"},{"link_name":"Louis Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"George Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich,_Prince_of_Prussia"}],"text":"William II (9 November 1918 – 4 June 1941)\nFrederick William (4 June 1941 – 20 July 1951)\nLouis Ferdinand (20 July 1951 – 26 September 1994)\nGeorge Frederick (26 September 1994 – present)","title":"Pretenders to the Prussian throne since 1918"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Constitution of Prussia (1850)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Prussia_(1850)"},{"title":"Crown of Frederick I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Frederick_I"},{"title":"Crown of William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Wilhelm_II"},{"title":"German Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Emperor"},{"title":"History of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany"},{"title":"History of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia#History"},{"title":"Hohenzollern Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenzollern_Castle"},{"title":"King in Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_in_Prussia"},{"title":"List of German monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs"},{"title":"List of rulers of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Brandenburg"},{"title":"List of Prussian consorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prussian_consorts"},{"title":"Lückentheorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCckentheorie"},{"title":"Minister President of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia"},{"title":"Neuchâtel Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel_Crisis"},{"title":"Year of the Three Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Three_Emperors"}]
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[{"reference":"Hull, Isabel V. (2004), The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_V._Hull","url_text":"Hull, Isabel V."}]},{"reference":"Horne, Charles F. (2009), Source Records of the Great War, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1104855536, archived from the original on 2023-01-25, retrieved 2016-03-23","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Horne","url_text":"Horne, Charles F."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WZTCQAAACAAJ","url_text":"Source Records of the Great War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1104855536","url_text":"978-1104855536"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125223203/https://books.google.com/books?id=WZTCQAAACAAJ","url_text":"archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WZTCQAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Source Records of the Great War"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125223203/https://books.google.com/books?id=WZTCQAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030727133244/http://www.preussen.de/en/heute.html","external_links_name":"House of Hohenzollern"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Nunamaker
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Jay Nunamaker
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["1 Biography","2 Work","3 Publications","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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American academic
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Jay NunamakerBorn (1937-08-27) August 27, 1937 (age 86)Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaKnown forCollaboration TechnologyElectronic Meeting SystemScientific careerFieldsinformation systemsComputer scienceCommunicationEngineeringInstitutionsUniversity of ArizonaPurdue UniversityCarnegie Mellon UniversityUniversity of PittsburghCase Institute of Technology
Jay F. Nunamaker Jr. (born August 27, 1937) is Regents Professor and Soldwedel Professor at the University of Arizona. Regents Professor is the highest faculty rank bestowed at the university, an honor reserved for the top 3% of scholars.
He founded both the MIS department (ranked top 5 in the country by U.S. News & World Report for the past 20 years) in 1974, and the Center for the Management of Information in 1985 at the University of Arizona.
Biography
Nunamaker has served as major professor to over 80 doctoral students from 1968–present. Students that currently hold, or have held, positions at Harvard, University of Michigan, Indiana University, University of Iowa, University of Florida, University of Georgia, University of Washington, Carnegie Mellon University, Texas A&M University, University of Hawaii, and other top MIS institutions.
Jay Nunamaker has been featured in the July 1997 Forbes magazine issue on technology as one of eight key innovators in information technology.
In 2002, he was the recipient of the LEO (lifetime achievement) Award from the Association of Information Systems, at ICIS in Barcelona, Spain.
In a 2005 article in Communications of the Association for Information Systems, he was recognized as one of the most productive information systems researchers, ranking no. 4 to 6 for the period from 1991-2003 based on the number of papers in top IS journals.
Work
His multidisciplinary research is built on a foundation of computer supported collaboration, decision support, deception detection and determination of intent.
Nunamaker's research has led to major breakthroughs in collaboration, decision support systems, and automated systems analysis and design, and he is known for testing his theories and systems in the “real world.”
He built the first operational decision support center in 1985; there are over 2,500 decision centers in industry, government and universities using the GroupSystems software developed at the University of Arizona.
His research on group support systems addresses behavioral as well as engineering issues and focuses on theory as well as implementation.
Publications
His publications span more than 250 papers and seven books, and editorial positions on major journals, in computer science and engineering, information management, communication, security informatics.
References
^ "Jay F. Nunamaker, Jr". 3 September 2020.
^ "Eller MIS".
^ "CMI". 11 December 2018.
Further reading
Beckman, P.; Forsman, A. (2002), "Kevin Bacon, degrees-of-separation, and MIS research", Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, vol. 8, Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society, p. 9, doi:10.1109/HICSS.2002.994389, ISBN 0-7695-1435-9, S2CID 16228033
Clarke, J.; Warren, J. (2006), "In Search of the Primary Suppliers of IS Research: Who are They and Where Did They Come From?", Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 18 (2006): 296–328
Im, S. K.; et al. (1998), "An Assessment of Individual and Institutional Research Productivity in MIS", Decision Line, 1998 (December/January): 8–12
Nunamaker, Jay; et al. (1991), "Electronic Meeting Systems to Support Group Work", Communications of the ACM, 34 (7): 40–61, doi:10.1145/105783.105793, S2CID 10389854
Nunamaker, Jay; et al. (1996), "Lessons from a Dozen Years of Group Support Systems Research: A Discussion of Lab and Field Findings", Journal of Management Information Systems, 13 (3): 163–207, doi:10.1080/07421222.1996.11518138, S2CID 9740881
External links
Website at arizona.edu.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Academics
DBLP
Google Scholar
Other
IdRef
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Nunamaker Jr. (born August 27, 1937) is Regents Professor and Soldwedel Professor at the University of Arizona.[1] Regents Professor is the highest faculty rank bestowed at the university, an honor reserved for the top 3% of scholars.He founded both the MIS department[2] (ranked top 5 in the country by U.S. News & World Report for the past 20 years) in 1974, and the Center for the Management of Information[3] in 1985 at the University of Arizona.","title":"Jay Nunamaker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"University of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"MIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"LEO (lifetime achievement) Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Information_Systems#Leo_Award"},{"link_name":"ICIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Information_Systems"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"}],"text":"Nunamaker has served as major professor to over 80 doctoral students from 1968–present. Students that currently hold, or have held, positions at Harvard, University of Michigan, Indiana University, University of Iowa, University of Florida, University of Georgia, University of Washington, Carnegie Mellon University, Texas A&M University, University of Hawaii, and other top MIS institutions.Jay Nunamaker has been featured in the July 1997 Forbes magazine issue on technology as one of eight key innovators in information technology.In 2002, he was the recipient of the LEO (lifetime achievement) Award from the Association of Information Systems, at ICIS in Barcelona, Spain.In a 2005 article in Communications of the Association for Information Systems, he was recognized as one of the most productive information systems researchers, ranking no. 4 to 6 for the period from 1991-2003 based on the number of papers in top IS journals.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decision support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support"},{"link_name":"decision support systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_systems"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"systems analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_design"},{"link_name":"group support systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_meeting_system"}],"text":"His multidisciplinary research is built on a foundation of computer supported collaboration, decision support, deception detection and determination of intent.Nunamaker's research has led to major breakthroughs in collaboration, decision support systems,[citation needed] and automated systems analysis and design, and he is known for testing his theories and systems in the “real world.”He built the first operational decision support center in 1985; there are over 2,500 decision centers in industry, government and universities using the GroupSystems software developed at the University of Arizona.His research on group support systems addresses behavioral as well as engineering issues and focuses on theory as well as implementation.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"information management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management"},{"link_name":"communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication"}],"text":"His publications span more than 250 papers and seven books, and editorial positions on major journals, in computer science and engineering, information management, communication, security informatics.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/HICSS.2002.994389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2FHICSS.2002.994389"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7695-1435-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7695-1435-9"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16228033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16228033"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1145/105783.105793","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F105783.105793"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10389854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10389854"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/07421222.1996.11518138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F07421222.1996.11518138"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9740881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9740881"}],"text":"Beckman, P.; Forsman, A. (2002), \"Kevin Bacon, degrees-of-separation, and MIS research\", Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, vol. 8, Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society, p. 9, doi:10.1109/HICSS.2002.994389, ISBN 0-7695-1435-9, S2CID 16228033\nClarke, J.; Warren, J. (2006), \"In Search of the Primary Suppliers of IS Research: Who are They and Where Did They Come From?\", Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 18 (2006): 296–328\nIm, S. K.; et al. (1998), \"An Assessment of Individual and Institutional Research Productivity in MIS\", Decision Line, 1998 (December/January): 8–12\nNunamaker, Jay; et al. (1991), \"Electronic Meeting Systems to Support Group Work\", Communications of the ACM, 34 (7): 40–61, doi:10.1145/105783.105793, S2CID 10389854\nNunamaker, Jay; et al. (1996), \"Lessons from a Dozen Years of Group Support Systems Research: A Discussion of Lab and Field Findings\", Journal of Management Information Systems, 13 (3): 163–207, doi:10.1080/07421222.1996.11518138, S2CID 9740881","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs_(disambiguation)
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Steve Jobs (disambiguation)
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["1 See also"]
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Steve Jobs (1955–2011) was an American business magnate and co-founder of Apple Inc.
Steve Jobs may also refer to:
Steve Jobs (book), a 2011 biography about Jobs by Walter Isaacson
Jobs (film), a 2013 drama film about Steve Jobs
Steve Jobs (film), a 2015 drama film about Steve Jobs
Steve Jobs: The Lost Interview, 2012 documentary film
Steve Jobs: The Man in the Machine, a 2015 documentary about Jobs
Steve Jobs (clothing company)
See also
List of artistic depictions of Steve Jobs
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Steve Jobs.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Jobs (book)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs_(book)"},{"link_name":"Jobs (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobs_(film)"},{"link_name":"Steve Jobs (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs_(film)"},{"link_name":"Steve Jobs: The Lost Interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs:_The_Lost_Interview"},{"link_name":"Steve Jobs: The Man in the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs:_The_Man_in_the_Machine"},{"link_name":"Steve Jobs (clothing company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs_(clothing_company)"}],"text":"Steve Jobs may also refer to:Steve Jobs (book), a 2011 biography about Jobs by Walter Isaacson\nJobs (film), a 2013 drama film about Steve Jobs\nSteve Jobs (film), a 2015 drama film about Steve Jobs\nSteve Jobs: The Lost Interview, 2012 documentary film\nSteve Jobs: The Man in the Machine, a 2015 documentary about Jobs\nSteve Jobs (clothing company)","title":"Steve Jobs (disambiguation)"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Obsession
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Red Obsession
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["1 Production","2 Release","2.1 Critical response","2.2 Awards and nominations","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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2013 Australian documentary film
Red ObsessionFilm posterDirected byDavid RoachWarwick RossWritten byDavid RoachWarwick RossProduced byWarwick RossNarrated byRussell CroweCinematographySteve ArnoldLee PulbrookEdited byPaul MurphyMusic byBurkhard DallwitzAmanda BrownProductioncompanyLion Rock FilmsRelease date
2013 (2013)
Running time75 minutesCountryAustraliaLanguageEnglish
Red Obsession is a 2013 Australian documentary film which collects interviews with winemakers and wine lovers across the world. The film is narrated by Russell Crowe. Red Obsession was co-directed and co-written by David Roach and Warwick Ross.
Production
Principal photography began in April 2011. The film was co-directed and co-written by David Roach and Warwick Ross. Ross was in charge of production for Lion Rock Films, while the soundtrack was composed by Burkhard Dallwitz and Amanda Brown. Paul Murphy signed on as editor.
This documentary film was edited on Adobe Premiere Pro.
Release
Critical response
As of 7 September 2013, based on 16 reviews collected by review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film had received a 100% approval rating from critics, with an average score of 7.4/10. Nicole Herrington of The New York Times wrote that the film "may already be dated, since China's wine fever has cooled recently" although adding that "the movie raises legitimate concerns about the cultural and economic implications of status-minded overconsumption". Jordan Hoffman of the New York Daily News described the film as "probing, fascinating". Urban CineFile's Louise Keller stated that Red Obsession "does justice to the many facets of the wine it describes". Matthew Toomey of The Film Pie labelled it as "one of the year's best documentaries". Ed Gibbs of The Sunday Age found the documentary to be "remarkably enlightening". Keith Uhlich of Time Out New York offered that "he reliance on talking-head testimonials leaves a weak aftertaste, but it's a palate-pleasing provocation nonetheless". Doris Toumarkine of Film Journal International lauded the film's "superb" cinematography. Kenji Fujishima of Slant Magazine awarded the film three out of four stars, commenting that it "may well inspire one to a higher appreciation of wine while also bringing about a greater awareness of the market forces that turn even the highest art into commodities". Ronnie Scheib of Variety opined that "he film's rather simplistic cultural juxtapositions, pitting artistic appreciators against status-seeking philistines, work best when narrowly focused on the subject of wine."
Awards and nominations
Award
Category
Subject
Result
AACTA Award(3rd)
Best Feature Length Documentary
Warwick Ross
Won
Best Direction in a Documentary
Won
David Roach
Won
Best Cinematography in a Documentary
Steve Arnold
Nominated
Lee Pulbrook
Nominated
Best Sound in a Documentary
Burkhard Dallwitz
Nominated
Amanda Brown
Nominated
Liam Egan
Nominated
Andrew Neil
Nominated
See also
List of 2013 box office number-one films in Australia
References
^ a b Herrington, Nicole (5 September 2013). "China's Assault on Bordeaux". The New York Times.
^ Lechmere, Adam (19 June 2012). "Red Obsession' documentary to explore Bordeaux-China relationship". Decanter.
^ DeFore, John (23 April 2013). "Red Obsession: Tribeca Review". The Hollywood Reporter.
^ "Red Obsession". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
^ "'99%: The Occupy Wall Street Collaborative Film,' movie review". New York Daily News. 5 September 2013.
^ Keller, Louise. "Red Obsession". Urban CineFile. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
^ Toomey, Matthew. "Review: Red Obsession". The Film Pie. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
^ Gibbs, Ed (11 August 2013). "Red Obsession". The Age.
^ "Red Obsession: movie review". Time Out. 3 September 2013.
^ Toumarkine, Doris (6 September 2013). "Film Review: Red Obsession". Film Journal International.
^ Fujishima, Kenji (2 September 2013). "Red Obsession". Slant Magazine.
^ Scheib, Ronnie (5 September 2013). "Film Review: "Red Obsession"". Variety.
External links
Official website
Red Obsession at Rotten Tomatoes
Red Obsession at IMDb
|
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[]
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[{"title":"List of 2013 box office number-one films in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2013_box_office_number-one_films_in_Australia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Sam_2
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Serious Sam 2
|
["1 Gameplay","1.1 Multiplayer","1.2 Weapons","2 Plot","3 Development","3.1 Release patches","4 Level editor","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]
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2005 video game
2005 video gameSerious Sam 2Developer(s)CroteamPublisher(s)2K GamesProducer(s)Roman RibarićDesigner(s)Davor HunskiDavor TomičićArtist(s)Admir ElezovićComposer(s)Damjan MravunacSeriesSerious SamEngineSerious Engine 2Platform(s)Microsoft Windows, XboxRelease11 October 2005Genre(s)First-person shooterMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Serious Sam 2 is a first-person shooter video game released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox and the sequel to the 2002 video game Serious Sam: The Second Encounter. It was developed by Croteam and was released on 11 October 2005. The game was initially published by 2K Games, a Take-Two Interactive subsidiary. The game was later made available on Steam on 31 January 2012. While the game was originally released only for Microsoft Windows and Xbox, an unofficial Linux version of the game was created and is being handled by Linux Installers for Linux Gamers.
In the single-player campaign, the player assumes the role of hero Sam "Serious" Stone in his adventures against the forces of the extraterrestrial overlord, "Mental", who seeks to destroy humanity. Taking place after the events of Serious Sam: The Second Encounter, Sam travels through various worlds collecting parts of a medallion in an effort to defeat Mental. He is guided by the Sirian Great Council and receives sporadic aid from the natives of the worlds he visits. The multiplayer mode includes online co-op and deathmatch, the latter having been introduced in a patch.
Croteam simultaneously developed Serious Engine 2, the successor to their previous game engine, Serious Engine, for use in the game, and the engine is capable of many features of other advanced game engines of the time including high dynamic range rendering and light bloom. The engine supports integration with both Xfire and GameSpy Arcade for multiplayer match finding. Serious Sam 2 is the only game to use the proprietary engine, though the Serious Engine 2 is available for licensing.
Gameplay
Serious Sam faces numerous enemies at a time
Serious Sam 2's gameplay consists almost entirely of the player attempting to defeat dozens of enemies at a time, and thus is relatively simple. The game's story establishes the reasons and methods for how the player travels from chapter to chapter. This is a significant change from the previous games in the series in which the story existed merely to transport the player from place to place in order to kill as many enemies as possible in the process, with the plot consisting merely of messages that the player could disregard without consequence. Serious Sam 2 features the story more prominently, but still maintains the focus on killing as many enemies as possible. The story is developed through the use of cut scenes, which are interspersed throughout the game, especially at the beginning and end of each Planet.
The player begins with a certain number of lives that represent the number of times the player is allowed to lose all of his health (and then re-spawn immediately from the player's last saved checkpoint). More complicated gameplay mechanics that are often found in other games (such as jumping puzzles) are rare, and when encountered they are fairly simple, usually requiring the player to locate keys/objects in order to unlock doors or advance to the next level. Player-controlled vehicles (such as hover bikes and saucers) were introduced to the series in Serious Sam 2. Vehicles feature turrets such as rocket launchers, machine guns, and laser turrets.
The simplistic gameplay of Serious Sam 2 is similar to that of previous games in the series, but Serious Sam 2's lives system is a radical departure from the original games in the series (which would allow you to resume from checkpoints or saved games an infinite number of times). Although Serious Sam for Xbox was the first game in the series to feature a "lives system", Serious Sam 2 was the first PC game in the series to implement this system.
Blood and gore effects have been improved relative to the previous games, and all enemies other than bosses can be gibbed. Living foes can disintegrate into blood and bloody bits, undead entities, excluding Kleer Skeletons, can be reduced to decaying bits and slime, while magical creatures' destruction is marked with sparkle effects and purple gases. Power-ups are scattered throughout the game and can be obtained by destroying certain objects. The player is able to pick up certain objects and manipulate them in a manner similar to the effects of the Gravity Gun from Half-Life 2, though without the necessity of an external device.
While the game features various enemies seen in first person shooters, such as soldiers with chainguns, blasters and rocket launchers, there are also many other oddball enemies, like witches, clockwork toy rhinos, zombie stockbrokers with shotguns and suicidal exploding clowns. Different chapters feature native "chapter specific" enemies; for example the Kleer World features Flying Kleers and the Oriental setting of Chi Fang features Martial Arts Zombies. The players will also meet non-player characters (NPCs) throughout the game. There are five different groups of NPCs in the game: The Sirians, the Simbas, Zixies, Chi Che, and Elvians, each native to their respective planet. The different groups of NPCs help the player throughout the different settings of the game, with each group of NPC corresponding to a different setting in the game.
Multiplayer
A prominent feature in the previous Serious Sam games was cooperative gameplay, in which multiple players could play the single-player campaign together. Serious Sam 2 focused on this game mode even more than its predecessors, as it was the only multiplayer mode to be included when the game was released, although deathmatch was later added in a patch. The PC version allows up to sixteen people to play together, while the Xbox version allows four players, either via Xbox systemlink or Xbox Live. Unlike the previous games, Serious Sam 2 support split-screen gameplay on the PC but does not support on Xbox.
Weapons
Weapons in Serious Sam 2 were largely remodeled versions of the weapons found in the previous games in the Serious Sam series. Most of the weapons from the previous games returned, such as the rocket launcher, grenade launcher, 12-gauge double-barrel sawed-off shotgun and a sniper rifle. The minigun, a staple of the series, also makes a return, and is a weapon of particular significance as it was featured prominently on the cover of the box for many of the previous Serious Sam games. The Serious Bomb also made a return, maintaining its status as the most powerful weapon in the game by being able to eliminate every enemy on the screen. The Serious Bomb is described as a "miniature big bang" and as "Instant Death With a Smile," and the player is only able to carry a maximum of three due to their size. Protecting the player from the immense power of the Serious Bomb is a "Life-Preserving-Quantum-Field(TM)."
Serious Sam 2 introduced new weapons to the series, including "Clawdovic Cacadoos Vulgaris," (the name is pronounced in Croatian as Klodovik, which is a reference to a parrot Klodovik in the comic series Alan Ford ) a parrot clutching a bomb in its talons that can fly to an enemy to eliminate it, and throwable hand grenades. In addition to dual revolvers, the game also includes an additional sidearm of a brand-new design. The "Hydro-Plasmatic Handgun" can fire small units of energy at a "decent rate of fire," and it can also be fired in a mode that allows the projectile to direct itself towards an enemy. Also introduced to the game are twin automatic Uzis replacing the tommygun from the earlier games of the series.
Plot
The game's story continues shortly after the end of Serious Sam: The Second Encounter, with the hero of the series, Sam "Serious" Stone, picking up his goal to defeat his nemesis, Mental. The game begins with Sam being summoned before the Sirian Great Council, where they provide him with guidance on how to accomplish his goal to defeat Mental. The Council reveals to Sam that he must collect all five pieces of an ancient Sirian medallion, each held by various races on five different planets, and states that once he has the entire medallion, Mental will be vulnerable. All the planets (except Kleer) are inhabited by friendly, bobble-headed humanoids, but the problem is that all the planets are under the control of Mental. The Council then instructs Sam to visit all five planets in order to recreate the medallion, only then will Sam become "The One". Confused at this moment and with nothing better to do, Sam accepts the mission. With the medallion finally complete, Sam is now ready to begin the final assault against the greatest enemy of humanity... Mental, who is located on Sirius, once the planet of the great Sirians that visited Earth many times, now the domain of Mental himself. But in order to gain access to Sirius, Sam is asked to storm Kronor, a moon orbiting Sirius that has a massive cannon which could be used to remove Sirius' protection shield, which was a last arm of defense for the Sirians against Mental. And so, Sam's mission continues. In the endgame, Sam enters Mental Institution after disabling it and into Mental's throne room. Sam finally encounters Mental in person while the lights are off. Mental tries to reveal to Sam that he is his father, but Sam doesn't believe it and interrupts by shooting him, thus silencing Mental forever. After that, the Sirian Great Council, even the inhabitants from the planets, celebrate their long-awaited victory against Mental. However, when the lights come back on, it is revealed that Mental wasn't there at all and it was instead just a speaker attached to his throne, implying that he actually tricked Sam in order to escape in his starship into deep space (Xbox version of the game doesn't show this scene). The credits roll after that, where a dialog of three unknown people is played discussing how this ending might just be another one of Croteam's bad jokes and how big Mental's real boss fight could be.
After the credits, a silent-motion scene shows Sam returning to the Sirian Great Council and handing over the medallion. However, as they take the medallion, Sam then finds out that the Council had cardboard boxes full of those medallions. Sam then becomes enraged and chases the Council around the room.
Development
Development of Serious Sam 2 began in mid-2003 with the decision to create the game on a new engine. Croteam planned to release the game in the second quarter of 2004, but this was later pushed to the second half of 2004 and finally to fall 2005. For a period of time, Croteam posted weekly updates, but these became bi-monthly, then monthly, and then stopped completely after August 2004, as Gathering of Developers shut down and folded into 2K Games, Croteam's publisher, wanted to handle the release of information from that point forward. In April 2005, the game was officially announced by 2K Games, at which point the release date was set as Fall 2005.
Shortly following the game's official announcement, Serious Sam 2 was featured as the cover story for the June 2005 issue of Computer Games Magazine, and was later showcased at E3 in May 2005. Shown at the E3 Expo was the official trailer for the game, and an early build of the game was playable on the show floor. A result of the E3 presentation was a 30-minute video preview of the game featuring gameplay footage while a question and answer session took place between fansite Seriously! owner and director Jason Rodzik and Fernando Melo, the game's producer. In the time following the game's official announcement, 2K Games released a steady trickle of screenshots showcasing the vibrant colors and wide-open spaces that characterized the previous games and helping to build up hype as the game neared release. A demo of the PC version was released on 21 September 2005, and a second demo was released on 17 October 2005.
On 11 October 2005, Serious Sam 2 was released for PC and Xbox, and a patch for the game was released the day before, bringing it up to version 2.064b. Croteam stated that a substantial list of features were cut due to time constraints.
Serious Engine 2, the game engine for Serious Sam 2 was developed alongside the development of the game itself, and was a brand new revision of Croteam's prior Serious Engine that was used for their previous games, such as Serious Sam: The First Encounter. The more advanced features of the engine include detailed refraction effects, high-resolution textures, high-dynamic range lighting, and light bloom effects.
Release patches
On 16 December 2005, two months after the game's release, Croteam released a patch to bring the game up to version 2.066. The most significant change to the game with the patch was the addition of a dedicated server for the game, although the patch included various bug fixes. On 6 March 2006, Croteam released their second patch, adding deathmatch support to the game. The most recent patch for the game was version 2.070 which was released on 24 April 2006. The patch fixed minor bugs and included Serious Editor 2, the content editor for Serious Engine 2, the game engine used in Serious Sam 2.
Level editor
Croteam developed their own level editor, Serious Editor 2, and used it for the development of Serious Sam 2. The editor has significantly more features than the original Serious Editor that was used for the previous Serious Sam games. Serious Editor 2 allows geometry to be imported and exported to and from third-party 3D programs, such as 3D Studio Max, via an intermediate file format, thus allowing for plugins to be easily created for any 3D modeling program. Two methods of creating particle systems exist in the editor, and they can be created either as procedural particle systems or emitter systems. The editor also features its own interpreted language, similar to C++, which allows for relatively simple mod programming, and a script editor and debugger, enabling the level designer to control gameplay events more directly.
In addition to the standard level editor, there is also a mechanism editor for physics and collision setup, an animation editor for modifying camera paths and animation of objects, a skeleton editor for configuring the skeletal structures of characters, a destruction editor, mesh editor, model editor, and font editor.
One of the most significant and more distinctive features of Serious Editor 2's level editor is that it allows for real-time editing. The level design process for most games often requires the level to be modified in the editor, compiled, saved, and then loaded separately in the game where it can be tested. However, Serious Editor 2 allows for levels to be played and tested within the editor without requiring compilation. While playing the level within the editor, the level designer can directly switch to editing mode, make the desired modifications, and then continue playing, greatly simplifying the final stages of level editing.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScorePCXboxGameRankings75%74%Metacritic74/10072/100Review scoresPublicationScorePCXbox1Up.com90%GamePro80%GameSpy70%IGN82%82%PC Gamer (US)75%
Unlike its predecessors, Serious Sam: The First Encounter and Serious Sam: The Second Encounter, the first of which was awarded GameSpot's PC Game of the Year in 2001, Serious Sam 2 received less praising reviews. The game's average review is a 75% according to GameRankings. Its highest mark by mainstream media was a 4.5/5.0 from Computer Gaming World, though most reviews were in the 70% or 80% range. Other notable reviews include GamePro rating it 4/5 and GameSpy giving it a 3.5/5 (Good). IGN awarded Serious Sam 2 an 8.2/10, summing up the sentiments of many of other publications' reviews:
Like its predecessor Serious Sam 2 caters to a very specific taste. Fans of old school action games that focus exclusively on shooting down wave after wave of enemies will definitely find that this game delivers. Still, the endless fragfest that is Serious Sam 2 occasionally runs the risk of becoming monotonous. What saves the title is the endless variety of enemies that come your way and the intense challenge that they offer. Throw in an engine that can handle it all with ease and a unique, colorful visual style and it's the perfect game for twitch-happy action junkies.
One of the main criticisms of the game was that it was a lot less "serious" and a lot more "cartoony" than The First Encounter and The Second Encounter. An over-emphasis on reflective surfaces and oddly out of place pixel shading were perceived as being more about showing off the capabilities of the engine than about defining the atmosphere of the game. Lighter colors and a more upbeat soundtrack made the game feel less grounded in reality, contrary to the realistic Egyptian tombs and Mayan pyramids of the earlier games, and players complained that while the weapons of the previous games seemed to be massive and powerful, those in Serious Sam 2 were less so.
References
^ "GameSpy: Serious Sam 2". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
^ "Now Available - Serious Sam 2". Steam. Valve. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
^ "Serious Sam 2 now available on Steam!". 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
^ "Serious Sam 2 Installers - liflg". Linux Installers for Linux Gamers. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
^ a b c "Serious Sam 2 Patch 2.068". Seriously!. 6 March 2006. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ a b Ribaric, Roman (19 July 2005). "Serious Sam 2 Development Diary". Seriously!. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
^ a b Game Manual for Serious Sam 2
^ a b Game Manual for Serious Sam (Xbox)
^ "Serious Sam 2 (Xbox) Summary". InTheMix. 17 November 2005. Archived from the original on 12 November 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
^ "Serious Sam 2 Updated Impressions". GameSpot. 24 June 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
^ a b Rodzik, Jason (11 October 2005). "Serious Sam 2 Review (Page 2)". Seriously!. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
^ a b "Seriously! Croteam Interview". Seriously!. 27 September 2005. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
^ "Serious Sam 2 - Game Overview". Seriously!. Archived from the original on 29 December 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
^ "The Weapons of Serious Sam 2". Seriously!. 5 September 2005. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
^ "Croteam Update: Serious Sam 2". Seriously!. 22 September 2003. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ "List of Croteam Development Reports". Seriously!. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2006.
^ "Croteam Christmas Update". Seriously!. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2006.
^ "Serious Sam 2 "Officially" Announced". Seriously!. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2006.
^ "Serious Sam 2 E3 Trailer". Seriously!. 18 May 2005. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ Rodzik, Jason (19 May 2005). "Serious Sam 2 Video and Interview". Seriously!. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ Rodzik, Jason (22 May 2005). "E3 Impressions - Serious Sam 2". Seriously!. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ "Serious Sam 2 Screenshot Gallery". Seriously!. Archived from the original on 16 May 2004. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ "Serious Sam 2 PC Demo". Seriously!. 21 September 2005. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ "Serious Sam 2 Demo #2". Seriously!. 17 October 2005. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ "Patch 2.064b Released". Seriously!. 10 October 2005. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ "Interview Met Goran Zoricic". Gamesplanet. Archived from the original on 9 January 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2006.
^ "Interview Met Kresimir Prcela". Gamesplanet. Archived from the original on 9 January 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2006.
^ a b c "Serious Sam 2 PC Review". Computer Gaming World. 11 October 2005. Archived from the original on 30 June 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ a b "Serious Sam 2 Tools Interview with Davor Hunski". Seriously!. 11 May 2004. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
^ "Serious Sam 2 Patch 2.066". Seriously!. 16 December 2005. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ "Serious Sam 2 Patch 2.070". Seriously!. 24 April 2006. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ a b c "Serious Sam II for PC". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Serious Sam II for Xbox". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Serious Sam II for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Serious Sam II for Xbox Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ a b "Review: Serious Sam 2 for Xbox". GamePro. 12 October 2005. Archived from the original on 10 December 2005. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ a b c "Serious Sam 2 Review". GameSpy. 11 October 2005. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ a b c "Serious Sam 2 Review". IGN. 11 October 2005. Archived from the original on 13 October 2005. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ "Customer Reviews of Serious Sam 2". NewEgg. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ "Serious Sam 2 Xbox Review". Xbox Solution. 10 November 2005. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ "User Comments on Review: Serious Sam 2". Slashdot. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ "Serious Sam 2 Review". StageSelect.com. 23 August 2008. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
External links
Official website
vteSerious SamMain series
The First Encounter
The Second Encounter
Serious Sam 2
Serious Sam 3: BFE
Serious Sam 4
Siberian Mayhem
Spin-offs
Advance
Next Encounter
Double D
Kamikaze Attack!
The Random Encounter
Bogus Detour
VR: The Last Hope
I Hate Running Backwards
Tormental
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"Serious Sam: The Second Encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Sam:_The_Second_Encounter"},{"link_name":"Croteam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croteam"},{"link_name":"2K Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2K_Games"},{"link_name":"Take-Two Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-Two_Interactive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steam_News_7250-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero"},{"link_name":"extraterrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Serious Sam: The Second Encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Sam:_The_Second_Encounter"},{"link_name":"co-op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"deathmatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathmatch_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deathmatch_patch-5"},{"link_name":"game engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engine"},{"link_name":"high dynamic range rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range_rendering"},{"link_name":"light bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_(shader_effect)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev_Diary-6"},{"link_name":"Xfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfire"},{"link_name":"GameSpy Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy_Arcade"},{"link_name":"proprietary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software"}],"text":"2005 video gameSerious Sam 2 is a first-person shooter video game released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox and the sequel to the 2002 video game Serious Sam: The Second Encounter. It was developed by Croteam and was released on 11 October 2005. The game was initially published by 2K Games, a Take-Two Interactive subsidiary.[1] The game was later made available on Steam on 31 January 2012.[2][3] While the game was originally released only for Microsoft Windows and Xbox, an unofficial Linux version of the game was created and is being handled by Linux Installers for Linux Gamers.[4]In the single-player campaign, the player assumes the role of hero Sam \"Serious\" Stone in his adventures against the forces of the extraterrestrial overlord, \"Mental\", who seeks to destroy humanity. Taking place after the events of Serious Sam: The Second Encounter, Sam travels through various worlds collecting parts of a medallion in an effort to defeat Mental. He is guided by the Sirian Great Council and receives sporadic aid from the natives of the worlds he visits. The multiplayer mode includes online co-op and deathmatch, the latter having been introduced in a patch.[5]Croteam simultaneously developed Serious Engine 2, the successor to their previous game engine, Serious Engine, for use in the game, and the engine is capable of many features of other advanced game engines of the time including high dynamic range rendering and light bloom.[6] The engine supports integration with both Xfire and GameSpy Arcade for multiplayer match finding. Serious Sam 2 is the only game to use the proprietary engine, though the Serious Engine 2 is available for licensing.","title":"Serious Sam 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serious_Sam_II_In-Game_Screenshot.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS2_Manual-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_Manual-8"},{"link_name":"cut scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_scene"},{"link_name":"Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"jumping puzzles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_puzzles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS2_Manual-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_Manual-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seriously!_Review_Page_2-11"},{"link_name":"gibbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seriously!_Interview-12"},{"link_name":"Power-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-up"},{"link_name":"Half-Life 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2"},{"link_name":"non-player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_character"}],"text":"Serious Sam faces numerous enemies at a timeSerious Sam 2's gameplay consists almost entirely of the player attempting to defeat dozens of enemies at a time, and thus is relatively simple. The game's story establishes the reasons and methods for how the player travels from chapter to chapter. This is a significant change from the previous games in the series in which the story existed merely to transport the player from place to place in order to kill as many enemies as possible in the process, with the plot consisting merely of messages that the player could disregard without consequence. Serious Sam 2 features the story more prominently, but still maintains the focus on killing as many enemies as possible.[7][8] The story is developed through the use of cut scenes, which are interspersed throughout the game, especially at the beginning and end of each Planet.[9]The player begins with a certain number of lives that represent the number of times the player is allowed to lose all of his health (and then re-spawn immediately from the player's last saved checkpoint). More complicated gameplay mechanics that are often found in other games (such as jumping puzzles) are rare, and when encountered they are fairly simple, usually requiring the player to locate keys/objects in order to unlock doors or advance to the next level. Player-controlled vehicles (such as hover bikes and saucers) were introduced to the series in Serious Sam 2. Vehicles feature turrets such as rocket launchers, machine guns, and laser turrets.[10]The simplistic gameplay of Serious Sam 2 is similar to that of previous games in the series, but Serious Sam 2's lives system is a radical departure from the original games in the series (which would allow you to resume from checkpoints or saved games an infinite number of times). Although Serious Sam for Xbox was the first game in the series to feature a \"lives system\", Serious Sam 2 was the first PC game in the series to implement this system.[7][8][11]Blood and gore effects have been improved relative to the previous games, and all enemies other than bosses can be gibbed.[12] Living foes can disintegrate into blood and bloody bits, undead entities, excluding Kleer Skeletons, can be reduced to decaying bits and slime, while magical creatures' destruction is marked with sparkle effects and purple gases. Power-ups are scattered throughout the game and can be obtained by destroying certain objects. The player is able to pick up certain objects and manipulate them in a manner similar to the effects of the Gravity Gun from Half-Life 2, though without the necessity of an external device.While the game features various enemies seen in first person shooters, such as soldiers with chainguns, blasters and rocket launchers, there are also many other oddball enemies, like witches, clockwork toy rhinos, zombie stockbrokers with shotguns and suicidal exploding clowns. Different chapters feature native \"chapter specific\" enemies; for example the Kleer World features Flying Kleers and the Oriental setting of Chi Fang features Martial Arts Zombies. The players will also meet non-player characters (NPCs) throughout the game. There are five different groups of NPCs in the game: The Sirians, the Simbas, Zixies, Chi Che, and Elvians, each native to their respective planet. The different groups of NPCs help the player throughout the different settings of the game, with each group of NPC corresponding to a different setting in the game.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serious Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Sam"},{"link_name":"cooperative gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deathmatch_patch-5"},{"link_name":"Xbox Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live"},{"link_name":"split-screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_screen_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seriously!_Interview-12"}],"sub_title":"Multiplayer","text":"A prominent feature in the previous Serious Sam games was cooperative gameplay, in which multiple players could play the single-player campaign together. Serious Sam 2 focused on this game mode even more than its predecessors, as it was the only multiplayer mode to be included when the game was released, although deathmatch was later added in a patch.[5] The PC version allows up to sixteen people to play together, while the Xbox version allows four players, either via Xbox systemlink or Xbox Live. Unlike the previous games, Serious Sam 2 support split-screen gameplay on the PC but does not support on Xbox.[12]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serious Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Sam"},{"link_name":"rocket launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_launcher"},{"link_name":"grenade launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade_launcher"},{"link_name":"gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_(bore_diameter)"},{"link_name":"sawed-off shotgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun"},{"link_name":"sniper rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper_rifle"},{"link_name":"minigun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigun"},{"link_name":"Serious Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Sam"},{"link_name":"Alan Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ford_(comics)"},{"link_name":"hand grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade"},{"link_name":"revolvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver"},{"link_name":"Uzis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzi"},{"link_name":"tommygun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Overview-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Weapons","text":"Weapons in Serious Sam 2 were largely remodeled versions of the weapons found in the previous games in the Serious Sam series. Most of the weapons from the previous games returned, such as the rocket launcher, grenade launcher, 12-gauge double-barrel sawed-off shotgun and a sniper rifle. The minigun, a staple of the series, also makes a return, and is a weapon of particular significance as it was featured prominently on the cover of the box for many of the previous Serious Sam games. The Serious Bomb also made a return, maintaining its status as the most powerful weapon in the game by being able to eliminate every enemy on the screen. The Serious Bomb is described as a \"miniature big bang\" and as \"Instant Death With a Smile,\" and the player is only able to carry a maximum of three due to their size. Protecting the player from the immense power of the Serious Bomb is a \"Life-Preserving-Quantum-Field(TM).\"Serious Sam 2 introduced new weapons to the series, including \"Clawdovic Cacadoos Vulgaris,\" (the name is pronounced in Croatian as Klodovik, which is a reference to a parrot Klodovik in the comic series Alan Ford ) a parrot clutching a bomb in its talons that can fly to an enemy to eliminate it, and throwable hand grenades. In addition to dual revolvers, the game also includes an additional sidearm of a brand-new design. The \"Hydro-Plasmatic Handgun\" can fire small units of energy at a \"decent rate of fire,\" and it can also be fired in a mode that allows the projectile to direct itself towards an enemy. Also introduced to the game are twin automatic Uzis replacing the tommygun from the earlier games of the series.[13][14]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The game's story continues shortly after the end of Serious Sam: The Second Encounter, with the hero of the series, Sam \"Serious\" Stone, picking up his goal to defeat his nemesis, Mental. The game begins with Sam being summoned before the Sirian Great Council, where they provide him with guidance on how to accomplish his goal to defeat Mental. The Council reveals to Sam that he must collect all five pieces of an ancient Sirian medallion, each held by various races on five different planets, and states that once he has the entire medallion, Mental will be vulnerable. All the planets (except Kleer) are inhabited by friendly, bobble-headed humanoids, but the problem is that all the planets are under the control of Mental. The Council then instructs Sam to visit all five planets in order to recreate the medallion, only then will Sam become \"The One\". Confused at this moment and with nothing better to do, Sam accepts the mission. With the medallion finally complete, Sam is now ready to begin the final assault against the greatest enemy of humanity... Mental, who is located on Sirius, once the planet of the great Sirians that visited Earth many times, now the domain of Mental himself. But in order to gain access to Sirius, Sam is asked to storm Kronor, a moon orbiting Sirius that has a massive cannon which could be used to remove Sirius' protection shield, which was a last arm of defense for the Sirians against Mental. And so, Sam's mission continues. In the endgame, Sam enters Mental Institution after disabling it and into Mental's throne room. Sam finally encounters Mental in person while the lights are off. Mental tries to reveal to Sam that he is his father, but Sam doesn't believe it and interrupts by shooting him, thus silencing Mental forever. After that, the Sirian Great Council, even the inhabitants from the planets, celebrate their long-awaited victory against Mental. However, when the lights come back on, it is revealed that Mental wasn't there at all and it was instead just a speaker attached to his throne, implying that he actually tricked Sam in order to escape in his starship into deep space (Xbox version of the game doesn't show this scene). The credits roll after that, where a dialog of three unknown people is played discussing how this ending might just be another one of Croteam's bad jokes and how big Mental's real boss fight could be.After the credits, a silent-motion scene shows Sam returning to the Sirian Great Council and handing over the medallion. However, as they take the medallion, Sam then finds out that the Council had cardboard boxes full of those medallions. Sam then becomes enraged and chases the Council around the room.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev_Reports-16"},{"link_name":"Gathering of Developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathering_of_Developers"},{"link_name":"2K Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2K_Games"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Under_Wraps-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_Announcement-18"},{"link_name":"Computer Games Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine"},{"link_name":"E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_(Electronic_Entertainment_Expo)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"fansite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansite"},{"link_name":"Seriously!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.seriouszone.com"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2K Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2K_Games"},{"link_name":"screenshots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenshot"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"hype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_circus"},{"link_name":"demo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_demo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"demo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_demo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamesplanet_1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamesplanet_2-27"},{"link_name":"game engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engine"},{"link_name":"Croteam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croteam"},{"link_name":"Serious Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Engine"},{"link_name":"Serious Sam: The First Encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Sam#Serious_Sam:_The_First_Encounter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev_Diary-6"},{"link_name":"refraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction"},{"link_name":"textures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_mapping"},{"link_name":"high-dynamic range lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range_rendering"},{"link_name":"light bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_(shader_effect)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGW_Review-28"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seriously!_Review_Page_2-11"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tools_Interview-29"}],"text":"Development of Serious Sam 2 began in mid-2003 with the decision to create the game on a new engine. Croteam planned to release the game in the second quarter of 2004, but this was later pushed to the second half of 2004 and finally to fall 2005.[15] For a period of time, Croteam posted weekly updates, but these became bi-monthly, then monthly, and then stopped completely after August 2004,[16] as Gathering of Developers shut down and folded into 2K Games, Croteam's publisher, wanted to handle the release of information from that point forward.[17] In April 2005, the game was officially announced by 2K Games, at which point the release date was set as Fall 2005.[18]Shortly following the game's official announcement, Serious Sam 2 was featured as the cover story for the June 2005 issue of Computer Games Magazine, and was later showcased at E3 in May 2005. Shown at the E3 Expo was the official trailer for the game,[19] and an early build of the game was playable on the show floor. A result of the E3 presentation was a 30-minute video preview of the game featuring gameplay footage while a question and answer session took place between fansite Seriously! owner and director Jason Rodzik and Fernando Melo, the game's producer.[20][21] In the time following the game's official announcement, 2K Games released a steady trickle of screenshots[22] showcasing the vibrant colors and wide-open spaces that characterized the previous games and helping to build up hype as the game neared release. A demo of the PC version was released on 21 September 2005,[23] and a second demo was released on 17 October 2005.[24]On 11 October 2005, Serious Sam 2 was released for PC and Xbox, and a patch for the game was released the day before, bringing it up to version 2.064b.[25] Croteam stated that a substantial list of features were cut due to time constraints.[26][27]Serious Engine 2, the game engine for Serious Sam 2 was developed alongside the development of the game itself, and was a brand new revision of Croteam's prior Serious Engine that was used for their previous games, such as Serious Sam: The First Encounter.[6] The more advanced features of the engine include detailed refraction effects, high-resolution textures, high-dynamic range lighting, and light bloom effects.[28][11][29]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croteam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croteam"},{"link_name":"patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"dedicated server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_server"},{"link_name":"bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"deathmatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathmatch_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deathmatch_patch-5"},{"link_name":"game engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engine"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Release patches","text":"On 16 December 2005, two months after the game's release, Croteam released a patch to bring the game up to version 2.066. The most significant change to the game with the patch was the addition of a dedicated server for the game, although the patch included various bug fixes.[30] On 6 March 2006, Croteam released their second patch, adding deathmatch support to the game.[5] The most recent patch for the game was version 2.070 which was released on 24 April 2006. The patch fixed minor bugs and included Serious Editor 2, the content editor for Serious Engine 2, the game engine used in Serious Sam 2.[31]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"level editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_editor"},{"link_name":"Serious Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Sam"},{"link_name":"3D Studio Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Studio_Max"},{"link_name":"file format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format"},{"link_name":"plugins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)"},{"link_name":"particle systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_system"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"mod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(computer_gaming)"},{"link_name":"level designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_designer"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_engine"},{"link_name":"animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics_software"},{"link_name":"skeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_animation"},{"link_name":"mesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_mesh"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_model"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_font"},{"link_name":"level design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_design"},{"link_name":"compiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tools_Interview-29"}],"text":"Croteam developed their own level editor, Serious Editor 2, and used it for the development of Serious Sam 2. The editor has significantly more features than the original Serious Editor that was used for the previous Serious Sam games. Serious Editor 2 allows geometry to be imported and exported to and from third-party 3D programs, such as 3D Studio Max, via an intermediate file format, thus allowing for plugins to be easily created for any 3D modeling program. Two methods of creating particle systems exist in the editor, and they can be created either as procedural particle systems or emitter systems. The editor also features its own interpreted language, similar to C++, which allows for relatively simple mod programming, and a script editor and debugger, enabling the level designer to control gameplay events more directly.In addition to the standard level editor, there is also a mechanism editor for physics and collision setup, an animation editor for modifying camera paths and animation of objects, a skeleton editor for configuring the skeletal structures of characters, a destruction editor, mesh editor, model editor, and font editor.One of the most significant and more distinctive features of Serious Editor 2's level editor is that it allows for real-time editing. The level design process for most games often requires the level to be modified in the editor, compiled, saved, and then loaded separately in the game where it can be tested. However, Serious Editor 2 allows for levels to be played and tested within the editor without requiring compilation. While playing the level within the editor, the level designer can directly switch to editing mode, make the desired modifications, and then continue playing, greatly simplifying the final stages of level editing.[29]","title":"Level editor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Rankings-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metacritic-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"1Up.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Up.com"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGW_Review-28"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamePro_Review-36"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpy_Review-37"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-38"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Rankings-32"},{"link_name":"Serious Sam: The First Encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Sam#Serious_Sam:_The_First_Encounter"},{"link_name":"Serious Sam: The Second Encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Sam#Serious_Sam:_The_Second_Encounter"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Rankings-32"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGW_Review-28"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamePro_Review-36"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpy_Review-37"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpy_Review-37"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Egyptian tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mayan pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid#Mesoamerican_pyramids"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScorePCXboxGameRankings75%[32]74%[33]Metacritic74/100[34]72/100[35]Review scoresPublicationScorePCXbox1Up.com90%[28]GamePro80%[36]GameSpy70%[37]IGN82%[38]82%[38]PC Gamer (US)75%[32]Unlike its predecessors, Serious Sam: The First Encounter and Serious Sam: The Second Encounter, the first of which was awarded GameSpot's PC Game of the Year in 2001, Serious Sam 2 received less praising reviews. The game's average review is a 75% according to GameRankings.[32] Its highest mark by mainstream media was a 4.5/5.0 from Computer Gaming World, though most reviews were in the 70% or 80% range.[28] Other notable reviews include GamePro rating it 4/5[36] and GameSpy giving it a 3.5/5 (Good).[37] IGN awarded Serious Sam 2 an 8.2/10,[38] summing up the sentiments of many of other publications' reviews:Like its predecessor Serious Sam 2 caters to a very specific taste. Fans of old school action games that focus exclusively on shooting down wave after wave of enemies will definitely find that this game delivers. Still, the endless fragfest that is Serious Sam 2 occasionally runs the risk of becoming monotonous. What saves the title is the endless variety of enemies that come your way and the intense challenge that they offer. Throw in an engine that can handle it all with ease and a unique, colorful visual style and it's the perfect game for twitch-happy action junkies.One of the main criticisms of the game was that it was a lot less \"serious\" and a lot more \"cartoony\" than The First Encounter and The Second Encounter.[37] An over-emphasis on reflective surfaces and oddly out of place pixel shading were perceived as being more about showing off the capabilities of the engine than about defining the atmosphere of the game. Lighter colors and a more upbeat soundtrack made the game feel less grounded in reality, contrary to the realistic Egyptian tombs and Mayan pyramids of the earlier games, and players complained that while the weapons of the previous games seemed to be massive and powerful, those in Serious Sam 2 were less so.[39][40][41][42]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Serious Sam faces numerous enemies at a time","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Serious_Sam_II_In-Game_Screenshot.jpg/220px-Serious_Sam_II_In-Game_Screenshot.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"GameSpy: Serious Sam 2\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/serious-sam-2/","url_text":"\"GameSpy: Serious Sam 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404164455/http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/serious-sam-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Now Available - Serious Sam 2\". Steam. Valve. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://store.steampowered.com/news/7250/","url_text":"\"Now Available - Serious Sam 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)","url_text":"Steam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporation","url_text":"Valve"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404080352/https://store.steampowered.com/news/7250/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Serious Sam 2 now available on Steam!\". 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209040130/http://www.seriouszone.com/cms/news.php?newsid=1811","url_text":"\"Serious Sam 2 now available on Steam!\""},{"url":"http://www.seriouszone.com/cms/news.php?newsid=1811","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Serious Sam 2 Installers - liflg\". Linux Installers for Linux Gamers. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. 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Retrieved 23 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716233418/http://www.stageselect.com/Games/Game.aspx?tab=review&gameid=40772","url_text":"\"Serious Sam 2 Review\""},{"url":"http://www.stageselect.com/Games/Game.aspx?tab=review&gameid=40772","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe_%26_Numan
|
Sharpe & Numan
|
["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Album","2.2 Singles","3 References"]
|
Sharpe & NumanOriginEnglandGenresSynthpopYears active1985 (1985)–1989 (1989)LabelsPolydorPast members
Bill Sharpe
Gary Numan
Sharpe & Numan was a British synth-pop duo formed by Shakatak's Bill Sharpe (keyboards, producer) and Gary Numan (vocals).
They had success with their first single "Change Your Mind" which was a top 20 hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 17 in March 1985. Subsequent singles were less successful and in 1989 they released their only album Automatic. Their music has been characterized as a mix of synthpop and soul typical of the mid-1980s.
History
The duo teamed up when they happened to be recording in the same studio. Sharpe had written a collection of songs for a solo album and Gary Numan provided vocals for "Change Your Mind". Released as a single on Polydor Records, it reached number 17 on the UK Singles Chart in March 1985.
Intended as a one-off collaboration, Sharpe and Numan eventually returned with "New Thing from London Town" in 1986. Released on Numan's label Numa Records, it was only a minor chart hit peaking at number 52. Signed to Polydor, they subsequently reunited again and released the single "No More Lies" in 1988 which fared slightly better on the UK chart, reaching the top 40.
In 1989, the single "I'm on Automatic" was another minor hit and the same year they released their first and only album Automatic, which spent only one week on the UK Albums Chart at number 59.
Discography
Album
1989: Automatic - UK #59
Singles
1985: "Change Your Mind" - UK #17
1986: "New Thing from London Town" - UK #52
1988: "No More Lies" - UK #34
1989: "I'm on Automatic" - UK #44
References
^ a b c d "SHARPE & NUMAN | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ "Automatic - Gary Numan, Sharpe & Numan | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ a b Dan Goldstein Bright New Things mu:zines
^ "Sharpe & Numan". Discogs.com. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
vteGary NumanAlbums with Tubeway Army
Tubeway Army
Replicas
The Plan
Studio albums
The Pleasure Principle
Telekon
Dance
I, Assassin
Warriors
Berserker
The Fury
Strange Charm
Metal Rhythm
Outland
Machine + Soul
Sacrifice
Exile
Pure
Jagged
Dead Son Rising
Splinter (Songs from a Broken Mind)
Savage (Songs from a Broken World)
Intruder
Collaborations
Automatic (with Bill Sharpe)
Human (with Michael R. Smith)
Nicholson / Numan 1987–1994 (with Hugh Nicholson)
Live albums
Living Ornaments '79
Living Ornaments '80
Living Ornaments '79 and '80
White Noise
Ghost
The Skin Mechanic
Dream Corrosion
Dark Light
Living Ornaments '81
The Radio One Recordings
Scarred
Live at Shepherds Bush Empire
Hope Bleeds
Fragment 1/04
Fragment 2/04
The Complete John Peel Sessions
Jagged Live
Engineers
Telekon – Live
Replicas Live
The Pleasure Principle Live
Big Noise Transmission
Singles
"That's Too Bad"
"Bombers"
"Down in the Park"
"Are "Friends" Electric?"
"Cars"
"Complex"
"We Are Glass"
"I Die: You Die"
"This Wreckage"
"Stormtrooper in Drag"
"She's Got Claws"
"Love Needs No Disguise"
"Music for Chameleons"
"We Take Mystery (To Bed)"
"Warriors"
"Change Your Mind"
"New Thing from London Town"
"This Is Love"
"I Can't Stop"
"Like a Refugee (I Won't Cry)"
"Crazier"
Soundtracks
The Radial Pair: Video Soundtrack
Compilations
New Man Numan
Exhibition
Isolate
The Best of Gary Numan 1978–1983
The Premier Hits
Techno Army Featuring Gary Numan
Random
Random (02)
The Mix
New Dreams for Old
Exposure
Hybrid
Resonator (Pioneer of Sound)
Jagged Edge
Dead Moon Falling
Related articles
Discography
Sharpe & Numan
Paul Gardiner
Dramatis
Tubeway
Radio Heart
"Freak Like Me"
"Where's Your Head At"
Authority control databases
ISNI
VIAF
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honi_Soit
|
Honi Soit
|
["1 Layout","1.1 Format and organisation","1.2 Comedy","2 Editors","3 History","3.1 Founding","3.2 Cultural developments","3.3 Modern day","3.4 Alumni","4 Controversies","4.1 The St Michael's College hoax","4.2 \"Vagina Soit\"","4.3 Allegations against Tony Abbott","4.4 ANZAC Day criticism","4.5 Pro-North Korea Article","4.6 Other controversies","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Student newspaper of the University of Sydney
This article is about the Australian student newspaper. For the album by John Cale, see Honi Soit (album). For the motto, see Honi soit qui mal y pense.
Honi SoitTypeWeekly newspaperFormatTabloidOwner(s)University of Sydney Students' Representative CouncilEditorValerie Chidiac, Aidan Elwig Pollock, Victoria Gillespie, Ariana Haghighi, Sandra Kallarakkal, Zeina Khochaiche, Simone Maddison, Angus McGregor, Amelia RainesFounded1929 (1929)Political alignmentLeft-wingLanguageEnglishCityCamperdown, New South WalesCountryAustraliaCirculation2,000Websitehonisoit.comMedia of AustraliaList of newspapers
Honi Soit stand outside Manning House
Honi Soit is the student newspaper of the University of Sydney. First published in 1929, the newspaper is produced by an elected editorial team and a select group of reporters sourced from the university's populace. Its name is an abbreviation of the Anglo-Norman phrase "Honi soit qui mal y pense", meaning "shamed be (the person) who thinks evil of it".
Layout
Format and organisation
Published as part of the activities of the University of Sydney Students' Representative Council (SRC), Honi Soit is a tabloid-sized publication incorporating a mixture of campus-specific and broader political articles.
Issues are published weekly during university semesters, typically containing a topical feature article; letters to the editors; campus news; political analysis; investigative journalism; culture and reviews; and comedy and satire.
Special editions are published yearly, including Election Honi, devoted towards covering the annual Students' Representative Council elections; Women's Honi dedicated to women's issues and edited autonomously by the SRC's Women's Collective (WoCo); ACAR Honi, dedicated to platforming culturally diverse voices and edited by the Autonomous Collective Against Racism (ACAR); and Queer Honi, dedicated to covering LGBT issues and edited by the Queer Action Collective (QuAC).
The final edition each year is typically presented as a spoof or parody of an existing newspaper. These editions were traditionally sold on the streets of Sydney to raise money for charity as part of the university's Commemoration Day festivities, though this practice has been discontinued since the 1970s.
Honi Soit is the first and only weekly student newspaper in Australia.
Comedy
Honi has a strong history of irreverence, often printing humorous and satiric stories alongside traditional journalistic pieces. This has in turn inspired breakaway satiric publications Oz magazine and The Chaser.
The paper's comedy articles have appeared in the mainstream press. In 2012, an article in the comedy section (then called The Soin, parodying The Sun) was featured by Peter Fitzsimmons in The Sydney Morning Herald. In 2013, the Herald reprinted a popular tongue-in-cheek list of Sydney's worst bus routes, which had originally appeared in Honi.
It has become tradition for the final pages of the paper to be presented as a satirical newspaper, most frequently going by the name of The Garter Press, a play on the Order of the Garter from which Honi Soit derives its name.
Editors
The office of editor is highly sought after, and was originally filled by single honorary appointment for outstanding merit in the field of writing. Since the 1980s editors have been annually elected by fellow students as a "ticket" of up to 10 candidates during SRC elections, with two or more groups campaigning for the role. Guest editors will normally be nominated for the annual autonomous editions by the relevant interest groups on campus.
For a time until 1966, editors of the paper were given a yearly scholarship of £100 (roughly equivalent to $2,700 in 2014) by media tycoon Rupert Murdoch, and the SRC began to pay editors a small allowance instead from this point on. Today, editors of Honi Soit receive a fortnightly stipend of $509.
Notable past editors include Lex Banning, Bob Ellis, Victoria Zerbst, Verity Firth, Sam Langford, Laurie Oakes, Kip Williams, Craig Reucassel, Hannah Ryan, and Keith Windschuttle.
History
Founding
Honi Soit was created in 1929 to counterbalance ongoing criticism of Sydney University's students in the Australian media, which came to a head when students were alleged to have dressed a soldier's statue on the Cenotaph in women's underwear during a graduation festival. The Sydney Morning Herald referred to the incident as a "vulgar desecration", and students were described as "educated louts" for their actions.
A 1929 edition of Honi sought to address the ongoing outrage with the stinging retort:
"We expected gross exaggeration, and even invention, from certain Sydney journals. What we did not expect was that the journals which can generally be relied upon for sane, safe news would also exaggerate and distort in such a manner as to utterly mislead the general public... Even our apology was sneered at. That apology, we might point out, was accepted by the Returned Soldiers' League."
Honi Soit's first edition outlined the paper's editorial position and objectives:
"We are iconoclasts. We do not believe – O Heresy! – that the under-graduate is the most important member of the community. We refuse to pander exclusively to him. Indeed, we will not pander to anyone. We make our appeal also to the great General Public."
Featured in the first edition was a letter to the editor asking whether men should pay women students' tram fares, to which the paper responded that it had "asked several Women Undergrads about it and one has promised to give us her views on the subject. We should also like to hear some Senior Men's views on the same point." Also discussed in the edition were the ethics of advertisement, with the paper being published for free and advertising only "reputable firms whom we can strongly recommend to your custom."
The new paper sought to paint the undergraduate varsity in a more favourable light, giving voice to the student's successes and their progressive opinions, a role which it has continued to pursue to the present.
Cultural developments
With the onset of the Great Depression, the rise of the labour movement and the growth of the counterculture, Honi's left-wing and often radical voice helped the publication grow from its roots as a small university publication, with the paper and its alumni eventually playing a pivotal role in the culture of both Australia and Britain.
An important line of demarcation for Honi came in the 1960s with editors Richard Walsh and Peter Grose's premature resignation to found Oz magazine, a humorous publication in Australia and (later) Britain which came into conflict with legal authorities in both countries. However, Oz did play a strong role in defining the comedic and radical sensibilities of future generations of Honi.
Honi became intricately associated with the Sydney Push during the 1960s, turning its focus from arts to politics for the first time, and a number of radical editors followed Walsh's tenure.
In 1967 Honi was implicated in the development of the Anti-Vietnam movement in Australia, being blamed for road blockades that led to the infamous "run the bastards over" affair during a visit by American President Lyndon B. Johnson. The paper was described as "filthy and scurrilous" in the Legislative Council of NSW for their stance against the war, and former editor Richard Walsh was denied entry to the United States in 1966 for his outspokenness on the issue. Despite this, the tide of public opinion eventually turned in Honi's favour as the Vietnam War progressed, largely vindicating their editorial position (see Opposition to the Vietnam War, Public opinion).
Being a left-wing student publication also put Honi at the forefront of the counterculture in Australia, with editorial content often directed towards defending the rights of women, people of colour, LGBT people, and adherents of communism, at times when such views were still widely controversial.
The radicalism of Honi during the 1960s was not without its consequences. By 1967 the paper found itself without willing advertisers to fund its publication, and faced calls for its disestablishment from members of the University Senate. However the SRC declared the paper had become far too important to let it perish, and provided temporary funding on the condition that the publication be restructured back towards a more traditional newspaper, instating conservative editor Keith Windschuttle to placate critics.
Modern day
Honi Soit retains its position in the Australian media landscape as a hub of counter-cultural journalism and left-wing activism, though its long list of preeminent alumni and position as a leading student publication have somewhat softened its public image, being described by The Sydney Morning Herald as a "venerable institution" in 2013. Current incarnations are comparable to the American publication Vice for their blend of arts, news and cultural reporting.
The 2013 "Vagina Soit" cover was used by gender equality and gender-based violence advisor Alison Shepherd-Smith in Kenya to raise awareness of female genital mutilation, showing a class of women what a variety of vaginas look like.
A 2022 article by then-editor Roisin Murphy calling for the reopening of the Fisher Library rooftop terrace, closed to students for decades, prompted the university to refurbish it. It is expected to reopen in November 2023.
Alumni
Since its inception Honi has been an important training ground for many Australian journalists, politicians, satirist, writers, and entertainers. Former contributors include art critic Robert Hughes, poet Les Murray, film-maker Bruce Beresford, OZ magazine co-founder Richard Walsh, media personality Clive James, feminist Germaine Greer, journalists Bob Ellis and Laurie Oakes, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, High Court Judge Michael Kirby, author Madeleine St John, historian Keith Windschuttle, theatre director Kip Williams, intellectual Donald Horne, broadcaster Adam Spencer, philosopher George Molnar, various members of comedy troupe The Chaser, and journalist Avani Dias.
Former Prime Minister Tony Abbott has named Honi Soit as the impetus for his initial entry into politics, having been inspired to begin writing to the paper by a "quirky" edition which "demonstrated how to build a nuclear bomb".
Controversies
As a counter-cultural publication, Honi has a long history of generating controversy dating back to its founding issue. The constant controversy surrounding the paper was lampooned in a 1967 edition which contained a cutout "special libel coupon" that would make it easier for readers to "sue Honi Soit for all it's got (two battered typewriters)".
The St Michael's College hoax
In 2009 Honi published a feature article, 'The Mystery of St Michael's' later uncovered as a hoax, which claimed a fire in 1992 at St Michael's College, a now derelict residential college adjacent to the university's Architecture building, had killed 16 students. It was implied that a cover-up by the Catholic Church had stifled widespread awareness of the tragedy. Editors were later forced to retract the story.
"Vagina Soit"
In August 2013, the newspaper made international headlines after printing a cover featuring photographs of 18 vulvae. The newspaper was pulled from stands within hours after it was decided the censoring of the images was not sufficient. This was due to the fact that black bars placed over certain parts of the vulvae were not completely opaque.
A statement released by the female editors stated 'We are tired of society giving us a myriad of things to feel about our own bodies. We are tired of having to attach anxiety to our vaginas. We are tired of vaginas being either artificially sexualised (porn) or stigmatised (censorship and airbrushing). We are tired of being pressured to be sexual, and then being shamed for being sexual.'
Allegations against Tony Abbott
The paper became a point of contention in the lead up to the 2013 Australian federal election, as a standing record of the allegedly violent and anti-social conduct of Prime Ministerial candidate Tony Abbott during his time at University. Abbott became the 28th Prime Minister of Australia.
ANZAC Day criticism
In 1958 Honi caused a media outrage over a story calling for the end of the ANZAC Day holiday. The paper argued that the national holiday was no longer treated as a veneration to the casualties of war, but rather as a national celebration and an excuse for inebriation, backing up the claims with photographs of drunken revellers at memorial events. Despite widespread calls from the media for the editor to be sacked, the SRC resisted. The affair was the basis for the play The One Day of the Year by Alan Seymour.
A report by the Department of Veterans' Affairs in 2012 found the prevailing public sentiment to agree with the allegations made by Honi, with participants stating the "excessive use of alcohol and 'yobbo' behavior... detract from the original spirit of the day and negatively impact on the veteran commemorations".
Pro-North Korea Article
In August 2018, Honi gained media attention when it emerged that they had published an article by former University of Sydney lecturer Jay Tharappel, which praised the regime in North Korea. Tharappel's article claimed that North Korea was an "egalitarian" society, which was benefiting from the "past sacrifice" of its citizens and remained "necessarily authoritarian" due to its antagonism with the United States.
The article drew further criticism from Jewish organisations, after it became known Tharappel had engaged in alleged antisemitic behaviour, including making tendentious comments on Facebook about the Holocaust. The 2018 editors refused to retract the article.
Other controversies
In 1945, the Christian Societies of the university drew media attention after they called for the paper's editors to be sacked for publishing information about birth control, and for misquoting the Bible. These complaints were supported by the then Rector of St John's College who suggested its distributors be arrested, though police did not pursue the matter.
In 1950, printers Consolidated Press refused to produce an edition of Honi due to an article relating to an employee of the Commonwealth Police (now the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and the Australian Federal Police), for fear it constituted a breach of national security.
In 1952, fights broke out at Sydney University, including in the Honi Soit office, after the newspaper published reports of drunkenness and savage hazing rituals at the university's ecclesiastical colleges. The brawls were caused by members of the colleges attempting to remove the paper from circulation, going so far as to chase a truck delivering copies out of the university grounds. Police were eventually called in to control the situation.
In 1970, Honi published confidential intelligence files that showed the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation had blocked the appointment of one of its former editors, Hall Greenland, from a job in the public service. Greenland went on to become a Walkley Award-winning journalist.
Honi Soit was frequently in conflict with the police from the 1950s through to the 1970s for publication of what was considered indecent material, generally depicting nudity or erotica in various forms, often published to specifically antagonise the authorities. Having won over public opinion by the mid 1970s, Honi continued its practice of occasionally featuring nudity up until the 1990s with little interference.
In 1995, the editors (including The Chaser's Charles Firth) used their colour pages to create an advertisement for Union Board candidate Nick Purtell. The editors were fined $360 (the cost of an advertisement) and asked to apologise for the misuse of advertising space. The editors printed an apology in size 4 font, then ran a full page ad in support of their actions. Mr Purtell did not manage to get elected. This incident was recalled by Charles Firth in the ABC documentary Uni.
In 1995, Honi Soit reprinted a controversial article from Rabelais Student Media, its La Trobe University counterpart, entitled "The Art of Shoplifting"—one of seven student newspapers to do so in the wake of Rabelais editors being prosecuted by state censors.
In their last edition for 2005, the editors produced "Hx", an imitation of the free "Mx" tabloid. They used their colour pages to present a biting satire of quality commercial media, with rarely seen images of dead and wounded Iraqis juxtaposed against vacuous magazine style copy, such as "Fashion From the Front Line". The inclusion of images of dead and mutilated civilian casualties shocked many readers. This same year the paper was accused of having turned from its radical roots by comedian Jonathan Biggins after it published a critical recap of his Wharf Revue.
De-classified U.S. National Security Agency documents were published by Honi in 2013, which showed the paper had been suspected by intelligence agencies of operating under Soviet influence.
In 2016, the editors produced a satire spoof of broadsheet newspaper The Australian for their last edition for the year. The issue, complete with replica masthead, featured a front-page splash about Rupert Murdoch dying and satirical parody opinion pieces from journalists at the paper. The prank was acknowledged by The Australian's CEO Nicholas Gray.
On Tuesday 16 May 2023, hundreds of copies of Queer Honi, the annual autonomous edition of Honi Soit produced by the Queer Action Collective, were stolen from stands. Hundreds more were taken the following day. Honi Soit estimated that nearly a thousand copies were stolen, almost half of the paper's print run. Honi noted that "With the paper's masthead being "Fagi Soit" and featuring a cover image of a trans woman's torso tattooed with slurs, the theft is, in Honi's view, a targeted attack against queer expression".
References
^ Thorpe, Will (1 August 2023). "Honi Soit thefts nothing new". Honi Soit. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
^ About Honi Soit on official website
^ "Definition of HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
^ FitzSimons, Peter (22 June 2013). "No ire, it's satire". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
^ "Pensioners, vomit and timetable hell: five of Sydney's worst bus trips". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 October 2013.
^ "Inflation Calculator – RBA". 30 October 2015.
^ a b "Nocookies". The Australian.
^ a b "Student activists at Sydney University 1960–1967: aproblem of interpretation".
^ a b c d e f g h i "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Editors". Honi Soit. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
^ a b c Thompson, Owen (5 February 2014). "Student papers test the limits". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
^ a b Clark, Jennifer (2008). Aborigines & Activism. Pearson Deutschland GmbH. ISBN 9780980296570.
^ Sherington, Geoffrey; Georgakis, Steve (2008). Sydney University Sport 1852–2007. Sydney University Press. ISBN 9781920898915.
^ "Governance: Our leadership".
^ "Why We Publish "Honi Soit"". Honi Soit. 3 May 1929.
^ "Should Men Pay Women Students' Tram Fares?". Honi Soit. 3 May 1929.
^ "Ethics of Advertisement". Honi Soit. 3 May 1929.
^ "Australian Public Intellectual Network".
^ "LBJ came all the way – but few followed". The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 November 2011.
^ Curthoys, Ann (2002). Freedom Ride. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781864489224.
^ a b Bob Gould. "Bob Gould archive. Deconstructing the 1960s and 1970s, June 30, 2000".
^ "MS 4186 Freedom Ride Papers of Ann Curthoys". Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
^ Foley, Gary; Schaap, Andrew; Howell, Edwina (24 July 2013). The Aboriginal Tent Embassy. Routledge. ISBN 9781135037871.
^ "Land of the Greens: Hall Greenland". Honi Soit. 27 April 2013.
^ FitzSimons, Peter. "No ire, it's satire". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
^ Chrysanthos, Natassia (18 June 2017). "Banned Honi Soit cover used in Kenya to raise awareness of female genital mutilation". Honi Soit. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^ Park, Andy (24 August 2023). "Fisher Rooftop set to open in November". Honi Soit. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^ Murphy, Roisin (14 February 2022). "It's time to reopen Fisher Library's rooftop courtyard". Honi Soit. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^ "George Molnar" (PDF).
^ "NSW Young Liberals".
^ "1967 Issue 02". University of Sydney Library. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
^ The Mystery of St Michael's Archived 1 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine Honi Soit, 11 August 2009 p 12
^ FYI (editorial) Archived 1 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine Honi Soit, 19 August 2009, p 3
^ "Sydney University student newspaper Honi Soit pulled after placing vaginas on the cover". News AU.
^ "Are vulvas so obscene that we have to censor them?". The Guardian. 22 August 2013.
^ Marr, David (March 2013). "Political Animal: The Making of Tony Abbott". The Monthly. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014.
^ Snow, Deborah; Robertson, James (8 June 2013). "Swings and arrows of Abbott's outrageous uni life". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
^ Havers, Geoffrey (24 April 1958). "Lest We Forget?". Honi Soit, University of Sydney Library. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
^ "Editorial... The Anzac Article". Honi Soit, University of Sydney Library. 6 May 1958. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
^ Lake, Marilyn; Reynolds, Henry (August 2010). What's Wrong With Anzac?. NewSouth. ISBN 9781742240022.
^ "Anzac Day 'just a party for drunk yobbos' – Aussie attitude study". NewsComAu.
^ a b Matthews, Alice (29 August 2018). "USyd's student magazine is refusing to take down an article praising North Korea". ABC triple j. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
^ ""What I saw was a highly organised, egalitarian and energised society"". NewsComAu. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
^ "Wilson Must Go, Catholics Demand – "Blasphemous, Obscene"". Honi Soit, University of Sydney Library. Honi Soit. 19 July 1945. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
^ "19 Jul 1945 – THREAT TO SEIZE COLLEGE PAPER". Trove. 19 July 1945.
^ "21 Apr 1950 – Publication of "Honi Soit" Refused". Trove. 21 April 1950.
^ "25 Apr 1952 – 'Varsity Fights Over Letter". Trove. 25 April 1952.
^ "25 Apr 1952 – Uni. Paper Slates Morals". Trove. 25 April 1952.
^ "04 Jun 1970 – STUDENT BLOCKED". Trove. 4 June 1970.
^ Greg Hassall (8 April 2012). "Forgotten gems ... remembering Uni". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ Uni Documentary – Episode 1 (2/8). 11 January 2010. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
^ "The youth of today: relaxed, comfortable and blissfully unaware". 10 May 2005.
^ "Trip from Cambridge to Moscow and HONI SOIT". Internet Archive. 5 April 1945.
^ "Honi Soit final edition". www.documentcloud.org. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
^ "Student paper Honi Soit spoofs The Australian in final 2016 edition". Crikey. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
^ "Sydney Uni's Student Paper Has Devoted A Whole Edition To Trolling 'The Australian'". Junkee. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
^ "Even The Australian Gave Props To USyd's Absolutely Spot-On Piss-Take". Pedestrian.TV. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
^ Soit, Honi (17 May 2023). "Hundreds of copies of Queer Honi stolen in apparent queerphobic attack". Honi Soit. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
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For the motto, see Honi soit qui mal y pense.Honi Soit stand outside Manning HouseHoni Soit is the student newspaper of the University of Sydney. First published in 1929, the newspaper is produced by an elected editorial team and a select group of reporters sourced from the university's populace.[2] Its name is an abbreviation of the Anglo-Norman phrase \"Honi soit qui mal y pense\", meaning \"shamed be (the person) who thinks evil of it\".[3]","title":"Honi Soit"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Students' Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney_Students%27_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"tabloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)"},{"link_name":"feature article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"Students' Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney_Students%27_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"sub_title":"Format and organisation","text":"Published as part of the activities of the University of Sydney Students' Representative Council (SRC), Honi Soit is a tabloid-sized publication incorporating a mixture of campus-specific and broader political articles.Issues are published weekly during university semesters, typically containing a topical feature article; letters to the editors; campus news; political analysis; investigative journalism; culture and reviews; and comedy and satire.Special editions are published yearly, including Election Honi, devoted towards covering the annual Students' Representative Council elections; Women's Honi dedicated to women's issues and edited autonomously by the SRC's Women's Collective (WoCo); ACAR Honi, dedicated to platforming culturally diverse voices and edited by the Autonomous Collective Against Racism (ACAR); and Queer Honi, dedicated to covering LGBT issues and edited by the Queer Action Collective (QuAC).The final edition each year is typically presented as a spoof or parody of an existing newspaper. These editions were traditionally sold on the streets of Sydney to raise money for charity as part of the university's Commemoration Day festivities, though this practice has been discontinued since the 1970s.Honi Soit is the first and only weekly student newspaper in Australia.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OZ_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Chaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaser_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Peter Fitzsimmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_FitzSimons"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald,_No_Ire_It's_Satire2-4"},{"link_name":"bus routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_in_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Order of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"}],"sub_title":"Comedy","text":"Honi has a strong history of irreverence, often printing humorous and satiric stories alongside traditional journalistic pieces. This has in turn inspired breakaway satiric publications Oz magazine and The Chaser.The paper's comedy articles have appeared in the mainstream press. In 2012, an article in the comedy section (then called The Soin, parodying The Sun) was featured by Peter Fitzsimmons in The Sydney Morning Herald.[4] In 2013, the Herald reprinted a popular tongue-in-cheek list of Sydney's worst bus routes, which had originally appeared in Honi.[5]It has become tradition for the final pages of the paper to be presented as a satirical newspaper, most frequently going by the name of The Garter Press, a play on the Order of the Garter from which Honi Soit derives its name.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rupert Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sum_of_Oz-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-education_review-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honi_Soit_Commemorative_Edition-9"},{"link_name":"Lex Banning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Banning"},{"link_name":"Bob Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Verity Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verity_Firth"},{"link_name":"Laurie Oakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Oakes"},{"link_name":"Kip Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Williams"},{"link_name":"Craig Reucassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Reucassel"},{"link_name":"Keith Windschuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoniSoit-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH-11"}],"text":"The office of editor is highly sought after, and was originally filled by single honorary appointment for outstanding merit in the field of writing. Since the 1980s editors have been annually elected by fellow students as a \"ticket\" of up to 10 candidates during SRC elections, with two or more groups campaigning for the role. Guest editors will normally be nominated for the annual autonomous editions by the relevant interest groups on campus.[citation needed]For a time until 1966, editors of the paper were given a yearly scholarship of £100 (roughly equivalent to $2,700 in 2014)[6] by media tycoon Rupert Murdoch,[7] and the SRC began to pay editors a small allowance instead from this point on.[8][9] Today, editors of Honi Soit receive a fortnightly stipend of $509.Notable past editors include Lex Banning, Bob Ellis, Victoria Zerbst, Verity Firth, Sam Langford, Laurie Oakes, Kip Williams, Craig Reucassel, Hannah Ryan, and Keith Windschuttle.[10][11]","title":"Editors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cenotaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Cenotaph"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com.au-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honi_Soit_Commemorative_Edition-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honi_Soit_Commemorative_Edition-9"},{"link_name":"Returned Soldiers' League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returned_and_Services_League_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"iconoclasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Founding","text":"Honi Soit was created in 1929 to counterbalance ongoing criticism of Sydney University's students in the Australian media, which came to a head when students were alleged to have dressed a soldier's statue on the Cenotaph in women's underwear during a graduation festival.[12][13][9] The Sydney Morning Herald referred to the incident as a \"vulgar desecration\", and students were described as \"educated louts\" for their actions.[14]A 1929 edition of Honi sought to address the ongoing outrage with the stinging retort:[9]\"We expected gross exaggeration, and even invention, from certain Sydney journals. What we did not expect was that the journals which can generally be relied upon for sane, safe news would also exaggerate and distort in such a manner as to utterly mislead the general public... Even our apology was sneered at. That apology, we might point out, was accepted by the Returned Soldiers' League.\"Honi Soit's first edition outlined the paper's editorial position and objectives:[15]\"We are iconoclasts. We do not believe – O Heresy! – that the under-graduate is the most important member of the community. We refuse to pander exclusively to him. Indeed, we will not pander to anyone. We make our appeal also to the great General Public.\"Featured in the first edition was a letter to the editor asking whether men should pay women students' tram fares, to which the paper responded that it had \"asked several Women Undergrads about it and one has promised to give us her views on the subject. We should also like to hear some Senior Men's views on the same point.\"[16] Also discussed in the edition were the ethics of advertisement, with the paper being published for free and advertising only \"reputable firms whom we can strongly recommend to your custom.\"[17]The new paper sought to paint the undergraduate varsity in a more favourable light, giving voice to the student's successes and their progressive opinions, a role which it has continued to pursue to the present.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"labour movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement"},{"link_name":"counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Richard Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Walsh_(Australian_publisher)"},{"link_name":"Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OZ_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sum_of_Oz-7"},{"link_name":"Sydney Push","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Push"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-education_review-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"\"run the bastards over\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Askin#Second_term"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honi_Soit_Commemorative_Edition-9"},{"link_name":"Opposition to the Vietnam War, Public opinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_vietnam_war#Public_opinion"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honi_Soit_Commemorative_Edition-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com.au-12"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marxists-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Keith Windschuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honi_Soit_Commemorative_Edition-9"}],"sub_title":"Cultural developments","text":"With the onset of the Great Depression, the rise of the labour movement and the growth of the counterculture, Honi's left-wing and often radical voice helped the publication grow from its roots as a small university publication, with the paper and its alumni eventually playing a pivotal role in the culture of both Australia and Britain.An important line of demarcation for Honi came in the 1960s with editors Richard Walsh and Peter Grose's premature resignation to found Oz magazine, a humorous publication in Australia and (later) Britain which came into conflict with legal authorities in both countries.[7] However, Oz did play a strong role in defining the comedic and radical sensibilities of future generations of Honi.Honi became intricately associated with the Sydney Push during the 1960s, turning its focus from arts to politics for the first time, and a number of radical editors followed Walsh's tenure.[8][18]In 1967 Honi was implicated in the development of the Anti-Vietnam movement in Australia, being blamed for road blockades that led to the infamous \"run the bastards over\" affair during a visit by American President Lyndon B. Johnson.[19] The paper was described as \"filthy and scurrilous\" in the Legislative Council of NSW for their stance against the war, and former editor Richard Walsh was denied entry to the United States in 1966 for his outspokenness on the issue.[9] Despite this, the tide of public opinion eventually turned in Honi's favour as the Vietnam War progressed, largely vindicating their editorial position (see Opposition to the Vietnam War, Public opinion).Being a left-wing student publication also put Honi at the forefront of the counterculture in Australia, with editorial content often directed towards defending the rights of women, people of colour,[20] LGBT people, and adherents of communism, at times when such views were still widely controversial.[9][12][21][22][23][24]The radicalism of Honi during the 1960s was not without its consequences. By 1967 the paper found itself without willing advertisers to fund its publication, and faced calls for its disestablishment from members of the University Senate. However the SRC declared the paper had become far too important to let it perish, and provided temporary funding on the condition that the publication be restructured back towards a more traditional newspaper, instating conservative editor Keith Windschuttle to placate critics.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"counter-cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH-11"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald,_No_Ire_It's_Satire-25"},{"link_name":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"female genital mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Fisher Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Library"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Modern day","text":"Honi Soit retains its position in the Australian media landscape as a hub of counter-cultural journalism and left-wing activism,[11] though its long list of preeminent alumni and position as a leading student publication have somewhat softened its public image, being described by The Sydney Morning Herald as a \"venerable institution\" in 2013.[25] Current incarnations are comparable to the American publication Vice for their blend of arts, news and cultural reporting.The 2013 \"Vagina Soit\" cover was used by gender equality and gender-based violence advisor Alison Shepherd-Smith in Kenya to raise awareness of female genital mutilation, showing a class of women what a variety of vaginas look like.[26]A 2022 article by then-editor Roisin Murphy calling for the reopening of the Fisher Library rooftop terrace, closed to students for decades, prompted the university to refurbish it. It is expected to reopen in November 2023.[27][28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)"},{"link_name":"Les Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Murray_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Beresford"},{"link_name":"Richard Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Walsh_(Australian_publisher)"},{"link_name":"Clive James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_James"},{"link_name":"Germaine Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Greer"},{"link_name":"Bob Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Laurie Oakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Oakes"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Turnbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull"},{"link_name":"Michael Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kirby_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Madeleine St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_St_John"},{"link_name":"Keith Windschuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle"},{"link_name":"Kip Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Williams"},{"link_name":"Donald Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Horne"},{"link_name":"Adam Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Spencer"},{"link_name":"George Molnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Molnar_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Chaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaser"},{"link_name":"Avani Dias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avani_Dias"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH-11"},{"link_name":"Tony Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Abbott"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Alumni","text":"Since its inception Honi has been an important training ground for many Australian journalists, politicians, satirist, writers, and entertainers. Former contributors include art critic Robert Hughes, poet Les Murray, film-maker Bruce Beresford, OZ magazine co-founder Richard Walsh, media personality Clive James, feminist Germaine Greer, journalists Bob Ellis and Laurie Oakes, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, High Court Judge Michael Kirby, author Madeleine St John, historian Keith Windschuttle, theatre director Kip Williams, intellectual Donald Horne, broadcaster Adam Spencer, philosopher George Molnar,[29] various members of comedy troupe The Chaser, and journalist Avani Dias.[11]Former Prime Minister Tony Abbott has named Honi Soit as the impetus for his initial entry into politics, having been inspired to begin writing to the paper by a \"quirky\" edition which \"demonstrated how to build a nuclear bomb\".[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"As a counter-cultural publication, Honi has a long history of generating controversy dating back to its founding issue. The constant controversy surrounding the paper was lampooned in a 1967 edition which contained a cutout \"special libel coupon\" that would make it easier for readers to \"sue Honi Soit for all it's got (two battered typewriters)\".[31]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"The St Michael's College hoax","text":"In 2009 Honi published a feature article, 'The Mystery of St Michael's'[32] later uncovered as a hoax, which claimed a fire in 1992 at St Michael's College, a now derelict residential college adjacent to the university's Architecture building, had killed 16 students. It was implied that a cover-up by the Catholic Church had stifled widespread awareness of the tragedy. Editors were later forced to retract the story.[33]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"\"Vagina Soit\"","text":"In August 2013, the newspaper made international headlines after printing a cover featuring photographs of 18 vulvae. The newspaper was pulled from stands within hours after it was decided the censoring of the images was not sufficient. This was due to the fact that black bars placed over certain parts of the vulvae were not completely opaque.[34]A statement released by the female editors stated 'We are tired of society giving us a myriad of things to feel about our own bodies. We are tired of having to attach anxiety to our vaginas. We are tired of vaginas being either artificially sexualised (porn) or stigmatised (censorship and airbrushing). We are tired of being pressured to be sexual, and then being shamed for being sexual.'[35]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Abbott"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Allegations against Tony Abbott","text":"The paper became a point of contention in the lead up to the 2013 Australian federal election, as a standing record of the allegedly violent and anti-social conduct of Prime Ministerial candidate Tony Abbott during his time at University.[36][37] Abbott became the 28th Prime Minister of Australia.","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"The One Day of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_Day_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Alan Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Seymour"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"ANZAC Day criticism","text":"In 1958 Honi caused a media outrage over a story calling for the end of the ANZAC Day holiday. The paper argued that the national holiday was no longer treated as a veneration to the casualties of war, but rather as a national celebration and an excuse for inebriation, backing up the claims with photographs of drunken revellers at memorial events.[38] Despite widespread calls from the media for the editor to be sacked, the SRC resisted.[39] The affair was the basis for the play The One Day of the Year by Alan Seymour.[40]A report by the Department of Veterans' Affairs in 2012 found the prevailing public sentiment to agree with the allegations made by Honi, with participants stating the \"excessive use of alcohol and 'yobbo' behavior... detract from the original spirit of the day and negatively impact on the veteran commemorations\".[41]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matthews-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matthews-42"}],"sub_title":"Pro-North Korea Article","text":"In August 2018, Honi gained media attention when it emerged that they had published an article by former University of Sydney lecturer Jay Tharappel, which praised the regime in North Korea.[42] Tharappel's article claimed that North Korea was an \"egalitarian\" society, which was benefiting from the \"past sacrifice\" of its citizens and remained \"necessarily authoritarian\" due to its antagonism with the United States.[43]The article drew further criticism from Jewish organisations, after it became known Tharappel had engaged in alleged antisemitic behaviour, including making tendentious comments on Facebook about the Holocaust. The 2018 editors refused to retract the article.[42]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP_Magazines"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Police"},{"link_name":"Australian Security Intelligence Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Australian Federal Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"hazing rituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazing"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Australian Security Intelligence Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Hall Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Greenland"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Walkley Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkley_Award"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marxists-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honi_Soit_Commemorative_Edition-9"},{"link_name":"Charles Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Firth_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honi_Soit_Commemorative_Edition-9"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Rabelais Student Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabelais_Student_Media"},{"link_name":"La Trobe University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Trobe_University"},{"link_name":"Mx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honi_Soit_Commemorative_Edition-9"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Biggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Biggins"},{"link_name":"Wharf Revue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharf_Revue"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"U.S. National Security Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"The Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian"},{"link_name":"Rupert Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Other controversies","text":"In 1945, the Christian Societies of the university drew media attention after they called for the paper's editors to be sacked for publishing information about birth control, and for misquoting the Bible.[44] These complaints were supported by the then Rector of St John's College who suggested its distributors be arrested, though police did not pursue the matter.[45]In 1950, printers Consolidated Press refused to produce an edition of Honi due to an article relating to an employee of the Commonwealth Police (now the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and the Australian Federal Police), for fear it constituted a breach of national security.[46]In 1952, fights broke out at Sydney University, including in the Honi Soit office, after the newspaper published reports of drunkenness and savage hazing rituals at the university's ecclesiastical colleges. The brawls were caused by members of the colleges attempting to remove the paper from circulation, going so far as to chase a truck delivering copies out of the university grounds. Police were eventually called in to control the situation.[47][48]In 1970, Honi published confidential intelligence files that showed the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation had blocked the appointment of one of its former editors, Hall Greenland, from a job in the public service.[49] Greenland went on to become a Walkley Award-winning journalist.Honi Soit was frequently in conflict with the police from the 1950s through to the 1970s for publication of what was considered indecent material, generally depicting nudity or erotica in various forms, often published to specifically antagonise the authorities.[21] Having won over public opinion by the mid 1970s, Honi continued its practice of occasionally featuring nudity up until the 1990s with little interference.[9]In 1995, the editors (including The Chaser's Charles Firth) used their colour pages to create an advertisement for Union Board candidate Nick Purtell. The editors were fined $360 (the cost of an advertisement) and asked to apologise for the misuse of advertising space. The editors printed an apology in size 4 font, then ran a full page ad in support of their actions. Mr Purtell did not manage to get elected.[9] This incident was recalled by Charles Firth in the ABC documentary Uni.[50][51]In 1995, Honi Soit reprinted a controversial article from Rabelais Student Media, its La Trobe University counterpart, entitled \"The Art of Shoplifting\"—one of seven student newspapers to do so in the wake of Rabelais editors being prosecuted by state censors.In their last edition for 2005, the editors produced \"Hx\", an imitation of the free \"Mx\" tabloid. They used their colour pages to present a biting satire of quality commercial media, with rarely seen images of dead and wounded Iraqis juxtaposed against vacuous magazine style copy, such as \"Fashion From the Front Line\". The inclusion of images of dead and mutilated civilian casualties shocked many readers.[9] This same year the paper was accused of having turned from its radical roots by comedian Jonathan Biggins after it published a critical recap of his Wharf Revue.[52]De-classified U.S. National Security Agency documents were published by Honi in 2013, which showed the paper had been suspected by intelligence agencies of operating under Soviet influence.[53]In 2016, the editors produced a satire spoof of broadsheet newspaper The Australian for their last edition for the year. The issue, complete with replica masthead, featured a front-page splash about Rupert Murdoch dying and satirical parody opinion pieces from journalists at the paper.[54][55][56] The prank was acknowledged by The Australian's CEO Nicholas Gray.[57]On Tuesday 16 May 2023, hundreds of copies of Queer Honi, the annual autonomous edition of Honi Soit produced by the Queer Action Collective, were stolen from stands. Hundreds more were taken the following day. Honi Soit estimated that nearly a thousand copies were stolen, almost half of the paper's print run. Honi noted that \"With the paper's masthead being \"Fagi Soit\" and featuring a cover image of a trans woman's torso tattooed with slurs, the theft is, in Honi's view, a targeted attack against queer expression\".[58]","title":"Controversies"}]
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[{"image_text":"Honi Soit stand outside Manning House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Honi_Soit_stand.png/220px-Honi_Soit_stand.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Thorpe, Will (1 August 2023). \"Honi Soit thefts nothing new\". Honi Soit. Retrieved 3 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://honisoit.com/2023/08/honi-soit-thefts-nothing-new/","url_text":"\"Honi Soit thefts nothing new\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE\". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 27 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/honi+soit+qui+mal+y+pense","url_text":"\"Definition of HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster"}]},{"reference":"FitzSimons, Peter (22 June 2013). \"No ire, it's satire\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/comment/gg-stuck-with-an-eachway-bet-20130622-2oox2.html","url_text":"\"No ire, it's satire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pensioners, vomit and timetable hell: five of Sydney's worst bus trips\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/comment/pensioners-vomit-and-timetable-hell-five-of-sydneys-worst-bus-trips-20131008-2v5ob.html","url_text":"\"Pensioners, vomit and timetable hell: five of Sydney's worst bus trips\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inflation Calculator – RBA\". 30 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualPreDecimal.html","url_text":"\"Inflation Calculator – RBA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nocookies\". The Australian.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-sum-of-oz-magazine/story-fn9n8gph-1226601727804","url_text":"\"Nocookies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Student activists at Sydney University 1960–1967: aproblem of interpretation\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/History-Education-Review/164112253.html","url_text":"\"Student activists at Sydney University 1960–1967: aproblem of interpretation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140806133527/http://honisoit.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/625.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://honisoit.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/625.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Editors\". Honi Soit. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://honisoit.com/editors/","url_text":"\"Editors\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Owen (5 February 2014). \"Student papers test the limits\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/student-papers-test-the-limits-20140205-321ap.html","url_text":"\"Student papers test the limits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Jennifer (2008). Aborigines & Activism. Pearson Deutschland GmbH. 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Honi Soit. 3 May 1929.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.sydney.edu.au/nodes/view/14#idx12","url_text":"\"Should Men Pay Women Students' Tram Fares?\""},{"url_text":"Honi Soit"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethics of Advertisement\". Honi Soit. 3 May 1929.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.sydney.edu.au/nodes/view/14#idx12","url_text":"\"Ethics of Advertisement\""},{"url_text":"Honi Soit"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Public Intellectual [API] Network\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.api-network.com/main/index.php?apply=reviews&webpage=api_reviews&flexedit&flex_password&menu_label&menuID=homely&menubox&Review=4616","url_text":"\"Australian Public Intellectual [API] Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"LBJ came all the way – but few followed\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/national/lbj-came-all-the-way--but-few-followed-20111111-1nbrg.html","url_text":"\"LBJ came all the way – but few followed\""}]},{"reference":"Curthoys, Ann (2002). Freedom Ride. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781864489224.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h-A5an8y4_QC&q=honi&pg=PA27","url_text":"Freedom Ride"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781864489224","url_text":"9781864489224"}]},{"reference":"Bob Gould. \"Bob Gould archive. Deconstructing the 1960s and 1970s, June 30, 2000\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/gould/2000/windschuttle.htm","url_text":"\"Bob Gould archive. Deconstructing the 1960s and 1970s, June 30, 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"MS 4186 Freedom Ride Papers of Ann Curthoys\". Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140614131649/http://aiatsis.gov.au/library/findingaids/MS4186.htm","url_text":"\"MS 4186 Freedom Ride Papers of Ann Curthoys\""},{"url":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/library/findingaids/MS4186.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Foley, Gary; Schaap, Andrew; Howell, Edwina (24 July 2013). The Aboriginal Tent Embassy. Routledge. ISBN 9781135037871.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mbUqAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Charles+Perkins%22+%22honi+soit%22&pg=PT127","url_text":"The Aboriginal Tent Embassy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135037871","url_text":"9781135037871"}]},{"reference":"\"Land of the Greens: Hall Greenland\". Honi Soit. 27 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://honisoit.com/2013/04/land-of-the-greens-hall-greenland/","url_text":"\"Land of the Greens: Hall Greenland\""}]},{"reference":"FitzSimons, Peter. \"No ire, it's satire\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_FitzSimons","url_text":"FitzSimons, Peter"},{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/comment/gg-stuck-with-an-eachway-bet-20130622-2oox2.html","url_text":"\"No ire, it's satire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Chrysanthos, Natassia (18 June 2017). \"Banned Honi Soit cover used in Kenya to raise awareness of female genital mutilation\". Honi Soit. 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Retrieved 30 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.sydney.edu.au/nodes/view/3447","url_text":"\"Lest We Forget?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Editorial... The Anzac Article\". Honi Soit, University of Sydney Library. 6 May 1958. Retrieved 30 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.sydney.edu.au/nodes/view/3449","url_text":"\"Editorial... The Anzac Article\""}]},{"reference":"Lake, Marilyn; Reynolds, Henry (August 2010). What's Wrong With Anzac?. NewSouth. ISBN 9781742240022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dGJkUQxieygC&q=honi+soit+anzac+day&pg=PA82","url_text":"What's Wrong With Anzac?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742240022","url_text":"9781742240022"}]},{"reference":"\"Anzac Day 'just a party for drunk yobbos' – Aussie attitude study\". NewsComAu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/national/fury-at-anzac-day-centenary-divisive-fears/story-e6frfkvr-1226309777159","url_text":"\"Anzac Day 'just a party for drunk yobbos' – Aussie attitude study\""}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Alice (29 August 2018). \"USyd's student magazine is refusing to take down an article praising North Korea\". ABC triple j. Retrieved 31 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/honi-soit-refusing-to-take-down-article-praising-north-korea/10178668","url_text":"\"USyd's student magazine is refusing to take down an article praising North Korea\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"What I saw was a highly organised, egalitarian and energised society\"\". NewsComAu. 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Trove. 21 April 1950.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article140627433","url_text":"\"21 Apr 1950 – Publication of \"Honi Soit\" Refused\""}]},{"reference":"\"25 Apr 1952 – 'Varsity Fights Over Letter\". Trove. 25 April 1952.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article27077754","url_text":"\"25 Apr 1952 – 'Varsity Fights Over Letter\""}]},{"reference":"\"25 Apr 1952 – Uni. Paper Slates Morals\". Trove. 25 April 1952.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96511561","url_text":"\"25 Apr 1952 – Uni. Paper Slates Morals\""}]},{"reference":"\"04 Jun 1970 – STUDENT BLOCKED\". Trove. 4 June 1970.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article140093937","url_text":"\"04 Jun 1970 – STUDENT BLOCKED\""}]},{"reference":"Greg Hassall (8 April 2012). \"Forgotten gems ... remembering Uni\". 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Internet Archive. 5 April 1945.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1945_5apr_trip_cambridge","url_text":"\"Trip from Cambridge to Moscow and [B% newspaper] HONI SOIT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honi Soit final edition\". www.documentcloud.org. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3184370-Honi-Soit-final-edition.html","url_text":"\"Honi Soit final edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Student paper Honi Soit spoofs The Australian in final 2016 edition\". Crikey. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crikey.com.au/2016/10/27/student-paper-loses-distribution-deal-to-news-corp/","url_text":"\"Student paper Honi Soit spoofs The Australian in final 2016 edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Uni's Student Paper Has Devoted A Whole Edition To Trolling 'The Australian'\". Junkee. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://junkee.com/sydney-unis-student-paper-devoted-whole-edition-trolling-australian/88335","url_text":"\"Sydney Uni's Student Paper Has Devoted A Whole Edition To Trolling 'The Australian'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Even The Australian Gave Props To USyd's Absolutely Spot-On Piss-Take\". Pedestrian.TV. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/arts-and-culture/even-the-australian-gave-props-to-usyds-absolutely/011bf89a-f641-4e4c-8f75-17823b1708d5.htm","url_text":"\"Even The Australian Gave Props To USyd's Absolutely Spot-On Piss-Take\""}]},{"reference":"Soit, Honi (17 May 2023). \"Hundreds of copies of Queer Honi stolen in apparent queerphobic attack\". Honi Soit. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://honisoit.com/2023/05/hundreds-of-copies-of-queer-honi-stolen-in-apparent-queerphobic-attack/","url_text":"\"Hundreds of copies of Queer Honi stolen in apparent queerphobic attack\""}]}]
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Paper Slates Morals\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article140093937","external_links_name":"\"04 Jun 1970 – STUDENT BLOCKED\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/forgotten-gems--remembering-uni-20120406-1wg2i.html","external_links_name":"\"Forgotten gems ... remembering Uni\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAbcJXhz45U","external_links_name":"Uni Documentary – Episode 1 (2/8)"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/wAbcJXhz45U","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/Opinion/The-youth-of-today-relaxed-comfortable-and-blissfully-unaware/2005/05/09/1115584906373.html","external_links_name":"\"The youth of today: relaxed, comfortable and blissfully unaware\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/1945_5apr_trip_cambridge","external_links_name":"\"Trip from Cambridge to Moscow and [B% newspaper] HONI SOIT\""},{"Link":"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3184370-Honi-Soit-final-edition.html","external_links_name":"\"Honi Soit final edition\""},{"Link":"https://www.crikey.com.au/2016/10/27/student-paper-loses-distribution-deal-to-news-corp/","external_links_name":"\"Student paper Honi Soit spoofs The Australian in final 2016 edition\""},{"Link":"http://junkee.com/sydney-unis-student-paper-devoted-whole-edition-trolling-australian/88335","external_links_name":"\"Sydney Uni's Student Paper Has Devoted A Whole Edition To Trolling 'The Australian'\""},{"Link":"https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/arts-and-culture/even-the-australian-gave-props-to-usyds-absolutely/011bf89a-f641-4e4c-8f75-17823b1708d5.htm","external_links_name":"\"Even The Australian Gave Props To USyd's Absolutely Spot-On Piss-Take\""},{"Link":"http://honisoit.com/2023/05/hundreds-of-copies-of-queer-honi-stolen-in-apparent-queerphobic-attack/","external_links_name":"\"Hundreds of copies of Queer Honi stolen in apparent queerphobic attack\""},{"Link":"http://www.honisoit.com/","external_links_name":"Honi Soit"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.sydney.edu.au/nodes/view/6394","external_links_name":"Honi Soit 1929 – 1990"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Namba_Station
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JR Namba Station
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["1 Layout","1.1 Platforms","2 History","2.1 Future plans","3 Surrounding area","3.1 Bus stops","4 See also","5 References"]
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Coordinates: 34°39′59.1″N 135°29′43.2″E / 34.666417°N 135.495333°E / 34.666417; 135.495333Railway station in Osaka, Japan
For other stations with a similar name, see Namba Station (disambiguation).
JR Namba StationJR難波駅Underground platformGeneral informationLocation1-4-1 Minatomachi, Naniwa Ward, Osaka CityOsaka PrefectureJapanCoordinates34°39′59.1″N 135°29′43.2″E / 34.666417°N 135.495333°E / 34.666417; 135.495333Operated by JR WestLine(s)
Q Yamatoji Line
Platforms2 island platformsTracks4Connections Bus terminalConstructionStructure typeUndergroundOther informationStation codeJR-Q17HistoryOpened14 May 1889; 135 years ago (1889-05-14)Previous namesMinatomachi (until 1994)Services
Preceding station
JR West
Following station
Terminus
Yamatoji LineLocal
Imamiyatowards Kamo
Yamatoji LineRapid Service
Shin-Imamiyatowards Kamo
LocationJR Namba StationLocation within Osaka PrefectureShow map of Osaka PrefectureJR Namba StationJR Namba Station (Kansai region)Show map of Kansai regionJR Namba StationJR Namba Station (Japan)Show map of JapanThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "JR Namba Station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
JR Namba Station (JR難波駅, Jeiāru-Nanba-eki) is a railway station in Namba, Naniwa Ward, Osaka, Japan, adjacent to Namba Station (Nankai Railway, Osaka Subway) and Ōsaka Namba Station (Kintetsu, Hanshin Railway) operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West).
JR Namba is the western terminus of the Kansai Main Line (Yamatoji Line).
Layout
The station has two underground island platforms serving four tracks.
Platforms
1-4
Q Yamatoji Line
for Tennoji, Oji, Nara, Kamo, and Takada
The ticket barriers
Station sign, January 2020
History
Minatomachi Station in 1987
The station opened as Minatomachi Station (湊町駅) on March 1, 1899. It was renamed JR Namba on September 4, 1994, in collaboration with the opening of Kansai International Airport. New underground facilities opened on March 22, 1996, and replaced the former above-ground station.
Future plans
See also: Naniwasuji Line
The tracks from the Kansai Main Line are expected to be extended north from this station by 2031 with the completion of the Naniwasuji Line. The new line is to be routed through central Osaka and will terminate at new underground platforms at Osaka Station.
Surrounding area
The OCAT building above the station
Osaka City Air Terminal (OCAT)
Minatomachi River Place
FM Osaka
Sankei Shimbun Osaka Head Office
Bus stops
Osaka City Air Terminal (OCAT)
JR Namba ekimae (Osaka City Bus)
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to JR-Namba Station.
^ Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998). 停車場変遷大事典 国鉄・JR編 (in Japanese). Vol. II. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. p. 344. ISBN 4-533-02980-9.
^ "なにわ筋線「北梅田～ＪＲ難波・南海新今宮」の鉄道事業許可" (PDF). Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MLIT) (in Japanese). 9 July 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
vteStations on the Yamatoji Line (Kansai Main Line electrified section)
Kamo
Kizu
Narayama
Saho S. B.
Nara
Kōriyama
Yamato-Koizumi
Hōryūji
(Wakayama Line for Takada <<)
Ōji
Sangō
Kawachi-Katakami
Takaida
Kashiwara
Shiki
Yao
Kyūhōji
(>> Osaka Higashi Line for Hanaten)
Kami
Hirano
Tōbu-shijō-mae
Tennōji
Shin-Imamiya
Imamiya
(>> Osaka Loop Line for Osaka)
JR Namba
Freight Line: Hirano
Kudara Kamotsu Terminal
Hanwa Freight Line (abandoned in 2009): Yao
Sugimotochō / Kansai Railway former route (abandoned in 1907): Kamo
Daibutsu
Nara
Q
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[{"image_text":"Minatomachi Station in 1987","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Minatomachi_Station_%281987%29.jpg/220px-Minatomachi_Station_%281987%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The OCAT building above the station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/JR_Namba.jpg/220px-JR_Namba.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of railway stations in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Japan"}]
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[{"reference":"Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998). 停車場変遷大事典 国鉄・JR編 [Station Transition Directory – JNR/JR] (in Japanese). Vol. II. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. p. 344. ISBN 4-533-02980-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-533-02980-9","url_text":"4-533-02980-9"}]},{"reference":"\"なにわ筋線「北梅田～ＪＲ難波・南海新今宮」の鉄道事業許可\" [Railway business license for Naniwasuji Line \"Kita Umeda-JR Namba / Nankai Shin-Imamiya\"] (PDF). Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MLIT) (in Japanese). 9 July 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001298777.pdf","url_text":"\"なにわ筋線「北梅田～ＪＲ難波・南海新今宮」の鉄道事業許可\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210703105036/https://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001298777.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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