Datasets:

BrightData
/

Wikipedia-Articles

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 140k rows

url stringlengths 31 184	title stringlengths 1 146 ⌀	table_of_contents stringlengths 2 24.4k	raw_text stringlengths 16 424k ⌀	cataloged_text stringlengths 2 1.2M	images stringlengths 2 86.9k	see_also stringlengths 2 149k ⌀	references stringlengths 2 542k	external_links stringlengths 2 292k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_X26	London Buses route SL7	["1 History","2 Current route","3 References","4 External links"]	London Superloop express bus route SL7Go-Ahead London Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TL at Heathrow Central bus stationOverviewOperatorGo-Ahead LondonGarageCroydonVehicleVolvo B9TL Wright Eclipse Gemini 2Peak vehicle requirement20PredecessorsRoute 726Former operator(s)Quality LineMetrobusTellings-Golden MillerCapital LogisticsLondon CoachesRouteStartWest Croydon bus stationViaWallingtonCarshaltonSuttonCheamNorth CheamWorcester ParkNew MaldenKingston upon ThamesTeddingtonHattonEndHeathrow Central bus stationLength23.75 miles (38.22 km)ServiceLevelDailyFrequency8-20 minutesJourney time76-129 minutes London Buses route SL7, formerly London Buses route X26, is a Transport for London contracted Superloop express bus route in London, England. Running between West Croydon and Heathrow Central bus stations, it is operated by Go-Ahead London. History Metrobus Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaro on route X26 in Kingston upon Thames in December 2008 Go-Ahead London Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TL in the livery of East London Transit in New Malden in April 2017 Route X26 has its origins in Green Line Coaches route 725, which started in the 1950s and ran from Gravesend and Dartford through Sidcup, Bromley, Croydon, Sutton and Kingston to Staines and Windsor. In the late 1970s route 726 was introduced as a variant, from Gravesend to Windsor via Heathrow Airport and Slough instead of Staines. By the 1980s, the sections of route between Heathrow and Windsor and between Gravesend and Dartford had been withdrawn. At that time the Green Line network was operated by London Country Bus Services, but when that company was broken up in 1986 route 726, which ran almost entirely within Greater London, came under the control of London Country North West (LCNW) and Kentish Bus & Coach. In 1991 LCNW planned to withdraw the route, but London Regional Transport stepped in and took the route over. LCNW continued to operate the route on a short term one-year contract. On 29 February 1992, London Coaches, a subsidiary of London Buses privatised in 1992, commenced operating the route using dual-purpose DAF SB220 vehicles. The contract changed from London Coaches to Capital Logistics in the late 1990s, and passenger numbers continued to decline. In 1997, London Transport attempted to withdraw the service, but at the end of year it was given an 18-month reprieve after over 1,600 letters had been received in its support. Early in 1999 the service was cut back to run between Bromley and Heathrow only; the service became hourly, with no early morning or late evening service. Capital Logistics was bought by Tellings-Golden Miller on 1 June 1999, shortly after a new contract for the 726 had been awarded. New low-floor buses were specified, and seven Alexander ALX300 bodied Volvo B10BLEs were purchased. In April 2005 route 726 was renumbered X26 and the section between Bromley and East Croydon was withdrawn, rerouted to run via Teddington instead of Hampton Court, and many stops were removed to reduce run times and improve reliability. The contract was awarded to Metrobus, which used Scania OmniCity vehicles. London Buses hoped that the re-modelled route would attract more passengers and therefore specified large single-deck buses. It was initially intended to remove stops at Carshalton, Cheam, North Cheam and Worcester Park, but these were retained. The peak vehicle requirement (PVR) fell from six buses to four. On 22 November 2008, route X26 was doubled in frequency to every 30 minutes for most of the day, including Sundays, although the evening service remained hourly. To cover for the increase in PVR while new vehicles were prepared, Metrobus hired Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaros from Wealden PSV, delivered directly from original owner Quality Line. The Citaros were returned to Wealden PSV and replaced with Scania OmniCitys from the Crawley Fastway network, refurbished and painted red; these were two years older than the OmniCitys that previously worked on the route. In June 2010, a proposal to reintroduce the former 726 stop at Beddington was rejected by Transport for London, despite support from many residents. Upon being re-tendered, on 14 April 2012 the route passed to Quality Line with new Mercedes-Benz O530s. When next tendered, it passed to Go-Ahead London on 15 April 2017. Double deck Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TL buses that formerly operated East London Transit services were introduced after having their rear doors removed and additional luggage racks fitted. On 19 August 2023, route X26 was renumbered SL7, becoming part of the Superloop network of orbital express bus routes. The frequency was also increased to every 8-20 minutes. Extra Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TLs displaced from route 101 were transferred to Croydon bus garage for route SL7. These were fitted with luggage racks, but unlike the existing buses, retained their rear doors. Current route Route SL7 operates via these primary locations: West Croydon bus station East Croydon station Wallington Carshalton Sutton station Cheam North Cheam Worcester Park station New Malden Cromwell Road bus station Kingston upon Thames Teddington Hatton Cross station Heathrow Central bus station References ^ Marius, Callum (22 July 2021). "The London bus route so long it takes over two hours to reach its destination". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. ^ McCall, Albert William (1980). Green Line: the history of London's country bus services. Taylor & Francis. p. 123. ISBN 9780904568264. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ a b c Aldridge, John (June 2005). "Slow death of a Green Line orbital". Buses (603). Ian Allan Publishing: 19. ^ Expresslink Bus 726 To Be Withdrawn London Regional Transport July 1997 ^ Aldridge, John (January 1998). "Stay of execution for 726". Buses (514). Ian Allan Publishing: 12. ^ 726 bus route could have the X factor Transport for London 7 December 2004 ^ X26, a new, accessible and more reliable service Transport for London 12 April 2005 ^ Bus tender results Route X26 Transport for London 8 November 2004 ^ "Orbital express bus route to double in frequency". Transport for London. 20 November 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2011. ^ Aldridge, John (May 2009). "Citaro hire coming to an end". Buses (650). Ian Allan Publishing: 22. ^ Henderson, Jamie (28 June 2010). "MP strikes out at 'ridiculous' bus route cancellation". Sutton Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011. ^ Aldridge, John (September 2011). "Setbacks for Arriva and Metrobus in latest awards". Buses (678). Ian Allan Publishing: 22–23. ^ Tender News Bus Talk issue 12 October 2011 page 5 ^ Epsom £2.4m new bus order Coach & Bus Week issue 1010 2 November 2011 page 6 ^ Bus Service Changes 11 March to 16 April 2017 Transport for London 24 March 2017 ^ Tender success for Abellio and Sullivan Buses issue 742 January 2017 page 24 ^ Go-Ahead London X26 Coach & Bus Week issue 1300 18 July 2018 page 9 ^ Short Hops Buses issue 759 June 2018 page 24 ^ Third London Superloop route to start as X26 becomes SL7 Route One 23 18 August 2023 ^ Route X26 renumbered - 19 August 2023 Transport for London 19 August 2023 ^ Superloop and night bus expansion in the suburbs but 168 withdrawn Buses issue 823 October 2023 page 20 ^ Route SL7 Map Transport for London External links Media related to London Buses route SL7 at Wikimedia Commons Official website vteHeathrow AirportTerminalsCurrent Terminal 2 Terminal 3 Terminal 4 Terminal 5 Closed Terminal 1 Waterloo Air Terminal West London Air Terminal Future Terminal 6 & Runway 3 Air hub for British Airways Virgin Atlantic Rail transportRailway stations Terminals 2 & 3 (rail) Terminals 2 & 3 (tube) Terminal 4 (rail) Terminal 4 (tube) Terminal 5 Heathrow Junction (closed) Rail services Elizabeth line Heathrow Express Piccadilly line Heathrow Connect (ceased) Automated people movers Terminal 5 Pod Terminal 5 Transit Proposed Heathrow Hub station Heathrow Airtrack Heathrow Southern Railway Heathwick HS4Air Western Rail Approach Bus connections Heathrow Central bus station bus routes 81 105 111 278 285 724 SL7 SL9 N140 RailAir M4 bus lane (closed) Tunnels Heathrow Airside Road Tunnel Heathrow Cargo Tunnel Events 1956 London Heathrow Avro Vulcan crash BOAC Flight 712 BKS Air Transport Flight C.6845 British Airways Flight 38 Miscellaneous Airlink helicopter shuttle Expansion plans Queens Building Compass Centre Myrtle Avenue Heathrow Airport Holdings vteLondon bus routes1–99 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100–199 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 108D 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200–299 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300–399 300 301 302 303 306 307 308 309 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 333 335 336 337 339 340 341 343 344 345 346 347 349 350 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 370 371 372 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 388 389 390 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400–499 401 403 404 405 406 407 410 411 412 413 414 415 417 418 419 422 423 424 425 427 428 430 432 433 434 436 439 440 444 450 452 453 456 460 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 472 473 474 476 481 481D 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 490 491 492 493 496 498 499 500–599 533 549 600–699 601 602 603 605 606 608 612 613 616 617 621 624 625 626 627 628 629 631 632 633 634 635 638 639 640 642 643 646 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 660 661 662 663 664 665 667 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 677 678 679 681 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 696 697 698 699 900–999 969 Letter prefix A10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 C1 C3 C10 C11 D3 D6 D7 D8 E1 E2 E3 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 G1 H2 H3 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H17 H18 H19 H20 H22 H25 H26 H28 H32 H37 H91 H98 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 P4 P5 P12 P13 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R68 R70 S1 S2 S3 S4 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U7 U9 U10 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W19 East London Transit EL1 EL2 EL3 Superloop SL1 SL2 SL3 SL5 SL6 SL7 SL8 SL9 SL10 Night only N1 N2 N3 N5 N7 N8 N9 N11 N15 N18 N19 N20 N21 N22 N25 N26 N27 N28 N29 N31 N32 N33 N38 N41 N44 N53 N55 N63 N65 N68 N72 N73 N74 N83 N86 N87 N89 N91 N97 N98 N109 N113 N133 N136 N137 N140 N155 N171 N199 N205 N207 N242 N250 N253 N266 N277 N279 N343 N381 N550 N551 Former 9H 10 15H 48 77A 82 87 129 143D 168 271 305 332 369 387 391 405D 455 497 507 521 530 541 558 588 607 609 611 618 619 636 637 641 648 689 692 718 (2019-21) 718 (2022-24) 719 720 728 733 931 953 965 C2 H50 PR1 PR2 RV1 S2 S5 T31 T32 T33 W10 N10 N13 N16 N35 N36 N47 N64 N76 N93 N159 N213 X26 X68 X140 Future 618 N518 SL4 List of bus routes in London Buses portal London transport portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transport for London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"Superloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Superloop"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"West Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Croydon_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Central_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"}],"text":"London Buses route SL7, formerly London Buses route X26, is a Transport for London contracted Superloop express bus route in London, England. Running between West Croydon and Heathrow Central bus stations, it is operated by Go-Ahead London.","title":"London Buses route SL7"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metrobus_503.JPG"},{"link_name":"Metrobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrobus_(South_East_England)"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_O530_Citaro"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X26_WVL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"Wright Eclipse Gemini 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Eclipse_Gemini_2"},{"link_name":"Volvo B9TL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B9TL"},{"link_name":"East London Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Transit"},{"link_name":"New Malden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Malden"},{"link_name":"Green Line Coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_Coaches"},{"link_name":"Gravesend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Dartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford"},{"link_name":"Sidcup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidcup"},{"link_name":"Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton,_London"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"Staines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staines"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"London Country Bus Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Country_Bus_Services"},{"link_name":"London Country North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Country_North_West"},{"link_name":"Kentish Bus & Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Country_South_East"},{"link_name":"London Regional Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Regional_Transport"},{"link_name":"London Coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Coaches"},{"link_name":"DAF SB220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAF_SB220"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buses603-3"},{"link_name":"Capital Logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Logistics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tellings-Golden Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellings-Golden_Miller"},{"link_name":"Alexander ALX300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_ALX300"},{"link_name":"Volvo B10BLEs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B10BLE"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buses603-3"},{"link_name":"East Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"Teddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddington"},{"link_name":"Hampton Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Court"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Metrobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrobus_(South_East_England)"},{"link_name":"Scania OmniCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniCity"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Carshalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carshalton"},{"link_name":"Cheam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheam"},{"link_name":"North Cheam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cheam"},{"link_name":"Worcester Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buses603-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_O530_Citaro"},{"link_name":"Quality Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Line"},{"link_name":"Crawley Fastway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley_Fastway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Beddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beddington"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Quality Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Line"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wright Eclipse Gemini 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Eclipse_Gemini_2"},{"link_name":"Volvo B9TL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B9TL"},{"link_name":"East London Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Transit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Superloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Superloop"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Wright Eclipse Gemini 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Eclipse_Gemini_2"},{"link_name":"Volvo B9TLs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B9TL"},{"link_name":"route 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_101"},{"link_name":"Croydon bus garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon_bus_garage_(Go-Ahead)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Metrobus Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaro on route X26 in Kingston upon Thames in December 2008Go-Ahead London Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TL in the livery of East London Transit in New Malden in April 2017Route X26 has its origins in Green Line Coaches route 725, which started in the 1950s and ran from Gravesend and Dartford through Sidcup, Bromley, Croydon, Sutton and Kingston to Staines and Windsor. In the late 1970s route 726 was introduced as a variant, from Gravesend to Windsor via Heathrow Airport and Slough instead of Staines.[2]By the 1980s, the sections of route between Heathrow and Windsor and between Gravesend and Dartford had been withdrawn. At that time the Green Line network was operated by London Country Bus Services, but when that company was broken up in 1986 route 726, which ran almost entirely within Greater London, came under the control of London Country North West (LCNW) and Kentish Bus & Coach. In 1991 LCNW planned to withdraw the route, but London Regional Transport stepped in and took the route over. LCNW continued to operate the route on a short term one-year contract. On 29 February 1992, London Coaches, a subsidiary of London Buses privatised in 1992, commenced operating the route using dual-purpose DAF SB220 vehicles.[3]The contract changed from London Coaches to Capital Logistics in the late 1990s, and passenger numbers continued to decline. In 1997, London Transport attempted to withdraw the service,[4] but at the end of year it was given an 18-month reprieve after over 1,600 letters had been received in its support.[5]Early in 1999 the service was cut back to run between Bromley and Heathrow only; the service became hourly, with no early morning or late evening service. Capital Logistics was bought by Tellings-Golden Miller on 1 June 1999, shortly after a new contract for the 726 had been awarded. New low-floor buses were specified, and seven Alexander ALX300 bodied Volvo B10BLEs were purchased.[3]In April 2005 route 726 was renumbered X26 and the section between Bromley and East Croydon was withdrawn, rerouted to run via Teddington instead of Hampton Court, and many stops were removed to reduce run times and improve reliability.[6][7] The contract was awarded to Metrobus, which used Scania OmniCity vehicles.[8] London Buses hoped that the re-modelled route would attract more passengers and therefore specified large single-deck buses. It was initially intended to remove stops at Carshalton, Cheam, North Cheam and Worcester Park, but these were retained. The peak vehicle requirement (PVR) fell from six buses to four.[3]On 22 November 2008, route X26 was doubled in frequency to every 30 minutes for most of the day, including Sundays, although the evening service remained hourly.[9] To cover for the increase in PVR while new vehicles were prepared, Metrobus hired Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaros from Wealden PSV, delivered directly from original owner Quality Line. The Citaros were returned to Wealden PSV and replaced with Scania OmniCitys from the Crawley Fastway network, refurbished and painted red; these were two years older than the OmniCitys that previously worked on the route.[10]In June 2010, a proposal to reintroduce the former 726 stop at Beddington was rejected by Transport for London, despite support from many residents.[11] Upon being re-tendered, on 14 April 2012 the route passed to Quality Line with new Mercedes-Benz O530s.[12][13][14]When next tendered, it passed to Go-Ahead London on 15 April 2017.[15] Double deck Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TL buses that formerly operated East London Transit services were introduced after having their rear doors removed and additional luggage racks fitted.[16][17][18]On 19 August 2023, route X26 was renumbered SL7, becoming part of the Superloop network of orbital express bus routes. The frequency was also increased to every 8-20 minutes.[19][20] Extra Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TLs displaced from route 101 were transferred to Croydon bus garage for route SL7. These were fitted with luggage racks, but unlike the existing buses, retained their rear doors.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"West Croydon bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Croydon_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"East Croydon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Croydon_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Wallington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallington,_London"},{"link_name":"Carshalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carshalton"},{"link_name":"Sutton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_railway_station_(London)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"Cheam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheam"},{"link_name":"North Cheam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cheam"},{"link_name":"Worcester Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Park_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"New Malden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Malden"},{"link_name":"Cromwell Road bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell_Road_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"Teddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddington"},{"link_name":"Hatton Cross station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatton_Cross_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Central bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Central_bus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"}],"text":"Route SL7 operates via these primary locations:[22]West Croydon bus station \nEast Croydon station \nWallington\nCarshalton\nSutton station \nCheam\nNorth Cheam\nWorcester Park station \nNew Malden\nCromwell Road bus station \nKingston upon Thames\nTeddington\nHatton Cross station \nHeathrow Central bus station","title":"Current route"}]	[{"image_text":"Metrobus Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaro on route X26 in Kingston upon Thames in December 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Metrobus_503.JPG/220px-Metrobus_503.JPG"},{"image_text":"Go-Ahead London Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TL in the livery of East London Transit in New Malden in April 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/X26_WVL.jpg/220px-X26_WVL.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Marius, Callum (22 July 2021). \"The London bus route so long it takes over two hours to reach its destination\". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mylondon.news/news/south-london-news/london-bus-route-long-can-21116649","url_text":"\"The London bus route so long it takes over two hours to reach its destination\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220220133214/https://www.mylondon.news/news/south-london-news/london-bus-route-long-can-21116649","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCall, Albert William (1980). Green Line: the history of London's country bus services. Taylor & Francis. p. 123. ISBN 9780904568264. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6kOAAAAQAAJ&q=726&pg=PA105","url_text":"Green Line: the history of London's country bus services"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780904568264","url_text":"9780904568264"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220223210637/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6kOAAAAQAAJ&q=726&pg=PA105","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aldridge, John (June 2005). \"Slow death of a Green Line orbital\". Buses (603). Ian Allan Publishing: 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_(magazine)","url_text":"Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing","url_text":"Ian Allan Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Aldridge, John (January 1998). \"Stay of execution for 726\". Buses (514). Ian Allan Publishing: 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Orbital express bus route to double in frequency\". Transport for London. 20 November 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/10457.html","url_text":"\"Orbital express bus route to double in frequency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425184954/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/10457.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aldridge, John (May 2009). \"Citaro hire coming to an end\". Buses (650). Ian Allan Publishing: 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Henderson, Jamie (28 June 2010). \"MP strikes out at 'ridiculous' bus route cancellation\". Sutton Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/news/8240522.MP_strikes_out_at__ridiculous__bus_route_cancellation/","url_text":"\"MP strikes out at 'ridiculous' bus route cancellation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Guardian","url_text":"Sutton Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927100155/http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/news/8240522.MP_strikes_out_at__ridiculous__bus_route_cancellation/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aldridge, John (September 2011). \"Setbacks for Arriva and Metrobus in latest awards\". Buses (678). Ian Allan Publishing: 22–23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_(magazine)","url_text":"Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing","url_text":"Ian Allan Publishing"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.mylondon.news/news/south-london-news/london-bus-route-long-can-21116649","external_links_name":"\"The London bus route so long it takes over two hours to reach its destination\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220220133214/https://www.mylondon.news/news/south-london-news/london-bus-route-long-can-21116649","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6kOAAAAQAAJ&q=726&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"Green Line: the history of London's country bus services"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220223210637/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6kOAAAAQAAJ&q=726&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970804081842/http://www.londontransport.co.uk/press/xpres726.html","external_links_name":"Expresslink Bus 726 To Be Withdrawn"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050405173934/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/buses/press-releases/2004/december/press-pn%201285.shtml","external_links_name":"726 bus route could have the X factor"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170415202930/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2005/april/x26-a-new-accessible-and-more-reliable-service","external_links_name":"X26, a new, accessible and more reliable service"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121339/https://tfl.gov.uk/forms/13796.aspx?btID=119","external_links_name":"Bus tender results Route X26"},{"Link":"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/10457.html","external_links_name":"\"Orbital express bus route to double in frequency\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425184954/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/10457.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/news/8240522.MP_strikes_out_at__ridiculous__bus_route_cancellation/","external_links_name":"\"MP strikes out at 'ridiculous' bus route cancellation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927100155/http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/news/8240522.MP_strikes_out_at__ridiculous__bus_route_cancellation/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330052852/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-service-changes.pdf","external_links_name":"Bus Service Changes 11 March to 16 April 2017"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230819002052/https://www.route-one.net/bus/third-london-superloop-route-to-start-as-x26-becomes-sl7/","external_links_name":"Third London Superloop route to start as X26 becomes SL7"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230813012423/https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/buses/bus-changes","external_links_name":"Route X26 renumbered - 19 August 2023"},{"Link":"https://www.tfl.gov.uk/bus/route/sl7","external_links_name":"Route SL7 Map"},{"Link":"https://tfl.gov.uk/bus/route/sl7/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynndie_England	Lynndie England	["1 Early life","2 Involvement in prisoner abuse","3 Later life","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	United States Army soldier convicted of abusing Iraqi prisoners Lynndie EnglandOfficial portrait, c. 2000BornLynndie Rana England (1982-11-08) November 8, 1982 (age 41)Ashland, Kentucky, U.S.EducationFrankfort High SchoolYears active1999–2008Children1 (with Charles Graner)Conviction(s)Maltreating detaineesConspiracy to maltreat detaineesCommitting an indecent actCriminal penaltyThree years imprisonment, dishonorable discharge Military careerAllegiance United StatesService/branch ArmyYears of service1999–2008RankPrivateUnit372nd Military Police CompanyBattles/warsGlobal War on Terrorism Iraq Campaign Lynndie Rana England (born November 8, 1982) is a former United States Army Reserve soldier who was prosecuted for mistreating detainees during the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse that occurred at the Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad during the Iraq War. She was one of 11 military personnel from the 372nd Military Police Company who were convicted in 2005 for war crimes. After being sentenced to three years in prison and a dishonorable discharge, England was incarcerated from September 27, 2005, to March 1, 2007, when she was released on parole. Early life Born in Ashland, Kentucky, England moved with her family to Fort Ashby, West Virginia, when she was two years old. She was raised by her mother, Terrie Bowling England, and her father Kenneth R. England Jr., a railroad worker, who worked at a station in Cumberland, Maryland. She aspired to be a storm chaser. As a young child, England was diagnosed with selective mutism, a form of an anxiety disorder. England joined the United States Army Reserve in Cumberland in 1999 while she was a junior at Frankfort High School near Short Gap. England worked as a cashier in an IGA store during her junior year of high school and married a co-worker in 2002, but they later divorced. England also wished to earn money for college, so that she could become a storm chaser. She was also a member of the Future Farmers of America. After graduating from Frankfort High School in 2001, she worked a night job in a chicken-processing factory in Moorefield. She was deployed to Iraq in June 2003. England was engaged to fellow reservist and Abu Ghraib prison guard Charles Graner. In 2004, she gave birth to a son fathered by him at Womack Army Medical Center at Fort Bragg, now renamed Fort Liberty. Involvement in prisoner abuse Main article: Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse England mobilized with her Army Reserve unit and was stationed in Baghdad at the Abu Ghraib prison in March 2003 to perform guard duties. Along with other soldiers, she was investigated in late 2003 for mistreatment of Iraqi prisoners of war involving the infliction of sexual, physical and psychological abuse after photographs came to light showing prisoners being abused. While formal charges were being prepared for general court-martial, England was transferred to the U.S. military installation at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, on March 18, 2004, because of her pregnancy. Her court-martial was scheduled for September 2005 on charges of conspiracy to maltreat prisoners and assault consummated by battery. On April 30, 2005, England agreed to plead guilty to four counts of maltreating prisoners, two counts of conspiracy, and one count of dereliction of duty. In exchange, prosecutors would have dropped two other charges, committing indecent acts and failure to obey a lawful order. This plea deal would have reduced her maximum sentence from 16 years to 11 years had it been accepted by the military judge. In May 2005, however, Military Judge Colonel James Pohl declared a mistrial on the grounds that he could not accept England's plea of guilty to a charge of conspiring with Graner to maltreat detainees because Graner had testified that he believed that, in placing a tether around a naked detainee's neck and asking England to pose for a photograph with him, he was documenting a legitimate use of force. Graner was convicted on all charges and sentenced to 10 years in prison. At her retrial, England was convicted on September 26, 2005, of one count of conspiracy, four counts of maltreating detainees and one count of committing an indecent act. She was acquitted on a second conspiracy count. The next day, England was sentenced to a three-year prison term and a dishonorable discharge. Members of the United States Senate have reportedly reviewed additional photographs supplied by the Department of Defense that have not been publicly released. There has been considerable speculation as to the contents of these photos. In a March 2008 interview, England stated in response to a question about these unreleased pictures, "You see the dogs biting the prisoners. Or you see bite marks from the dogs. You can see MPs holding down a prisoner so a medic can give him a shot." England was incarcerated at Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar. She was paroled on March 1, 2007, after serving 521 days, less than 17 months. She remained on parole through September 2008 until her three-year sentence was complete, whereupon she was discharged. In a May 11, 2004, interview with the Denver CBS owned-and-operated television station KCNC-TV, England reportedly said that she had been "instructed by persons in higher ranks" to commit acts of abuse as a form of psychological operations, and that she should keep doing it, because it worked as intended. England noted that she felt "weird" when a commanding officer asked her to do such things as "stand there, give the thumbs up, and smile." However, England felt that she was doing "nothing out of the ordinary." Later life After serving her sentence, England returned to Fort Ashby, West Virginia, and stayed with friends and family. On July 9, 2007, England was appointed to the Keyser, West Virginia volunteer recreation board. In July 2009, England released Tortured: Lynndie England, Abu Ghraib and the Photographs that Shocked the World, a biography that was set with a book tour that she hoped would rehabilitate her public image. As of 2009, England was on antidepressant medication and also had post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety. As of 2013, she had found seasonal employment as a secretary. In March 2008, England told the German magazine Stern that the media was to blame for the consequences of the Abu Ghraib scandal: If the media hadn't exposed the pictures to that extent, then thousands of lives would have been saved ... Yeah, I took the photos but I didn't make it worldwide. Asked about the picture of her posing with Graner in front of a pyramid of naked men, she said: At the time I thought, I love this man , I trust this man with my life, okay, then he's saying, well, there's seven of them and it's such an enclosed area and it'll keep them together and contained because they have to concentrate on staying up on the pyramid instead of doing something to us. Asked about the picture showing her pointing at a man forced to masturbate, she again referred to her feelings for Graner at the time: Graner and Frederick tried to convince me to get into the picture with this guy. I didn't want to, but they were really persistent about it. At the time I didn't think that it was something that needed to be documented but I followed Graner. I did everything he wanted me to do. I didn't want to lose him. In a 16 January 2009 interview with The Guardian, England reiterated: ... that she was goaded into posing for the photographs by her then lover and more senior fellow soldier, Charles Graner. 'They said in the trial that authority figures really intimidate me. I always aim to please.' In 2012, following her release, she stated that she did not regret her actions. "Their (Iraqis') lives are better. They got the better end of the deal," she said. "They weren't innocent. They're trying to kill us, and you want me to apologize to them? It's like saying sorry to the enemy." Gallery England forcing an inmate, known to the guards as "Gus", to crawl and bark like a dog on a leash. Detainees were placed into a human pyramid. England and Graner posed for the picture. England poses in front of a detainee being forced to masturbate. England after she was sentenced to three years for prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib. Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar, where England was imprisoned. See also Standard Operating Procedure References ^ The Errol Morris film Standard Operating Procedure includes an interview in which England confirms that several of the infamous pictures were taken "after midnight", meaning on her 21st birthday (01:14:58 to 01:15:20), and images putting the pictures at 23:16 on 7 November (01:16:15 to 01:16:40). Although there is disparity as to date, this appears to indicate 08 November. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dickerscheid, P.J. (29 June 2009). "Abu Ghraib scandal haunts W.Va. reservist". The Independent. ^ "Profile: Lynndie England". BBC News. September 27, 2005. Retrieved May 12, 2010. ^ a b Emma Brockes (3 January 2009). "Interview: She's home from jail, but Lynndie England can't escape Abu Ghraib". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-08-25. ^ "Is Lynndie England a Victim or Victimizer?". ABC News. May 2, 2005. Retrieved August 25, 2015. ^ McKelvey, Tara (May 18, 2009). "A Soldier's Tale: Lynndie England". Marie Claire. Retrieved July 14, 2007. ^ Nestel, M.L. (19 March 2012). "Abu Ghraib's Grasp". The Daily. ^ a b "Iraq War 10 Years Later: Where Are They Now? Lynndie England (Abu Ghraib)". NBC News. March 19, 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013. ^ a b c d e "English-language transcript of March 2008 interview with Lynndie England". Stern magazine. March 17, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2008. ^ a b Beavers, Liz (March 25, 2007). "England back in Mineral County: Army reservist, notorious face of Abu Ghraib scandal, out of prison". Cumberland Times-News. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Friday, England family attorney Roy T. Hardy of Keyser confirmed England had been paroled March 1 after serving approximately half of her sentence at a military prison located near San Diego. ^ "Private In Prison Abuse Photos Shares Her Story". KCNC-TV. May 11, 2004. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. ^ Tompkins, Al (May 15, 2004). "The Story Behind the Lynndie England Interview". Poynter. Retrieved April 29, 2023. ^ Woodruff, Bob (May 2, 2005). "Is Lynndie England a Victim or Victimizer?". ABC News. Retrieved April 29, 2023. ^ Ronson, Jon (2004). "The Dark Side". The Men Who Stare at Goats. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 151–158. ISBN 0-7432-4192-4. ^ "Lynndie England gets spot on town board in W.Va". Army Times. Associated Press. July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007. ^ "Lynndie England Blames Media for Photos". Associated Press. March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2008. ^ "none". The Guardian Weekend. January 16, 2009. p. 16. ^ "Iraq War 10 Years Later: Where Are They Now? Lynndie England (Abu Ghraib) - World News". NBC News. March 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2015. Further reading Tucker, Bruce; Triantafyllos, Sia (2008). "Lynndie England, Abu Ghraib, and the New Imperialism". Canadian Review of American Studies. 38 (1): 83–100. doi:10.3138/cras.38.1.83. Gourevitch, Philip; Morris, Errol (2008). The Ballad of Abu Ghraib. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311539-7. Maddox, Marjorie (2017). "Soldier girl". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 38 (1). University of Nebraska Press: 64–66. doi:10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064. JSTOR 10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064. S2CID 201781288. – A semi-fictionalized account of Lynndie England. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lynndie England. 'What happens in war happens', a profile with the Guardian UK, January 3, 2009 Symbol Of Shame? – a CBS News article, May 7, 2004 "A new monster-in-chief" – Observer article by Mary Riddell, May 9, 2004 "England back in Mineral County" at archive.today (archived May 24, 2012) This American Life – 384 Fall Guy Dickerscheid, P.J., and Vicki Smith, "Abu Ghraib scandal haunts Lynndie England", Military Times, June 29, 2009. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Portals: Biography Iraq Law United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States Army Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse"},{"link_name":"Abu Ghraib prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DI_062909-2"},{"link_name":"372nd Military Police Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/372nd_Military_Police_Company_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"dishonorable discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishonorable_discharge"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"}],"text":"Lynndie Rana England (born November 8, 1982)[1] is a former United States Army Reserve soldier who was prosecuted for mistreating detainees during the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse that occurred at the Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad during the Iraq War.[2] She was one of 11 military personnel from the 372nd Military Police Company who were convicted in 2005 for war crimes. After being sentenced to three years in prison and a dishonorable discharge, England was incarcerated from September 27, 2005, to March 1, 2007, when she was released on parole.","title":"Lynndie England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashland, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fort Ashby, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ashby,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Cumberland, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"storm chaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_chasing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DI_062909-2"},{"link_name":"selective mutism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_mutism"},{"link_name":"anxiety disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"},{"link_name":"United States Army Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Frankfort High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfort_High_School_(West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Short Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Gap,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"IGA store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGA_(supermarkets)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Future Farmers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_FFA_Organization"},{"link_name":"Moorefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorefield,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Charles Graner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Graner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DI_062909-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC_Where_Are_They_Now?-8"},{"link_name":"Womack Army Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womack_Army_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Fort Bragg, now renamed Fort Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stern0308-9"}],"text":"Born in Ashland, Kentucky,[3] England moved with her family to Fort Ashby, West Virginia, when she was two years old. She was raised by her mother, Terrie Bowling England, and her father Kenneth R. England Jr., a railroad worker, who worked at a station in Cumberland, Maryland. She aspired to be a storm chaser.[2] As a young child, England was diagnosed with selective mutism, a form of an anxiety disorder.[4]England joined the United States Army Reserve in Cumberland in 1999 while she was a junior at Frankfort High School near Short Gap. England worked as a cashier in an IGA store during her junior year of high school and married a co-worker in 2002, but they later divorced.[5] England also wished to earn money for college, so that she could become a storm chaser. She was also a member of the Future Farmers of America. After graduating from Frankfort High School in 2001, she worked a night job in a chicken-processing factory in Moorefield.[6] She was deployed to Iraq in June 2003.[7]England was engaged to fellow reservist and Abu Ghraib prison guard Charles Graner. In 2004, she gave birth to a son fathered by him[2][8] at Womack Army Medical Center at Fort Bragg, now renamed Fort Liberty.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Abu Ghraib prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"sexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abuse"},{"link_name":"psychological abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abuse"},{"link_name":"general court-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_court-martial"},{"link_name":"Fort Bragg, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)"},{"link_name":"assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(crime)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DI_062909-2"},{"link_name":"James Pohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Pohl"},{"link_name":"mistrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistrial_(law)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DI_062909-2"},{"link_name":"conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DI_062909-2"},{"link_name":"dishonorable discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishonorable_discharge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DI_062909-2"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stern0308-9"},{"link_name":"Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Consolidated_Brig,_Miramar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EnglandParole-10"},{"link_name":"paroled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EnglandParole-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DI_062909-2"},{"link_name":"KCNC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNC-TV"},{"link_name":"psychological operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_operations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"England mobilized with her Army Reserve unit and was stationed in Baghdad at the Abu Ghraib prison in March 2003 to perform guard duties. Along with other soldiers, she was investigated in late 2003 for mistreatment of Iraqi prisoners of war involving the infliction of sexual, physical and psychological abuse after photographs came to light showing prisoners being abused.While formal charges were being prepared for general court-martial, England was transferred to the U.S. military installation at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, on March 18, 2004, because of her pregnancy. Her court-martial was scheduled for September 2005 on charges of conspiracy to maltreat prisoners and assault consummated by battery.[2]On April 30, 2005, England agreed to plead guilty to four counts of maltreating prisoners, two counts of conspiracy, and one count of dereliction of duty. In exchange, prosecutors would have dropped two other charges, committing indecent acts and failure to obey a lawful order. This plea deal would have reduced her maximum sentence from 16 years to 11 years had it been accepted by the military judge. In May 2005, however, Military Judge Colonel James Pohl declared a mistrial on the grounds that he could not accept England's plea of guilty to a charge of conspiring with Graner to maltreat detainees because Graner had testified that he believed that, in placing a tether around a naked detainee's neck and asking England to pose for a photograph with him, he was documenting a legitimate use of force. Graner was convicted on all charges and sentenced to 10 years in prison.[2] At her retrial, England was convicted on September 26, 2005, of one count of conspiracy, four counts of maltreating detainees and one count of committing an indecent act.[2] She was acquitted on a second conspiracy count. The next day, England was sentenced to a three-year prison term and a dishonorable discharge.[2]Members of the United States Senate have reportedly reviewed additional photographs supplied by the Department of Defense that have not been publicly released. There has been considerable speculation as to the contents of these photos. In a March 2008 interview, England stated in response to a question about these unreleased pictures, \"You see the dogs biting the prisoners. Or you see bite marks from the dogs. You can see MPs holding down a prisoner so a medic can give him a shot.\"[9]England was incarcerated at Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar.[10] She was paroled on March 1, 2007, after serving 521 days, less than 17 months.[10] She remained on parole through September 2008 until her three-year sentence was complete, whereupon she was discharged.[2]In a May 11, 2004, interview with the Denver CBS owned-and-operated television station KCNC-TV, England reportedly said that she had been \"instructed by persons in higher ranks\" to commit acts of abuse as a form of psychological operations, and that she should keep doing it, because it worked as intended. England noted that she felt \"weird\" when a commanding officer asked her to do such things as \"stand there, give the thumbs up, and smile.\" However, England felt that she was doing \"nothing out of the ordinary.\"[11][12][13][14]","title":"Involvement in prisoner abuse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Ashby, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ashby,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DI_062909-2"},{"link_name":"Keyser, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyser,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DI_062909-2"},{"link_name":"antidepressant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"},{"link_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DI_062909-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC_Where_Are_They_Now?-8"},{"link_name":"Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Abu Ghraib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stern0308-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stern0308-9"},{"link_name":"masturbate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masturbate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stern0308-9"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Charles Graner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Graner"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"After serving her sentence, England returned to Fort Ashby, West Virginia, and stayed with friends and family.[2]On July 9, 2007, England was appointed to the Keyser, West Virginia volunteer recreation board.[15] In July 2009, England released Tortured: Lynndie England, Abu Ghraib and the Photographs that Shocked the World, a biography that was set with a book tour that she hoped would rehabilitate her public image.[2] As of 2009, England was on antidepressant medication[4] and also had post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety.[2] As of 2013, she had found seasonal employment as a secretary.[8]In March 2008, England told the German magazine Stern that the media was to blame for the consequences of the Abu Ghraib scandal:If the media hadn't exposed the pictures to that extent, then thousands of lives would have been saved ... Yeah, I took the photos but I didn't make it worldwide.[9][16]Asked about the picture of her posing with Graner in front of a pyramid of naked men, she said:At the time I thought, I love this man [Graner], I trust this man with my life, okay, then he's saying, well, there's seven of them and it's such an enclosed area and it'll keep them together and contained because they have to concentrate on staying up on the pyramid instead of doing something to us.[9]Asked about the picture showing her pointing at a man forced to masturbate, she again referred to her feelings for Graner at the time:Graner and Frederick tried to convince me to get into the picture with this guy. I didn't want to, but they were really persistent about it. At the time I didn't think that it was something that needed to be documented but I followed Graner. I did everything he wanted me to do. I didn't want to lose him.[9]In a 16 January 2009 interview with The Guardian, England reiterated:... that she was goaded into posing for the photographs by her then lover and more senior fellow soldier, Charles Graner. 'They said in the trial that authority figures really intimidate me. I always aim to please.'[17]In 2012, following her release, she stated that she did not regret her actions. \"Their (Iraqis') lives are better. They got the better end of the deal,\" she said. \"They weren't innocent. They're trying to kill us, and you want me to apologize to them? It's like saying sorry to the enemy.\"[18]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu-ghraib-leash.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_53.jpg"},{"link_name":"Graner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Graner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AG-10B.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lynndie_England_handcuffs.jpg"},{"link_name":"prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MiramarBrig.JPEG"},{"link_name":"Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Consolidated_Brig,_Miramar"}],"text":"England forcing an inmate, known to the guards as \"Gus\", to crawl and bark like a dog on a leash.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetainees were placed into a human pyramid. England and Graner posed for the picture.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEngland poses in front of a detainee being forced to masturbate.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEngland after she was sentenced to three years for prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNaval Consolidated Brig, Miramar, where England was imprisoned.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3138/cras.38.1.83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3138%2Fcras.38.1.83"},{"link_name":"Gourevitch, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Gourevitch"},{"link_name":"Morris, Errol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Morris"},{"link_name":"The Ballad of Abu Ghraib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Abu_Ghraib"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-311539-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311539-7"},{"link_name":"\"Soldier girl\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//muse.jhu.edu/article/653259"},{"link_name":"Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontiers:_A_Journal_of_Women_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5250%2Ffronjwomestud.38.1.0064"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"201781288","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201781288"}],"text":"Tucker, Bruce; Triantafyllos, Sia (2008). \"Lynndie England, Abu Ghraib, and the New Imperialism\". Canadian Review of American Studies. 38 (1): 83–100. doi:10.3138/cras.38.1.83.\nGourevitch, Philip; Morris, Errol (2008). The Ballad of Abu Ghraib. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311539-7.\nMaddox, Marjorie (2017). \"Soldier girl\". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 38 (1). University of Nebraska Press: 64–66. doi:10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064. JSTOR 10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064. S2CID 201781288. – A semi-fictionalized account of Lynndie England.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Standard Operating Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Operating_Procedure_(film)"}]	[{"reference":"Dickerscheid, P.J. (29 June 2009). \"Abu Ghraib scandal haunts W.Va. reservist\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyindependent.com/news/local_news/abu-ghraib-scandal-haunts-w-va-reservist/article_8dac5f9f-67a6-5ad7-8ee3-baf99f4d8b2d.html","url_text":"\"Abu Ghraib scandal haunts W.Va. reservist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(Ashland,_Kentucky)","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Lynndie England\". BBC News. September 27, 2005. Retrieved May 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4490795.stm","url_text":"\"Profile: Lynndie England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Emma Brockes (3 January 2009). \"Interview: She's home from jail, but Lynndie England can't escape Abu Ghraib\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/03/abu-ghraib-lynndie-england-interview","url_text":"\"Interview: She's home from jail, but Lynndie England can't escape Abu Ghraib\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Is Lynndie England a Victim or Victimizer?\". ABC News. May 2, 2005. Retrieved August 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/LegalCenter/story?id=722464","url_text":"\"Is Lynndie England a Victim or Victimizer?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"McKelvey, Tara (May 18, 2009). \"A Soldier's Tale: Lynndie England\". Marie Claire. Retrieved July 14, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marieclaire.com/politics/news/a170/lynndie-england-1/","url_text":"\"A Soldier's Tale: Lynndie England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Claire","url_text":"Marie Claire"}]},{"reference":"Nestel, M.L. (19 March 2012). \"Abu Ghraib's Grasp\". The Daily.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_(News_Corporation)","url_text":"The Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq War 10 Years Later: Where Are They Now? Lynndie England (Abu Ghraib)\". NBC News. March 19, 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/19/17373769-iraq-war-10-years-later-where-are-they-now-lynndie-england-abu-ghraib?lite#blog_archives","url_text":"\"Iraq War 10 Years Later: Where Are They Now? Lynndie England (Abu Ghraib)\""}]},{"reference":"\"English-language transcript of March 2008 interview with Lynndie England\". Stern magazine. March 17, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stern.de/politik/ausland/614356.html?nv=ct_cb","url_text":"\"English-language transcript of March 2008 interview with Lynndie England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_(magazine)","url_text":"Stern magazine"}]},{"reference":"Beavers, Liz (March 25, 2007). \"England back in Mineral County: Army reservist, notorious face of Abu Ghraib scandal, out of prison\". Cumberland Times-News. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Friday, England family attorney Roy T. Hardy of Keyser confirmed England had been paroled March 1 after serving approximately half of her sentence at a military prison located near San Diego.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120524123007/http://www.times-news.com/local/local_story_084120156.html","url_text":"\"England back in Mineral County: Army reservist, notorious face of Abu Ghraib scandal, out of prison\""},{"url":"http://www.times-news.com/local/local_story_084120156.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Private In Prison Abuse Photos Shares Her Story\". KCNC-TV. May 11, 2004. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20080119121523/http://news4colorado.com/topstories/local_story_132222538.html","url_text":"\"Private In Prison Abuse Photos Shares Her Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNC-TV","url_text":"KCNC-TV"},{"url":"http://news4colorado.com/topstories/local_story_132222538.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tompkins, Al (May 15, 2004). \"The Story Behind the Lynndie England Interview\". Poynter. Retrieved April 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poynter.org/archive/2004/the-story-behind-the-lynndie-england-interview/","url_text":"\"The Story Behind the Lynndie England Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynter_Institute","url_text":"Poynter"}]},{"reference":"Woodruff, Bob (May 2, 2005). \"Is Lynndie England a Victim or Victimizer?\". ABC News. Retrieved April 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Woodruff","url_text":"Woodruff, Bob"},{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/LegalCenter/story?id=722464","url_text":"\"Is Lynndie England a Victim or Victimizer?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"Ronson, Jon (2004). \"The Dark Side\". The Men Who Stare at Goats. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 151–158. ISBN 0-7432-4192-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Ronson","url_text":"Ronson, Jon"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/menwhostareatgoa00rons_0/page/151/","url_text":"\"The Dark Side\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-4192-4","url_text":"0-7432-4192-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Lynndie England gets spot on town board in W.Va\". Army Times. Associated Press. July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.armytimes.com/news/2007/07/ap_england_abughraib_070714/","url_text":"\"Lynndie England gets spot on town board in W.Va\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Times","url_text":"Army Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Lynndie England Blames Media for Photos\". Associated Press. March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080321123034/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jogSsQSlJxgSA4ZgGa0cvJskN6SQD8VG307G0","url_text":"\"Lynndie England Blames Media for Photos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jogSsQSlJxgSA4ZgGa0cvJskN6SQD8VG307G0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"none\". The Guardian Weekend. January 16, 2009. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq War 10 Years Later: Where Are They Now? Lynndie England (Abu Ghraib) - World News\". NBC News. March 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150831233452/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/19/17373769-iraq-war-10-years-later-where-are-they-now-lynndie-england-abu-ghraib","url_text":"\"Iraq War 10 Years Later: Where Are They Now? Lynndie England (Abu Ghraib) - World News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"},{"url":"http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/19/17373769-iraq-war-10-years-later-where-are-they-now-lynndie-england-abu-ghraib","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Bruce; Triantafyllos, Sia (2008). \"Lynndie England, Abu Ghraib, and the New Imperialism\". Canadian Review of American Studies. 38 (1): 83–100. doi:10.3138/cras.38.1.83.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcras.38.1.83","url_text":"10.3138/cras.38.1.83"}]},{"reference":"Gourevitch, Philip; Morris, Errol (2008). The Ballad of Abu Ghraib. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311539-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Gourevitch","url_text":"Gourevitch, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Morris","url_text":"Morris, Errol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Abu_Ghraib","url_text":"The Ballad of Abu Ghraib"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311539-7","url_text":"978-0-14-311539-7"}]},{"reference":"Maddox, Marjorie (2017). \"Soldier girl\". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 38 (1). University of Nebraska Press: 64–66. doi:10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064. JSTOR 10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064. S2CID 201781288.","urls":[{"url":"http://muse.jhu.edu/article/653259","url_text":"\"Soldier girl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontiers:_A_Journal_of_Women_Studies","url_text":"Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press","url_text":"University of Nebraska Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5250%2Ffronjwomestud.38.1.0064","url_text":"10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064","url_text":"10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201781288","url_text":"201781288"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.dailyindependent.com/news/local_news/abu-ghraib-scandal-haunts-w-va-reservist/article_8dac5f9f-67a6-5ad7-8ee3-baf99f4d8b2d.html","external_links_name":"\"Abu Ghraib scandal haunts W.Va. reservist\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4490795.stm","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Lynndie England\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/03/abu-ghraib-lynndie-england-interview","external_links_name":"\"Interview: She's home from jail, but Lynndie England can't escape Abu Ghraib\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/LegalCenter/story?id=722464","external_links_name":"\"Is Lynndie England a Victim or Victimizer?\""},{"Link":"https://www.marieclaire.com/politics/news/a170/lynndie-england-1/","external_links_name":"\"A Soldier's Tale: Lynndie England\""},{"Link":"http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/19/17373769-iraq-war-10-years-later-where-are-they-now-lynndie-england-abu-ghraib?lite#blog_archives","external_links_name":"\"Iraq War 10 Years Later: Where Are They Now? Lynndie England (Abu Ghraib)\""},{"Link":"http://www.stern.de/politik/ausland/614356.html?nv=ct_cb","external_links_name":"\"English-language transcript of March 2008 interview with Lynndie England\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120524123007/http://www.times-news.com/local/local_story_084120156.html","external_links_name":"\"England back in Mineral County: Army reservist, notorious face of Abu Ghraib scandal, out of prison\""},{"Link":"http://www.times-news.com/local/local_story_084120156.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20080119121523/http://news4colorado.com/topstories/local_story_132222538.html","external_links_name":"\"Private In Prison Abuse Photos Shares Her Story\""},{"Link":"http://news4colorado.com/topstories/local_story_132222538.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.poynter.org/archive/2004/the-story-behind-the-lynndie-england-interview/","external_links_name":"\"The Story Behind the Lynndie England Interview\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/LegalCenter/story?id=722464","external_links_name":"\"Is Lynndie England a Victim or Victimizer?\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/menwhostareatgoa00rons_0/page/151/","external_links_name":"\"The Dark Side\""},{"Link":"http://www.armytimes.com/news/2007/07/ap_england_abughraib_070714/","external_links_name":"\"Lynndie England gets spot on town board in W.Va\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080321123034/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jogSsQSlJxgSA4ZgGa0cvJskN6SQD8VG307G0","external_links_name":"\"Lynndie England Blames Media for Photos\""},{"Link":"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jogSsQSlJxgSA4ZgGa0cvJskN6SQD8VG307G0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150831233452/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/19/17373769-iraq-war-10-years-later-where-are-they-now-lynndie-england-abu-ghraib","external_links_name":"\"Iraq War 10 Years Later: Where Are They Now? Lynndie England (Abu Ghraib) - World News\""},{"Link":"http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/19/17373769-iraq-war-10-years-later-where-are-they-now-lynndie-england-abu-ghraib","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcras.38.1.83","external_links_name":"10.3138/cras.38.1.83"},{"Link":"http://muse.jhu.edu/article/653259","external_links_name":"\"Soldier girl\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5250%2Ffronjwomestud.38.1.0064","external_links_name":"10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064","external_links_name":"10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0064"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201781288","external_links_name":"201781288"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/03/abu-ghraib-lynndie-england-interview","external_links_name":"'What happens in war happens'"},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/07/iraq/main616306.shtml","external_links_name":"Symbol Of Shame?"},{"Link":"http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1212647,00.html","external_links_name":"\"A new monster-in-chief\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120524123007/http://www.times-news.com/local/local_story_084120156.html","external_links_name":"\"England back in Mineral County\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisamericanlife.org/Radio_Episode.aspx?sched=1304","external_links_name":"This American Life – 384 Fall Guy"},{"Link":"http://militarytimes.com/news/2009/06/ap_lynndie_england_062909/","external_links_name":"Abu Ghraib scandal haunts Lynndie England"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1781424/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000047453227","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/71221107","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCKWg4bDJ7tpGT6Bctrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007461122905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008180110","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta_Johnson_School_of_Organic_Education	Marietta Johnson School of Organic Education	["1 References"]	United States historic placeSchool of Organic EducationU.S. National Register of Historic Places LocationBounded by Fairhope and Morphy Aves. and Bancroft and School Sts., Fairhope, AlabamaArea10 acres (4.0 ha)Built1904MPSFairhope MRANRHP reference No.88001010Added to NRHPJuly 1, 1988 The Marietta Johnson School of Organic Education was a school founded by Marietta Johnson. The School of Organic Education facility was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The listing included three contributing buildings: the Bell Building built and expanded in 1904 and 1910; Dahlgren Hall, built in 1912; and the Art Barn, built in 1924. The school was profiled by educator John Dewey in his 1913 book Schools of Tomorrow. The campus was sold to Faulkner State College sometime during or before 1987. References ^ a b c "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: School of Organic Education". National Park Service. Retrieved January 10, 2018. With six photos from 1987. vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category This article about a property in Alabama on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marietta Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta_Johnson"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"contributing buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributing_buildings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-2"},{"link_name":"John Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-2"},{"link_name":"Faulkner State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulkner_State_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Marietta Johnson School of Organic Education was a school founded by Marietta Johnson.The School of Organic Education facility was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.[1]The listing included three contributing buildings: the Bell Building built and expanded in 1904 and 1910; Dahlgren Hall, built in 1912; and the Art Barn, built in 1924.[2]The school was profiled by educator John Dewey in his 1913 book Schools of Tomorrow.[2]The campus was sold to Faulkner State College sometime during or before 1987.[1]","title":"Marietta Johnson School of Organic Education"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: School of Organic Education\". National Park Service. Retrieved January 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/88001010_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: School of Organic Education\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/64000014.pdf","external_links_name":"Fairhope MRA"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/88001010","external_links_name":"88001010"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/88001010_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: School of Organic Education\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/88001010_photos","external_links_name":"six photos from 1987"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marietta_Johnson_School_of_Organic_Education&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Vasili_Alexandrovich_of_Russia	Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia	["1 Early life","2 Exile","3 Arms","4 Ancestry","5 References","6 Further reading"]	Russian prince, nephew of Nicholas II (1908–1989) Prince Vasili AlexandrovichPresident of the Romanov Family AssociationTenure7 July 1980 – 24 June 1989PredecessorPrince Dimitri AlexandrovichSuccessorPrince Nicholas RomanovichBorn(1907-07-07)7 July 1907Gatchina Palace, Gatchina, Russian EmpireDied24 June 1989(1989-06-24) (aged 81)Woodside, California, United StatesSpousePrincess Natalia Alexandrovna GolitsynaIssuePrincess Marina Vasilievna of RussiaHouseHolstein-Gottorp-RomanovFatherGrand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of RussiaMotherGrand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia (7 July 1907 – 24 June 1989) was the sixth son and youngest child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. He was a nephew of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Born in Imperial Russia during the reign of his paternal second cousin and maternal uncle Nicholas II, he was on vacation in Crimea at the fall of the Russian monarchy. He was joined there by his immediate family. They escaped the fate of many of his relatives killed by the Bolsheviks. He left Russia in April 1919, at age 11. In the late 1920s, he emigrated to the United States where he met Princess Natalia Golitsyna. They married in 1931. The couple had one daughter and lived for decades in Woodside, California. Early life Prince Vasili Alexandrovich Romanov was born at Gatchina Palace on 7 July 1907, the sixth son and last of the seven children of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. Although a grandson of Emperor Alexander III through his mother, he was not entitled to the title Grand Duke of Russia because he was only a great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I in the male line through his father. He was a sickly child and after his birth there was some doubts that he would survive so he was baptized in the nursery. Shortly after his birth his parents started to live separate lives. Prince Vasili spent his early years in Imperial Russia during the reign of his maternal uncle Tsar Nicholas II. At the fall of Russian monarchy in February 1917 Vasili, aged ten, was on vacation in Ai-Todor, his father's estate in Crimea. By the end of March both of his parents, all his siblings and their grandmother Empress Maria Feodorovna were also in Crimea. After the Russian Revolution, when the Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917, Prince Vasili along with his parents, siblings and grandmother the Dowager Empress were placed under house arrest at Ai-Todor. On 11 March 1918 they were transferred with other Romanovs relatives to Dulber, the estate of Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich in Crimea. He escaped the fate of a number of his Romanov relatives imprisoned who were murdered by the Bolsheviks when he was freed with the Romanovs in his group by German troops in May 1918. He escaped from Russia on 11 April 1919 with the help of his great aunt Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom (née Princess Alexandra of Denmark), Dowager Empress Maria's sister. King George V of the United Kingdom sent the British warship HMS Marlborough which brought Vasili's family and other Romanovs from the Crimea over the Black Sea to Malta and then to England. Prince Vasili, who was eleven years old at the time, spent the rest of his life in exile. Exile During his first years in exile, Prince Vasili lived in England with his mother. In the late 1920s, he emigrated to the United States where he spent the rest of his life. Vasili earned a living by finding work as a cabin boy, shipyard worker, stockbroker, winemaker and a chicken farmer in northern California. Prince Vasili married in New York City on 31 July 1931, Princess Natalia Golitsyna (Moscow 26 October 1907 – Woodside 28 March 1989), a fellow Russian exile – they met in the United States. Natalia was a distant cousin of Prince Rostislav's wife. Her sister, Princess Olga Golitsyna, married Geoffrey Tooth, who would become the second husband of Vasili's niece, Princess Xenia Andreevna. Princess Natalia came from one of Russia's most aristocratic families, the noble Golitsyns. Her father, Prince Alexander Golitsyn, the son of the governor of Moscow, was a country doctor. Her mother was Lyubov Vladimirovna Golitsyna (nee Glebova). Princess Natalia escaped revolutionary Russia with her family in 1920 through Siberia to China. In 1927, they moved to the United States. For a time, she pursued a career as an actress playing small parts in the theater and in silent films. Prince Vasili met Princess Natalia Golitsyna in 1931, marrying her a few months later. The couple moved to Northern California in 1934. They lived for the rest of their lives in a house, 30 km. south of San Francisco. Prince Vasili and his wife had one daughter: Princess Marina Romanov (born in San Francisco 22 May 1940); married in Woodside, California on 8 January 1967 (divorced) William Beadleston (born in Long Branch, New Jersey 31 July 1938) an art dealer. They had four children: Tatiana (b. 1968) Alexandra (b. 1970) Nicholas (b. 1971) Natalie (b. 1976). Princess Marina Romanov is now married to Daniel Stanberry and lives in Aspen, Colorado. They have one daughter. In 1980, Prince Vasili was appointed president of the Romanov Family Association in succession to his brother Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich. He remained president until his death in Woodside, California aged 81. He was buried at the Serbian Cemetery in San Francisco. Arms It is often alleged that Vasili's marriage with Princess Golitsyna would have been morganatic. However, Romanov biographer Pieter Broek holds that it was as acceptable dynastically as the Bagrationi marriage of Vasili's cousin, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia. Since the extinction of the Korecki family in the 17th century, the Golitsyns have claimed dynastic seniority in the House of Gediminas. The Gediminids were a dynasty of monarchs of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that reigned from the 14th to the 16th century and Emperor Peter I had permitted the Golitsyns to incorporate the emblem of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into their coat of arms. Ancestry See also: Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark Ancestors of Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia 8. Nicholas I of Russia (= 24.) 4. Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia 9. Princess Charlotte of Prussia (= 25.) 2. Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia 10. Leopold I, Grand Duke of Baden 5. Princess Cecilie of Baden 11. Princess Sofia of Sweden 1. Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia 12. Alexander II of Russia 6. Alexander III of Russia 13. Princess Marie of Hesse 3. Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia 14. Christian IX of Denmark 7. Princess Dagmar of Denmark 15. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel References ^ a b Van der Kiste & Hall, Once a Grand Duchess, p. 67 ^ Van der Kiste & Hall, Once a Grand Duchess, p. 48 ^ Van der Kiste & Hall, Once a Grand Duchess, p. 68 ^ Van der Kiste & Hall, Once a Grand Duchess, p. 98 ^ Van der Kiste & Hall, Once a Grand Duchess, p. 105 ^ Van der Kiste & Hall, Once a Grand Duchess, p. 123 ^ Van der Kiste & Hall, Once a Grand Duchess, p. 126 ^ Van der Kiste & Hall, Once a Grand Duchess, p. 129 ^ Van der Kiste & Hall, Once a Grand Duchess, p. 146 ^ a b c Willis, The Romanovs in the 21st Century, p. 109 ^ Van der Kiste & Hall, Once a Grand Duchess, p. 190 ^ Willis, The Romanovs in the 21st Century, p. 110 ^ Pieter Broek. "The Succession Question?". Archived from the original on 12 February 2002. Retrieved 12 February 2015. Further reading Van Der Kiste, John & Hall Coryne. Once a Grand Duchess: Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, Sutton Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7509-2749-6. Willis, Daniel (2009). The Romanovs in the 21st Century: a genealogical Biography. VDM. ISBN 978-3-639-17480-9. "Vasili Romanov, 81, Nephew of Last Czar". The New York Times. AP. 28 June 1989. p. D21. Retrieved 7 November 2021. About Prince Vasili of Russia Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia House of Holstein-Gottorp-RomanovCadet branch of the House of OldenburgBorn: 7 July 1907 Died: 24 June 1989 Non-profit organization positions Preceded byPrince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia President of the Romanov Family Association 1980–1989 Succeeded byNicholas Romanovich, Prince of Russia vteHouse of Holstein-Gottorp-RomanovPaul I of RussiaChildren Emperor Alexander I Grand Duke Konstantine Pavlovich Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna Emperor Nicholas I Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich Grandchildren Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna Grand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna Alexander I of RussiaChildren Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna Nicholas I of RussiaChildren Emperor Alexander II Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich Grandchildren Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna Grand Duchess Vera Konstantinovna Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich Grand Duke Dimitry Konstantinovich Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich Greatgrandchildren Prince John Konstantinovich Prince Gabriel Constantinovich Princess Tatiana Constantinovna Prince Constantine Constantinovich Prince Oleg Konstantinovich Prince Igor Constantinovich Prince Georgy Konstantinovich Princess Vera Constantinovna Princess Natalia Constantinovna Princess Marina Petrovna Prince Roman Petrovich Princess Nadejda Petrovna Princess Sofia Petrovna Princess Nina Georgievna Princess Xenia Georgievna Princess Irina Alexandrovna Prince Andrei Alexandrovich Prince Feodor Alexandrovich Prince Nikita Alexandrovich Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich Prince Vasili Alexandrovich Great-greatgrandchildren Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich Princess Catherine Ivanovna Prince Nicholas Romanovich Prince Dimitri Romanovich Princess Xenia Andreevna Prince Michael Andreevich Prince Andrew Andreevich Princess Olga Andreevna Prince Michael Feodorovich Princess Irene Feodorovna Prince Nikita Nikitich Prince Alexander Nikitich Princess Nadejda Dimitriievna Prince Rostislav Rostislavovich Prince Nicholas Rostislavovich Princess Marina Vassilievna Greatx3grandchildren Princess Natalia Nikolaevna Princess Elizabeth Nikolaevna Princess Tatiana Nikolaevna Prince Alexis Andreevich Prince Peter Andreevich Prince Andrew Andreevich Prince Michael Mikhailovich Prince Feodor Nikitich Princess Stephena Rostislavovna Princess Alexandra Rostislavovna Prince Rostislav Rostislavovich Prince Nikita Rostislavovich Prince Nicholas Christopher Prince Daniel Joseph Princess Heather Greatx4grandchildren Prince Cory Christopher Princess Karlyn Princess Chelle Princess Madison Prince Jackson Daniel Alexander II of RussiaChildren Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich Emperor Alexander III Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich Grandchildren Grand Duke Alexander Vladimirovich Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Greatgrandchildren Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich Great-greatgrandchild Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna Alexander III of RussiaChildren Emperor Nicholas II Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich Grand Duke George Alexandrovich Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna Nicholas II of RussiaChildren Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich vtePrinces of Russia1st generation Prince Vladimir Kirillovich (later Grand Duke) John Konstantinovich Gabriel Constantinovich Constantine Constantinovich Oleg Konstantinovich Igor Constantinovich George Konstantinovich Roman Petrovich Andrew Alexandrovich Feodor Alexandrovich Nikita Alexandrovich Dmitri Alexandrovich Rostislav Alexandrovich Vasili Alexandrovich 2nd generation Vsevolod Ivanovich Nicholas Romanov Dmitri Romanovich* Michael Andreevich* Andrew Andreevich* Michael Feodorovich* Nikita Nikitich* Alexander Nikitich* 3rd generation Rostislav Rostislavovich* *right to title disputed	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Xenia_Alexandrovna"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Woodside, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside,_California"}],"text":"Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia (7 July [O.S. 24 June] 1907 – 24 June 1989) was the sixth son and youngest child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. He was a nephew of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.Born in Imperial Russia during the reign of his paternal second cousin and maternal uncle Nicholas II, he was on vacation in Crimea at the fall of the Russian monarchy. He was joined there by his immediate family. They escaped the fate of many of his relatives killed by the Bolsheviks. He left Russia in April 1919, at age 11. In the late 1920s, he emigrated to the United States where he met Princess Natalia Golitsyna. They married in 1931. The couple had one daughter and lived for decades in Woodside, California.","title":"Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gatchina Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatchina_Palace"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Xenia_Alexandrovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Kiste_&_Hall_67-1"},{"link_name":"Emperor Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Emperor Nicholas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Kiste_&_Hall_48-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Kiste_&_Hall_67-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Kiste_&_Hall_68-3"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Kiste_&_Hall_98-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Kiste_&_Hall_105-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Kiste_&_Hall_123-6"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Kiste_&_Hall_126-7"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Kiste_&_Hall_129-8"},{"link_name":"Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom (née Princess Alexandra of Denmark)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"King George V of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"HMS Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Marlborough_(1912)"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Kiste_&_Hall_146-9"}],"text":"Prince Vasili Alexandrovich Romanov was born at Gatchina Palace on 7 July 1907, the sixth son and last of the seven children of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia.[1] Although a grandson of Emperor Alexander III through his mother, he was not entitled to the title Grand Duke of Russia because he was only a great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I in the male line through his father.[2] He was a sickly child and after his birth there was some doubts that he would survive so he was baptized in the nursery.[1] Shortly after his birth his parents started to live separate lives.[3] Prince Vasili spent his early years in Imperial Russia during the reign of his maternal uncle Tsar Nicholas II. At the fall of Russian monarchy in February 1917 Vasili, aged ten, was on vacation in Ai-Todor, his father's estate in Crimea.[4] By the end of March both of his parents, all his siblings and their grandmother Empress Maria Feodorovna were also in Crimea.[5]After the Russian Revolution, when the Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917, Prince Vasili along with his parents, siblings and grandmother the Dowager Empress were placed under house arrest at Ai-Todor.[6] On 11 March 1918 they were transferred with other Romanovs relatives to Dulber, the estate of Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich in Crimea.[7] He escaped the fate of a number of his Romanov relatives imprisoned who were murdered by the Bolsheviks when he was freed with the Romanovs in his group by German troops in May 1918.[8] He escaped from Russia on 11 April 1919 with the help of his great aunt Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom (née Princess Alexandra of Denmark), Dowager Empress Maria's sister. King George V of the United Kingdom sent the British warship HMS Marlborough which brought Vasili's family and other Romanovs from the Crimea over the Black Sea to Malta and then to England.[9] Prince Vasili, who was eleven years old at the time, spent the rest of his life in exile.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willis_109-10"},{"link_name":"Prince Rostislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rostislav_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_der_Kiste_&_Hall_190-11"},{"link_name":"Princess Xenia Andreevna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Xenia_Andreevna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willis_109-10"},{"link_name":"Golitsyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golitsyn_family"},{"link_name":"the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_States"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willis_110-12"},{"link_name":"Romanov Family Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov_Family_Association"},{"link_name":"Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Dmitri_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Woodside, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside,_California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willis_109-10"}],"text":"During his first years in exile, Prince Vasili lived in England with his mother. In the late 1920s, he emigrated to the United States where he spent the rest of his life. Vasili earned a living by finding work as a cabin boy, shipyard worker, stockbroker, winemaker and a chicken farmer in northern California.[10]Prince Vasili married in New York City on 31 July 1931, Princess Natalia Golitsyna (Moscow 26 October 1907 – Woodside 28 March 1989), a fellow Russian exile – they met in the United States. Natalia was a distant cousin of Prince Rostislav's wife.[11] Her sister, Princess Olga Golitsyna, married Geoffrey Tooth, who would become the second husband of Vasili's niece, Princess Xenia Andreevna.[10] Princess Natalia came from one of Russia's most aristocratic families, the noble Golitsyns. Her father, Prince Alexander Golitsyn, the son of the governor of Moscow, was a country doctor. Her mother was Lyubov Vladimirovna Golitsyna (nee Glebova). Princess Natalia escaped revolutionary Russia with her family in 1920 through Siberia to China. In 1927, they moved to the United States. For a time, she pursued a career as an actress playing small parts in the theater and in silent films. Prince Vasili met Princess Natalia Golitsyna in 1931, marrying her a few months later. The couple moved to Northern California in 1934. They lived for the rest of their lives in a house, 30 km. south of San Francisco. Prince Vasili and his wife had one daughter:Princess Marina Romanov (born in San Francisco 22 May 1940); married in Woodside, California on 8 January 1967 (divorced) William Beadleston (born in Long Branch, New Jersey 31 July 1938) an art dealer. They had four children: Tatiana (b. 1968) Alexandra (b. 1970) Nicholas (b. 1971) Natalie (b. 1976). Princess Marina Romanov is now married to Daniel Stanberry and lives in Aspen, Colorado. They have one daughter.[12]In 1980, Prince Vasili was appointed president of the Romanov Family Association in succession to his brother Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich. He remained president until his death in Woodside, California aged 81.[10] He was buried at the Serbian Cemetery in San Francisco.","title":"Exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morganatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganatic_marriage"},{"link_name":"Bagrationi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrationi"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Korecki family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korecki_family"},{"link_name":"House of Gediminas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gediminas"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"It is often alleged that Vasili's marriage with Princess Golitsyna would have been morganatic. However, Romanov biographer Pieter Broek holds that it was as acceptable dynastically as the Bagrationi marriage of Vasili's cousin, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia. Since the extinction of the Korecki family in the 17th century, the Golitsyns have claimed dynastic seniority in the House of Gediminas. The Gediminids were a dynasty of monarchs of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that reigned from the 14th to the 16th century and Emperor Peter I had permitted the Golitsyns to incorporate the emblem of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into their coat of arms.[13]","title":"Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_Christian_IX_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Nicholas I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Charlotte of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Leopold I, Grand Duke of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Princess Cecilie of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Cecilie_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Princess Sofia of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Sofia_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Alexander II of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Alexander III of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Xenia_Alexandrovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Christian IX of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Princess Dagmar of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel"}],"text":"See also: Descendants of Christian IX of DenmarkAncestors of Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia 8. Nicholas I of Russia (= 24.) 4. Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia 9. Princess Charlotte of Prussia (= 25.) 2. Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia 10. Leopold I, Grand Duke of Baden 5. Princess Cecilie of Baden 11. Princess Sofia of Sweden 1. Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia 12. Alexander II of Russia 6. Alexander III of Russia 13. Princess Marie of Hesse 3. Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia 14. Christian IX of Denmark 7. Princess Dagmar of Denmark 15. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7509-2749-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2749-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-639-17480-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-639-17480-9"},{"link_name":"\"Vasili Romanov, 81, Nephew of Last Czar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1989/06/28/obituaries/vasili-romanov-81-nephew-of-last-czar.html"},{"link_name":"About Prince Vasili of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//romanovtoday.livejournal.com/30409.html#cutid1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:House_of_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"},{"link_name":"House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Paul I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Emperor Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Konstantine Pavlovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Pavlovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elena_Pavlovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pavlovna,_Grand_Duchess_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Pavlovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Emperor Nicholas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Pavlovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Mikhailovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elizabeth_Mikhailovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Mikhailovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Alexander I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Nicholas I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Emperor Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia,_Duchess_of_Leuchtenberg"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Nikolaevna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Konstantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Vera Konstantinovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Vera_Konstantinovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Dimitry Konstantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitry_Konstantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vyacheslav_Konstantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Peter_Nikolaevich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Mikhailovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Mikhailovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Mikhailovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke George Mikhailovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia_(1863%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince John Konstantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_John_Konstantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Gabriel Constantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Gabriel_Constantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Tatiana Constantinovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Tatiana_Constantinovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Constantine Constantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Constantine_Constantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Oleg Konstantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Oleg_Konstantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Igor Constantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Igor_Constantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Georgy Konstantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Georgy_Konstantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Vera Constantinovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Vera_Constantinovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Natalia Constantinovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Marina Petrovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marina_Petrovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Roman Petrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Roman_Petrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Nadejda Petrovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Nadejda_Petrovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Nina Georgievna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Nina_Georgievna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Xenia Georgievna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Xenia_Georgievna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Irina Alexandrovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Irina_Alexandrovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Andrei Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Feodor Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Feodor_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Nikita Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nikita_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Dmitri_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rostislav_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Vasili Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Vsevolod_Ivanovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Catherine Ivanovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Catherine_Ivanovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Nicholas Romanovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Romanov,_Prince_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Dimitri Romanovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Dimitri_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Princess Xenia Andreevna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Xenia_Andreevna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Michael Andreevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_Andreevich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Andrew Andreevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Princess Olga Andreevna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Olga_Andreevna_Romanoff"},{"link_name":"Prince Michael Feodorovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_Feodorovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Nikita Nikitich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nikita_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Prince Alexander Nikitich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Alexander_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Prince Rostislav Rostislavovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rostislav_Romanov_(born_1985)"},{"link_name":"Alexander II of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Alexandrovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsesarevich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Emperor Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kirill_Vladimirovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Boris_Vladimirovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Andrei_Vladimirovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elena_Vladimirovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Pavlovna_of_Russia_(1890%E2%80%931958)"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Kirillovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Kira_Kirillovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Vladimirovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Alexander III of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Emperor Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke George Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Xenia_Alexandrovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Alexandrovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Tatiana_Nikolaevna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia_(1899%E2%80%931918)"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Russian_princes"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_princes"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_princes"},{"link_name":"Princes of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Princes_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince Vladimir Kirillovich (later Grand Duke)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"John Konstantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_John_Konstantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Constantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Gabriel_Constantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Constantine Constantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Constantine_Constantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Oleg Konstantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Oleg_Konstantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Igor Constantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Igor_Constantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"George Konstantinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Georgy_Konstantinovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Roman Petrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Roman_Petrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Andrew Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Feodor Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Feodor_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Nikita Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nikita_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Dmitri_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Rostislav Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rostislav_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vasili Alexandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Vsevolod Ivanovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Vsevolod_Ivanovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Romanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nicholas_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Romanovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Dimitri_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Michael Andreevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_Andreevich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Andrew Andreevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew_Romanoff"},{"link_name":"Michael Feodorovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_Feodorovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Nikita Nikitich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nikita_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Alexander Nikitich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Alexander_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Rostislav Rostislavovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rostislav_Romanov_(born_1985)"}],"text":"Van Der Kiste, John & Hall Coryne. Once a Grand Duchess: Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, Sutton Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7509-2749-6.\nWillis, Daniel (2009). The Romanovs in the 21st Century: a genealogical Biography. VDM. ISBN 978-3-639-17480-9.\n\"Vasili Romanov, 81, Nephew of Last Czar\". The New York Times. AP. 28 June 1989. p. D21. Retrieved 7 November 2021.\nAbout Prince Vasili of RussiavteHouse of Holstein-Gottorp-RomanovPaul I of RussiaChildren\nEmperor Alexander I\nGrand Duke Konstantine Pavlovich\nGrand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna\nGrand Duchess Elena Pavlovna\nGrand Duchess Maria Pavlovna\nGrand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna\nGrand Duchess Olga Pavlovna\nGrand Duchess Anna Pavlovna\nEmperor Nicholas I\nGrand Duke Michael Pavlovich\nGrandchildren\nGrand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna\nGrand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna\nGrand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna\nGrand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna\nGrand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna\nAlexander I of RussiaChildren\nGrand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna\nGrand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna\nNicholas I of RussiaChildren\nEmperor Alexander II\nGrand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna\nGrand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna\nGrand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna\nGrand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich\nGrand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich\nGrand Duke Michael Nikolaevich\nGrandchildren\nGrand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich\nGrand Duchess Olga Constantinovna\nGrand Duchess Vera Konstantinovna\nGrand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich\nGrand Duke Dimitry Konstantinovich\nGrand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich\nGrand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich\nGrand Duke Peter Nikolaevich\nGrand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich\nGrand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna\nGrand Duke Michael Mikhailovich\nGrand Duke George Mikhailovich\nGrand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich\nGrand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich\nGrand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich\nGreatgrandchildren\nPrince John Konstantinovich\nPrince Gabriel Constantinovich\nPrincess Tatiana Constantinovna\nPrince Constantine Constantinovich\nPrince Oleg Konstantinovich\nPrince Igor Constantinovich\nPrince Georgy Konstantinovich\nPrincess Vera Constantinovna\nPrincess Natalia Constantinovna\nPrincess Marina Petrovna\nPrince Roman Petrovich\nPrincess Nadejda Petrovna\nPrincess Sofia Petrovna\nPrincess Nina Georgievna\nPrincess Xenia Georgievna\nPrincess Irina Alexandrovna\nPrince Andrei Alexandrovich\nPrince Feodor Alexandrovich\nPrince Nikita Alexandrovich\nPrince Dmitri Alexandrovich\nPrince Rostislav Alexandrovich\nPrince Vasili Alexandrovich\nGreat-greatgrandchildren\nPrince Vsevolod Ivanovich\nPrincess Catherine Ivanovna\nPrince Nicholas Romanovich\nPrince Dimitri Romanovich\nPrincess Xenia Andreevna\nPrince Michael Andreevich\nPrince Andrew Andreevich\nPrincess Olga Andreevna\nPrince Michael Feodorovich\nPrincess Irene Feodorovna\nPrince Nikita Nikitich\nPrince Alexander Nikitich\nPrincess Nadejda Dimitriievna\nPrince Rostislav Rostislavovich\nPrince Nicholas Rostislavovich\nPrincess Marina Vassilievna\nGreatx3grandchildren\nPrincess Natalia Nikolaevna\nPrincess Elizabeth Nikolaevna\nPrincess Tatiana Nikolaevna\nPrince Alexis Andreevich\nPrince Peter Andreevich\nPrince Andrew Andreevich\nPrince Michael Mikhailovich\nPrince Feodor Nikitich\nPrincess Stephena Rostislavovna\nPrincess Alexandra Rostislavovna\nPrince Rostislav Rostislavovich\nPrince Nikita Rostislavovich\nPrince Nicholas Christopher\nPrince Daniel Joseph\nPrincess Heather\nGreatx4grandchildren\nPrince Cory Christopher\nPrincess Karlyn\nPrincess Chelle\nPrincess Madison\nPrince Jackson Daniel\nAlexander II of RussiaChildren\nGrand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna\nTsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich\nEmperor Alexander III\nGrand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna\nGrand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich\nGrand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich\nGrand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich\nGrand Duke Paul Alexandrovich\nGrandchildren\nGrand Duke Alexander Vladimirovich\nGrand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich\nGrand Duke Boris Vladimirovich\nGrand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich\nGrand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna\nGrand Duchess Maria Pavlovna\nGrand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich\nGreatgrandchildren\nGrand Duchess Maria Kirillovna\nGrand Duchess Kira Kirillovna\nGrand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich\nGreat-greatgrandchild\nGrand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna\nAlexander III of RussiaChildren\nEmperor Nicholas II\nGrand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich\nGrand Duke George Alexandrovich\nGrand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna\nGrand Duke Michael Alexandrovich\nGrand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna\nNicholas II of RussiaChildren\nGrand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna\nGrand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna\nGrand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna\nGrand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna\nTsarevich Alexei NikolaevichvtePrinces of Russia1st generation\nPrince Vladimir Kirillovich (later Grand Duke)\nJohn Konstantinovich\nGabriel Constantinovich\nConstantine Constantinovich\nOleg Konstantinovich\nIgor Constantinovich\nGeorge Konstantinovich\nRoman Petrovich\nAndrew Alexandrovich\nFeodor Alexandrovich\nNikita Alexandrovich\nDmitri Alexandrovich\nRostislav Alexandrovich\nVasili Alexandrovich\n2nd generation\nVsevolod Ivanovich\nNicholas Romanov\nDmitri Romanovich\nMichael Andreevich\nAndrew Andreevich\nMichael Feodorovich\nNikita Nikitich\nAlexander Nikitich\n3rd generation\nRostislav Rostislavovich\n*right to title disputed","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Pieter Broek. \"The Succession Question?\". Archived from the original on 12 February 2002. Retrieved 12 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020212232546/http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/suc.html","url_text":"\"The Succession Question?\""},{"url":"http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/suc.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Willis, Daniel (2009). The Romanovs in the 21st Century: a genealogical Biography. VDM. ISBN 978-3-639-17480-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-639-17480-9","url_text":"978-3-639-17480-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Vasili Romanov, 81, Nephew of Last Czar\". The New York Times. AP. 28 June 1989. p. D21. Retrieved 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/28/obituaries/vasili-romanov-81-nephew-of-last-czar.html","url_text":"\"Vasili Romanov, 81, Nephew of Last Czar\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020212232546/http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/suc.html","external_links_name":"\"The Succession Question?\""},{"Link":"http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/suc.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/28/obituaries/vasili-romanov-81-nephew-of-last-czar.html","external_links_name":"\"Vasili Romanov, 81, Nephew of Last Czar\""},{"Link":"http://romanovtoday.livejournal.com/30409.html#cutid1","external_links_name":"About Prince Vasili of Russia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia_damper	Inertia damper	["1 Real-world applications and devices","2 See also","3 References"]	An inertia damper is a device that counters vibration using the effects of inertia and other forces and motion. The damper does not negate the forces but either absorbs or redirects them by other means. For example, a large and heavy suspended body may be used to absorb several short-duration large forces, and to reapply those forces as a smaller force over a longer period. Real-world applications and devices Inertial compensators are also used in simulators or rides, making them more realistic by creating artificial sensations of acceleration and other movement. The Disneyland ride “Star Tours: The Adventure Continues” is a fair example of this principle. There are many types of physical devices that can act as inertia dampers: Stockbridge damper - absorbs resonant wave motions in wire and support cables, seen on high voltage power lines. Shock absorber - motion redirected as heating of viscous oil forced through a restrictive passage Inerter (mechanical networks) A mechanical analog to an electrical capacitor. Rotary damper - rotary motion is dissipated as heat in a highly viscous fluid or gel. May use a smooth surface rotating cylinder and a smooth surface stationary interior wall with fluid/gel between. For more forceful motion absorption and higher surface area, a paddle wheel or toothed gear is used, with a similarly ribbed or studded stationary interior wall to more forcefully grip the fluid/gel. See also Classical mechanics – Description of large objects' physics Inertia – Fundamental principle of classical physics Kinematics – Branch of physics describing the motion of objects without considering forces List of moments of inertia References ^ Ma, Ruisheng; Bi, Kaiming; Hao, Hong (September 2021). "Inerter-based structural vibration control: A state-of-the-art review". Engineering Structures. 243: 112655. Bibcode:2021EngSt.24312655M. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112655. ^ Markiewicz, M. (29 November 1995), "Optimum dynamic characteristics of Stockbridge dampers for dead-end spans", Journal of Sound and Vibration, 188 (2): 243–256, Bibcode:1995JSV...188..243M, doi:10.1006/jsvi.1995.0589 ^ Dixon, John C. (2008). The shock absorber handbook. Wiley-professional engineering publishing series (2. ed., repr ed.). Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-51020-9. ^ Chen, M.; Papageorgiou, C.; Scheibe, F.; Wang, F. C.; Smith, M. (2009). "The missing mechanical circuit element" (PDF). IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine. 9: 10–26. doi:10.1109/MCAS.2008.931738. S2CID 3783744. ^ Lin Engineering: http://www.linengineering.com/line/contents/stepmotors/Nema17_Damper.aspx Archived 2011-05-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ Phytron: ftp://ftp.phytron.de/phytron-usa/equipment/damper/dmp-us.pdf This physics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Inertia damper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockbridge damper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge_damper"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shock absorber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Inerter (mechanical networks)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inerter_(mechanical_networks)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Inertial compensators are also used in simulators or rides, making them more realistic by creating artificial sensations of acceleration and other movement. The Disneyland ride “Star Tours: The Adventure Continues” is a fair example of this principle.There are many types of physical devices that can act as inertia dampers:Stockbridge damper - absorbs resonant wave motions in wire and support cables, seen on high voltage power lines.[2]\nShock absorber - motion redirected as heating of viscous oil forced through a restrictive passage[3]\nInerter (mechanical networks) A mechanical analog to an electrical capacitor.[4]\nRotary damper - rotary motion is dissipated as heat in a highly viscous fluid or gel. May use a smooth surface rotating cylinder and a smooth surface stationary interior wall with fluid/gel between. For more forceful motion absorption and higher surface area, a paddle wheel or toothed gear is used, with a similarly ribbed or studded stationary interior wall to more forcefully grip the fluid/gel. [5][6]","title":"Real-world applications and devices"}]	[]	[{"title":"Classical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics"},{"title":"Inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia"},{"title":"Kinematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematics"},{"title":"List of moments of inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_moments_of_inertia"}]	[{"reference":"Ma, Ruisheng; Bi, Kaiming; Hao, Hong (September 2021). \"Inerter-based structural vibration control: A state-of-the-art review\". Engineering Structures. 243: 112655. Bibcode:2021EngSt.24312655M. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112655.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0141029621008051","url_text":"\"Inerter-based structural vibration control: A state-of-the-art review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EngSt.24312655M","url_text":"2021EngSt.24312655M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.engstruct.2021.112655","url_text":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112655"}]},{"reference":"Markiewicz, M. (29 November 1995), \"Optimum dynamic characteristics of Stockbridge dampers for dead-end spans\", Journal of Sound and Vibration, 188 (2): 243–256, Bibcode:1995JSV...188..243M, doi:10.1006/jsvi.1995.0589","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JSV...188..243M","url_text":"1995JSV...188..243M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjsvi.1995.0589","url_text":"10.1006/jsvi.1995.0589"}]},{"reference":"Dixon, John C. (2008). The shock absorber handbook. Wiley-professional engineering publishing series (2. ed., repr ed.). Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-51020-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-51020-9","url_text":"978-0-470-51020-9"}]},{"reference":"Chen, M.; Papageorgiou, C.; Scheibe, F.; Wang, F. C.; Smith, M. (2009). \"The missing mechanical circuit element\" (PDF). IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine. 9: 10–26. doi:10.1109/MCAS.2008.931738. S2CID 3783744.","urls":[{"url":"http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/223082/1/906.pdf","url_text":"\"The missing mechanical circuit element\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCAS.2008.931738","url_text":"10.1109/MCAS.2008.931738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3783744","url_text":"3783744"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0141029621008051","external_links_name":"\"Inerter-based structural vibration control: A state-of-the-art review\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EngSt.24312655M","external_links_name":"2021EngSt.24312655M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.engstruct.2021.112655","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112655"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JSV...188..243M","external_links_name":"1995JSV...188..243M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjsvi.1995.0589","external_links_name":"10.1006/jsvi.1995.0589"},{"Link":"http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/223082/1/906.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The missing mechanical circuit element\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCAS.2008.931738","external_links_name":"10.1109/MCAS.2008.931738"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3783744","external_links_name":"3783744"},{"Link":"http://www.linengineering.com/line/contents/stepmotors/Nema17_Damper.aspx","external_links_name":"http://www.linengineering.com/line/contents/stepmotors/Nema17_Damper.aspx"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110502021825/http://www.linengineering.com/LinE/contents/stepmotors/Nema17_Damper.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.phytron.de/phytron-usa/equipment/damper/dmp-us.pdf","external_links_name":"ftp://ftp.phytron.de/phytron-usa/equipment/damper/dmp-us.pdf"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inertia_damper&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2010_Iran_earthquake	July 2010 Iran earthquake	["1 Casualties","2 Damage","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°13′30″N 59°16′16″E / 35.225°N 59.271°E / 35.225; 59.271Earthquake in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran July 2010 Iran earthquakeUTC time2010-07-30 13:50:12ISC eventn/a USGS-ANSSComCatLocal dateJuly 30, 2010 (2010-07-30)Magnitude5.6 mNDepth26.1 kilometres (16.2 mi)Epicenter35°13′30″N 59°16′16″E / 35.225°N 59.271°E / 35.225; 59.271Areas affectedIranMax. intensityMMI VI (Strong)Casualties150–274 injured On July 30, 2010 a 5.6 magnitude earthquake occurred in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Casualties Iranian media reported at least 170 people were injured as a result of the earthquake, while the Iranian Red Crescent Society reported more than 150 injured. The organization said all injured were treated on the scene, except two people who were hospitalized in Mashhad. Damage The earthquake reportedly caused serious damage in dozens of villages. Widespread outages were also reported. See also List of earthquakes in 2010 List of earthquakes in Iran References ^ a b "M 5.5 - 10 km ESE of Torbat-e ?eydar?yeh, Iran". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 1 May 2022. ^ a b WireUpdate (31 July 2010). "At least 170 injured after moderate earthquakes hit northeastern, southern Iran". WireUpdate. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2010. ^ Iranian Seismological Center. "Preliminary Earthquake Report". Iranian Seismological Center. Retrieved 31 July 2010. External links M5.5 - northeastern Iran – United States Geological Survey vteEarthquakes in IranHistorical 856 Damghan 893 Ardabil 1667 Shamakhi 1641 Tabriz 1679 Yerevan 1721 Tabriz 1727 Tabriz 1778 Kashan 1780 Tabriz 1840 Ahora 1853 Shiraz 1893 Quchan 1895 Quchan Modern 1909 Borujerd 1923 Torbat-e Heydarieh 1929 Kopet Dag 1930 Salmas 1947 Dustabad 1948 Ashgabat 1953 Torud 1957 Sangchal 1957 Farsinaj 1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows 1972 Qir 1977 Khurgu 1977 Naghan 1977 Bob–Tangol 1978 Tabas 1979 Ghaenat 1981 Golbaf 1981 Sirch 1990 Manjil–Rudbar 1997 Bojnurd 1997 Ardabil 1997 Qayen 2002 Bou'in-Zahra 2003 Bam 2004 Baladeh 2005 Zarand 2005 Qeshm 2006 Borujerd 2008 Qeshm July 2010 Iran 2010 Damghan 2010 Hosseinabad 2012 East Azerbaijan 2012 Zohan 2013 Bushehr 2013 Saravan 2013 Borazjan 2014 Murmuri 2017 Kermanshah 2018 Sarpol-e Zahab 2019 East Azerbaijan 2020 Khoy 2021 Hormozgan 2022 Hormozgan 2022–2023 West Azerbaijan 2024 Razavi Khorasan vte← Earthquakes in 2010 →January Solomon Islands (7.1, Jan 3) Eureka, California (US) (6.5, Jan 10) Haiti (7.0, Jan 12)†‡ February Chile (8.8, Feb 27)† Salta (Argentina) (6.3, Feb 27) March Kaohsiung (Taiwan) (6.4, 6.7, Mar 4) Elazığ (Turkey) (6.1, Mar 8)† 1st Pichilemu (Chile) (6.9, Mar 11) 1st Biobío (Chile) (6.7, Mar 15) April 2nd Biobío (Chile) (5.9, Apr 2) Baja California (Mexico) (7.2, Apr 4) 1st Sumatra (Indonesia) (7.8, Apr 6) Yushu, Qinghai (China) (6.9, Apr 14)† Afghanistan (5.4, Apr 18) Kalgoorlie, Western Australia (Australia) (5.2, Apr 20) 3rd Biobío (Chile) (6.2, Apr 23) May 2nd Pichilemu (Chile) (6.0, May 2) 4th Biobío (Chile) (6.4, May 3) 2nd Sumatra (Indonesia) (7.2, May 9) Algeria (5.3, May 14) Moca (Puerto Rico) (5.8, May 16) June Papua (Indonesia) (7.0, Jun 16) Quebec (Canada) (5.0, Jun 23) Oaxaca (Mexico) (6.2, Jun 30) July 5th Biobío (Chile) (6.5, Jul 14) Mindanao (Philippines) (7.3, 7.6, 7.4, Jul 24-25) Iran (5.6, July 30) August Damghan (5.7, Aug 27) September Canterbury (New Zealand) (7.1, Sep 4) October Mentawai (Indonesia) (7.7, Oct 25)† November Serbia (5.3, Nov 3) December Hosseinabad (Iran) (6.5, Dec 20) Aguas Buenas (Puerto Rico) (5.1, Dec 24) Indiana (3.8, Dec 30) † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year This article about an earthquake in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"}],"text":"Earthquake in Razavi Khorasan province, IranOn July 30, 2010 a 5.6 magnitude earthquake[3] occurred in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran.","title":"July 2010 Iran earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian Red Crescent Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Red_Crescent_Society"},{"link_name":"Mashhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wireupdate-2"}],"text":"Iranian media reported at least 170 people were injured as a result of the earthquake, while the Iranian Red Crescent Society reported more than 150 injured. The organization said all injured were treated on the scene, except two people who were hospitalized in Mashhad.[2]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The earthquake reportedly caused serious damage in dozens of villages. Widespread outages were also reported.[citation needed]","title":"Damage"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of earthquakes in 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2010"},{"title":"List of earthquakes in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran"}]	[{"reference":"\"M 5.5 - 10 km ESE of Torbat-e ?eydar?yeh, Iran\". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 1 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000hh5v/executive","url_text":"\"M 5.5 - 10 km ESE of Torbat-e ?eydar?yeh, Iran\""}]},{"reference":"WireUpdate (31 July 2010). \"At least 170 injured after moderate earthquakes hit northeastern, southern Iran\". WireUpdate. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722154421/http://wireupdate.com/wires/8222/at-least-170-injured-after-moderate-earthquakes-hit-northeastern-southern-iran/","url_text":"\"At least 170 injured after moderate earthquakes hit northeastern, southern Iran\""},{"url":"http://wireupdate.com/wires/8222/at-least-170-injured-after-moderate-earthquakes-hit-northeastern-southern-iran/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Iranian Seismological Center. \"Preliminary Earthquake Report\". Iranian Seismological Center. Retrieved 31 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://irsc.ut.ac.ir/newsview.php?eventid=40937&network=earth_ismc__","url_text":"\"Preliminary Earthquake Report\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=July_2010_Iran_earthquake&params=35.225_N_59.271_E_","external_links_name":"35°13′30″N 59°16′16″E / 35.225°N 59.271°E / 35.225; 59.271"},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000hh5v","external_links_name":"ComCat"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=July_2010_Iran_earthquake&params=35.225_N_59.271_E_","external_links_name":"35°13′30″N 59°16′16″E / 35.225°N 59.271°E / 35.225; 59.271"},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000hh5v/executive","external_links_name":"\"M 5.5 - 10 km ESE of Torbat-e ?eydar?yeh, Iran\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722154421/http://wireupdate.com/wires/8222/at-least-170-injured-after-moderate-earthquakes-hit-northeastern-southern-iran/","external_links_name":"\"At least 170 injured after moderate earthquakes hit northeastern, southern Iran\""},{"Link":"http://wireupdate.com/wires/8222/at-least-170-injured-after-moderate-earthquakes-hit-northeastern-southern-iran/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://irsc.ut.ac.ir/newsview.php?eventid=40937&network=earth_ismc__","external_links_name":"\"Preliminary Earthquake Report\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000hh5v#general_summary","external_links_name":"M5.5 - northeastern Iran"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=July_2010_Iran_earthquake&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Wu	Gordon Wu	["1 Background","2 Business","3 Political stance","4 Affiliations","5 Honours and awards","5.1 Honours","5.2 Honorary degrees","5.3 Honorary citizenships","5.4 Other awards","6 Trivia","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Hong Kong businessman In this Chinese name, the family name is Wu. Gordon WuTraditional Chinese胡應湘Simplified Chinese胡应湘TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHú YìngxiāngYue: CantoneseJyutpingWu4 Jing3soeng1 Sir Gordon Wu Ying-sheung, GBS, KCMG, FICE (Chinese: 胡應湘; born 1935, Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong businessman. He is the chairman of the board of Hong Kong-listed Asian infrastructure firm Hopewell Holdings Ltd. Background This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Gordon Wu" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wu studied engineering at the University of Manitoba in 1953, then transferred to Princeton University. Wu graduated from Princeton with a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering (BSc.Eng.) in 1958, and currently serves as a trustee for the university. Before that, he attended Wah Yan College, a Jesuit secondary school in Hong Kong. As one of the founders of Hopewell, he was the managing director from 1972 to 2002. In January 2002, he retired as the managing director of the company but remains as chairman of the board. He was responsible for Hopewell's infrastructure projects in mainland China and Southeast Asia and has been involved in the design and construction of many buildings and development projects in Hong Kong and mainland China. He is also the chairman of Hopewell Highway Infrastructure Limited, subsidiary of Hopewell listed in August 2003, and an independent non-executive director of i-Cable Communications Limited. In 1984, Wu donated US$5 million worth of his company shares to Princeton University and formed a charity fund. Wu also pledged US$100 million to the university, a sum he planned to make available for university use in 2008, on the occasion of his 50th reunion. In a talk given in October 2006, however, Wu revealed intentions of making the contribution available to the university sooner. He completed this pledge, with the last payment in 2006–2007. He is Chairman of the Council of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Business Wu has been an advocate for more than two decades for the construction of Asia's largest bridge project linking Hong Kong, Macau, and China's Zhuhai city. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge project was given support by the PRC government in August 2003. The bridge traverses two man-made islands, allowing it to go through an undersea tunnel and let shipping pass. The concept is based on the existing Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel in Virginia, United States. Since the 1980s, Wu has steered Hopewell Holdings towards developing his vision of creating an advanced transport system for China's manufacturing powerhouse in the Pearl River Delta, which includes much of Guangdong Province and makes use of its proximity to Hong Kong to access professional services and logistics. Wu has predicted that commercial development in Hong Kong will focus upon the growth of four major pillar industries including retailing, tourism, and logistics. He predicts a diminishing role for the property and textiles industries. Gordon Wu designed the first build-operate-transfer (BOT) project for the China Hotel in 1979, thus "leading the way" into China. Wu and Hopewell went on to build power plants (Shajiao B and C) and other infrastructure projects in China, using the BOT structure. Political stance Gordon Wu has spoken out in opposition to the development of democracy in Hong Kong. He joined more than 80 of Hong Kong's richest business tycoons and their heirs apparent headed for Beijing on 26 September 2003 on an annual pilgrimage. The same year, he told the Chinese University of Hong Kong executive MBA programme that he opposed direct elections in Hong Kong which, he believed, would cause many problems. Noting that only 10 per cent of Hong Kong citizens pay taxes, with the remaining 90 per cent receiving subsidies in various forms, e.g., public housing, healthcare, and education, if direct elections were introduced, this group would, with the help of the politicians they had voted in, "get not only free lunches, but free dinners and breakfasts." In the run up to the December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong, he said that demonstrators are mobs, and democracy is mobocracy. At a meeting attended by then Vice President Xi Jinping in 2010, he stated, "A small number of people ... are against everything the SAR government wants to do and against everything that's from the central government. They are also using such slogans as 'uprising' and 'liberation'. These show they have hidden purposes." Affiliations Hong Kong Chairman of the Council of Hong Kong Polytechnic University Member of Commission on Strategic Development of the Hong Kong SAR Member of Hong Kong Logistic Development Council Advisor of Urban Renewal Authority Member of Hong Kong Trade Development Council Vice President of Hong Kong Real Estate Developer's Association Mainland China Member of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Advisor of Xiamen Special Economic Zone, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Qinhuangdao International Member of Business Advisory Council to the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group Member of APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC) Member of International Advisory Board of the Institute for International Business Communication, Japan Honours and awards Wu received several honours and awards: Honours Knight of the Order of the Crown (Belgium, 1985) Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) (United Kingdom, 1997) Gold Bauhinia Star (GBS) (Hong Kong, 2004) Honorary degrees Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Hong Kong, 1994) Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) from the University of Strathclyde (United Kingdom, 1994) Doctor honoris causa (dr.h.c.) from the University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom, 1994) Doctor honoris causa (dr.h.c.) from the University of Manitoba (Canada, 2012) Honorary citizenships New Orleans, United States Guangzhou, PRC Shunde, PRC Nanhai District, PRC Shenzhen, PRC Huadu, PRC Province of Quezon, the Republic of the Philippines Other awards Business Man of the Year by South China Morning Post and DHL (1991) Asia Corporate Leader by Asia Finance Magazine (1991) Among "the Best Entrepreneurs" by Business Week (1994) Man of the Year by the International Road Federation(United States, 1994) Industry All-Star by Independent Energy (United States, 1996) International CEO of the Year by the George Washington University (United States, 1996) Leader of the Year in the Business/Finance category by the Sing Tao Daily and The Standard (2003) Trivia Gordon Wu Hall at Princeton University The world's most expensive truffle, a 1.51 kilogram rare White Alba truffle, was sold for €125,000 (Hong Kong Dollar $1,250,000; US$160,000) on 13 November 2006 to Gordon Wu, who planned a charity dinner party at Toscana Restaurant at the Ritz Carlton in Hong Kong. This price beats the previous world record of €95,000 for a 1.21 kilogram White Alba truffle in 2005. The dining hall of Princeton University's Butler residential college, built in 1983, is named for Wu. In 1995, Wu pledged a gift of US$100 million to Princeton, US$40 million of that earmarked for graduate fellowships. The Science and Mathematics Center at The Taft School in Watertown, Connecticut, is named for Sir Gordon Wu's wife, Lady Ivy Kwok Wu. The Wah Yan College Cats rescue project is an animal shelter on the roof of Gordon Wu Hall, Wah Yan College, Hong Kong. See also Bangkok Elevated Road and Train System References ^ a b Gordon WU Ying-Sheung biography – website of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce ^ "Hong Kong's Gordon Wu Gets His Wish". Asia Sentinel. 18 September 2009. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017. ^ Loh, Christine (1 September 2003). Building Democracy: Creating Good Government for Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9789622096677. ^ "CUHK EMBA Programme "Talking to CEOs Show"-Hong Kong Should Exploit Trading Opportunities" (Press release). Chinese University of Hong Kong. 3 June 2003. Retrieved 24 September 2017. ^ Cheung, Man-kwong (30 November 2005). "Hansard, Legislative Council" (PDF). p. 2580. ^ Lee, Diana (5 March 2010). "Home Truths". The Standard. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Biography of Sir Gordon Wu - website of the Wharton Global Alumni Forum in Hong Kong ^ Harmon, Justin (1 July 1997). "Gordon Wu Fellows in Engineering Named" (Press release). Princeton University. Retrieved 27 April 2019. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Gordon Wu. Hopewell Holdings "Whose Interest should Regulators Protect & How?" Archived 3 September 2004 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_(surname)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKGCC_biography-1"},{"link_name":"GBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Bauhinia_Star"},{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"FICE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hopewell Holdings Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_Holdings_Ltd"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Wu.Sir Gordon Wu Ying-sheung,[1] GBS, KCMG, FICE (Chinese: 胡應湘; born 1935, Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong businessman. He is the chairman of the board of Hong Kong-listed Asian infrastructure firm Hopewell Holdings Ltd.","title":"Gordon Wu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Wah Yan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah_Yan_College,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Hopewell Highway Infrastructure Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_Highway_Infrastructure_Limited"},{"link_name":"non-executive director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-executive_director"},{"link_name":"i-Cable Communications Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Cable_Communications_Limited"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University"}],"text":"Wu studied engineering at the University of Manitoba in 1953, then transferred to Princeton University. Wu graduated from Princeton with a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering (BSc.Eng.) in 1958, and currently serves as a trustee for the university. Before that, he attended Wah Yan College, a Jesuit secondary school in Hong Kong.As one of the founders of Hopewell, he was the managing director from 1972 to 2002. In January 2002, he retired as the managing director of the company but remains as chairman of the board. He was responsible for Hopewell's infrastructure projects in mainland China and Southeast Asia and has been involved in the design and construction of many buildings and development projects in Hong Kong and mainland China. He is also the chairman of Hopewell Highway Infrastructure Limited, subsidiary of Hopewell listed in August 2003, and an independent non-executive director of i-Cable Communications Limited.In 1984, Wu donated US$5 million worth of his company shares to Princeton University and formed a charity fund. Wu also pledged US$100 million to the university, a sum he planned to make available for university use in 2008, on the occasion of his 50th reunion. In a talk given in October 2006, however, Wu revealed intentions of making the contribution available to the university sooner. He completed this pledge, with the last payment in 2006–2007.He is Chairman of the Council of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Zhuhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuhai"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong-Zhuhai-Macau_Bridge"},{"link_name":"PRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Bridge-Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Pearl River Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"China Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Hotel"}],"text":"Wu has been an advocate for more than two decades for the construction of Asia's largest bridge project linking Hong Kong, Macau, and China's Zhuhai city. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge project was given support by the PRC government in August 2003. The bridge traverses two man-made islands, allowing it to go through an undersea tunnel and let shipping pass. The concept is based on the existing Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel in Virginia, United States.Since the 1980s, Wu has steered Hopewell Holdings towards developing his vision of creating an advanced transport system for China's manufacturing powerhouse in the Pearl River Delta, which includes much of Guangdong Province and makes use of its proximity to Hong Kong to access professional services and logistics.Wu has predicted that commercial development in Hong Kong will focus upon the growth of four major pillar industries including retailing, tourism, and logistics. He predicts a diminishing role for the property and textiles industries.[citation needed]Gordon Wu designed the first build-operate-transfer (BOT) project for the China Hotel in 1979, thus \"leading the way\" into China. Wu and Hopewell went on to build power plants (Shajiao B and C) and other infrastructure projects in China, using the BOT structure.","title":"Business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2005_protest_for_democracy_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"mobocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobocracy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"SAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Gordon Wu has spoken out in opposition to the development of democracy in Hong Kong.[2][3] He joined more than 80 of Hong Kong's richest business tycoons and their heirs apparent headed for Beijing on 26 September 2003 on an annual pilgrimage. The same year, he told the Chinese University of Hong Kong executive MBA programme that he opposed direct elections in Hong Kong which, he believed, would cause many problems. Noting that only 10 per cent of Hong Kong citizens pay taxes, with the remaining 90 per cent receiving subsidies in various forms, e.g., public housing, healthcare, and education, if direct elections were introduced, this group would, with the help of the politicians they had voted in, \"get not only free lunches, but free dinners and breakfasts.\"[4]In the run up to the December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong, he said that demonstrators are mobs, and democracy is mobocracy.[5] At a meeting attended by then Vice President Xi Jinping in 2010, he stated, \"A small number of people ... are against everything the SAR government wants to do and against everything that's from the central government. They are also using such slogans as 'uprising' and 'liberation'. These show they have hidden purposes.\"[6]","title":"Political stance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University"},{"link_name":"Commission on Strategic Development of the Hong Kong SAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Strategic_Development_of_the_Hong_Kong_SAR&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Logistic Development Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Logistic_Development_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Urban Renewal Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Renewal_Authority"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Trade Development Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Real Estate Developer's Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Real_Estate_Developer%27s_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference"},{"link_name":"Xiamen Special Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen_Special_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi_Zhuang_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"Qinhuangdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinhuangdao"},{"link_name":"World Bank Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group"},{"link_name":"APEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC"},{"link_name":"Institute for International Business Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_International_Business_Communication&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Hong KongChairman of the Council of Hong Kong Polytechnic University\nMember of Commission on Strategic Development of the Hong Kong SAR\nMember of Hong Kong Logistic Development Council\nAdvisor of Urban Renewal Authority\nMember of Hong Kong Trade Development Council\nVice President of Hong Kong Real Estate Developer's AssociationMainland ChinaMember of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\nAdvisor of Xiamen Special Economic Zone, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and QinhuangdaoInternationalMember of Business Advisory Council to the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group\nMember of APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC)\nMember of International Advisory Board of the Institute for International Business Communication, Japan","title":"Affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKGCC_biography-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Wu received several honours and awards:[1][7]","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Michael and St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Michael_and_St._George"},{"link_name":"Gold Bauhinia Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Bauhinia_Star"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"}],"sub_title":"Honours","text":"Knight of the Order of the Crown (Belgium, 1985)\nKnight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) (United Kingdom, 1997)\nGold Bauhinia Star (GBS) (Hong Kong, 2004)","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"University of Strathclyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde"},{"link_name":"Doctor honoris causa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_honoris_causa"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Doctor honoris causa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_honoris_causa"},{"link_name":"University of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manitoba"}],"sub_title":"Honorary degrees","text":"Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Hong Kong, 1994)\nDoctor of Business Administration (DBA) from the University of Strathclyde (United Kingdom, 1994)\nDoctor honoris causa (dr.h.c.) from the University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom, 1994)\nDoctor honoris causa (dr.h.c.) from the University of Manitoba (Canada, 2012)","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Shunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunde"},{"link_name":"Nanhai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanhai_District"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"Huadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huadu"},{"link_name":"Quezon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Philippines"}],"sub_title":"Honorary citizenships","text":"New Orleans, United States\nGuangzhou, PRC\nShunde, PRC\nNanhai District, PRC\nShenzhen, PRC\nHuadu, PRC\nProvince of Quezon, the Republic of the Philippines","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South China Morning Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post"},{"link_name":"DHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHL"},{"link_name":"Business Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Week"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"Sing Tao Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Tao_Daily"},{"link_name":"The Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_(Hong_Kong)"}],"sub_title":"Other awards","text":"Business Man of the Year by South China Morning Post and DHL (1991)\nAsia Corporate Leader by Asia Finance Magazine (1991)\nAmong \"the Best Entrepreneurs\" by Business Week (1994)\nMan of the Year by the International Road Federation(United States, 1994)\nIndustry All-Star by Independent Energy (United States, 1996)\nInternational CEO of the Year by the George Washington University (United States, 1996)\nLeader of the Year in the Business/Finance category by the Sing Tao Daily and The Standard (2003)","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wu_Hall_Entrance_Princeton.jpg"},{"link_name":"truffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle"},{"link_name":"Ritz Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritz_Carlton"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Butler residential college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_College"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Taft School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Taft_School"},{"link_name":"Watertown, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Wah Yan College Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah_Yan_College_Cats"},{"link_name":"Wah Yan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah_Yan_College,_Hong_Kong"}],"text":"Gordon Wu Hall at Princeton UniversityThe world's most expensive truffle, a 1.51 kilogram rare White Alba truffle, was sold for €125,000 (Hong Kong Dollar $1,250,000; US$160,000) on 13 November 2006 to Gordon Wu, who planned a charity dinner party at Toscana Restaurant at the Ritz Carlton in Hong Kong. This price beats the previous world record of €95,000 for a 1.21 kilogram White Alba truffle in 2005.[citation needed]\nThe dining hall of Princeton University's Butler residential college, built in 1983, is named for Wu. In 1995, Wu pledged a gift of US$100 million to Princeton, US$40 million of that earmarked for graduate fellowships.[8]\nThe Science and Mathematics Center at The Taft School in Watertown, Connecticut, is named for Sir Gordon Wu's wife, Lady Ivy Kwok Wu.\nThe Wah Yan College Cats rescue project is an animal shelter on the roof of Gordon Wu Hall, Wah Yan College, Hong Kong.","title":"Trivia"}]	[{"image_text":"Gordon Wu Hall at Princeton University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wu_Hall_Entrance_Princeton.jpg/220px-Wu_Hall_Entrance_Princeton.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bangkok Elevated Road and Train System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Elevated_Road_and_Train_System"}]	[{"reference":"\"Hong Kong's Gordon Wu Gets His Wish\". Asia Sentinel. 18 September 2009. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170929140736/https://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/hong-kongs-gordon-wu-gets-his-wish/","url_text":"\"Hong Kong's Gordon Wu Gets His Wish\""},{"url":"http://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/hong-kongs-gordon-wu-gets-his-wish/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Loh, Christine (1 September 2003). Building Democracy: Creating Good Government for Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9789622096677.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789622096677","url_text":"9789622096677"}]},{"reference":"\"CUHK EMBA Programme \"Talking to CEOs Show\"-Hong Kong Should Exploit Trading Opportunities\" (Press release). Chinese University of Hong Kong. 3 June 2003. Retrieved 24 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/cpr/pressrelease/030603e.htm","url_text":"\"CUHK EMBA Programme \"Talking to CEOs Show\"-Hong Kong Should Exploit Trading Opportunities\""}]},{"reference":"Cheung, Man-kwong (30 November 2005). \"Hansard, Legislative Council\" (PDF). p. 2580.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr05-06/english/counmtg/hansard/cm1130ti-translate-e.pdf","url_text":"\"Hansard, Legislative Council\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Diana (5 March 2010). \"Home Truths\". The Standard. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629154615/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=95402&sid=27298672&con_type=3&d_str=20100305&sear_year=2010","url_text":"\"Home Truths\""}]},{"reference":"Harmon, Justin (1 July 1997). \"Gordon Wu Fellows in Engineering Named\" (Press release). Princeton University. Retrieved 27 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pr.princeton.edu/news/97/q3/0701-wufellows.html","url_text":"\"Gordon Wu Fellows in Engineering Named\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gordon+Wu%22","external_links_name":"\"Gordon Wu\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gordon+Wu%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gordon+Wu%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gordon+Wu%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gordon+Wu%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gordon+Wu%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.chamber.org.hk/wsc/speakers/gordonwu.pdf","external_links_name":"Gordon WU Ying-Sheung biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170929140736/https://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/hong-kongs-gordon-wu-gets-his-wish/","external_links_name":"\"Hong Kong's Gordon Wu Gets His Wish\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/hong-kongs-gordon-wu-gets-his-wish/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/cpr/pressrelease/030603e.htm","external_links_name":"\"CUHK EMBA Programme \"Talking to CEOs Show\"-Hong Kong Should Exploit Trading Opportunities\""},{"Link":"http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr05-06/english/counmtg/hansard/cm1130ti-translate-e.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Hansard, Legislative Council\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629154615/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=95402&sid=27298672&con_type=3&d_str=20100305&sear_year=2010","external_links_name":"\"Home Truths\""},{"Link":"http://www.whartonhongkong07.com/bio-s-wu.html","external_links_name":"Biography of Sir Gordon Wu"},{"Link":"https://pr.princeton.edu/news/97/q3/0701-wufellows.html","external_links_name":"\"Gordon Wu Fellows in Engineering Named\""},{"Link":"http://www.hopewellholdings.com/","external_links_name":"Hopewell Holdings"},{"Link":"http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN008125.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Whose Interest should Regulators Protect & How?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040903203342/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan008125.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/367200/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000064342975","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63902733","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqwpgT8PCftKK7v6DH4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr96000197","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Momentum	Legal Momentum	["1 Major initiatives and involvement","2 Impact Litigation","3 Legislation and Advocacy","4 Educational Initiatives","5 Name and brand identity","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	United States nonprofit advocacy group Legal MomentumFormation1970 (founded as the NOW)FounderMuriel FoxTypeNon-profitHeadquartersNew York City, New York, United States Legal Momentum, founded in 1970, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit and the nation's first and longest-serving legal advocacy group for women in the United States. Betty Friedan and Muriel Fox were its co-founders and Muriel Fox is an ongoing leader of the organization. Carol Baldwin Moody became President and CEO in April 2018. The organization, founded as the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, became Legal Momentum in 2004. Legal Momentum is a multi-issue organization dedicated to advancing women’s rights and gender equality, particularly in the areas of equal education opportunities; fairness in the courts; ending all forms of gender-based violence; workplace equality and economic empowerment. The organization employs three main strategies: impact litigation, policy advocacy, and educational initiatives. It is headquartered in New York City. Major initiatives and involvement Wins Sprogis v. United Air Lines, Inc. (marital status discrimination and sex discrimination), 1970. Establishes the Judicial Appointment Project and the National Judicial Education Program to increase the number of female federal judges and eliminate gender bias in the courts, 1978-88. The National Judicial Education Program continues to develop training materials and provide training for judges, prosecutors, and multidisciplinary audiences nationwide in order to improve the handling of sexual assault cases. Beginning in 1991, worked with the Senate Judiciary Committee to craft and pass the Violence Against Women Act, 1994, and its 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2013 reauthorizations. Legal Momentum continues to craft and pass reauthorizations working with the National Task Force to End Sexual and Domestic Violence Wins Tallon v. Liberty Hose Co. No. 1, (women as firefighters and gender-bias), 1984. Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards (workplace pornography constitutes sexual harassment), 1991 and 1995. Crafts the Violence Against Women Act, 1994, and its 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2013 reauthorizations. Authors and works to enact the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, 1994. Amicus curiae in United States v. Virginia involving the Virginia Military Institute's denial of admission to women, 1996. Founded Women's eNews in 1999 as an online news service highlighting women's issues. Argued United States v. Morrison (concerning the private right of action under the original Violence Against Women Act, including before the U.S. Supreme Court, 2000. Supported the Child and Dependent Care tax credit, 2001. Apessos v. Memorial Press Group, (employer's discrimination against abuse victim by denying leave from work to obtain protection orders is unlawful), 2002. Amicus curiae in Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs, 2003. Argued United States v. The City of New York (interpreting the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as applied to welfare recipients), 2004. The National Judicial Education Program (NJEP) posted an extensive online course on an almost invisible issue with critical implications for risk assessment, Intimate Partner Sexual Abuse: Adjudicating This Hidden Dimension of Domestic Violence Cases. Focused on judges but useful for multidisciplinary audiences, the online course is free and open to all, http://www.njep-ipsacourse.org, 2008. Amicus curiae in U.S. v. Castleman (gun ownership by convicted domestic abusers), 2014; Supreme Court's opinion cited information from the amicus brief by National Network to End Domestic Violence, Legal Momentum, et al. Amicus curiae in Young v. United Parcel Service (workplace accommodations for pregnant workers), 2014. Legal Momentum published in 2017 the Legal Toolkit for Women's Economic Equality, a comprehensive New York State guide that educates woman and advocates about rights and benefits in 13 cross-cutting areas that relate to women’s economic security. Instrumental in passing legislation in 17 states outlawing sexual extortion Impact Litigation Legal Momentum pursues precedent-setting litigation to define and defend women’s rights. It brings cases of national significance to the field of women's rights and contributes amicus ("friend of the court") briefs in cases dealing with issues central to its mission in four main categories: Fairness in the Courts, Violence Against Women and Girls, Workplace Equality and Economic Empowerment, and Equal Education Opportunities. Notable cases include United Steelworkers v. Weber, amicus in Grove City College v. Bell, NOW v. Terry, Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc., Saenz v. Roe, Faragher v. Boca Raton, Wedow and Kline v. City of Kansas City, and Florida Abolitionist and Jane Doe v. Backpage.com et al.. The Syms Legal Momentum Gender Equality Helpline is a free, national resource that provides information, assistance, and referrals for anyone facing gender discrimination. Each year, Legal Momentum fields hundreds of inquiries directing people to the appropriate resources and next steps for their individual circumstance and provides legal representation in a small number of potentially high-impact cases. Legislation and Advocacy Legal Momentum leads advocacy efforts on a range of policy solutions aimed at responding to and eradicating gender discrimination and achieving gender equality. Beginning in 1991, Legal Momentum worked closely with then-Senator Biden to draft and pass the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), focused on domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence and stalking. Since 1994, VAWA has provided billions of dollars for victim services, education for justice system professionals and prevention programs aimed at ending gender-based violence. To pass VAWA, Legal Momentum organized the National Task Force on the Violence Against Women Act which has evolved into the large and diverse National Task Force to End Sexual and Domestic Violence. Legal Momentum is a leading member of this task force that focuses on strengthening VAWA through subsequent reauthorizations. Legal Momentum also authored the 1994 Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act, which protects those seeking reproductive health services from physical violence and intimidation at the clinic door. Beginning in 2017, Legal Momentum—observing a rapidly growing form of gender-based violence and a gap in laws across the country to address it—led advocacy leading to laws in 16 states and D.C. to close loopholes that allowed for technology-facilitated sextortion offenders to escape accountability. A statement by 16 women's rights organizations including Legal Momentum, the National Women's Law Center, the National Women's Political Caucus, Girls, Inc., End Rape on Campus, Equal Rights Advocates, the American Association of University Women, and the Women's Sports Foundation said that, "as organizations that fight every day for equal opportunities for all women and girls, we speak from experience and expertise when we say that nondiscrimination protections for transgender people—including women and girls who are transgender—are not at odds with women’s equality or well-being, but advance them" and that "we support laws and policies that protect transgender people from discrimination, including in participation in sports, and reject the suggestion that cisgender women and girls benefit from the exclusion of women and girls who happen to be transgender." Educational Initiatives The National Judicial Education Program (NJEP), founded in 1980, creates, presents and publishes a range of curricula and articles grounded in legal, social, and neuroscience research used to educate the judiciary about gender bias and how it can undermine fairness in our justice system. NJEP’s curricula include Understanding Sexual Violence: the Judicial Response to Stranger and Nonstranger Rape and Sexual Assault, and a web course, Intimate Partner Sexual Abuse: Adjudicating the Hidden Dimension of Domestic Violence Cases, available free at www.njep-ipsacourse.org. Legal Momentum’s Rights Now! peer education program works with youth, especially young women of color, by developing their knowledge and leadership on issues of gender-based violence and discrimination, and empowering them to carry that knowledge back into their communities to teach others. Legal Momentum’s Women Valued leads legislative advocacy and know-your-rights educational initiatives focused on safeguarding the rights of groups who have long been underserved by our laws, including women of color, immigrant women, victims of gender-based violence, and the disproportionate number of women relegated to low-wage work. Name and brand identity In 2004, the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund rebranded to Legal Momentum, a more succinct, mission-centric name that reflects the evolution and ongoing work of the organization. See also Civil rights Constitutional law Employment law Equal Pay Act Gender discrimination References ^ "Honoring Our Founders & Pioneers". NOW.org. NOW. 9 February 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2015. ^ a b Feminists Who Changed America 1963-1975., University of Illinois Press, 2006, pp. 154–155, 13, 20, 99, 357, xvii–xix ^ "Honoring Our Founders & Pioneers". NOW.org. NOW. 9 February 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2015. ^ Jones, Rachel (18 April 2005). "All Things Considered". NPR. ^ See the Safe at Work Coalition Archived 2008-07-03 at the Wayback Machine's membership roster. ^ Legal Momentum, 'About' web page. ^ See the U.S. Department of Justice's list: Domestic Violence National Organizations Archived 2009-07-22 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Because of this effort, the National Center for State Courts now has an entire Resource Guide Archived 2009-09-26 at the Wayback Machine addressing gender-bias issues in the State courts. Legal Momentum's efforts in the federal courts resulted in the Equal Justice for Women in the Courts Act of 1994. Archived 2009-07-22 at the Wayback Machine ^ See Catherine Pierce's statement made as Acting Director of the U.S. Department of Justice's Office on Violence Against Women before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on June 10, 2009, section entitled 'Expanding Nationwide Training, Education, and Promising Practices Regarding Violence Against Women', subsection 2, Improving Judicial Response to Violence Against Women Through Judicial Institutes."USDOJ: OVW : Press Releases: Statement of OVW Acting Director Catherine Pierce, Senate Committee on the Judiciary". Archived from the original on 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-09-21. ^ And see Legal Momentum's account of its task forces Archived 2009-09-12 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "NTF". NTF. Retrieved 2022-01-05. ^ Tallon v. Liberty Hose Co. No. 1 , 485 A.2d 1209 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1984). (A volunteer fire department may be held liable under section 1983 for violating a plaintiff's constitutional rights.) ^ Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards Archived 2012-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, 760 F. Supp. 1486; 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4678; 136 L.R.R.M. 2920; 57 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 971; 55 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) P40,535. ^ Apessos v. Memorial Press Group, No. 01-1474-A, 2002 Mass. Super. LEXIS 404 (Mass. Super. Ct. Sept. 30, 2002). ^ Jonathan Rosenbloom, Do Welfare Workers Deserve Workplace Protection?, Gotham Gazette, February 2003. ^ "UNITED STATES v. CASTLEMAN". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2019-05-09. ^ "Young v. UPS (U.S. Supreme Court) \| Legal Momentum". www.legalmomentum.org. Retrieved 2019-05-09. ^ "Statement of Women's Rights and Gender Justice Organizations in Support of Full and Equal Access to Participation in Athletics for Transgender People" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-09. Retrieved 2023-12-11. ^ Nancy Schwartz, CASE STUDY: How a Nonprofit Name Change Generated Attention and Momentum . Archived June 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine External links Legal Momentum website Records of the NOW Legal Defense & Education Fund, 1968-2008: A Finding Aid. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Records of Legal Momentum, 1978-2011: A Finding Aid. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"advocacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy"},{"link_name":"Betty Friedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Friedan"},{"link_name":"Muriel Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Fox"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FeministsWho2006-2"},{"link_name":"NOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"women’s rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_rights"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Legal Momentum, founded in 1970, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit and the nation's first and longest-serving legal advocacy group for women in the United States. Betty Friedan and Muriel Fox were its co-founders and Muriel Fox is an ongoing leader of the organization.[2] Carol Baldwin Moody became President and CEO in April 2018. The organization, founded as the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund,[3] became Legal Momentum in 2004. Legal Momentum is a multi-issue organization[4] dedicated to advancing women’s rights and gender equality, particularly in the areas of equal education opportunities; fairness in the courts; ending all forms of gender-based violence; workplace equality and economic empowerment. The organization employs three main strategies: impact litigation, policy advocacy, and educational initiatives. It is headquartered in New York City.[5][6][7]","title":"Legal Momentum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marital status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_status"},{"link_name":"discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination"},{"link_name":"sex discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_discrimination"},{"link_name":"federal judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judges"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.njep-ipsacourse.org/"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/testimonies/witnesses/attachments/2009/06/10/2009-06-10-ovw-pierce-vawa.pdf"},{"link_name":"Violence Against Women Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography#Robinson_v._Jacksonville_Shipyards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Violence Against Women Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Access_to_Clinic_Entrances_Act"},{"link_name":"Amicus curiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"United States v. Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Military Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute#Admission_of_women"},{"link_name":"Women's eNews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_eNews"},{"link_name":"United States v. Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Morrison"},{"link_name":"Violence Against Women Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Child and Dependent Care tax credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_and_Dependent_Care_Credit"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Amicus curiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Human_Resources_v._Hibbs"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"http://www.njep-ipsacourse.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.njep-ipsacourse.org"},{"link_name":"Amicus curiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"U.S. v. Castleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_Violence_Offender_Gun_Ban"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Amicus curiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"Young v. United Parcel Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_v._United_Parcel_Service"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Wins Sprogis v. United Air Lines, Inc. (marital status discrimination and sex discrimination), 1970.\nEstablishes the Judicial Appointment Project and the National Judicial Education Program to increase the number of female federal judges and eliminate gender bias in the courts, 1978-88.[8][9][10] The National Judicial Education Program continues to develop training materials [2] and provide training for judges, prosecutors, and multidisciplinary audiences nationwide in order to improve the handling of sexual assault cases.[3]\nBeginning in 1991, worked with the Senate Judiciary Committee to craft and pass the Violence Against Women Act, 1994, and its 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2013 reauthorizations. Legal Momentum continues to craft and pass reauthorizations working with the National Task Force to End Sexual and Domestic Violence[11]\nWins Tallon v. Liberty Hose Co. No. 1, (women as firefighters and gender-bias), 1984.[12]\nRobinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards (workplace pornography constitutes sexual harassment), 1991 and 1995.[13]\nCrafts the Violence Against Women Act, 1994, and its 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2013 reauthorizations.\nAuthors and works to enact the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, 1994.\nAmicus curiae in United States v. Virginia involving the Virginia Military Institute's denial of admission to women, 1996.\nFounded Women's eNews in 1999 as an online news service highlighting women's issues.\nArgued United States v. Morrison (concerning the private right of action under the original Violence Against Women Act, including before the U.S. Supreme Court, 2000.\nSupported the Child and Dependent Care tax credit, 2001.\nApessos v. Memorial Press Group, (employer's discrimination against abuse victim by denying leave from work to obtain protection orders is unlawful), 2002.[14]\nAmicus curiae in Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs, 2003.\nArgued United States v. The City of New York (interpreting the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as applied to welfare recipients), 2004.[15]\nThe National Judicial Education Program (NJEP) posted an extensive online course on an almost invisible issue with critical implications for risk assessment, Intimate Partner Sexual Abuse: Adjudicating This Hidden Dimension of Domestic Violence Cases. Focused on judges but useful for multidisciplinary audiences, the online course is free and open to all, http://www.njep-ipsacourse.org, 2008.\nAmicus curiae in U.S. v. Castleman (gun ownership by convicted domestic abusers), 2014; Supreme Court's opinion cited information from the amicus brief by National Network to End Domestic Violence, Legal Momentum, et al.[16]\nAmicus curiae in Young v. United Parcel Service (workplace accommodations for pregnant workers), 2014.[17]\nLegal Momentum published in 2017 the Legal Toolkit for Women's Economic Equality, a comprehensive New York State guide that educates woman and advocates about rights and benefits in 13 cross-cutting areas that relate to women’s economic security.\nInstrumental in passing legislation in 17 states outlawing sexual extortion","title":"Major initiatives and involvement"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Legal Momentum pursues precedent-setting litigation to define and defend women’s rights. It brings cases of national significance to the field of women's rights and contributes amicus (\"friend of the court\") briefs in cases dealing with issues central to its mission in four main categories: Fairness in the Courts, Violence Against Women and Girls, Workplace Equality and Economic Empowerment, and Equal Education Opportunities. Notable cases include United Steelworkers v. Weber, amicus in Grove City College v. Bell, NOW v. Terry, Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc., Saenz v. Roe, Faragher v. Boca Raton, Wedow and Kline v. City of Kansas City, and Florida Abolitionist and Jane Doe v. Backpage.com et al..The Syms Legal Momentum Gender Equality Helpline is a free, national resource that provides information, assistance, and referrals for anyone facing gender discrimination. Each year, Legal Momentum fields hundreds of inquiries directing people to the appropriate resources and next steps for their individual circumstance and provides legal representation in a small number of potentially high-impact cases.","title":"Impact Litigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Women's Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"National Women's Political Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Political_Caucus"},{"link_name":"Girls, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Advocates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Advocates"},{"link_name":"American Association of University Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women"},{"link_name":"Women's Sports Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Sports_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Legal Momentum leads advocacy efforts on a range of policy solutions aimed at responding to and eradicating gender discrimination and achieving gender equality.Beginning in 1991, Legal Momentum worked closely with then-Senator Biden to draft and pass the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), focused on domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence and stalking. Since 1994, VAWA has provided billions of dollars for victim services, education for justice system professionals and prevention programs aimed at ending gender-based violence.To pass VAWA, Legal Momentum organized the National Task Force on the Violence Against Women Act which has evolved into the large and diverse National Task Force to End Sexual and Domestic Violence. Legal Momentum is a leading member of this task force that focuses on strengthening VAWA through subsequent reauthorizations.Legal Momentum also authored the 1994 Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act, which protects those seeking reproductive health services from physical violence and intimidation at the clinic door.Beginning in 2017, Legal Momentum—observing a rapidly growing form of gender-based violence and a gap in laws across the country to address it—led advocacy leading to laws in 16 states and D.C. to close loopholes that allowed for technology-facilitated sextortion offenders to escape accountability.A statement by 16 women's rights organizations including Legal Momentum, the National Women's Law Center, the National Women's Political Caucus, Girls, Inc., End Rape on Campus, Equal Rights Advocates, the American Association of University Women, and the Women's Sports Foundation said that, \"as organizations that fight every day for equal opportunities for all women and girls, we speak from experience and expertise when we say that nondiscrimination protections for transgender people—including women and girls who are transgender—are not at odds with women’s equality or well-being, but advance them\" and that \"we support laws and policies that protect transgender people from discrimination, including in participation in sports, and reject the suggestion that cisgender women and girls benefit from the exclusion of women and girls who happen to be transgender.\"[18]","title":"Legislation and Advocacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The National Judicial Education Program (NJEP), founded in 1980, creates, presents and publishes a range of curricula and articles grounded in legal, social, and neuroscience research used to educate the judiciary about gender bias and how it can undermine fairness in our justice system. NJEP’s curricula include Understanding Sexual Violence: the Judicial Response to Stranger and Nonstranger Rape and Sexual Assault, and a web course, Intimate Partner Sexual Abuse: Adjudicating the Hidden Dimension of Domestic Violence Cases, available free at www.njep-ipsacourse.org.Legal Momentum’s Rights Now! peer education program works with youth, especially young women of color, by developing their knowledge and leadership on issues of gender-based violence and discrimination, and empowering them to carry that knowledge back into their communities to teach others.Legal Momentum’s Women Valued leads legislative advocacy and know-your-rights educational initiatives focused on safeguarding the rights of groups who have long been underserved by our laws, including women of color, immigrant women, victims of gender-based violence, and the disproportionate number of women relegated to low-wage work.","title":"Educational Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 2004, the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund rebranded to Legal Momentum, a more succinct, mission-centric name that reflects the evolution and ongoing work of the organization.[19]","title":"Name and brand identity"}]	[]	[{"title":"Civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"title":"Constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law"},{"title":"Employment law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_law"},{"title":"Equal Pay Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963"},{"title":"Gender discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"}]	[{"reference":"\"Honoring Our Founders & Pioneers\". NOW.org. NOW. 9 February 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://now.org/about/history/honoring-our-founders-pioneers","url_text":"\"Honoring Our Founders & Pioneers\""}]},{"reference":"Feminists Who Changed America 1963-1975., University of Illinois Press, 2006, pp. 154–155, 13, 20, 99, 357, xvii–xix","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press","url_text":"University of Illinois Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Honoring Our Founders & Pioneers\". NOW.org. NOW. 9 February 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://now.org/about/history/honoring-our-founders-pioneers","url_text":"\"Honoring Our Founders & Pioneers\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Rachel (18 April 2005). \"All Things Considered\". NPR.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"USDOJ: OVW : Press Releases: Statement of OVW Acting Director Catherine Pierce, Senate Committee on the Judiciary\". Archived from the original on 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090722224209/http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/pierce-statement.htm","url_text":"\"USDOJ: OVW : Press Releases: Statement of OVW Acting Director Catherine Pierce, Senate Committee on the Judiciary\""},{"url":"https://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/pierce-statement.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NTF\". NTF. Retrieved 2022-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.4vawa.org/","url_text":"\"NTF\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNITED STATES v. CASTLEMAN\". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2019-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/12-1371","url_text":"\"UNITED STATES v. CASTLEMAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young v. UPS (U.S. Supreme Court) \| Legal Momentum\". www.legalmomentum.org. Retrieved 2019-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legalmomentum.org/legal-cases/young-v-ups-us-supreme-court","url_text":"\"Young v. UPS (U.S. Supreme Court) \| Legal Momentum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement of Women's Rights and Gender Justice Organizations in Support of Full and Equal Access to Participation in Athletics for Transgender People\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-09. Retrieved 2023-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220909140603/https://www.aauw.org/app/uploads/2020/02/Statement-from-Womens-Organizations-Supporting-Full-and-Equal-Access-to-Participation-in-Athletics-for-Transgender-People-nsa.pdf","url_text":"\"Statement of Women's Rights and Gender Justice Organizations in Support of Full and Equal Access to Participation in Athletics for Transgender People\""},{"url":"https://www.aauw.org/app/uploads/2020/02/Statement-from-Womens-Organizations-Supporting-Full-and-Equal-Access-to-Participation-in-Athletics-for-Transgender-People-nsa.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.njep-ipsacourse.org/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/testimonies/witnesses/attachments/2009/06/10/2009-06-10-ovw-pierce-vawa.pdf","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.njep-ipsacourse.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.njep-ipsacourse.org"},{"Link":"http://now.org/about/history/honoring-our-founders-pioneers","external_links_name":"\"Honoring Our Founders & Pioneers\""},{"Link":"http://now.org/about/history/honoring-our-founders-pioneers","external_links_name":"\"Honoring Our Founders & Pioneers\""},{"Link":"http://www.safeatworkcoalition.org/aboutus/members_now.htm","external_links_name":"Safe at Work Coalition"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703195549/http://www.safeatworkcoalition.org/aboutus/members_now.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.legalmomentum.org/about/","external_links_name":"'About'"},{"Link":"https://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/dv-nationalorg.htm","external_links_name":"Domestic Violence National Organizations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090722225630/http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/dv-nationalorg.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncsconline.org/wc/courtopics/ResourceGuide.asp?topic=GenFai","external_links_name":"Resource Guide"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090926174316/http://www.ncsconline.org/wc/CourTopics/ResourceGuide.asp?topic=GenFai","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/laws/vawa/stitle_d.htm","external_links_name":"Equal Justice for Women in the Courts Act of 1994."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090722231901/http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/laws/vawa/stitle_d.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090722224209/http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/pierce-statement.htm","external_links_name":"\"USDOJ: OVW : Press Releases: Statement of OVW Acting Director Catherine Pierce, Senate Committee on the Judiciary\""},{"Link":"https://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/pierce-statement.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.legalmomentum.org/our-work/njep/njep-task-forces.html","external_links_name":"task forces"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090912095500/http://www.legalmomentum.org/our-work/njep/njep-task-forces.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.4vawa.org/","external_links_name":"\"NTF\""},{"Link":"http://www.iso.gmu.edu/~weitzman/robinson.htm","external_links_name":"Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120227055315/http://www.iso.gmu.edu/~weitzman/robinson.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/law/20030219/13/288","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/12-1371","external_links_name":"\"UNITED STATES v. CASTLEMAN\""},{"Link":"https://www.legalmomentum.org/legal-cases/young-v-ups-us-supreme-court","external_links_name":"\"Young v. UPS (U.S. Supreme Court) \| Legal Momentum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220909140603/https://www.aauw.org/app/uploads/2020/02/Statement-from-Womens-Organizations-Supporting-Full-and-Equal-Access-to-Participation-in-Athletics-for-Transgender-People-nsa.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statement of Women's Rights and Gender Justice Organizations in Support of Full and Equal Access to Participation in Athletics for Transgender People\""},{"Link":"https://www.aauw.org/app/uploads/2020/02/Statement-from-Womens-Organizations-Supporting-Full-and-Equal-Access-to-Participation-in-Athletics-for-Transgender-People-nsa.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nancyschwartz.com/nonprofit_name_change.html","external_links_name":"CASE STUDY: How a Nonprofit Name Change Generated Attention and Momentum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090619094204/http://www.nancyschwartz.com/nonprofit_name_change.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.legalmomentum.org/","external_links_name":"Legal Momentum website"},{"Link":"https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/7329","external_links_name":"Records of the NOW Legal Defense & Education Fund, 1968-2008: A Finding Aid."},{"Link":"http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library","external_links_name":"Schlesinger Library"},{"Link":"https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/8137","external_links_name":"Records of Legal Momentum, 1978-2011: A Finding Aid."},{"Link":"http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library","external_links_name":"Schlesinger Library"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_(1927_film)	Marriage (1927 film)	["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]	1927 film by Roy William Neill Marriage1925 advertisement announcing filmDirected byRoy William NeillScreenplay byGertrude OrrElizabeth Pickett ChevalierBased onMarriageby H. G. WellsStarringVirginia ValliAllan DurantGladys McConnellLawford DavidsonDonald StuartFrank DunnCinematographyRudolph J. BergquistEdited byElizabeth Pickett ChevalierProductioncompanyFox Film CorporationDistributed byFox Film CorporationRelease date February 13, 1927 (1927-02-13) Running time56 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) Marriage is a lost 1927 American silent drama film directed by Roy William Neill and written by Gertrude Orr and Elizabeth Pickett Chevalier. It is based on the 1912 novel Marriage by H. G. Wells. The film stars Virginia Valli, Allan Durant, Gladys McConnell, Lawford Davidson, Donald Stuart, and Frank Dunn. The film was released on February 13, 1927, by Fox Film Corporation. Cast Virginia Valli as Marjorie Pope Allan Durant as Prof. Trafford Gladys McConnell as Daphne Pope Lawford Davidson as Sir Roderick Dover Donald Stuart as MacDurgan Frank Dunn as Magnet Edwards Davis as Pope James A. Marcus as Solomson Billie Bennett as Mrs. Pope References ^ "7,200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films (1912-29)". ^ "Marriage (1927) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved July 29, 2018. ^ Hal Erickson. "Marriage (1927) - Roy William Neill". AllMovie. Retrieved July 29, 2018. ^ "Marriage". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved July 29, 2018. External links Marriage at IMDb vteFilms directed by Roy William Neill The Mother Instinct (1917) The Price Mark (1917) Vive la France! (1918) The Bandbox (1919) The Woman Gives (1920) Yes or No? (1920) Dangerous Business (1920) Something Different (1920) The Idol of the North (1921) The Conquest of Canaan (1921) The Iron Trail (1921) What's Wrong with the Women? (1922) The Man from M.A.R.S (1922) Toilers of the Sea (1923) By Divine Right (1924) Vanity's Price (1924) Broken Laws (1924) Percy (1925) Marriage in Transit (1925) The Kiss Barrier (1925) Greater Than a Crown (1925) The Cowboy and the Countess (1926) The Fighting Buckaroo (1926) A Man Four-Square (1926) Black Paradise (1926) The City (1926) Marriage (1927) The Arizona Wildcat (1927) The Olympic Hero (1928) Lady Raffles (1928) The Viking (1928) San Francisco Nights (1928) Wall Street (1929) Just Like Heaven (1930) The Melody Man (1930) Fifty Fathoms Deep (1931) The Menace (1932) That's My Boy (1932) Above the Clouds (1933) The Circus Queen Murder (1933) Fury of the Jungle (1933) The Ninth Guest (1934) Black Moon (1934) I'll Fix It (1934) Jealousy (1934) Eight Bells (1935) The Black Room (1935) Gypsy (1937) Doctor Syn (1937) The Viper (1938) Simply Terrific (1938) Thank Evans (1938) Many Tanks Mr. Atkins (1938) Everything Happens to Me (1938) A Gentleman's Gentleman (1939) Murder Will Out (1939) His Brother's Keeper (1940) Hoots Mon! (1940) The Good Old Days (1940) Eyes of the Underworld (1942) Madame Spy (1942) Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon (1943) Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943) Rhythm of the Islands (1943) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (1943) The Spider Woman (1944) The Scarlet Claw (1944) The Pearl of Death (1944) Gypsy Wildcat (1944) Sherlock Holmes and the House of Fear (1945) The Woman in Green (1945) Pursuit to Algiers (1945) Terror by Night (1946) Dressed to Kill (1946) Black Angel (1946) This article related to an American film of the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Roy William Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_William_Neill"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Orr"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Pickett Chevalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Pickett_Chevalier"},{"link_name":"Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_(novel)"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"Virginia Valli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Valli"},{"link_name":"Gladys McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_McConnell"},{"link_name":"Lawford Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawford_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Fox Film Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Film"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Marriage is a lost[1] 1927 American silent drama film directed by Roy William Neill and written by Gertrude Orr and Elizabeth Pickett Chevalier. It is based on the 1912 novel Marriage by H. G. Wells. The film stars Virginia Valli, Allan Durant, Gladys McConnell, Lawford Davidson, Donald Stuart, and Frank Dunn. The film was released on February 13, 1927, by Fox Film Corporation.[2][3][4]","title":"Marriage (1927 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Valli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Valli"},{"link_name":"Gladys McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_McConnell"},{"link_name":"Lawford Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawford_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Edwards Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Davis"},{"link_name":"James A. Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marcus_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Billie Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Bennett"}],"text":"Virginia Valli as Marjorie Pope\nAllan Durant as Prof. Trafford\nGladys McConnell as Daphne Pope\nLawford Davidson as Sir Roderick Dover\nDonald Stuart as MacDurgan\nFrank Dunn as Magnet\nEdwards Davis as Pope\nJames A. Marcus as Solomson\nBillie Bennett as Mrs. Pope","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"7,200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films (1912-29)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/7,200_Lost_U.S._Silent_Feature_Films_(1912-29)_(2021-02-04)/M","url_text":"\"7,200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films (1912-29)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marriage (1927) - Overview\". TCM.com. Retrieved July 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/498007/Marriage/","url_text":"\"Marriage (1927) - Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Hal Erickson. \"Marriage (1927) - Roy William Neill\". AllMovie. Retrieved July 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/marriage-v101674","url_text":"\"Marriage (1927) - Roy William Neill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marriage\". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved July 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/10648","url_text":"\"Marriage\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/7,200_Lost_U.S._Silent_Feature_Films_(1912-29)_(2021-02-04)/M","external_links_name":"\"7,200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films (1912-29)\""},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/498007/Marriage/","external_links_name":"\"Marriage (1927) - Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/marriage-v101674","external_links_name":"\"Marriage (1927) - Roy William Neill\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/10648","external_links_name":"\"Marriage\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0018144/","external_links_name":"Marriage"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marriage_(1927_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thompson_Maffett	James T. Maffett	["1 Sources"]	American politician James Thompson MaffettThe Philadelphia Times, November 6, 1886Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania's 25th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1887 – March 3, 1889Preceded byAlexander Colwell WhiteSucceeded byCharles Champlain Townsend Personal detailsBorn(1837-02-02)February 2, 1837Clarion Township, PennsylvaniaDiedDecember 19, 1912(1912-12-19) (aged 75)Clarion, PennsylvaniaPolitical partyRepublican James Thompson Maffett (February 2, 1837 – December 19, 1912) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. James T.Maffett was born in Clarion Township, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools, Rimersburg Academy, and Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania (now Washington & Jefferson College). He taught school in Missouri for one year, and then, in 1859, moved to California, where he taught school in Amador County and began the study of law. He returned to Pennsylvania in 1870 and continued the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in Brookville, Pennsylvania, in 1872 and commenced the practice of his profession in Clarion. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress in 1884. Maffett was elected as a Republican to the Fiftieth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1888. He resumed the practice of his profession and died in Clarion in 1912. Interment in Clarion Cemetery. Sources United States Congress. "James T. Maffett (id: M000044)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The Political Graveyard U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byAlexander C. White Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 25th congressional district 1887–1889 Succeeded byCharles C. Townsend Authority control databases: People US Congress	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Clarion Township, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarion_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rimersburg Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rimersburg_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canonsburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Washington & Jefferson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Amador County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amador_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Brookville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Clarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarion,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Fiftieth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"James Thompson Maffett (February 2, 1837 – December 19, 1912) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.James T.Maffett was born in Clarion Township, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools, Rimersburg Academy, and Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania (now Washington & Jefferson College). He taught school in Missouri for one year, and then, in 1859, moved to California, where he taught school in Amador County and began the study of law. He returned to Pennsylvania in 1870 and continued the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in Brookville, Pennsylvania, in 1872 and commenced the practice of his profession in Clarion. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress in 1884.Maffett was elected as a Republican to the Fiftieth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1888. He resumed the practice of his profession and died in Clarion in 1912. Interment in Clarion Cemetery.","title":"James T. Maffett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"James T. Maffett (id: M000044)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000044"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"The Political Graveyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//politicalgraveyard.com/bio/maddock-magerman.html"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6144211#identifiers"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000044"}],"text":"United States Congress. \"James T. Maffett (id: M000044)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\nThe Political GraveyardAuthority control databases: People \nUS Congress","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"United States Congress. \"James T. Maffett (id: M000044)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000044","url_text":"\"James T. Maffett (id: M000044)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000044","external_links_name":"\"James T. Maffett (id: M000044)\""},{"Link":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/maddock-magerman.html","external_links_name":"The Political Graveyard"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000044","external_links_name":"US Congress"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exopolymer	Exopolymer	["1 References"]	Biopolymer secreted by microorganisms to produce biofilms An exopolymer is a biopolymer that is secreted by an organism into the environment (i.e. external to the organism). These exopolymers include the biofilms produced by bacteria to anchor them and protect them from environmental conditions. One type of expolymer, Transparent Exopolymers (TEP), found in both marine and aquatic ecosystems, are planktonic acidic polysaccharides of a gel-like consistency, originally defined by their ability to be stained visible by acidic Alcian Blue. Their free-floating characteristic sets TEPs aside from other extracellular polymeric substance subgroups where exopolymers exists as cell coating, dissolved slime or as part of biofilm matrices. The formation of Transparent Exopolymer Particles(TEP) is mainly due to the abiotic coagulation of dissolved carbohydrates, which is secreted by the phytoplankton communities. Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) have the ability to form larger aggregates because of their strong surface active properties or “stickiness”. This particular property of TEP allows them to perform as a glue matrix for other solid particles including detritus. Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) is also a carbon source for bacteria, which plays a significant role in affecting the food web structure and the carbon cycle in the ocean. Additionally, the conversion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to particulate organic carbon (POC) is an aggregation process that is due to TEP formation. References ^ Cho, J. C.; Vergin, K. L.; Morris, R. M.; Giovannoni, S. J. (2004). "Lentisphaera araneosa gen. Nov., sp. Nov, a transparent exopolymer producing marine bacterium, and the description of a novel bacterial phylum, Lentisphaerae". Environmental Microbiology. 6 (6): 611–621. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00614.x. PMID 15142250. ^ Bar-Zeev, Edo; Passow, Uta; Romero-Vargas Castrillón, Santiago; Elimelech, Menachem (2015-01-20). "Transparent Exopolymer Particles: From Aquatic Environments and Engineered Systems to Membrane Biofouling". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (2): 691–707. Bibcode:2015EnST...49..691B. doi:10.1021/es5041738. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 25494664. ^ Passow, U. (2002-11-01). "Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments" (PDF). Progress in Oceanography. 55 (3–4): 287–333. Bibcode:2002PrOce..55..287P. doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00138-6. ISSN 0079-6611. S2CID 31747785. ^ Miller, Lisa; Vagle, Svein; Wurl, Oliver (July 2011). "Production and fate of transparent exopolymer particles in the ocean". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 116 (C7): C00H13. Bibcode:2011JGRC..116.0H13W. doi:10.1029/2011JC007342. ISSN 0148-0227. ^ Gazeau, Frederic; Guieu, Cecile; Louis, Justine; Pedrotti, Maria (17 February 2017). "Experimental evidence of formation of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and POC export provoked by dust addition under current and high pCO2 conditions" (PDF). PLOS ONE. 12 (2): e0171980. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1271980L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171980. PMC 5315277. PMID 28212418. This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biopolymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer"},{"link_name":"biofilms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"polysaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide"},{"link_name":"Alcian Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcian_blue_stain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"extracellular polymeric substance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_polymeric_substance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"carbon cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"An exopolymer is a biopolymer that is secreted by an organism into the environment (i.e. external to the organism). These exopolymers include the biofilms produced by bacteria to anchor them and protect them from environmental conditions.[1] One type of expolymer, Transparent Exopolymers (TEP), found in both marine and aquatic ecosystems, are planktonic acidic polysaccharides of a gel-like consistency, originally defined by their ability to be stained visible by acidic Alcian Blue.[2] Their free-floating characteristic sets TEPs aside from other extracellular polymeric substance subgroups where exopolymers exists as cell coating, dissolved slime or as part of biofilm matrices.[3]The formation of Transparent Exopolymer Particles(TEP) is mainly due to the abiotic coagulation of dissolved carbohydrates, which is secreted by the phytoplankton communities. Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) have the ability to form larger aggregates because of their strong surface active properties or “stickiness”. This particular property of TEP allows them to perform as a glue matrix for other solid particles including detritus.[4]Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) is also a carbon source for bacteria, which plays a significant role in affecting the food web structure and the carbon cycle in the ocean. Additionally, the conversion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to particulate organic carbon (POC) is an aggregation process that is due to TEP formation.[5]","title":"Exopolymer"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cho, J. C.; Vergin, K. L.; Morris, R. M.; Giovannoni, S. J. (2004). \"Lentisphaera araneosa gen. Nov., sp. Nov, a transparent exopolymer producing marine bacterium, and the description of a novel bacterial phylum, Lentisphaerae\". Environmental Microbiology. 6 (6): 611–621. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00614.x. PMID 15142250.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2004.00614.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00614.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15142250","url_text":"15142250"}]},{"reference":"Bar-Zeev, Edo; Passow, Uta; Romero-Vargas Castrillón, Santiago; Elimelech, Menachem (2015-01-20). \"Transparent Exopolymer Particles: From Aquatic Environments and Engineered Systems to Membrane Biofouling\". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (2): 691–707. Bibcode:2015EnST...49..691B. doi:10.1021/es5041738. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 25494664.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...49..691B","url_text":"2015EnST...49..691B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes5041738","url_text":"10.1021/es5041738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X","url_text":"0013-936X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25494664","url_text":"25494664"}]},{"reference":"Passow, U. (2002-11-01). \"Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments\" (PDF). Progress in Oceanography. 55 (3–4): 287–333. Bibcode:2002PrOce..55..287P. doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00138-6. ISSN 0079-6611. S2CID 31747785.","urls":[{"url":"http://epic.awi.de/6307/1/Pas2002b.pdf","url_text":"\"Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PrOce..55..287P","url_text":"2002PrOce..55..287P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6611%2802%2900138-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00138-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6611","url_text":"0079-6611"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31747785","url_text":"31747785"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Lisa; Vagle, Svein; Wurl, Oliver (July 2011). \"Production and fate of transparent exopolymer particles in the ocean\". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 116 (C7): C00H13. Bibcode:2011JGRC..116.0H13W. doi:10.1029/2011JC007342. ISSN 0148-0227.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1280&context=oeas_fac_pubs","url_text":"\"Production and fate of transparent exopolymer particles in the ocean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRC..116.0H13W","url_text":"2011JGRC..116.0H13W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JC007342","url_text":"10.1029/2011JC007342"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227","url_text":"0148-0227"}]},{"reference":"Gazeau, Frederic; Guieu, Cecile; Louis, Justine; Pedrotti, Maria (17 February 2017). \"Experimental evidence of formation of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and POC export provoked by dust addition under current and high pCO2 conditions\" (PDF). PLOS ONE. 12 (2): e0171980. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1271980L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171980. PMC 5315277. PMID 28212418.","urls":[{"url":"https://onesearch.cuny.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_pubmed_central5315277&context=PC&vid=hc&lang=en_US&search_scope=everything&adaptor=primo_central_multiple_fe&tab=default_tab&query=any,contains,Experimental%20evidence%20of%20formation%20of%20transparent%20exopolymer%20particles%20(TEP)%20and%20POC%20export%20provoked%20by%20dust%20addition%20under%20current%20and%20high%20pCO2%20conditions&offset=0","url_text":"\"Experimental evidence of formation of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and POC export provoked by dust addition under current and high pCO2 conditions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1271980L","url_text":"2017PLoSO..1271980L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0171980","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0171980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5315277","url_text":"5315277"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28212418","url_text":"28212418"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2004.00614.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00614.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15142250","external_links_name":"15142250"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...49..691B","external_links_name":"2015EnST...49..691B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes5041738","external_links_name":"10.1021/es5041738"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X","external_links_name":"0013-936X"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25494664","external_links_name":"25494664"},{"Link":"http://epic.awi.de/6307/1/Pas2002b.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PrOce..55..287P","external_links_name":"2002PrOce..55..287P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6611%2802%2900138-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00138-6"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6611","external_links_name":"0079-6611"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31747785","external_links_name":"31747785"},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1280&context=oeas_fac_pubs","external_links_name":"\"Production and fate of transparent exopolymer particles in the ocean\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRC..116.0H13W","external_links_name":"2011JGRC..116.0H13W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JC007342","external_links_name":"10.1029/2011JC007342"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227","external_links_name":"0148-0227"},{"Link":"https://onesearch.cuny.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_pubmed_central5315277&context=PC&vid=hc&lang=en_US&search_scope=everything&adaptor=primo_central_multiple_fe&tab=default_tab&query=any,contains,Experimental%20evidence%20of%20formation%20of%20transparent%20exopolymer%20particles%20(TEP)%20and%20POC%20export%20provoked%20by%20dust%20addition%20under%20current%20and%20high%20pCO2%20conditions&offset=0","external_links_name":"\"Experimental evidence of formation of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and POC export provoked by dust addition under current and high pCO2 conditions\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1271980L","external_links_name":"2017PLoSO..1271980L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0171980","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0171980"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5315277","external_links_name":"5315277"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28212418","external_links_name":"28212418"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exopolymer&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Novak	Peggy Novak	["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	British actress Peggy Novak1936 Spotlight photo (by Sasha)BornPeggy Eileen Murphy(1907-11-01)1 November 1907Birkenhead, Cheshire United KingdomDied13 August 1969(1969-08-13) (aged 61)Harrow, Middlesex, EnglandOccupationFilm actorYears active1933–1943SpouseRobert Arthur Smith Peggy Novak (1 November 1907 - 13 August 1969) was a British actress. Selected filmography Smithy (1933) I Adore You (1933) The Diplomatic Lover (1934) Oh No Doctor! (1934) Music Hall (1934) Flood Tide (1934) A Little Bit of Bluff (1935) A Real Bloke (1935) Cock o' the North (1935) School for Stars (1935) Jimmy Boy (1935) Luck of the Turf (1936) The Song of the Road (1937) South Riding (1938) Save a Little Sunshine (1938) Stardust (1938) The Ware Case (1938) Old Mother Riley in Society (1940) He Found a Star (1941) References ^ "Peggy Novak". BFI. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. ^ "Peggy Novak - Movies and Filmography". AllMovie. External links Peggy Novak at IMDb This article about a British film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Peggy Novak (1 November 1907 - 13 August 1969) was a British actress.[1][2]","title":"Peggy Novak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smithy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithy_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"I Adore You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Adore_You_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Diplomatic Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomatic_Lover"},{"link_name":"Oh No Doctor!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_No_Doctor!"},{"link_name":"Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Hall_(film)"},{"link_name":"Flood Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_Tide_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"A Little Bit of Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Little_Bit_of_Bluff"},{"link_name":"A Real Bloke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Real_Bloke"},{"link_name":"Cock o' the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_o%27_the_North_(film)"},{"link_name":"School for Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_for_Stars"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Boy"},{"link_name":"Luck of the Turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luck_of_the_Turf"},{"link_name":"The Song of the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Road"},{"link_name":"South Riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Riding_(film)"},{"link_name":"Save a Little Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_a_Little_Sunshine"},{"link_name":"Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"The Ware Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ware_Case_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Old Mother Riley in Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mother_Riley_in_Society"},{"link_name":"He Found a Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Found_a_Star"}],"text":"Smithy (1933)\nI Adore You (1933)\nThe Diplomatic Lover (1934)\nOh No Doctor! (1934)\nMusic Hall (1934)\nFlood Tide (1934)\nA Little Bit of Bluff (1935)\nA Real Bloke (1935)\nCock o' the North (1935)\nSchool for Stars (1935)\nJimmy Boy (1935)\nLuck of the Turf (1936)\nThe Song of the Road (1937)\nSouth Riding (1938)\nSave a Little Sunshine (1938)\nStardust (1938)\nThe Ware Case (1938)\nOld Mother Riley in Society (1940)\nHe Found a Star (1941)","title":"Selected filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Peggy Novak\". BFI. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181207232539/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba6f06dc6","url_text":"\"Peggy Novak\""},{"url":"http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba6f06dc6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Peggy Novak - Movies and Filmography\". AllMovie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/peggy-novak-p53126","url_text":"\"Peggy Novak - Movies and Filmography\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181207232539/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba6f06dc6","external_links_name":"\"Peggy Novak\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba6f06dc6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/peggy-novak-p53126","external_links_name":"\"Peggy Novak - Movies and Filmography\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0636907/","external_links_name":"Peggy Novak"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peggy_Novak&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannons_(band)	Cannons (band)	["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Extended plays","3.3 Singles","4 References","5 External links"]	American indie pop band Not to be confused with Cannon. CannonsBackground informationOriginLos Angeles, California, U.S.Genres Indie pop dream pop electropop synthwave Years active2013–presentLabelsColumbiaMembers Ryan Clapham Paul Davis Michelle Joy Websitecannonstheband.com Cannons are an American indie pop band formed in 2013 in Los Angeles. The band consists of lead vocalist Michelle Joy, lead guitarist Ryan Clapham, and keyboardist and bass guitarist Paul Davis. History Ryan Clapham and Paul Davis, who have been friends since childhood, began composing music together in their teenage years. In 2013, Clapham and Davis formed Cannons with Michelle Joy after meeting her via a note seeking a band in need of a vocalist. The trio collaborated on early Cannons material over the Internet, with Clapham and Davis emailing musical tracks to Joy, who would then email back her own lyrical and vocal contributions. Cannons issued their first EP Up All Night in 2014. The band then released their debut album Night Drive in 2017, as well as a second EP, In a Heartbeat, the following year. Shadows, Cannons' second album, was released in 2019 by AntiFragile Music. "Fire for You", the first single from Shadows, gained significant commercial traction after being featured in a 2020 episode of the comedy-drama TV series Never Have I Ever. The band subsequently signed to Columbia Records. In early 2021, "Fire for You" reached number one on the Billboard Alternative Airplay chart. Fever Dream, the band's third album, was released in March 2022. After teasing their fourth album for some months, and releasing three prior singles from the album, Cannons announced that Heartbeat Highway would be released on November 10, 2023, preceded by a fourth single, "Crush". Members Ryan Clapham – guitar Paul Davis – bass, keyboards Michelle Joy – vocals Touring members Ben Hilzinger – drums Discography Studio albums List of studio albums Title Details Night Drive Released: May 12, 2017 Label: Self-released Formats: Digital download Shadows Released: July 12, 2019 Label: AntiFragile Formats: Digital download Fever Dream Released: March 25, 2022 Label: Columbia Formats: Digital download, LP Heartbeat Highway Released: November 10, 2023 Label: Columbia Formats: Digital download Extended plays List of extended plays Title Details Up All Night Released: September 1, 2014 Label: Personal Formats: Digital download In a Heartbeat Released: July 13, 2018 Label: Self-released Formats: Digital download Covers by Cannons Released: April 30, 2021 Label: Columbia Formats: Digital download Singles List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album USAAA USAlt. USDance CANRock "Spells" 2015 — — — — Non-album singles "Down on Love" — — — — "Mood Ring" 2016 — — — — Night Drive "High Off Love" — — — — "Backwards" 2018 — — — — In a Heartbeat "Round and Round" — — — — "Fire for You" 2019 2 1 9 11 RIAA: Platinum Shadows "Talk Talk" — — — — "Bad Dream" 2021 24 3 — 27 Fever Dream "Ruthless" — — — — "Purple Sun" 2022 — — — — "Hurricane" — — — — "Loving You" 2023 24 2 — 21 Heartbeat Highway "Desire" — — — — "Bad Tattoo" — — — — "Crush" — — — — "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. References ^ a b c d Sampson, Amber (September 21, 2023). "Indie-pop trio Cannons channels the art of seduction". Las Vegas Weekly. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ Frahm, Jonathan (June 19, 2018). "Cannons Go 'Round and Round' with New Single (premiere)". PopMatters. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ Ragusa, Paolo (March 23, 2022). "For Cannons, It Was All A Fever Dream". Consequence. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ "New Music Discovery Of The Week: Cannons 'Fire For You'". WRFF. September 29, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ Lee, Talia (October 5, 2022). "Cannons hypnotize The Warfield with escapist synthwave, dream pop". The Daily Californian. ^ a b c Levy, Mara (October 15, 2020). "'I hope as a band we continue experimenting, and always give our fan base something new and refreshing.' We chat with the band Cannons". The Digital Fix. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ a b Dunn, Simon (October 15, 2020). "Getting To Know Cannons, Is A Harry Styles Collab Imminent?". WRRV. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ Kim, Dave (November 15, 2022). "Cannons discuss how their lives have changed since Netflix success". WDET-FM. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ Lee, Derrick (July 13, 2018). "Cannons Will Get You In the Mood 'In A Heartbeat'". Blurred Culture. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ Amar, John (April 5, 2022). "Like a Hurricane, Cannons is Heading for Houston". Houston Press. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ Hay, Kayla (July 17, 2019). "Cannons' 'Fire for You' sparks disco fever, release debut album Shadows". The Deli. Retrieved May 12, 2021. ^ Rutherford, Kevin (June 18, 2020). "Cannons' 'Fire for You' Rules Top TV Songs Chart Amid 'Never Have I Ever' Appearance". Billboard. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ a b References for peak positions on the Billboard Alternative Airplay chart: "Fire for You": "Alternative Airplay". Billboard. January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021. "Bad Dream": "Alternative Airplay". Billboard. March 12, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022. "Loving You": "Alternative Airplay". Billboard. December 16, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2023. ^ a b "Fever Dream – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved March 8, 2022. ^ Cannons (October 12, 2023). "So excited to finally announce that our NEW..." Facebook. Retrieved October 12, 2023. ^ "Conversations with Ben Hilzinger". VoyageLA. March 22, 2023. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ "Night Drive – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ "Shadows by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ "Heartbeat Highway – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ "Up All Night EP – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ "In a Heartbeat – EP – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ "Covers by Cannons – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved May 12, 2021. ^ References for peak positions on the Billboard Adult Alternative Airplay chart: "Fire for You": "Adult Alternative Airplay". Billboard. March 13, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021. "Bad Dream": "Adult Alternative Airplay". Billboard. April 2, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022. "Loving You": "Adult Alternative Airplay". Billboard. December 16, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2023. ^ "Hot Dance/Electronic Songs". Billboard. December 18, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2021. ^ References for peak positions on the Billboard Canada Rock chart: "Fire for You": "Canada Rock". Billboard. February 13, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021. "Bad Dream": "Canada Rock". Billboard. February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022. ^ "Spells – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ "Down on Love – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ "Mood Ring – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ "High off Love – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ "Backwards – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ "Round and Round – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ "Fire For You – Single by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Archived from the original on July 12, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ "American certifications – Cannons". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved November 15, 2023. ^ "Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2021. ^ "Bad Dream – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved May 12, 2021. ^ "Ruthless – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved November 2, 2021. ^ "Purple Sun – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 6, 2022. ^ "Hurricane – EP by Cannons". Spotify. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ "Loving You – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ "Desire – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ "Bad Tattoo – Single – Album by Cannons". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ "Crush – EP by Cannons". Spotify. Retrieved October 14, 2023. External links Official website Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_(band)"},{"link_name":"indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Cannon.Cannons are an American indie pop band formed in 2013 in Los Angeles. The band consists of lead vocalist Michelle Joy, lead guitarist Ryan Clapham, and keyboardist and bass guitarist Paul Davis.","title":"Cannons (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levy-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunn-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Never Have I Ever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Have_I_Ever_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levy-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunn-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rutherford-12"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levy-6"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Alternative Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAlt-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fever_Dream-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Ryan Clapham and Paul Davis, who have been friends since childhood, began composing music together in their teenage years.[6][7] In 2013, Clapham and Davis formed Cannons with Michelle Joy after meeting her via a note seeking a band in need of a vocalist.[8] The trio collaborated on early Cannons material over the Internet, with Clapham and Davis emailing musical tracks to Joy, who would then email back her own lyrical and vocal contributions.[9][10]Cannons issued their first EP Up All Night in 2014. The band then released their debut album Night Drive in 2017, as well as a second EP, In a Heartbeat, the following year. Shadows, Cannons' second album, was released in 2019 by AntiFragile Music.[11] \"Fire for You\", the first single from Shadows, gained significant commercial traction after being featured in a 2020 episode of the comedy-drama TV series Never Have I Ever.[6][7][12] The band subsequently signed to Columbia Records.[6] In early 2021, \"Fire for You\" reached number one on the Billboard Alternative Airplay chart.[13] Fever Dream, the band's third album, was released in March 2022.[14]After teasing their fourth album for some months, and releasing three prior singles from the album, Cannons announced that Heartbeat Highway would be released on November 10, 2023, preceded by a fourth single, \"Crush\".[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sampson-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sampson-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sampson-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Ryan Clapham – guitar[1]\nPaul Davis – bass, keyboards[1]\nMichelle Joy – vocals[1]Touring membersBen Hilzinger – drums[16]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sampson, Amber (September 21, 2023). \"Indie-pop trio Cannons channels the art of seduction\". Las Vegas Weekly. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lasvegasweekly.com/news/2023/sep/21/indie-pop-trio-cannons-channels-art-of-seduction/","url_text":"\"Indie-pop trio Cannons channels the art of seduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Weekly","url_text":"Las Vegas Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Frahm, Jonathan (June 19, 2018). \"Cannons Go 'Round and Round' with New Single (premiere)\". PopMatters. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/cannons-round-and-round-2579292961.html","url_text":"\"Cannons Go 'Round and Round' with New Single (premiere)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Ragusa, Paolo (March 23, 2022). \"For Cannons, It Was All A Fever Dream\". Consequence. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2022/03/cannons-interview-fever-dream-album-tour/","url_text":"\"For Cannons, It Was All A Fever Dream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_(publication)","url_text":"Consequence"}]},{"reference":"\"New Music Discovery Of The Week: Cannons 'Fire For You'\". WRFF. September 29, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://alt1045philly.iheart.com/content/2020-09-28-new-music-discovery-of-the-week-cannons-fire-for-you/","url_text":"\"New Music Discovery Of The Week: Cannons 'Fire For You'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRFF","url_text":"WRFF"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Talia (October 5, 2022). \"Cannons hypnotize The Warfield with escapist synthwave, dream pop\". The Daily Californian.","urls":[{"url":"https://prod.dailycal.org/2022/10/05/cannons-hypnotize-the-warfield-with-escapist-synthwave-dream-pop","url_text":"\"Cannons hypnotize The Warfield with escapist synthwave, dream pop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Californian","url_text":"The Daily Californian"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Mara (October 15, 2020). \"'I hope as a band we continue experimenting, and always give our fan base something new and refreshing.' We chat with the band Cannons\". The Digital Fix. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210203074350/https://www.thedigitalfix.com/music/feature/we-chat-with-the-band-cannons/","url_text":"\"'I hope as a band we continue experimenting, and always give our fan base something new and refreshing.' We chat with the band Cannons\""},{"url":"https://www.thedigitalfix.com/music/feature/we-chat-with-the-band-cannons/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Simon (October 15, 2020). \"Getting To Know Cannons, Is A Harry Styles Collab Imminent?\". WRRV. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wrrv.com/getting-to-know-cannons-is-a-harry-styles-collab-imminent/","url_text":"\"Getting To Know Cannons, Is A Harry Styles Collab Imminent?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRRV","url_text":"WRRV"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Dave (November 15, 2022). \"Cannons discuss how their lives have changed since Netflix success\". WDET-FM. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wdet.org/2022/11/15/cannons-discuss-how-their-lives-have-changed-since-netflix-success/","url_text":"\"Cannons discuss how their lives have changed since Netflix success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDET-FM","url_text":"WDET-FM"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Derrick (July 13, 2018). \"Cannons Will Get You In the Mood 'In A Heartbeat'\". Blurred Culture. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://blurredculture.com/cannons-will-get-you-in-the-mood-in-a-heartbeat/","url_text":"\"Cannons Will Get You In the Mood 'In A Heartbeat'\""}]},{"reference":"Amar, John (April 5, 2022). \"Like a Hurricane, Cannons is Heading for Houston\". Houston Press. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonpress.com/music/cannons-brings-a-hurricane-and-fever-dream-to-houston-this-weekend-13138023","url_text":"\"Like a Hurricane, Cannons is Heading for Houston\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Press","url_text":"Houston Press"}]},{"reference":"Hay, Kayla (July 17, 2019). \"Cannons' 'Fire for You' sparks disco fever, release debut album Shadows\". The Deli. Retrieved May 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://la.thedelimagazine.com/41040/cannons-fire-for-you-sparks-disco-fever-release-debut-album-shadows","url_text":"\"Cannons' 'Fire for You' sparks disco fever, release debut album Shadows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deli","url_text":"The Deli"}]},{"reference":"Rutherford, Kevin (June 18, 2020). \"Cannons' 'Fire for You' Rules Top TV Songs Chart Amid 'Never Have I Ever' Appearance\". Billboard. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9405296/cannon-fire-for-you-top-tv-songs-chart","url_text":"\"Cannons' 'Fire for You' Rules Top TV Songs Chart Amid 'Never Have I Ever' Appearance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Alternative Airplay\". Billboard. January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/alternative-airplay/2021-01-30/","url_text":"\"Alternative Airplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Alternative Airplay\". Billboard. March 12, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/alternative-airplay/2022-03-12/","url_text":"\"Alternative Airplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Alternative Airplay\". Billboard. December 16, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/alternative-airplay/2023-12-16/","url_text":"\"Alternative Airplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Fever Dream – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved March 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/fever-dream/1609678268","url_text":"\"Fever Dream – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"Cannons (October 12, 2023). \"So excited to finally announce that our NEW...\" Facebook. Retrieved October 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/cannonstheband/posts/pfbid039JMUMV2ACpgR9RRKPb3ZkXkMXr6tC19Cm4bwjm8sMt9C2obUidCKPAhFtGMggavl","url_text":"\"So excited to finally announce that our NEW...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Conversations with Ben Hilzinger\". VoyageLA. March 22, 2023. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://voyagela.com/interview/conversations-with-ben-hilzinger/","url_text":"\"Conversations with Ben Hilzinger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Night Drive – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/night-drive/1233814091","url_text":"\"Night Drive – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Shadows by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200716040418/https://music.apple.com/us/album/shadows/1465325458","url_text":"\"Shadows by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"},{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/shadows/1465325458","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heartbeat Highway – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/heartbeat-highway/1710418723","url_text":"\"Heartbeat Highway – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Up All Night EP – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/up-all-night-ep/916278926","url_text":"\"Up All Night EP – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"In a Heartbeat – EP – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/in-a-heartbeat-ep/1412906787","url_text":"\"In a Heartbeat – EP – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Covers by Cannons – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved May 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/covers-by-cannons-single/1564809029","url_text":"\"Covers by Cannons – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Adult Alternative Airplay\". Billboard. March 13, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/triple-a/2021-03-13/","url_text":"\"Adult Alternative Airplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Adult Alternative Airplay\". Billboard. April 2, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/triple-a/2022-04-02/","url_text":"\"Adult Alternative Airplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Adult Alternative Airplay\". Billboard. December 16, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/triple-a/2023-12-16/","url_text":"\"Adult Alternative Airplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Dance/Electronic Songs\". Billboard. December 18, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-electronic-songs/2020-12-18/","url_text":"\"Hot Dance/Electronic Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Rock\". Billboard. February 13, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/canada-rock/2021-02-13/","url_text":"\"Canada Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Rock\". Billboard. February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/canada-rock/2022-02-19/","url_text":"\"Canada Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Spells – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/spells-single/964985117","url_text":"\"Spells – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Down on Love – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/down-on-love-single/1024094629","url_text":"\"Down on Love – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Mood Ring – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/mood-ring-single/1132279609","url_text":"\"Mood Ring – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"High off Love – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/high-off-love-single/1185207884","url_text":"\"High off Love – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Backwards – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/backwards-single/1389114491","url_text":"\"Backwards – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Round and Round – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/round-and-round-single/1399818047","url_text":"\"Round and Round – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Fire For You – Single by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Archived from the original on July 12, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200712162911/https://music.apple.com/us/album/fire-for-you-single/1458054360","url_text":"\"Fire For You – Single by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"},{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/fire-for-you-single/1458054360","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"American certifications – Cannons\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved November 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Cannons&ti=&format=&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American certifications – Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200725011618/https://music.apple.com/us/artist/cannons/65568551","url_text":"\"Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"},{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/artist/cannons/65568551","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bad Dream – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved May 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/bad-dream-single/1555770341","url_text":"\"Bad Dream – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Ruthless – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved November 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/ruthless-single/1588463745","url_text":"\"Ruthless – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Purple Sun – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved January 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/purple-sun-single/1600957232","url_text":"\"Purple Sun – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Hurricane – EP by Cannons\". Spotify. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/album/0nhR7pihu2lJDAvVfXqBcH","url_text":"\"Hurricane – EP by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify","url_text":"Spotify"}]},{"reference":"\"Loving You – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/loving-you-single/1679645666","url_text":"\"Loving You – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Desire – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/desire-single/1698165850","url_text":"\"Desire – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Bad Tattoo – Single – Album by Cannons\". United States: Apple Music. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/bad-tattoo-single/1707059259","url_text":"\"Bad Tattoo – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Crush – EP by Cannons\". Spotify. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/album/34uN9whtj0faUPaF9jrbDV","url_text":"\"Crush – EP by Cannons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify","url_text":"Spotify"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://cannonstheband.com/","external_links_name":"cannonstheband.com"},{"Link":"https://lasvegasweekly.com/news/2023/sep/21/indie-pop-trio-cannons-channels-art-of-seduction/","external_links_name":"\"Indie-pop trio Cannons channels the art of seduction\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/cannons-round-and-round-2579292961.html","external_links_name":"\"Cannons Go 'Round and Round' with New Single (premiere)\""},{"Link":"https://consequence.net/2022/03/cannons-interview-fever-dream-album-tour/","external_links_name":"\"For Cannons, It Was All A Fever Dream\""},{"Link":"https://alt1045philly.iheart.com/content/2020-09-28-new-music-discovery-of-the-week-cannons-fire-for-you/","external_links_name":"\"New Music Discovery Of The Week: Cannons 'Fire For You'\""},{"Link":"https://prod.dailycal.org/2022/10/05/cannons-hypnotize-the-warfield-with-escapist-synthwave-dream-pop","external_links_name":"\"Cannons hypnotize The Warfield with escapist synthwave, dream pop\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210203074350/https://www.thedigitalfix.com/music/feature/we-chat-with-the-band-cannons/","external_links_name":"\"'I hope as a band we continue experimenting, and always give our fan base something new and refreshing.' We chat with the band Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedigitalfix.com/music/feature/we-chat-with-the-band-cannons/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://wrrv.com/getting-to-know-cannons-is-a-harry-styles-collab-imminent/","external_links_name":"\"Getting To Know Cannons, Is A Harry Styles Collab Imminent?\""},{"Link":"https://wdet.org/2022/11/15/cannons-discuss-how-their-lives-have-changed-since-netflix-success/","external_links_name":"\"Cannons discuss how their lives have changed since Netflix success\""},{"Link":"http://blurredculture.com/cannons-will-get-you-in-the-mood-in-a-heartbeat/","external_links_name":"\"Cannons Will Get You In the Mood 'In A Heartbeat'\""},{"Link":"https://www.houstonpress.com/music/cannons-brings-a-hurricane-and-fever-dream-to-houston-this-weekend-13138023","external_links_name":"\"Like a Hurricane, Cannons is Heading for Houston\""},{"Link":"http://la.thedelimagazine.com/41040/cannons-fire-for-you-sparks-disco-fever-release-debut-album-shadows","external_links_name":"\"Cannons' 'Fire for You' sparks disco fever, release debut album Shadows\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9405296/cannon-fire-for-you-top-tv-songs-chart","external_links_name":"\"Cannons' 'Fire for You' Rules Top TV Songs Chart Amid 'Never Have I Ever' Appearance\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/alternative-airplay/2021-01-30/","external_links_name":"\"Alternative Airplay\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/alternative-airplay/2022-03-12/","external_links_name":"\"Alternative Airplay\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/alternative-airplay/2023-12-16/","external_links_name":"\"Alternative Airplay\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/fever-dream/1609678268","external_links_name":"\"Fever Dream – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/cannonstheband/posts/pfbid039JMUMV2ACpgR9RRKPb3ZkXkMXr6tC19Cm4bwjm8sMt9C2obUidCKPAhFtGMggavl","external_links_name":"\"So excited to finally announce that our NEW...\""},{"Link":"https://voyagela.com/interview/conversations-with-ben-hilzinger/","external_links_name":"\"Conversations with Ben Hilzinger\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/night-drive/1233814091","external_links_name":"\"Night Drive – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200716040418/https://music.apple.com/us/album/shadows/1465325458","external_links_name":"\"Shadows by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/shadows/1465325458","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/heartbeat-highway/1710418723","external_links_name":"\"Heartbeat Highway – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/up-all-night-ep/916278926","external_links_name":"\"Up All Night EP – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/in-a-heartbeat-ep/1412906787","external_links_name":"\"In a Heartbeat – EP – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/covers-by-cannons-single/1564809029","external_links_name":"\"Covers by Cannons – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/triple-a/2021-03-13/","external_links_name":"\"Adult Alternative Airplay\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/triple-a/2022-04-02/","external_links_name":"\"Adult Alternative Airplay\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/triple-a/2023-12-16/","external_links_name":"\"Adult Alternative Airplay\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-electronic-songs/2020-12-18/","external_links_name":"\"Hot Dance/Electronic Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/canada-rock/2021-02-13/","external_links_name":"\"Canada Rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/canada-rock/2022-02-19/","external_links_name":"\"Canada Rock\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/spells-single/964985117","external_links_name":"\"Spells – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/down-on-love-single/1024094629","external_links_name":"\"Down on Love – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/mood-ring-single/1132279609","external_links_name":"\"Mood Ring – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/high-off-love-single/1185207884","external_links_name":"\"High off Love – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/backwards-single/1389114491","external_links_name":"\"Backwards – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/round-and-round-single/1399818047","external_links_name":"\"Round and Round – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200712162911/https://music.apple.com/us/album/fire-for-you-single/1458054360","external_links_name":"\"Fire For You – Single by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/fire-for-you-single/1458054360","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Cannons&ti=&format=&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American certifications – Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200725011618/https://music.apple.com/us/artist/cannons/65568551","external_links_name":"\"Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/artist/cannons/65568551","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/bad-dream-single/1555770341","external_links_name":"\"Bad Dream – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/ruthless-single/1588463745","external_links_name":"\"Ruthless – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/purple-sun-single/1600957232","external_links_name":"\"Purple Sun – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://open.spotify.com/album/0nhR7pihu2lJDAvVfXqBcH","external_links_name":"\"Hurricane – EP by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/loving-you-single/1679645666","external_links_name":"\"Loving You – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/desire-single/1698165850","external_links_name":"\"Desire – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/bad-tattoo-single/1707059259","external_links_name":"\"Bad Tattoo – Single – Album by Cannons\""},{"Link":"https://open.spotify.com/album/34uN9whtj0faUPaF9jrbDV","external_links_name":"\"Crush – EP by Cannons\""},{"Link":"http://cannonstheband.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/eb9eb9f8-c691-4fef-9bdf-0cbffbfa42ee","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Scottish_Cup_Final	1930–31 Scottish Cup	["1 Fourth round","2 Semi-finals","3 Final","3.1 Replay","3.2 Teams","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Football tournament season 1930–31 Scottish CupTournament detailsCountryScotlandFinal positionsChampionsCelticRunner-upMotherwell← 1929–301931–32 → The 1930–31 Scottish Cup was the 53rd staging of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The Cup was won by Celtic who defeated Motherwell in the replayed final. Fourth round Team One Team Two Score Celtic Aberdeen 4-0 Bo'ness Kilmarnock 1-1 0-5 Cowdenbeath Motherwell 0-1 Third Lanark St Mirren 1-1 0-3 Semi-finals 14 March 1931 Celtic3 – 0Kilmarnock Attendance: 53,973 14 March 1931 Motherwell1 – 0St Mirren Attendance: 39,119 Final 11 April 1931 Celtic2 – 2Motherwell McGrory Craig (o.g.) Stevenson McMenemy Hampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 104,863 Replay 15 April 1931 Celtic4 – 2Motherwell B. Thomson McGrory Murdoch Stevenson Hampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 98,509 Teams Celtic: GK John Thomson RB Billy Cook LB Peter McGonagle RH Peter Wilson CH Jimmy McStay LH Chic Geatons OR Bertie Thomson IR Alec Thomson CF Jimmy McGrory IL Peter Scarff OL Charlie Napier Replay: Unchanged Motherwell: GK Allan McClory RB John Johnman LB Sandy Hunter RH Hugh Wales CH Allan Craig LH Willie Telfer OR John Murdoch IR John McMenemy CF Willie MacFadyen IL George Stevenson OL Bob Ferrier Replay: Unchanged See also 1930–31 in Scottish football 1933 Scottish Cup Final (played between same teams) References ^ a b "Cup Final Thrill \| Celtic Equalise in the Last Minute". The Scotsman. 13 April 1931. Retrieved 29 November 2017 – via The Celtic Wiki. ^ a b "Celtic Win Scottish Cup \| Motherwell Outplayed for 60 Minutes". The Glasgow Herald. 16 April 1931. Retrieved 29 November 2017 – via The Celtic Wiki. External links Video highlights from official Pathé News archive vteScottish CupSeasons 1873–74 1874–75 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–1919 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–1946 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Finals 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915–1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940–1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of finals Winning managers Scottish Qualifying Cup Portals: Association football Scotland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"replayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31first-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31second-2"}],"text":"Football tournament seasonThe 1930–31 Scottish Cup was the 53rd staging of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The Cup was won by Celtic who defeated Motherwell in the replayed final.[1][2]","title":"1930–31 Scottish Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fourth round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."}],"text":"14 March 1931\nCeltic3 – 0Kilmarnock\n\n\n\nAttendance: 53,97314 March 1931\nMotherwell1 – 0St Mirren\n\n\n\nAttendance: 39,119","title":"Semi-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31first-1"},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"McGrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McGrory"},{"link_name":"Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Craig"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stevenson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"McMenemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McMenemy"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"}],"text":"11 April 1931\nCeltic2 – 2[1]Motherwell\nMcGrory Craig (o.g.)\n\nStevenson McMenemy \nHampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 104,863","title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31second-2"},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"B. Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Thomson"},{"link_name":"McGrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McGrory"},{"link_name":"Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murdoch_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stevenson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"}],"sub_title":"Replay","text":"15 April 1931\nCeltic4 – 2[2]Motherwell\nB. Thomson McGrory \n\nMurdoch Stevenson \nHampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 98,509","title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Teams","title":"Final"}]	[]	[{"title":"1930–31 in Scottish football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%E2%80%9331_in_Scottish_football"},{"title":"1933 Scottish Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Scottish_Cup_Final"}]	[{"reference":"\"Cup Final Thrill \| Celtic Equalise in the Last Minute\". The Scotsman. 13 April 1931. Retrieved 29 November 2017 – via The Celtic Wiki.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/1931-04-11%3A+Celtic+2-2+Motherwell%2C+Scottish+Cup+Final","url_text":"\"Cup Final Thrill \| Celtic Equalise in the Last Minute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic Win Scottish Cup \| Motherwell Outplayed for 60 Minutes\". The Glasgow Herald. 16 April 1931. Retrieved 29 November 2017 – via The Celtic Wiki.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/1931-04-15%3A+Celtic+4-2+Motherwell%2C+Scottish+Cup+Final+Replay","url_text":"\"Celtic Win Scottish Cup \| Motherwell Outplayed for 60 Minutes\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/1931-04-11%3A+Celtic+2-2+Motherwell%2C+Scottish+Cup+Final","external_links_name":"\"Cup Final Thrill \| Celtic Equalise in the Last Minute\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/1931-04-15%3A+Celtic+4-2+Motherwell%2C+Scottish+Cup+Final+Replay","external_links_name":"\"Celtic Win Scottish Cup \| Motherwell Outplayed for 60 Minutes\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBYAOBLwxRU","external_links_name":"Video highlights"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Schwabe	Louis Schwabe	["1 References"]	Louis Schwabe (1798-1845) was a manufacturer of silk and artificial silk fabrics in Manchester. He was noted for his pioneering work in the use of spinnerets for the production of an artificial glass based yarn. References ^ Raichurkar, Pramod and Mahapatra, N. (2015) Processing of Glass Fibres in Textile Industries, International Journal on Textile Engineering and Processes 2395-3578. 06 11 ^ Arnold. H. (1933). The Romance of Rayon. Whittaker & Robinson, Manchester ^ Hard, Arnold (1944) The Story of Rayon, United Trade Press Ltd, London	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Louis Schwabe"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_Amateur	Uruguayan Segunda División Amateur	["1 List of champions","2 Titles by club","3 External links"]	Football leagueSegunda División AmateurFounded1972Folded2016; 8 years ago (2016)Country UruguayConfederationCONMEBOLLevel on pyramid3Promotion toSegunda DivisiónRelegation toUruguayan Primera División AmateurMost championshipsVilla Española(5 titles)TV partnersTenfieldWebsitesegundab.com.uy Segunda División Amateur was the third division of the Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol league system. The league was sometimes referred to as Segunda Amateur. List of champions For the period 1942–1971, see Uruguayan Divisional Intermedia. Tournament names: 1972–1996: Primera C 1997–2008: Liga Metropolitana Amateur 2009–2016: Segunda División B Amateur Ed. Season Champion 1 1972 Salus 2 1973 Villa Española 3 1974 Miramar Misiones 4 1975 Progreso 5 1976 La Luz 6 1977 Salus 7 1978 Progreso 8 1979 Universidad Mayor 9 1980 Villa Española 10 1981 Platense 11 1982 Cerrito 12 1983 Huracán 13 1984 Villa Teresa 14 1985 Sportivo Italiano 15 1986 El Tanque Sisley 16 1987 Villa Española 17 1988 Colón 18 1989 Basáñez 19 1990 Huracán 20 1991 Fénix 21 1992 La Luz 22 1993 Uruguay Montevideo 23 1994 Platense 24 1995 Juventud 25 1996 Villa Española 26 1997 El Tanque Sisley 27 1998 Cerrito 28 1999 Villa Teresa 29 2000 Colón 30 2001 La Luz 31 2002 Uruguay Montevideo 32 2003 La Luz 33 2004 Oriental 34 2005 Platense 35 2006 Boston River 36 2007–08 Oriental 37 2008–09 Oriental 38 2009–10 Huracán 39 2010–11 Villa Teresa 40 2011–12 Torque 41 2012–13 Canadian 42 2013–14 Villa Española 43 2014–15 Oriental 44 2015–16 Cerrito Titles by club Club Winners Winning years Villa Española 5 1973, 1980, 1987, 1996, 2013–14 La Luz 4 1976, 1992, 2001, 2003 Oriental 4 2004, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2014–15 Cerrito 3 1982, 1998, 2015–16 Huracán 3 1983, 1990, 2009–10 Platense 3 1981, 1994, 2005 Villa Teresa 3 1984, 1999, 2010–11 Colón 2 1988, 2000 El Tanque Sisley 2 1986, 1997 Progreso 2 1975, 1978 Salus 2 1972, 1977 Uruguay Montevideo 2 1993, 2002 Basáñez 1 1989 Boston River 1 2006 Canadian 1 2012–13 Fénix 1 1991 Juventud 1 1995 Miramar Misiones 1 1974 Sportivo Italiano 1 1985 Torque 1 2011–12 Universidad Mayor 1 1979 External links Official website (in Spanish) (archived 4 May 2011) vte Football in UruguayNational teamsMen Senior Olympic (U-23) U-20 U-17 Futsal Beach Women Main U-17 League systemCurrent Men's Primera División Segunda División Primera División Amateur Liga Metropolitana Amateur Women's Primera División Segunda División Tercera División Defunct Federación Uruguaya de Football (Primera División (FUF)) 1926 Torneo Consejo Provisorio Liga Uruguaya de Football Amateur Segunda División Amateur Segunda División (1903) Divisional Intermedia Divisional Extra Domestic CupsCurrent Copa Uruguay Supercopa Uruguaya Defunct Copa de Competencia Copa de Honor Copa Albion Copa León Peyrou Torneo de Honor Torneo Competencia Torneo Cuadrangular Campeonato Nacional General Artigas Torneo Fermín Garicoits Torneo de Copa Alfredo Lois Torneo Ciudad de Montevideo Liguilla Pre-Libertadores Torneo Campeones Olímpicos Liga Mayor Related AUF British clubs tours Clubs (list) Peñarol-Nacional derby Stadiums (list) Categories Men's Players Expatriate footballers Women's Players Managers Referees vtePrimera División Amateur2023 teams Alto Perú Artigas Basáñez Canadian Central Español Colón Cooper Coraceros Deportivo Colonia Deportivo Italiano Durazno Huracán Huracán Buceo Los Halcones Mar de Fondo Parque del Plata Paysandú Platense Rocha Salto Salus Villa Española Villa Teresa	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Uruguaya_de_F%C3%BAtbol"}],"text":"Segunda División Amateur was the third division of the Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol league system. The league was sometimes referred to as Segunda Amateur.","title":"Uruguayan Segunda División Amateur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uruguayan Divisional Intermedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Divisional_Intermedia"}],"text":"For the period 1942–1971, see Uruguayan Divisional Intermedia.Tournament names:1972–1996: Primera C\n1997–2008: Liga Metropolitana Amateur\n2009–2016: Segunda División B Amateur","title":"List of champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles by club"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.segundab.com.uy/","external_links_name":"segundab.com.uy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110504194431/http://www.segundab.com.uy/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAF11	TAF11	["1 Function","2 Structure","3 Interactions","4 References","5 Further reading"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens TAF11Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1BH8, 1BH9IdentifiersAliasesTAF11, MGC:15243, TAF2I, TAFII28, PRO2134, TATA-box binding protein associated factor 11External IDsOMIM: 600772; MGI: 1916026; HomoloGene: 55918; GeneCards: TAF11; OMA:TAF11 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 6 (human)Band6p21.31Start34,877,462 bpEnd34,889,192 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 17 (mouse)Band17\|17 A3.3Start28,120,096 bpEnd28,128,818 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inamniotic fluidtibiabuccal mucosa cellhuman penissuperior surface of tonguepalpebral conjunctivapyloruslactiferous ducturethraparietal pleuraTop expressed inventricular zonezygotetail of embryoembryoembryoIleal epitheliumgenital tubercleyolk sacgranulocytesecondary oocyteMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function protein heterodimerization activity transcription coactivator activity protein binding vitamin D receptor binding protein N-terminus binding thyroid hormone receptor binding DNA binding transcription factor binding Cellular component Golgi apparatus transcription factor TFIID complex nucleus nucleoplasm Biological process RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter regulation of transcription, DNA-templated transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation by host of viral transcription transcription, DNA-templated snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator positive regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez688268776EnsemblENSG00000064995ENSMUSG00000024218UniProtQ15544Q99JX1RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001270488NM_005643NM_026836NM_001379368RefSeq (protein)NP_001257417NP_005634NP_081112NP_001366297Location (UCSC)Chr 6: 34.88 – 34.89 MbChr 17: 28.12 – 28.13 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 11 also known as TAFII28, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF11 gene. Function Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes a small subunit of TFIID that is present in all TFIID complexes and interacts with TBP. This subunit also interacts with another small subunit, TAF13, to form a heterodimer with a structure similar to the histone core structure. TAFII28htafii18/htafii28 heterodimer crystal structure with bound pcmbsIdentifiersSymbolTAFII28PfamPF04719Pfam clanCL0012InterProIPR006809SCOP21bh9 / SCOPe / SUPFAMAvailable protein structures:Pfam structures / ECOD PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summary In molecular biology, TAFII28 refers to the TATA box binding protein associated factor. Together with the TATA-binding protein and other TAFs it forms the general transcription factor, TFIID. They together participate in the assembly of the transcription preinitiation complex. The conserved region is found at the C terminus of most member proteins. Structure The crystal structure of hTAFII28 with hTAFII18 shows that this region is involved in the binding of these two subunits. The conserved region contains four alpha helices and three loops arranged as in histone H3. Interactions TAF11 has been shown to interact with: GTF2F1, POLR2A and TAF13, TAF15, TATA binding protein, and Transcription Factor II B. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000064995 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024218 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ a b c d Mengus G, May M, Jacq X, Staub A, Tora L, Chambon P, Davidson I (May 1995). "Cloning and characterization of hTAFII18, hTAFII20 and hTAFII28: three subunits of the human transcription factor TFIID". EMBO J. 14 (7): 1520–31. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07138.x. PMC 398239. PMID 7729427. ^ Kuzuhara T, Horikoshi M (November 1996). "Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a human TFIID subunit containing a variety of putative structural motifs including direct repeats". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 19 (1): 122–6. doi:10.1248/bpb.19.122. PMID 8820923. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: TAF11 TAF11 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 28kDa". ^ a b Birck C, Poch O, Romier C, Ruff M, Mengus G, Lavigne AC, Davidson I, Moras D (July 1998). "Human TAF(II)28 and TAF(II)18 interact through a histone fold encoded by atypical evolutionary conserved motifs also found in the SPT3 family". Cell. 94 (2): 239–49. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81423-3. PMID 9695952. S2CID 6274415. ^ a b c Scully R, Anderson SF, Chao DM, Wei W, Ye L, Young RA, Livingston DM, Parvin JD (May 1997). "BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (11): 5605–10. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.5605S. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.11.5605. PMC 20825. PMID 9159119. ^ Bertolotti A, Melot T, Acker J, Vigneron M, Delattre O, Tora L (March 1998). "EWS, but not EWS-FLI-1, is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II: interactions between two members of the TET family, EWS and hTAFII68, and subunits of TFIID and RNA polymerase II complexes". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (3): 1489–97. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.3.1489. PMC 108863. PMID 9488465. ^ Bellorini M, Lee DK, Dantonel JC, Zemzoumi K, Roeder RG, Tora L, Mantovani R (June 1997). "CCAAT binding NF-Y-TBP interactions: NF-YB and NF-YC require short domains adjacent to their histone fold motifs for association with TBP basic residues". Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (11): 2174–81. doi:10.1093/nar/25.11.2174. PMC 146709. PMID 9153318. ^ May M, Mengus G, Lavigne AC, Chambon P, Davidson I (June 1996). "Human TAF(II28) promotes transcriptional stimulation by activation function 2 of the retinoid X receptors". EMBO J. 15 (12): 3093–104. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x. PMC 450252. PMID 8670810. Further reading Zhou Q, Sharp PA (1995). "Novel mechanism and factor for regulation by HIV-1 Tat". EMBO J. 14 (2): 321–8. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07006.x. PMC 398086. PMID 7835343. Parada CA, Yoon JB, Roeder RG (1995). "A novel LBP-1-mediated restriction of HIV-1 transcription at the level of elongation in vitro". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (5): 2274–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.5.2274. PMID 7836461. Ou SH, Garcia-Martínez LF, Paulssen EJ, Gaynor RB (1994). "Role of flanking E box motifs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TATA element function". J. Virol. 68 (11): 7188–99. doi:10.1128/JVI.68.11.7188-7199.1994. PMC 237158. PMID 7933101. Kashanchi F, Piras G, Radonovich MF, Duvall JF, Fattaey A, Chiang CM, Roeder RG, Brady JN (1994). "Direct interaction of human TFIID with the HIV-1 transactivator tat". Nature. 367 (6460): 295–9. Bibcode:1994Natur.367..295K. doi:10.1038/367295a0. PMID 8121496. S2CID 4362048. May M, Mengus G, Lavigne AC, Chambon P, Davidson I (1996). "Human TAF(II28) promotes transcriptional stimulation by activation function 2 of the retinoid X receptors". EMBO J. 15 (12): 3093–104. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x. PMC 450252. PMID 8670810. Wang Z, Morris GF, Rice AP, Xiong W, Morris CB (1996). "Wild-type and transactivation-defective mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein bind human TATA-binding protein in vitro". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 12 (2): 128–38. doi:10.1097/00042560-199606010-00005. PMID 8680883. Pendergrast PS, Morrison D, Tansey WP, Hernandez N (1996). "Mutations in the carboxy-terminal domain of TBP affect the synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 full-length and short transcripts similarly". J. Virol. 70 (8): 5025–34. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.8.5025-5034.1996. PMC 190456. PMID 8764009. Kashanchi F, Khleif SN, Duvall JF, Sadaie MR, Radonovich MF, Cho M, Martin MA, Chen SY, Weinmann R, Brady JN (1996). "Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat with a unique site of TFIID inhibits negative cofactor Dr1 and stabilizes the TFIID-TFIIA complex". J. Virol. 70 (8): 5503–10. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.8.5503-5510.1996. PMC 190508. PMID 8764062. Zhou Q, Sharp PA (1996). "Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat". Science. 274 (5287): 605–10. Bibcode:1996Sci...274..605Z. doi:10.1126/science.274.5287.605. PMID 8849451. S2CID 13266489. Tao Y, Guermah M, Martinez E, Oelgeschläger T, Hasegawa S, Takada R, Yamamoto T, Horikoshi M, Roeder RG (1997). "Specific interactions and potential functions of human TAFII100". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (10): 6714–21. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.10.6714. PMID 9045704. García-Martínez LF, Ivanov D, Gaynor RB (1997). "Association of Tat with purified HIV-1 and HIV-2 transcription preinitiation complexes". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (11): 6951–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.11.6951. PMID 9054383. Scully R, Anderson SF, Chao DM, Wei W, Ye L, Young RA, Livingston DM, Parvin JD (1997). "BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (11): 5605–10. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.5605S. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.11.5605. PMC 20825. PMID 9159119. Dantonel JC, Murthy KG, Manley JL, Tora L (1997). "Transcription factor TFIID recruits factor CPSF for formation of 3' end of mRNA". Nature. 389 (6649): 399–402. Bibcode:1997Natur.389..399D. doi:10.1038/38763. PMID 9311784. S2CID 4413324. Bertolotti A, Melot T, Acker J, Vigneron M, Delattre O, Tora L (1998). "EWS, but not EWS-FLI-1, is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II: interactions between two members of the TET family, EWS and hTAFII68, and subunits of TFIID and RNA polymerase II complexes". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (3): 1489–97. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.3.1489. PMC 108863. PMID 9488465. Guermah M, Malik S, Roeder RG (1998). "Involvement of TFIID and USA components in transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus promoter by NF-kappaB and Sp1". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (6): 3234–44. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.6.3234. PMC 108905. PMID 9584164. Fraser RA, Heard DJ, Adam S, Lavigne AC, Le Douarin B, Tora L, Losson R, Rochette-Egly C, Chambon P (1998). "The putative cofactor TIF1alpha is a protein kinase that is hyperphosphorylated upon interaction with liganded nuclear receptors". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (26): 16199–204. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.16199. PMID 9632676. Birck C, Poch O, Romier C, Ruff M, Mengus G, Lavigne AC, Davidson I, Moras D (1998). "Human TAF(II)28 and TAF(II)18 interact through a histone fold encoded by atypical evolutionary conserved motifs also found in the SPT3 family". Cell. 94 (2): 239–49. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81423-3. PMID 9695952. S2CID 6274415. vtePDB gallery 1bh8: HTAFII18/HTAFII28 HETERODIMER CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 1bh9: HTAFII18/HTAFII28 HETERODIMER CRYSTAL STRUCTURE WITH BOUND PCMBS	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7729427-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8820923-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"}],"text":"Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 11 also known as TAFII28, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF11 gene.[5][6][7]","title":"TAF11"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"},{"link_name":"TATA box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)"},{"link_name":"complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_complex"},{"link_name":"conserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"}],"text":"Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes a small subunit of TFIID that is present in all TFIID complexes and interacts with TBP. This subunit also interacts with another small subunit, TAF13, to form a heterodimer with a structure similar to the histone core structure.[7]In molecular biology, TAFII28 refers to the TATA box binding protein associated factor. Together with the TATA-binding protein and other TAFs it forms the general transcription factor, TFIID. They together participate in the assembly of the transcription preinitiation complex. The conserved region is found at the C terminus of most member proteins.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crystal structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure"},{"link_name":"binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_(molecular)"},{"link_name":"subunits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_subunit"},{"link_name":"conserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence"},{"link_name":"alpha helices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helix"},{"link_name":"loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"histone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7729427-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9695952-8"}],"text":"The crystal structure of hTAFII28 with hTAFII18 shows that this region is involved in the binding of these two subunits. The conserved region contains four alpha helices and three loops arranged as in histone H3.[5][8]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"GTF2F1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTF2F1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9159119-9"},{"link_name":"POLR2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLR2A"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9159119-9"},{"link_name":"TAF13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAF13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7729427-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9695952-8"},{"link_name":"TAF15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAF15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9488465-10"},{"link_name":"TATA binding protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_binding_protein"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7729427-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9153318-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8670810-12"},{"link_name":"Transcription Factor II B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_Factor_II_B"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9159119-9"}],"text":"TAF11 has been shown to interact with:GTF2F1,[9]\nPOLR2A[9] and\nTAF13,[5][8]\nTAF15,[10]\nTATA binding protein,[5][11][12] and\nTranscription Factor II B.[9]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Novel mechanism and factor for regulation by HIV-1 Tat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC398086"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07006.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1995.tb07006.x"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"398086","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC398086"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7835343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7835343"},{"link_name":"\"A novel LBP-1-mediated restriction of HIV-1 transcription at the level of elongation in vitro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.5.2274"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.270.5.2274","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.5.2274"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7836461","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7836461"},{"link_name":"Gaynor RB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gaynor"},{"link_name":"\"Role of flanking E box motifs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TATA element function\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC237158"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/JVI.68.11.7188-7199.1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.68.11.7188-7199.1994"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"237158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC237158"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7933101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7933101"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1994Natur.367..295K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.367..295K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/367295a0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F367295a0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8121496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8121496"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4362048","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4362048"},{"link_name":"\"Human TAF(II28) promotes transcriptional stimulation by activation function 2 of the retinoid X receptors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC450252"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"450252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC450252"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8670810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8670810"},{"link_name":"\"Wild-type and transactivation-defective mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein bind human TATA-binding protein in vitro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2F00042560-199606010-00005"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1097/00042560-199606010-00005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2F00042560-199606010-00005"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8680883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8680883"},{"link_name":"\"Mutations in the carboxy-terminal domain of TBP affect the synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 full-length and short transcripts similarly\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190456"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/JVI.70.8.5025-5034.1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.70.8.5025-5034.1996"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"190456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190456"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8764009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8764009"},{"link_name":"\"Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat with a unique site of TFIID inhibits negative cofactor Dr1 and stabilizes the TFIID-TFIIA complex\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190508"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/JVI.70.8.5503-5510.1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.70.8.5503-5510.1996"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"190508","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190508"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8764062","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8764062"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1996Sci...274..605Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...274..605Z"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.274.5287.605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.274.5287.605"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8849451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8849451"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13266489","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13266489"},{"link_name":"\"Specific interactions and potential functions of human TAFII100\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.10.6714"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.272.10.6714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.10.6714"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9045704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9045704"},{"link_name":"\"Association of Tat with purified HIV-1 and HIV-2 transcription preinitiation complexes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.11.6951"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.272.11.6951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.11.6951"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9054383","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9054383"},{"link_name":"\"BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20825"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1997PNAS...94.5605S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.5605S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.94.11.5605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.11.5605"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20825"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9159119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9159119"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1997Natur.389..399D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.389..399D"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/38763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F38763"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9311784","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9311784"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4413324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4413324"},{"link_name":"\"EWS, but not EWS-FLI-1, is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II: interactions between two members of the TET family, EWS and hTAFII68, and subunits of TFIID and RNA polymerase II complexes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108863"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/mcb.18.3.1489","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.18.3.1489"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"108863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108863"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9488465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9488465"},{"link_name":"\"Involvement of TFIID and USA components in transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus promoter by NF-kappaB and Sp1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108905"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/mcb.18.6.3234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.18.6.3234"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"108905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108905"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9584164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9584164"},{"link_name":"\"The putative cofactor TIF1alpha is a protein kinase that is hyperphosphorylated upon interaction with liganded nuclear receptors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.26.16199"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.273.26.16199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.26.16199"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9632676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9632676"},{"link_name":"\"Human TAF(II)28 and TAF(II)18 interact through a histone fold encoded by atypical evolutionary conserved motifs also found in the SPT3 family\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981423-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81423-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981423-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9695952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9695952"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6274415","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6274415"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PDB_Gallery"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:PDB_Gallery"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PDB_Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1bh8_EBI.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1bh9_EBI.jpg"}],"text":"Zhou Q, Sharp PA (1995). \"Novel mechanism and factor for regulation by HIV-1 Tat\". EMBO J. 14 (2): 321–8. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07006.x. PMC 398086. PMID 7835343.\nParada CA, Yoon JB, Roeder RG (1995). \"A novel LBP-1-mediated restriction of HIV-1 transcription at the level of elongation in vitro\". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (5): 2274–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.5.2274. PMID 7836461.\nOu SH, Garcia-Martínez LF, Paulssen EJ, Gaynor RB (1994). \"Role of flanking E box motifs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TATA element function\". J. Virol. 68 (11): 7188–99. doi:10.1128/JVI.68.11.7188-7199.1994. PMC 237158. PMID 7933101.\nKashanchi F, Piras G, Radonovich MF, Duvall JF, Fattaey A, Chiang CM, Roeder RG, Brady JN (1994). \"Direct interaction of human TFIID with the HIV-1 transactivator tat\". Nature. 367 (6460): 295–9. Bibcode:1994Natur.367..295K. doi:10.1038/367295a0. PMID 8121496. S2CID 4362048.\nMay M, Mengus G, Lavigne AC, Chambon P, Davidson I (1996). \"Human TAF(II28) promotes transcriptional stimulation by activation function 2 of the retinoid X receptors\". EMBO J. 15 (12): 3093–104. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x. PMC 450252. PMID 8670810.\nWang Z, Morris GF, Rice AP, Xiong W, Morris CB (1996). \"Wild-type and transactivation-defective mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein bind human TATA-binding protein in vitro\". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 12 (2): 128–38. doi:10.1097/00042560-199606010-00005. PMID 8680883.\nPendergrast PS, Morrison D, Tansey WP, Hernandez N (1996). \"Mutations in the carboxy-terminal domain of TBP affect the synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 full-length and short transcripts similarly\". J. Virol. 70 (8): 5025–34. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.8.5025-5034.1996. PMC 190456. PMID 8764009.\nKashanchi F, Khleif SN, Duvall JF, Sadaie MR, Radonovich MF, Cho M, Martin MA, Chen SY, Weinmann R, Brady JN (1996). \"Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat with a unique site of TFIID inhibits negative cofactor Dr1 and stabilizes the TFIID-TFIIA complex\". J. Virol. 70 (8): 5503–10. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.8.5503-5510.1996. PMC 190508. PMID 8764062.\nZhou Q, Sharp PA (1996). \"Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat\". Science. 274 (5287): 605–10. Bibcode:1996Sci...274..605Z. doi:10.1126/science.274.5287.605. PMID 8849451. S2CID 13266489.\nTao Y, Guermah M, Martinez E, Oelgeschläger T, Hasegawa S, Takada R, Yamamoto T, Horikoshi M, Roeder RG (1997). \"Specific interactions and potential functions of human TAFII100\". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (10): 6714–21. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.10.6714. PMID 9045704.\nGarcía-Martínez LF, Ivanov D, Gaynor RB (1997). \"Association of Tat with purified HIV-1 and HIV-2 transcription preinitiation complexes\". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (11): 6951–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.11.6951. PMID 9054383.\nScully R, Anderson SF, Chao DM, Wei W, Ye L, Young RA, Livingston DM, Parvin JD (1997). \"BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (11): 5605–10. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.5605S. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.11.5605. PMC 20825. PMID 9159119.\nDantonel JC, Murthy KG, Manley JL, Tora L (1997). \"Transcription factor TFIID recruits factor CPSF for formation of 3' end of mRNA\". Nature. 389 (6649): 399–402. Bibcode:1997Natur.389..399D. doi:10.1038/38763. PMID 9311784. S2CID 4413324.\nBertolotti A, Melot T, Acker J, Vigneron M, Delattre O, Tora L (1998). \"EWS, but not EWS-FLI-1, is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II: interactions between two members of the TET family, EWS and hTAFII68, and subunits of TFIID and RNA polymerase II complexes\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (3): 1489–97. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.3.1489. PMC 108863. PMID 9488465.\nGuermah M, Malik S, Roeder RG (1998). \"Involvement of TFIID and USA components in transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus promoter by NF-kappaB and Sp1\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (6): 3234–44. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.6.3234. PMC 108905. PMID 9584164.\nFraser RA, Heard DJ, Adam S, Lavigne AC, Le Douarin B, Tora L, Losson R, Rochette-Egly C, Chambon P (1998). \"The putative cofactor TIF1alpha is a protein kinase that is hyperphosphorylated upon interaction with liganded nuclear receptors\". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (26): 16199–204. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.16199. PMID 9632676.\nBirck C, Poch O, Romier C, Ruff M, Mengus G, Lavigne AC, Davidson I, Moras D (1998). \"Human TAF(II)28 and TAF(II)18 interact through a histone fold encoded by atypical evolutionary conserved motifs also found in the SPT3 family\". Cell. 94 (2): 239–49. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81423-3. PMID 9695952. S2CID 6274415.vtePDB gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1bh8: HTAFII18/HTAFII28 HETERODIMER CRYSTAL STRUCTURE\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1bh9: HTAFII18/HTAFII28 HETERODIMER CRYSTAL STRUCTURE WITH BOUND PCMBS","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=6882","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=68776","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Mengus G, May M, Jacq X, Staub A, Tora L, Chambon P, Davidson I (May 1995). \"Cloning and characterization of hTAFII18, hTAFII20 and hTAFII28: three subunits of the human transcription factor TFIID\". EMBO J. 14 (7): 1520–31. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07138.x. PMC 398239. PMID 7729427.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC398239","url_text":"\"Cloning and characterization of hTAFII18, hTAFII20 and hTAFII28: three subunits of the human transcription factor TFIID\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1995.tb07138.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07138.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC398239","url_text":"398239"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7729427","url_text":"7729427"}]},{"reference":"Kuzuhara T, Horikoshi M (November 1996). \"Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a human TFIID subunit containing a variety of putative structural motifs including direct repeats\". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 19 (1): 122–6. doi:10.1248/bpb.19.122. PMID 8820923.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fbpb.19.122","url_text":"\"Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a human TFIID subunit containing a variety of putative structural motifs including direct repeats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fbpb.19.122","url_text":"10.1248/bpb.19.122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8820923","url_text":"8820923"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: TAF11 TAF11 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 28kDa\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6882","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: TAF11 TAF11 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 28kDa\""}]},{"reference":"Birck C, Poch O, Romier C, Ruff M, Mengus G, Lavigne AC, Davidson I, Moras D (July 1998). \"Human TAF(II)28 and TAF(II)18 interact through a histone fold encoded by atypical evolutionary conserved motifs also found in the SPT3 family\". Cell. 94 (2): 239–49. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81423-3. PMID 9695952. S2CID 6274415.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981423-3","url_text":"\"Human TAF(II)28 and TAF(II)18 interact through a histone fold encoded by atypical evolutionary conserved motifs also found in the SPT3 family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981423-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81423-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9695952","url_text":"9695952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6274415","url_text":"6274415"}]},{"reference":"Scully R, Anderson SF, Chao DM, Wei W, Ye L, Young RA, Livingston DM, Parvin JD (May 1997). \"BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (11): 5605–10. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.5605S. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.11.5605. PMC 20825. PMID 9159119.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20825","url_text":"\"BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.5605S","url_text":"1997PNAS...94.5605S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.11.5605","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.94.11.5605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20825","url_text":"20825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9159119","url_text":"9159119"}]},{"reference":"Bertolotti A, Melot T, Acker J, Vigneron M, Delattre O, Tora L (March 1998). \"EWS, but not EWS-FLI-1, is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II: interactions between two members of the TET family, EWS and hTAFII68, and subunits of TFIID and RNA polymerase II complexes\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (3): 1489–97. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.3.1489. PMC 108863. PMID 9488465.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108863","url_text":"\"EWS, but not EWS-FLI-1, is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II: interactions between two members of the TET family, EWS and hTAFII68, and subunits of TFIID and RNA polymerase II complexes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.18.3.1489","url_text":"10.1128/mcb.18.3.1489"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108863","url_text":"108863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9488465","url_text":"9488465"}]},{"reference":"Bellorini M, Lee DK, Dantonel JC, Zemzoumi K, Roeder RG, Tora L, Mantovani R (June 1997). \"CCAAT binding NF-Y-TBP interactions: NF-YB and NF-YC require short domains adjacent to their histone fold motifs for association with TBP basic residues\". Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (11): 2174–81. doi:10.1093/nar/25.11.2174. PMC 146709. PMID 9153318.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC146709","url_text":"\"CCAAT binding NF-Y-TBP interactions: NF-YB and NF-YC require short domains adjacent to their histone fold motifs for association with TBP basic residues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F25.11.2174","url_text":"10.1093/nar/25.11.2174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC146709","url_text":"146709"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9153318","url_text":"9153318"}]},{"reference":"May M, Mengus G, Lavigne AC, Chambon P, Davidson I (June 1996). \"Human TAF(II28) promotes transcriptional stimulation by activation function 2 of the retinoid X receptors\". EMBO J. 15 (12): 3093–104. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x. PMC 450252. PMID 8670810.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC450252","url_text":"\"Human TAF(II28) promotes transcriptional stimulation by activation function 2 of the retinoid X receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC450252","url_text":"450252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8670810","url_text":"8670810"}]},{"reference":"Zhou Q, Sharp PA (1995). \"Novel mechanism and factor for regulation by HIV-1 Tat\". EMBO J. 14 (2): 321–8. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07006.x. PMC 398086. PMID 7835343.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC398086","url_text":"\"Novel mechanism and factor for regulation by HIV-1 Tat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1995.tb07006.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07006.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC398086","url_text":"398086"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7835343","url_text":"7835343"}]},{"reference":"Parada CA, Yoon JB, Roeder RG (1995). \"A novel LBP-1-mediated restriction of HIV-1 transcription at the level of elongation in vitro\". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (5): 2274–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.5.2274. PMID 7836461.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.5.2274","url_text":"\"A novel LBP-1-mediated restriction of HIV-1 transcription at the level of elongation in vitro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.5.2274","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.270.5.2274"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7836461","url_text":"7836461"}]},{"reference":"Ou SH, Garcia-Martínez LF, Paulssen EJ, Gaynor RB (1994). \"Role of flanking E box motifs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TATA element function\". J. Virol. 68 (11): 7188–99. doi:10.1128/JVI.68.11.7188-7199.1994. PMC 237158. PMID 7933101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gaynor","url_text":"Gaynor RB"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC237158","url_text":"\"Role of flanking E box motifs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TATA element function\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.68.11.7188-7199.1994","url_text":"10.1128/JVI.68.11.7188-7199.1994"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC237158","url_text":"237158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7933101","url_text":"7933101"}]},{"reference":"Kashanchi F, Piras G, Radonovich MF, Duvall JF, Fattaey A, Chiang CM, Roeder RG, Brady JN (1994). \"Direct interaction of human TFIID with the HIV-1 transactivator tat\". Nature. 367 (6460): 295–9. Bibcode:1994Natur.367..295K. doi:10.1038/367295a0. PMID 8121496. S2CID 4362048.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.367..295K","url_text":"1994Natur.367..295K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F367295a0","url_text":"10.1038/367295a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8121496","url_text":"8121496"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4362048","url_text":"4362048"}]},{"reference":"May M, Mengus G, Lavigne AC, Chambon P, Davidson I (1996). \"Human TAF(II28) promotes transcriptional stimulation by activation function 2 of the retinoid X receptors\". EMBO J. 15 (12): 3093–104. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x. PMC 450252. PMID 8670810.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC450252","url_text":"\"Human TAF(II28) promotes transcriptional stimulation by activation function 2 of the retinoid X receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC450252","url_text":"450252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8670810","url_text":"8670810"}]},{"reference":"Wang Z, Morris GF, Rice AP, Xiong W, Morris CB (1996). \"Wild-type and transactivation-defective mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein bind human TATA-binding protein in vitro\". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 12 (2): 128–38. doi:10.1097/00042560-199606010-00005. PMID 8680883.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00042560-199606010-00005","url_text":"\"Wild-type and transactivation-defective mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein bind human TATA-binding protein in vitro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00042560-199606010-00005","url_text":"10.1097/00042560-199606010-00005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8680883","url_text":"8680883"}]},{"reference":"Pendergrast PS, Morrison D, Tansey WP, Hernandez N (1996). \"Mutations in the carboxy-terminal domain of TBP affect the synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 full-length and short transcripts similarly\". J. Virol. 70 (8): 5025–34. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.8.5025-5034.1996. PMC 190456. PMID 8764009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190456","url_text":"\"Mutations in the carboxy-terminal domain of TBP affect the synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 full-length and short transcripts similarly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.70.8.5025-5034.1996","url_text":"10.1128/JVI.70.8.5025-5034.1996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190456","url_text":"190456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8764009","url_text":"8764009"}]},{"reference":"Kashanchi F, Khleif SN, Duvall JF, Sadaie MR, Radonovich MF, Cho M, Martin MA, Chen SY, Weinmann R, Brady JN (1996). \"Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat with a unique site of TFIID inhibits negative cofactor Dr1 and stabilizes the TFIID-TFIIA complex\". J. Virol. 70 (8): 5503–10. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.8.5503-5510.1996. PMC 190508. PMID 8764062.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190508","url_text":"\"Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat with a unique site of TFIID inhibits negative cofactor Dr1 and stabilizes the TFIID-TFIIA complex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.70.8.5503-5510.1996","url_text":"10.1128/JVI.70.8.5503-5510.1996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190508","url_text":"190508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8764062","url_text":"8764062"}]},{"reference":"Zhou Q, Sharp PA (1996). \"Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat\". Science. 274 (5287): 605–10. Bibcode:1996Sci...274..605Z. doi:10.1126/science.274.5287.605. PMID 8849451. S2CID 13266489.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...274..605Z","url_text":"1996Sci...274..605Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.274.5287.605","url_text":"10.1126/science.274.5287.605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8849451","url_text":"8849451"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13266489","url_text":"13266489"}]},{"reference":"Tao Y, Guermah M, Martinez E, Oelgeschläger T, Hasegawa S, Takada R, Yamamoto T, Horikoshi M, Roeder RG (1997). \"Specific interactions and potential functions of human TAFII100\". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (10): 6714–21. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.10.6714. PMID 9045704.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.10.6714","url_text":"\"Specific interactions and potential functions of human TAFII100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.10.6714","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.272.10.6714"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9045704","url_text":"9045704"}]},{"reference":"García-Martínez LF, Ivanov D, Gaynor RB (1997). \"Association of Tat with purified HIV-1 and HIV-2 transcription preinitiation complexes\". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (11): 6951–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.11.6951. PMID 9054383.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.11.6951","url_text":"\"Association of Tat with purified HIV-1 and HIV-2 transcription preinitiation complexes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.11.6951","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.272.11.6951"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9054383","url_text":"9054383"}]},{"reference":"Scully R, Anderson SF, Chao DM, Wei W, Ye L, Young RA, Livingston DM, Parvin JD (1997). \"BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (11): 5605–10. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.5605S. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.11.5605. PMC 20825. PMID 9159119.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20825","url_text":"\"BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.5605S","url_text":"1997PNAS...94.5605S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.11.5605","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.94.11.5605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20825","url_text":"20825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9159119","url_text":"9159119"}]},{"reference":"Dantonel JC, Murthy KG, Manley JL, Tora L (1997). \"Transcription factor TFIID recruits factor CPSF for formation of 3' end of mRNA\". Nature. 389 (6649): 399–402. Bibcode:1997Natur.389..399D. doi:10.1038/38763. PMID 9311784. S2CID 4413324.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.389..399D","url_text":"1997Natur.389..399D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F38763","url_text":"10.1038/38763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9311784","url_text":"9311784"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4413324","url_text":"4413324"}]},{"reference":"Bertolotti A, Melot T, Acker J, Vigneron M, Delattre O, Tora L (1998). \"EWS, but not EWS-FLI-1, is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II: interactions between two members of the TET family, EWS and hTAFII68, and subunits of TFIID and RNA polymerase II complexes\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (3): 1489–97. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.3.1489. PMC 108863. PMID 9488465.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108863","url_text":"\"EWS, but not EWS-FLI-1, is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II: interactions between two members of the TET family, EWS and hTAFII68, and subunits of TFIID and RNA polymerase II complexes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.18.3.1489","url_text":"10.1128/mcb.18.3.1489"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108863","url_text":"108863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9488465","url_text":"9488465"}]},{"reference":"Guermah M, Malik S, Roeder RG (1998). \"Involvement of TFIID and USA components in transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus promoter by NF-kappaB and Sp1\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (6): 3234–44. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.6.3234. PMC 108905. PMID 9584164.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108905","url_text":"\"Involvement of TFIID and USA components in transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus promoter by NF-kappaB and Sp1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.18.6.3234","url_text":"10.1128/mcb.18.6.3234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108905","url_text":"108905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9584164","url_text":"9584164"}]},{"reference":"Fraser RA, Heard DJ, Adam S, Lavigne AC, Le Douarin B, Tora L, Losson R, Rochette-Egly C, Chambon P (1998). \"The putative cofactor TIF1alpha is a protein kinase that is hyperphosphorylated upon interaction with liganded nuclear receptors\". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (26): 16199–204. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.16199. PMID 9632676.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.26.16199","url_text":"\"The putative cofactor TIF1alpha is a protein kinase that is hyperphosphorylated upon interaction with liganded nuclear receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.26.16199","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.273.26.16199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9632676","url_text":"9632676"}]},{"reference":"Birck C, Poch O, Romier C, Ruff M, Mengus G, Lavigne AC, Davidson I, Moras D (1998). \"Human TAF(II)28 and TAF(II)18 interact through a histone fold encoded by atypical evolutionary conserved motifs also found in the SPT3 family\". Cell. 94 (2): 239–49. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81423-3. PMID 9695952. S2CID 6274415.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981423-3","url_text":"\"Human TAF(II)28 and TAF(II)18 interact through a histone fold encoded by atypical evolutionary conserved motifs also found in the SPT3 family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981423-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81423-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9695952","url_text":"9695952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6274415","url_text":"6274415"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=Q99JX1%20or%20Q15544","external_links_name":"PDBe"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:Q99JX1,Q15544","external_links_name":"RCSB"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1BH8","external_links_name":"1BH8"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1BH9","external_links_name":"1BH9"},{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11544","external_links_name":"TAF11"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/600772","external_links_name":"600772"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1916026","external_links_name":"1916026"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=55918","external_links_name":"55918"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TAF11","external_links_name":"TAF11"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000064995","external_links_name":"TAF11 - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000064995","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000024218","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000064995","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/6882/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046982","external_links_name":"protein heterodimerization activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003713","external_links_name":"transcription coactivator activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515","external_links_name":"protein binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042809","external_links_name":"vitamin D receptor binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0047485","external_links_name":"protein N-terminus binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046966","external_links_name":"thyroid hormone receptor binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003677","external_links_name":"DNA binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008134","external_links_name":"transcription factor binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005794","external_links_name":"Golgi apparatus"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005669","external_links_name":"transcription factor TFIID complex"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634","external_links_name":"nucleus"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005654","external_links_name":"nucleoplasm"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051123","external_links_name":"RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006367","external_links_name":"transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006355","external_links_name":"regulation of transcription, DNA-templated"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006366","external_links_name":"transcription by RNA polymerase II"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043923","external_links_name":"positive regulation by host of viral transcription"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006351","external_links_name":"transcription, DNA-templated"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042795","external_links_name":"snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1901796","external_links_name":"regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1903508","external_links_name":"positive regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/","external_links_name":"Amigo"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/","external_links_name":"QuickGO"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=6882&rn=1","external_links_name":"6882"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=68776&rn=1","external_links_name":"68776"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000064995;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000064995"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000024218;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSMUSG00000024218"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q15544","external_links_name":"Q15544"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q99JX1","external_links_name":"Q99JX1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001270488","external_links_name":"NM_001270488"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_005643","external_links_name":"NM_005643"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_026836","external_links_name":"NM_026836"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001379368","external_links_name":"NM_001379368"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001257417","external_links_name":"NP_001257417"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_005634","external_links_name":"NP_005634"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_081112","external_links_name":"NP_081112"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001366297","external_links_name":"NP_001366297"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr6:34877462-34889192","external_links_name":"Chr 6: 34.88 – 34.89 Mb"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr17:28120096-28128818","external_links_name":"Chr 17: 28.12 – 28.13 Mb"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF04719","external_links_name":"PF04719"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/set/pfam/CL0012/","external_links_name":"CL0012"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR006809","external_links_name":"IPR006809"},{"Link":"http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1bh9","external_links_name":"1bh9"},{"Link":"https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1bh9","external_links_name":"SCOPe"},{"Link":"http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1bh9","external_links_name":"SUPFAM"},{"Link":"http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF04719?tab=pdbBlock","external_links_name":"structures"},{"Link":"http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF04719","external_links_name":"ECOD"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF04719%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam","external_links_name":"RCSB PDB"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF04719","external_links_name":"PDBe"},{"Link":"https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF04719","external_links_name":"PDBj"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF04719","external_links_name":"structure summary"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000064995","external_links_name":"GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000064995"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000024218","external_links_name":"GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024218"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=6882","external_links_name":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=68776","external_links_name":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC398239","external_links_name":"\"Cloning and characterization of hTAFII18, hTAFII20 and hTAFII28: three subunits of the human transcription factor TFIID\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1995.tb07138.x","external_links_name":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07138.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC398239","external_links_name":"398239"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7729427","external_links_name":"7729427"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fbpb.19.122","external_links_name":"\"Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a human TFIID subunit containing a variety of putative structural motifs including direct repeats\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fbpb.19.122","external_links_name":"10.1248/bpb.19.122"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8820923","external_links_name":"8820923"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6882","external_links_name":"\"Entrez Gene: TAF11 TAF11 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 28kDa\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981423-3","external_links_name":"\"Human TAF(II)28 and TAF(II)18 interact through a histone fold encoded by atypical evolutionary conserved motifs also found in the SPT3 family\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981423-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81423-3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9695952","external_links_name":"9695952"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6274415","external_links_name":"6274415"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20825","external_links_name":"\"BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.5605S","external_links_name":"1997PNAS...94.5605S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.11.5605","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.94.11.5605"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20825","external_links_name":"20825"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9159119","external_links_name":"9159119"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108863","external_links_name":"\"EWS, but not EWS-FLI-1, is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II: interactions between two members of the TET family, EWS and hTAFII68, and subunits of TFIID and RNA polymerase II complexes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.18.3.1489","external_links_name":"10.1128/mcb.18.3.1489"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108863","external_links_name":"108863"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9488465","external_links_name":"9488465"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC146709","external_links_name":"\"CCAAT binding NF-Y-TBP interactions: NF-YB and NF-YC require short domains adjacent to their histone fold motifs for association with TBP basic residues\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F25.11.2174","external_links_name":"10.1093/nar/25.11.2174"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC146709","external_links_name":"146709"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9153318","external_links_name":"9153318"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC450252","external_links_name":"\"Human TAF(II28) promotes transcriptional stimulation by activation function 2 of the retinoid X receptors\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x","external_links_name":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC450252","external_links_name":"450252"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8670810","external_links_name":"8670810"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC398086","external_links_name":"\"Novel mechanism and factor for regulation by HIV-1 Tat\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1995.tb07006.x","external_links_name":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07006.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC398086","external_links_name":"398086"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7835343","external_links_name":"7835343"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.5.2274","external_links_name":"\"A novel LBP-1-mediated restriction of HIV-1 transcription at the level of elongation in vitro\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.5.2274","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.270.5.2274"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7836461","external_links_name":"7836461"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC237158","external_links_name":"\"Role of flanking E box motifs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TATA element function\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.68.11.7188-7199.1994","external_links_name":"10.1128/JVI.68.11.7188-7199.1994"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC237158","external_links_name":"237158"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7933101","external_links_name":"7933101"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.367..295K","external_links_name":"1994Natur.367..295K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F367295a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/367295a0"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8121496","external_links_name":"8121496"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4362048","external_links_name":"4362048"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC450252","external_links_name":"\"Human TAF(II28) promotes transcriptional stimulation by activation function 2 of the retinoid X receptors\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x","external_links_name":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00672.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC450252","external_links_name":"450252"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8670810","external_links_name":"8670810"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00042560-199606010-00005","external_links_name":"\"Wild-type and transactivation-defective mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein bind human TATA-binding protein in vitro\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00042560-199606010-00005","external_links_name":"10.1097/00042560-199606010-00005"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8680883","external_links_name":"8680883"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190456","external_links_name":"\"Mutations in the carboxy-terminal domain of TBP affect the synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 full-length and short transcripts similarly\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.70.8.5025-5034.1996","external_links_name":"10.1128/JVI.70.8.5025-5034.1996"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190456","external_links_name":"190456"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8764009","external_links_name":"8764009"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190508","external_links_name":"\"Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat with a unique site of TFIID inhibits negative cofactor Dr1 and stabilizes the TFIID-TFIIA complex\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.70.8.5503-5510.1996","external_links_name":"10.1128/JVI.70.8.5503-5510.1996"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC190508","external_links_name":"190508"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8764062","external_links_name":"8764062"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...274..605Z","external_links_name":"1996Sci...274..605Z"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.274.5287.605","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.274.5287.605"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8849451","external_links_name":"8849451"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13266489","external_links_name":"13266489"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.10.6714","external_links_name":"\"Specific interactions and potential functions of human TAFII100\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.10.6714","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.272.10.6714"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9045704","external_links_name":"9045704"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.11.6951","external_links_name":"\"Association of Tat with purified HIV-1 and HIV-2 transcription preinitiation complexes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.11.6951","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.272.11.6951"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9054383","external_links_name":"9054383"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20825","external_links_name":"\"BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.5605S","external_links_name":"1997PNAS...94.5605S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.11.5605","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.94.11.5605"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20825","external_links_name":"20825"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9159119","external_links_name":"9159119"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.389..399D","external_links_name":"1997Natur.389..399D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F38763","external_links_name":"10.1038/38763"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9311784","external_links_name":"9311784"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4413324","external_links_name":"4413324"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108863","external_links_name":"\"EWS, but not EWS-FLI-1, is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II: interactions between two members of the TET family, EWS and hTAFII68, and subunits of TFIID and RNA polymerase II complexes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.18.3.1489","external_links_name":"10.1128/mcb.18.3.1489"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108863","external_links_name":"108863"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9488465","external_links_name":"9488465"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108905","external_links_name":"\"Involvement of TFIID and USA components in transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus promoter by NF-kappaB and Sp1\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.18.6.3234","external_links_name":"10.1128/mcb.18.6.3234"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108905","external_links_name":"108905"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9584164","external_links_name":"9584164"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.26.16199","external_links_name":"\"The putative cofactor TIF1alpha is a protein kinase that is hyperphosphorylated upon interaction with liganded nuclear receptors\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.26.16199","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.273.26.16199"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9632676","external_links_name":"9632676"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981423-3","external_links_name":"\"Human TAF(II)28 and TAF(II)18 interact through a histone fold encoded by atypical evolutionary conserved motifs also found in the SPT3 family\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981423-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81423-3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9695952","external_links_name":"9695952"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6274415","external_links_name":"6274415"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_General_Hospital	Vancouver General Hospital	["1 History","2 Facilities and amenities","3 Facts and figures","4 Divisions","5 Emergency Room documentary series","6 Notable deaths","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°15′40″N 123°07′23″W / 49.2612°N 123.1230°W / 49.2612; -123.1230This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vancouver General Hospital" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hospital in British Columbia, CanadaVancouver General HospitalOperated by Vancouver Coastal HealthVancouver General Hospital's main pavilion, the Jim Pattison PavilionGeographyLocation899 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaCoordinates49°15′40″N 123°07′23″W / 49.2612°N 123.1230°W / 49.2612; -123.1230OrganizationCare systemPublic Medicare (Canada)TypeTeachingAffiliated universityUBC Faculty of MedicineServicesEmergency departmentYes, Level I Trauma CenterBeds1,000+SpecialityBone marrow transplant and leukemia, burns and plastics, epilepsy surgery program, organ transplant, spinal cord injury, quaternary-level trauma careHelipadTC LID: CBK4HistoryOpened1906LinksWebsitewww.vch.ca/en/location/vancouver-general-hospitalListsHospitals in Canada Vancouver General Hospital (locally known as VGH, or Vancouver General) is a medical facility located in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is the largest facility in the Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre (VHHSC) group of medical facilities. VGH is Canada's third largest hospital by bed count, after Hamilton General Hospital, and Foothills Medical Centre. Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH) is responsible for all operations at Vancouver General Hospital. History The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) first opened in 1886 a nine-bed tent, its primary use to treat railway workers. On June 13, 1886, a fire destroyed the tent hospital and by July, a new, one-storey building was built. In September, the City of Vancouver took over the facility, which became the City Hospital. In 1888, located at the southern edge of the original Gastown settlement, a 35-bed hospital opened, as the tent infirmary became too small. The upstairs ward was for female patients, the downstairs ward for males. In 1899, the Vancouver City Hospital Training School for Nurses was opened. In 1902, British Columbia provincial legislature transferred control from the city's board of health to a board of 15 directors. Vancouver City Hospital was renamed to Vancouver General Hospital. In 1906, in Fairview Ridge, overlooking False Creek, a new building, the Heather Pavilion, began housing staff and patients. The University of British Columbia Medical School opened clinical facilities at VGH in 1950. In 1959, VGH opened the "Centennial Pavilion" (named in commemoration of the centennial of the founding of British Columbia as a British Crown colony, in 1858), which at the time was the largest part of the VGH facilities. In the 1960s, VGH build Canada's first intensive care nursery, equipped with the first effective apparatus used for natural breathing in infants with respiratory failure. In 1996, VGH opened the first three floors of its newly constructed Laurel Pavilion. In 2000, the Laurel Pavilion was renamed to the Jim Pattison Pavilion and construction of the final 12 floors began in 2001. The Jim Pattison Pavilion opened in 2003. In 2004, ground-breaking for the new Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre began. This new building, adjacent to the Jim Pattison Pavilion, opened in August 2006 to provide acute day care services in a variety of areas. The Lung Centre specializes in the treatment of pulmonary conditions such as asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung cancer, occupational and environmental lung diseases, sarcoidosis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease. The Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, the world's largest, most advanced and most comprehensive facility devoted to spinal cord injury research and patient care was opened in November 2008. The six-storey, $45-million centre is home to ICORD (International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries), the Rick Hansen Institute and the Brenda and Davide McLean Integrated Spine Clinic and is a partnership of the University of British Columbia, the Rick Hansen Foundation, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, and the VGH & UBC Hospital Foundation. The Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, opened in September 2011, is a seven-storey, 69,350 sq ft (6,443 m2) facility that houses three of VGH's key research programs: the Vancouver Prostate Centre at VGH; the Centre for Hip Health and Mobility; and the Ovarian Cancer Research Initiative. Facilities and amenities BCEHS critical care team on the helicopter pad on the top of Vancouver General Hospital following the offloading of a patient Vancouver General Hospital's Centennial Pavilion VGH is the largest hospital in British Columbia, offering specialized and tertiary services to adult patients (18 and above) in Vancouver. The hospital accepts patients referred from other parts of the province requiring highly specialized services. Approximately 40% of the hospital's cases come from outside the Vancouver region. Vancouver General Hospital is an internal medicine hospital, with pediatric and maternal care services in the Vancouver region being offered by BC Children's Hospital and BC Women's Hospital & Health Centre, located roughly 2.5 km south of Vancouver General. Street view of Vancouver General Hospital from West Broadway In addition to providing specialized and tertiary medical services, VGH is also a teaching hospital in affiliation with the University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, providing training and advanced education to students from all disciplines. Unique in Canada is the Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre at VGH which includes the UBC Faculty of Medicine facilities. The facility houses teaching space for about 250 third and fourth year medical students and 500 postgraduate residents, and nine Faculty of Medicine programs as well as the UBC medical school library. VGH's main cafeteria, Sassafras Cafeteria, is located on the second floor of the Jim Pattison Pavilion. The pavilion also has a café at its main entrance called Café Ami. Facts and figures One emergency department 24 operating rooms 40 outpatient clinics 27,400 inpatient (overnight) visits per year 294,300 clinic visits per year 94,348 emergency department visits per year (15/16 fiscal) 23,000 outpatient and inpatient surgical cases per year Divisions Respiratory Medicine and Thoracic Surgery Alzheimer Clinic BC Injury Prevention Centre Centre for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Risk Factor Management Domestic Violence Eye Care Centre, established in 1983 with funds raised with the help of Stephen M. Drance Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program Mary Pack Arthritis Centre Trauma Services/Orthopedic Trauma Service Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic CIBC Centre for Patients and Families Vancouver Prostate Centre Short Term Assessment and Treatment Centre (STAT) Skin Care Centre Work Adjustment Program Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute Centre for Hip Health Emergency Room documentary series In 2014, Knowledge Network premiered "Emergency Room: Life + Death at VGH" a six-part documentary series directed by Kevin Eastwood which follows several VGH emergency department staff and patients over a period of 80 days between February and May 2013. The series won twice at the 2014 Leo Awards, taking home Best Documentary Series and the People's Choice Award for Favourite TV Series. The second season of Emergency Room: Life + Death at VGH began on April 12, 2016. Notable deaths Errol Flynn, Australian-American actor References ^ Healthcare, Definitive. "Top 25 Largest Canadian Hospitals by Bed Count". www.definitivehc.com. Retrieved 2023-06-14. ^ "BC Injury Prevention Centre". Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2011-05-17. ^ CIBC Centre for Patients & Families Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Vancouver Prostate Centre Archived October 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ^ The Skin Care Centre Archived October 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ^ Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute Archived October 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Leo Awards, All Winners 2014". Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ "Emergency Room: Life and Death at VGH". 3 April 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vancouver General Hospital. Official website VGH & UBC Hospital Foundation vteUniversity of British ColumbiaCampuses Vancouver Okanagan Robson Square Academics Faculties and Schools Law Department of Computer Science Liu Institute for Global Issues Medicine UBC Sauder School of Business School of Library, Archival and Information Studies Green College St. John's College Vantage College Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies Faculty of Land and Food Systems University of British Columbia Press Institute of Asian Research Vancouver School of Economics Libraries Library Asian Centre Irving K. Barber Learning Centre Walter C. Koerner Library Xwi7xwa Library Student life Alma Mater Society Engineering Undergraduate Society CITR-FM Radio The Ubyssey Athletics UBC Thunderbirds Women's basketball Football Women's ice hockey Thunderbird Stadium UBC Okanagan Heat Shrum Bowl Affiliated Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre British Columbia's Children's Hospital Carey Theological College Corpus Christi College (Vancouver) UBC Farm Global Reporting Centre UBC Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries Kelowna General Hospital Providence Health Care Regent College Royal Columbian Hospital St. Mark's College St. Paul's Hospital Surrey Memorial Hospital UBC Press TRIUMF GNWC Vancouver General Hospital Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre Vancouver School of Theology Museums and attractions Museum of Anthropology Nitobe Memorial Garden Botanical Garden Chan Centre for the Performing Arts Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery Facilities UBC War Memorial Gymnasium Alex Fraser Research Forest Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre Malcolm Knapp Research Forest People UBC people UBC Chancellors UBC Presidents vteHospitals in the Lower MainlandAbbotsford Abbotsford Regional Hospital and Cancer Centre Burnaby Burnaby Hospital Chilliwack Chilliwack General Hospital Delta Delta Hospital Hope Fraser Canyon Hospital Township of Langley Langley Memorial Hospital Mission Mission Memorial Hospital New Westminster Royal Columbian Hospital North Vancouver Lions Gate Hospital Maple Ridge Ridge Meadows Hospital Port Moody Eagle Ridge Hospital Richmond Richmond Hospital Surrey Surrey Memorial Hospital Vancouver B.C. Women's Hospital & Health Centre British Columbia's Children's Hospital Mount Saint Joseph Hospital St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver General Hospital UBC Hospital White Rock Peace Arch Hospital Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Hospital_and_Health_Sciences_Centre"},{"link_name":"Hamilton General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Foothills Medical Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothills_Medical_Centre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Coastal Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Coastal_Health"}],"text":"Hospital in British Columbia, CanadaVancouver General Hospital (locally known as VGH, or Vancouver General) is a medical facility located in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is the largest facility in the Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre (VHHSC) group of medical facilities. VGH is Canada's third largest hospital by bed count, after Hamilton General Hospital, and Foothills Medical Centre.[1]Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH) is responsible for all operations at Vancouver General Hospital.","title":"Vancouver General Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Gastown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastown"},{"link_name":"False Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Creek"},{"link_name":"British Crown colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)"},{"link_name":"intensive care nursery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_intensive-care_unit"},{"link_name":"respiratory failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_failure"},{"link_name":"Jim Pattison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Pattison"},{"link_name":"pulmonary hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension"},{"link_name":"Spinal Cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"spinal cord injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Rick Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Hansen"},{"link_name":"VGH & UBC Hospital Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VGH_%26_UBC_Hospital_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert H.N. Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hung-Ngai_Ho"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Prostate Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Prostate_Centre"},{"link_name":"Ovarian Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer"}],"text":"The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) first opened in 1886 a nine-bed tent, its primary use to treat railway workers. On June 13, 1886, a fire destroyed the tent hospital and by July, a new, one-storey building was built. In September, the City of Vancouver took over the facility, which became the City Hospital. In 1888, located at the southern edge of the original Gastown settlement, a 35-bed hospital opened, as the tent infirmary became too small. The upstairs ward was for female patients, the downstairs ward for males. In 1899, the Vancouver City Hospital Training School for Nurses was opened. In 1902, British Columbia provincial legislature transferred control from the city's board of health to a board of 15 directors. Vancouver City Hospital was renamed to Vancouver General Hospital.In 1906, in Fairview Ridge, overlooking False Creek, a new building, the Heather Pavilion, began housing staff and patients. The University of British Columbia Medical School opened clinical facilities at VGH in 1950.In 1959, VGH opened the \"Centennial Pavilion\" (named in commemoration of the centennial of the founding of British Columbia as a British Crown colony, in 1858), which at the time was the largest part of the VGH facilities.In the 1960s, VGH build Canada's first intensive care nursery, equipped with the first effective apparatus used for natural breathing in infants with respiratory failure.In 1996, VGH opened the first three floors of its newly constructed Laurel Pavilion. In 2000, the Laurel Pavilion was renamed to the Jim Pattison Pavilion and construction of the final 12 floors began in 2001. The Jim Pattison Pavilion opened in 2003.In 2004, ground-breaking for the new Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre began. This new building, adjacent to the Jim Pattison Pavilion, opened in August 2006 to provide acute day care services in a variety of areas.The Lung Centre specializes in the treatment of pulmonary conditions such as asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung cancer, occupational and environmental lung diseases, sarcoidosis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease.The Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, the world's largest, most advanced and most comprehensive facility devoted to spinal cord injury research and patient care was opened in November 2008. The six-storey, $45-million centre is home to ICORD (International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries), the Rick Hansen Institute and the Brenda and Davide McLean Integrated Spine Clinic and is a partnership of the University of British Columbia, the Rick Hansen Foundation, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, and the VGH & UBC Hospital Foundation.The Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, opened in September 2011, is a seven-storey, 69,350 sq ft (6,443 m2) facility that houses three of VGH's key research programs: the Vancouver Prostate Centre at VGH; the Centre for Hip Health and Mobility; and the Ovarian Cancer Research Initiative.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BCEHSHeli2017.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VGH-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"tertiary services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_care"},{"link_name":"internal medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_medicine"},{"link_name":"BC Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"BC Women's Hospital & Health Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Women%27s_Hospital_%26_Health_Centre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VanGenHospitalBroadway.jpg"},{"link_name":"teaching hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_hospital"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBC_Faculty_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"medical students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"},{"link_name":"cafeteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeteria"}],"text":"BCEHS critical care team on the helicopter pad on the top of Vancouver General Hospital following the offloading of a patientVancouver General Hospital's Centennial PavilionVGH is the largest hospital in British Columbia, offering specialized and tertiary services to adult patients (18 and above) in Vancouver. The hospital accepts patients referred from other parts of the province requiring highly specialized services. Approximately 40% of the hospital's cases come from outside the Vancouver region. Vancouver General Hospital is an internal medicine hospital, with pediatric and maternal care services in the Vancouver region being offered by BC Children's Hospital and BC Women's Hospital & Health Centre, located roughly 2.5 km south of Vancouver General.Street view of Vancouver General Hospital from West BroadwayIn addition to providing specialized and tertiary medical services, VGH is also a teaching hospital in affiliation with the University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, providing training and advanced education to students from all disciplines. Unique in Canada is the Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre at VGH which includes the UBC Faculty of Medicine facilities. The facility houses teaching space for about 250 third and fourth year medical students and 500 postgraduate residents, and nine Faculty of Medicine programs as well as the UBC medical school library.VGH's main cafeteria, Sassafras Cafeteria, is located on the second floor of the Jim Pattison Pavilion. The pavilion also has a café at its main entrance called Café Ami.","title":"Facilities and amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emergency department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department"},{"link_name":"operating rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_theater"},{"link_name":"surgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"}],"text":"One emergency department\n24 operating rooms\n40 outpatient clinics\n27,400 inpatient (overnight) visits per year\n294,300 clinic visits per year\n94,348 emergency department visits per year (15/16 fiscal)\n23,000 outpatient and inpatient surgical cases per year","title":"Facts and figures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alzheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_rehabilitation"},{"link_name":"Domestic Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"Stephen M. Drance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_M._Drance"},{"link_name":"Leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"Bone Marrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow"},{"link_name":"Transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation"},{"link_name":"Arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"Trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"Orthopedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopedics"},{"link_name":"Trauma Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_center"},{"link_name":"Psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry"},{"link_name":"CIBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Imperial_Bank_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Prostate Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Prostate_Centre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip"}],"text":"Respiratory Medicine and Thoracic Surgery\nAlzheimer Clinic\nBC Injury Prevention Centre[2]\nCentre for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Risk Factor Management\nDomestic Violence\nEye Care Centre, established in 1983 with funds raised with the help of Stephen M. Drance\nLeukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program\nMary Pack Arthritis Centre\nTrauma Services/Orthopedic Trauma Service\nOutpatient Psychiatry Clinic\nCIBC Centre for Patients and Families[3]\nVancouver Prostate Centre[4]\nShort Term Assessment and Treatment Centre (STAT)\nSkin Care Centre[5]\nWork Adjustment Program\nVancouver Coastal Health Research Institute[6]\nCentre for Hip Health","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knowledge Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Network"},{"link_name":"Emergency Room: Life + Death at VGH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Room:_Life_%2B_Death_at_VGH"},{"link_name":"emergency department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department"},{"link_name":"Leo Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Awards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 2014, Knowledge Network premiered \"Emergency Room: Life + Death at VGH\" a six-part documentary series directed by Kevin Eastwood which follows several VGH emergency department staff and patients over a period of 80 days between February and May 2013. The series won twice at the 2014 Leo Awards, taking home Best Documentary Series and the People's Choice Award for Favourite TV Series.[7]The second season of Emergency Room: Life + Death at VGH began on April 12, 2016.[8]","title":"Emergency Room documentary series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Errol Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Flynn"}],"text":"Errol Flynn, Australian-American actor","title":"Notable deaths"}]	[{"image_text":"BCEHS critical care team on the helicopter pad on the top of Vancouver General Hospital following the offloading of a patient","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BCEHSHeli2017.jpg/220px-BCEHSHeli2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vancouver General Hospital's Centennial Pavilion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/VGH-2.jpg/220px-VGH-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Street view of Vancouver General Hospital from West Broadway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/VanGenHospitalBroadway.jpg/220px-VanGenHospitalBroadway.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Healthcare, Definitive. \"Top 25 Largest Canadian Hospitals by Bed Count\". www.definitivehc.com. Retrieved 2023-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.definitivehc.com/resources/healthcare-insights/top-largest-canadian-hospitals","url_text":"\"Top 25 Largest Canadian Hospitals by Bed Count\""}]},{"reference":"\"BC Injury Prevention Centre\". Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2011-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006171150/http://injuryfreekarma.com/","url_text":"\"BC Injury Prevention Centre\""},{"url":"http://www.injuryfreekarma.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leo Awards, All Winners 2014\". Retrieved 11 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leoawards.com/2014/winners_all/","url_text":"\"Leo Awards, All Winners 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emergency Room: Life and Death at VGH\". 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knowledge.ca/er","url_text":"\"Emergency Room: Life and Death at VGH\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vancouver_General_Hospital&params=49.2612_N_123.123_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"49°15′40″N 123°07′23″W / 49.2612°N 123.1230°W / 49.2612; -123.1230"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vancouver+General+Hospital%22","external_links_name":"\"Vancouver General Hospital\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vancouver+General+Hospital%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vancouver+General+Hospital%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vancouver+General+Hospital%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vancouver+General+Hospital%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vancouver+General+Hospital%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vancouver_General_Hospital&params=49.2612_N_123.123_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"49°15′40″N 123°07′23″W / 49.2612°N 123.1230°W / 49.2612; -123.1230"},{"Link":"https://www.vch.ca/en/location/vancouver-general-hospital","external_links_name":"www.vch.ca/en/location/vancouver-general-hospital"},{"Link":"https://www.definitivehc.com/resources/healthcare-insights/top-largest-canadian-hospitals","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 Largest Canadian Hospitals by Bed Count\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006171150/http://injuryfreekarma.com/","external_links_name":"\"BC Injury Prevention Centre\""},{"Link":"http://www.injuryfreekarma.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vch.ca/find_services/find_services/?&program_id=1400","external_links_name":"CIBC Centre for Patients & Families"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928220330/http://www.vch.ca/find_services/find_services/?&program_id=1400","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.prostatecentre.com/","external_links_name":"Vancouver Prostate Centre"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022050633/http://www.prostatecentre.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.skincarecentre.ca/","external_links_name":"The Skin Care Centre"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022172030/http://www.skincarecentre.ca/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.vchri.ca/s/Home.asp","external_links_name":"Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091018055325/http://www.vchri.ca/s/Home.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.leoawards.com/2014/winners_all/","external_links_name":"\"Leo Awards, All Winners 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.knowledge.ca/er","external_links_name":"\"Emergency Room: Life and Death at VGH\""},{"Link":"https://www.vch.ca/en/location/vancouver-general-hospital","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.worldclasshealthcare.ca/","external_links_name":"VGH & UBC Hospital Foundation"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000106847796","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/128949639","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86819562","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Pellegrini	Maurizio Pellegrini	["1 References"]	Italian painter and lawyer Maurizio Pellegrini (Turin, 1866-?) was an Italian painter and lawyer. He graduated as a lawyer from the University of Turin in 1889. Then he studied painting at the Accademia Albertina under Professor Giacomo Grosso. He also studied design under the direction of the engraver and professor Alberto Maso Gilli, who later became director of the Real Calcografia Romana. In 1895, he moved to Paris for five years, during which time he frequented the studios of Jules Lefevre and Tony Robert Fleury. Pellegrini painted portraits and genre works in oil, water color, and pastel. In 1897 at the Paris Salon, he exhibited Loup de mer, Notre Dame de Paris, Place Vendome, Ruit hora, and Idyll. In Turin he exhibited a pastel Testa di vecchio. He exhibited in 1898 at the Promotrice Nazionale of Turin and the Internazionale at Brussels.He also made illustrations for books, catalogs, and journals. He exhibited often at the Circolo degli Artisti and at the Promotrice of Fine Arts of Turin. Among his works are: Il soldato di Ventura; Portrait of a Lady; Ponte San Martino sid Chisone; Crossano dai colti di Pinerolo and other landscapes. References ^ Augusta Taurinorum: Torino Illustrata nelle sue cose e nei sui cittadini. Editor Ernesto Marini, Genoa, (1901) page 213-214. ^ Dizionario degli Artisti Italiani Viventi: pittori, scultori, e Architetti., by Angelo de Gubernatis. Tipe dei Successori Le Monnier, 1889, page 364. Authority control databases: Artists Musée d'Orsay This article about an Italian painter born in the 19th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"University of Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turin"},{"link_name":"Accademia Albertina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_Albertina"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Grosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Grosso"},{"link_name":"Alberto Maso Gilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Maso_Gilli"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Jules Lefevre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jules_Lefevre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tony Robert Fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Robert_Fleury&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_painting"},{"link_name":"Paris Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Salon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Maurizio Pellegrini (Turin, 1866-?) was an Italian painter and lawyer.He graduated as a lawyer from the University of Turin in 1889. Then he studied painting at the Accademia Albertina under Professor Giacomo Grosso. He also studied design under the direction of the engraver and professor Alberto Maso Gilli, who later became director of the Real Calcografia Romana. In 1895, he moved to Paris for five years, during which time he frequented the studios of Jules Lefevre and Tony Robert Fleury. Pellegrini painted portraits and genre works in oil, water color, and pastel.In 1897 at the Paris Salon, he exhibited Loup de mer, Notre Dame de Paris, Place Vendome, Ruit hora, and Idyll. In Turin he exhibited a pastel Testa di vecchio. He exhibited in 1898 at the Promotrice Nazionale of Turin and the Internazionale at Brussels.He also made illustrations for books, catalogs, and journals.[1]He exhibited often at the Circolo degli Artisti and at the Promotrice of Fine Arts of Turin. Among his works are: Il soldato di Ventura; Portrait of a Lady; Ponte San Martino sid Chisone; Crossano dai colti di Pinerolo and other landscapes.[2]","title":"Maurizio Pellegrini"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.museotorino.it/resources/pdf/books/25/files/assets/downloads/page0231.pdf","external_links_name":"Augusta Taurinorum: Torino Illustrata nelle sue cose e nei sui cittadini"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0bAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Dizionario degli Artisti Italiani Viventi: pittori, scultori, e Architetti."},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/123900","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurizio_Pellegrini&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadushan	Nadushan	["1 Notes","2 References"]	Coordinates: 32°01′21″N 53°32′51″E / 32.02250°N 53.54750°E / 32.02250; 53.54750City in Yazd province, Iran For the administrative divisions, see Nadushan District and Nadushan Rural District. City in Yazd, IranNadushan Persian: ندوشنCityNadushanCoordinates: 32°01′21″N 53°32′51″E / 32.02250°N 53.54750°E / 32.02250; 53.54750CountryIranProvinceYazdCountyMeybodDistrictNadushanPopulation (2016) • Total2,351Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Nadushan (Persian: ندوشن; /nəˌduːˈʃæn/) is a city in, and the capital of, Nadushan District of Meybod County, Yazd province, Iran. It also serves as the administrative center for Nadushan Rural District. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,351 in 650 households, when it was in Khezrabad District of Ashkezar County. The following census in 2011 counted 2,332 people in 718 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 2,351 people in 791 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Nadushan District in Meybod County. The city is located in a mountainous region where many people live on farms and have fruit gardens. Historically, many of the inhabitants are believed to be Zoroastrians. Iran portal Notes ^ Also Romanized as Nedoushan (in local dialect) References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (2 March 2023). "Nadushan, Meybod County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 2 March 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 21. Archived from the original (Excel) on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Nadushan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3076185" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ a b Rahimi, Mohammadreza (13 January 2013). "With some changes in the geography map of the two provinces: Four new cities were added to the map of country divisions". DOLAT (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political and Defense Commission. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2023. ^ Habibi, Hassan (29 April 1376). "Approval of reforms in Yazd province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political-Defense Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2023. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 21. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 21. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ "سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن 1390 > نفوس و مسکن > سرشماری 1390 > نتایج سرشماری 1390 > جمعیت و خانوار تا سطح آبادی - 1390". Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. vteYazd Province, IranCapital Yazd Counties and citiesAbarkuh County Abarkuh Mehrdasht Ardakan County Ardakan Ahmadabad Aqda Ashkezar County Ashkezar Khezrabad Nadushan Bafq County Bafq Behabad County Behabad Khatam County Herat Marvast Mehriz County Mehriz Meybod County Meybod Taft County Taft Nir Yazd County Yazd Hamidiya Shahediyeh Zarach Landmarks Shesh Baadgir (Six-Windcatcher-Ab Anbar) Yazdan fire temple Amir Chakhmagh Tekyeh Sarv-e Abarqu Green Pir Chak Chak temple Lari house Yazd Tower of Silence Saghand Caravansary Shavvaz castle Iskandar's jail Chahartaghi cave Marvast citadel * Nadoshan citadel Jameh Mosque of Yazd Dowlat Abad Garden Shahvali mosque Khan Bath and Khan square populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Yazd Province vte Meybod CountyCapital Meybod DistrictsCentralCities Meybod Rural Districts and villagesBafruiyeh Ab Shureh-ye Ashniz-e Bala Aminabad Anjireh Ashniz-e Bala Bafruiyeh Darin Hasanabad Hudar Marvar Mazraeh-ye Bideh Meybod Lime Kiln Company Meybod Railway Station Seyyedabad Tavani-ye Shomareh-ye Haft Shohada Badrabad Hojjatabad-e Sofla Jahanabad Jahanabad-e Meybod Industrial Estate Mazraeh-ye Kalantar Mehrabad Mohammadabad Musaabad Roknabad This Meybod County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nadushan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadushan_District"},{"link_name":"Nadushan Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadushan_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nadushan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadushan_District"},{"link_name":"Meybod County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meybod_County"},{"link_name":"Yazd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazd_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4_New_Cities-5"},{"link_name":"Nadushan Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadushan_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saduq_County-6"},{"link_name":"Khezrabad District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khezrabad_District"},{"link_name":"Ashkezar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkezar_County"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4_New_Cities-5"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}],"text":"City in Yazd province, IranFor the administrative divisions, see Nadushan District and Nadushan Rural District.City in Yazd, IranNadushan (Persian: ندوشن; /nəˌduːˈʃæn/)[a] is a city in, and the capital of, Nadushan District of Meybod County, Yazd province, Iran.[4] It also serves as the administrative center for Nadushan Rural District.[5]At the 2006 census, its population was 2,351 in 650 households, when it was in Khezrabad District of Ashkezar County.[6] The following census in 2011 counted 2,332 people in 718 households.[7] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 2,351 people in 791 households,[2] by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Nadushan District in Meybod County.[4]The city is located in a mountainous region where many people live on farms and have fruit gardens. Historically, many of the inhabitants are believed to be Zoroastrians.[8]Iran portal","title":"Nadushan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Also Romanized as Nedoushan (in local dialect)[3]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (2 March 2023). \"Nadushan, Meybod County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=32.0225&mlon=53.5475&zoom=14#map=14/32.0225/53.5475","url_text":"\"Nadushan, Meybod County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 21. Archived from the original (Excel) on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201118150108/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_21.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_21.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rahimi, Mohammadreza (13 January 2013). \"With some changes in the geography map of the two provinces: Four new cities were added to the map of country divisions\". DOLAT (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political and Defense Commission. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170531152222/https://dolat.ir/detail/223655","url_text":"\"With some changes in the geography map of the two provinces: Four new cities were added to the map of country divisions\""},{"url":"https://dolat.ir/detail/223655","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Habibi, Hassan (29 April 1376). \"Approval of reforms in Yazd province\". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political-Defense Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192122/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/89773","url_text":"\"Approval of reforms in Yazd province\""},{"url":"https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/89773","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 21. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920085705/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/21.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/21.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 21. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120180437/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Yazd.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Yazd.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن 1390 > نفوس و مسکن > سرشماری 1390 > نتایج سرشماری 1390 > جمعیت و خانوار تا سطح آبادی - 1390\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140924094134/http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=1828","url_text":"\"سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن 1390 > نفوس و مسکن > سرشماری 1390 > نتایج سرشماری 1390 > جمعیت و خانوار تا سطح آبادی - 1390\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=1828","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nadushan&params=32_01_21_N_53_32_51_E_dim:2km_type:city(2351)_region:IR-21","external_links_name":"32°01′21″N 53°32′51″E / 32.02250°N 53.54750°E / 32.02250; 53.54750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nadushan&params=32_01_21_N_53_32_51_E_dim:2km_type:city(2351)_region:IR-21","external_links_name":"32°01′21″N 53°32′51″E / 32.02250°N 53.54750°E / 32.02250; 53.54750"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=32.0225&mlon=53.5475&zoom=14#map=14/32.0225/53.5475","external_links_name":"\"Nadushan, Meybod County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201118150108/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_21.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_21.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170531152222/https://dolat.ir/detail/223655","external_links_name":"\"With some changes in the geography map of the two provinces: Four new cities were added to the map of country divisions\""},{"Link":"https://dolat.ir/detail/223655","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192122/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/89773","external_links_name":"\"Approval of reforms in Yazd province\""},{"Link":"https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/89773","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920085705/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/21.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/21.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120180437/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Yazd.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Yazd.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140924094134/http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=1828","external_links_name":"\"سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن 1390 > نفوس و مسکن > سرشماری 1390 > نتایج سرشماری 1390 > جمعیت و خانوار تا سطح آبادی - 1390\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=1828","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadushan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_in_Sheffield	Sheffield Rally	["1 The event","2 Aftermath","3 References","4 External links"]	Neil Kinnock, whose performance at the rally was widely panned The Sheffield Rally was a political event held by the United Kingdom's Labour Party on Wednesday 1 April 1992, a week ahead of the 1992 general election on 9 April. The event An event in preparation for eighteen months, the rally was held at the Sheffield Arena, an indoor sports venue in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. It was attended by 10,000 Labour Party members, including the entire shadow cabinet, and is reported to have cost some £100,000 to stage. It was the idea of strategist Philip Gould, who was involved in the subsequent successful election campaign of Bill Clinton, who was elected as President of the United States later that year. Neil Kinnock, the leader of the Labour Party, was flown into the city by helicopter. The rally was modelled partly on American presidential campaign conventions, with sound and light performances on the stage and celebrity endorsements played on a large video screen. At one point in the proceedings, Kinnock and the shadow cabinet paraded to the stage from the back of the venue, passing through an increasingly enthusiastic audience, with the shadow cabinet being introduced with titles such as "The next Home Secretary" (in reference to Roy Hattersley) and "The next Prime Minister" (in reference to Kinnock); Labour had been in opposition for 13 years and had lost the previous three consecutive general elections, in 1979, 1983 and 1987, to the Conservatives. This culminated in an emotional and animated Kinnock taking the podium and shouting a phrase four times which was generally reported as "We're all right!", although Kinnock would later claim the phrase was "Well all right!" shouted "in the manner of a rock and roll singer." The footage has often been re-broadcast since as an example of overconfident campaigning. Kinnock followed this by proclaiming "We'd better get some talking done here, serious talking." Aftermath Although Labour's internal polls at the time suggested the event had little effect on the level of support for the party, media commentators, and some prominent Labour politicians, thought the rally came over as "triumphalist" to television viewers of subsequent news programmes. The Conservatives won the election eight days later, finishing eight percentage points ahead of Labour in voting, but with a much smaller parliamentary majority than in 1987. It is widely regarded as one of the most surprising election results of the 20th century, as pollsters had predicted a small Labour majority or a hung parliament. Mirroring Labour's poll results, several analysts and major participants in the campaign believe it actually had little effect. Jim Parish, senior campaigns officer for the Labour Party from 1985 to 1993 and an organiser of the rally, wrote: "The catastrophic 6–7 per cent drop in Labour support occurred before the rally and was – I am reliably informed – known in Sheffield that night." Polls conducted in the final week of the campaign continued to show either the two main parties neck-and-neck or Labour slightly ahead, as they had done prior to the rally. Some accounts suggest the event only received widespread attention after the election, an opinion Kinnock shared in an April 2010 New Statesman interview: "It wasn't until about ten days after the election that people started writing about the 'hubristic Sheffield rally' and all the rest of it." In fact, the rally was discussed several times during the BBC's election-night coverage; David Dimbleby questioned Labour's then Shadow Chancellor, John Smith, about the hubristic nature of the rally; BBC commentator David Davies suggested it may have hurt Labour in the Midlands, being seen as "too self-congratulatory, too soon"; and both Conservative David Mellor and Shirley Williams of the SDP discussed it in a roundtable conversation. In a 1995 interview for the BBC Two documentary series The Wilderness Years, Kinnock said: "...all of the years in which I'd attempted to build a fairly reserved, starchy persona – in a few seconds, they slipped away." In the 2010 New Statesman interview, Kinnock expressed a different opinion on the effect of his performance at the rally. He said: "Given my time again, I wouldn't repeat it – but the great legend is complete, bloody rubbish." In 2021, writing on Kinnock's failure to become Prime Minister, Steve Richards argued that the rally had "acquired a mythological status as fatal event", but noted that prior to Labour's defeat "there was no suggestion that Kinnock had made a terrible blunder". He noted that the BBC's political editor John Cole had indicated he had been impressed in his live reporting of the rally and it was only retrospectively that it started to be portrayed as showing Kinnock as "overconfident and cocky". Richards concluded that blaming the event for Labour's defeat was "a red herring" and the party would have lost the election even if there had been no Sheffield Rally. The event is often mentioned in relation to other purported political miscalculations or gaffes, such as the Paul Wellstone memorial during the 2002 United States Senate election in Minnesota. or the Howard Dean "Dean Scream" incident. References ^ a b c "Key Issues in the 1992 Campaign". BBC News, Politics '97. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ a b "Obituary: "Lord Gould of Brookwood"". The Daily Telegraph. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ a b Barnard, Stephanie (27 July 2009). "Kinnock came and didn't conquer". BBC News Sheffield & South Yorkshire. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "UK General Election 1992 – Neil "We're Alright" Kinnock at the 1992 Sheffield Rally". YouTube. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2019. ^ "Neil, Kinnock's regret of 'all right' Sheffield 1992 rally". BBC News. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2021. ^ Parish, Jim (1 January 1999). "It was tax what lost it for Labour". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2016. ^ Wells, Anthony. "Polls from 1987–1992". Retrieved 5 May 2019. ^ Westlake, Martin (2001). Kinnock: The Biography. pp. 560–564. ^ a b McDonald, Alyssa (29 April 2010). "The NS Interview: Neil Kinnock". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010. ^ Leapman, Michael (26 November 1995). "'Rush of blood' was Kinnock's downfall". The Independent. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ Richards, Steve (2021). The Prime Ministers We Never Had; Success and Failure from Butler to Corbyn. London: Atlantic Books. pp. 157–158. ISBN 978 1 83895 241 9. ^ Engel, Matthew (7 November 2002). "Lights go dim on Democrat fortunes". The Guardian. St Paul, Minnesota. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ Bryant, Nick (14 November 2007). "Braving the Comedy watch-list". BBC. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ Rentoul, John (21 February 2020). "The Top 10: Moments When Campaigns Were Supposedly Lost But Weren't (Because They Were Already Lost)". The Independent. Retrieved 19 October 2021. External links Labour in triumphant mood at the Sheffield Rally vteNeil KinnockPolitical career Leader of the Labour Party (1983–1992) Shadow Cabinet Member of Parliament for Bedwellty (1970–1983) Member of Parliament for Islwyn (1983–1995) Shadow Cabinet elections 1980 1981 1982 Party elections 1983 1988 General elections 1987 1992 Family Glenys Kinnock (wife) Stephen Kinnock (son) Helle Thorning-Schmidt (daughter-in-law) Related topics Sheffield Rally War of Jennifer's Ear vte1992 United Kingdom general election MPs elected Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Opinion polling Incumbent prime minister: John Major (Conservative) Appointed prime minister: John Major (Conservative) Parties elected to the House of Commons Conservative (John Major) Labour (Neil Kinnock) Liberal Democrats (Paddy Ashdown) Ulster Unionist Party (Jim Molyneaux) Plaid Cymru (Dafydd Wigley) Social Democratic and Labour Party (John Hume) Scottish National Party (Alex Salmond) Democratic Unionist Party (Ian Paisley) Ulster Popular Unionist Party (James Kilfedder) Results by area England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales See also 1992 United Kingdom budget It's The Sun Wot Won It Sheffield Rally Shy Tory factor Southern Discomfort War of Jennifer's Ear	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Neil_Kinnock,_Member_of_the_EC_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Neil Kinnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Kinnock"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"1992 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"Neil Kinnock, whose performance at the rally was widely pannedThe Sheffield Rally was a political event held by the United Kingdom's Labour Party on Wednesday 1 April 1992, a week ahead of the 1992 general election on 9 April.","title":"Sheffield Rally"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC97-1"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Arena"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"shadow cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Neil_Kinnock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC97-1"},{"link_name":"Philip Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Gould,_Baron_Gould_of_Brookwood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph2011-2"},{"link_name":"election campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"was elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph2011-2"},{"link_name":"Neil Kinnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Kinnock"},{"link_name":"leader of the Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnard-3"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Roy Hattersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hattersley"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnard-3"}],"text":"An event in preparation for eighteen months,[1] the rally was held at the Sheffield Arena, an indoor sports venue in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. It was attended by 10,000 Labour Party members, including the entire shadow cabinet, and is reported to have cost some £100,000 to stage.[1] It was the idea of strategist Philip Gould,[2] who was involved in the subsequent successful election campaign of Bill Clinton, who was elected as President of the United States later that year.[2] Neil Kinnock, the leader of the Labour Party, was flown into the city by helicopter.[3]The rally was modelled partly on American presidential campaign conventions, with sound and light performances on the stage and celebrity endorsements played on a large video screen. At one point in the proceedings, Kinnock and the shadow cabinet paraded to the stage from the back of the venue, passing through an increasingly enthusiastic audience, with the shadow cabinet being introduced with titles such as \"The next Home Secretary\" (in reference to Roy Hattersley) and \"The next Prime Minister\" (in reference to Kinnock); Labour had been in opposition for 13 years and had lost the previous three consecutive general elections, in 1979, 1983 and 1987, to the Conservatives.This culminated in an emotional and animated Kinnock taking the podium and shouting a phrase four times which was generally reported as \"We're all right!\",[4] although Kinnock would later claim the phrase was \"Well all right!\" shouted \"in the manner of a rock and roll singer.\"[5] The footage has often been re-broadcast since as an example of overconfident campaigning. Kinnock followed this by proclaiming \"We'd better get some talking done here, serious talking.\"[3]","title":"The event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC97-1"},{"link_name":"hung parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliament"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald-9"},{"link_name":"David Dimbleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby"},{"link_name":"Shadow Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)"},{"link_name":"David Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davies_(football_administrator)"},{"link_name":"David Mellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mellor"},{"link_name":"Shirley Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Williams"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald-9"},{"link_name":"Steve Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Richards"},{"link_name":"John Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cole_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardspp157-158-11"},{"link_name":"Paul Wellstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wellstone"},{"link_name":"2002 United States Senate election in Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Howard Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Although Labour's internal polls at the time suggested the event had little effect on the level of support for the party, media commentators, and some prominent Labour politicians, thought the rally came over as \"triumphalist\" to television viewers of subsequent news programmes.[1]The Conservatives won the election eight days later, finishing eight percentage points ahead of Labour in voting, but with a much smaller parliamentary majority than in 1987. It is widely regarded as one of the most surprising election results of the 20th century, as pollsters had predicted a small Labour majority or a hung parliament.Mirroring Labour's poll results, several analysts and major participants in the campaign believe it actually had little effect. Jim Parish, senior campaigns officer for the Labour Party from 1985 to 1993 and an organiser of the rally, wrote: \"The catastrophic 6–7 per cent drop in Labour support occurred before the rally and was – I am reliably informed – known in Sheffield that night.\"[6] Polls conducted in the final week of the campaign continued to show either the two main parties neck-and-neck or Labour slightly ahead, as they had done prior to the rally.[7]Some accounts suggest the event only received widespread attention after the election,[8] an opinion Kinnock shared in an April 2010 New Statesman interview: \"It wasn't until about ten days after the election that people started writing about the 'hubristic Sheffield rally' and all the rest of it.\"[9]In fact, the rally was discussed several times during the BBC's election-night coverage; David Dimbleby questioned Labour's then Shadow Chancellor, John Smith, about the hubristic nature of the rally; BBC commentator David Davies suggested it may have hurt Labour in the Midlands, being seen as \"too self-congratulatory, too soon\"; and both Conservative David Mellor and Shirley Williams of the SDP discussed it in a roundtable conversation.In a 1995 interview for the BBC Two documentary series The Wilderness Years, Kinnock said: \"...all of the years in which I'd attempted to build a fairly reserved, starchy persona – in a few seconds, they slipped away.\"[10] In the 2010 New Statesman interview, Kinnock expressed a different opinion on the effect of his performance at the rally. He said: \"Given my time again, I wouldn't repeat it – but the great legend is complete, bloody rubbish.\"[9]In 2021, writing on Kinnock's failure to become Prime Minister, Steve Richards argued that the rally had \"acquired a mythological status as fatal event\", but noted that prior to Labour's defeat \"there was no suggestion that Kinnock had made a terrible blunder\". He noted that the BBC's political editor John Cole had indicated he had been impressed in his live reporting of the rally and it was only retrospectively that it started to be portrayed as showing Kinnock as \"overconfident and cocky\". Richards concluded that blaming the event for Labour's defeat was \"a red herring\" and the party would have lost the election even if there had been no Sheffield Rally.[11]The event is often mentioned in relation to other purported political miscalculations or gaffes, such as the Paul Wellstone memorial during the 2002 United States Senate election in Minnesota.[12] or the Howard Dean \"Dean Scream\" incident.[13][14]","title":"Aftermath"}]	[{"image_text":"Neil Kinnock, whose performance at the rally was widely panned","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Official_portrait_of_Neil_Kinnock%2C_Member_of_the_EC_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Official_portrait_of_Neil_Kinnock%2C_Member_of_the_EC_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Official_portrait_of_Neil_Kinnock%2C_Member_of_the_EC_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Official_portrait_of_Neil_Kinnock%2C_Member_of_the_EC_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Key Issues in the 1992 Campaign\". BBC News, Politics '97. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/background/pastelec/92keyiss.shtml","url_text":"\"Key Issues in the 1992 Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: \"Lord Gould of Brookwood\"\". The Daily Telegraph. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8874053/Lord-Gould-of-Brookwood.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: \"Lord Gould of Brookwood\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Barnard, Stephanie (27 July 2009). \"Kinnock came and didn't conquer\". BBC News Sheffield & South Yorkshire. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/sheffield/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8170000/8170344.stm","url_text":"\"Kinnock came and didn't conquer\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK General Election 1992 – Neil \"We're Alright\" Kinnock at the 1992 Sheffield Rally\". YouTube. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TOgB3Smvro","url_text":"\"UK General Election 1992 – Neil \"We're Alright\" Kinnock at the 1992 Sheffield Rally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neil, Kinnock's regret of 'all right' Sheffield 1992 rally\". BBC News. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-39531021","url_text":"\"Neil, Kinnock's regret of 'all right' Sheffield 1992 rally\""}]},{"reference":"Parish, Jim (1 January 1999). \"It was tax what lost it for Labour\". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606022117/http://www.newstatesman.com/199901010027","url_text":"\"It was tax what lost it for Labour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman","url_text":"New Statesman"},{"url":"http://www.newstatesman.com/199901010027","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wells, Anthony. \"Polls from 1987–1992\". Retrieved 5 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/historical-polls/voting-intention-1987-1992","url_text":"\"Polls from 1987–1992\""}]},{"reference":"Westlake, Martin (2001). Kinnock: The Biography. pp. 560–564.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McDonald, Alyssa (29 April 2010). \"The NS Interview: Neil Kinnock\". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100501171554/http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/05/labour-party-interview-win","url_text":"\"The NS Interview: Neil Kinnock\""},{"url":"http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/05/labour-party-interview-win","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leapman, Michael (26 November 1995). \"'Rush of blood' was Kinnock's downfall\". The Independent. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rush-of-blood-was-kinnocks-downfall-1583723.html","url_text":"\"'Rush of blood' was Kinnock's downfall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Steve (2021). The Prime Ministers We Never Had; Success and Failure from Butler to Corbyn. London: Atlantic Books. pp. 157–158. ISBN 978 1 83895 241 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_1_83895_241_9","url_text":"978 1 83895 241 9"}]},{"reference":"Engel, Matthew (7 November 2002). \"Lights go dim on Democrat fortunes\". The Guardian. St Paul, Minnesota. Retrieved 19 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/07/usa.matthewengel","url_text":"\"Lights go dim on Democrat fortunes\""}]},{"reference":"Bryant, Nick (14 November 2007). \"Braving the Comedy watch-list\". BBC. Retrieved 19 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/nickbryant/2007/11/braving_the_comedy_watchlist_1.html","url_text":"\"Braving the Comedy watch-list\""}]},{"reference":"Rentoul, John (21 February 2020). \"The Top 10: Moments When Campaigns Were Supposedly Lost But Weren't (Because They Were Already Lost)\". The Independent. Retrieved 19 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/top-10-moments-when-campaigns-were-supposedly-lost-weren-t-a9347671.html","url_text":"\"The Top 10: Moments When Campaigns Were Supposedly Lost But Weren't (Because They Were Already Lost)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/background/pastelec/92keyiss.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Key Issues in the 1992 Campaign\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8874053/Lord-Gould-of-Brookwood.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: \"Lord Gould of Brookwood\"\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/sheffield/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8170000/8170344.stm","external_links_name":"\"Kinnock came and didn't conquer\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/7TOgB3Smvro","external_links_name":"Ghostarchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100429203348/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TOgB3Smvro","external_links_name":"Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TOgB3Smvro","external_links_name":"\"UK General Election 1992 – Neil \"We're Alright\" Kinnock at the 1992 Sheffield Rally\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-39531021","external_links_name":"\"Neil, Kinnock's regret of 'all right' Sheffield 1992 rally\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606022117/http://www.newstatesman.com/199901010027","external_links_name":"\"It was tax what lost it for Labour\""},{"Link":"http://www.newstatesman.com/199901010027","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/historical-polls/voting-intention-1987-1992","external_links_name":"\"Polls from 1987–1992\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100501171554/http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/05/labour-party-interview-win","external_links_name":"\"The NS Interview: Neil Kinnock\""},{"Link":"http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/05/labour-party-interview-win","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rush-of-blood-was-kinnocks-downfall-1583723.html","external_links_name":"\"'Rush of blood' was Kinnock's downfall\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/07/usa.matthewengel","external_links_name":"\"Lights go dim on Democrat fortunes\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/nickbryant/2007/11/braving_the_comedy_watchlist_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Braving the Comedy watch-list\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/top-10-moments-when-campaigns-were-supposedly-lost-weren-t-a9347671.html","external_links_name":"\"The Top 10: Moments When Campaigns Were Supposedly Lost But Weren't (Because They Were Already Lost)\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote2001/in_depth/election_battles/1992qt_sheffield.stm","external_links_name":"Labour in triumphant mood at the Sheffield Rally"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Robinson_(Canadian_football)	Gary Robinson (Canadian football)	["1 References"]	Canadian football player (1948–2019) Gary RobinsonBorn:(1948-07-07)July 7, 1948Died:February 2019(2019-02-00) (aged 70)Career informationCFL statusNationalPosition(s)DL, DE, DTHeight6 ft 4 in (193 cm)Weight265 lb (120 kg)UniversitySimon FraserCFL draft1969, Round: 2, Pick: 10th overallDrafted byWinnipeg Blue BombersCareer historyAs player1969–1978BC Lions1978Hamilton Tiger-Cats Gary Robinson (July 7, 1948 – February 2019) was a Canadian football player who played for the BC Lions from 1969 to 1978. He previously played football at Simon Fraser University. References ^ "Gary Robinson football statistics on StatsCrew.com". ^ "Former B.C. Lions defensive lineman Gary Robinson dies at 70". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 2019-02-10. This biographical article relating to a Canadian football defensive lineman is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"BC Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Lions"},{"link_name":"Simon Fraser University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Gary Robinson (July 7, 1948 – February 2019) was a Canadian football player who played for the BC Lions from 1969 to 1978. He previously played football at Simon Fraser University.[1][2]","title":"Gary Robinson (Canadian football)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gary Robinson football statistics on StatsCrew.com\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justsportsstats.com/footballstatsindex.php?player_id=robingar001","url_text":"\"Gary Robinson football statistics on StatsCrew.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former B.C. Lions defensive lineman Gary Robinson dies at 70\". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 2019-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/sports/football/cfl/bc-lions/former-b-c-lions-defensive-lineman-gary-robinson-dies-at-70/wcm/87bdabc2-2359-4b40-b83f-6d0d0cd5e793","url_text":"\"Former B.C. Lions defensive lineman Gary Robinson dies at 70\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.justsportsstats.com/footballstatsindex.php?player_id=robingar001","external_links_name":"\"Gary Robinson football statistics on StatsCrew.com\""},{"Link":"https://vancouversun.com/sports/football/cfl/bc-lions/former-b-c-lions-defensive-lineman-gary-robinson-dies-at-70/wcm/87bdabc2-2359-4b40-b83f-6d0d0cd5e793","external_links_name":"\"Former B.C. Lions defensive lineman Gary Robinson dies at 70\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Robinson_(Canadian_football)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig-Westpreu%C3%9Fen	Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia	["1 History","2 Population","2.1 Extermination and expulsion of ethnic Poles and Jews by Nazi Germany","3 Administration","4 Polish resistance","5 Post-war","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources"]	Administrative division of Nazi Germany Reichsgau Danzig-West PrussiaReichsgau of Nazi Germany1939–1945 Flag Coat of arms Map of Nazi Germany showing its administrativesubdivisions (Gaue and Reichsgaue)CapitalDanzigGovernmentGauleiter • 1939–1945 Albert Forster History • Establishment 8 October 1939• Disestablishment 1 August 1945 Preceded by Succeeded by Pomeranian Voivodeship Free City of Danzig Marienwerder Gau East Prussia Gdańsk Voivodeship Masurian District Today part ofPoland Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia (German: Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreußen) was an administrative division of Nazi Germany created on 8 October 1939 from annexed territory of the Free City of Danzig, the Greater Pomeranian Voivodship (Polish Corridor), and the Regierungsbezirk West Prussia of Gau East Prussia. Before 2 November 1939, the Reichsgau was called Reichsgau West Prussia. Though the name resembled that of the pre-1920 Prussian province of West Prussia, the territory was not identical. Unlike the former Prussian province, the Reichsgau included the Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) region in the south and lacked the Deutsch-Krone (Wałcz) region in the west. The province's capital was Danzig (Gdańsk), and its population without the city was (in 1939) 1,487,452. The province's area was 26,056 km2, 21,237 km2 of which was annexed Danzig and Pomeranian territory. During the Reichsgau's short existence, Poles and Jews in that area were subjected by Nazi Germany to extermination as "subhumans". History Further information: History of Pomerania (1933–1945) The Prussian province West Prussia created from Polish territory annexed by Prussia in Partitions of Poland was dissolved in 1920, following the Treaty of Versailles. The bulk of it inhabited by Polish majority became part of the newly established Second Republic of Poland and was administered as Pomeranian Voivodship (Polish Corridor). The eastern remains of German West Prussia were attached to the Province of East Prussia as Regierungsbezirk West Prussia - a Regierungsbezirk ("government region") being a German administrative subunit of a province (Provinz) comprising several counties (Kreise). The western remains of German West Prussia were merged to the German remains of the former Province of Posen and made a new province, Posen-West Prussia. After the Nazis came to power in Germany, they reformed the administrative system by transforming the former German provinces and states into their Gau system in 1935 as a part of their Gleichschaltung policy. In 1938, German Posen-West Prussia was dissolved and its former West Prussian territory was attached to the German Pomeranian Gau. Also in 1938, the Polish Pomeranian Voivodship was expanded southward to comprise the Bydgoszcz region. The resulting enlarged Pomeranian voivodeship was called Greater Pomeranian Voivodship (Wielkopomorskie). When Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, this Greater Pomeranian voivodship was first made the German military district "West Prussia", and by a decree of Adolf Hitler on 8 October merged with the Free City of Danzig and the East Prussian Regierungsbezirk West Prussia, to form the Reichsgau West Prussia. The western remains remained outside and continued to be administered by the German Pomeranian Gau as Regierungsbezirk Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia according to the 1938 reform, while the Bromberg (Bydogoszcz) region stayed with Reichsgau West Prussia and was not attached to Reichsgau Posen, the later "Warthegau". The designation Reichsgau instead of just Gau indicates that the province primarily consisted of annexed territory. A Gauleiter of a Reichsgau was also titled Reichsstatthalter. Other Reichsgaue were e.g. Reichsgau Wartheland and Reichsgau Sudetenland. The Free City of Danzig comprised the Nazi Party's Gau Danzig which had been established in March 1926. The Gauleiters of Gau Danzig were: Hans Albert Hohnfeldt (March 1926 - June 1928) Walter Maass, Acting (August 1928 - March 1929) Erich Koch, Acting (March 1929 - September 1930) Arthur Greiser, Acting (October 1930), and Albert Forster (from 15 October 1930) On 1 September 1939 at the start of the war, Germany immediately annexed the Free City of Danzig. Following the establishment of the new Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia on 8 October, Forster was named Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of the expanded territory on 26 October. Population The Reichsgau was very heterogenous, like the territory, which comprised territory of the pre-war Danzig (completely), of Germany (West Prussia Government Region) and of Poland (roughly the Pomeranian Voivodeship), the population amounted to 2,179,000 altogether, with 1,494,000 Polish citizens of mostly Polish ethnicity, 408,000 Danzig citizens of mostly German ethnicity and 277,000 German citizens of mostly German ethnicity. The German occupiers considered the Danzig and Polish citizenships as naught, due to the de facto abolition of these two states. Christian Danzigers and Christian Poles of German ethnicity were granted German citizenship, Jewish Danzigers, and Jewish Poles of which ethnicity so ever were denied the German citizenship. As to Christian Danzigers and Christian Poles of Polish ethnicity the acceptance as citizens was mostly denied, but under certain circumstances granted. Extermination and expulsion of ethnic Poles and Jews by Nazi Germany Polish nationals rounded up during the ethnic cleansing of Gdynia, September 1939 Main articles: Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany and Holocaust Nazi German policy aimed at extermination of Jewish and Polish population. Mass-murder sites in the region include: Stutthof concentration camp, where over 85,000 died (mostly Poles); Piaśnica, where some 12,000 local Polish-Kashub intelligentsia and others were murdered. Nazi policy to exterminate the Polish and Jewish populations was conducted in several phases; the first stage occurred in September 1939. The main Nazi responsible for genocide conducted in the Pomeranian Voivodeship was Gauleiter Albert Forster, who was involved in the mass murder and ethnic cleansing of Jews and ethnic Poles and enlisted to his program, often under threat of violence, Polish citizens—descendants of Germanic settlers—whom the Nazis saw as Germans. Forster declared that Poles must be eradicated: "We must exterminate this nation, starting from the cradle." The Reichsgau was the site of the Stutthof concentration camp and its sub camps where over 85,000 people were executed or died of illness, starvation or mistreatment. Of the 52,000 Jews who were sent to the camp only around 3,000 would survive. During the Winter of 1939/40 between 12,000 and 16,000 people were murdered at Piaśnica by Einsatzkommando 16, units of the 36th Regiment of SS, and members of the Selbstschutz, a militia force made up of Poles of German ethnicity. The local Selbstschutz, under the command of Ludolf von Alvensleben, numbered 17,667 and before their disbandment in October 1939 had killed 4,247 people. Commander of the Selbstschutz Ludolf von Alvensleben told his men on 16 October 1939: You are now the master race here. Nothing was yet built up through softness and weakness... That’s why I expect, just as our Führer Adolf Hitler expects from you, that you are disciplined, but stand together hard as Krupp steel. Don’t be soft, be merciless, and clear out everything that is not German and could hinder us in the work of construction. Jews did not figure prominently among the victims in West Prussia, as the area's Jewish population was small and most had fled before the Germans arrived. However, in places where they were present, they were expelled and murdered in what was classified as "other measures" which simply meant murder. In areas where Jewish families or individuals remained, a "shameful situation" was proclaimed, and Nazi authorities expected the Selbstschutz to remedy it through "direct action". In August 1943 around 500 Jews from a camp in the Pomeranian Voivodeship were sent to Auschwitz, out of which 434 were immediately killed upon arrival It is estimated that, by war's end, up to 60,000 people had been murdered in the region, and up to 170,000 expelled. though other estimates place the figure at around 35,000. Forster himself reported that, by February 1940, 87,000 people had been "evacuated" from the region. Counties (Regierungsbezirk) and districts (Kreis), 1944 Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia on the map of the Second Polish Republic Administration Danzig-West Prussia was divided into three government regions (Regierungsbezirk), with the name-giving capital cities of Bromberg, Danzig and Marienwerder. In 1939 the Free City of Danzig was annexed to Germany. After a brief transitional period, its territory became part of the restored Regierungsbezirk Danzig in the Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreussen (the restored Prussian Province of West Prussia) and was divided into nine districts (Kreise): Kreis Berent Danzig-Land (Rural) Danzig-Stadt City Dirschau Elbing-Land (Rural) Grosses Werder Karthaus Neustadt Zoppot City County (detached from Neustadt) Regierungsbezirk Danzig Governing Presidents/Regierungspräsidenten: 1940–1943 – Fritz Hermann 1943–1945 – Albert Forster The NSDAP gauleiter of Danzig, Albert Forster, became leader of Civil Administration in Danzig in 1939, as well as Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of the Reichsgau. He remained the most powerful politician throughout the war, until the area was overrun by the Soviet forces in March 1945. The Wehrmacht established there the Wehrkreis XX, based at Danzig, under the command of General der Artillerie Walter Heitz (11 Sep 1939 - 23 Oct 1939) (as Befehlshaber Danzig-Westpreußen) General der Infanterie Max Bock (23 Oct 1939 - 30 Apr 1943) General der Infanterie Bodewin Keitel (30 Apr 1943 - 30 Nov 1944) General der Infanterie Karl-Wilhelm Specht (1 Dec 1944 - ? Jan 1945) Polish resistance The Polish resistance movement was active in the region, both in the pre-war Polish and German-controlled parts of the region, with activities including secret Polish schooling, printing and distribution of Polish underground press, sabotage actions, espionage of German activity, smuggling data on German persecution of Poles and Jews and on German V-weapons to Western Europe and facilitating escapes of endangered Polish resistance members and Polish, British, French and Russian prisoners of war who fled from German POW camps via the port cities to neutral Sweden. In 1943, local Poles managed to save some kidnapped Polish children from the Zamość region, by buying them from the Germans during transport through the region. The Gestapo cracked down on the Polish resistance several times, with the Poles either killed or sent to prisons of concentration camps. Post-war In March 1945, the region was reclaimed by Poland, and the Nazi governor, Albert Forster, was later sentenced to death and executed for crimes against humanity. The German population (including wartime settlers, Nazis, and military officials) either fled or was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. See also World War II evacuation and expulsion Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany References ^ a b Piotr Eberhardt, Jan Owsinski, Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis, M.E. Sharpe, 2003, p.170, ISBN 0-7656-0665-8 ^ Andreas Toppe, Militär und Kriegsvölkerrecht: Rechtsnorm, Fachdiskurs und Kriegspraxis in Deutschland 1899-1940, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2008, p.398, ISBN 3-486-58206-2 ^ "Erlaß des Führers und Reichskanzlers über die Gliederung und Verwaltung der Ostgebiete" ^ a b Andreas Toppe, Militär und Kriegsvölkerrecht: Rechtsnorm, Fachdiskurs und Kriegspraxis in Deutschland 1899-1940, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2008, p.399, ISBN 3-486-58206-2 ^ Michael D. Miller and Andreas Schulz (2012). Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925-1945, Vol. 1. R. James Bender Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1932970210. ^ Michael D. Miller and Andreas Schulz (2012). Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925-1945, Vol. 1. R. James Bender Publishing. p. 198. ISBN 978-1932970210. ^ Stefan Samerski, «Ein aussichtsloses Unternehmen – die „Reaktivierung“ Bischof Eduard Graf O'Rourkes 1939», in: Im Gedächtnis der Kirche neu erwachen: Studien zur Geschichte des Christentums in Mittel- und Osteuropa; Festgabe für Gabriel Adriányi zum 65. Geburtstag, Reimund Haas (ed.), Cologne et al.: Böhlau, 2000, pp. 373–386, here pp. 373seq. ISBN 3-412-04100-9. ^ Elżbieta Maria Grot, custodian of Stutthof State Museum, "Ludobójstwo w Piaśnicy jesienią 1939 r. ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem losu mieszkańców Gdyni" ("Mass Murder in Piaśnica in Autumn 1939, with Particular Reference to the Fates of Residents of Gdynia") ^ "Tereny Pomorza już w pierwszych godzinach wojny stały się miejscem egzekucji ludności polskiej. Akcja eksterminacyjna przebiegała tutaj w kilku fazach. Okres pierwszy trwał zasadniczo przez cały wrzesień 1939 r." ("Polish population in Pomorze were executed as early as the first hours of the war. The extermination program was conducted there in several phases. The first stage basically lasted through all of September 1939.") Bogdan Chrzanowski, "Wypędzenia z Pomorza-Etapy Eksterminacji" ("Expulsions from Pomorze: Stages of Extermination"), Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance), 2004, no. 5. ^ Eugenia Bożena Kłodecka-Kaczyńska, Michał Ziółkowski, Byłem numerem--: świadectwa z Auschwitz (I Was Number...: Testimony from Auschwitz), Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek (published by the Sisters of Loreto), 1 January 2003, p. 14. ^ "Szczególny niepokój wywołała wśród mieszkańców jego wyraźna zapowiedź akcji zagłady Polaków, streszcząjąca się choćby w tym jednym zdaniu: 'Musimy ten naród wytępić od kołyski począwszy.'" ("Particular concern was evoked among inhabitants by his clear declaration of his intent to exterminate Poles, summarized in his statement: 'We must exterminate this nation, starting from the cradle.'") Barbara Bojarska, Piaśnica, miejsce martyrologii i pamięci: z badań nad zbrodniami hilerowskimi na Pomorzu (Piaśnica, Place of Martyrdom and Remembrance: Investigations into Nazi Crimes in Pomorze), 1989, p. 20. ^ Dieter Schenk, Albert Forster: Gdański namiestnik Hitlera: zbrodnie hitlerowskie w Gdańsku i Prusach Zachodnich (Albert Forster, Hitler's Danzig Proconsul: Nazi Crimes in Gdańsk and East Prussia), Gdańsk, POLNORD, 2002, p. 388. ^ Gilbert, M (2012), The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust, Routledge, p. 252. ^ Ian Kershaw (25 October 2001). Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 242–43. ISBN 978-0-14-192581-3. ^ The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy.. By Christopher R. Browning, page 34. ^ The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy.. By Christopher R. Browning, page 35. ^ Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944. - Page 211. Wolf Gruner, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - 2006 - "On August 21, 1943, a transport with 500 Jews from the Pomeranian Autobahn camp pulled into Auschwitz. Only sixty-six men were selected for the camp; the rest were immediately murdered." ^ Paweł Kosiński, Barbara Polak, "Nie zamierzam podejmować żadnej polemiki – wywiad z prof. Witoldem Kuleszą" ("'I'm Not Getting into Any Polemics': An Interview with Prof. Witold Kulesza"), Biuletyn IPN (Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance), no. 12-1 (35-36), grudzień-styczeń (December–January) 2003-2004, pp. 4-23. ^ Bogdan Chrzanowski, "Wypędzenia z Pomorza" ("Expulsions from Pomorze"), Biuletyn IPN (Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance), no. 5/2004 (maj 2004). ^ Martin Gilbert, The Second World War, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989, p.27. ^ Browning, p. 33. ^ Axis History ^ Chrzanowski, Bogdan. "Organizacja sieci przerzutów drogą morską z Polski do Szwecji w latach okupacji hitlerowskiej (1939–1945)". Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum (in Polish). 5: 16, 25, 29–30, 33–34. ISSN 0137-5377. ^ Kozaczyńska, Beata (2020). "Gdy zabrakło łez... Tragizm losu polskich dzieci wysiedlonych z Zamojszczyzny (1942-1943)". In Kostkiewicz, Janina (ed.). Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945) (in Polish). Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska. p. 123. Sources (in German) Shoa.de - List of Gaue and Gauleiter (in German) Die NS Gaue at the Deutsches Historisches Museum website. (in German) Die Gaue der NSDAP vteAdministrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupationsAdministrativedivisions ofNazi GermanyGaus (Altreich)Founded Baden-Alsace Bayreuth Berlin Cologne–Aachen Düsseldorf Eastern Hanover East Prussia Electoral Hesse Essen Franconia Halle-Merseburg Hamburg Hesse-Nassau Lower Silesia Magdeburg-Anhalt Main Franconia March of Brandenburg Mecklenburg Moselland Munich–Upper Bavaria NSDAP/AO Pomerania Saxony Schleswig-Holstein Silesia Swabia Southern Hanover–Brunswick Thuringia Upper Silesia Weser-Ems Westphalia-North Westphalia-South Westmark Württemberg-Hohenzollern Proposed Prinz-Eugen (Reichsfestung Belgrad) Holland ReichsgausFounded Danzig–West Prussia Sudetenland Wartheland Austria Carinthia Lower Danube Upper Danube Salzburg Styria Tyrol–Vorarlberg Vienna Proposed Banat Beskidland Brabant Burgundy Flanders Galicia Gothland Nordmark Vandalland Venice Vistulaland Wallonia Westland Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe Gelderland and Overijssel North Holland and Utrecht South Holland and Zeeland North Brabant and Limburg Partial annexationsFounded Bohemia and Moravia General Government Galicia Kraków Lublin Radom Warsaw Proposed Burgundy (SS) Holland (SS) Lombardy GermanoccupationsCivil Administration Areas Alsace Carinthia and Carniola Gebiet Bialystok Lorraine Lower Styria Luxembourg Posen Sudetenland West Prussia Zichenau DistrictsFounded Bialystok Proposed Brussels Military administrations Army Group Rear Area Command Belgium and Northern France Croatia France (Atlantic Wall ‧ zone réservée) Slovakia Greece Luxembourg Poland Serbia Banat Operational Zones Adriatic Littoral Ljubljana Alpine Foothills Puppet administrationsFounded Albania Asch Austria Belarus Chechnya-Ingushetia Croatia Czechoslovakia Denmark Flanders France Greece Hungary Italy Lithuania Lepel Lokot Netherlands Nias Norway (Quisling I) Norway (Administrative Council) Norway (Quisling II) Macedonia Montenegro Serbia (Commissioner Government) Serbia (Council of Ministers) Slovakia Ukraine Wallonia Zuyev Republic Exiled Belarus Bulgaria Cossackia France Greece Hungary Montenegro Romania Russia (ODNR) Russia (KONR) Serbia Slovakia Turkestan Ukraine Wallonia Proposed Brittany ReichskommissariatsFounded Belgium and Northern France Netherlands Norway Ostland Ukraine Proposed Caucasia Don-Volga Muscovy Turkestan Ural Other occupations Finland Monaco San Marino Tunisia OtherFounded New Swabia Weather Station Kurt Schatzgräber Holzauge Bassgeiger Edelweiss Proposed Nordstern Strength Through Joy holiday resorts vteHistory of Pomerania 10,000 BC – 600 AD 600–1100 1100–1300 1300–1500 1500–1806 1806–1933 1933–1945 1945–present AdministrativeWestern Pomerania Billung March Northern March Principality of Rügen Duchy of Pomerania House of Pomerania List of Dukes Gützkow Partitions Pomerania-Demmin Pomerania-Stettin Pomerania-Schlawe Pomerania-Wolgast Pomerania-Stolp Pomerania-Neustettin Pomerania-Stargard Pomerania-Rügenwalde Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp Pomerania-Barth Swedish Pomerania Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 Stettin Region Stralsund Region List of placenames Enclave of Police Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952 Bezirk Frankfurt Bezirk Neubrandenburg Bezirk Rostock Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998 Contemporary Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Brandenburg West Pomeranian Voivodeship Farther Pomerania Duchy of Pomerania House of Pomerania List of Dukes Cammin Schlawe-Stolp Partitions Pomerania-Stolp Brandenburgian Pomerania Starostwo of Draheim Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 Stettin Region Köslin Region List of placenames Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998 Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998 Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Contemporary West Pomeranian Voivodeship Pomeranian Voivodeship Lauenburg-Bütow classified as Farther Pomerania or Pomerelia Duchy of Pomerania House of Pomerania List of Dukes Partitions Royal Prussia Pomeranian Voivodeship Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn Brandenburgian Pomerania Lauenburg and Bütow Land Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 Köslin Region Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Contemporary Pomeranian Voivodeship Pomerelia (Kashubia, Kociewie, Tuchola Forest, Chełmno Land) Polish Pomerelia Danish Pomerelia Duchy of Pomerelia Samborides Duchy of Gdańsk Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo Duchy of Białogarda Duchy of Lubiszewo Duchy of Świecie State of the Teutonic Order Royal Prussia 1466–1793 Pomeranian Voivodeship Chełmno Voivodeship Free City of Danzig 1807–1814 West Prussia Posen-West Prussia Region Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939 (Polish Corridor) Free City of Danzig 1920–1939 Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975 Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975 Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998 Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998 Toruń Voivodeship 1975–1998 Contemporary Pomeranian Voivodeship West Pomeranian Voivodeship Gmina Biały Bór Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship EcclesiasticalRoman CatholicHistorical Christianization of Pomerania Diocese of Wollin/Cammin Diocese of Kolberg Diocese of Chełmno Diocese of Roskilde Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig Apostolic Administration of Tütz Prelature of Schneidemühl Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl) with see in Gorzów Wielkopolski 1945–1972 Extant Archdiocese of Berlin Diocese of Bydgoszcz Archdiocese of Gdańsk Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg Diocese of Pelplin Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień Diocese of Toruń Diocese of Włocławek ProtestantHistorical Protestant Reformation Evangelical State Church in Prussia Pomeranian Evangelical Church Extant Protestant Church in Germany Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław Pentecostal Church in Poland Demography and anthropologyArchaeological cultures Hamburg Maglemosian Ertebølle-Ellerbek Linear Pottery Funnelbeaker Havelland Corded Ware Comb Ceramic Nordic Bronze Age Lusatian Jastorf Pomeranian Oksywie Wielbark Gustow Dębczyn (Denzin) Peoples Gepids Goths Lemovii Rugii Vidivarii Vistula Veneti Slavic Pomeranians Prissani Rani Ukrani Veleti Lutici Velunzani German Pomeranians Kashubians Poles Slovincians Major demographic events Migration Period Ostsiedlung WWII flight and expulsion of Germans Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians Languages and dialectsWest Germanic Low German Low Prussian Central Pomeranian Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch East Pomeranian West Pomeranian Standard German West Slavic Polabian Polish Pomeranian Kashubian Slovincian Treaties1200–1500 Kremmen (1236) Landin (1250) Kępno (1282) Soldin (1309) Templin (1317) Ueckermünde (1327) Kalisz (1343) Stralsund (1354) Stralsund (1370) Pyzdry (1390) Raciążek (1404) Thorn, First (1411) Eberswalde, First (1415) Melno (1422) Perleberg (1427) Eberswalde, Second (1427) Łęczyca (1433) Brześć Kujawski (1435) Soldin (1466) Thorn, Second (1466) Prenzlau (1448/1468/1472/1479) Pyritz (1493) 1500–1700 Thorn (1521) Kraków (1525) Grimnitz (1529) Augsburg (1555) Lublin (1569) Stettin (1570) Franzburg (1627) Stettin (1630) Westphalia (1648) Stettin (1653) Labiau (1656) Wehlau and Bromberg (1657) Oliva (1660) Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) Lund (1679) 1700–present Stockholm (1719 / 1720) Frederiksborg (1720) Polish Partitions Treaties (1772/1773, 1793, 1795) Tilsit (1807) Kiel (1814) Vienna (1815) North German Confederation Treaty (1866) Peace of Prague (1866) Versailles (1919) Polish Concordat (1925) Prussian Concordat (1929) Reichskonkordat (1933) Molotov–Ribbentrop (1939) Potsdam (1945) Zgorzelec (1951) Moscow (1970) Warsaw (1970) Helsinki Accords (1975) Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement (1989) Two Plus Four (1990) German Reunification Treaty (1990) German–Polish Border Treaty (1991) Treaty of Good Neighbourship (1991) Polish Concordat (1993) Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution (1996) Treaty of Accession 2003 vteGdańsk articlesHistory of GdańskTimeline Hanseatic League Sieges 1308 1577 1655–1660 1734 1807 1813 1945 Danzig rebellion Battle of Oliwa Sevenfold Sun miracle History of the Jews in Gdańsk Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic) Region of Danzig Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia Free City of Danzig Parliament Senate anthem government in exile Danzig law Polish Post Office Postal history Battle of Westerplatte Battle of Danzig Bay Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig East Pomeranian offensive Polish protests of 1970 21 demands of MKS Gdańsk Agreement Related Coat of arms Kashubians Danzig gulden Goldwasser Marienbrunn Abbey Academic Gymnasium Danzig Danzig Research Society Polish Corridor SS Heimwehr Danzig Danzig Cross Gdańsk Shipyard SS Sołdek Lech Wałęsa Solidarity Tricity PoliticsMayors of Danzig Conrad Letzkau Adrian von der Linde Daniel Gralath Gottlieb Hufeland Clemens von Delbrück Heinrich Sahm Ernst Ziehm Hermann Rauschning Arthur Greiser Albert Forster Mayors of Gdańsk Franciszek Kotus-Jankowski Bolesław Nowicki Piotr Stolarek Stanisław Schmidt Julian Cybulski Stanisław Schmidt Tadeusz Bejm Jan Nikołajew Andrzej Kaznowski Jerzy Młynarczyk Kazimierz Rynkowski Jerzy Pasiński Jacek Starościak Franciszek Jamroż Tomasz Posadzki Paweł Adamowicz Aleksandra Dulkiewicz Districts Aniołki Brętowo Brzeźno Chełm Jasień Kokoszki Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie Letnica Matarnia Młyniska Nowy Port Oliwa Olszynka Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce Osowa Piecki-Migowo Przeróbka Przymorze Małe Przymorze Wielkie Przymorze Rudniki Siedlce Śródmieście Biskupia Górka Główne Miasto Stare Miasto Stogi Strzyża Suchanino Ujeścisko-Łostowice VII Dwór Wrzeszcz Dolny Nowe Szkoty Wrzeszcz Górny Wrzeszcz Wyspa Sobieszewska Wzgórze Mickiewicza Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia Jelitkowo Zaspa-Młyniec Zaspa-Rozstaje Zaspa LandmarksMain City Artus Court City walls Długi Targ Golden Gate Granary Island Great Synagogue Green Gate Motława Neptune's Fountain Nowa Motława Ołowianka St. Mary's Church Archdiocese Town Hall Ulica Długa Uphagen's House Old Town John III Sobieski Monument Monument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970 Preachers' House St. Catherine's Church Metro area Abbot's Palace Oliwa Cathedral Ostrów Island Port Island Port of Gdańsk Przekop Wisły Ronald Reagan Park Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge Westerplatte Monument Wisłoujście Fortress Culture and events Baltic Days of Jewish Culture Baltic State Opera Ergo Arena Forum Gdańsk European Solidarity Centre Gdańsk City Stadium Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre Gdańsk Sports Center Stadium Hala Olivia Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art Museum of the Second World War National Maritime Museum National Museum Polish Baltic Philharmonic St. Dominic's Fair In popular culture The Jew The Tin Drum film Tajemnica Westerplatte Live from Gdańsk Live in Gdańsk Strike Zero Dark Thirty Walesa: Man of Hope Universities and academies Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk Gdańsk University of Technology Medical University of Gdańsk University of Gdańsk Category Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"administrative division of Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau"},{"link_name":"Free City of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Greater Pomeranian Voivodship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Pomeranian_Voivodship"},{"link_name":"Polish Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Regierungsbezirk West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienwerder_(region)"},{"link_name":"Gau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eberhardt170-1"},{"link_name":"Prussian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Wałcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C5%82cz"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eberhardt170-1"}],"text":"Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia (German: Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreußen) was an administrative division of Nazi Germany created on 8 October 1939 from annexed territory of the Free City of Danzig, the Greater Pomeranian Voivodship (Polish Corridor), and the Regierungsbezirk West Prussia of Gau East Prussia.Before 2 November 1939, the Reichsgau was called Reichsgau West Prussia.[1] Though the name resembled that of the pre-1920 Prussian province of West Prussia, the territory was not identical. Unlike the former Prussian province, the Reichsgau included the Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) region in the south and lacked the Deutsch-Krone (Wałcz) region in the west.The province's capital was Danzig (Gdańsk), and its population without the city was (in 1939) 1,487,452. The province's area was 26,056 km2, 21,237 km2 of which was annexed Danzig and Pomeranian territory.[1] During the Reichsgau's short existence, Poles and Jews in that area were subjected by Nazi Germany to extermination as \"subhumans\".","title":"Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Pomerania (1933–1945)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1933%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Prussian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Partitions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Second Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodship"},{"link_name":"Polish Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Province of East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Regierungsbezirk West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"counties (Kreise)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Province of Posen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Posen"},{"link_name":"Posen-West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Gau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Gleichschaltung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung"},{"link_name":"Posen-West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"West Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Gau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodship"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Greater Pomeranian Voivodship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Pomeranian_Voivodship"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"invaded Poland in September 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Greater Pomeranian voivodship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Pomeranian_voivodship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toppe398-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Free City of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"East Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Regierungsbezirk West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toppe399-4"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Gau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Regierungsbezirk Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Grenzmark_Posen-West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Bromberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromberg"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau Posen, the later \"Warthegau\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau"},{"link_name":"Gau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Gauleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauleiter"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau"},{"link_name":"Reichsstatthalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsstatthalter"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau Wartheland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hans Albert Hohnfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Albert_Hohnfeldt"},{"link_name":"Walter Maass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Maass"},{"link_name":"Erich Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Koch"},{"link_name":"Arthur Greiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Greiser"},{"link_name":"Albert Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Forster"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Further information: History of Pomerania (1933–1945)The Prussian province West Prussia created from Polish territory annexed by Prussia in Partitions of Poland was dissolved in 1920, following the Treaty of Versailles. The bulk of it inhabited by Polish majority became part of the newly established Second Republic of Poland and was administered as Pomeranian Voivodship (Polish Corridor). The eastern remains of German West Prussia were attached to the Province of East Prussia as Regierungsbezirk West Prussia - a Regierungsbezirk (\"government region\") being a German administrative subunit of a province (Provinz) comprising several counties (Kreise). The western remains of German West Prussia were merged to the German remains of the former Province of Posen and made a new province, Posen-West Prussia.After the Nazis came to power in Germany, they reformed the administrative system by transforming the former German provinces and states into their Gau system in 1935 as a part of their Gleichschaltung policy.In 1938, German Posen-West Prussia was dissolved and its former West Prussian territory was attached to the German Pomeranian Gau. Also in 1938, the Polish Pomeranian Voivodship was expanded southward to comprise the Bydgoszcz region. The resulting enlarged Pomeranian voivodeship was called Greater Pomeranian Voivodship (Wielkopomorskie).When Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, this Greater Pomeranian voivodship was first made the German military district \"West Prussia\",[2] and by a decree[3] of Adolf Hitler on 8 October merged with the Free City of Danzig and the East Prussian Regierungsbezirk West Prussia, to form the Reichsgau West Prussia.[4] The western remains remained outside and continued to be administered by the German Pomeranian Gau as Regierungsbezirk Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia according to the 1938 reform, while the Bromberg (Bydogoszcz) region stayed with Reichsgau West Prussia and was not attached to Reichsgau Posen, the later \"Warthegau\". The designation Reichsgau instead of just Gau indicates that the province primarily consisted of annexed territory. A Gauleiter of a Reichsgau was also titled Reichsstatthalter. Other Reichsgaue were e.g. Reichsgau Wartheland and Reichsgau Sudetenland.The Free City of Danzig comprised the Nazi Party's Gau Danzig which had been established in March 1926. The Gauleiters of Gau Danzig were:[5]Hans Albert Hohnfeldt (March 1926 - June 1928)Walter Maass, Acting (August 1928 - March 1929)Erich Koch, Acting (March 1929 - September 1930)Arthur Greiser, Acting (October 1930), andAlbert Forster (from 15 October 1930)On 1 September 1939 at the start of the war, Germany immediately annexed the Free City of Danzig. Following the establishment of the new Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia on 8 October, Forster was named Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of the expanded territory on 26 October.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Reichsgau was very heterogenous, like the territory, which comprised territory of the pre-war Danzig (completely), of Germany (West Prussia Government Region) and of Poland (roughly the Pomeranian Voivodeship), the population amounted to 2,179,000 altogether, with 1,494,000 Polish citizens of mostly Polish ethnicity, 408,000 Danzig citizens of mostly German ethnicity and 277,000 German citizens of mostly German ethnicity.[7] The German occupiers considered the Danzig and Polish citizenships as naught, due to the de facto abolition of these two states. Christian Danzigers and Christian Poles of German ethnicity were granted German citizenship, Jewish Danzigers, and Jewish Poles of which ethnicity so ever were denied the German citizenship. As to Christian Danzigers and Christian Poles of Polish ethnicity the acceptance as citizens was mostly denied, but under certain circumstances granted.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poles_arrested_in_Gdynia_September_1939.jpg"},{"link_name":"ethnic cleansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"link_name":"Gdynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia"},{"link_name":"Nazi German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Stutthof concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Piaśnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Kashub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashub"},{"link_name":"intelligentsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gauleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauleiter"},{"link_name":"Albert Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Forster"},{"link_name":"mass murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murder"},{"link_name":"ethnic cleansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stutthof concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"murdered at Piaśnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica"},{"link_name":"Einsatzkommando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzkommando"},{"link_name":"Selbstschutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selbstschutz"},{"link_name":"Ludolf von Alvensleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludolf_von_Alvensleben"},{"link_name":"Ludolf von Alvensleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludolf_von_Alvensleben"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kershaw2001-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danzig_West_Prussia_Reichsgau.png"},{"link_name":"Regierungsbezirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezirk"},{"link_name":"Kreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Prussia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prusy_zachodnie_1939.png"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"}],"sub_title":"Extermination and expulsion of ethnic Poles and Jews by Nazi Germany","text":"Polish nationals rounded up during the ethnic cleansing of Gdynia, September 1939Nazi German policy aimed at extermination of Jewish and Polish population. Mass-murder sites in the region include:Stutthof concentration camp, where over 85,000 died (mostly Poles);\nPiaśnica, where some 12,000 local Polish-Kashub intelligentsia and others were murdered.[8]Nazi policy to exterminate the Polish and Jewish populations was conducted in several phases; the first stage occurred in September 1939.[9] The main Nazi responsible for genocide conducted in the Pomeranian Voivodeship was Gauleiter Albert Forster, who was involved in the mass murder and ethnic cleansing of Jews and ethnic Poles and enlisted to his program, often under threat of violence, Polish citizens—descendants of Germanic settlers—whom the Nazis saw as Germans. Forster declared that Poles must be eradicated: \"We must exterminate this nation, starting from the cradle.\"[10][11][12]The Reichsgau was the site of the Stutthof concentration camp and its sub camps where over 85,000 people were executed or died of illness, starvation or mistreatment. Of the 52,000 Jews who were sent to the camp only around 3,000 would survive.[13]During the Winter of 1939/40 between 12,000 and 16,000 people were murdered at Piaśnica by Einsatzkommando 16, units of the 36th Regiment of SS, and members of the Selbstschutz, a militia force made up of Poles of German ethnicity. The local Selbstschutz, under the command of Ludolf von Alvensleben, numbered 17,667 and before their disbandment in October 1939 had killed 4,247 people.Commander of the Selbstschutz Ludolf von Alvensleben told his men on 16 October 1939:You are now the master race here. Nothing was yet built up through softness and weakness... That’s why I expect, just as our Führer Adolf Hitler expects from you, that you are disciplined, but stand together hard as Krupp steel. Don’t be soft, be merciless, and clear out everything that is not German and could hinder us in the work of construction.[14]Jews did not figure prominently among the victims in West Prussia, as the area's Jewish population was small and most had fled before the Germans arrived. However, in places where they were present, they were expelled and murdered in what was classified as \"other measures\" which simply meant murder.[15] In areas where Jewish families or individuals remained, a \"shameful situation\" was proclaimed, and Nazi authorities expected the Selbstschutz to remedy it through \"direct action\".[16] In August 1943 around 500 Jews from a camp in the Pomeranian Voivodeship were sent to Auschwitz, out of which 434 were immediately killed upon arrival [17]It is estimated that, by war's end, up to 60,000 people had been murdered in the region,[18] and up to 170,000 expelled.[19] though other estimates place the figure at around 35,000.[20] Forster himself reported that, by February 1940, 87,000 people had been \"evacuated\" from the region.[21]Counties (Regierungsbezirk) and districts (Kreis), 1944Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia on the map of the Second Polish Republic","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regierungsbezirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezirk"},{"link_name":"Bromberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromberg"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig"},{"link_name":"Marienwerder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienwerder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toppe399-4"},{"link_name":"Free City of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-Westpreussen"},{"link_name":"West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Kreis Berent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreis_Berent"},{"link_name":"Karthaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthaus_County"},{"link_name":"Neustadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_County"},{"link_name":"Albert Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Forster"},{"link_name":"NSDAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP"},{"link_name":"Reichsstatthalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsstatthalter"},{"link_name":"Walter Heitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Heitz"},{"link_name":"Max Bock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bock_(general)"},{"link_name":"Bodewin Keitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodewin_Keitel"},{"link_name":"Karl-Wilhelm Specht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Wilhelm_Specht"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Danzig-West Prussia was divided into three government regions (Regierungsbezirk), with the name-giving capital cities of Bromberg, Danzig and Marienwerder.[4]In 1939 the Free City of Danzig was annexed to Germany. After a brief transitional period, its territory became part of the restored Regierungsbezirk Danzig in the Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreussen (the restored Prussian Province of West Prussia) and was divided into nine districts (Kreise):Kreis Berent\nDanzig-Land (Rural)\nDanzig-Stadt City\nDirschau\nElbing-Land (Rural)\nGrosses Werder\nKarthaus\nNeustadt\nZoppot City County (detached from Neustadt)Regierungsbezirk Danzig\nGoverning Presidents/Regierungspräsidenten:1940–1943 – Fritz Hermann\n1943–1945 – Albert ForsterThe NSDAP gauleiter of Danzig, Albert Forster, became leader of Civil Administration in Danzig in 1939, as well as Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of the Reichsgau. He remained the most powerful politician throughout the war, until the area was overrun by the Soviet forces in March 1945.The Wehrmacht established there the Wehrkreis XX, based at Danzig, under the command ofGeneral der Artillerie Walter Heitz (11 Sep 1939 - 23 Oct 1939) (as Befehlshaber Danzig-Westpreußen)\nGeneral der Infanterie Max Bock (23 Oct 1939 - 30 Apr 1943)\nGeneral der Infanterie Bodewin Keitel (30 Apr 1943 - 30 Nov 1944)\nGeneral der Infanterie Karl-Wilhelm Specht (1 Dec 1944 - ? Jan 1945)[22]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish resistance movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"secret Polish schooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Polish underground press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_underground_press"},{"link_name":"V-weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-weapons"},{"link_name":"German POW camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"kidnapped Polish children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Zamość","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"}],"text":"The Polish resistance movement was active in the region, both in the pre-war Polish and German-controlled parts of the region, with activities including secret Polish schooling, printing and distribution of Polish underground press, sabotage actions, espionage of German activity, smuggling data on German persecution of Poles and Jews and on German V-weapons to Western Europe and facilitating escapes of endangered Polish resistance members and Polish, British, French and Russian prisoners of war who fled from German POW camps via the port cities to neutral Sweden.[23] In 1943, local Poles managed to save some kidnapped Polish children from the Zamość region, by buying them from the Germans during transport through the region.[24] The Gestapo cracked down on the Polish resistance several times, with the Poles either killed or sent to prisons of concentration camps.","title":"Polish resistance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Albert Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Forster"},{"link_name":"crimes against humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity"},{"link_name":"fled or was expelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Potsdam Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement"}],"text":"In March 1945, the region was reclaimed by Poland, and the Nazi governor, Albert Forster, was later sentenced to death and executed for crimes against humanity. The German population (including wartime settlers, Nazis, and military officials) either fled or was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement.","title":"Post-war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoa.de - List of Gaue and Gauleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shoa.de/content/view/544/41/"},{"link_name":"Die NS Gaue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/gaue/"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Historisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Historisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Die Gaue der NSDAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/gau_abc.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Administrativedivisions ofNazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Gaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_(territory)"},{"link_name":"Altreich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altreich_(pre-1938_Nazi_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Baden-Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Baden"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Bayreuth"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Cologne–Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Cologne-Aachen"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Eastern Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Eastern_Hanover"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Electoral Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Electoral_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Essen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Essen"},{"link_name":"Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Franconia"},{"link_name":"Halle-Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Halle-Merseburg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Hesse-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Hesse-Nassau"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Lower_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg-Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Magdeburg-Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Main Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Main_Franconia"},{"link_name":"March of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_March_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Moselland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Moselland"},{"link_name":"Munich–Upper Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Munich-Upper_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"NSDAP/AO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP/AO"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Southern Hanover–Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Southern_Hanover-Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Weser-Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Weser-Ems"},{"link_name":"Westphalia-North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-North"},{"link_name":"Westphalia-South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-South"},{"link_name":"Westmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Westmark"},{"link_name":"Württemberg-Hohenzollern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern"},{"link_name":"Prinz-Eugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prinz-Eugen_Gau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reichsfestung Belgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsfestung_Belgrad"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gau_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reichsgaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau"},{"link_name":"Danzig–West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"Wartheland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_K%C3%A4rnten"},{"link_name":"Lower Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Niederdonau"},{"link_name":"Upper Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Oberdonau"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Steiermark"},{"link_name":"Tyrol–Vorarlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Tirol-Vorarlberg"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wien"},{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Banat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beskidland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Beskidenland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Brabant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Burgund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Flandern"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Galizien&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gothland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Gotenland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nordmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Nordmark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vandalland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Vandalenland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Vistulaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Weichselland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wallonien"},{"link_name":"Westland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"Gelderland and Overijssel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"North Holland and Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"South Holland and Zeeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"North Brabant and Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"Partial annexations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_District"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_District"},{"link_name":"Radom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom_District"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_District"},{"link_name":"Burgundy (SS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)#SS_State_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Holland (SS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Province_of_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Germanoccupations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe"},{"link_name":"Civil Administration Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Civil_Administration"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Alsace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carinthia and Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Carinthia_and_Carniola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gebiet Bialystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Gebiet_Bialystok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Lower Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lower_Styria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Posen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Posen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_the_Sudetenland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_West_Prussia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zichenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Zichenau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk"},{"link_name":"Bialystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialystok_District"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Military administrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Army Group Rear Area Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command"},{"link_name":"Belgium and Northern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia#Zones_of_influence"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_interdite#Coastal_military_zone"},{"link_name":"zone réservée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_interdite#Zone_of_intended_German_settlement"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Zone_of_Protection_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece#The_German_occupation_zone"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana#The_German_period_(1943%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Alpine Foothills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Asch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1#19th%E2%80%9320th_centuries"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyss-Inquart_government"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council"},{"link_name":"Chechnya-Ingushetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flemish_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Lepel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lepel_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lokot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert"},{"link_name":"Nias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nias#World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Norway (Quisling I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quisling_regime#1940_coup"},{"link_name":"Norway (Administrative Council)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Council_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Norway (Quisling II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quisling_regime"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Serbia (Commissioner Government)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_Government"},{"link_name":"Serbia (Council of Ministers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_national_government_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zuyev Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuyev_Republic"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council#Exile"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"Cossackia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cossack_Central_Office&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)#Exile_and_trial"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_territory_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima#Exile"},{"link_name":"Russia (ODNR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Movement"},{"link_name":"Russia (KONR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation#After_the_war"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)#End"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiesta%C5%84ski_Komitet_Narodowy"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamsche_Landsleiding"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_nationalism_and_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat"},{"link_name":"Belgium and Northern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen"},{"link_name":"Ostland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Caucasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Kaukasien"},{"link_name":"Don-Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Don-Wolga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muscovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Moskowien"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Turkestan"},{"link_name":"Ural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Ural&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_War"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#The_German_occupation_(September_9,_1943_-_September_3,_1944)"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign"},{"link_name":"New Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Weather Station Kurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt"},{"link_name":"Schatzgräber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schatzgr%C3%A4ber_(weather_station)"},{"link_name":"Holzauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzauge"},{"link_name":"Bassgeiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bassgeiger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edelweiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edelweiss_base&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nordstern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstern_(city)"},{"link_name":"Strength Through Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy"},{"link_name":"holiday resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pomeranian_history"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pomeranian_history"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pomeranian_history"},{"link_name":"History of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"10,000 BC – 600 AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_history_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"600–1100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"1100–1300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_High_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"1300–1500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"1500–1806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Modern_Age"},{"link_name":"1806–1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1806%E2%80%931933)"},{"link_name":"1933–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1933%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"1945–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1945%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Western Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Billung March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billung_March"},{"link_name":"Northern March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_March"},{"link_name":"Principality of Rügen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"House of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"List of Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes"},{"link_name":"Gützkow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_G%C3%BCtzkow"},{"link_name":"Partitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Demmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Demmin"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Stettin"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Schlawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Schlawe"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Wolgast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Stolp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Neustettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Neustettin"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Stargard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Stargard"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Rügenwalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-R%C3%BCgenwalde"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Barth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Barth"},{"link_name":"Swedish Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Province of Pomerania 1815–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Stettin Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettin_(region)"},{"link_name":"Stralsund Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stralsund_(region)"},{"link_name":"List of placenames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Enclave of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_of_Police"},{"link_name":"Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern#German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Bezirk Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Bezirk Neubrandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk_Neubrandenburg"},{"link_name":"Bezirk Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock"},{"link_name":"Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg-Vorpommern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Farther Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farther_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"House of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"List of Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes"},{"link_name":"Cammin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin"},{"link_name":"Schlawe-Stolp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_of_Schlawe_and_Stolp"},{"link_name":"Partitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Stolp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp"},{"link_name":"Brandenburgian Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)"},{"link_name":"Starostwo of Draheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim"},{"link_name":"Province of Pomerania 1815–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Stettin Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettin_(region)"},{"link_name":"Köslin Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)"},{"link_name":"List of placenames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)"},{"link_name":"Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)"},{"link_name":"Słupsk Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Lauenburg-Bütow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land"},{"link_name":"Farther Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farther_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerelia"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"House of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"List of Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes"},{"link_name":"Partitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Royal Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)"},{"link_name":"Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land"},{"link_name":"Brandenburgian Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)"},{"link_name":"Lauenburg and Bütow Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land"},{"link_name":"Province of Pomerania 1815–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Köslin Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)"},{"link_name":"Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"Słupsk Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerelia"},{"link_name":"Kashubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubia"},{"link_name":"Kociewie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kociewie"},{"link_name":"Tuchola Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchola_Forest"},{"link_name":"Chełmno Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Land"},{"link_name":"Polish Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerelia#As_part_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Danish Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerelia#Danish_conquest_and_independence"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerelia"},{"link_name":"Samborides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samborides"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie_and_Lubiszewo"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Białogarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bia%C5%82ogarda"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Lubiszewo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lubiszewo"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Świecie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie"},{"link_name":"State of the Teutonic Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order"},{"link_name":"Royal Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)"},{"link_name":"Chełmno Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Free City of Danzig 1807–1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)"},{"link_name":"West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Posen-West Prussia Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"Polish Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Free City of Danzig 1920–1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1945%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1946-1975"},{"link_name":"Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)"},{"link_name":"Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)"},{"link_name":"Słupsk Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1975%E2%80%931998"},{"link_name":"Toruń Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Gmina Biały Bór","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Bia%C5%82y_B%C3%B3r"},{"link_name":"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Christianization of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Wollin/Cammin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Kolberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Kolberg"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Chełmno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Che%C5%82mno"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Roskilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_See_of_Roskilde"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Northern_Germany"},{"link_name":"Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin#Breslau's_Prince-Episcopal_Delegation_for_Brandenburg_and_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Administration of Tütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_T%C3%BCtz"},{"link_name":"Prelature of Schneidemühl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Schneidem%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_Kamie%C5%84,_Lubusz_and_the_Prelature_of_Pi%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"Gorzów Wielkopolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Koszalin-Ko%C5%82obrzeg"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Pelplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pelplin"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Szczecin-Kamie%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Toruń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Toru%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Włocławek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Evangelical State Church in Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_State_Church_in_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Evangelical Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Evangelical_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Northern_Germany"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Pomerania-Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal Church in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_culture"},{"link_name":"Maglemosian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglemosian_culture"},{"link_name":"Ertebølle-Ellerbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture"},{"link_name":"Linear Pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture"},{"link_name":"Funnelbeaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture"},{"link_name":"Havelland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelland_culture"},{"link_name":"Corded Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture"},{"link_name":"Comb Ceramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture"},{"link_name":"Nordic Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Lusatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_culture"},{"link_name":"Jastorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastorf_culture"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_culture"},{"link_name":"Oksywie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksywie_culture"},{"link_name":"Wielbark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielbark_culture"},{"link_name":"Gustow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustow_group"},{"link_name":"Dębczyn (Denzin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bczyn_culture"},{"link_name":"Gepids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepids"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"Lemovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemovii"},{"link_name":"Rugii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugii"},{"link_name":"Vidivarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidivarii"},{"link_name":"Vistula Veneti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Veneti"},{"link_name":"Slavic Pomeranians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Prissani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prissani"},{"link_name":"Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Ukrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrani"},{"link_name":"Veleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleti"},{"link_name":"Lutici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutici"},{"link_name":"Velunzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velunzani"},{"link_name":"German Pomeranians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranians_(German_people)"},{"link_name":"Kashubians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubians"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Slovincians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovincians"},{"link_name":"Migration Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period"},{"link_name":"Ostsiedlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung"},{"link_name":"WWII flight and expulsion of Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovered_Territories"},{"link_name":"West Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German"},{"link_name":"Low Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Central Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Pomeranian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect"},{"link_name":"East Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Standard German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"West Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"Polabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_language"},{"link_name":"Kashubian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_language"},{"link_name":"Slovincian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovincian_language"},{"link_name":"Kremmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kremmen"},{"link_name":"Landin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Landin"},{"link_name":"Kępno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C4%99pno"},{"link_name":"Soldin (1309)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1309)"},{"link_name":"Templin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Templin"},{"link_name":"Ueckermünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Ueckerm%C3%BCnde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kalisz_(1343)"},{"link_name":"Stralsund (1354)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1354)"},{"link_name":"Stralsund (1370)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1370)"},{"link_name":"Pyzdry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyzdry"},{"link_name":"Raciążek (1404)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Raci%C4%85%C5%BCek"},{"link_name":"Thorn, First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Thorn_(1411)"},{"link_name":"Eberswalde, First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1415)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Melno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Melno"},{"link_name":"Perleberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Perleberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eberswalde, Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1427)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Łęczyca (1433)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_%C5%81%C4%99czyca"},{"link_name":"Brześć Kujawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski"},{"link_name":"Soldin (1466)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1466)"},{"link_name":"Thorn, Second (1466)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)"},{"link_name":"Prenzlau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Prenzlau"},{"link_name":"Pyritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyritz"},{"link_name":"Thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_Thorn"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Grimnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Grimnitz"},{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Lublin"},{"link_name":"Stettin (1570)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1570)"},{"link_name":"Franzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulation_of_Franzburg"},{"link_name":"Stettin (1630)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Stettin (1653)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)"},{"link_name":"Labiau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau"},{"link_name":"Wehlau and Bromberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva"},{"link_name":"Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)"},{"link_name":"Lund (1679)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Lund"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)"},{"link_name":"Frederiksborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Frederiksborg"},{"link_name":"Polish Partitions Treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Tilsit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"North German Confederation Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Peace of Prague (1866)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Polish Concordat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_1925"},{"link_name":"Prussian Concordat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Concordat"},{"link_name":"Reichskonkordat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskonkordat"},{"link_name":"Molotov–Ribbentrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Frontier_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Zgorzelec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Zgorzelec"},{"link_name":"Moscow (1970)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1970)"},{"link_name":"Warsaw (1970)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Accords"},{"link_name":"Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Two Plus Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany"},{"link_name":"German Reunification Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification#German_Reunification_Treaty"},{"link_name":"German–Polish Border Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Border_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Good Neighbourship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Good_Neighbourship"},{"link_name":"Polish Concordat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_1993"},{"link_name":"Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Accession 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"History of Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"1308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_takeover_of_Danzig_(Gda%C5%84sk)"},{"link_name":"1577","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1577)"},{"link_name":"1655–1660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1655%E2%80%931660)"},{"link_name":"1734","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1734)"},{"link_name":"1807","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)"},{"link_name":"1813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1813)"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Danzig rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Battle of Oliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oliwa"},{"link_name":"Sevenfold Sun miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenfold_Sun_miracle"},{"link_name":"History of the Jews in Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)"},{"link_name":"Region of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_(region)"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Free City of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkstag"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCr_Danzig"},{"link_name":"government in exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Government_in_Exile"},{"link_name":"Danzig law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_law"},{"link_name":"Polish Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Post_Office_(Danzig)"},{"link_name":"Postal history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Battle of Westerplatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte"},{"link_name":"Battle of Danzig Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Danzig_Bay"},{"link_name":"Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_of_the_Polish_Post_Office_in_Danzig"},{"link_name":"East Pomeranian offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive"},{"link_name":"Polish protests of 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_protests_of_1970"},{"link_name":"21 demands of MKS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_demands_of_MKS"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Kashubians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubians"},{"link_name":"Danzig gulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_gulden"},{"link_name":"Goldwasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldwasser"},{"link_name":"Marienbrunn Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienbrunn_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Academic Gymnasium Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Gymnasium_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Danzig Research Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_Research_Society"},{"link_name":"Polish Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Corridor"},{"link_name":"SS Heimwehr Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Heimwehr_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Danzig Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_Cross"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"SS Sołdek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_So%C5%82dek"},{"link_name":"Lech Wałęsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa"},{"link_name":"Solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)"},{"link_name":"Tricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricity,_Poland"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Mayors of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Conrad Letzkau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Letzkau"},{"link_name":"Adrian von der Linde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_von_der_Linde"},{"link_name":"Daniel Gralath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gralath"},{"link_name":"Gottlieb Hufeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Hufeland"},{"link_name":"Clemens von Delbrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_von_Delbr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Sahm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Sahm"},{"link_name":"Ernst Ziehm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ziehm"},{"link_name":"Hermann Rauschning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning"},{"link_name":"Arthur Greiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Greiser"},{"link_name":"Albert Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Forster"},{"link_name":"Mayors of Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Kotus-Jankowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Kotus-Jankowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bolesław Nowicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_Nowicki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piotr Stolarek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Stolarek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julian Cybulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Cybulski_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Bejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Bejm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Nikołajew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Niko%C5%82ajew&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Kaznowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Kaznowski"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Młynarczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_M%C5%82ynarczyk"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Rynkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Rynkowski"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Pasiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Pasi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Jacek Starościak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Staro%C5%9Bciak"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Jamroż","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Jamro%C5%BC"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Posadzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Posadzki"},{"link_name":"Paweł Adamowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Adamowicz"},{"link_name":"Aleksandra Dulkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Dulkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Aniołki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anio%C5%82ki"},{"link_name":"Brętowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%99towo"},{"link_name":"Brzeźno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brze%C5%BAno"},{"link_name":"Chełm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82m,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Jasień","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasie%C5%84,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Kokoszki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoszki"},{"link_name":"Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakowiec-G%C3%B3rki_Zachodnie"},{"link_name":"Letnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letnica,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Matarnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matarnia"},{"link_name":"Młyniska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%82yniska"},{"link_name":"Nowy Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Port"},{"link_name":"Oliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliwa"},{"link_name":"Olszynka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olszynka"},{"link_name":"Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orunia_G%C3%B3rna-Gda%C5%84sk_Po%C5%82udnie"},{"link_name":"Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orunia-%C5%9Aw._Wojciech-Lipce"},{"link_name":"Osowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osowa"},{"link_name":"Piecki-Migowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecki-Migowo"},{"link_name":"Przeróbka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przer%C3%B3bka"},{"link_name":"Przymorze Małe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przymorze_Ma%C5%82e"},{"link_name":"Przymorze Wielkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przymorze_Wielkie"},{"link_name":"Przymorze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przymorze"},{"link_name":"Rudniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudniki,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Siedlce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedlce,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Śródmieście","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Biskupia Górka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskupia_G%C3%B3rka"},{"link_name":"Główne Miasto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_City"},{"link_name":"Stare Miasto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Old_Town"},{"link_name":"Stogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stogi,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Strzyża","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzy%C5%BCa"},{"link_name":"Suchanino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchanino"},{"link_name":"Ujeścisko-Łostowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uje%C5%9Bcisko-%C5%81ostowice"},{"link_name":"VII Dwór","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Dw%C3%B3r"},{"link_name":"Wrzeszcz Dolny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrzeszcz_Dolny"},{"link_name":"Nowe Szkoty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowe_Szkoty"},{"link_name":"Wrzeszcz Górny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrzeszcz_G%C3%B3rny"},{"link_name":"Wrzeszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrzeszcz"},{"link_name":"Wyspa Sobieszewska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobieszewo_Island"},{"link_name":"Wzgórze Mickiewicza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wzg%C3%B3rze_Mickiewicza"},{"link_name":"Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysi%C4%85clecia"},{"link_name":"Jelitkowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelitkowo"},{"link_name":"Zaspa-Młyniec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaspa-M%C5%82yniec"},{"link_name":"Zaspa-Rozstaje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaspa-Rozstaje"},{"link_name":"Zaspa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaspa"},{"link_name":"Main City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_City"},{"link_name":"Artus Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artus_Court"},{"link_name":"City walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_walls_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Długi Targ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%82ugi_Targ"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Gda%C5%84sk)"},{"link_name":"Granary Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granary_Island"},{"link_name":"Great Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Danzig)"},{"link_name":"Green Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Gate"},{"link_name":"Motława","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C5%82awa"},{"link_name":"Neptune's Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune%27s_Fountain,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Nowa Motława","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_Mot%C5%82awa"},{"link_name":"Ołowianka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%82owianka"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Ulica Długa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulica_D%C5%82uga"},{"link_name":"Uphagen's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uphagen%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Old Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Old_Town"},{"link_name":"John III Sobieski Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_Sobieski_Monument_in_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Monument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_Fallen_Shipyard_Workers_of_1970"},{"link_name":"Preachers' House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preachers%27_House,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"St. Catherine's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Church,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Abbot's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot%27s_Palace_(Oliwa)"},{"link_name":"Oliwa Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliwa_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Ostrów Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Island"},{"link_name":"Port Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Island_(Gda%C5%84sk)"},{"link_name":"Port of Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Przekop Wisły","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przekop_Wis%C5%82y"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Park,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Millennium_John_Paul_II_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Westerplatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerplatte"},{"link_name":"Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerplatte_Monument"},{"link_name":"Wisłoujście Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82ouj%C5%9Bcie_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Baltic Days of Jewish Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Days_of_Jewish_Culture"},{"link_name":"Baltic State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Ergo Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergo_Arena"},{"link_name":"Forum Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"European Solidarity Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Solidarity_Centre"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk City Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_Miejski_(Gda%C5%84sk)"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Shakespeare_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk Sports Center Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Sports_Center_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Hala Olivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala_Olivia"},{"link_name":"Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%BAnia_Centre_for_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"National Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Polish Baltic Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Baltic_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"St. Dominic's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Dominic%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"The Jew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jew_(Turgenev)"},{"link_name":"The Tin Drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tin_Drum"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tin_Drum_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tajemnica Westerplatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajemnica_Westerplatte"},{"link_name":"Live from Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Gda%C5%84sk_(Koncert_w_Stoczni)"},{"link_name":"Live in Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Zero Dark Thirty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Dark_Thirty"},{"link_name":"Walesa: Man of Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walesa:_Man_of_Hope"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Medical University of Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_University_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"University of Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510368#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/143661310"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4314198-5"}],"text":"(in German) Shoa.de - List of Gaue and Gauleiter\n(in German) Die NS Gaue at the Deutsches Historisches Museum website.\n(in German) Die Gaue der NSDAPvteAdministrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupationsAdministrativedivisions ofNazi GermanyGaus (Altreich)Founded\nBaden-Alsace\nBayreuth\nBerlin\nCologne–Aachen\nDüsseldorf\nEastern Hanover\nEast Prussia\nElectoral Hesse\nEssen\nFranconia\nHalle-Merseburg\nHamburg\nHesse-Nassau\nLower Silesia\nMagdeburg-Anhalt\nMain Franconia\nMarch of Brandenburg\nMecklenburg\nMoselland\nMunich–Upper Bavaria\nNSDAP/AO\nPomerania\nSaxony\nSchleswig-Holstein\nSilesia\nSwabia\nSouthern Hanover–Brunswick\nThuringia\nUpper Silesia\nWeser-Ems\nWestphalia-North\nWestphalia-South\nWestmark\nWürttemberg-Hohenzollern\nProposed\nPrinz-Eugen (Reichsfestung Belgrad)\nHolland\nReichsgausFounded\nDanzig–West Prussia\nSudetenland\nWartheland\n Austria\nCarinthia\nLower Danube\nUpper Danube\nSalzburg\nStyria\nTyrol–Vorarlberg\nVienna\n\nProposed\nBanat\nBeskidland\nBrabant\nBurgundy\nFlanders\nGalicia\nGothland\nNordmark\nVandalland\nVenice\nVistulaland\nWallonia\n Westland\nFriesland, Groningen, and Drenthe\nGelderland and Overijssel\nNorth Holland and Utrecht\nSouth Holland and Zeeland\nNorth Brabant and Limburg\n\nPartial annexationsFounded\nBohemia and Moravia\n General Government\nGalicia\nKraków\nLublin\nRadom\nWarsaw\n\nProposed\nBurgundy (SS)\nHolland (SS)\nLombardy\nGermanoccupationsCivil Administration Areas\nAlsace\nCarinthia and Carniola\nGebiet Bialystok\nLorraine\nLower Styria\nLuxembourg\nPosen\nSudetenland\nWest Prussia\nZichenau\nDistrictsFounded\nBialystok\nProposed\nBrussels\nMilitary administrations\nArmy Group Rear Area Command\nBelgium and Northern France\nCroatia\nFrance (Atlantic Wall ‧ zone réservée)\nSlovakia\nGreece\nLuxembourg\nPoland\nSerbia\nBanat\nOperational Zones\nAdriatic Littoral\nLjubljana\nAlpine Foothills\nPuppet administrationsFounded\nAlbania\nAsch\nAustria\nBelarus\nChechnya-Ingushetia\nCroatia\nCzechoslovakia\nDenmark\nFlanders\nFrance\nGreece\nHungary\nItaly\nLithuania\nLepel\nLokot\nNetherlands\nNias\nNorway (Quisling I)\nNorway (Administrative Council)\nNorway (Quisling II)\nMacedonia\nMontenegro\nSerbia (Commissioner Government)\nSerbia (Council of Ministers)\nSlovakia\nUkraine\nWallonia\nZuyev Republic\nExiled\nBelarus\nBulgaria\nCossackia\nFrance\nGreece\nHungary\nMontenegro\nRomania\nRussia (ODNR)\nRussia (KONR)\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nTurkestan\nUkraine\nWallonia\nProposed\nBrittany\nReichskommissariatsFounded\nBelgium and Northern France\nNetherlands\nNorway\nOstland\nUkraine\nProposed\nCaucasia\nDon-Volga\nMuscovy\nTurkestan\nUral\nOther occupations\nFinland\nMonaco\nSan Marino\nTunisia\nOtherFounded\nNew Swabia\nWeather Station Kurt\nSchatzgräber\nHolzauge\nBassgeiger\nEdelweiss\nProposed\nNordstern\nStrength Through Joy holiday resortsvteHistory of Pomerania\n10,000 BC – 600 AD\n600–1100\n1100–1300\n1300–1500\n1500–1806\n1806–1933\n1933–1945\n1945–present\nAdministrativeWestern Pomerania\nBillung March\nNorthern March\nPrincipality of Rügen\nDuchy of Pomerania\nHouse of Pomerania\nList of Dukes\nGützkow\nPartitions\nPomerania-Demmin\nPomerania-Stettin\nPomerania-Schlawe\nPomerania-Wolgast\nPomerania-Stolp\nPomerania-Neustettin\nPomerania-Stargard\nPomerania-Rügenwalde\nPomerania-Wolgast-Stolp\nPomerania-Barth\nSwedish Pomerania\nProvince of Pomerania 1815–1945\nStettin Region\nStralsund Region\nList of placenames\nEnclave of Police\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975\nMecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952\nBezirk Frankfurt\nBezirk Neubrandenburg\nBezirk Rostock\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998\nContemporary\nMecklenburg-Vorpommern\nBrandenburg\nWest Pomeranian Voivodeship\nFarther Pomerania\nDuchy of Pomerania\nHouse of Pomerania\nList of Dukes\nCammin\nSchlawe-Stolp\nPartitions\nPomerania-Stolp\nBrandenburgian Pomerania\nStarostwo of Draheim\nProvince of Pomerania 1815–1945\nStettin Region\nKöslin Region\nList of placenames\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975\nKoszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998\nKoszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998\nSłupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998\nContemporary\nWest Pomeranian Voivodeship\nPomeranian Voivodeship\nLauenburg-Bütow classified as Farther Pomerania or Pomerelia\nDuchy of Pomerania\nHouse of Pomerania\nList of Dukes\nPartitions\nRoyal Prussia\nPomeranian Voivodeship\nLauenburg-Bütow Pawn\nBrandenburgian Pomerania\nLauenburg and Bütow Land\nProvince of Pomerania 1815–1945\nKöslin Region\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975\nKoszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975\nSłupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998\nContemporary\nPomeranian Voivodeship\nPomerelia (Kashubia, Kociewie, Tuchola Forest, Chełmno Land)\nPolish Pomerelia\nDanish Pomerelia\nDuchy of Pomerelia\nSamborides\nDuchy of Gdańsk\nDuchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo\nDuchy of Białogarda\nDuchy of Lubiszewo\nDuchy of Świecie\nState of the Teutonic Order\nRoyal Prussia 1466–1793\nPomeranian Voivodeship\nChełmno Voivodeship\nFree City of Danzig 1807–1814\nWest Prussia\nPosen-West Prussia Region\nPomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939 (Polish Corridor)\nFree City of Danzig 1920–1939\nReichsgau Danzig-West Prussia\nGdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975\nBydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975\nKoszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975\nGdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998\nKoszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998\nSłupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998\nBydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998\nToruń Voivodeship 1975–1998\nContemporary\nPomeranian Voivodeship\nWest Pomeranian Voivodeship\nGmina Biały Bór\nKuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship\nEcclesiasticalRoman CatholicHistorical\nChristianization of Pomerania\nDiocese of Wollin/Cammin\nDiocese of Kolberg\nDiocese of Chełmno\nDiocese of Roskilde\nApostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany\nPrince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania\nApostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig\nApostolic Administration of Tütz\nPrelature of Schneidemühl\nApostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl) with see in Gorzów Wielkopolski 1945–1972\nExtant\nArchdiocese of Berlin\nDiocese of Bydgoszcz\nArchdiocese of Gdańsk\nDiocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg\nDiocese of Pelplin\nArchdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień\nDiocese of Toruń\nDiocese of Włocławek\nProtestantHistorical\nProtestant Reformation\nEvangelical State Church in Prussia\nPomeranian Evangelical Church\nExtant\nProtestant Church in Germany\nEvangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany\nLutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania\nEvangelical Reformed Church in Germany\nEvangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland\nLutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland\nLutheran Diocese of Wrocław\nPentecostal Church in Poland\nDemography and anthropologyArchaeological cultures\nHamburg\nMaglemosian\nErtebølle-Ellerbek\nLinear Pottery\nFunnelbeaker\nHavelland\nCorded Ware\nComb Ceramic\nNordic Bronze Age\nLusatian\nJastorf\nPomeranian\nOksywie\nWielbark\nGustow\nDębczyn (Denzin)\nPeoples\nGepids\nGoths\nLemovii\nRugii\nVidivarii\nVistula Veneti\nSlavic Pomeranians\nPrissani\nRani\nUkrani\nVeleti\nLutici\nVelunzani\nGerman Pomeranians\nKashubians\nPoles\nSlovincians\nMajor demographic events\nMigration Period\nOstsiedlung\nWWII flight and expulsion of Germans\nPost-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians\nLanguages and dialectsWest Germanic\nLow German\nLow Prussian\nCentral Pomeranian\nMecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch\nEast Pomeranian\nWest Pomeranian\nStandard German\nWest Slavic\nPolabian\nPolish\nPomeranian\nKashubian\nSlovincian\nTreaties1200–1500\nKremmen (1236)\nLandin (1250)\nKępno (1282)\nSoldin (1309)\nTemplin (1317)\nUeckermünde (1327)\nKalisz (1343)\nStralsund (1354)\nStralsund (1370)\nPyzdry (1390)\nRaciążek (1404)\nThorn, First (1411)\nEberswalde, First (1415)\nMelno (1422)\nPerleberg (1427)\nEberswalde, Second (1427)\nŁęczyca (1433)\nBrześć Kujawski (1435)\nSoldin (1466)\nThorn, Second (1466)\nPrenzlau (1448/1468/1472/1479)\nPyritz (1493)\n1500–1700\nThorn (1521)\nKraków (1525)\nGrimnitz (1529)\nAugsburg (1555)\nLublin (1569)\nStettin (1570)\nFranzburg (1627)\nStettin (1630)\nWestphalia (1648)\nStettin (1653)\nLabiau (1656)\nWehlau and Bromberg (1657)\nOliva (1660)\nSaint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)\nLund (1679)\n1700–present\nStockholm (1719 / 1720)\nFrederiksborg (1720)\nPolish Partitions Treaties (1772/1773, 1793, 1795)\nTilsit (1807)\nKiel (1814)\nVienna (1815)\nNorth German Confederation Treaty (1866)\nPeace of Prague (1866)\nVersailles (1919)\nPolish Concordat (1925)\nPrussian Concordat (1929)\nReichskonkordat (1933)\nMolotov–Ribbentrop (1939)\nPotsdam (1945)\nZgorzelec (1951)\nMoscow (1970)\nWarsaw (1970)\nHelsinki Accords (1975)\nPolish-East German Maritime Border Agreement (1989)\nTwo Plus Four (1990)\nGerman Reunification Treaty (1990)\nGerman–Polish Border Treaty (1991)\nTreaty of Good Neighbourship (1991)\nPolish Concordat (1993)\nConvention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution (1996)\nTreaty of Accession 2003vteGdańsk articlesHistory of GdańskTimeline\nHanseatic League\nSieges\n1308\n1577\n1655–1660\n1734\n1807\n1813\n1945\nDanzig rebellion\nBattle of Oliwa\nSevenfold Sun miracle\nHistory of the Jews in Gdańsk\nFree City of Danzig (Napoleonic)\nRegion of Danzig\nReichsgau Danzig-West Prussia\nFree City of Danzig\nParliament\nSenate\nanthem\ngovernment in exile\nDanzig law\nPolish Post Office\nPostal history\nBattle of Westerplatte\nBattle of Danzig Bay\nDefence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig\nEast Pomeranian offensive\nPolish protests of 1970\n21 demands of MKS\nGdańsk Agreement\nRelated\nCoat of arms\nKashubians\nDanzig gulden\nGoldwasser\nMarienbrunn Abbey\nAcademic Gymnasium Danzig\nDanzig Research Society\nPolish Corridor\nSS Heimwehr Danzig\nDanzig Cross\nGdańsk Shipyard\nSS Sołdek\nLech Wałęsa\nSolidarity\nTricity\nPoliticsMayors of Danzig\nConrad Letzkau\nAdrian von der Linde\nDaniel Gralath\nGottlieb Hufeland\nClemens von Delbrück\nHeinrich Sahm\nErnst Ziehm\nHermann Rauschning\nArthur Greiser\nAlbert Forster\nMayors of Gdańsk\nFranciszek Kotus-Jankowski\nBolesław Nowicki\nPiotr Stolarek\nStanisław Schmidt\nJulian Cybulski\nStanisław Schmidt\nTadeusz Bejm\nJan Nikołajew\nAndrzej Kaznowski\nJerzy Młynarczyk\nKazimierz Rynkowski\nJerzy Pasiński\nJacek Starościak\nFranciszek Jamroż\nTomasz Posadzki\nPaweł Adamowicz\nAleksandra Dulkiewicz\nDistricts\nAniołki\nBrętowo\nBrzeźno\nChełm\nJasień\nKokoszki\nKrakowiec-Górki Zachodnie\nLetnica\nMatarnia\nMłyniska\nNowy Port\nOliwa\nOlszynka\nOrunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe\nOrunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce\nOsowa\nPiecki-Migowo\nPrzeróbka\nPrzymorze Małe\nPrzymorze Wielkie\nPrzymorze\nRudniki\nSiedlce\nŚródmieście\nBiskupia Górka\nGłówne Miasto\nStare Miasto\nStogi\nStrzyża\nSuchanino\nUjeścisko-Łostowice\nVII Dwór\nWrzeszcz Dolny\nNowe Szkoty\nWrzeszcz Górny\nWrzeszcz\nWyspa Sobieszewska\nWzgórze Mickiewicza\nŻabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia\nJelitkowo\nZaspa-Młyniec\nZaspa-Rozstaje\nZaspa\nLandmarksMain City\nArtus Court\nCity walls\nDługi Targ\nGolden Gate\nGranary Island\nGreat Synagogue\nGreen Gate\nMotława\nNeptune's Fountain\nNowa Motława\nOłowianka\nSt. Mary's Church\nArchdiocese\nTown Hall\nUlica Długa\nUphagen's House\nOld Town\nJohn III Sobieski Monument\nMonument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970\nPreachers' House\nSt. Catherine's Church\nMetro area\nAbbot's Palace\nOliwa Cathedral\nOstrów Island\nPort Island\nPort of Gdańsk\nPrzekop Wisły\nRonald Reagan Park\nThird Millennium John Paul II Bridge\nWesterplatte\nMonument\nWisłoujście Fortress\nCulture and events\nBaltic Days of Jewish Culture\nBaltic State Opera\nErgo Arena\nForum Gdańsk\nEuropean Solidarity Centre\nGdańsk City Stadium\nGdańsk Shakespeare Theatre\nGdańsk Sports Center Stadium\nHala Olivia\nŁaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art\nMuseum of the Second World War\nNational Maritime Museum\nNational Museum\nPolish Baltic Philharmonic\nSt. Dominic's Fair\nIn popular culture\nThe Jew\nThe Tin Drum\nfilm\nTajemnica Westerplatte\nLive from Gdańsk\nLive in Gdańsk\nStrike\nZero Dark Thirty\nWalesa: Man of Hope\n\nUniversities and academies\nAcademy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk\nGdańsk University of Technology\nMedical University of Gdańsk\nUniversity of Gdańsk\n\n CategoryAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Polish nationals rounded up during the ethnic cleansing of Gdynia, September 1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Poles_arrested_in_Gdynia_September_1939.jpg/260px-Poles_arrested_in_Gdynia_September_1939.jpg"},{"image_text":"Counties (Regierungsbezirk) and districts (Kreis), 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Danzig_West_Prussia_Reichsgau.png/240px-Danzig_West_Prussia_Reichsgau.png"},{"image_text":"Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia on the map of the Second Polish Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Prusy_zachodnie_1939.png/240px-Prusy_zachodnie_1939.png"}]	[{"title":"World War II evacuation and expulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion"},{"title":"Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany"}]	[{"reference":"Michael D. Miller and Andreas Schulz (2012). Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925-1945, Vol. 1. R. James Bender Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1932970210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932970210","url_text":"978-1932970210"}]},{"reference":"Michael D. Miller and Andreas Schulz (2012). Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925-1945, Vol. 1. R. James Bender Publishing. p. 198. ISBN 978-1932970210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932970210","url_text":"978-1932970210"}]},{"reference":"Ian Kershaw (25 October 2001). Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 242–43. ISBN 978-0-14-192581-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192581-3","url_text":"978-0-14-192581-3"}]},{"reference":"Chrzanowski, Bogdan. \"Organizacja sieci przerzutów drogą morską z Polski do Szwecji w latach okupacji hitlerowskiej (1939–1945)\". Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum (in Polish). 5: 16, 25, 29–30, 33–34. ISSN 0137-5377.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0137-5377","url_text":"0137-5377"}]},{"reference":"Kozaczyńska, Beata (2020). \"Gdy zabrakło łez... Tragizm losu polskich dzieci wysiedlonych z Zamojszczyzny (1942-1943)\". In Kostkiewicz, Janina (ed.). Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945) (in Polish). Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska. p. 123.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University","url_text":"Uniwersytet Jagielloński"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_Jagiello%C5%84ska","url_text":"Biblioteka Jagiellońska"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.sgw.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=8","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.axishistory.com/list-all-categories/146-germany-heer/heer-static-commands/2579-wehrkreis-xx","external_links_name":"Axis History"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0137-5377","external_links_name":"0137-5377"},{"Link":"http://www.shoa.de/content/view/544/41/","external_links_name":"Shoa.de - List of Gaue and Gauleiter"},{"Link":"http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/gaue/","external_links_name":"Die NS Gaue"},{"Link":"http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/gau_abc.html","external_links_name":"Die Gaue der NSDAP"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143661310","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4314198-5","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawler	Beat 'em up	["1 Definition","2 Game design","3 Sub-genres","4 History","4.1 Earliest beat 'em ups (mid-1980s)","4.2 Mainstream success (late 1980s to early 1990s)","4.3 Transition to 3D (late 1990s to early 2000s)","4.4 3D hack-and-slash games (early 2000s to present)","4.5 Traditional beat 'em ups (early 2000s to present)","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Video game genre For the related genre for one-on-one combat, see fighting game. For the Iggy Pop album, see Beat 'Em Up. "Brawler" and "Brawlers" redirect here. For other uses, see Brawler (disambiguation). Part of a series onAction games Subgenres Action-adventure Metroidvania Battle royale Fighting Beat 'em up Hack and slash Platform fighter Platform Rhythm Action RPG Shooter Artillery Arena First-person Hero Light gun Third-person Tactical Shoot 'em up Bullet hell Twin-stick Sports Racing Stealth Survival Vehicle sim Topics Capture the flag Cover system First-person shooter engine Free look Quick time event WASD keys Lists List of battle royale games List of beat 'em ups List of fighting game companies List of fighting games List of first-person shooters List of freeware first-person shooters List of third-person shooters List of survival games List of light gun games List of maze video games List of platform games vte A beat 'em up (also known as brawler and, in some markets, beat 'em all) is a video game genre featuring hand-to-hand combat against a large number of opponents. Traditional beat 'em ups take place in scrolling, two-dimensional (2D) levels, while a number of modern games feature more open three-dimensional (3D) environments with yet larger numbers of enemies. The gameplay tends to follow arcade genre conventions, such as being simple to learn but difficult to master, and the combat system tends to be more highly developed than other side-scrolling action games. Two-player cooperative gameplay and multiple player characters are also hallmarks of the genre. Most of these games take place in urban settings and feature crime-fighting and revenge-based plots, though some games may employ historical, science fiction or fantasy themes. The first beat 'em up was 1984's Kung-Fu Master, which was based on Hong Kong martial arts films. 1986's Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun introduced the belt scroll format employed extensively by later games, while also popularizing contemporary urban settings, while its Western localized version Renegade further introduced underworld revenge themes. The genre then saw a period of high popularity between the release of Double Dragon in 1987, which defined the two-player cooperative mode and continuous belt scroll format central to classic beat 'em ups, and 1991's Street Fighter II, which drew gamers towards one-on-one fighting games. Games such as Streets of Rage, Final Fight, Golden Axe and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles are other classics to emerge from this period. In the late 1990s, the genre lost popularity with the emergence of 3D-polygon technology. In the 2000s, a sub-genre of 3D hack-and-slash games emerged (also known as "character action games"), adapting the beat 'em up formula to utilize large-scale 3D environments, with popular franchises including God Hand, Devil May Cry, Dynasty Warriors, God of War and Bayonetta. Since the 2010s, traditional 2D beat 'em ups have seen a resurgence, with popular titles such as Dungeon Fighter Online, Dragon's Crown, Streets of Rage 4 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge. Definition A beat 'em up (also called a "brawler") is a type of action game where the player character must fight a large number of enemies in unarmed combat or with melee weapons. Gameplay consists of walking through a level, one section at a time, defeating a group of enemies before advancing to the next section; a boss fight normally occurs at the end of each level. Arcade versions of these games are often quite difficult to win, causing players to spend more money. Beat 'em ups are related to but distinct from fighting games, which are based around one-on-one matches rather than scrolling levels and multiple enemies. Such terminology is loosely applied, however, as some commentators prefer to conflate the two terms. At times, both one-on-one fighting games and scrolling beat 'em ups have influenced each other in terms of graphics and style and can appeal to fans of either genre. Occasionally, a game will feature both kinds of gameplay. In the United Kingdom, video game magazines during the 1980s to 1990s, such as Mean Machines and Computer & Video Games (C+VG) for example, referred to all games which had a combat motif as beat 'em ups, including fighting games. However, they were differentiated by a specific prefix; games like Double Dragon or Final Fight were called "scrolling beat 'em ups" and games such as Street Fighter II or Mortal Kombat were referred to as "one on one beat 'em ups". Fighting games were still being called "beat 'em up" games in the UK gaming press up until the end of the 1990s. Game design Beat 'em up games usually employ vigilante crime fighting and revenge plots with the action taking place on city streets, though historical and fantasy themed games also exist. Players must walk from one end of the game world to the other, and thus each game level will usually scroll horizontally. Some later beat 'em ups dispense with 2D-based scrolling levels, instead allowing the player to roam around larger 3D environments, though they retain the same simple-to-learn gameplay and control systems. Throughout the level, players may acquire weapons that they can use as well as power-ups that replenish the player's health. As players walk through the level, they are stopped by groups of enemies who must be defeated before they're able to continue. The level ends when all the enemies are defeated. Each level contains many identical groups of enemies, making these games notable for their repetition. In beat 'em up games, players often fight a boss—an enemy much stronger than the other enemies—at the end of each level. Beat 'em ups often allow the player to choose between a selection of protagonists—each with their own strengths, weaknesses, and set of moves. The combat system typically tends to be more highly developed than other side-scrolling action games. Attacks can include rapid combinations of basic attacks (combos) as well as jumping and grappling attacks. Characters often have their own special attacks, which leads to different strategies depending on which character the player selects. The control system is usually simple to learn, often comprising just two attack buttons. These buttons can be combined to pull off combos, as well as jumping and grappling attacks. Since the release of Double Dragon, many beat 'em ups have allowed two players to play the game cooperatively—a central aspect to the appeal of these games. Beat 'em ups are more likely to feature cooperative play than other game genres. Sub-genres The beat 'em up or brawler genre includes several sub-genres: Scrolling beat 'em up – Beat 'em up games which employ a 2D scrolling format. Single-plane beat 'em up or side-scrolling beat 'em up – Scrolling beat 'em ups that move along a single side-scrolling plane of motion. This was the earliest style of beat 'em up, with the format established by Irem's Kung-Fu Master (1984), designed by Takashi Nishiyama. Other titles that followed in the sub-genre include Sega's My Hero and Flashgal (1985), Taito's The Ninja Warriors (1987), Data East's Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja (1988) and Namco's Splatterhouse (1988). This early style of beat 'em up is part of a broader genre of side-scrolling character action games, including 2D fighting games, scrolling platform games, and run and gun video games. A later example of this style is Capcom's Viewtiful Joe (2003). Belt-scroll action game or belt-scroll beat 'em up – The most popular type of scrolling beat 'em up, these games use a belt scroll format, a side-scrolling format with a downward camera angle where players can move both vertically and horizontally along a horizontally scrolling environment. The term "belt scroll action game" was coined in Japan, where it was named as such due to the scrolling style resembling conveyor belt motion. This format was introduced by Technos Japan's Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun (1986), known as Renegade in the West, and further developed and popularized by its follow-up Double Dragon (1987). Later popular examples including titles such as the Sega's Streets of Rage series and Capcom's Final Fight series. Hack and slash – Beat 'em ups or brawlers that are centered around combat with melee-based weapons, such as swords or blades, rather than fist-fighting. 2D hack & slash or slash 'em up – 2D scrolling beat 'em ups centered around melee-based weapons. Examples include Sega's arcade series Shinobi (1987 debut) and Golden Axe (1989 debut), Data East's Captain Silver (1987), Taito's Rastan (1987) and Saint Sword (1991), Tecmo's early Ninja Gaiden (Shadow Warriors) 2D games (1988 debut), Capcom's Strider (1989), the Master System game Danan: The Jungle Fighter (1990), and Vanillaware's Dragon's Crown (2013). 3D hack & slash or character action game – These are third-person action games centered around weapon-based melee combat in three-dimensional environments. The sub-genre was largely defined by Capcom's Devil May Cry (2001), designed by Hideki Kamiya, with other examples including Koei Tecmo's Dynasty Warriors and 3D Ninja Gaiden games, later Devil May Cry games, Sony's God of War and Genji: Dawn of the Samurai, No More Heroes, Kamiya's Bayonetta, Darksiders and Dante's Inferno. 3D beat 'em up – 3D brawlers that are closer to traditional beat 'em ups, with fist-fighting, but take place in larger 3D environments. Examples include Sega's Die Hard Arcade (1996) and Yakuza series (2005 debut), Eidos Interactive's Fighting Force (1997), Squaresoft's The Bouncer (2000), and Capcom's God Hand (2006). This sub-genre of beat 'em up is generally not as popular as 3D hack & slash games. History Beat 'em up games have origins in martial arts films, particularly Bruce Lee's Hong Kong martial arts films. Lee's Game of Death (1972) inspired the basic structure of a beat 'em up, with Lee ascending five levels of a pagoda while fighting numerous enemies and several boss battles along the way, while another Lee film Enter the Dragon (1973) also influenced the genre. The first video game to feature fist fighting was Sega's arcade boxing game Heavyweight Champ (1976), which is viewed from a side-view perspective like later fighting games. However, it was Data East's fighting game Karate Champ (1984) which popularized martial arts themed games. Earliest beat 'em ups (mid-1980s) Kung-Fu Master (known as Spartan X in Japan), designed by Takashi Nishiyama and released by Irem in 1984, laid the foundations for side-scrolling beat 'em ups. It simplified the combat system of Karate Champ, while adding numerous enemies along a side-scrolling playfield. The game was based on two Hong Kong martial arts films: Jackie Chan's Wheels on Meals (1984), known as Spartan X in Japan (where the game was a tie-in), and Bruce Lee's Game of Death, the latter inspiring the five end-of-level boss fights and the plot structure, variations of which were used in subsequent scrolling beat 'em ups. Nishiyama, who had previously created the side-scrolling shooter Moon Patrol (1982), combined a shoot 'em up gameplay rhythm with fighting elements when he designed Kung-Fu Master. The game was also distinctive for its use of health meters, for both the player character and each boss. Another 1984 release, Bruce Lee, combined multi-player, multi-character combat with traditional collecting, platform and puzzle gameplay. Later that year, Karateka combined the one-on-one fight sequences of Karate Champ with the freedom of movement in Kung-Fu Master, and it successfully experimented with adding plot to its fighting action. It was also among the first martial arts games to be successfully developed for and ported across different home systems. Sega's My Hero (1985) adopted the gameplay format of Kung-Fu Master, but changing the more traditional martial arts setting to a more contemporary urban city environment with street gangs. Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun, developed by Technōs Japan and released in 1986 in Japan, introduced the belt scroll format, allowing both vertical and horizontal movement along a side-scrolling environment, while also popularizing street brawling in the genre. Created by Yoshihisa Kishimoto, game was inspired by his own teenage high school years getting into daily fights, along with Bruce Lee's martial arts film Enter the Dragon. The Western adaptation Renegade (released the same year) added an underworld revenge plot that proved more popular with gamers than the principled combat sport of other martial arts games. Renegade set the standard for future beat 'em up games as it introduced the ability to move both horizontally and vertically. It also introduced the use of combo attacks; in contrast to earlier games, the opponents in Renegade and Double Dragon could take much more punishment, requiring a succession of punches, with the first hit temporarily immobilizing the enemy, making him unable to defend himself against successive punches. Rather than one-hit kills, the player needed to hit enemies multiple times, "beating them up," in order to defeat them. Compared to earlier side-scrollers, the environment was expanded to a scrolling arena-like space, while the combat system was more highly developed, with the player able to punch, kick, grab, charge, throw and stomp enemies. Mainstream success (late 1980s to early 1990s) In 1987, the release of Double Dragon, designed as Technōs Japan's spiritual successor to Kunio-kun (Renegade), ushered in a "golden age" for the beat 'em up genre that took it to new heights with its detailed set of martial arts attacks and its outstanding two-player cooperative gameplay. It also had a continuous side-scrolling world, in contrast to the bounded scrolling arenas of Kunio-kun, giving Double Dragon a sense of progression, along with the use of cut scenes to give it a cinematic look and feel. Like Kunio-kun, the game's combat system drew inspiration from the Bruce Lee film Enter the Dragon, while Double Dragon added a new disaster-ridden city setting inspired by the Mad Max films and Fist of the North Star manga and anime series. Double Dragon became Japan's third highest-grossing table arcade game of 1987, before becoming America's overall highest-grossing dedicated arcade game for two years in a row, in 1988 and 1989. Double Dragon's success resulted in a flood of beat 'em ups in the late 1980s, where acclaimed titles such as Golden Axe and Final Fight (both 1989) distinguished themselves from the others. Final Fight was Capcom's intended sequel to Street Fighter (provisionally titled Street Fighter '89), but the company ultimately gave it a new title. In contrast to the simple combo attacks in Renegade and Double Dragon, the combo attacks in Final Fight were much more dynamic, and the sprites were much larger. Acclaimed as the best game in the genre, Final Fight spawned two home sequels and was later ported to other systems. Golden Axe was acclaimed for its visceral hack and slash action and cooperative mode and was influential through its selection of multiple protagonists with distinct fighting styles. It is considered one of the strongest beat 'em up titles for its fantasy elements, distinguishing it from the urban settings seen in other beat 'em ups. Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja featured platform elements, while P.O.W.: Prisoners of War took the weapon aspect a stage further, allowing the players to pick up guns. Another beat 'em up—River City Ransom (1989), named Street Gangs in Europe—featured role-playing game elements with which the player's character could be upgraded, using money stolen from defeated enemies. The Streets of Rage series was launched in the early 1990s and borrowed heavily from Final Fight. Streets of Rage 2 (1992) for Sega's Mega Drive/Genesis was one of the first console games to match the acclaim of arcade beat 'em ups. Its level design was praised for taking traditional beat 'em up settings and stringing them together in novel ways, and its success led to it being ported to arcades. The beat 'em up was also a popular genre for video games based on television series and movies, with Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Batman Returns a surprise success, and encouraged many more beat 'em up games based on the characters. Taito's arcade game Riding Fight (1992) combined beat 'em up gameplay with a pseudo-3D chase view and hoverboard racing gameplay. The "golden age" of the genre eventually came to an end during the early 1990s, following the success of Capcom's Street Fighter II (1991) which drew gamers back towards one-on-one fighting games, while the subsequent emerging popularity of 3D video games in the late 1990s diminished the popularity of 2D-based pugilistic games in general. Another notable game from this era is Gang Wars, released in 1989. Transition to 3D (late 1990s to early 2000s) Sega's Die Hard Arcade (1996) was the first beat 'em up to use texture-mapped 3D polygon graphics, and it used a sophisticated move set likened to a fighting game. It updated the Streets of Rage formula to 3D, while implementing moves and combos from the fighting game Virtua Fighter 2 (1994), the ability to combine weapons to create more powerful weapons, and in two-player mode the ability to perform combined special moves and combos. It also had cut scenes, with quick time events interspersed between scenes. The game achieved a certain degree of success, and entered the Japanese arcade earnings charts at number-two in August 1996. Core Design's Fighting Force (1997) was anticipated to redefine the genre for 32-bit consoles through its use of a 3D environment. However, it was met with a lukewarm reception. The beat 'em up genre declined in the late 1990s, largely disappearing from arcades by the end of the decade. In 2000, Squaresoft published The Bouncer (2000), developed by DreamFactory and designed by former Virtua Fighter designer Seiichi Ishii, for the PlayStation 2 console. It was an ambitious project that attempted to deliver a cinematic, story-driven beat 'em up, combining 3D beat 'em up gameplay with action role-playing game elements, cinematic cutscenes, high production values and an "Active Character Selection" system where choices alter the storyline. It was highly anticipated due to Squaresoft's reputation with Japanese role-playing games such as Final Fantasy, but was met with a mixed reception upon release. The same year, Italian studio NAPS team released Gekido: Urban Fighters for the PlayStation console, which uses a fast-paced beat 'em up system, with many bosses and a colorful design in terms of graphics. In the early 2000s, game reviewers started to pronounce that the genre had died off. By 2002, there were virtually no new beat 'em ups being released in arcades. 3D hack-and-slash games (early 2000s to present) See also: Hack and slash After 2000, the beat 'em up genre began seeing a revival in the form of popular 3D hack and slash games in the style of Devil May Cry (2001 onwards), including Onimusha, Ninja Gaiden (2004 onwards), God of War (2005 onwards), God Hand (2006), Heavenly Sword (2007), Afro Samurai (2009), and Bayonetta (2009). Featuring a more fantasy themed approach, with longer campaigns and the variety seen before in multiple characters now being present in the one and only main character. Giving the player multiple weapons and movesets based on a variety of martial arts and different weapons. These games are also known as "character action" games, which represent an evolution of traditional arcade action games. The subgenre was largely defined by Hideki Kamiya, creator of Devil May Cry and Bayonetta. A best-selling Japanese series is the Dynasty Warriors series, which beginning with Dynasty Warriors 2 (2000) offered beat 'em up action on large 3D battlefields with war strategy game elements, displaying dozens of characters on the screen at a time. The series to date spans 14 games (including expansions) which players in the West view as overly similar, although the games' creators claim their large audience in Japan appreciates the subtle differences between the titles. While critics saw Dynasty Warriors 2 as innovative and technically impressive, they held a mixed opinion of later titles. These later games received praise for simple, enjoyable gameplay but were simultaneously derided as overly simplistic and repetitive. Traditional beat 'em ups (early 2000s to present) Zeno Clash (2009) features beat 'em up gameplay from a first-person perspective. On the urban-themed side of the genre was the Yakuza series (2005 debut), which combined elaborate crime thriller plots and detailed interactive environments with street brawling action. Rockstar Games' The Warriors (based on the 1979 movie of the same name), released in 2005, featured large scale brawling in 3D environments interspersed with other activities such as chase sequences. The game also featured a more traditional side-scrolling beat 'em up Armies of the Night as bonus content, which was acclaimed along with the main game and was later released on the PlayStation Portable. Guacamelee! (2013) is a brawling-based game based on luchadors fashioned after a Metroid-style adventure game. Capcom's Viewtiful Joe (2003), directed by Devil May Cry creator Hideki Kamiya, used cel-shaded graphics and innovative gameplay features (such as the protagonist's special powers) to "reinvigorate" its traditional 2D scrolling formula. Releases such as God Hand in 2006 and MadWorld in 2009 were seen as parodies of violence in popular culture, earning both games praise for not taking themselves as seriously as early beat 'em up games. Classic beat 'em ups have been re-released on services such as the Virtual Console and Xbox Live Arcade; critics reaffirmed the appeal of some, while the appeal of others has been deemed to have diminished with time. Although the genre lacks the same presence it did in the late 1980s, some titles such as Viewtiful Joe and God Hand kept the traditional beat 'em up genre alive. The traditional 2D beat 'em up genre has seen a resurgence in Asia, where the South Korean online beat 'em up Dungeon Fighter Online (2004) is very popular. Dungeon Fighter Online has become one of the most-played and highest-grossing games of all time, having grossed over $10 billion. Other traditional 2D scrolling beat 'em ups were released on Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network including The Behemoth's Castle Crashers (2008), featuring cartoon graphics, quirky humor, and acclaimed cooperative gameplay, The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile (2011), Double Dragon Neon (2012) and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game (2010). Fable Heroes (2012) is an Xbox Live Arcade only title released in 2012. Saints Row IV (2013) featured a parody of Streets Of Rage entitled "Saints Of Rage", where the player rescues Johnny Gat from a virtual prison. Dragon's Crown (2013) is a 2D fantasy game with a mix of beat 'em up and ARPG elements that were specifically inspired by Golden Axe and Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom. Streets of Rage 4 (2020) was also released to critical acclaim and has renewed interested in both the series and genre. Dragon's Crown sold over a million copies by 2017, while Streets of Rage 4 has sold over 2.5 million copies as of April 2021. Also other well known classic franchises gained new titles such as Battletoads (2020) and The Ninja Saviors: Return of the Warriors (2019) and River City Girls (2019). The beat 'em up genre has also seen a resurgence within indie game development, resulting in unique titles such as DrinkBox Studios' 2013 indie title Guacamelee! and its 2018 sequel, which are both noted for their hybrid 2D Metroidvania-style platform brawler gameplay. Other indie titles are The Takeover (2019), Ninjin: Clash of Carrots (2018), and the critically acclaimed Fight'N Rage (2017). See also God Hand List of beat 'em ups Shoot 'em up Hack and slash References ^ Perron, Yolande (2012). Office québécois de la langue française (ed.). "Vocabulaire du jeu vidéo" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2015-08-31. ^ Hawken, Kieren (16 February 2017). The A-Z of Atari 2600 Games: Volume 1. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781785386428. Retrieved 2 March 2018 – via Google Books. ^ "First side-scrolling beat-em-up". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018. ^ Thomas, Lucas M., Justice League Heroes: The Flash, Yahoo! Games, Oct 27, 2007, Accessed Mar 22, 2009 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Navarro, Alex, Final Fight Review Archived 2009-07-07 at the Wayback Machine, GameSpot, May 10, 2007, Accessed Mar 21 2009 ^ Davis, Ryan, The Hulk (Xbox) Archived 2013-10-14 at the Wayback Machine, CNET, May 5, 2003. Retrieved March 24, 2009. ^ Ellis, David, MadWorld Review for the Wii Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine, 1UP, March 10, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2009. ^ Ashcraft, Brian, (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo-Charged World of Japan's Games Centers, Kodansha International, p. 159 ^ Navarro, Alex, McFarlane's Evil Prophecy Game (PS2) Archived 2013-10-15 at the Wayback Machine, CNET, June 15, 2004, Accessed Mar 27, 2009 ^ Navarro, Alex, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Xbox 360) Archived 2013-10-15 at the Wayback Machine, CNET, Mar 14, 2007, Accessed Mar 27, 2009 ^ a b c d e f g Spencer, Spanner, The Tao of Beat-'em-ups Archived 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, Eurogamer, Feb 6, 2008, Accessed Mar 18, 2009 ^ Anon. (May 3, 2006). "E3 Feature: Fighting Games Focus". Edge. Future plc. Archived from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved 2015-01-11. ^ Wales, Matt, Super Smash Bros. Brawl UK Review Archived 2008-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, IGN, June 8, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2009. ^ "Street Fighter 2, The Ultimate Players Guide" (PDF). Mean Machines. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2017-10-27. ^ a b "Final Fight – Super Nintendo – Mean Machines review". Meanmachinesmag.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-10-27. Retrieved 2018-01-09. ^ Leone, Matt (March 1, 2021). "Street Fighter: The Movie: The game: An oral history". Polygon. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021. ^ "Play Test: Soul Blade". Official UK PlayStation Magazine (Platinum Special): 82–5. 1999. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Spencer, Spanner, The Tao of Beat-'em-ups (part 2) Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine, EuroGamer, Feb 12, 2008, Accessed Mar 18, 2009 ^ a b c d Fitch, Andy, Dynasty Warriors 6 (Xbox 360), 1UP, Mar 7, 2008, Accessed Mar 19, 2009 ^ a b c d e Kasavin, Greg, Golden Axe Review Archived 2007-01-28 at the Wayback Machine, GameSpot, Dec 1, 2006, Accessed Mar 19, 2009 ^ a b c d e Cassidy, William, Hall of Fame: Golden Axe Archived 2009-08-18 at the Wayback Machine, GameSpy, June 8, 2003. Retrieved March 24, 2009. ^ a b c Gerstmann, Jeff, Fighting Force Review, GameSpot, Dec 1, 1997, Accessed Mar 19, 2009 ^ a b c Sato, Ike, Dynasty Warriors 2 Review, GameSpot, Aug 17, 2000, Accessed Mar 19, 2009 ^ Nguyen, Thierry, Watchmen: The End is Nigh (PS3) Archived 2009-03-24 at the Wayback Machine, 1UP, Mar 4, 2009, Mar 26, 2009 ^ Fudge, James, X-Men: The Official Game Archived December 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Xploder June 13, 2006. Retrieved March 24, 2009. ^ a b McGarvery, Sterling, Review – MadWorld (Wii) Archived 2012-04-11 at the Wayback Machine, GameSpy, Mar 10, 2009, Accessed Mar 24, 2009 ^ Ramachandran, Ryan, Gamasutra Opinion: Boss Design – Trial & Punishment Archived 2014-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, GamaSutra, June 17, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2009. ^ a b c d e Perry, Douglass C., Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1989 Arcade Review Archived 2010-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, IGN, Mar 14, 2007, Accessed Mar 22, 2009 ^ a b c d e f g h i Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017). History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction. CRC Press. pp. 143–6. ISBN 978-1-317-50381-1. ^ The Death and Return of Superman Archived August 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, UGO, 2006, Accessed Mar 27, 2009 ^ Staff, Game Help Editors' Picks Co-Op Games Archived 2012-08-27 at the Wayback Machine, IGN, June 13, 2005. Retrieved March 24, 2009. ^ Cifaldi, Frank, The Quantum Leap Awards: The Most Important Multiplayer Games of All Time Archived 2014-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, GamaSutra, Feb 2, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2009. ^ a b c Plasket, Michael (May 4, 2017). "My Hero". Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "The Unconverted". Retro Gamer. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021 – via PressReader. ^ Bramwell, Tom (October 13, 2003). "Viewtiful Joe". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021. ^ a b "人気キャラクターの原点にしてベルトスクロールアクションの始祖「熱血硬派くにおくん」" . IGCC (in Japanese). Institute of Game Culture Convervation (IGCC). 25 April 2019. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "名作ベルトスクロールアクション7本を収録した『カプコンベルトアクションコレクション』DL版本日配信！" . PlayStation (in Japanese). Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. 20 September 2018. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "約22年の時を経て，名作ベルトアクション「アイアンコマンドー鋼鉄の戦士」がSFC/SFC互換機向けに発売決定。11月30日にリリースへ" . 4Gamer.net (in Japanese). Aetas, Inc. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ a b c d e f "Complete Games Guide". Mean Machines. No. 20 (28 April 1992). May 1992. pp. 6, 14, 18, 20, 22, 26. ^ a b Gass, Zach (11 May 2020). "10 Awesome Hack and Slash Games That Aren't God of War". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021. ^ Greg Kasavin (2006-11-30). "Golden Axe Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2008-10-07. ^ Patrick Shaw (2008-05-16). "Golden Axe: Beast Rider". GamePro. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2008-10-07. ^ Reed, Kristan (4 January 2007). "Taito Legends Power-Up". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021. ^ Weiss, Brett (9 July 2018). Classic Home Video Games, 1989-1990: A Complete Guide to Sega Genesis, Neo Geo and TurboGrafx-16 Games. McFarland & Company. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-7864-9231-2. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ a b Hovermale, Chris (2019-03-10). "How Devil May Cry's arcade inspirations shaped character action games". Destructoid. Retrieved 30 April 2021. ^ Is Dante's Inferno Divine or a Comedy of Errors?, UGO Networks, February 9, 2010 ^ Heavenly Sword Review Archived 2013-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, VideoGamer.com, 04/09/2007 ^ "Die Hard Arcade review". Die Hard Arcade review. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-04-29. ^ "Yakuza Review for PS2 from 1UP.com". November 7, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-11-07. ^ "Fighting Force Review". Archived from the original on 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2021-08-07. ^ "The Bouncer Review". Archived from the original on 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2021-08-07. ^ "GameSpy: Divine Fist - Page 1". ps2.gamespy.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2021-08-07. ^ "10 Once-Prominent Game Genres That Have All But Died". CBR. July 19, 2021. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021. ^ a b Stuart, Keith (9 April 2014). "Bruce Lee, UFC and why the martial arts star is a video game hero". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ^ a b c d e Leone, Matt (12 October 2012). "The man who created Double Dragon". Polygon. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021. ^ Nadia Oxford, 20 Years of Street Fighter Archived 2012-12-06 at archive.today, 1UP.com, 12/11/2007 ^ Kunkel, Bill; Worley, Joyce; Katz, Arnie, "The Furious Fists of Sega!", Archived May 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Computer Gaming World, Oct 1988, pp. 48-49 ^ Fox, Matt (3 January 2013). The Video Games Guide: 1,000+ Arcade, Console and Computer Games, 1962-2012 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7864-7257-4. ^ Okamoto, Yoshiki; Nishiyama, Takashi. " A Talk Between the Creators of Street Fighter and Fatal Fury: KOF (Takashi Nishiyama)". 世界の岡本吉起Ch (in Japanese). YouTube. Event occurs at 1:40. Archived from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ "Bruce Lee review". CRASH (16). May 1985. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2007-09-26. ^ Edgely, Clare (May 1985). "Spectrum Software Scene 2". Sinclair User (38). Archived from the original on 2007-11-05. Retrieved 2007-09-26. ^ Roberts, Mike; Phipps, Steve (October 1985). "Coin-Op Connection". Computer Gamer. No. 7. United Kingdom: Argus Press. pp. 18–9. ^ Evolution of a Genre: Beat 'Em Ups Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine, ABC Television, Nov 6, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2009. ^ a b Jess Ragan (2006-06-15). "Playing With Power". 1UP.com. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2011-02-25. ^ a b c Cassidy, William, Hall of Fame: Double Dragon Archived 2009-08-18 at the Wayback Machine, Gamespy, Jan 5, 2003, Accessed, March 24, 2009 ^ "87' ゲーメスト大賞" . Gamest (in Japanese). Vol. 17 (February 1988). December 28, 1987. pp. 26–38. alternate url Archived 2021-09-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Coin Machine: AMOA Jukebox, Games & Cig Vending Awards Winners". Cash Box. November 26, 1988. p. 30. ^ "AMOA Jukebox, Games & Cigarette Vending Awards Winners". Cash Box. Cash Box Pub. Co. 1989-09-30. p. 36. ^ Did You Know? Volume 1: Street Fighter '89, Capcom, Accessed Aug 17, 2009 ^ a b Kalata, Kurt, Final Fight Archived 2014-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, Hardcore Gaming 101, Accessed Feb 04, 2010 ^ Ashcraft, Brian, Clip: Top Ten Beat 'Em Ups Archived 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine, Kotaku, Mar 16, 2007, Accessed Mar 21, 2009 ^ a b "Rated Wii Shop", Nintendo: The Official Magazine, September 2008 (issue 33), p. 129 ^ IGN's Top 100 Games Archived February 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, IGN, Accessed Mar 22, 2009 ^ a b Cassidy, William, Hall of Fame: Streets of Rage Archived August 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, GameSpy, Sept 23, 2003, Accessed Mar 24, 2009 ^ "TMNT Games". 1up.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2009-03-26. ^ "Riding Fight - Videogame by Taito". Killer List of Videogames. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021. ^ "Video Game Flyers: Riding Fight, Taito". The Arcade Flyer Archive. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021. ^ Webb, Marcus (August 1996). "Up and Coming Coin-Ops". Next Generation. No. 20. Imagine Media. p. 18. ^ Leadbetter, Rich (March 1997). "Rage Hard!". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 17. Emap International Limited. pp. 46–49. ^ "New Games: Die Hard Arcade". Computer and Video Games. No. 179 (October 1996). 9 September 1996. p. 96. ^ "Preview: Die Hard Arcade". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 16. Emap International Limited. February 1997. pp. 24–27. ^ "Return of the McClane". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 12. Emap International Limited. October 1996. pp. 86–89. ^ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - TVゲーム機ーソフトウェア (Video Game Software)". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 524. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 August 1996. p. 21. ^ Barbato, Steven (September 8, 2020). "Bouncer, The". Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "NextGen 67 Jul 2000". July 2000. ^ Epperson, Justin, Die Hard Arcade EX: Asian Dynamite (Arcade), 1UP, Feb 17, 2007, Accessed Mar 26, 2009 ^ Arnold Katayev (2009-01-31). "Afro Samurai Review". PSX Extreme. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2011-02-26. ^ Jeff Bakalar, Scott Stein and Dan Ackerman (January 4, 2010). "Bad hair day: Bayonetta hands-on". Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2011-02-26. ^ Jenkins, David, Japanese Charts: Yakuza 3 And Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce Lead Busy Week Archived 2014-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, GamaSutra, Mar 5, 2009, Accessed Mar 19, 2009 ^ Villoria, Gerald, Dynasty Warriors 3 ReviewArchived September 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, GameSpot, Dec 18, 2001, Accessed Mar 19, 2009 ^ Nutt, Christian, Interview: How Koei Aims For Western Audiences Archived 2014-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, GamaSutra, Dec 8, 2008, Mar 19, 2009 ^ Ramsey, Randolph, Dynasty Warriors 6 Review, GameSpot, Mar 28, 2008, Accessed Mar 18, 2009 ^ Stanton, Rich, "Yakuza 2", Official Playstation Magazine UK, Nov 2008 (issue 24), pp. 108-09 ^ a b Navarro, Alex, The Warriors Review Archived April 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, GameSpot, Oct 21, 2005, Accessed Mar 22, 2009 ^ Cundy, Matt, Rockstar's retro beat-'em-up revealed Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, GamesRadar, Jan 24, 2007, Accessed Mar 22, 2009 ^ Bramwell, Tom Viewtiful Joe Archived 2008-12-29 at the Wayback Machine, EuroGamer, Oct 13, 2003, Accessed Mar 19, 2009 ^ Barnholt, Ray, God Hand Preview, 1UP, July 17, 2006, Accessed Mar 26, 2009 ^ "Clover Studios Wilts and Dies", GameAxis Unwired, Nov 2006, p. 8 ^ "Dungeon Fighter Online gross lifetime revenue exceeds $10bn". GamesIndustry.biz. 21 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2019-05-20. ^ Francis, Don, Castle Crashers Review Archived December 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, GameSpot, Aug 28, 2008, Accessed Mar 26, 2009 ^ Chris Kohler (July 22, 2010). "The Gamer's Guide to Comic-Con 2010". Wired. Retrieved 2011-02-26. ^ Good, Owen S. (December 22, 2020). "Xbox Games With Gold gave us few options to consider in 2020". Polygon. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021. ^ "Review: Dragon's Crown". July 31, 2013. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021. ^ "Streets Of Rage 4 Review - The Beat-'Em-Up Boys Are Back In Town". Archived from the original on 2020-11-03. Retrieved 2021-08-07. ^ 『ドラゴンズクラウン・プロ』PS4で完成度に磨きがかかったゲーム内容が公開. Famitsu (in Japanese). 2017-09-29. Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2020-01-20. ^ Romano, Sal (April 8, 2021). "Streets of Rage 4 DLC 'Mr. X Nightmare' and free update announced; downloads top 2.5 million". Gematsu. Archived from the original on September 19, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021. ^ "Guacamelee! Review - IGN". 8 April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via www.ign.com. ^ "Guacamelee! 2 Brings Pollo Power to PS4 August 21". July 24, 2018. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021. ^ "Fight'N Rage". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2021-07-26. Retrieved 2021-09-06. External links Genre: Beat 'em up / Brawler Archived 2021-07-01 at the Wayback Machine at MobyGames vteVideo game genres List of video game genres ActionPlatformer Endless runner Platform fighter Shooter Arena First-person Hero Light gun Shoot 'em up Bullet hell Rail Twin-stick Tactical Third-person Survival Battle royale Survival horror Other Beat 'em up Hack and slash Fighting Platform fighter Maze Pac-Man clone Snake Stealth Action-adventure Grand Theft Auto clone Metroidvania Adventure Escape room Graphic adventure Interactive fiction Interactive film Visual novel Walking sim Digital tabletop Deck-building Roguelike deck-building Digital collectible card Puzzle Hidden object Sokoban Tile-matching Role-playing Action role-playing Looter shooter Soulslike Dungeon crawl Monster-taming Roguelike Roguelike deck-building Tactical role-playing SimulationLife Dating Farming God Social Virtual pet CMS Business City-building Government Sports Fishing Racing Kart racing Sim racing Vehicle Flight simulation Combat Lunar Lander Space Submarine simulator Train simulator Vehicular combat Other Falling-sand Immersive sim Strategy 4X Auto battler MOBA Real-time strategy Time management Real-time tactics Tactical role-playing Tower defense Turn-based strategy Turn-based tactics Artillery Wargame Grand strategy Other genres Cozy Fitness Horror Survival horror Incremental Music Rhythm Non-game Party Photography Programming Typing Related conceptsThemes Advergame Bishōjo Christian Comedy Educational Girls Licensed Otome Sexual Eroge Nonviolent Personalized Sci-fi Serious Art Climate change News Player modes Multiplayer Co-op PVP Single-player Production AAA Indie Doujin soft Fan game Design Casual Hypercasual Emergent gameplay FMV Gacha Kaizo Masocore Nonlinear gameplay Open world Sandbox Side-scrolling Twitch gameplay Vertically scrolling Other Minigame Toys-to-life Video game clone Video game modding Video game remake vteMartial arts List of styles History Timeline Records Hard and soft ClassificationRegional origin China Europe India Indonesia Italian Ireland Japan Okinawa Korea Mainland Southeast Asia Philippines Russia Vietnam Unarmed techniques Arm strikes Chokehold Punch Elbow strike Clinch Ground Headbutt Leg strikes Footwork Kick Flying Knee strike Stomp Grappling Hold Joint lock Sweep Takedown Throw Stand-up Weapons Duel Melee weapons Knife fighting Stick-fighting Swordsmanship Ranged weapons Archery Shooting Training Kata Boxing glove Practice weapon Punching bag Pushing hands Randori Sparring Grappling Barróg Brazilian jiu-jitsu Judo Jujutsu Luta Livre esportiva Malla-yuddha Pehlwani Sambo Shuai jiao Sumo Wrestling catch Cornish folk freestyle Greco-Roman Mongolian oil shoot Striking Bando Boxing Capoeira Chess boxing Choi Kwang-Do Dambe Karate Kickboxing Kun Khmer Lethwei Muay Thai Northern Praying Mantis Russian boxing Sanda Shaolin kung fu Shoot boxing Savate Taekwondo Tang Soo Do Tien Shan Pai Vovinam Wudangquan Yoshukai Karate Internal Aikido Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu Baguazhang Tai chi Xingyiquan Full contact / combat sports Professional boxing Kickboxing Full contact karate Mixed martial arts Pankration Shootfighting Submission wrestling Vale Tudo Self-defense / combatives Arnis Bartitsu Hapkido Kajukenbo Jieitaikakutōjutsu Krav Maga MCMAP Pencak silat Pencak Silat Harimau Suffrajitsu Systema Taekkyon To-Shin Do Wing Chun Silat Melayu Eclectic / hybrids American Kenpo Angampora Chun Kuk Do Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu Jeet Kune Do Shooto Shorinji Kempo Unifight Qwan Ki Do Battlefield Banshay Bokator Historical European martial arts Huiyen Lallong Jujutsu Kalaripayattu Krabi–krabong Krav Maga Mardani khel Marine Corps Martial Arts Program Pencak Silat Harimau Entertainment Fighting game Martial arts film (Chanbara) Professional wrestling Stage combat Tricking Wuxia International gamesMartial arts at the Summer Olympics Boxing Fencing Judo Karate Taekwondo Wrestling (freestyle, Greco-Roman) Demonstration sports Budō Pistol dueling Glima Savate Martial arts at the World Games Ju-jitsu Karate Kickboxing Muay Thai Sumo Former official sports Sambo Taekwondo Invitational sports Aikido Wushu Martial arts at the Pan American Games Boxing Fencing Judo Karate Taekwondo Wrestling Martial arts at the Asian Games Boxing Judo Jujutsu Karate Taekwondo Wrestling Wushu 2018 Only Kurash Pencak silat Sambo Martial arts at the African Games Boxing Fencing Judo Karate Taekwondo Wrestling Martial arts at the European Games Boxing Fencing Judo Karate Muaythai Sambo Taekwondo Wrestling Portal Outline	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fighting game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"Beat 'Em Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_%27Em_Up"},{"link_name":"Brawler (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawler_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OQLF-1"},{"link_name":"video game genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_genre"},{"link_name":"hand-to-hand combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat"},{"link_name":"scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game"},{"link_name":"two-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay"},{"link_name":"arcade genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_genre"},{"link_name":"side-scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling"},{"link_name":"action games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_games"},{"link_name":"cooperative gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"Kung-Fu Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung-Fu_Master_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong martial arts films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_martial_arts_films"},{"link_name":"Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekketsu_K%C5%8Dha_Kunio-kun"},{"link_name":"belt scroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_scroll"},{"link_name":"Double Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_II"},{"link_name":"fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_games"},{"link_name":"Streets of Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Rage"},{"link_name":"Final Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fight_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Golden Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Axe_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"hack-and-slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack-and-slash"},{"link_name":"God Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Hand"},{"link_name":"Devil May Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry"},{"link_name":"Dynasty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"God of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_War_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Bayonetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonetta"},{"link_name":"Dungeon Fighter Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_Fighter_Online"},{"link_name":"Dragon's Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Crown"},{"link_name":"Streets of Rage 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Rage_4"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles:_Shredder%27s_Revenge"}],"text":"Video game genreFor the related genre for one-on-one combat, see fighting game. For the Iggy Pop album, see Beat 'Em Up.\"Brawler\" and \"Brawlers\" redirect here. For other uses, see Brawler (disambiguation).A beat 'em up (also known as brawler and, in some markets, beat 'em all[1]) is a video game genre featuring hand-to-hand combat against a large number of opponents. Traditional beat 'em ups take place in scrolling, two-dimensional (2D) levels, while a number of modern games feature more open three-dimensional (3D) environments with yet larger numbers of enemies. The gameplay tends to follow arcade genre conventions, such as being simple to learn but difficult to master, and the combat system tends to be more highly developed than other side-scrolling action games. Two-player cooperative gameplay and multiple player characters are also hallmarks of the genre. Most of these games take place in urban settings and feature crime-fighting and revenge-based plots, though some games may employ historical, science fiction or fantasy themes.The first beat 'em up was 1984's Kung-Fu Master,[2][3] which was based on Hong Kong martial arts films. 1986's Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun introduced the belt scroll format employed extensively by later games, while also popularizing contemporary urban settings, while its Western localized version Renegade further introduced underworld revenge themes. The genre then saw a period of high popularity between the release of Double Dragon in 1987, which defined the two-player cooperative mode and continuous belt scroll format central to classic beat 'em ups, and 1991's Street Fighter II, which drew gamers towards one-on-one fighting games. Games such as Streets of Rage, Final Fight, Golden Axe and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles are other classics to emerge from this period. In the late 1990s, the genre lost popularity with the emergence of 3D-polygon technology.In the 2000s, a sub-genre of 3D hack-and-slash games emerged (also known as \"character action games\"), adapting the beat 'em up formula to utilize large-scale 3D environments, with popular franchises including God Hand, Devil May Cry, Dynasty Warriors, God of War and Bayonetta. Since the 2010s, traditional 2D beat 'em ups have seen a resurgence, with popular titles such as Dungeon Fighter Online, Dragon's Crown, Streets of Rage 4 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge.","title":"Beat 'em up"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"action game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_game"},{"link_name":"melee weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee_weapon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"video game magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_magazines"},{"link_name":"Mean Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Machines"},{"link_name":"Computer & Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_%26_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-FF-15"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"A beat 'em up (also called a \"brawler\")[4][5] is a type of action game where the player character must fight a large number of enemies in unarmed combat or with melee weapons.[6][7][8] Gameplay consists of walking through a level, one section at a time, defeating a group of enemies before advancing to the next section; a boss fight normally occurs at the end of each level.[9] Arcade versions of these games are often quite difficult to win, causing players to spend more money.[10]Beat 'em ups are related to but distinct from fighting games, which are based around one-on-one matches rather than scrolling levels and multiple enemies.[11] Such terminology is loosely applied, however,[11] as some commentators prefer to conflate the two terms.[12] At times, both one-on-one fighting games and scrolling beat 'em ups have influenced each other in terms of graphics and style and can appeal to fans of either genre.[11] Occasionally, a game will feature both kinds of gameplay.[13]In the United Kingdom, video game magazines during the 1980s to 1990s, such as Mean Machines and Computer & Video Games (C+VG) for example, referred to all games which had a combat motif as beat 'em ups, including fighting games.[14] However, they were differentiated by a specific prefix; games like Double Dragon or Final Fight were called \"scrolling beat 'em ups\"[15] and games such as Street Fighter II or Mortal Kombat were referred to as \"one on one beat 'em ups\".[16] Fighting games were still being called \"beat 'em up\" games in the UK gaming press up until the end of the 1990s.[17]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty1up-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenaxe-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespyhof-21"},{"link_name":"scroll horizontally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"2D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fightingforce-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty2-23"},{"link_name":"power-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-up"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespyhof-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespyhof-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespymadworld-26"},{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamaboss-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenaxe-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fightingforce-22"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmnt-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"combos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combo_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmnt-28"},{"link_name":"special attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower_(ability)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"combos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combo_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmnt-28"},{"link_name":"Double Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon"},{"link_name":"cooperatively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenaxe-20"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmnt-28"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beatemupcoop-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Beat 'em up games usually employ vigilante crime fighting and revenge plots with the action taking place on city streets,[18] though historical and fantasy themed games also exist.[19][20] Players must walk from one end of the game world to the other,[21] and thus each game level will usually scroll horizontally.[5] Some later beat 'em ups dispense with 2D-based scrolling levels, instead allowing the player to roam around larger 3D environments, though they retain the same simple-to-learn gameplay and control systems.[22][23] Throughout the level, players may acquire weapons that they can use as well as power-ups that replenish the player's health.[5]As players walk through the level, they are stopped by groups of enemies who must be defeated before they're able to continue.[24] The level ends when all the enemies are defeated. Each level contains many identical groups of enemies,[21][25] making these games notable for their repetition.[21][26] In beat 'em up games, players often fight a boss—an enemy much stronger than the other enemies—at the end of each level.[5][27]Beat 'em ups often allow the player to choose between a selection of protagonists—each with their own strengths, weaknesses, and set of moves.[5][20][22][28] The combat system typically tends to be more highly developed than other side-scrolling action games.[29] Attacks can include rapid combinations of basic attacks (combos) as well as jumping and grappling attacks.[5][28] Characters often have their own special attacks, which leads to different strategies depending on which character the player selects.[30] The control system is usually simple to learn, often comprising just two attack buttons. These buttons can be combined to pull off combos, as well as jumping and grappling attacks.[5][28] Since the release of Double Dragon, many beat 'em ups have allowed two players to play the game cooperatively—a central aspect to the appeal of these games.[5][18][20][28][31] Beat 'em ups are more likely to feature cooperative play than other game genres.[32]","title":"Game design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrolling"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-FF-15"},{"link_name":"side-scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling"},{"link_name":"Irem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irem"},{"link_name":"Kung-Fu Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung-Fu_Master_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Takashi Nishiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Nishiyama"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"My Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Hero_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Flashgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashgal"},{"link_name":"Taito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito"},{"link_name":"The Ninja Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ninja_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Data East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_East"},{"link_name":"Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Dudes_Vs._DragonNinja"},{"link_name":"Namco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco"},{"link_name":"Splatterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatterhouse"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hero-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"action games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_games"},{"link_name":"fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_games"},{"link_name":"platform games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game"},{"link_name":"run and gun video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_and_gun_video_game"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"Viewtiful Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewtiful_Joe"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"belt scroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_scroll"},{"link_name":"conveyor belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belt"},{"link_name":"Technos Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technos_Japan"},{"link_name":"Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekketsu_K%C5%8Dha_Kunio-kun"},{"link_name":"Double Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"Final Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fight"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGCC-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"Shinobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinobi_(series)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenrant-40"},{"link_name":"Golden Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Axe_(series)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Captain Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Silver"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"Rastan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastan_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Saint Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sword"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"Tecmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecmo"},{"link_name":"Ninja Gaiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Gaiden"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"Strider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strider_(1989_arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Master System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_System"},{"link_name":"Danan: The Jungle Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danan:_The_Jungle_Fighter"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"Vanillaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillaware"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenrant-40"},{"link_name":"third-person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Devil May Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Hideki Kamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Kamiya"},{"link_name":"Koei Tecmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koei_Tecmo"},{"link_name":"Dynasty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"Genji: Dawn of the Samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genji:_Dawn_of_the_Samurai"},{"link_name":"No More Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Heroes_(series)"},{"link_name":"Bayonetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonetta"},{"link_name":"Darksiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darksiders"},{"link_name":"Dante's Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destructoid-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UGO-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VideoGamer-47"},{"link_name":"Die Hard Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Hard_Arcade"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Yakuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuza_(series)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Eidos Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Fighting Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Force"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Squaresoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaresoft"},{"link_name":"The Bouncer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bouncer_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"God Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Hand"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"The beat 'em up or brawler genre includes several sub-genres:Scrolling beat 'em up – Beat 'em up games which employ a 2D scrolling format.[15]\nSingle-plane beat 'em up or side-scrolling beat 'em up – Scrolling beat 'em ups that move along a single side-scrolling plane of motion. This was the earliest style of beat 'em up, with the format established by Irem's Kung-Fu Master (1984), designed by Takashi Nishiyama. Other titles that followed in the sub-genre include Sega's My Hero and Flashgal (1985), Taito's The Ninja Warriors (1987), Data East's Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja (1988) and Namco's Splatterhouse (1988).[33][34] This early style of beat 'em up is part of a broader genre of side-scrolling character action games, including 2D fighting games, scrolling platform games, and run and gun video games.[29] A later example of this style is Capcom's Viewtiful Joe (2003).[35]\nBelt-scroll action game or belt-scroll beat 'em up – The most popular type of scrolling beat 'em up, these games use a belt scroll format, a side-scrolling format with a downward camera angle where players can move both vertically and horizontally along a horizontally scrolling environment. The term \"belt scroll action game\" was coined in Japan, where it was named as such due to the scrolling style resembling conveyor belt motion. This format was introduced by Technos Japan's Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun (1986), known as Renegade in the West, and further developed and popularized by its follow-up Double Dragon (1987). Later popular examples including titles such as the Sega's Streets of Rage series and Capcom's Final Fight series.[36][37][38]\nHack and slash – Beat 'em ups or brawlers that are centered around combat with melee-based weapons, such as swords or blades, rather than fist-fighting.\n2D hack & slash or slash 'em up – 2D scrolling beat 'em ups centered around melee-based weapons. Examples include Sega's arcade series Shinobi (1987 debut)[39][40] and Golden Axe (1989 debut),[41][42] Data East's Captain Silver (1987),[39] Taito's Rastan (1987)[39][43] and Saint Sword (1991),[39] Tecmo's early Ninja Gaiden (Shadow Warriors) 2D games (1988 debut),[39] Capcom's Strider (1989),[44] the Master System game Danan: The Jungle Fighter (1990),[39] and Vanillaware's Dragon's Crown (2013).[40]\n3D hack & slash or character action game – These are third-person action games centered around weapon-based melee combat in three-dimensional environments. The sub-genre was largely defined by Capcom's Devil May Cry (2001), designed by Hideki Kamiya, with other examples including Koei Tecmo's Dynasty Warriors and 3D Ninja Gaiden games, later Devil May Cry games, Sony's God of War and Genji: Dawn of the Samurai, No More Heroes, Kamiya's Bayonetta, Darksiders and Dante's Inferno.[45][46][47]\n3D beat 'em up – 3D brawlers that are closer to traditional beat 'em ups, with fist-fighting, but take place in larger 3D environments. Examples include Sega's Die Hard Arcade (1996)[48] and Yakuza series (2005 debut),[49] Eidos Interactive's Fighting Force (1997),[50] Squaresoft's The Bouncer (2000),[51] and Capcom's God Hand (2006).[52] This sub-genre of beat 'em up is generally not as popular as 3D hack & slash games.[53]","title":"Sub-genres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"martial arts films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts_films"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong martial arts films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_martial_arts_films"},{"link_name":"Game of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Death"},{"link_name":"pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda"},{"link_name":"boss battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_battles"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-54"},{"link_name":"Enter the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-55"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_video_game"},{"link_name":"Heavyweight Champ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight_Champ_(1976_arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Data East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_East"},{"link_name":"Karate Champ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate_Champ"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"}],"text":"Beat 'em up games have origins in martial arts films, particularly Bruce Lee's Hong Kong martial arts films. Lee's Game of Death (1972) inspired the basic structure of a beat 'em up, with Lee ascending five levels of a pagoda while fighting numerous enemies and several boss battles along the way,[54] while another Lee film Enter the Dragon (1973) also influenced the genre.[55][29] The first video game to feature fist fighting was Sega's arcade boxing game Heavyweight Champ (1976),[11] which is viewed from a side-view perspective like later fighting games.[56] However, it was Data East's fighting game Karate Champ (1984) which popularized martial arts themed games.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kung-Fu Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung-Fu_Master_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Takashi Nishiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Nishiyama"},{"link_name":"Irem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irem"},{"link_name":"side-scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"},{"link_name":"Wheels on Meals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_on_Meals"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGW-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-54"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-58"},{"link_name":"side-scrolling shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling_shooter"},{"link_name":"Moon Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Patrol"},{"link_name":"shoot 'em up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Okamoto-59"},{"link_name":"health meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_meter"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Karateka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karateka_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"ported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"My Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Hero_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hero-33"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG7-62"},{"link_name":"Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekketsu_K%C5%8Dha_Kunio-kun"},{"link_name":"Technōs Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techn%C5%8Ds_Japan"},{"link_name":"belt scroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_scroll"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGCC-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hero-33"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"Yoshihisa Kishimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihisa_Kishimoto"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-55"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"combo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combo_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UP-Power-64"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"}],"sub_title":"Earliest beat 'em ups (mid-1980s)","text":"Kung-Fu Master (known as Spartan X in Japan), designed by Takashi Nishiyama and released by Irem in 1984, laid the foundations for side-scrolling beat 'em ups. It simplified the combat system of Karate Champ, while adding numerous enemies along a side-scrolling playfield. The game was based on two Hong Kong martial arts films: Jackie Chan's Wheels on Meals (1984), known as Spartan X in Japan (where the game was a tie-in), and Bruce Lee's Game of Death,[11][57] the latter inspiring the five end-of-level boss fights[54] and the plot structure, variations of which were used in subsequent scrolling beat 'em ups.[58] Nishiyama, who had previously created the side-scrolling shooter Moon Patrol (1982), combined a shoot 'em up gameplay rhythm with fighting elements when he designed Kung-Fu Master.[59] The game was also distinctive for its use of health meters, for both the player character and each boss.[29] Another 1984 release, Bruce Lee, combined multi-player, multi-character combat with traditional collecting, platform and puzzle gameplay.[60][61] Later that year, Karateka combined the one-on-one fight sequences of Karate Champ with the freedom of movement in Kung-Fu Master, and it successfully experimented with adding plot to its fighting action. It was also among the first martial arts games to be successfully developed for and ported across different home systems.[11] Sega's My Hero (1985) adopted the gameplay format of Kung-Fu Master, but changing the more traditional martial arts setting to a more contemporary urban city environment with street gangs.[33][62]Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun, developed by Technōs Japan and released in 1986 in Japan, introduced the belt scroll format, allowing both vertical and horizontal movement along a side-scrolling environment,[36][33] while also popularizing street brawling in the genre.[18] Created by Yoshihisa Kishimoto, game was inspired by his own teenage high school years getting into daily fights, along with Bruce Lee's martial arts film Enter the Dragon.[55][29] The Western adaptation Renegade (released the same year) added an underworld revenge plot that proved more popular with gamers than the principled combat sport of other martial arts games.[18] Renegade set the standard for future beat 'em up games as it introduced the ability to move both horizontally and vertically.[63] It also introduced the use of combo attacks; in contrast to earlier games, the opponents in Renegade and Double Dragon could take much more punishment, requiring a succession of punches, with the first hit temporarily immobilizing the enemy, making him unable to defend himself against successive punches.[64] Rather than one-hit kills, the player needed to hit enemies multiple times, \"beating them up,\" in order to defeat them. Compared to earlier side-scrollers, the environment was expanded to a scrolling arena-like space, while the combat system was more highly developed, with the player able to punch, kick, grab, charge, throw and stomp enemies.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Technōs Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techn%C5%8Ds_Japan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-55"},{"link_name":"cooperative gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddhof-65"},{"link_name":"cut scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_scenes"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-55"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"Mad Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Max"},{"link_name":"Fist of the North Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fist_of_the_North_Star"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-55"},{"link_name":"table arcade game of 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamest-66"},{"link_name":"in 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddhof-65"},{"link_name":"Golden Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Axe_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Final Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fight_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalata-70"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UP-Power-64"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalata-70"},{"link_name":"hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenaxe-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespyhof-21"},{"link_name":"Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Dudes_Vs._DragonNinja"},{"link_name":"P.O.W.: Prisoners of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.O.W.:_Prisoners_of_War"},{"link_name":"River City Ransom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_City_Ransom"},{"link_name":"role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nintendo_mag-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Streets of Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Rage"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streetsofragehof-74"},{"link_name":"Streets of Rage 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Rage_2"},{"link_name":"Mega Drive/Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Drive/Genesis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streetsofragehof-74"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"Batman Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Returns_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"the characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Taito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito"},{"link_name":"pseudo-3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-3D"},{"link_name":"hoverboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverboard"},{"link_name":"racing gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_game"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_II"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddhof-65"},{"link_name":"Gang Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Wars_(video_game)"}],"sub_title":"Mainstream success (late 1980s to early 1990s)","text":"In 1987, the release of Double Dragon, designed as Technōs Japan's spiritual successor to Kunio-kun (Renegade),[18][55] ushered in a \"golden age\" for the beat 'em up genre that took it to new heights with its detailed set of martial arts attacks and its outstanding two-player cooperative gameplay.[18][65] It also had a continuous side-scrolling world, in contrast to the bounded scrolling arenas of Kunio-kun, giving Double Dragon a sense of progression, along with the use of cut scenes to give it a cinematic look and feel.[55][29] Like Kunio-kun, the game's combat system drew inspiration from the Bruce Lee film Enter the Dragon, while Double Dragon added a new disaster-ridden city setting inspired by the Mad Max films and Fist of the North Star manga and anime series.[55] Double Dragon became Japan's third highest-grossing table arcade game of 1987,[66] before becoming America's overall highest-grossing dedicated arcade game for two years in a row, in 1988[67] and 1989.[68]Double Dragon's success resulted in a flood of beat 'em ups in the late 1980s,[65] where acclaimed titles such as Golden Axe and Final Fight (both 1989) distinguished themselves from the others.[18] Final Fight was Capcom's intended sequel to Street Fighter (provisionally titled Street Fighter '89),[69] but the company ultimately gave it a new title.[70] In contrast to the simple combo attacks in Renegade and Double Dragon, the combo attacks in Final Fight were much more dynamic, and the sprites were much larger.[64] Acclaimed as the best game in the genre,[5][71] Final Fight spawned two home sequels and was later ported to other systems.[70] Golden Axe was acclaimed for its visceral hack and slash action and cooperative mode and was influential through its selection of multiple protagonists with distinct fighting styles.[20] It is considered one of the strongest beat 'em up titles for its fantasy elements, distinguishing it from the urban settings seen in other beat 'em ups.[21] Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja featured platform elements, while P.O.W.: Prisoners of War took the weapon aspect a stage further, allowing the players to pick up guns. Another beat 'em up—River City Ransom (1989), named Street Gangs in Europe—featured role-playing game elements with which the player's character could be upgraded, using money stolen from defeated enemies.[72][73]The Streets of Rage series was launched in the early 1990s and borrowed heavily from Final Fight.[74] Streets of Rage 2 (1992) for Sega's Mega Drive/Genesis was one of the first console games to match the acclaim of arcade beat 'em ups.[18] Its level design was praised for taking traditional beat 'em up settings and stringing them together in novel ways,[74] and its success led to it being ported to arcades.[18] The beat 'em up was also a popular genre for video games based on television series and movies, with Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Batman Returns a surprise success,[18] and encouraged many more beat 'em up games based on the characters.[75] Taito's arcade game Riding Fight (1992) combined beat 'em up gameplay with a pseudo-3D chase view and hoverboard racing gameplay.[76][77] The \"golden age\" of the genre eventually came to an end during the early 1990s, following the success of Capcom's Street Fighter II (1991) which drew gamers back towards one-on-one fighting games, while the subsequent emerging popularity of 3D video games in the late 1990s diminished the popularity of 2D-based pugilistic games in general.[18][65]Another notable game from this era is Gang Wars, released in 1989.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Die Hard Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Hard_Arcade"},{"link_name":"texture-mapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture-mapped"},{"link_name":"polygon graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal_modeling"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen20-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSM17-79"},{"link_name":"Virtua Fighter 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtua_Fighter_2"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVG-80"},{"link_name":"cut scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_scenes"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSM16-81"},{"link_name":"quick time events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_time_events"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SatMag12-82"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Core Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Design"},{"link_name":"Fighting Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Force"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fightingforce-22"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"Squaresoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaresoft"},{"link_name":"The Bouncer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bouncer_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"DreamFactory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamFactory_(Japanese_company)"},{"link_name":"Virtua Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtua_Fighter"},{"link_name":"Seiichi Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiichi_Ishii"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"action role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"choices alter the storyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay"},{"link_name":"Japanese role-playing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"NAPS team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAPS_team"},{"link_name":"Gekido: Urban Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekido"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespyhof-21"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Transition to 3D (late 1990s to early 2000s)","text":"Sega's Die Hard Arcade (1996) was the first beat 'em up to use texture-mapped 3D polygon graphics,[78] and it used a sophisticated move set likened to a fighting game.[79] It updated the Streets of Rage formula to 3D, while implementing moves and combos from the fighting game Virtua Fighter 2 (1994), the ability to combine weapons to create more powerful weapons, and in two-player mode the ability to perform combined special moves and combos.[80] It also had cut scenes,[81] with quick time events interspersed between scenes.[82] The game achieved a certain degree of success,[29] and entered the Japanese arcade earnings charts at number-two in August 1996.[83] Core Design's Fighting Force (1997) was anticipated to redefine the genre for 32-bit consoles through its use of a 3D environment. However, it was met with a lukewarm reception.[22] The beat 'em up genre declined in the late 1990s, largely disappearing from arcades by the end of the decade.[29]In 2000, Squaresoft published The Bouncer (2000), developed by DreamFactory and designed by former Virtua Fighter designer Seiichi Ishii, for the PlayStation 2 console. It was an ambitious project that attempted to deliver a cinematic, story-driven beat 'em up, combining 3D beat 'em up gameplay with action role-playing game elements, cinematic cutscenes, high production values and an \"Active Character Selection\" system where choices alter the storyline. It was highly anticipated due to Squaresoft's reputation with Japanese role-playing games such as Final Fantasy, but was met with a mixed reception upon release.[84] The same year, Italian studio NAPS team released Gekido: Urban Fighters for the PlayStation console, which uses a fast-paced beat 'em up system, with many bosses and a colorful design in terms of graphics.[85]In the early 2000s, game reviewers started to pronounce that the genre had died off.[21] By 2002, there were virtually no new beat 'em ups being released in arcades.[86]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"Devil May Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry"},{"link_name":"Onimusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimusha"},{"link_name":"Ninja Gaiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Gaiden"},{"link_name":"God of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_War_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"God Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Hand"},{"link_name":"Heavenly Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Sword"},{"link_name":"Afro Samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_Samurai_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psxextreme-87"},{"link_name":"Bayonetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonetta_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Hideki Kamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Kamiya"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destructoid-45"},{"link_name":"Dynasty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Dynasty Warriors 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors_2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty2-23"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty1up-19"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty1up-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty2-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty1up-19"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"3D hack-and-slash games (early 2000s to present)","text":"See also: Hack and slashAfter 2000, the beat 'em up genre began seeing a revival in the form of popular 3D hack and slash games in the style of Devil May Cry (2001 onwards), including Onimusha, Ninja Gaiden (2004 onwards), God of War (2005 onwards), God Hand (2006), Heavenly Sword (2007), Afro Samurai (2009),[87] and Bayonetta (2009).[88] Featuring a more fantasy themed approach, with longer campaigns and the variety seen before in multiple characters now being present in the one and only main character. Giving the player multiple weapons and movesets based on a variety of martial arts and different weapons. These games are also known as \"character action\" games, which represent an evolution of traditional arcade action games. The subgenre was largely defined by Hideki Kamiya, creator of Devil May Cry and Bayonetta.[45]A best-selling Japanese series is the Dynasty Warriors series,[89] which beginning with Dynasty Warriors 2 (2000) offered beat 'em up action on large 3D battlefields with war strategy game elements, displaying dozens of characters on the screen at a time.[23][90] The series to date spans 14 games (including expansions) which players in the West view as overly similar, although the games' creators claim their large audience in Japan appreciates the subtle differences between the titles.[19][91] While critics saw Dynasty Warriors 2 as innovative and technically impressive,[19][23] they held a mixed opinion of later titles. These later games received praise for simple, enjoyable gameplay but were simultaneously derided as overly simplistic and repetitive.[19][92]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeno_Clash_-_Fight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zeno Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_Clash"},{"link_name":"first-person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Yakuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuza_(series)"},{"link_name":"crime thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime-thriller"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Rockstar Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_Games"},{"link_name":"The Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warriors_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"1979 movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warriors_(film)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warriors-94"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warriors-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guacamelee!_screenshot_B.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guacamelee!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamelee!"},{"link_name":"luchadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchador"},{"link_name":"Metroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroid"},{"link_name":"Viewtiful Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewtiful_Joe_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"cel-shaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel-shaded_animation"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"God Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Hand"},{"link_name":"MadWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MadWorld"},{"link_name":"parodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespymadworld-26"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Virtual Console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Console"},{"link_name":"Xbox Live Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenaxe-20"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nintendo_mag-72"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmnt-28"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Dungeon Fighter Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_Fighter_Online"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_media_franchises"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"The Behemoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Behemoth"},{"link_name":"Castle Crashers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Crashers"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dishwasher:_Vampire_Smile"},{"link_name":"Double Dragon Neon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon_Neon"},{"link_name":"Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pilgrim_vs._the_World:_The_Game"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Fable Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fable_Heroes"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Saints Row IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Row_IV"},{"link_name":"Johnny Gat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Gat"},{"link_name":"Dragon's Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Crown"},{"link_name":"Golden Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Axe"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons:_Tower_of_Doom"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Streets of Rage 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Rage_4"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DragonTotal-105"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beat_%27em_up&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2.5_million-106"},{"link_name":"Battletoads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battletoads_(2020_video_game)"},{"link_name":"River City Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_City_Girls"},{"link_name":"indie game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_game"},{"link_name":"development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_game_development"},{"link_name":"DrinkBox Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DrinkBox_Studios"},{"link_name":"Guacamelee!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamelee!"},{"link_name":"Metroidvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroidvania"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Traditional beat 'em ups (early 2000s to present)","text":"Zeno Clash (2009) features beat 'em up gameplay from a first-person perspective.On the urban-themed side of the genre was the Yakuza series (2005 debut), which combined elaborate crime thriller plots and detailed interactive environments with street brawling action.[93] Rockstar Games' The Warriors (based on the 1979 movie of the same name), released in 2005, featured large scale brawling in 3D environments interspersed with other activities such as chase sequences.[94] The game also featured a more traditional side-scrolling beat 'em up Armies of the Night as bonus content, which was acclaimed along with the main game and was later released on the PlayStation Portable.[94][95]Guacamelee! (2013) is a brawling-based game based on luchadors fashioned after a Metroid-style adventure game.Capcom's Viewtiful Joe (2003), directed by Devil May Cry creator Hideki Kamiya, used cel-shaded graphics and innovative gameplay features (such as the protagonist's special powers) to \"reinvigorate\" its traditional 2D scrolling formula.[96] Releases such as God Hand in 2006 and MadWorld in 2009 were seen as parodies of violence in popular culture, earning both games praise for not taking themselves as seriously as early beat 'em up games.[26][97] Classic beat 'em ups have been re-released on services such as the Virtual Console and Xbox Live Arcade; critics reaffirmed the appeal of some,[5][20][72] while the appeal of others has been deemed to have diminished with time.[28] Although the genre lacks the same presence it did in the late 1980s, some titles such as Viewtiful Joe and God Hand kept the traditional beat 'em up genre alive.[98]The traditional 2D beat 'em up genre has seen a resurgence in Asia, where the South Korean online beat 'em up Dungeon Fighter Online (2004) is very popular. Dungeon Fighter Online has become one of the most-played and highest-grossing games of all time, having grossed over $10 billion.[99] Other traditional 2D scrolling beat 'em ups were released on Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network including The Behemoth's Castle Crashers (2008), featuring cartoon graphics, quirky humor, and acclaimed cooperative gameplay,[100] The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile (2011), Double Dragon Neon (2012) and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game (2010).[101]Fable Heroes (2012) is an Xbox Live Arcade only title released in 2012.[102] Saints Row IV (2013) featured a parody of Streets Of Rage entitled \"Saints Of Rage\", where the player rescues Johnny Gat from a virtual prison. Dragon's Crown (2013) is a 2D fantasy game with a mix of beat 'em up and ARPG elements that were specifically inspired by Golden Axe and Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom.[103] Streets of Rage 4 (2020) was also released to critical acclaim and has renewed interested in both the series and genre.[104] Dragon's Crown sold over a million copies by 2017,[105] while Streets of Rage 4 has sold over 2.5 million copies as of April 2021[update].[106] Also other well known classic franchises gained new titles such as Battletoads (2020) and The Ninja Saviors: Return of the Warriors (2019) and River City Girls (2019).The beat 'em up genre has also seen a resurgence within indie game development, resulting in unique titles such as DrinkBox Studios' 2013 indie title Guacamelee! and its 2018 sequel, which are both noted for their hybrid 2D Metroidvania-style platform brawler gameplay.[107][108] Other indie titles are The Takeover (2019), Ninjin: Clash of Carrots (2018), and the critically acclaimed Fight'N Rage (2017).[109]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Zeno Clash (2009) features beat 'em up gameplay from a first-person perspective.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Zeno_Clash_-_Fight.jpg/220px-Zeno_Clash_-_Fight.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guacamelee! (2013) is a brawling-based game based on luchadors fashioned after a Metroid-style adventure game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guacamelee%21_screenshot_B.jpg/220px-Guacamelee%21_screenshot_B.jpg"}]	[{"title":"God Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Hand"},{"title":"List of beat 'em ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beat_%27em_ups"},{"title":"Shoot 'em up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up"},{"title":"Hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"}]	[{"reference":"Perron, Yolande (2012). Office québécois de la langue française (ed.). \"Vocabulaire du jeu vidéo\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2015-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://wikimedia.fr/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise","url_text":"Office québécois de la langue française"},{"url":"http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/bibliotheque/dictionnaires/20120701_jeu_video.pdf","url_text":"\"Vocabulaire du jeu vidéo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613015614/http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/bibliotheque/dictionnaires/20120701_jeu_video.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hawken, Kieren (16 February 2017). The A-Z of Atari 2600 Games: Volume 1. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781785386428. Retrieved 2 March 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FdMnDwAAQBAJ&q=beat+em+up+kung+fu+master&pg=PT51","url_text":"The A-Z of Atari 2600 Games: Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785386428","url_text":"9781785386428"}]},{"reference":"\"First side-scrolling beat-em-up\". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-side-scrolling-beat-em-up","url_text":"\"First side-scrolling beat-em-up\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180721015702/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-side-scrolling-beat-em-up/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Anon. (May 3, 2006). \"E3 Feature: Fighting Games Focus\". Edge. Future plc. Archived from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved 2015-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130404043524/http://www.edge-online.com/features/e3-feature-fighting-games-focus/","url_text":"\"E3 Feature: Fighting Games Focus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)","url_text":"Edge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"},{"url":"http://www.edge-online.com/features/e3-feature-fighting-games-focus/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Street Fighter 2, The Ultimate Players Guide\" (PDF). Mean Machines. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2017-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190520063316/http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/upload/media/scans/streetfighterguide.pdf","url_text":"\"Street Fighter 2, The Ultimate Players Guide\""},{"url":"http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/upload/media/scans/streetfighterguide.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Final Fight – Super Nintendo – Mean Machines review\". Meanmachinesmag.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-10-27. Retrieved 2018-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171027180800/http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/review/405/final-fight.php","url_text":"\"Final Fight – Super Nintendo – Mean Machines review\""},{"url":"http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/review/405/final-fight.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leone, Matt (March 1, 2021). \"Street Fighter: The Movie: The game: An oral history\". Polygon. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2021/3/1/22296705/street-fighter-the-movie-the-game-an-oral-history","url_text":"\"Street Fighter: The Movie: The game: An oral history\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807130413/https://www.polygon.com/2021/3/1/22296705/street-fighter-the-movie-the-game-an-oral-history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Play Test: Soul Blade\". Official UK PlayStation Magazine (Platinum Special): 82–5. 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Official_UK_Playstation_Magazine_1999_Future_Publishing_GB_platinum_special/page/n81/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Play Test: Soul Blade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_UK_PlayStation_Magazine","url_text":"Official UK PlayStation Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017). History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction. CRC Press. pp. 143–6. ISBN 978-1-317-50381-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50381-1","url_text":"978-1-317-50381-1"}]},{"reference":"Plasket, Michael (May 4, 2017). \"My Hero\". Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/my-hero/","url_text":"\"My Hero\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210508193557/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/my-hero/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Unconverted\". Retro Gamer. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021 – via PressReader.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/uk/retro-gamer/20200123/281676846862054","url_text":"\"The Unconverted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer","url_text":"Retro Gamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210729194237/https://www.pressreader.com/uk/retro-gamer/20200123/281676846862054","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PressReader","url_text":"PressReader"}]},{"reference":"Bramwell, Tom (October 13, 2003). \"Viewtiful Joe\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_viewtifuljoe_gc","url_text":"\"Viewtiful Joe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807130910/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_viewtifuljoe_gc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"人気キャラクターの原点にしてベルトスクロールアクションの始祖「熱血硬派くにおくん」\" [The origin of the popular character, the founder of the belt scroll action \"Kunio-kun\"]. IGCC (in Japanese). Institute of Game Culture Convervation (IGCC). 25 April 2019. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://igcc.jp/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8F%E3%82%93/","url_text":"\"人気キャラクターの原点にしてベルトスクロールアクションの始祖「熱血硬派くにおくん」\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230213125846/https://igcc.jp/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8F%E3%82%93/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"名作ベルトスクロールアクション7本を収録した『カプコンベルトアクションコレクション』DL版本日配信！\" [\"Capcom Belt Action Collection\" DL version containing 7 masterpiece belt scroll action games delivered today!]. PlayStation (in Japanese). Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. 20 September 2018. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.ja.playstation.com/2018/09/20/20180920-cbac/","url_text":"\"名作ベルトスクロールアクション7本を収録した『カプコンベルトアクションコレクション』DL版本日配信！\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation","url_text":"PlayStation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment_Inc.","url_text":"Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143125/https://blog.ja.playstation.com/2018/09/20/20180920-cbac/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"約22年の時を経て，名作ベルトアクション「アイアンコマンドー鋼鉄の戦士」がSFC/SFC互換機向けに発売決定。11月30日にリリースへ\" [After about 22 years, the masterpiece belt action \"Iron Commando Steel Warrior\" will be released for SFC / SFC compatible machines. To be released on November 30th]. 4Gamer.net (in Japanese). Aetas, Inc. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.4gamer.net/games/999/G999903/20170929038/","url_text":"\"約22年の時を経て，名作ベルトアクション「アイアンコマンドー鋼鉄の戦士」がSFC/SFC互換機向けに発売決定。11月30日にリリースへ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Gamer.net","url_text":"4Gamer.net"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210508193710/https://www.4gamer.net/games/999/G999903/20170929038/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Complete Games Guide\". Mean Machines. No. 20 (28 April 1992). May 1992. pp. 6, 14, 18, 20, 22, 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Mean_Machines_Complete_Games_Guide_1992-05_EMAP_Images_GB_suppliment_issue_20/page/n4/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Complete Games Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Machines","url_text":"Mean Machines"}]},{"reference":"Gass, Zach (11 May 2020). \"10 Awesome Hack and Slash Games That Aren't God of War\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/best-awesome-hack-slash-games-arent-god-war/","url_text":"\"10 Awesome Hack and Slash Games That Aren't God of War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411204921/https://screenrant.com/best-awesome-hack-slash-games-arent-god-war/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Greg Kasavin (2006-11-30). \"Golden Axe Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2008-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090204233037/http://www.gamespot.com/wii/action/goldenaxegen/review.html","url_text":"\"Golden Axe Review\""},{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/wii/action/goldenaxegen/review.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Patrick Shaw (2008-05-16). \"Golden Axe: Beast Rider\". GamePro. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2008-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081017133630/http://www.gamepro.com/article/previews/185688/golden-axe-beast-rider/","url_text":"\"Golden Axe: Beast Rider\""},{"url":"http://www.gamepro.com/article/previews/185688/golden-axe-beast-rider/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reed, Kristan (4 January 2007). \"Taito Legends Power-Up\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/taito-legends-power-up-review","url_text":"\"Taito Legends Power-Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411155725/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/taito-legends-power-up-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Brett (9 July 2018). Classic Home Video Games, 1989-1990: A Complete Guide to Sega Genesis, Neo Geo and TurboGrafx-16 Games. McFarland & Company. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-7864-9231-2. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lmRjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA206","url_text":"Classic Home Video Games, 1989-1990: A Complete Guide to Sega Genesis, Neo Geo and TurboGrafx-16 Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9231-2","url_text":"978-0-7864-9231-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117222931/https://books.google.com/books?id=lmRjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA206","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hovermale, Chris (2019-03-10). \"How Devil May Cry's arcade inspirations shaped character action games\". Destructoid. Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destructoid.com/stories/how-devil-may-cry-s-arcade-inspirations-shaped-character-action-games-545783.phtml","url_text":"\"How Devil May Cry's arcade inspirations shaped character action games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"}]},{"reference":"\"Die Hard Arcade review\". Die Hard Arcade review. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.solvalou.com/arcade/reviews/260/688","url_text":"\"Die Hard Arcade review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012030/https://www.solvalou.com/arcade/reviews/260/688","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Yakuza Review for PS2 from 1UP.com\". November 7, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107054537/http://www.1up.com/reviews/yakuza_4","url_text":"\"Yakuza Review for PS2 from 1UP.com\""},{"url":"http://www.1up.com/reviews/yakuza_4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fighting Force Review\". Archived from the original on 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2021-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/fighting-force-review/1900-2547543/","url_text":"\"Fighting Force Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807131445/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/fighting-force-review/1900-2547543/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bouncer Review\". Archived from the original on 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2021-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-bouncer-review/1900-2692332/","url_text":"\"The Bouncer Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807131444/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-bouncer-review/1900-2692332/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GameSpy: Divine Fist - Page 1\". ps2.gamespy.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2021-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/god-hand/731343p1.html","url_text":"\"GameSpy: Divine Fist - Page 1\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090403170414/http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/god-hand/731343p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"10 Once-Prominent Game Genres That Have All But Died\". CBR. July 19, 2021. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/dead-game-genres/","url_text":"\"10 Once-Prominent Game Genres That Have All But Died\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807131443/https://www.cbr.com/dead-game-genres/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stuart, Keith (9 April 2014). \"Bruce Lee, UFC and why the martial arts star is a video game hero\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/09/bruce-lee-ea-sports-","url_text":"\"Bruce Lee, UFC and why the martial arts star is a video game hero\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190517200634/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/09/bruce-lee-ea-sports-","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leone, Matt (12 October 2012). \"The man who created Double Dragon\". Polygon. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2012/10/12/3495124/the-man-who-created-double-dragon","url_text":"\"The man who created Double Dragon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211122091834/https://www.polygon.com/2012/10/12/3495124/the-man-who-created-double-dragon","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Matt (3 January 2013). The Video Games Guide: 1,000+ Arcade, Console and Computer Games, 1962-2012 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7864-7257-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xzMYYrsDaAEC&pg=PA162","url_text":"The Video Games Guide: 1,000+ Arcade, Console and Computer Games, 1962-2012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7257-4","url_text":"978-0-7864-7257-4"}]},{"reference":"Okamoto, Yoshiki; Nishiyama, Takashi. \"[ENG SUB] A Talk Between the Creators of Street Fighter and Fatal Fury: KOF (Takashi Nishiyama)\". 世界の岡本吉起Ch (in Japanese). YouTube. Event occurs at 1:40. Archived from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 17 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiki_Okamoto","url_text":"Okamoto, Yoshiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Nishiyama","url_text":"Nishiyama, Takashi"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqRFod7nuHo","url_text":"\"[ENG SUB] A Talk Between the Creators of Street Fighter and Fatal Fury: KOF (Takashi Nishiyama)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211116/uqRFod7nuHo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruce Lee review\". CRASH (16). May 1985. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2007-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crashonline.org.uk/16/brucelee.htm","url_text":"\"Bruce Lee review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103063834/http://www.crashonline.org.uk/16/brucelee.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edgely, Clare (May 1985). \"Spectrum Software Scene 2\". Sinclair User (38). Archived from the original on 2007-11-05. Retrieved 2007-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071105181811/http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/038/sftwreb.htm","url_text":"\"Spectrum Software Scene 2\""},{"url":"http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/038/sftwreb.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Mike; Phipps, Steve (October 1985). \"Coin-Op Connection\". Computer Gamer. No. 7. United Kingdom: Argus Press. pp. 18–9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_07_1985-10_Argus_Press_GB/page/n17/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Coin-Op Connection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gamer","url_text":"Computer Gamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_Press","url_text":"Argus Press"}]},{"reference":"Jess Ragan (2006-06-15). \"Playing With Power\". 1UP.com. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2011-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120718091646/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=2&cId=3151392","url_text":"\"Playing With Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1UP.com","url_text":"1UP.com"},{"url":"http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=2&cId=3151392","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"87' ゲーメスト大賞\" [87' Gamest Awards]. Gamest (in Japanese). Vol. 17 (February 1988). December 28, 1987. pp. 26–38.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamest","url_text":"Gamest"}]},{"reference":"\"Coin Machine: AMOA Jukebox, Games & Cig Vending Awards Winners\". Cash Box. November 26, 1988. p. 30.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cashbox52unse_19/page/n29","url_text":"\"Coin Machine: AMOA Jukebox, Games & Cig Vending Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box","url_text":"Cash Box"}]},{"reference":"\"AMOA Jukebox, Games & Cigarette Vending Awards Winners\". Cash Box. Cash Box Pub. Co. 1989-09-30. p. 36.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cashbox53unse_10/page/36","url_text":"\"AMOA Jukebox, Games & Cigarette Vending Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box","url_text":"Cash Box"}]},{"reference":"\"TMNT Games\". 1up.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2009-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120717082044/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3109998","url_text":"\"TMNT Games\""},{"url":"http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3109998","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riding Fight - Videogame by Taito\". Killer List of Videogames. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=9315","url_text":"\"Riding Fight - Videogame by Taito\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_List_of_Videogames","url_text":"Killer List of Videogames"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211126162755/https://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=9315","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Game Flyers: Riding Fight, Taito\". The Arcade Flyer Archive. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://flyers.arcade-museum.com/?page=thumbs&db=videodb&id=893","url_text":"\"Video Game Flyers: Riding Fight, Taito\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211126162754/https://flyers.arcade-museum.com/?page=thumbs&db=videodb&id=893","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Marcus (August 1996). \"Up and Coming Coin-Ops\". Next Generation. No. 20. Imagine Media. p. 18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"Leadbetter, Rich (March 1997). \"Rage Hard!\". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 17. Emap International Limited. pp. 46–49.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn_Magazine","url_text":"Sega Saturn Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emap_International_Limited","url_text":"Emap International Limited"}]},{"reference":"\"New Games: Die Hard Arcade\". Computer and Video Games. No. 179 (October 1996). 9 September 1996. p. 96.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.solvalou.com/arcade/reviews/260/688","url_text":"\"New Games: Die Hard Arcade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games","url_text":"Computer and Video Games"}]},{"reference":"\"Preview: Die Hard Arcade\". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 16. Emap International Limited. February 1997. pp. 24–27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn_Magazine","url_text":"Sega Saturn Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emap_International_Limited","url_text":"Emap International Limited"}]},{"reference":"\"Return of the McClane\". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 12. Emap International Limited. October 1996. pp. 86–89.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn_Magazine","url_text":"Sega Saturn Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emap_International_Limited","url_text":"Emap International Limited"}]},{"reference":"\"Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - TVゲーム機ーソフトウェア (Video Game Software)\". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 524. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 August 1996. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3","url_text":"Game Machine"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE","url_text":"Amusement Press, Inc."}]},{"reference":"Barbato, Steven (September 8, 2020). \"Bouncer, The\". Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/bouncer-the/","url_text":"\"Bouncer, The\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417030412/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/bouncer-the/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NextGen 67 Jul 2000\". July 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/NextGen67Jul2000/page/n93/mode/2up","url_text":"\"NextGen 67 Jul 2000\""}]},{"reference":"Arnold Katayev (2009-01-31). \"Afro Samurai Review\". PSX Extreme. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2011-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715125840/http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-reviews/216.html","url_text":"\"Afro Samurai Review\""},{"url":"http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-reviews/216.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jeff Bakalar, Scott Stein and Dan Ackerman (January 4, 2010). \"Bad hair day: Bayonetta hands-on\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2011-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201141113/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10424434-1.html","url_text":"\"Bad hair day: Bayonetta hands-on\""},{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10424434-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dungeon Fighter Online gross lifetime revenue exceeds $10bn\". GamesIndustry.biz. 21 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2019-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-06-21-dungeon-and-fighter-gross-lifetime-revenue-exceeds-usd10bn","url_text":"\"Dungeon Fighter Online gross lifetime revenue exceeds $10bn\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629102243/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-06-21-dungeon-and-fighter-gross-lifetime-revenue-exceeds-usd10bn","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chris Kohler (July 22, 2010). \"The Gamer's Guide to Comic-Con 2010\". Wired. Retrieved 2011-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/gamelife/2010/07/comic-con-games/","url_text":"\"The Gamer's Guide to Comic-Con 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"}]},{"reference":"Good, Owen S. (December 22, 2020). \"Xbox Games With Gold gave us few options to consider in 2020\". Polygon. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/22/22173025/xbox-live-games-with-gold-2020-games-list-analysis","url_text":"\"Xbox Games With Gold gave us few options to consider in 2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807125919/https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/22/22173025/xbox-live-games-with-gold-2020-games-list-analysis","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Dragon's Crown\". July 31, 2013. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-dragons-crown/","url_text":"\"Review: Dragon's Crown\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807125922/https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-dragons-crown/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Streets Of Rage 4 Review - The Beat-'Em-Up Boys Are Back In Town\". Archived from the original on 2020-11-03. Retrieved 2021-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/streets-of-rage-4-review-the-beat-em-up-boys-are-b/1900-6417460/","url_text":"\"Streets Of Rage 4 Review - The Beat-'Em-Up Boys Are Back In Town\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201103034650/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/streets-of-rage-4-review-the-beat-em-up-boys-are-b/1900-6417460/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"『ドラゴンズクラウン・プロ』PS4で完成度に磨きがかかったゲーム内容が公開. Famitsu (in Japanese). 2017-09-29. Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2020-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/news/201709/29143103.html","url_text":"『ドラゴンズクラウン・プロ』PS4で完成度に磨きがかかったゲーム内容が公開"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214163508/https://www.famitsu.com/news/201709/29143103.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Romano, Sal (April 8, 2021). \"Streets of Rage 4 DLC 'Mr. X Nightmare' and free update announced; downloads top 2.5 million\". Gematsu. Archived from the original on September 19, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2021/04/streets-of-rage-4-dlc-mr-x-nightmare-and-free-update-announced-downloads-top-2-5-million","url_text":"\"Streets of Rage 4 DLC 'Mr. X Nightmare' and free update announced; downloads top 2.5 million\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210919210254/https://www.gematsu.com/2021/04/streets-of-rage-4-dlc-mr-x-nightmare-and-free-update-announced-downloads-top-2-5-million","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Guacamelee! Review - IGN\". 8 April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via www.ign.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/04/08/guacamelee-review","url_text":"\"Guacamelee! Review - IGN\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807130200/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/04/08/guacamelee-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Guacamelee! 2 Brings Pollo Power to PS4 August 21\". July 24, 2018. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.playstation.com/2018/07/24/guacamelee-2-brings-pollo-power-to-ps4-august-21/","url_text":"\"Guacamelee! 2 Brings Pollo Power to PS4 August 21\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807130200/https://blog.playstation.com/2018/07/24/guacamelee-2-brings-pollo-power-to-ps4-august-21/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fight'N Rage\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2021-07-26. Retrieved 2021-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/fightn-rage/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","url_text":"\"Fight'N Rage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210726235523/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/fightn-rage","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beat_%27em_up&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/bibliotheque/dictionnaires/20120701_jeu_video.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Vocabulaire du jeu vidéo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613015614/http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/bibliotheque/dictionnaires/20120701_jeu_video.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FdMnDwAAQBAJ&q=beat+em+up+kung+fu+master&pg=PT51","external_links_name":"The A-Z of Atari 2600 Games: Volume 1"},{"Link":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-side-scrolling-beat-em-up","external_links_name":"\"First side-scrolling beat-em-up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180721015702/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-side-scrolling-beat-em-up/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120715184926/http://videogames.yahoo.com/gba/justice-league-heroes-the-flash/review-1079564","external_links_name":"Justice League Heroes: The Flash"},{"Link":"http://uk.gamespot.com/wii/action/finalfight/review.html","external_links_name":"Final Fight Review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707140056/http://uk.gamespot.com/wii/action/finalfight/review.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://reviews.cnet.com/xbox-games/the-hulk-xbox/4505-9582_7-30976135.html","external_links_name":"The Hulk (Xbox)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014172517/http://reviews.cnet.com/xbox-games/the-hulk-xbox/4505-9582_7-30976135.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3173196&p=44","external_links_name":"MadWorld Review for the Wii"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326040113/http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3173196&p=44","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://reviews.cnet.com/playstation-2-games/mcfarlane-s-evil-prophecy/4505-9581_7-30960404.html","external_links_name":"McFarlane's Evil Prophecy Game (PS2)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131015063508/http://reviews.cnet.com/playstation-2-games/mcfarlane-s-evil-prophecy/4505-9581_7-30960404.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://reviews.cnet.com/xbox-360-games/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/4505-11457_7-32365165.html","external_links_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Xbox 360)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131015063554/http://reviews.cnet.com/xbox-360-games/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/4505-11457_7-32365165.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/the-tao-of-beat-em-ups-article?page=2","external_links_name":"The Tao of Beat-'em-ups"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120219161030/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/the-tao-of-beat-em-ups-article?page=2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130404043524/http://www.edge-online.com/features/e3-feature-fighting-games-focus/","external_links_name":"\"E3 Feature: Fighting Games Focus\""},{"Link":"http://www.edge-online.com/features/e3-feature-fighting-games-focus/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://wii.ign.com/articles/884/884590p2.html","external_links_name":"Super Smash Bros. Brawl UK Review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081016003953/http://wii.ign.com/articles/884/884590p2.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190520063316/http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/upload/media/scans/streetfighterguide.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Street Fighter 2, The Ultimate Players Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/upload/media/scans/streetfighterguide.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171027180800/http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/review/405/final-fight.php","external_links_name":"\"Final Fight – Super Nintendo – Mean Machines review\""},{"Link":"http://www.meanmachinesmag.co.uk/review/405/final-fight.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2021/3/1/22296705/street-fighter-the-movie-the-game-an-oral-history","external_links_name":"\"Street Fighter: The Movie: The game: An oral history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807130413/https://www.polygon.com/2021/3/1/22296705/street-fighter-the-movie-the-game-an-oral-history","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Official_UK_Playstation_Magazine_1999_Future_Publishing_GB_platinum_special/page/n81/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Play Test: Soul Blade\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/a_taoofbeatemups_pt2_retro","external_links_name":"The Tao of Beat-'em-ups (part 2)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715094144/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/a_taoofbeatemups_pt2_retro","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522224653/http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3166358","external_links_name":"Dynasty Warriors 6 (Xbox 360)"},{"Link":"http://uk.gamespot.com/wii/action/goldenaxegen/review.html","external_links_name":"Golden Axe Review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070128205017/http://uk.gamespot.com/wii/action/goldenaxegen/review.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespy.com/articles/495/495400p1.html","external_links_name":"Hall of Fame: Golden Axe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090818050558/http://www.gamespy.com/articles/495/495400p1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130110221700/http://uk.gamespot.com/ps/action/fightingforce/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;read-review","external_links_name":"Fighting Force Review"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130110222107/http://uk.gamespot.com/ps2/action/dynastywarriors2/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;read-review","external_links_name":"Dynasty Warriors 2 Review"},{"Link":"http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3173076&p=37","external_links_name":"Watchmen: The End is Nigh (PS3)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090324230315/http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3173076","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://xploder.net/xbox/reviews/379/X-Men-The-Official-Game-.htm","external_links_name":"X-Men: The Official Game"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081230122450/http://xploder.net/xbox/reviews/379/X-Men-The-Official-Game-.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wii.gamespy.com/wii/madworld/961309p1.html","external_links_name":"Review – MadWorld (Wii)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120411203733/http://wii.gamespy.com/wii/madworld/961309p1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=19005","external_links_name":"Gamasutra Opinion: Boss Design – Trial & Punishment"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140218230213/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=19005","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://uk.xboxlive.ign.com/articles/772/772896p1.html","external_links_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1989 Arcade Review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100926025431/http://uk.xboxlive.ign.com/articles/772/772896p1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://superman.ugo.com/games/superman_death/","external_links_name":"The Death and Return of Superman"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090819181305/http://superman.ugo.com/games/superman_death/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://faqs.ign.com/articles/623/623396p1.html","external_links_name":"Game Help Editors' Picks Co-Op Games"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120827075132/http://faqs.ign.com/articles/623/623396p1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1719/the_quantum_leap_awards_the_most_.php","external_links_name":"The Quantum Leap Awards: The Most Important Multiplayer Games of All Time"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140218230211/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1719/the_quantum_leap_awards_the_most_.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/my-hero/","external_links_name":"\"My Hero\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210508193557/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/my-hero/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/uk/retro-gamer/20200123/281676846862054","external_links_name":"\"The Unconverted\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210729194237/https://www.pressreader.com/uk/retro-gamer/20200123/281676846862054","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_viewtifuljoe_gc","external_links_name":"\"Viewtiful Joe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807130910/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_viewtifuljoe_gc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://igcc.jp/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8F%E3%82%93/","external_links_name":"\"人気キャラクターの原点にしてベルトスクロールアクションの始祖「熱血硬派くにおくん」\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230213125846/https://igcc.jp/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8F%E3%82%93/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blog.ja.playstation.com/2018/09/20/20180920-cbac/","external_links_name":"\"名作ベルトスクロールアクション7本を収録した『カプコンベルトアクションコレクション』DL版本日配信！\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143125/https://blog.ja.playstation.com/2018/09/20/20180920-cbac/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.4gamer.net/games/999/G999903/20170929038/","external_links_name":"\"約22年の時を経て，名作ベルトアクション「アイアンコマンドー鋼鉄の戦士」がSFC/SFC互換機向けに発売決定。11月30日にリリースへ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210508193710/https://www.4gamer.net/games/999/G999903/20170929038/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Mean_Machines_Complete_Games_Guide_1992-05_EMAP_Images_GB_suppliment_issue_20/page/n4/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Complete Games Guide\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/best-awesome-hack-slash-games-arent-god-war/","external_links_name":"\"10 Awesome Hack and Slash Games That Aren't God of War\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411204921/https://screenrant.com/best-awesome-hack-slash-games-arent-god-war/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090204233037/http://www.gamespot.com/wii/action/goldenaxegen/review.html","external_links_name":"\"Golden Axe Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/wii/action/goldenaxegen/review.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081017133630/http://www.gamepro.com/article/previews/185688/golden-axe-beast-rider/","external_links_name":"\"Golden Axe: Beast Rider\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamepro.com/article/previews/185688/golden-axe-beast-rider/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/taito-legends-power-up-review","external_links_name":"\"Taito Legends Power-Up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411155725/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/taito-legends-power-up-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lmRjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA206","external_links_name":"Classic Home Video Games, 1989-1990: A Complete Guide to Sega Genesis, Neo Geo and TurboGrafx-16 Games"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117222931/https://books.google.com/books?id=lmRjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA206","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.destructoid.com/stories/how-devil-may-cry-s-arcade-inspirations-shaped-character-action-games-545783.phtml","external_links_name":"\"How Devil May Cry's arcade inspirations shaped character action games\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105225144/http://www.ugo.com/games/dantes-inferno-review","external_links_name":"Is Dante's Inferno Divine or a Comedy of Errors?"},{"Link":"https://www.videogamer.com/ps3/heavenly_sword/review.html","external_links_name":"Heavenly Sword Review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105201916/http://www.videogamer.com/ps3/heavenly_sword/review.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.solvalou.com/arcade/reviews/260/688","external_links_name":"\"Die Hard Arcade review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012030/https://www.solvalou.com/arcade/reviews/260/688","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107054537/http://www.1up.com/reviews/yakuza_4","external_links_name":"\"Yakuza Review for PS2 from 1UP.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.1up.com/reviews/yakuza_4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/fighting-force-review/1900-2547543/","external_links_name":"\"Fighting Force Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807131445/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/fighting-force-review/1900-2547543/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-bouncer-review/1900-2692332/","external_links_name":"\"The Bouncer Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807131444/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-bouncer-review/1900-2692332/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/god-hand/731343p1.html","external_links_name":"\"GameSpy: Divine Fist - Page 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090403170414/http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/god-hand/731343p1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/dead-game-genres/","external_links_name":"\"10 Once-Prominent Game Genres That Have All But Died\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807131443/https://www.cbr.com/dead-game-genres/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/09/bruce-lee-ea-sports-","external_links_name":"\"Bruce Lee, UFC and why the martial arts star is a video game hero\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190517200634/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/09/bruce-lee-ea-sports-","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2012/10/12/3495124/the-man-who-created-double-dragon","external_links_name":"\"The man who created Double Dragon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211122091834/https://www.polygon.com/2012/10/12/3495124/the-man-who-created-double-dragon","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.1up.com/features/20-years-street-fighter","external_links_name":"20 Years of Street Fighter"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121206043053/http://www.1up.com/features/20-years-street-fighter","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_52.pdf#page=48","external_links_name":"\"The Furious Fists of Sega!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130510164801/http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_52.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xzMYYrsDaAEC&pg=PA162","external_links_name":"The Video Games Guide: 1,000+ Arcade, Console and Computer Games, 1962-2012"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqRFod7nuHo","external_links_name":"\"[ENG SUB] A Talk Between the Creators of Street Fighter and Fatal Fury: KOF (Takashi Nishiyama)\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211116/uqRFod7nuHo","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crashonline.org.uk/16/brucelee.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bruce Lee review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103063834/http://www.crashonline.org.uk/16/brucelee.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071105181811/http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/038/sftwreb.htm","external_links_name":"\"Spectrum Software Scene 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/038/sftwreb.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_07_1985-10_Argus_Press_GB/page/n17/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Coin-Op Connection\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/tv/goodgame/stories/s2067970.htm","external_links_name":"Evolution of a Genre: Beat 'Em Ups"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708064720/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/goodgame/stories/s2067970.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120718091646/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=2&cId=3151392","external_links_name":"\"Playing With Power\""},{"Link":"http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=2&cId=3151392","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespy.com/articles/488/488826p1.html","external_links_name":"Hall of Fame: Double Dragon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090818045122/http://www.gamespy.com/articles/488/488826p1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.netlaputa.ne.jp/~dummy/gamest/magazine/gamest/v017.html","external_links_name":"alternate url"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210903105746/http://www.netlaputa.ne.jp/~dummy/gamest/magazine/gamest/v017.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cashbox52unse_19/page/n29","external_links_name":"\"Coin Machine: AMOA Jukebox, Games & Cig Vending Awards Winners\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cashbox53unse_10/page/36","external_links_name":"\"AMOA Jukebox, Games & Cigarette Vending Awards Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080701021834/http://www.snk-capcom.com/didyouknow/archives/00000001.htm","external_links_name":"Did You Know? Volume 1: Street Fighter '89"},{"Link":"http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/finalfight/finalfight.htm","external_links_name":"Final Fight"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140101235900/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/finalfight/finalfight.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/244633/clip-top-ten-beat-em-ups","external_links_name":"Clip: Top Ten Beat 'Em Ups"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090201032925/http://kotaku.com/244633/clip-top-ten-beat-em-ups","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://uk.top100.ign.com/2005/091-100.html","external_links_name":"IGN's Top 100 Games"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090212073551/http://uk.top100.ign.com/2005/091-100.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespy.com/articles/488/488729p1.html","external_links_name":"Hall of Fame: Streets of Rage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090818081217/http://www.gamespy.com/articles/488/488729p1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120717082044/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3109998","external_links_name":"\"TMNT Games\""},{"Link":"http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3109998","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=9315","external_links_name":"\"Riding Fight - Videogame by Taito\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211126162755/https://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=9315","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://flyers.arcade-museum.com/?page=thumbs&db=videodb&id=893","external_links_name":"\"Video Game Flyers: Riding Fight, Taito\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211126162754/https://flyers.arcade-museum.com/?page=thumbs&db=videodb&id=893","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.solvalou.com/arcade/reviews/260/688","external_links_name":"\"New Games: Die Hard Arcade\""},{"Link":"http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/bouncer-the/","external_links_name":"\"Bouncer, The\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417030412/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/bouncer-the/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/NextGen67Jul2000/page/n93/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"NextGen 67 Jul 2000\""},{"Link":"http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3157308&p=10","external_links_name":"Die Hard Arcade EX: Asian Dynamite (Arcade)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715125840/http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-reviews/216.html","external_links_name":"\"Afro Samurai Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-reviews/216.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201141113/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10424434-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Bad hair day: Bayonetta hands-on\""},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10424434-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=22575","external_links_name":"Japanese Charts: Yakuza 3 And Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce Lead Busy Week"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219042131/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=22575","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://uk.gamespot.com/ps2/action/dynastywarriors3/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;read-review","external_links_name":"Dynasty Warriors 3 Review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920025309/http://uk.gamespot.com/ps2/action/dynastywarriors3/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary%3Bread-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=21080","external_links_name":"Interview: How Koei Aims For Western Audiences"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219042028/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=21080","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120719032649/http://uk.gamespot.com/ps3/action/shinsangokumusou5/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;read-review","external_links_name":"Dynasty Warriors 6 Review"},{"Link":"http://uk.gamespot.com/ps2/action/warriors/review.html","external_links_name":"The Warriors Review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090428182637/http://uk.gamespot.com/ps2/action/warriors/review.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesradar.com/psp/the-warriors/news/rockstars-retro-beat-em-up-revealed/a-20070124151834484037/g-2006102517554345031","external_links_name":"Rockstar's retro beat-'em-up revealed"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313073609/http://www.gamesradar.com/psp/the-warriors/news/rockstars-retro-beat-em-up-revealed/a-20070124151834484037/g-2006102517554345031","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_viewtifuljoe_gc","external_links_name":"Viewtiful Joe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081229130920/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_viewtifuljoe_gc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120727234357/http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3152276&p=2","external_links_name":"God Hand Preview"},{"Link":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-06-21-dungeon-and-fighter-gross-lifetime-revenue-exceeds-usd10bn","external_links_name":"\"Dungeon Fighter Online gross lifetime revenue exceeds $10bn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629102243/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-06-21-dungeon-and-fighter-gross-lifetime-revenue-exceeds-usd10bn","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://uk.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/castlecrashers/review.html","external_links_name":"Castle Crashers Review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202045120/http://uk.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/castlecrashers/review.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/gamelife/2010/07/comic-con-games/","external_links_name":"\"The Gamer's Guide to Comic-Con 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/22/22173025/xbox-live-games-with-gold-2020-games-list-analysis","external_links_name":"\"Xbox Games With Gold gave us few options to consider in 2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807125919/https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/22/22173025/xbox-live-games-with-gold-2020-games-list-analysis","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-dragons-crown/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Dragon's Crown\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807125922/https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-dragons-crown/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/streets-of-rage-4-review-the-beat-em-up-boys-are-b/1900-6417460/","external_links_name":"\"Streets Of Rage 4 Review - The Beat-'Em-Up Boys Are Back In Town\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201103034650/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/streets-of-rage-4-review-the-beat-em-up-boys-are-b/1900-6417460/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.famitsu.com/news/201709/29143103.html","external_links_name":"『ドラゴンズクラウン・プロ』PS4で完成度に磨きがかかったゲーム内容が公開"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214163508/https://www.famitsu.com/news/201709/29143103.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gematsu.com/2021/04/streets-of-rage-4-dlc-mr-x-nightmare-and-free-update-announced-downloads-top-2-5-million","external_links_name":"\"Streets of Rage 4 DLC 'Mr. X Nightmare' and free update announced; downloads top 2.5 million\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210919210254/https://www.gematsu.com/2021/04/streets-of-rage-4-dlc-mr-x-nightmare-and-free-update-announced-downloads-top-2-5-million","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/04/08/guacamelee-review","external_links_name":"\"Guacamelee! Review - IGN\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807130200/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/04/08/guacamelee-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blog.playstation.com/2018/07/24/guacamelee-2-brings-pollo-power-to-ps4-august-21/","external_links_name":"\"Guacamelee! 2 Brings Pollo Power to PS4 August 21\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210807130200/https://blog.playstation.com/2018/07/24/guacamelee-2-brings-pollo-power-to-ps4-august-21/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/fightn-rage/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","external_links_name":"\"Fight'N Rage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210726235523/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/fightn-rage","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mobygames.com/game-group/genre-beat-em-up-brawler","external_links_name":"Genre: Beat 'em up / Brawler"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210701153231/https://www.mobygames.com/game-group/genre-beat-em-up-brawler","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Swiss_same-sex_marriage_referendum	2021 Swiss same-sex marriage referendum	["1 Purpose","2 History","3 Opinion polls","4 Results","5 Reactions","5.1 Support","5.2 Opposition","6 References"]	26 September 2021 national referendum in Switzerland 2021 Swiss same-sex marriage referendum 26 September 2021 Amendment to the Swiss Civil Code (Marriage for All)Results Choice Votes % Yes 1,828,642 64.10% No 1,024,307 35.90% Valid votes 2,852,949 98.27% Invalid or blank votes 50,279 1.73% Total votes 2,903,228 100.00% Registered voters/turnout 5,519,168 52.6% Results by canton The 2021 Swiss same-sex marriage referendum was a facultative referendum held in Switzerland on 26 September 2021 about an amendment to the Civil Code to legalise marriage between people of the same sex, as well as adoption rights for same-sex couples and access to assisted reproductive technology for lesbian couples. The amendment was called "marriage for all" (Ehe für alle, Mariage pour tous, Matrimonio per tutti, Lètg per tuts) in Swiss public discourse. 64.1% of voters and all cantons supported the amendment, which entered into force on 1 July 2022. The vote made Switzerland the 29th country to legalise same-sex marriage. When the vote took place, Switzerland was one of few countries in Western Europe yet to grant same-sex couples the right to marry. Purpose Main article: Same-sex marriage in Switzerland The amendment subject to the referendum legalises same-sex marriage in Switzerland, adoption by same-sex couples and assisted reproductive technology for female same-sex couples. Same-sex couples who have entered into a registered partnership (introduced in 2005) may maintain it or convert it into a marriage. However, the introduction of same-sex marriage eliminates the possibility of entering into a registered partnership. History Switzerland allows its citizens to launch a facultative referendum to contest a law adopted by the Swiss Federal Assembly, the federal parliament. In order to qualify, the petition must have at least 50,000 signatures within 100 days after the publication of the new law in the Federal Gazette. The evangelical Christian party Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) had already announced in June 2020 that they would launch a referendum against the legalisation of same-sex marriage. After lengthy discussions, initiated by a 2013 bill by the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland, the Federal Assembly adopted a bill for the legalisation of same-sex marriage in 2020. It was supported by the federal government and all political parties, except most of the right-wing Swiss People's Party, about half of the Centre party, and the EDU. The amendment to the Civil Code was published in the Federal Gazette on 31 December 2020, leaving opponents to collect signatures against the law until 10 April 2021. There were three referendum committees. The first, by the EDU, called itself "No to marriage for all". The second, by members of parliament from the Swiss People's Party (SVP), the Centre and the Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland was called "No to sperm donation for same-sex couples". A third committee called "No to the commodification of children" was launched by members of parliament of the SVP from the Canton of Valais; they also called themselves "For the Family Foundation". On 12 April 2021, opponents of same-sex marriage announced that they had collected 59,176 certified signatures and brought them to the Federal Chancellery. On 27 April, the Chancellery certified 61,027 valid signatures, which meant that the law would be submitted to a vote. On 19 May, the Federal Council decided that the referendum would take place on 26 September 2021. In the discussions leading up to the vote, the proponents of equal marriage including the federal minister of justice, Karin Keller-Sutter, highlighted the need to end discrimination and inequality; they said that the law would be a step towards ending the stigmatization and social discrimination against same-sex couples. The opponents of the amendment, primarily from conservative circles, advanced the argument of respecting tradition; they also said that changing the definition of marriage would need a constitutional rather than statutory amendment. But their principal arguments related to child welfare, such as the right of a child to know one's father, which they said would be in jeopardy for the children of female same-sex couples. Switzerland - National Parliamentary Political Parties' Positions on the 26 September 2021 referendums (Marriage For All Act) Party Position on how to vote Swiss People's Party (UDC/SVP) No Social Democratic Party (PS/SP) Yes FDP.The Liberals (PLR/FDP) Yes Green Party (PES/GPS) Yes The Centre (LC/DW) Yes Green Liberal Party (PVL/GLP) Yes Evangelical People's Party (PEV/EVP) No Federal Democratic Union (UDF/EDU) No Ticino League (Lega) Neutral Solidarity (solidaritéS) Yes Swiss Party of Labour (POP/PdA) Yes Opinion polls Polls in advance of the referendum consistently showed roughly two-thirds support for the law. Pollster Commissioned by Date Yes Rather yes UndecidedNo response Rather not No gfs.Bern SRG SSR 20 August 2021 55 14 2 9 20 LeeWas GmbH Tamedia 13 August 2021 56 8 1 6 29 LeeWas GmbH Tamedia 1 September 2021 60 6 1 4 29 gfs.Bern SRG SSR 15 September 2021 53 10 2 8 27 LeeWas GmbH Tamedia 15 September 2021 64 3 1 3 29 Results 64.10% of voters and all cantons supported the amendment to the Civil Code to legalise same-sex marriage. Amendment to the Swiss Civil Code (Marriage for All). Choice Votes % Yes 1,828,642 64.10 No 1,024,307 35.90 Valid votes 2,852,949 98.27 Invalid or blank votes 50,279 1.73 Total votes 2,903,228 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 5,519,168 52.60 Reactions Support Laura Russo, co-president of the Geneva Federation of LGBT Associations, said, "This is a historic day for us and for Switzerland, this is a great step forward, something we have been waiting for for years." Pink Cross, a Swiss LGBT umbrella organization, praised the vote and called it a "big milestone". In a press release after the vote, the Umbrella Association of Rainbow Families wrote about the effects of opposition to marriage equality on its members. Opposition Verena Herzog, The SVP's national councilor, criticized the law for " the floodgates to many potentially dangerous practices,” although these were not specified. Speaking to Keystone-SDA, Monika Rüegger of the SVP said it was a "black day" in response to the vote. References ^ a b c Preliminary official results, Swiss Federal Chancellery, 26 September 2021 ^ Coote, Darryl (26 September 2021). "Switzerland overwhelming votes 'yes' to same-sex marriage". United Press International. Retrieved 2021-09-28. ^ ^ "Mariage pour tous: L'UDF se prépare pour le référendum". udf-suisse.ch (in French). 2020-06-04. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2020-12-21. ^ Katy Romy (2020-12-02). "Après le mariage pour tous, des combats restent à mener". swissinfo.ch (in French). Retrieved 2020-12-21.. ^ "Mariage civil pour tous". www.parlament.ch. Retrieved 2021-09-05.. ^ "Code civil suisse (Mariage pour tous). Modification du 18 décembre 2020" (PDF). Feuille Fédérale (in French) (57): 9607–9616. 2020-12-31.. ^ ats/fgn (2020-12-27). "Un deuxième référendum contre le mariage pour tous en préparation". rts.ch (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-11.. ^ "EVP unterstützt Referendum gegen Samenspende". ref.ch (in German). 2021-01-07. Retrieved 2021-01-11.. ^ Noémie Fournier; Dimitri Mathey (2021-02-10). "Le Valais a-t-il un problème avec le mariage homosexuel?". Le Nouvelliste (in French).. ^ "Accueil". papa-maman.ch. Archived from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2021-06-07.. ^ "La PMA, un enjeu du référendum contre le "mariage pour tous" déposé lundi à Berne". RTS (in French). 12 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-13. ^ ATS (2021-04-27). "Il y aura un vote sur le mariage pour tous, le référendum a officiellement abouti". Le Temps (in French). ISSN 1423-3967. Retrieved 2021-04-27.. ^ "Objets de la votation populaire du 26 septembre 2021". www.admin.ch. 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2021-05-24.. ^ a b "Marriage equality law headed for victory in Swiss vote". Swissinfo. Archived from the original on 2021-09-25. Retrieved 2021-09-26. ^ "Switzerland (National Referenda - 26 September 2021) - National parliamentary political parties' positions". EuropeElects (Twitter). 24 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022. ^ "The Die Mitte/Le Centre saying 'Yes' to Marriage for All" (in German and French). Die Junge Mitte Schweiz/Jeunes du Centre Suisse (Twitter). 11 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022. ^ "Zusammenhalten statt spalten" (in German). Die-Mitte.ch. 11 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022. ^ Chancellerie fédérale ChF. "Votation No 647 Tableau récapitulatif". www.bk.admin.ch. Retrieved 28 November 2021. ^ Chancellerie fédérale ChF. "Droits politiques". www.bk.admin.ch. Retrieved 26 September 2021. ^ "Swiss approve same-sex marriage by wide margin in referendum". PBS NewsHour. 2021-09-26. Retrieved 2022-04-27. ^ a b "Switzerland Overwhelmingly Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage in Historic Vote". them. 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2022-04-27. ^ "Landslide Win for Swiss Same-Sex Marriage Referendum". VOA. 26 September 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-27. vte Elections and referendums in SwitzerlandParliamentaryelections 1848 1851 1854 1857 1860 1863 1866 1869 1872 1875 1878 1881 1884 1887 1890 1893 1896 1899 1902 1905 1908 1911 1914 1917 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Referendums 1798 1802 1848 1866 1872 1874 1875 1876 1877 1879 1880 1882 1884 1885 1887 1889 1890 1891 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1900 1902 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1910 1912 1913 1914 1915 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1933 1934 1935 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"facultative referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optional_referendum"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Civil Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Civil_Code"},{"link_name":"marriage between people of the same sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"assisted reproductive technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology"},{"link_name":"cantons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"29th country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_same-sex_marriage#Global_summary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 2021 Swiss same-sex marriage referendum was a facultative referendum held in Switzerland on 26 September 2021 about an amendment to the Civil Code to legalise marriage between people of the same sex, as well as adoption rights for same-sex couples and access to assisted reproductive technology for lesbian couples. The amendment was called \"marriage for all\" (Ehe für alle, Mariage pour tous, Matrimonio per tutti, Lètg per tuts) in Swiss public discourse.64.1% of voters and all cantons supported the amendment, which entered into force on 1 July 2022.[1] The vote made Switzerland the 29th country to legalise same-sex marriage. When the vote took place, Switzerland was one of few countries in Western Europe yet to grant same-sex couples the right to marry.[2]","title":"2021 Swiss same-sex marriage referendum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"assisted reproductive technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology"},{"link_name":"introduced in 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Swiss_referendums#Registered_partnerships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The amendment subject to the referendum legalises same-sex marriage in Switzerland, adoption by same-sex couples and assisted reproductive technology for female same-sex couples. Same-sex couples who have entered into a registered partnership (introduced in 2005) may maintain it or convert it into a marriage. However, the introduction of same-sex marriage eliminates the possibility of entering into a registered partnership.[3]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"facultative referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optional_referendum"},{"link_name":"Federal Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Gazette_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Union_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Green Liberal Party of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Centre_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"the Canton of Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Federal Chancellery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Chancellery_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Federal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Karin Keller-Sutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"}],"text":"Switzerland allows its citizens to launch a facultative referendum to contest a law adopted by the Swiss Federal Assembly, the federal parliament. In order to qualify, the petition must have at least 50,000 signatures within 100 days after the publication of the new law in the Federal Gazette. The evangelical Christian party Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) had already announced in June 2020 that they would launch a referendum against the legalisation of same-sex marriage.[4][5]After lengthy discussions, initiated by a 2013 bill by the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland, the Federal Assembly adopted a bill for the legalisation of same-sex marriage in 2020. It was supported by the federal government and all political parties, except most of the right-wing Swiss People's Party, about half of the Centre party, and the EDU. The amendment to the Civil Code was published in the Federal Gazette on 31 December 2020, leaving opponents to collect signatures against the law until 10 April 2021.[6][7]There were three referendum committees. The first, by the EDU, called itself \"No to marriage for all\". The second, by members of parliament from the Swiss People's Party (SVP), the Centre[8] and the Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland[9] was called \"No to sperm donation for same-sex couples\". A third committee called \"No to the commodification of children\" was launched by members of parliament of the SVP from the Canton of Valais; they also called themselves \"For the Family Foundation\".[10][11]On 12 April 2021, opponents of same-sex marriage announced that they had collected 59,176 certified signatures and brought them to the Federal Chancellery.[12] On 27 April, the Chancellery certified 61,027 valid signatures, which meant that the law would be submitted to a vote.[13] On 19 May, the Federal Council decided that the referendum would take place on 26 September 2021.[14]In the discussions leading up to the vote, the proponents of equal marriage including the federal minister of justice, Karin Keller-Sutter, highlighted the need to end discrimination and inequality; they said that the law would be a step towards ending the stigmatization and social discrimination against same-sex couples. The opponents of the amendment, primarily from conservative circles, advanced the argument of respecting tradition; they also said that changing the definition of marriage would need a constitutional rather than statutory amendment. But their principal arguments related to child welfare, such as the right of a child to know one's father, which they said would be in jeopardy for the children of female same-sex couples.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Polls in advance of the referendum consistently showed roughly two-thirds support for the law.","title":"Opinion polls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"64.10% of voters and all cantons supported the amendment to the Civil Code to legalise same-sex marriage.[1]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-22"}],"sub_title":"Support","text":"Laura Russo, co-president of the Geneva Federation of LGBT Associations, said, \"This is a historic day for us and for Switzerland, this is a great step forward, something we have been waiting for for years.\"[21] Pink Cross, a Swiss LGBT umbrella organization, praised the vote and called it a \"big milestone\".[22]In a press release after the vote, the Umbrella Association of Rainbow Families wrote about the effects of opposition to marriage equality on its members.[22]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Keystone-SDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Telegraphic_Agency"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"}],"sub_title":"Opposition","text":"Verena Herzog, The SVP's national councilor, criticized the law for \"[opening] the floodgates to many potentially dangerous practices,” although these were not specified.[23] Speaking to Keystone-SDA, Monika Rüegger of the SVP said it was a \"black day\" in response to the vote.[15]","title":"Reactions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Coote, Darryl (26 September 2021). \"Switzerland overwhelming votes 'yes' to same-sex marriage\". United Press International. Retrieved 2021-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2021/09/26/switzerland-Switzerland-referendum-same-se-marriage/5841632707276/","url_text":"\"Switzerland overwhelming votes 'yes' to same-sex marriage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"}]},{"reference":"\"Mariage pour tous: L'UDF se prépare pour le référendum\". udf-suisse.ch (in French). 2020-06-04. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2020-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211019080858/https://www.udf-suisse.ch/de/actualites/nouveautes/newsdetail/news/mariage-pour-tous-ludf-se-prepare-pour-le-referendum.html","url_text":"\"Mariage pour tous: L'UDF se prépare pour le référendum\""},{"url":"https://www.udf-suisse.ch/de/actualites/nouveautes/newsdetail/news/mariage-pour-tous-ludf-se-prepare-pour-le-referendum.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Katy Romy (2020-12-02). \"Après le mariage pour tous, des combats restent à mener\". swissinfo.ch (in French). Retrieved 2020-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/apr%C3%A8s-le-mariage-pour-tous--des-combats-restent-%C3%A0-mener/46198824","url_text":"\"Après le mariage pour tous, des combats restent à mener\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mariage civil pour tous\". www.parlament.ch. Retrieved 2021-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parlament.ch/fr/ratsbetrieb/suche-curia-vista/geschaeft?AffairId=20130468","url_text":"\"Mariage civil pour tous\""}]},{"reference":"\"Code civil suisse (Mariage pour tous). Modification du 18 décembre 2020\" (PDF). Feuille Fédérale (in French) (57): 9607–9616. 2020-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/federal-gazette/2020/9607.pdf","url_text":"\"Code civil suisse (Mariage pour tous). Modification du 18 décembre 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feuille_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Feuille Fédérale"}]},{"reference":"ats/fgn (2020-12-27). \"Un deuxième référendum contre le mariage pour tous en préparation\". rts.ch (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphique_suisse","url_text":"ats"},{"url":"https://www.rts.ch/info/suisse/11854200-un-deuxieme-referendum-contre-le-mariage-pour-tous-en-preparation.html","url_text":"\"Un deuxième référendum contre le mariage pour tous en préparation\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVP unterstützt Referendum gegen Samenspende\". ref.ch (in German). 2021-01-07. Retrieved 2021-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ref.ch/news/evp-unterstuetzt-referendum-gegen-samenspende/","url_text":"\"EVP unterstützt Referendum gegen Samenspende\""}]},{"reference":"Noémie Fournier; Dimitri Mathey (2021-02-10). \"Le Valais a-t-il un problème avec le mariage homosexuel?\". Le Nouvelliste (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lenouvelliste.ch/articles/valais/canton/le-valais-a-t-il-un-probleme-avec-le-mariage-homosexuel-1042246","url_text":"\"Le Valais a-t-il un problème avec le mariage homosexuel?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Nouvelliste_(Valais)","url_text":"Le Nouvelliste"}]},{"reference":"\"Accueil\". papa-maman.ch. Archived from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2021-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210607151341/https://www.papa-maman.ch/index.php/en/","url_text":"\"Accueil\""},{"url":"https://www.papa-maman.ch/index.php/en/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La PMA, un enjeu du référendum contre le \"mariage pour tous\" déposé lundi à Berne\". RTS (in French). 12 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rts.ch/info/suisse/12111831-la-pma-un-enjeu-du-referendum-contre-le-mariage-pour-tous-depose-lundi-a-berne.html","url_text":"\"La PMA, un enjeu du référendum contre le \"mariage pour tous\" déposé lundi à Berne\""}]},{"reference":"ATS (2021-04-27). \"Il y aura un vote sur le mariage pour tous, le référendum a officiellement abouti\". Le Temps (in French). ISSN 1423-3967. Retrieved 2021-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/y-aura-un-vote-mariage-referendum-officiellement-abouti","url_text":"\"Il y aura un vote sur le mariage pour tous, le référendum a officiellement abouti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1423-3967","url_text":"1423-3967"}]},{"reference":"\"Objets de la votation populaire du 26 septembre 2021\". www.admin.ch. 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2021-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/fr/accueil/documentation/communiques.msg-id-83585.html","url_text":"\"Objets de la votation populaire du 26 septembre 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marriage equality law headed for victory in Swiss vote\". Swissinfo. Archived from the original on 2021-09-25. Retrieved 2021-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/voters-have-last-word-on--marriage-for-all--bill/46969634","url_text":"\"Marriage equality law headed for victory in Swiss vote\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissinfo","url_text":"Swissinfo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210925112126/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/voters-have-last-word-on--marriage-for-all--bill/46969634","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Switzerland (National Referenda - 26 September 2021) - National parliamentary political parties' positions\". EuropeElects (Twitter). 24 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/EuropeElects/status/1441442414057582600","url_text":"\"Switzerland (National Referenda - 26 September 2021) - National parliamentary political parties' positions\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Die Mitte/Le Centre saying 'Yes' to Marriage for All\" (in German and French). Die Junge Mitte Schweiz/Jeunes du Centre Suisse (Twitter). 11 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/DieJungeMitteCH/status/1436627249126690818","url_text":"\"The Die Mitte/Le Centre saying 'Yes' to Marriage for All\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zusammenhalten statt spalten\" (in German). Die-Mitte.ch. 11 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://die-mitte.ch/zusammenhalten-statt-spalten/","url_text":"\"Zusammenhalten statt spalten\""}]},{"reference":"Chancellerie fédérale ChF. \"Votation No 647 Tableau récapitulatif\". www.bk.admin.ch. Retrieved 28 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bk.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/va/20210926/det647.html","url_text":"\"Votation No 647 Tableau récapitulatif\""}]},{"reference":"Chancellerie fédérale ChF. \"Droits politiques\". www.bk.admin.ch. Retrieved 26 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bk.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/va/20210926/index.html","url_text":"\"Droits politiques\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swiss approve same-sex marriage by wide margin in referendum\". PBS NewsHour. 2021-09-26. Retrieved 2022-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/swiss-approve-same-sex-marriage-by-wide-margin-in-referendum","url_text":"\"Swiss approve same-sex marriage by wide margin in referendum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Switzerland Overwhelmingly Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage in Historic Vote\". them. 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2022-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.them.us/story/switzerland-overwhelmingly-legalizes-lgbtq-marriage","url_text":"\"Switzerland Overwhelmingly Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage in Historic Vote\""}]},{"reference":"\"Landslide Win for Swiss Same-Sex Marriage Referendum\". VOA. 26 September 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/a/switzerland-votes-on-allowing-same-sex-marriage/6246035.html","url_text":"\"Landslide Win for Swiss Same-Sex Marriage Referendum\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://cockpit.gfsbern.ch/fr/cockpit/srg_trend_032021_fr-3-3","external_links_name":"gfs.Bern"},{"Link":"https://www.tamedia.ch/tl_files/content/Group/PDF%20Files/Deutsch/20210813_Bericht_Welle_1_.pdf","external_links_name":"LeeWas GmbH"},{"Link":"https://www.tamedia.ch/tl_files/content/Group/PDF%20Files/Deutsch/20210901_Bericht_Welle_2.pdf","external_links_name":"LeeWas GmbH"},{"Link":"https://cockpit.gfsbern.ch/fr/cockpit/srg_trend_26092021_fr/","external_links_name":"gfs.Bern"},{"Link":"https://www.tamedia.ch/tl_files/content/Group/PDF%20Files/Deutsch/20210915_Bericht_Welle_3.pdf","external_links_name":"LeeWas GmbH"},{"Link":"https://www.bk.admin.ch/ch/d/pore/va/20210926/index.html","external_links_name":"Preliminary official results"},{"Link":"https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2021/09/26/switzerland-Switzerland-referendum-same-se-marriage/5841632707276/","external_links_name":"\"Switzerland overwhelming votes 'yes' to same-sex marriage\""},{"Link":"https://www.ch.ch/en/family-and-partnership/same-sex-partnership/registered-partnerships/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211019080858/https://www.udf-suisse.ch/de/actualites/nouveautes/newsdetail/news/mariage-pour-tous-ludf-se-prepare-pour-le-referendum.html","external_links_name":"\"Mariage pour tous: L'UDF se prépare pour le référendum\""},{"Link":"https://www.udf-suisse.ch/de/actualites/nouveautes/newsdetail/news/mariage-pour-tous-ludf-se-prepare-pour-le-referendum.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/apr%C3%A8s-le-mariage-pour-tous--des-combats-restent-%C3%A0-mener/46198824","external_links_name":"\"Après le mariage pour tous, des combats restent à mener\""},{"Link":"https://www.parlament.ch/fr/ratsbetrieb/suche-curia-vista/geschaeft?AffairId=20130468","external_links_name":"\"Mariage civil pour tous\""},{"Link":"https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/federal-gazette/2020/9607.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Code civil suisse (Mariage pour tous). Modification du 18 décembre 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.rts.ch/info/suisse/11854200-un-deuxieme-referendum-contre-le-mariage-pour-tous-en-preparation.html","external_links_name":"\"Un deuxième référendum contre le mariage pour tous en préparation\""},{"Link":"https://www.ref.ch/news/evp-unterstuetzt-referendum-gegen-samenspende/","external_links_name":"\"EVP unterstützt Referendum gegen Samenspende\""},{"Link":"https://www.lenouvelliste.ch/articles/valais/canton/le-valais-a-t-il-un-probleme-avec-le-mariage-homosexuel-1042246","external_links_name":"\"Le Valais a-t-il un problème avec le mariage homosexuel?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210607151341/https://www.papa-maman.ch/index.php/en/","external_links_name":"\"Accueil\""},{"Link":"https://www.papa-maman.ch/index.php/en/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rts.ch/info/suisse/12111831-la-pma-un-enjeu-du-referendum-contre-le-mariage-pour-tous-depose-lundi-a-berne.html","external_links_name":"\"La PMA, un enjeu du référendum contre le \"mariage pour tous\" déposé lundi à Berne\""},{"Link":"https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/y-aura-un-vote-mariage-referendum-officiellement-abouti","external_links_name":"\"Il y aura un vote sur le mariage pour tous, le référendum a officiellement abouti\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1423-3967","external_links_name":"1423-3967"},{"Link":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/fr/accueil/documentation/communiques.msg-id-83585.html","external_links_name":"\"Objets de la votation populaire du 26 septembre 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/voters-have-last-word-on--marriage-for-all--bill/46969634","external_links_name":"\"Marriage equality law headed for victory in Swiss vote\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210925112126/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/voters-have-last-word-on--marriage-for-all--bill/46969634","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/EuropeElects/status/1441442414057582600","external_links_name":"\"Switzerland (National Referenda - 26 September 2021) - National parliamentary political parties' positions\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/DieJungeMitteCH/status/1436627249126690818","external_links_name":"\"The Die Mitte/Le Centre saying 'Yes' to Marriage for All\""},{"Link":"https://die-mitte.ch/zusammenhalten-statt-spalten/","external_links_name":"\"Zusammenhalten statt spalten\""},{"Link":"https://www.bk.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/va/20210926/det647.html","external_links_name":"\"Votation No 647 Tableau récapitulatif\""},{"Link":"https://www.bk.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/va/20210926/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Droits politiques\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/swiss-approve-same-sex-marriage-by-wide-margin-in-referendum","external_links_name":"\"Swiss approve same-sex marriage by wide margin in referendum\""},{"Link":"https://www.them.us/story/switzerland-overwhelmingly-legalizes-lgbtq-marriage","external_links_name":"\"Switzerland Overwhelmingly Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage in Historic Vote\""},{"Link":"https://www.voanews.com/a/switzerland-votes-on-allowing-same-sex-marriage/6246035.html","external_links_name":"\"Landslide Win for Swiss Same-Sex Marriage Referendum\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_flags	List of Kazakh flags	["1 National flag","2 Presidential flag","3 Military flags","4 Naval flags","4.1 Rank flag","5 Non-Military Security Forces Flag","6 Scouts","7 Administrative divisions","8 Historical flags","8.1 Proposed flags","9 Political flags","10 See also"]	Kazakh flags This is a list of flags which are used in Kazakhstan and flags which were used in history. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Kazakhstan. National flag Flag Date Use Description 1992–present Flag of Kazakhstan Presidential flag Flag Date Use Description 1991–2013 Standard of the president of Kazakhstan (1991-2013) 2013–present Standard of the president of Kazakhstan Military flags Flag Date Use Description War flag of Kazakhstan Armed Forces Flag of the Kazakhstan Army Similar to the national flag without the ornamental pattern, and the addition of a red star in the canton. Flag of the Kazakhstan Air Force Flag of the Kazakhstan Air Defense Forces Flag of the Kazakhstan Airborne Troops Flag of the Internal Troops of Kazakhstan Flag of the Kazakhstan National Guard Flag of the Kazakh Border Service Flag of the Ministry of Emergency Situations Flag of the Foreign Intelligence Service Naval flags Flag Date Use Description Naval ensign of the Kazakh Naval Force Naval jack of the Kazakh Naval Force Government Ensign of Kazakhstan Border Service Ensign of Kazakhstan Rank flag Flag Date Use Description Standard of the Minister of National Defense Non-Military Security Forces Flag Flag Date Use Description Flag of the Kazakhstan Customs Bureau Flag of the Kazakhstan Tax Service Scouts Flag Date Use Description Link to file 1992–present Flag of the Organization of the Scout Movement of Kazakhstan Administrative divisions Cities with special status Flag Date Use Description Flag of Almaty Flag of Astana Flag of Baikonur Regions Flag Date Use Description Flag of Almaty Region Flag of Karaganda Region Districts Flag Date Use Description Flag of Akkol District Flag of Medeu District Flag of Tarbagatay District Flag of Uzunkol District Cities/Towns Flag Date Use Description Flag of Aksu Flag of Aktau Flag of Aktobe Flag of Atyrau Flag of Kapchagay Flag of Karaganda Flag of Kostanay Flag of Pavlodar Flag of Oskemen Flag of Taldıqorğan Flag of Tekeli Flag of Temirtau Flag of Zhetikara Historical flags Flag Date Use Description 14th-16th century Flag of the Golden Horde 1465–1822 Family Banners of the Kazakh Khanate 2 pointed banners with a golden border with the image of tamga (clan seal) in the center. each banner is in white, blue and red color respectively. 1465–1822 Alleged flag of the Kazakh Khanate 1916 Flag of Amankeldı İmanov's rebels 1917–1920 Flag of the Alash Autonomy This flag consisted of green, red and yellow horizontal stripes. Green represents the country's loyalty to Islam, red represents the bloodshed defending the country and yellow represents the wide Kazakh steppe as well as freedom 1917-1920 2nd version of the flag of the Alash Autonomy 1920-1936 Flag of the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 1937–1940 Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1953 Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic 1953–1992 Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic 1991–1992 Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1953–1992 Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kazakh SSR (reversed) 1992–present Current national flag Proposed flags Flag Date Use Description 1991 Proposal 1 Proposal 2 Proposal 3 Proposal 4 Proposal 5 Proposal 6 Proposal 7 Proposal 8 Political flags Flag Date Party Description Current Link to file 2006–present Socialist Movement of Kazakhstan 1991–present Azat Republican Party of Kazakhstan 1990–present Alash National Freedom Party Former 1990s–2015 Communist Party of Kazakhstan They started using a version of the hammer and sickle very similar to the emblem of the Chinese Communist Party. 1990s Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Link to file 2003-2006 Asar Link to file 2004-2013 Democratic Party Adilet 1917-1920 Alash See also Flag of Kazakhstan Emblem of Kazakhstan vteNational flags and coats of armsNational flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal vteFlags of AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal vteLists of flags Master list Reference list State-related African derivative Arab states Christian Civil flag Country Date of Adoption Heads of state Historical flags Former sovereign states Formerly independent Timeline By year Islamic State flag State flags and ensigns Sovereign Special and fictional Unrecognized Mobile military Armed Forces Army and Ground Forces Air Forces Air Forces Roundels Air Forces Fin Flashes Border and Coast Guard Forces Maritime Ministry of Defense Naval ensigns Naval Jack Police Flag Mobile civilian Civil air Civil and Merchant Navy Civil ensign Pilot boat flags and ensigns Yacht flags and ensigns Other entities Country subdivisions Cities Capitals Cultural Dependent territories Ethnic International Organizations Micronations Olympics and the Paralympics Political Pride flags Proposals Religious By design (National, Gallery)By elements Animals Astronomical Bicolor Borders British ensigns Buildings Canton Circles Color by number by combination Crescents Crosses Cross of Trier Nordic Saints banners Saints' crosses Devices Diamonds Flags Geographical Headgear Inscriptions Arabic English Latin Russian Spanish Keys Maps Nautical Plants People Quartered Solids Stars Trees Triangles Tribands Two-sided Watercraft Weapons By shape Non-quadrilateral Proportions By nationsAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Governorates Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya counties Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Rhodesia Antarctica Adélie Land Argentine Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory British Antarctic Territory Chilean Antarctic Territory Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Ross Dependency Asia Afghanistan rebel Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong Macau Cyprus East Timor Egypt Georgia India states armed forces Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan prefectures municipalities Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines provinces Qatar Russia federal subjects Sakha Russian Navy Saudi Arabia Singapore Soviet Union republics Soviet Navy Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria states Austria-Hungary Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France regions Brittany Corsica Île-de-France Occitanie Pays de la Loire French Empire Georgia Germany states districts municipalities Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy regions provinces municipalities Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands royal standards provinces municipalities North Macedonia Norway Poland naval and maritime voivodeships Portugal personal standards municipalities Romania Russia federal subjects Sakha Russian Navy San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union republics Soviet Navy Spain autonomous communities provinces Sweden Switzerland cantons municipalities Turkey Ukraine oblasts United Kingdom England Cornwall Northern Ireland Scotland Wales cities, towns and villages British Empire Vatican City/Holy See Yugoslavia North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada lieutenant governors Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico states Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States states and territories counties and municipalities ensigns jacks armed forces Puerto Rico CSA Oceania Australia state governors Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Norfolk Island Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau states Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Names in italics indicate non-sovereign (dependent) territories, disputed states and/or former countries. vteKazakhstan articlesHistoryPrehistory Saka Kangju Wusun Huns Early history Tele Rouran Khaganate Göktürks Kangar union Kimek Khanate Karluks Oghuz Yabgu State Xueyantuo Khaganate Uyghur Khaganate Kyrgyz Khaganate Kara-Khanid Khanate Mongol Empire Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde White Horde Uzbek Khanate Since 1465 Kazakh Khanate List of Kazakh khans Jüz Russian Turkestan Alash Autonomy Kazakh ASSR Kazakh SSR Republic of Kazakhstan By topic Postal Geography Aktogay Canyon Altay (Altai) Mountains Aral Karakum Desert Borders Caspian Sea Kazakh Steppe Khan Tangiri Shyngy Kyzylkum Desert Lake Balkhash Sharyn Canyon Syr Darya Tien (Tian) Shan Ural River Zhetysu Subdivisions Cities and towns Districts Regions Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government President Prime Minister Human rights Freedom of speech LGBT Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Economy Agriculture Energy policy National Bank Stock Exchange Science and technology Telecommunications Tenge (currency) Transport Waste management Culture Alphabet Anthem Architecture Clothing Coat of arms Cuisine (wine) Flag Kaznet (Internet) Kazakhs Media Music Religion Sport Squatting Television Wedding ceremony Y-DNA Kazakh tribes Demographics Education Health Language Women Peoples Armenians Azerbaijanis Dungan Germans Greeks Jews Kazakhs Koreans Poles Russians Tatars Turks Ukrainians Uyghurs OutlineIndex Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Flags of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flags_of_Kazakhstan"}],"text":"This is a list of flags which are used in Kazakhstan and flags which were used in history.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Kazakhstan.","title":"List of Kazakh flags"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National flag"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presidential flag"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Military flags"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Naval flags"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rank flag","title":"Naval flags"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-Military Security Forces Flag"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scouts"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cities with special statusRegionsDistrictsCities/Towns","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical flags"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Proposed flags","title":"Historical flags"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political flags"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/147px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kazakh_Khanate_Family_Banners.png/147px-Kazakh_Khanate_Family_Banners.png"}]	[{"title":"Flag of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Emblem of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:National_flags"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:National_flags"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_flags"},{"title":"National flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_flag"},{"title":"coats of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_coat_of_arms"},{"title":"Sovereign states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_sovereign_state_flags"},{"title":"Dependent territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_of_dependent_territories"},{"title":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_national_flags"},{"title":"Sovereign states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial_of_sovereign_states"},{"title":"Dependent territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial_of_dependent_territories"},{"title":"Heraldry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Heraldry"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic"},{"title":"Flags of Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Asia"},{"title":"Sovereign states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states"},{"title":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan"},{"title":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia"},{"title":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan"},{"title":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Bahrain"},{"title":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Bhutan"},{"title":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Brunei"},{"title":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Cambodia"},{"title":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_China"},{"title":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Cyprus"},{"title":"East Timor (Timor-Leste)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_East_Timor"},{"title":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt"},{"title":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"title":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_India"},{"title":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Iran"},{"title":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq"},{"title":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Israel"},{"title":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Japan"},{"title":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Jordan"},{"title":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_North_Korea"},{"title":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_South_Korea"},{"title":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Kuwait"},{"title":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan"},{"title":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Laos"},{"title":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon"},{"title":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia"},{"title":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Maldives"},{"title":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mongolia"},{"title":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Myanmar"},{"title":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Nepal"},{"title":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Oman"},{"title":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Pakistan"},{"title":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Qatar"},{"title":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Russia"},{"title":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore"},{"title":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"title":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Syria"},{"title":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Tajikistan"},{"title":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand"},{"title":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey"},{"title":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Turkmenistan"},{"title":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"title":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Uzbekistan"},{"title":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vietnam"},{"title":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Yemen"},{"title":"States withlimited recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"},{"title":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Abkhazia"},{"title":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Northern_Cyprus"},{"title":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_State_of_Palestine"},{"title":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_South_Ossetia"},{"title":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Taiwan"},{"title":"Dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"title":"British Indian Ocean Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory"},{"title":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Christmas_Island"},{"title":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"title":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong"},{"title":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Macau"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"title":"Asia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lists_of_flags"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_flags"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_flags"},{"title":"flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag"},{"title":"Master list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_flags"},{"title":"Reference list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Heraldry_and_vexillology/World_Flags"},{"title":"African derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_flag"},{"title":"Arab states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arab_flags"},{"title":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_with_Christian_symbolism"},{"title":"Civil flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_flag"},{"title":"Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_sovereign_state_flags"},{"title":"Date of Adoption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_current_flag_adoption"},{"title":"Heads of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state_standards"},{"title":"Historical flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Historical_flags"},{"title":"Former sovereign states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_sovereign_states"},{"title":"Formerly independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_extinct_states"},{"title":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_national_flags"},{"title":"By year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gallery_pages_of_Sovereign-state_flags_by_year"},{"title":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_flags"},{"title":"State flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_flag"},{"title":"State flags and ensigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:State_ensigns"},{"title":"Sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sovereign-state_flags"},{"title":"Special and fictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Special_or_fictional_flags"},{"title":"Unrecognized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_unrecognized_states"},{"title":"Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_armed_forces_flags"},{"title":"Army and Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Army_flags"},{"title":"Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Air_force_ensigns"},{"title":"Air Forces Roundels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aircraft_insignia"},{"title":"Air Forces Fin Flashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_flash"},{"title":"Border and Coast Guard Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Border_and_coast_guard_ensigns"},{"title":"Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maritime_flags"},{"title":"Ministry of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ministry_of_Defense_flags"},{"title":"Naval ensigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_ensign"},{"title":"Naval Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Naval_jacks"},{"title":"Police Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Police_flags"},{"title":"Civil air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_air_ensigns"},{"title":"Civil and Merchant Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_and_merchant_ensigns"},{"title":"Civil ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_ensign"},{"title":"Pilot boat flags and ensigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pilot_boat_flags_and_ensigns"},{"title":"Yacht flags and ensigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yacht_ensigns"},{"title":"Country subdivisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_country_subdivisions"},{"title":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/City_flags"},{"title":"Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_and_coat_of_arms_of_national_capitals"},{"title":"Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cultural_flags"},{"title":"Dependent territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory_flags"},{"title":"Ethnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_flag"},{"title":"International Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_International_Organizations"},{"title":"Micronations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_micronations"},{"title":"Olympics and the Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Nations_at_the_Olympics_and_the_Paralympics"},{"title":"Political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Political_flags"},{"title":"Pride flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_flag"},{"title":"Proposals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_flag_proposals"},{"title":"Religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Religious_flags"},{"title":"By design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_by_design"},{"title":"National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_flags_by_design"},{"title":"Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_by_design"},{"title":"By elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flag_elements"},{"title":"Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_animals"},{"title":"Astronomical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_flags"},{"title":"Bicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bicolor_flags"},{"title":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_bordered_flags"},{"title":"British ensigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_based_on_British_ensigns"},{"title":"Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_buildings"},{"title":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_cantons"},{"title":"Circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_circles"},{"title":"Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_by_color"},{"title":"by number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_by_number_of_colors"},{"title":"by combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_by_color_combination"},{"title":"Crescents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_crescents"},{"title":"Crosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_crosses"},{"title":"Cross of Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_with_the_Cross_of_Trier_in_heraldry"},{"title":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flags"},{"title":"Saints banners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saints_banners"},{"title":"Saints' crosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_saints%27_crosses"},{"title":"Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_devices"},{"title":"Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_diamonds"},{"title":"Flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_flags"},{"title":"Geographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Geographical_flags"},{"title":"Headgear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_headgear"},{"title":"Inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inscribed_flags"},{"title":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_with_Arabic-language_text"},{"title":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_with_English-language_text"},{"title":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_with_Latin-language_text"},{"title":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_with_Russian-language_text"},{"title":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_with_Spanish-language_text"},{"title":"Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_keys"},{"title":"Maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_maps"},{"title":"Nautical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_nautical_designs"},{"title":"Plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_plants"},{"title":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_people"},{"title":"Quartered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_quartered_flags"},{"title":"Solids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solid_flags"},{"title":"Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_stars"},{"title":"Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_trees"},{"title":"Triangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_triangles"},{"title":"Tribands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_triband_flags"},{"title":"Two-sided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_whose_reverse_differs_from_the_obverse"},{"title":"Watercraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_watercraft"},{"title":"Weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_weapons"},{"title":"Non-quadrilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-quadrilateral_flags"},{"title":"Proportions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proportions_of_national_flags"},{"title":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Africa"},{"title":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Algerian_flags"},{"title":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Angolan_flags"},{"title":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Beninese_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Botswanan_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Burkinabe_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Burundian_flags"},{"title":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cameroonian_flags"},{"title":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cape_Verdean_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_African_Republic_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chadian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Comorian_flags"},{"title":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"title":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_flags_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Djibouti_flags"},{"title":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags"},{"title":"Governorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt"},{"title":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Equatorial_Guinea"},{"title":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eritrean_flags"},{"title":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Emaswati_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ethiopian_flags"},{"title":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gabonese_flags"},{"title":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gambian_flags"},{"title":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ghana_flags"},{"title":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Guinean_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bissau-Guinean_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ivorian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Kenya"},{"title":"counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_counties_of_Kenya"},{"title":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Lesotho_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liberian_flags"},{"title":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Libyan_flags"},{"title":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malagasy_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malawian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malian_flags"},{"title":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mauritanian_flags"},{"title":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mauritian_flags"},{"title":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Moroccan_flags"},{"title":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mozambican_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Namibian_flags"},{"title":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nigerien_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_flags"},{"title":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rwandan_flags"},{"title":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9an_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Senegalese_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Seychellois_flags"},{"title":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sierra_Leone_flags"},{"title":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Somali_flags"},{"title":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_African_flags"},{"title":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_Sudanese_flags"},{"title":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sudanese_flags"},{"title":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tanzanian_flags"},{"title":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Togolese_flags"},{"title":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tunisian_flags"},{"title":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ugandan_flags"},{"title":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Zambian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Zimbabwean_flags"},{"title":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rhodesian_flags"},{"title":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_flags"},{"title":"Adélie Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands"},{"title":"Argentine Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Tierra_del_Fuego_Province,_Argentina"},{"title":"Australian Antarctic Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Australia"},{"title":"British Antarctic Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory"},{"title":"Chilean Antarctic Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Magallanes"},{"title":"Peter I Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Norway"},{"title":"Queen Maud Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Norway"},{"title":"Ross Dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_New_Zealand"},{"title":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Asia"},{"title":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Afghan_flags"},{"title":"rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_rebel_flags"},{"title":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Armenian_flags"},{"title":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_flags"},{"title":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bahraini_flags"},{"title":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_flags"},{"title":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bhutanese_flags"},{"title":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bruneian_flags"},{"title":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cambodian_flags"},{"title":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_flags"},{"title":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_flags"},{"title":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Macanese_flags"},{"title":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cypriot_flags"},{"title":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_East_Timorese_flags"},{"title":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags"},{"title":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"title":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_flags"},{"title":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flags"},{"title":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_rank_flags"},{"title":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_flags"},{"title":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Iraq"},{"title":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Israel"},{"title":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_flags"},{"title":"prefectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_from_Japanese_subregions"},{"title":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Japanese_municipal_flags"},{"title":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jordanian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Korean_flags"},{"title":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Korean_flags"},{"title":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_flags"},{"title":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kuwaiti_flags"},{"title":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kyrgyz_flags"},{"title":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Laos"},{"title":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_flags"},{"title":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_flags"},{"title":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Maldives"},{"title":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mongolian_flags"},{"title":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Burmese_flags"},{"title":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Nepal"},{"title":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Omani_flags"},{"title":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags"},{"title":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_flags"},{"title":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_provinces_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Qatari_flags"},{"title":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_flags"},{"title":"federal subjects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_federal_subjects_of_Russia"},{"title":"Sakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sakha_flags"},{"title":"Russian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_navy_flags"},{"title":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_flags"},{"title":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Singaporean_flags"},{"title":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA"},{"title":"republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics"},{"title":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_USSR_navy_flags"},{"title":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_flags"},{"title":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Syrian_flags"},{"title":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_flags"},{"title":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tajik_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_flags"},{"title":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_flags"},{"title":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkmen_flags"},{"title":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"title":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Uzbek_flags"},{"title":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Vietnam"},{"title":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yemenite_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Europe"},{"title":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags"},{"title":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Andorran_flags"},{"title":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Armenian_flags"},{"title":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Austrian_flags"},{"title":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_and_coats_of_arms_of_the_Austrian_states"},{"title":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Austria-Hungary"},{"title":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_flags"},{"title":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belarusian_flags"},{"title":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belgian_flags"},{"title":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"title":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_flags"},{"title":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Croatian_flags"},{"title":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cypriot_flags"},{"title":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Czech_flags"},{"title":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Danish_flags"},{"title":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Estonian_flags"},{"title":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Finland"},{"title":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_flags"},{"title":"regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_regions_of_France"},{"title":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Breton_flags"},{"title":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Corsican_flags"},{"title":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"title":"Occitanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Occitan_flags"},{"title":"Pays de la Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Pays_de_la_Loire"},{"title":"French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_flags"},{"title":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"title":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_flags"},{"title":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_German_states"},{"title":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_district_flags_of_Germany"},{"title":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_German_municipal_flags"},{"title":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_flags"},{"title":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_flags"},{"title":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Icelandic_flags"},{"title":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland"},{"title":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags"},{"title":"regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Italy"},{"title":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_provinces_of_Italy"},{"title":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_municipalities_of_Italy"},{"title":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Kosovo"},{"title":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Latvia"},{"title":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liechtensteinian_flags"},{"title":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Lithuania"},{"title":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Luxembourg"},{"title":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Malta"},{"title":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Moldova"},{"title":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mon%C3%A9gasque_flags"},{"title":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Montenegro"},{"title":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Netherlands"},{"title":"royal standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Dutch_royal_family"},{"title":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_provinces_of_the_Netherlands"},{"title":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipal_flags_of_the_Netherlands"},{"title":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_North_Macedonia"},{"title":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Norway"},{"title":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_flags"},{"title":"naval and maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_naval_and_maritime_flags"},{"title":"voivodeships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Polish_voivodeships"},{"title":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_flags"},{"title":"personal standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_personal_standards_of_the_Kings_of_Portugal"},{"title":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_municipal_flags"},{"title":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Romania"},{"title":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_flags"},{"title":"federal subjects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_federal_subjects_of_Russia"},{"title":"Sakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sakha_flags"},{"title":"Russian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_navy_flags"},{"title":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sammarinese_flags"},{"title":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Serbian_flags"},{"title":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovak_flags"},{"title":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_flags"},{"title":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA"},{"title":"republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics"},{"title":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_USSR_navy_flags"},{"title":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_flags"},{"title":"autonomous communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_autonomous_communities_of_Spain"},{"title":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_provincial_flags_of_Spain"},{"title":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Sweden"},{"title":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swiss_flags"},{"title":"cantons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_and_arms_of_cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"title":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_and_arms_of_municipalities_of_Switzerland"},{"title":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_flags"},{"title":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_flags"},{"title":"oblasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_regions_of_Ukraine"},{"title":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_flags"},{"title":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_flags"},{"title":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cornish_flags"},{"title":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_used_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags"},{"title":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags"},{"title":"cities, towns and villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories"},{"title":"Vatican City/Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Papacy"},{"title":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_flags"},{"title":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_North_America"},{"title":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antiguan_and_Barbudan_flags"},{"title":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bahamian_flags"},{"title":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barbadian_flags"},{"title":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belizean_flags"},{"title":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags"},{"title":"lieutenant governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_lieutenant_governors_of_Canada"},{"title":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Costa_Rican_flags"},{"title":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cuban_flags"},{"title":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dominican_flags"},{"title":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_flags"},{"title":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Salvadoran_flags"},{"title":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grenadian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guatemalan_flags"},{"title":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Haitian_flags"},{"title":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Honduran_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_flags"},{"title":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_flags"},{"title":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_flags_of_Mexico"},{"title":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nicaraguan_flags"},{"title":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Panamanian_flags"},{"title":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kittitian_and_Nevisian_flags"},{"title":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Saint_Lucian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Saint_Vincentian_and_Grenadinian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_flags"},{"title":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"states and territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_U.S._states_and_territories"},{"title":"counties and municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_counties_and_municipalities_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"ensigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"title":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_flags"},{"title":"CSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America"},{"title":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Oceania"},{"title":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_flags"},{"title":"state governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Governors_of_the_Australian_states"},{"title":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Christmas_Island"},{"title":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"title":"Norfolk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Norfolk_Island"},{"title":"Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Micronesian_flags"},{"title":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fijian_flags"},{"title":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_I-Kiribati_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Marshallese_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nauruan_Flags"},{"title":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_flags"},{"title":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Palauan_flags"},{"title":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_states_of_Palau"},{"title":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Papua_New_Guinean_flags"},{"title":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Samoan_flags"},{"title":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Solomon_Islands_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tongan_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tuvaluan_flags&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanuatuan_flags"},{"title":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_South_America"},{"title":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Argentine_flags"},{"title":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bolivian_flags"},{"title":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_flags"},{"title":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chilean_flags"},{"title":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colombian_flags"},{"title":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ecuadorian_flags"},{"title":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guyana_Flags"},{"title":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Paraguayan_flags"},{"title":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Peru"},{"title":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Surinamese_flags"},{"title":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Uruguayan_flags"},{"title":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Venezuela"},{"title":"non-sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kazakhstan_topics"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kazakhstan_topics"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan_topics"},{"title":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"title":"articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles"},{"title":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Saka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka"},{"title":"Kangju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangju"},{"title":"Wusun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wusun"},{"title":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"title":"Tele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiele_people"},{"title":"Rouran Khaganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate"},{"title":"Göktürks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks"},{"title":"Kangar union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangar_union"},{"title":"Kimek Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimek_Khanate"},{"title":"Karluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluks"},{"title":"Oghuz Yabgu State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State"},{"title":"Xueyantuo Khaganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xueyantuo"},{"title":"Uyghur Khaganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate"},{"title":"Kyrgyz Khaganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz"},{"title":"Kara-Khanid Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate"},{"title":"Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"title":"Chagatai Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate"},{"title":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"title":"White Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde"},{"title":"Uzbek Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate"},{"title":"Kazakh Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate"},{"title":"List of Kazakh khans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_khans"},{"title":"Jüz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCz"},{"title":"Russian Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Turkestan"},{"title":"Alash Autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alash_Autonomy"},{"title":"Kazakh ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic"},{"title":"Kazakh SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"title":"Republic of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan#Republic_of_Kazakhstan_(1991%E2%80%93present)"},{"title":"Postal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kazakhstan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Aktogay Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktogay_Canyon"},{"title":"Altay (Altai) Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains"},{"title":"Aral Karakum Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert"},{"title":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"title":"Kazakh Steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe"},{"title":"Khan Tangiri Shyngy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Tengri"},{"title":"Kyzylkum Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert"},{"title":"Lake Balkhash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Balkhash"},{"title":"Sharyn Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharyn_Canyon"},{"title":"Syr Darya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr_Darya"},{"title":"Tien (Tian) Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Shan"},{"title":"Ural River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_River"},{"title":"Zhetysu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhetysu"},{"title":"Subdivisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Cities and towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Foreign relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Freedom of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Energy policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Stock_Exchange"},{"title":"Science and technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Tenge (currency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge"},{"title":"Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Waste management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets"},{"title":"Anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meni%C3%B1_Qazaqstan%C4%B1m"},{"title":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia"},{"title":"Clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_clothing"},{"title":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine"},{"title":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_wine"},{"title":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Kaznet (Internet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Kazakhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kazakhs"},{"title":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Squatting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Wedding ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_wedding_ceremony"},{"title":"Y-DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_Kazakh_tribes"},{"title":"Kazakh tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_tribes"},{"title":"Demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Azerbaijanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Dungan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungan_people"},{"title":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Kazakhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs"},{"title":"Koreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryo-saram"},{"title":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Uyghurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kazakhstan"}]	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cary_(priest)	George Cary (priest)	["1 Origins","2 Career","3 Marriage and issue","4 Death","5 Notes","6 Sources"]	Arms of Cary: Argent, on a bend sable three roses of the field Mural monument to Dr. George Cary (1611–1680), Dean of Exeter, Clovelly Church Doctor George Cary (1611–1680), Professor of Sacred Theology, lord of the manor of Clovelly, Devon, was Dean of Exeter between 1663 and 1680 (amongst other duties responsible for the maintenance and decoration of Exeter Cathedral). He was also Rector of Clovelly and of Shobrooke in Devon and Chaplain in Ordinary to King Charles II. He was one of the Worthies of Devon of John Prince (died 1723). Origins He was the second son and eventual heir of William Cary (1576–1652), lord of the manor of Clovelly in Devon, Justice of the Peace for Devon and Member of Parliament for Mitchell, Cornwall, in 1604, by his second wife Dorothy Gorges (died 1622), eldest daughter of Sir Edward Gorges of Wraxall, Somerset by his wife Dorothy Speke. His mother's monument survives in the Speke Chantry in Exeter Cathedral. Career He was educated at Exeter Grammar School and in 1628 entered The Queen's College, Oxford but later moved to Exeter College, Oxford, much frequented by Devonians. His first clerical appointment was by his father as Rector of Clovelly. Following the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, he was appointed Chaplain in Ordinary to King Charles II, after which he received the honour of a Doctorate in Divinity from Oxford University. At the bequest of the Lord Chamberlain he preached a Lent sermon before the king, for which was much thanked by the Archbishop of Canterbury. During most of his career he lived about 44 miles south-east of Clovelly, at Exeter, and at Shobrooke, near Crediton, 9 miles to the north-west of Exeter. Indeed it appears that until about 1702 Clovelly was occupied by his second cousins, the three brothers John Cary, George Cary (died 1702) and Anthony Cary (died 1694), sons of Robert Cary of Yeo Vale, Alwington, near Clovelly. He rebuilt the rectory house at Shobrooke, which he found in a dilapidated state and made it "a commodious and gentile dwelling". He also rebuilt the "ruinous,...filthy and loathsome" Dean's House in Exeter, which during the Civil War had been let to negligent tenants by the See of Exeter, and "in a short time so well repaired, so thoroughly cleansed and so richly furnished this house that it became a fit receptacle for princes". As the Emperor Augustus with the City of Rome, so did Dean Cary with the Dean's House in Exeter "found it ruines but he left it a palace", as Prince suggests. Indeed King Charles II stayed there on the night of 23 July 1670, having visited the newly built Citadel in Plymouth. It was also the chosen abode of Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, Lord Lieutenant of Devon, for three weeks in 1675 and again during the Monmouth Rebellion. He was a liberal benefactor in assisting the Corporation of Exeter in the completion in 1699 of the cutting of a leat between Exeter Quay and Topsham, which fed into a pool which could shelter 100 ships. He twice refused offers of the Bishopric of Exeter made by King Charles II, on vacancies arising in 1666 and 1676. The reason for his first refusal, or profession of Nolo Episcopari, is unknown, but he refused the second time due to age and infirmity which would prevent him attending Parliament as would be required. In 1675 he succeeded to the paternal estates, including Clovelly, of his elder brother Sir Robert Cary (1610–1675), a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to King Charles II who died unmarried and without children. He erected in his memory the surviving mural monument in Clovelly Church. Marriage and issue Canting arms of Hancock of Combe Martin: Gules, on a chief argent three cocks of the field He married Anne Hancock, a daughter of William Hancock (died 1625), lord of the manor of Combe Martin, Devon, by whom he had numerous children including: Sir George Cary (1654–1685), eldest son and heir. He was knighted by King Charles II during his father's lifetime and served as a Member of Parliament for Okehampton in 1681 and occupied the honourable position of Recorder of Okehampton, Devon. His mural monument survives in Clovelly Church. He married twice, but left no children. William Cary (c. 1661 – 1710), 2nd son, twice a Member of Parliament for Okehampton in Devon 1685-1687 and 1689-1695 and also for Launceston in Cornwall 1695-1710. His mural monument survives in Clovelly Church. Judith Cary, wife of Rev. Richard Hele of Hele in the parish of Cornwood in Devon, Rector of Helland in Cornwall, and mother of Richard Hele (1679-1709) of Flete House, Holbeton, Devon, MP for West Looe in Cornwall. Death He died at Shobrooke on 2 February 1680, but was buried in Clovelly Church, where his mural monument survives, erected by his eldest son Sir George Cary (1654–1685), the armorials of the latter's two wives appearing on the top of the monument as follows: dexter: Azure, a chevron between three mullets pierced or (Davie of Canonteign, Christow); sinister: Or, a lion reguardant sable langued gules (Jenkyn of Cornwall). The Latin inscription is as follows: Georgius Cary S(acrae) T(heologiae) P(rofessor) Decanus B(eat)i Petri Exon(iensis), vir omnibus dignitatibus major quem ipsa latebra licet ei solum in deliciis non potuit abscondere. Nemo magis invitus cepit nemo magis adornavit cathedram ut lux e tenebris sic illustravit ecclesiam. In omnibus concionibus, hospitiis, conciliis antecelluit. Pectore, lingua calamo, praepotens. In justa causa nemini cedens; in injusta abhorrens lites. Fratribus in ecclesiae negotiis nunquam sese opposuit nisi rationibus et in his semper victor. Erga regem iniquissimis temporibus infractae fidelitatis: post reditum erat ei a sacris. Caelestem vero non aulicam petiit gratiam, quae tamen nolentem sequebatur, nam bis vocante Carolo Secundo, bis humillime respondit: Nolo Episcopari. Obiit die Purificationis B(eatae) Virginis A(nn)o Aet(atis) (suae) 72, A(nn)o Dom(ini) 1680. Which may be translated as: "George Cary, Professor of Sacred Theology, Dean of the Blessed St Peter of Exeter, a man greater in all things worthy than concealment allowed to him, ((?)only in delights he was not able to conceal). No man more against his will took possession of, no man more beautified a cathedral; As light out of shadow, thus he lit up the Church. In all assemblies, guest-chambers and councils he distinguished himself. In his heart, tongue and pen, (he was) exceedingly mighty. In a just cause ceding to no man; in an unjust (cause) abhorring strife. In affairs of business he never opposed himself to his brothers in the Church, unless for (good) reasons, and in those always the victor. Thus in the most evil times he was of unbroken fidelity towards the king. Afterwards to him was given back ((?)by those things which are holy). Indeed he sought heavenly grace, not grace in the court of kings, which nevertheless against his wishes followed him, for at the two-fold call of Charles II twice he replied in the greatest humility: "I am unwilling to wear the Bishop's Mitre" (lit: "to be bishoped"). He died on the day of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin, in the year of his age 72,(sic) in the year of Our Lord 1680". Notes ^ Vivian, p.150 ^ Some doubt exists as to the date of his birth, which his mural monument makes 1608, derived from the date of his death being given as 1680 and his age 72. However that would have made him his father's eldest son and heir of Clovelly before his brother Sir Robert Cary (1610–1675), which was not the case. Vivian gives his date of birth as 1611. Prince, who transcribed his monumental inscription otherwise entirely accurately, appears to have deliberately mis-transcribed the last line as "MDCLXXX" (i.e. 1680) in place of "1680" and "LXIX" (i.e. 69) in place of "72" ^ Ursula Radford (1955). "An Introduction to the Deans of Exeter". Report & Transactions of the Devonshire Association 87: 1–24. ^ Prince, John, (1643–1723) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, London, pp. 187–191, Cary, George, D.D. ^ History of Parliament biography of Cary, William (c. 1578 – 1652), of Clovelly Court and Exeter, Devon ^ Prince, p.188 ^ Vivian, p.158, refers to the brothers George Cary (died 1702) and Anthony Cary (died 1694) (sons of Robert Cary of Yeo Vale, Alwington) as "of Clovelly", and notes that the infant son of their eldest brother John Cary was buried at Clovelly ^ Prince, p.188 ^ Prince, p.189 ^ Prince, p.189 ^ Prince, p.188 ^ Vivian, p.441, pedigree of Hancock; given erroneously on p.159 as "John" Handcock (sic) ^ History of parliament biography of Cary, Sir George (c.1653-85), of Clovelly, Devon ^ History of parliament biography of Cary, Sir George (c.1653-85), of Clovelly, Devon ^ History of Parliament biography of Cary, William (c. 1661 – 1710), of Clovelly, Devon ^ Risdon, p.192; Gray, Todd & Rowe, Margery (Eds.), Travels in Georgian Devon: The Illustrated Journals of The Reverend John Swete, 1789-1800, 4 vols., Tiverton, 1999, Vol 2, p.19 ^ Vivian, p.466 ^ Prince, John, (1643–1723) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, London, p.190, states it was erected by his second son William Cary (c. 1661 – 1710), apparently incorrect on the basis of the armorials ^ Transcribed from monument 2015; transcript, with date of death mis-transcribed, given in Prince, p.191 Sources Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, pp. 150–9, pedigree of Cary Prince, John, (1643–1723) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, London, pp. 187–191, Cary, George, D.D. Lauder, Rosemary, Devon Families, Tiverton, 2002, pp. 131–6, Rous of Clovelly Griggs, William, A Guide to All Saints Church, Clovelly, first published 1980, Revised Version 2010 Church of England titles Preceded byEdward Young Dean of Exeter 1662–1663 Succeeded byThe Hon Richard Annesley vteDeans of ExeterHigh Medieval Serlo Roger de Wynkleigh William de Stanwey Roger de Toriz John Noble John Pycot Andrew de Kilkenny Late Medieval Henry de Somerset Thomas de Lechlade Bartholomew de Sancto Laurentio Richard de Coleton Richard de Braylegh Reginald de Bugwell Robert Sumpter Thomas Walkyngton Ralph Tregrision Stephen Payn John Cobethorn John Hals Henry Webber Peter Courtenay Lionel Woodville John Arundel Early modern Edward Willoughby Thomas Hobbes John Vesey Richard Pace Reginald Pole Simon Haynes James Haddon Thomas Reynolds Gregory Dodds George Carew Stephen Townesend Matthew Sutcliffe William Peterson Seth Ward Edward Young George Cary Richard Annesley William Wake Lancelot Blackburne Edward Trelawney John Gilbert Alured Clarke William Holmes Charles Lyttleton Jeremiah Milles William Buller Charles Harward Late modern Charles Talbot George Gordon John Garnett Whittington Landon Thomas Lowe Charles Ellicott The Viscount Midleton Archibald Boyd Benjamin Cowie Alfred Earle Henry Gamble Walter Matthews Spencer Carpenter Alexander Wallace Marcus Knight Clifford Chapman Richard Eyre Keith Jones Jonathan Meyrick Jonathan Draper vteDiocese of Exeter Exeter Cathedral The Palace, Exeter The Old Deanery, Exeter Office holders Mike Harrison, Bishop-designate of Exeter and Bishop of Dunwich Jackie Searle, Bishop suffragan of Crediton and acting Bishop of Exeter James Grier, Bishop suffragan of Plymouth AEO: Paul Thomas, Bishop suffragan of Oswestry & Rob Munro, Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet Jonathan Greener, Dean of Exeter Douglas Dettmer, Archdeacon of Totnes Andrew Beane, Archdeacon of Exeter Verena Breed, Archdeacon-designate of Barnstaple Jane Bakker, Archdeacon of Plymouth Selected deaneries Deanery of Barnstaple Deanery of Cadbury Deanery of Christianity (Exeter) Deanery of Hartland Historic offices Archdeacon of Cornwall (11th century – 1876; became the Diocese of Truro)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Carey_family_of_Chilton_Foliat.png"},{"link_name":"of the field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GeorgeCary_Died1680_DeanOfExeter_ClovellyChurch_Devon.PNG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Professor of Sacred Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrae_Theologiae_Professor"},{"link_name":"lord of the manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor"},{"link_name":"Clovelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Clovelly"},{"link_name":"Dean of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Exeter Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Shobrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobrooke"},{"link_name":"Chaplain in Ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_in_Ordinary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Worthies of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Worthies_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"John Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Prince_(biographer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Arms of Cary: Argent, on a bend sable three roses of the field[1]Mural monument to Dr. George Cary (1611–1680), Dean of Exeter, Clovelly ChurchDoctor George Cary (1611[2]–1680), Professor of Sacred Theology, lord of the manor of Clovelly, Devon, was Dean of Exeter between 1663 and 1680[3] (amongst other duties responsible for the maintenance and decoration of Exeter Cathedral). He was also Rector of Clovelly and of Shobrooke in Devon and Chaplain in Ordinary to King Charles II. He was one of the Worthies of Devon of John Prince (died 1723).[4]","title":"George Cary (priest)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lord of the manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor"},{"link_name":"Clovelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Clovelly"},{"link_name":"Justice of the Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wraxall, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraxall,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Chantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantry"},{"link_name":"Exeter Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral"}],"text":"He was the second son and eventual heir of William Cary (1576–1652), lord of the manor of Clovelly in Devon, Justice of the Peace for Devon and Member of Parliament for Mitchell, Cornwall, in 1604,[5] by his second wife Dorothy Gorges (died 1622), eldest daughter of Sir Edward Gorges of Wraxall, Somerset by his wife Dorothy Speke. His mother's monument survives in the Speke Chantry in Exeter Cathedral.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exeter Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"The Queen's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Exeter College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Restoration of the Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(1660)"},{"link_name":"Chaplain in Ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_in_Ordinary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Crediton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crediton"},{"link_name":"Yeo Vale, Alwington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeo_Vale,_Alwington"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"See of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Emperor Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Augustus"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Citadel,_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Monck,_2nd_Duke_of_Albemarle"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Monmouth Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"leat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leat"},{"link_name":"Topsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsham,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Bishopric of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Nolo Episcopari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolo_Episcopari"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gentleman of the Privy Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_of_the_Privy_Chamber"}],"text":"He was educated at Exeter Grammar School and in 1628 entered The Queen's College, Oxford but later moved to Exeter College, Oxford, much frequented by Devonians. His first clerical appointment was by his father as Rector of Clovelly. Following the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, he was appointed Chaplain in Ordinary to King Charles II, after which he received the honour of a Doctorate in Divinity from Oxford University. At the bequest of the Lord Chamberlain he preached a Lent sermon before the king, for which was much thanked by the Archbishop of Canterbury.[6] During most of his career he lived about 44 miles south-east of Clovelly, at Exeter, and at Shobrooke, near Crediton, 9 miles to the north-west of Exeter. Indeed it appears that until about 1702 Clovelly was occupied by his second cousins, the three brothers John Cary, George Cary (died 1702) and Anthony Cary (died 1694), sons of Robert Cary of Yeo Vale, Alwington,[7] near Clovelly. He rebuilt the rectory house at Shobrooke, which he found in a dilapidated state and made it \"a commodious and gentile dwelling\".[8] He also rebuilt the \"ruinous,...filthy and loathsome\" Dean's House in Exeter, which during the Civil War had been let to negligent tenants by the See of Exeter, and \"in a short time so well repaired, so thoroughly cleansed and so richly furnished this house that it became a fit receptacle for princes\".[9] As the Emperor Augustus with the City of Rome, so did Dean Cary with the Dean's House in Exeter \"found it ruines but he left it a palace\", as Prince suggests.[10] Indeed King Charles II stayed there on the night of 23 July 1670, having visited the newly built Citadel in Plymouth. It was also the chosen abode of Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, Lord Lieutenant of Devon, for three weeks in 1675 and again during the Monmouth Rebellion. He was a liberal benefactor in assisting the Corporation of Exeter in the completion in 1699 of the cutting of a leat between Exeter Quay and Topsham, which fed into a pool which could shelter 100 ships.He twice refused offers of the Bishopric of Exeter made by King Charles II, on vacancies arising in 1666 and 1676. The reason for his first refusal, or profession of Nolo Episcopari, is unknown, but he refused the second time due to age and infirmity which would prevent him attending Parliament as would be required.[11]In 1675 he succeeded to the paternal estates, including Clovelly, of his elder brother Sir Robert Cary (1610–1675), a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to King Charles II who died unmarried and without children. He erected in his memory the surviving mural monument in Clovelly Church.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HancockArms.PNG"},{"link_name":"Canting arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canting_arms"},{"link_name":"lord of the manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor"},{"link_name":"Combe Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Combe_Martin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Okehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okehampton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Okehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okehampton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Okehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okehampton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Launceston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cornwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwood"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Flete House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flete_House"},{"link_name":"Holbeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbeton"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Canting arms of Hancock of Combe Martin: Gules, on a chief argent three cocks of the fieldHe married Anne Hancock, a daughter of William Hancock (died 1625), lord of the manor of Combe Martin, Devon, by whom he had numerous children including:[12]Sir George Cary (1654–1685), eldest son and heir. He was knighted by King Charles II during his father's lifetime and served as a Member of Parliament for Okehampton in 1681[13] and occupied the honourable position of Recorder of Okehampton, Devon. His mural monument survives in Clovelly Church. He married twice, but left no children.[14]\nWilliam Cary (c. 1661 – 1710), 2nd son, twice a Member of Parliament for Okehampton in Devon 1685-1687 and 1689-1695 and also for Launceston in Cornwall 1695-1710.[15] His mural monument survives in Clovelly Church.\nJudith Cary, wife of Rev. Richard Hele of Hele in the parish of Cornwood[16] in Devon, Rector of Helland in Cornwall, and mother of Richard Hele (1679-1709) of Flete House, Holbeton, Devon, MP for West Looe in Cornwall.[17]","title":"Marriage and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister"},{"link_name":"Christow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christow"},{"link_name":"sinister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"S(acrae) T(heologiae) P(rofessor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrae_Theologiae_Professor"},{"link_name":"Blessed St Peter of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"the most evil times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Purification of the Blessed Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purification_of_the_Virgin"}],"text":"He died at Shobrooke on 2 February 1680, but was buried in Clovelly Church, where his mural monument survives, erected by his eldest son Sir George Cary (1654–1685),[18] the armorials of the latter's two wives appearing on the top of the monument as follows: dexter: Azure, a chevron between three mullets pierced or (Davie of Canonteign, Christow); sinister: Or, a lion reguardant sable langued gules (Jenkyn of Cornwall). The Latin inscription is as follows:[19]Georgius Cary S(acrae) T(heologiae) P(rofessor) Decanus B(eat)i Petri Exon(iensis), vir omnibus dignitatibus major quem ipsa latebra licet ei solum in deliciis non potuit abscondere. Nemo magis invitus cepit nemo magis adornavit cathedram ut lux e tenebris sic illustravit ecclesiam. In omnibus concionibus, hospitiis, conciliis antecelluit. Pectore, lingua calamo, praepotens. In justa causa nemini cedens; in injusta abhorrens lites. Fratribus in ecclesiae negotiis nunquam sese opposuit nisi rationibus et in his semper victor. Erga regem iniquissimis temporibus infractae fidelitatis: post reditum erat ei a sacris. Caelestem vero non aulicam petiit gratiam, quae tamen nolentem sequebatur, nam bis vocante Carolo Secundo, bis humillime respondit: Nolo Episcopari. Obiit die Purificationis B(eatae) Virginis A(nn)o Aet(atis) (suae) 72, A(nn)o Dom(ini) 1680.Which may be translated as:\"George Cary, Professor of Sacred Theology, Dean of the Blessed St Peter of Exeter, a man greater in all things worthy than concealment allowed to him, ((?)only in delights he was not able to conceal). No man more against his will took possession of, no man more beautified a cathedral; As light out of shadow, thus he lit up the Church. In all assemblies, guest-chambers and councils he distinguished himself. In his heart, tongue and pen, (he was) exceedingly mighty. In a just cause ceding to no man; in an unjust (cause) abhorring strife. In affairs of business he never opposed himself to his brothers in the Church, unless for (good) reasons, and in those always the victor. Thus in the most evil times he was of unbroken fidelity towards the king. Afterwards to him was given back ((?)by those things which are holy). Indeed he sought heavenly grace, not grace in the court of kings, which nevertheless against his wishes followed him, for at the two-fold call of Charles II twice he replied in the greatest humility: \"I am unwilling to wear the Bishop's Mitre\" (lit: \"to be bishoped\"). He died on the day of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin, in the year of his age 72,(sic) in the year of Our Lord 1680\".","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Prince, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Prince_(biographer)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"History of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/cary-william-1578-1652"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Yeo Vale, Alwington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeo_Vale,_Alwington"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"History of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_parliament&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"History of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_parliament&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/cary-sir-george-1653-85"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"History of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/cary-william-1661-1710"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Gray, Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Gray_(Devon_Historian)"},{"link_name":"John Swete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Swete"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"}],"text":"^ Vivian, p.150\n\n^ Some doubt exists as to the date of his birth, which his mural monument makes 1608, derived from the date of his death being given as 1680 and his age 72. However that would have made him his father's eldest son and heir of Clovelly before his brother Sir Robert Cary (1610–1675), which was not the case. Vivian gives his date of birth as 1611. Prince, who transcribed his monumental inscription otherwise entirely accurately, appears to have deliberately mis-transcribed the last line as \"MDCLXXX\" (i.e. 1680) in place of \"1680\" and \"LXIX\" (i.e. 69) in place of \"72\"\n\n^ Ursula Radford (1955). \"An Introduction to the Deans of Exeter\". Report & Transactions of the Devonshire Association 87: 1–24.\n\n^ Prince, John, (1643–1723) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, London, pp. 187–191, Cary, George, D.D.\n\n^ History of Parliament biography of Cary, William (c. 1578 – 1652), of Clovelly Court and Exeter, Devon[1]\n\n^ Prince, p.188\n\n^ Vivian, p.158, refers to the brothers George Cary (died 1702) and Anthony Cary (died 1694) (sons of Robert Cary of Yeo Vale, Alwington) as \"of Clovelly\", and notes that the infant son of their eldest brother John Cary was buried at Clovelly\n\n^ Prince, p.188\n\n^ Prince, p.189\n\n^ Prince, p.189\n\n^ Prince, p.188\n\n^ Vivian, p.441, pedigree of Hancock; given erroneously on p.159 as \"John\" Handcock (sic)\n\n^ History of parliament biography of Cary, Sir George (c.1653-85), of Clovelly, Devon\n\n^ History of parliament biography of Cary, Sir George (c.1653-85), of Clovelly, Devon[2]\n\n^ History of Parliament biography of Cary, William (c. 1661 – 1710), of Clovelly, Devon[3]\n\n^ Risdon, p.192; Gray, Todd & Rowe, Margery (Eds.), Travels in Georgian Devon: The Illustrated Journals of The Reverend John Swete, 1789-1800, 4 vols., Tiverton, 1999, Vol 2, p.19\n\n^ Vivian, p.466\n\n^ Prince, John, (1643–1723) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, London, p.190, states it was erected by his second son William Cary (c. 1661 – 1710), apparently incorrect on the basis of the armorials\n\n^ Transcribed from monument 2015; transcript, with date of death mis-transcribed, given in Prince, p.191","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lambrick_Vivian"},{"link_name":"Prince, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Prince_(biographer)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Deans_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Deans_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deans_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Deans of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Serlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serlo_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Roger de Wynkleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Wynkleigh"},{"link_name":"William de Stanwey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Stanwey"},{"link_name":"Roger de Toriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Toriz"},{"link_name":"John Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Noble_(Dean_of_Exeter)"},{"link_name":"John Pycot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pycot"},{"link_name":"Andrew de Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_de_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Henry de Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Lechlade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Lechlade"},{"link_name":"Bartholomew de Sancto Laurentio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_de_Sancto_Laurentio"},{"link_name":"Richard de Coleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Coleton"},{"link_name":"Richard de Braylegh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Braylegh"},{"link_name":"Reginald de Bugwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_de_Bugwell"},{"link_name":"Robert Sumpter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sumpter"},{"link_name":"Thomas Walkyngton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Walkyngton"},{"link_name":"Ralph Tregrision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Tregrision"},{"link_name":"Stephen Payn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Payn"},{"link_name":"John Cobethorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cobethorn"},{"link_name":"John Hals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hals"},{"link_name":"Henry Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Webber_(Dean_of_Exeter)"},{"link_name":"Peter Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"Lionel Woodville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Woodville"},{"link_name":"John Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arundel_(bishop_of_Exeter)"},{"link_name":"Edward Willoughby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Willoughby"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hobbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes_(priest)"},{"link_name":"John Vesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vesey"},{"link_name":"Richard Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pace"},{"link_name":"Reginald Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Pole"},{"link_name":"Simon Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Haynes_(priest)"},{"link_name":"James Haddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Haddon"},{"link_name":"Thomas Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reynolds_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Gregory Dodds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Dodds"},{"link_name":"George Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Carew_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Townesend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Townesend_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Sutcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Sutcliffe"},{"link_name":"William Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peterson_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Seth Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Ward_(bishop_of_Salisbury)"},{"link_name":"Edward Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Young_(priest)"},{"link_name":"George Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Richard Annesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Annesley,_3rd_Baron_Altham"},{"link_name":"William Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wake"},{"link_name":"Lancelot Blackburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_Blackburne"},{"link_name":"Edward Trelawney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Trelawney"},{"link_name":"John Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilbert_(archbishop_of_York)"},{"link_name":"Alured Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alured_Clarke_(priest)"},{"link_name":"William Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holmes_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Charles Lyttleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyttelton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Milles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Milles"},{"link_name":"William Buller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buller_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Charles Harward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Harward"},{"link_name":"Charles Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Talbot_(priest)"},{"link_name":"George Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"John Garnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garnett_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Whittington Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington_Landon"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lowe_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Charles Ellicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ellicott"},{"link_name":"The Viscount Midleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brodrick,_7th_Viscount_Midleton"},{"link_name":"Archibald Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Cowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Cowie"},{"link_name":"Alfred Earle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Earle_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Henry Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gamble"},{"link_name":"Walter Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Matthews_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Spencer Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Alexander Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wallace_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Knight_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Clifford Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Richard Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Eyre_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Keith Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Jones_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Meyrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Meyrick"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Draper"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Diocese_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Diocese_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diocese_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Exeter Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"The Palace, Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Palace,_Exeter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Old Deanery, Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Deanery,_Exeter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exeter-28Ap11-wyrdlight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mike Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Harrison_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop-designate of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Dunwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Dunwich"},{"link_name":"Jackie Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Searle_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Bishop suffragan of Crediton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Crediton"},{"link_name":"James Grier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grier"},{"link_name":"Bishop suffragan of Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Plymouth_(Anglican)"},{"link_name":"AEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Episcopal_oversight"},{"link_name":"Paul Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thomas_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop suffragan of Oswestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Oswestry"},{"link_name":"Rob Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Munro_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ebbsfleet"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Greener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Greener"},{"link_name":"Dean of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Douglas Dettmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Dettmer"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Totnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Totnes"},{"link_name":"Andrew Beane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Beane"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Verena Breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verena_Breed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon-designate of Barnstaple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Barnstaple"},{"link_name":"Jane Bakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Bakker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Deanery of Barnstaple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery_of_Barnstaple"},{"link_name":"Deanery of Cadbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery_of_Cadbury"},{"link_name":"Deanery of Christianity (Exeter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery_of_Christianity_(Exeter)"},{"link_name":"Deanery of Hartland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery_of_Hartland"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Truro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Truro"}],"text":"Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, pp. 150–9, pedigree of Cary\nPrince, John, (1643–1723) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, London, pp. 187–191, Cary, George, D.D.\nLauder, Rosemary, Devon Families, Tiverton, 2002, pp. 131–6, Rous of Clovelly\nGriggs, William, A Guide to All Saints Church, Clovelly, first published 1980, Revised Version 2010vteDeans of ExeterHigh Medieval\nSerlo\nRoger de Wynkleigh\nWilliam de Stanwey\nRoger de Toriz\nJohn Noble\nJohn Pycot\nAndrew de Kilkenny\nLate Medieval\nHenry de Somerset\nThomas de Lechlade\nBartholomew de Sancto Laurentio\nRichard de Coleton\nRichard de Braylegh\nReginald de Bugwell\nRobert Sumpter\nThomas Walkyngton\nRalph Tregrision\nStephen Payn\nJohn Cobethorn\nJohn Hals\nHenry Webber\nPeter Courtenay\nLionel Woodville\nJohn Arundel\nEarly modern\nEdward Willoughby\nThomas Hobbes\nJohn Vesey\nRichard Pace\nReginald Pole\nSimon Haynes\nJames Haddon\nThomas Reynolds\nGregory Dodds\nGeorge Carew\nStephen Townesend\nMatthew Sutcliffe\nWilliam Peterson\nSeth Ward\nEdward Young\nGeorge Cary\nRichard Annesley\nWilliam Wake\nLancelot Blackburne\nEdward Trelawney\nJohn Gilbert\nAlured Clarke\nWilliam Holmes\nCharles Lyttleton\nJeremiah Milles\nWilliam Buller\nCharles Harward\nLate modern\nCharles Talbot\nGeorge Gordon\nJohn Garnett\nWhittington Landon\nThomas Lowe\nCharles Ellicott\nThe Viscount Midleton\nArchibald Boyd\nBenjamin Cowie\nAlfred Earle\nHenry Gamble\nWalter Matthews\nSpencer Carpenter\nAlexander Wallace\nMarcus Knight\nClifford Chapman\nRichard Eyre\nKeith Jones\nJonathan Meyrick\nJonathan DrapervteDiocese of Exeter\nExeter Cathedral\nThe Palace, Exeter\nThe Old Deanery, Exeter\nOffice holders\nMike Harrison, Bishop-designate of Exeter and Bishop of Dunwich\nJackie Searle, Bishop suffragan of Crediton and acting Bishop of Exeter\nJames Grier, Bishop suffragan of Plymouth\nAEO: Paul Thomas, Bishop suffragan of Oswestry & Rob Munro, Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet\nJonathan Greener, Dean of Exeter\nDouglas Dettmer, Archdeacon of Totnes\nAndrew Beane, Archdeacon of Exeter\nVerena Breed, Archdeacon-designate of Barnstaple\nJane Bakker, Archdeacon of Plymouth\nSelected deaneries\nDeanery of Barnstaple\nDeanery of Cadbury\nDeanery of Christianity (Exeter)\nDeanery of Hartland\nHistoric offices\nArchdeacon of Cornwall (11th century – 1876; became the Diocese of Truro)","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Arms of Cary: Argent, on a bend sable three roses of the field[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Arms_of_the_Carey_family_of_Chilton_Foliat.png/220px-Arms_of_the_Carey_family_of_Chilton_Foliat.png"},{"image_text":"Mural monument to Dr. George Cary (1611–1680), Dean of Exeter, Clovelly Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GeorgeCary_Died1680_DeanOfExeter_ClovellyChurch_Devon.PNG/220px-GeorgeCary_Died1680_DeanOfExeter_ClovellyChurch_Devon.PNG"},{"image_text":"Canting arms of Hancock of Combe Martin: Gules, on a chief argent three cocks of the field","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/HancockArms.PNG/200px-HancockArms.PNG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Exeter-28Ap11-wyrdlight.jpg/109px-Exeter-28Ap11-wyrdlight.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/cary-william-1578-1652","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/cary-sir-george-1653-85","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/cary-william-1661-1710","external_links_name":"[3]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight_I_Celebrate_My_Love	Tonight, I Celebrate My Love	["1 Overview","2 Personnel","3 Critical reception","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 In popular culture","6 References"]	1983 single by Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flack"Tonight, I Celebrate My Love"Single by Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flackfrom the album Born to Love B-side"Born to Love"Released1983Recorded1982Genre R&B soul soft rock Length3:30LabelCapitolSongwriter(s) Gerry Goffin Michael Masser Producer(s)Michael MasserPeabo Bryson singles chronology "Remember When (So Much Love)" (1983) "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love" (1983) "Heaven Above Me" (1983) Roberta Flack singles chronology "Remember When (So Much Love)"(1983) "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love"(1983) "Maybe"(1983) "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love" is a romantic ballad written by lyricist Gerry Goffin with Michael Masser and recorded by Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flack for their 1983 album of duets, Born to Love, issued as the lead single. The track—produced by Masser—became a million-selling international hit. Overview "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love" was one of two Michael Masser/ Gerry Goffin co-writes produced by Masser for the Born to Love album. Although the Born to Love sessions marked the first time either Peabo Bryson or Roberta Flack had been produced by Masser, Flack had previously recorded two Masser/Goffin co-writes: "Independent Man" (1978 album Roberta Flack) and "Stay With Me" (1980 album Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway): also Masser's Ron Miller co-write "After You" was featured on Flack's 1977 album Blue Lights in the Basement. Flack's first recording of a Gerry Goffin composition had been a remake of his earliest evocation of nocturnal intimacy, Flack's version of the Shirelles' classic—co-written with Carole King—"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow"—featured on the 1971 album Quiet Fire—in fact becoming Flack's first solo single to appear on the Hot 100 in Billboard magazine also serving as Flack's solo debut on Billboard's R&B chart (Flack had previously reached both the Hot 100 and R&B charts with two duet singles with Donny Hathaway). Despite Flack having recorded three of Masser's compositions, the singer would recall that when Masser previewed "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love" for her, it was with the advisement that he hoped to place the song, rejected by RCA for Diana Ross, with Barbra Streisand:(Roberta Flack quote:)" I told him I think I can sing that." Flack brought Bryson over to Masser's house for the composer to preview "Tonight, I Celebrate..." for Bryson who would recall (Peabo Bryson quote:) "Even though it's a great song, I didn't it was" since "Michael's not the greatest singer in the world...I only to do it because Roberta really wanted to after the first take in the studio I got too." The second Masser/ Goffin co-write on Born to Love: "Comin' Alive", described by Masser as "an uptempo synthesized song", was considered by Masser for single release rather than "Tonight, I Celebrate...": (Michael Masser quote:) "but I just felt that there are people out there who want to be touched by a romantic acoustic ballad...Each year, through whatever else is the particular fashion or mode, there are always great ballads that break through." Bryson and Flack had previously appeared on the R&B chart in Billboard with two duet singles: "Make the World Stand Still" and "Love is a Waiting Game", both from their collaborative 1980 Live & More double album. However, "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love" would be the first Bryson/Flack duet single to rank on the Billboard Hot 100: with a Hot 100 peak of #16 in November 1983: "Tonight, I Celebrate..." would also rank on the Billboard R&B chart (#5) and on the magazine's Adult Contemporary chart (#4). In the UK, "Tonight, I Celebrate..." would peak at #2 in September 1983, affording both Bryson and Flack their alltime best UK chart showing. "Tonight, I Celebrate..." was afforded further international success charting in Australia (#10), Canada (#4), Finland (#13), Flemish Belgium (#8), Ireland (#5), the Netherlands (#16), New Zealand (#11), Norway (#8), and South Africa (#4). A promotional video—Flack's video debut—was prepped for "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love". Directed by Martin Pitts, the video was a straightforward performance video showing Flack and Bryson singing the song—she playing the piano and he seated on a stool at her side—while session musicians may be seen in the background: the clip was taped at the Capitol Studios in Hollywood, the Born to Love album being recorded for Capitol Records—Bryson's home label—with Flack on loan from Atlantic Records (the track "Tonight, I Celebrate..." was in fact recorded at A&M Studios with Randy Kerber on piano: Flack did not play piano on any tracks on Born to Love). "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love" would be the only top 40 hit duet for Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flack as the only subsequent single from Born to Love to chart on the Hot 100: "You're Looking Like Love to Me", peaked at #58. "Tonight, I Celebrate..." would also be the only major hit duet for Bryson and Flack in the UK where "Heaven Above Me" was issued as the follow-up single to chart no higher than #84. Bryson's only solo hit single after "Tonight, I Celebrate..." would be the Michael Masser co-write "If Ever You're in My Arms Again" which peaked at #10, his only solo top 40 hit. Bryson would however score two more top 10 hit duets in 1991 and 1992, with "Beauty and the Beast" and "A Whole New World" respectively; the latter a number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Personnel Roberta Flack – vocals Peabo Bryson – vocals Randy Kerber – keyboards Paul Jackson Jr. – guitar Nathan East – bass Carlos Vega – drums Michael Masser – rhythm arrangements Gene Page – orchestration, rhythm arrangements Critical reception The Telegraph listed the song as one of the "50 best love songs of the 1980s", writing "Mmm! Dig those tinkly Eighties keyboards. Almost tasteful, considering its schlockbusting potential." The song is, according to The Telegraph, Roberta Flack's favourite song from her 1980s repertoire. The Monthly describes it as a "big romantic ballad." Charts Weekly charts Chart (1983) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 10 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 8 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 4 Ireland (IRMA) 5 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 6 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 16 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 11 Norway (VG-lista) 8 South Africa (Springbok) 4 UK Singles (OCC) 2 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 4 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 5 Year-end charts Chart (1983) Position Australia (Kent Music Report) 70 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 79 US Billboard Hot 100 96 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 30 In popular culture During the 1980s, the song was the love theme for Days of Our Lives supercouple, Bo Brady and Hope Williams. In 2005, it was used in a commercial for the M-Azing candy bar. References ^ "VH1's 40 Most Softsational Soft-Rock Songs". Stereogum. SpinMedia. May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2019. ^ "Tennessee Jazz & Blues Society – Roberta Flack's Voice Remains Astonishing". Jazzblues.org. Tennessee Jazz & Blues Society. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2021. ^ Palm Springs Desert Sun 10 March 2002 "Masser Writes the Songs" by Bruce Fessier pp.E1, E5 ^ Billboard Vol 95 #48 (3 December 1983) "'Celebrate My Love' producer Masser: 'Ballads are always in'" by Paul Grein p. 62 ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 90. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 41. ^ "50 best love songs of the 1980s". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved April 25, 2021. ^ "Roberta Flack: 'Now's a good time to love music'". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved April 25, 2021. ^ "Strangers in the night". Themonthly.com.au. March 1, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2021. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives: Australian Chart Book. p. 247. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988. ^ "Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack – Tonight, I Celebrate My Love" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 4426." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved October 17, 2018. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Peabo Bryson". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 42, 1983" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved September 7, 2021. ^ "Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack – Tonight, I Celebrate My Love" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved September 7, 2021. ^ "Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack – Tonight, I Celebrate My Love". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack – Tonight, I Celebrate My Love". VG-lista. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "SA Charts 1965–March 1989". Rock.co.za. Retrieved September 5, 2018. ^ "Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flack: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Peabo Bryson Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Peabo Bryson Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Peabo Bryson Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Kent Music Report – National Top 100 Singles for 1983". Kent Music Report. Retrieved January 22, 2023 – via Imgur.com. ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1983". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved September 7, 2021. ^ "Talent Almanac 1984: Top Pop Singles". Billboard. Vol. 95, no. 52. December 24, 1983. p. TA-18. ^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1983". Billboard. Retrieved September 7, 2021. ^ Greppi, Michele (June 29, 1986). "Sticking to our guns, day job and peanut butter". Contra Costa County Library NewsBank - Access World News. The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution. p. T/50. ^ "M'azing - Cabin (2005, USA)". YouTube. vteRoberta FlackStudio albums First Take (1969) Chapter Two (1970) Quiet Fire (1971) Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway (1972) Killing Me Softly (1973) Feel Like Makin' Love (1975) Blue Lights in the Basement (1977) Roberta Flack (1978) Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway (1980) I'm the One (1982) Born to Love (1983) Oasis (1988) Set the Night to Music (1991) Roberta (1994) The Christmas Album (1997) Live albums Live & More (1980) At Her Best – Live (2008) Soundtrack albums Soul to Soul (1971) Bustin' Loose (1981) Compilation albums The Best of Roberta Flack (1981) Greatest Hits (1984) Softly with These Songs: The Best of Roberta Flack (1993) The Very Best of Roberta Flack (2006) Singles "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" "You've Got a Friend" "Where Is the Love" "Killing Me Softly with His Song" "Jesse" (1973) "Feel Like Makin' Love" "The Closer I Get to You" "If Ever I See You Again" "Making Love" "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love" "Oasis" "Uh-Uh Ooh-Ooh Look Out (Here It Comes)" Filmography Soul to Soul (1971) Related articles Discography Donny Hathaway vtePeabo BrysonDiscographyStudio albums Peabo (1976) Reaching for the Sky (1977) Crosswinds (1978) We're the Best of Friends (1979) Paradise (1980) I Am Love (1981) Born to Love (1983) Straight from the Heart (1984) Take No Prisoners (1985) Quiet Storm (1986) Positive (1988) All My Love (1989) Can You Stop the Rain (1991) Through the Fire (1994) Peace on Earth (1997) Unconditional Love (1999) Missing You (2007) Stand for Love (2018) Live albums Live & More (1980) Singles "What You Won't Do for Love" (1979) "Let the Feeling Flow" (1981) "Tonight, I Celebrate My Love" (1983) "I Just Came Here to Dance" (1984) "If Ever You're in My Arms Again" (1984) "Without You" (1987) "Show & Tell" (1989) "Can You Stop the Rain" (1991) "A Whole New World" (1992) "By the Time This Night Is Over" (1993) Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"Gerry Goffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Goffin"},{"link_name":"Michael Masser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Masser"},{"link_name":"Peabo Bryson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabo_Bryson"},{"link_name":"Roberta Flack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Flack"},{"link_name":"duets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duet"},{"link_name":"Born to Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Love_(Peabo_Bryson_and_Roberta_Flack_album)"}],"text":"1983 single by Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flack\"Tonight, I Celebrate My Love\" is a romantic ballad written by lyricist Gerry Goffin with Michael Masser and recorded by Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flack for their 1983 album of duets, Born to Love, issued as the lead single. The track—produced by Masser—became a million-selling international hit.","title":"Tonight, I Celebrate My Love"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roberta Flack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Flack_(album)"},{"link_name":"Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Flack_Featuring_Donny_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"Ron Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Miller_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Blue Lights in the Basement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lights_in_the_Basement"},{"link_name":"the Shirelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shirelles"},{"link_name":"Carole King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King"},{"link_name":"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_You_Love_Me_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Quiet Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_Fire_(Roberta_Flack_album)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"R&B chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Donny Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donny_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Live & More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_%26_More_(Roberta_Flack_and_Peabo_Bryson_album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_clip"},{"link_name":"Capitol Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Studios"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"A&M Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson_Company_Lot"},{"link_name":"Randy Kerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Kerber"},{"link_name":"top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"If Ever You're in My Arms Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Ever_You%27re_in_My_Arms_Again"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(Disney_song)#Celine_Dion_and_Peabo_Bryson_version"},{"link_name":"A Whole New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Whole_New_World#Peabo_Bryson_and_Regina_Belle_version"}],"text":"\"Tonight, I Celebrate My Love\" was one of two Michael Masser/ Gerry Goffin co-writes produced by Masser for the Born to Love album. Although the Born to Love sessions marked the first time either Peabo Bryson or Roberta Flack had been produced by Masser, Flack had previously recorded two Masser/Goffin co-writes: \"Independent Man\" (1978 album Roberta Flack) and \"Stay With Me\" (1980 album Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway): also Masser's Ron Miller co-write \"After You\" was featured on Flack's 1977 album Blue Lights in the Basement. Flack's first recording of a Gerry Goffin composition had been a remake of his earliest evocation of nocturnal intimacy, Flack's version of the Shirelles' classic—co-written with Carole King—\"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow\"—featured on the 1971 album Quiet Fire—in fact becoming Flack's first solo single to appear on the Hot 100 in Billboard magazine also serving as Flack's solo debut on Billboard's R&B chart (Flack had previously reached both the Hot 100 and R&B charts with two duet singles with Donny Hathaway).Despite Flack having recorded three of Masser's compositions, the singer would recall that when Masser previewed \"Tonight, I Celebrate My Love\" for her, it was with the advisement that he hoped to place the song, rejected by RCA for Diana Ross, with Barbra Streisand:(Roberta Flack quote:)\"[But] I told him I think I can sing that.\"[2] Flack brought Bryson over to Masser's house for the composer to preview \"Tonight, I Celebrate...\" for Bryson who would recall (Peabo Bryson quote:) \"Even though it's a great song, I [then] didn't [appreciate] it was\" since \"Michael's not the greatest singer in the world...I only [agreed] to do it because Roberta really wanted to[, but] after the first take in the studio I got [the song's appeal] too.\"[3] The second Masser/ Goffin co-write on Born to Love: \"Comin' Alive\", described by Masser as \"an uptempo synthesized song\", was considered by Masser for single release rather than \"Tonight, I Celebrate...\": (Michael Masser quote:) \"but I just felt that there are people out there who want to be touched by a romantic acoustic ballad...Each year, through whatever else is the particular fashion or mode, there are always great ballads that break through.\"[4]Bryson and Flack had previously appeared on the R&B chart in Billboard with two duet singles: \"Make the World Stand Still\" and \"Love is a Waiting Game\", both from their collaborative 1980 Live & More double album. However, \"Tonight, I Celebrate My Love\" would be the first Bryson/Flack duet single to rank on the Billboard Hot 100: with a Hot 100 peak of #16 in November 1983: \"Tonight, I Celebrate...\" would also rank on the Billboard R&B chart (#5)[5] and on the magazine's Adult Contemporary chart (#4).[6] In the UK, \"Tonight, I Celebrate...\" would peak at #2 in September 1983, affording both Bryson and Flack their alltime best UK chart showing. \"Tonight, I Celebrate...\" was afforded further international success charting in Australia (#10), Canada (#4), Finland (#13), Flemish Belgium (#8), Ireland (#5), the Netherlands (#16), New Zealand (#11), Norway (#8), and South Africa (#4).A promotional video—Flack's video debut—was prepped for \"Tonight, I Celebrate My Love\". Directed by Martin Pitts, the video was a straightforward performance video showing Flack and Bryson singing the song—she playing the piano and he seated on a stool at her side—while session musicians may be seen in the background: the clip was taped at the Capitol Studios in Hollywood, the Born to Love album being recorded for Capitol Records—Bryson's home label—with Flack on loan from Atlantic Records (the track \"Tonight, I Celebrate...\" was in fact recorded at A&M Studios with Randy Kerber on piano: Flack did not play piano on any tracks on Born to Love).\"Tonight, I Celebrate My Love\" would be the only top 40 hit duet for Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flack as the only subsequent single from Born to Love to chart on the Hot 100: \"You're Looking Like Love to Me\", peaked at #58. \"Tonight, I Celebrate...\" would also be the only major hit duet for Bryson and Flack in the UK where \"Heaven Above Me\" was issued as the follow-up single to chart no higher than #84. Bryson's only solo hit single after \"Tonight, I Celebrate...\" would be the Michael Masser co-write \"If Ever You're in My Arms Again\" which peaked at #10, his only solo top 40 hit. Bryson would however score two more top 10 hit duets in 1991 and 1992, with \"Beauty and the Beast\" and \"A Whole New World\" respectively; the latter a number one on the Billboard Hot 100.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randy Kerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Kerber"},{"link_name":"Paul Jackson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jackson_Jr."},{"link_name":"Nathan East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_East"},{"link_name":"Carlos Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Vega"},{"link_name":"Michael Masser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Masser"},{"link_name":"Gene Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Page"}],"text":"Roberta Flack – vocals\nPeabo Bryson – vocals\nRandy Kerber – keyboards\nPaul Jackson Jr. – guitar\nNathan East – bass\nCarlos Vega – drums\nMichael Masser – rhythm arrangements\nGene Page – orchestration, rhythm arrangements","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Telegraph listed the song as one of the \"50 best love songs of the 1980s\", writing \"Mmm! Dig those tinkly Eighties keyboards. Almost tasteful, considering its schlockbusting potential.\"[7] The song is, according to The Telegraph, Roberta Flack's favourite song from her 1980s repertoire.[8] The Monthly describes it as a \"big romantic ballad.\"[9]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonight,_I_Celebrate_My_Love&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Belgium_(Flanders)_Peabo_Bryson_&_Roberta_Flack-11"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-12"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_Peabo_Bryson-13"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-14"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Peabo_Bryson_&_Roberta_Flack-15"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Peabo_Bryson_&_Roberta_Flack-16"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Peabo_Bryson_&_Roberta_Flack-17"},{"link_name":"Springbok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok_Radio"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Peabo_Bryson_and_Roberta_Flack-19"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Peabo_Bryson-20"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Peabo_Bryson-21"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Peabo_Bryson-22"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonight,_I_Celebrate_My_Love&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus83-23"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"US Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1983"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1983)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[10]\n\n10\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[11]\n\n8\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[12]\n\n4\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[13]\n\n5\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[14]\n\n6\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[15]\n\n16\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[16]\n\n11\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[17]\n\n8\n\n\nSouth Africa (Springbok)[18]\n\n4\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[19]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[20]\n\n16\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[21]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[22]\n\n5\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1983)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[23]\n\n70\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[24]\n\n79\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[25]\n\n96\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[26]\n\n30","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Days of Our Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives"},{"link_name":"Bo Brady and Hope Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Brady_and_Hope_Williams"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"M-Azing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Azing"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"During the 1980s, the song was the love theme for Days of Our Lives supercouple, Bo Brady and Hope Williams.[27]In 2005, it was used in a commercial for the M-Azing candy bar.[28]","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"VH1's 40 Most Softsational Soft-Rock Songs\". Stereogum. SpinMedia. May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stereogum.com/5507/40_most_softsational_softrock_songs/franchises/list/","url_text":"\"VH1's 40 Most Softsational Soft-Rock Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpinMedia","url_text":"SpinMedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Tennessee Jazz & Blues Society – Roberta Flack's Voice Remains Astonishing\". Jazzblues.org. Tennessee Jazz & Blues Society. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190924235909/https://jazzblues.org/roberta-flacks-voice-remains-astonishing/","url_text":"\"Tennessee Jazz & Blues Society – Roberta Flack's Voice Remains Astonishing\""},{"url":"https://jazzblues.org/roberta-flacks-voice-remains-astonishing/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 90.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 41.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"\"50 best love songs of the 1980s\". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved April 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/10974046/50-best-love-songs-of-the-1980s.html","url_text":"\"50 best love songs of the 1980s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roberta Flack: 'Now's a good time to love music'\". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved April 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/11717262/Roberta-Flack-Nows-a-good-time-to-love-music.html","url_text":"\"Roberta Flack: 'Now's a good time to love music'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strangers in the night\". Themonthly.com.au. March 1, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2009/march/1274508451/robert-forster/strangers-night","url_text":"\"Strangers in the night\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives: Australian Chart Book. p. 247. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"SA Charts 1965–March 1989\". Rock.co.za. Retrieved September 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(F).html","url_text":"\"SA Charts 1965–March 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kent Music Report – National Top 100 Singles for 1983\". Kent Music Report. Retrieved January 22, 2023 – via Imgur.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/860ttad.jpg","url_text":"\"Kent Music Report – National Top 100 Singles for 1983\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Kent Music Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1983\". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved September 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1983","url_text":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1983\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talent Almanac 1984: Top Pop Singles\". Billboard. Vol. 95, no. 52. December 24, 1983. p. TA-18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1983\". Billboard. Retrieved September 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1983/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs","url_text":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1983\""}]},{"reference":"Greppi, Michele (June 29, 1986). \"Sticking to our guns, day job and peanut butter\". Contra Costa County Library NewsBank - Access World News. The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution. p. T/50.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/0EB7C22CBB90AF0C","url_text":"\"Sticking to our guns, day job and peanut butter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Costa_County_Library","url_text":"Contra Costa County Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal_and_The_Atlanta_Constitution","url_text":"The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution"}]},{"reference":"\"M'azing - Cabin (2005, USA)\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUPUyPUFx1k","url_text":"\"M'azing - Cabin (2005, USA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.stereogum.com/5507/40_most_softsational_softrock_songs/franchises/list/","external_links_name":"\"VH1's 40 Most Softsational Soft-Rock Songs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190924235909/https://jazzblues.org/roberta-flacks-voice-remains-astonishing/","external_links_name":"\"Tennessee Jazz & Blues Society – Roberta Flack's Voice Remains Astonishing\""},{"Link":"https://jazzblues.org/roberta-flacks-voice-remains-astonishing/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/10974046/50-best-love-songs-of-the-1980s.html","external_links_name":"\"50 best love songs of the 1980s\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/11717262/Roberta-Flack-Nows-a-good-time-to-love-music.html","external_links_name":"\"Roberta Flack: 'Now's a good time to love music'\""},{"Link":"https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2009/march/1274508451/robert-forster/strangers-night","external_links_name":"\"Strangers in the night\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Peabo+Bryson+%26+Roberta+Flack&titel=Tonight,+I+Celebrate+My+Love&cat=s","external_links_name":"Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack – Tonight, I Celebrate My Love\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.4426&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.4426.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.4426","external_links_name":"Top RPM Singles: Issue 4426"},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=artist&placement=Peabo+Bryson","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Peabo Bryson\""},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/top40/1983/week-42","external_links_name":"Nederlandse Top 40 – week 42, 1983"},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Peabo+Bryson+%26+Roberta+Flack&titel=Tonight,+I+Celebrate+My+Love&cat=s","external_links_name":"Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack – Tonight, I Celebrate My Love\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Peabo+Bryson+%26+Roberta+Flack&titel=Tonight,+I+Celebrate+My+Love&cat=s","external_links_name":"Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack – Tonight, I Celebrate My Love\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Peabo+Bryson+%26+Roberta+Flack&titel=Tonight,+I+Celebrate+My+Love&cat=s","external_links_name":"Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack – Tonight, I Celebrate My Love\""},{"Link":"http://www.rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(F).html","external_links_name":"\"SA Charts 1965–March 1989\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/20785/Peabo-Bryson-and-Roberta-Flack","external_links_name":"\"Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flack: Artist Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Peabo-Bryson/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Peabo Bryson Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Peabo-Bryson/chart-history/ASI","external_links_name":"\"Peabo Bryson Chart History (Adult Contemporary)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Peabo-Bryson/chart-history/BSI","external_links_name":"\"Peabo Bryson Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://i.imgur.com/860ttad.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Kent Music Report – National Top 100 Singles for 1983\""},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1983","external_links_name":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1983\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1983/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs","external_links_name":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1983\""},{"Link":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/0EB7C22CBB90AF0C","external_links_name":"\"Sticking to our guns, day job and peanut butter\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUPUyPUFx1k","external_links_name":"\"M'azing - Cabin (2005, USA)\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/02fda7ad-aa86-39bb-84a3-80498fa4bc12","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Level_Objective	Service-level objective	["1 Overview","2 Examples","3 Term usage","4 References","5 External links"]	Key element of a service-level agreement This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Service-level objective" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A service-level objective (SLO), as per the O'Reilly Site Reliability Engineering book, is a "target value or range of values for a service level that is measured by an SLI." An SLO is a key element of a service-level agreement (SLA) between a service provider and a customer. SLOs are agreed upon as a means of measuring the performance of the service provider and are outlined as a way of avoiding disputes between the two parties based on misunderstanding. Overview There is often confusion in the use of SLAs and SLOs. The SLA is the entire agreement that specifies what service is to be provided, how it is supported, times, locations, costs, performance, and responsibilities of the parties involved. SLOs are specific measurable characteristics of the SLA such as availability, throughput, frequency, response time, or quality. These SLOs together are meant to define the expected service between the provider and the customer and vary depending on the service's urgency, resources, and budget. SLOs provide a quantitative means to define the level of service a customer can expect from a provider. The SLO are formed by setting goals for metrics (commonly called service level indicators, SLIs). As an example, an availability SLO may be defined as the expected measured value of an availability SLI over a prescribed duration (e.g. four weeks). The availability SLI used will vary based on the nature and architecture of the service. For example, a simple web service might use the ratio of successful responses served vs the total number of valid requests received. (total_success / total_valid) Examples Sturm and Morris argue that SLOs must be: Attainable Repeatable Measurable Understandable Meaningful Controllable Affordable Mutually acceptable While Andrieux et al. define the SLO as "the quality of service aspect of the agreement. Syntactically, it is an assertion over the terms of the agreement as well as such qualities as date and time". Keller and Ludwig more concisely define an SLO as "commitment to maintain a particular state of the service in a given period" with respect to the state of the SLA parameters. Keller and Ludwig go on to state that while service providers will most often be the lead entity in taking on SLOs there is no firm definition as such and any entity can be responsible for an SLO. Along with this an SLO can be broken down into a number of different components. Obliged - The entity that is required to deliver the SLO. Validity Period - The time in which the SLO will be delivered. Expression - This is the actual language that defines what the SLO will be. Optionally an EvaluationEvent maybe assigned to the SLO, an EvaluationEvent is defined as the measure by which the SLO will be checked to see if it's meeting the Expression. SLOs should generally be specified in terms of an achievement value or service level, a target measurement, a measurement period, and where and how they are measured. As an example, "90% of calls to the helpdesk should be answered in less than 20 seconds measured over a one-month period as reported by the ACD system". Results can be reported as a percent of time that the target answer time was achieved and then compared to the desired service level (90%). Type of Measure Example SLO Requirement Measurement Period Availability The application will be available 99.95% of the time Over a year Service Desk Response 75% of help desk calls will be answered in less than a minute 85% of help desk calls will be answered within two minutes 100% of help desk calls will be answered within three minutes Over a month Incident Response Time 99% of severity 1 tickets will be resolved within three hours 98% of severity 2 tickets will be resolved within eight hours 98% of severity 3 tickets will be resolved within three business days 98% of severity 4 tickets will be resolved within five business days Over a quarter Response Time 85% of TCP replies within 1.5 seconds of receiving a request 99.5% of TCP replies within 4 seconds of receiving a request Over a month Term usage The SLO term is found in various scientific papers, for instance in the reference architecture of the SLA@SOI project, and it is used in the Open Grid Forum document on WS-Agreement. References ^ Beyer, Jones, Petoff, Murphy. "Site Reliability Engineering: How Google Runs Production Systems". Google Site Reliability Engineering. O'Reilly. Retrieved 9 June 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Rastegari, Yousef; Shams, Fereidoon (2015-12-29). "Optimal Decomposition of Service Level Objectives into Policy Assertions". The Scientific World Journal. 2015: 465074. doi:10.1155/2015/465074. ISSN 2356-6140. PMC 4709918. PMID 26962544. ^ Hidalgo, Alex (August 2020). Implementing Service Level Objectives (1 ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 9781492076766. ^ Rick Sturm, Wayne Morris "Foundations of Service Level Management", April 2000, Pearson. ^ a b Alain Andrieux, Karl Czajkowski, Asit Dan, Kate Keahey, Heiko Ludwig, Toshiyuki Nakata, Jim Pruyne, John Rofrano, Steve Tuecke, Ming Xu "Web Services Agreement Specification (WS-Agreement)", GFD-R-P.107, March 2007, Open Grid Forum. ^ Alexander Keller, Heiko Ludwig "The WSLA Framework: Specifying and Monitoring Service Level Agreements for Web Services", Journal of Network and Systems Management, Vol 11, n. 1, March 2003. ^ Jens Happe, Wolfgang Theilmann, Andrew Edmonds, and Keven T. Kearney "A Reference Architecture for Multi-Level SLA Management" in "Service Level Agreements for Cloud Computing", eds. Wieder, Philipp and Butler, Joe M. and Theilmann, Wolfgang and Yahyapour, Ramin, Springer New York, 2011, DOI:10.1007/978-1-4614-1614-2_2 External links Service Level Objectives What are SLOs? How service-level objectives work with SLIs to deliver on SLAs SLA vs. SLO vs. SLI: What’s the difference?	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Level_Indicator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"service-level agreement (SLA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-level_agreement"},{"link_name":"service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_provider"},{"link_name":"customer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer"}],"text":"A service-level objective (SLO), as per the O'Reilly Site Reliability Engineering book, is a \"target value or range of values for a service level that is measured by an SLI.\"[1] An SLO is a key element of a service-level agreement (SLA) between a service provider and a customer. SLOs are agreed upon as a means of measuring the performance of the service provider and are outlined as a way of avoiding disputes between the two parties based on misunderstanding.","title":"Service-level objective"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"service level indicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_level_indicator"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo20-3"}],"text":"There is often confusion in the use of SLAs and SLOs. The SLA is the entire agreement that specifies what service is to be provided, how it is supported, times, locations, costs, performance, and responsibilities of the parties involved. SLOs are specific measurable characteristics of the SLA such as availability, throughput, frequency, response time, or quality. These SLOs together are meant to define the expected service between the provider and the customer and vary depending on the service's urgency, resources, and budget. SLOs provide a quantitative means to define the level of service a customer can expect from a provider.[2]The SLO are formed by setting goals for metrics (commonly called service level indicators, SLIs). As an example, an availability SLO may be defined as the expected measured value of an availability SLI over a prescribed duration (e.g. four weeks). The availability SLI used will vary based on the nature and architecture of the service. For example, a simple web service might use the ratio of successful responses served vs the total number of valid requests received. (total_success / total_valid) [3]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"ACD system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_call_distributor"}],"text":"Sturm and Morris argue [4] that SLOs must be:Attainable\nRepeatable\nMeasurable\nUnderstandable\nMeaningful\nControllable\nAffordable\nMutually acceptableWhile Andrieux et al. define the SLO as \"the quality of service aspect of the agreement. Syntactically, it is an assertion over the terms of the agreement as well as such qualities as date and time\".[5] Keller and Ludwig more concisely define an SLO as \"commitment to maintain a particular state of the service in a given period\" with respect to the state of the SLA parameters.[6] Keller and Ludwig go on to state that while service providers will most often be the lead entity in taking on SLOs there is no firm definition as such and any entity can be responsible for an SLO. Along with this an SLO can be broken down into a number of different components.Obliged - The entity that is required to deliver the SLO.\nValidity Period - The time in which the SLO will be delivered.\nExpression - This is the actual language that defines what the SLO will be.Optionally an EvaluationEvent maybe assigned to the SLO, an EvaluationEvent is defined as the measure by which the SLO will be checked to see if it's meeting the Expression.SLOs should generally be specified in terms of an achievement value or service level, a target measurement, a measurement period, and where and how they are measured.[2] As an example, \"90% of calls to the helpdesk should be answered in less than 20 seconds measured over a one-month period as reported by the ACD system\". Results can be reported as a percent of time that the target answer time was achieved and then compared to the desired service level (90%).","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"The SLO term is found in various scientific papers, for instance in the reference architecture of the SLA@SOI project,[7] and it is used in the Open Grid Forum document on WS-Agreement.[5]","title":"Term usage"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Beyer, Jones, Petoff, Murphy. \"Site Reliability Engineering: How Google Runs Production Systems\". Google Site Reliability Engineering. O'Reilly. Retrieved 9 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sre.google/sre-book/service-level-objectives/","url_text":"\"Site Reliability Engineering: How Google Runs Production Systems\""}]},{"reference":"Rastegari, Yousef; Shams, Fereidoon (2015-12-29). \"Optimal Decomposition of Service Level Objectives into Policy Assertions\". The Scientific World Journal. 2015: 465074. doi:10.1155/2015/465074. ISSN 2356-6140. PMC 4709918. PMID 26962544.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4709918","url_text":"\"Optimal Decomposition of Service Level Objectives into Policy Assertions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F465074","url_text":"10.1155/2015/465074"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2356-6140","url_text":"2356-6140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4709918","url_text":"4709918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26962544","url_text":"26962544"}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Alex (August 2020). Implementing Service Level Objectives (1 ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 9781492076766.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781492076766","url_text":"9781492076766"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Service-level+objective%22","external_links_name":"\"Service-level objective\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Service-level+objective%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Service-level+objective%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Service-level+objective%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Service-level+objective%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Service-level+objective%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://sre.google/sre-book/service-level-objectives/","external_links_name":"\"Site Reliability Engineering: How Google Runs Production Systems\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4709918","external_links_name":"\"Optimal Decomposition of Service Level Objectives into Policy Assertions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F465074","external_links_name":"10.1155/2015/465074"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2356-6140","external_links_name":"2356-6140"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4709918","external_links_name":"4709918"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26962544","external_links_name":"26962544"},{"Link":"https://sre.google/sre-book/service-level-objectives/","external_links_name":"Service Level Objectives"},{"Link":"https://www.dynatrace.com/news/blog/what-are-slos/","external_links_name":"What are SLOs? How service-level objectives work with SLIs to deliver on SLAs"},{"Link":"https://www.atlassian.com/incident-management/kpis/sla-vs-slo-vs-sli","external_links_name":"SLA vs. SLO vs. SLI: What’s the difference?"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Dorchester	Bishop of Dorchester	["1 List of bishops","2 References","3 External links"]	Suffragan bishop in the Church of England This article is about the modern suffragan bishop. For the 7th century bishops in Wessex, see Bishop of Winchester. For the 9th–11th century bishops in Mercia, see Bishop of Lincoln. Christianity portal The modern Bishop Suffragan of Dorchester in the Diocese of Oxford, usually contracted to Bishop of Dorchester, is an episcopal title used by an area bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Oxford, in the Province of Canterbury, England. The Bishop of Dorchester, along with the Bishop of Buckingham and the Bishop of Reading, assists the Diocesan Bishop of Oxford in overseeing the diocese. The title takes its name from the town of Dorchester-on-Thames in Oxfordshire, and was first used by the historic Bishops of Dorchester: at first for a West Saxon diocese (see Bishop of Winchester), and later for a Mercian diocese (see Bishop of Lincoln). Dorchester Abbey was built on the site of the ancient Cathedral. The suffragan See was erected by Order-in-Council (under the Suffragans Nomination Act 1888) on 2 February 1939. The bishops suffragan of Dorchester have been area bishops since the Oxford area scheme was founded in 1984. List of bishops Suffragan Bishops of Dorchester From Until Incumbent Notes 1939 1952 Gerald Allen Formerly Bishop of Sherborne; hitherto Assistant Bishop of Oxford since 1936; Archdeacon of Oxford and Canon of Christ Church 1952 1956 Kenneth Riches Translated to Lincoln 1957 1972 David Loveday 1972 1977 Peter Walker Translated to Ely 1979 1988 Conrad Meyer First area bishop from 1984. 1988 2000 Anthony Russell Translated to Ely 2000 2020 Colin Fletcher Retired 4 October 2020. 2021 present Gavin Collins Consecration postponed; licensed Episcopal vicar 28 January 2021; consecrated on 14 April 2021 Source(s): References ^ a b Crockford's Clerical Directory (100th ed.). London: Church House Publishing. 2007. p. 946. ISBN 978-0-7151-1030-0. ^ "No. 34596". The London Gazette. 7 February 1939. p. 835. ^ "4: The Dioceses Commission, 1978–2002" (PDF). Church of England. Retrieved 23 April 2013. ^ "Bishop of Dorchester to retire in 2020". 5 November 2019. ^ "Gavin Collins named Bishop of Dorchester". 24 November 2020. ^ "Bishop of Dorchester update". 22 January 2021. ^ "Consecration service for Bishop of Dorchester". Diocese of Oxford. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021. External links Crockford's Clerical Directory - Listings vteBishops of Dorchesterfor the ancient bishops, see the Bishops of Winchester and of Lincoln Gerald Allen Kenneth Riches David Loveday Peter Walker Conrad Meyer (became first area bishop) area bishops Conrad Meyer Anthony Russell Colin Fletcher Gavin Collins vteBishops suffragan in the Church of EnglandActive suffragan seesProvince of Canterbury Aston Barking Basingstoke Bedford Bradwell Brixworth Buckingham Colchester Crediton Croydon Dorchester Dorking Dover Dudley Dunwich Ebbsfleet Edmonton Europe Fulham Grantham Grimsby Hertford Horsham Huntingdon Islington Kensington Kingston-upon-Thames Lewes Loughborough Lynn Oswestry Plymouth Ramsbury Reading Repton Richborough Sherborne Shrewsbury Southampton St Germans Stafford Stepney Swindon Taunton Tewkesbury Thetford Tonbridge Warwick Willesden Wolverhampton Woolwich Province of York Berwick Beverley Birkenhead Bolton Bradford Burnley Doncaster Huddersfield Hull Jarrow Kirkstall Lancaster Middleton Penrith Ripon Selby Sherwood Stockport Wakefield Warrington Whitby Former suffragan seesAbeyant Alnwick Aylesbury Barrow-in-Furness Bishopwearmouth Boston Bristol Chelsea Cirencester Coventry Derby Guildford Halifax Hexham Hulme Ipswich Kendal Leicester Leominster Ludlow Maidstone Marlborough Northampton Nottingham Penrydd Rochdale Shaftesbury Sheffield Southwark Swansea Whalley Wigan Translated Knaresborough (to Ripon) Malmesbury (to Swindon) Pontefract (to Wakefield) Richmond (to Kirkstall) See also: Suffragan Bishops Act 1534; Bishop for the Falkland Islands; Bishop to the Forces; spokesperson bishops; Bishop to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York This Anglicanism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_polity"},{"link_name":"area bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bishop"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Province of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crockfords946-1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Reading"},{"link_name":"Diocesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Dorchester-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"West Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"Mercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Dorchester Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Order-in-Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order-in-Council"},{"link_name":"Suffragans Nomination Act 1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragans_Nomination_Act_1888"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the modern suffragan bishop. For the 7th century bishops in Wessex, see Bishop of Winchester. For the 9th–11th century bishops in Mercia, see Bishop of Lincoln.Christianity portalThe modern Bishop Suffragan of Dorchester in the Diocese of Oxford, usually contracted to Bishop of Dorchester, is an episcopal title used by an area bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Oxford, in the Province of Canterbury, England.[1] The Bishop of Dorchester, along with the Bishop of Buckingham and the Bishop of Reading, assists the Diocesan Bishop of Oxford in overseeing the diocese.The title takes its name from the town of Dorchester-on-Thames in Oxfordshire, and was first used by the historic Bishops of Dorchester: at first for a West Saxon diocese (see Bishop of Winchester), and later for a Mercian diocese (see Bishop of Lincoln). Dorchester Abbey was built on the site of the ancient Cathedral. The suffragan See was erected by Order-in-Council (under the Suffragans Nomination Act 1888) on 2 February 1939.[2] The bishops suffragan of Dorchester have been area bishops since the Oxford area scheme was founded in 1984.[3]","title":"Bishop of Dorchester"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of bishops"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Crockford's Clerical Directory (100th ed.). London: Church House Publishing. 2007. p. 946. ISBN 978-0-7151-1030-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7151-1030-0","url_text":"978-0-7151-1030-0"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34596\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1939. p. 835.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34596/page/835","url_text":"\"No. 34596\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"4: The Dioceses Commission, 1978–2002\" (PDF). Church of England. Retrieved 23 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.churchofengland.org/media/40670/chapter4.pdf","url_text":"\"4: The Dioceses Commission, 1978–2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop of Dorchester to retire in 2020\". 5 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxford.anglican.org/bishop-of-dorchester-to-retire-in-2020/","url_text":"\"Bishop of Dorchester to retire in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gavin Collins named Bishop of Dorchester\". 24 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxford.anglican.org/gavin-collins-named-bishop-of-dorchester/","url_text":"\"Gavin Collins named Bishop of Dorchester\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop of Dorchester update\". 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxford.anglican.org/bishop-of-dorchester-update/","url_text":"\"Bishop of Dorchester update\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consecration service for Bishop of Dorchester\". Diocese of Oxford. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxford.anglican.org/consecration-bishop-of-dorchester/","url_text":"\"Consecration service for Bishop of Dorchester\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34596/page/835","external_links_name":"\"No. 34596\""},{"Link":"http://www.churchofengland.org/media/40670/chapter4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"4: The Dioceses Commission, 1978–2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxford.anglican.org/bishop-of-dorchester-to-retire-in-2020/","external_links_name":"\"Bishop of Dorchester to retire in 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxford.anglican.org/gavin-collins-named-bishop-of-dorchester/","external_links_name":"\"Gavin Collins named Bishop of Dorchester\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxford.anglican.org/bishop-of-dorchester-update/","external_links_name":"\"Bishop of Dorchester update\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxford.anglican.org/consecration-bishop-of-dorchester/","external_links_name":"\"Consecration service for Bishop of Dorchester\""},{"Link":"http://www.crockford.org.uk/section.asp?id=9","external_links_name":"Crockford's Clerical Directory - Listings"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_of_Dorchester&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupalia	Groupalia	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Online buying group This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Groupalia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) GroupaliaType of siteElectronic commerceHeadquartersBarcelona, SpainEmployees250 (August 2014)URLes.groupalia.comCommercialYesLaunchedMay 2010Current statusActive Groupalia is the trade name for Groupalia Compra Colectiva SL, an online group buying company based in Spain. Groupalia sells leisure packages: travel, services and products. The company was established in Barcelona in May 2010. Its first virtual shop was in Barcelona, followed by Madrid. The company had its first round of funding in April 2010, $15 million, and a second one in August, a $26 million round. Groupalia is based in Barcelona (Spain), it employs over 300 people and has more than 6 million users worldwide. The current director of the company is Albert Bosch. See also Coupon Voucher References ^ "Spanish group buying site Groupalia raises 2.5 million euros – TechCrunch". techcrunch.com. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 2018-05-03. ^ "Groupalia rakes in millions to help Europeans, South Americans find deals". VentureBeat. 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2018-05-03. ^ "Historia de Groupalia \| Groupalia Prensa". Es.press.groupalia.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-23. Retrieved 2011-10-07. External links Official Website Dirhami Website Shoppersinusa Site This Spanish corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"leisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"virtual shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_shop"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Groupalia is the trade name for Groupalia Compra Colectiva SL, an online group buying company based in Spain. Groupalia sells leisure packages: travel, services and products. The company was established in Barcelona in May 2010.[1] Its first virtual shop was in Barcelona, followed by Madrid.The company had its first round of funding in April 2010, $15 million, and a second one in August, a $26 million round.[2]Groupalia is based in Barcelona (Spain), it employs over 300 people and has more than 6 million users worldwide.[3] The current director of the company is Albert Bosch.","title":"Groupalia"}]	[]	[{"title":"Coupon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupon"},{"title":"Voucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voucher"}]	[{"reference":"\"Spanish group buying site Groupalia raises 2.5 million euros – TechCrunch\". techcrunch.com. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 2018-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/05/10/spanish-group-buying-site-groupalia-raises-2-5-million-euros/","url_text":"\"Spanish group buying site Groupalia raises 2.5 million euros – TechCrunch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Groupalia rakes in millions to help Europeans, South Americans find deals\". VentureBeat. 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2018-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2011/08/09/groupalia-europe-deals/","url_text":"\"Groupalia rakes in millions to help Europeans, South Americans find deals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historia de Groupalia \| Groupalia Prensa\". Es.press.groupalia.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-23. Retrieved 2011-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111023211726/http://es.press.groupalia.com/informacion-corporativa/historia-de-groupalia/","url_text":"\"Historia de Groupalia \| Groupalia Prensa\""},{"url":"http://es.press.groupalia.com/informacion-corporativa/historia-de-groupalia/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Groupalia%22","external_links_name":"\"Groupalia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Groupalia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Groupalia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Groupalia%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Groupalia%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Groupalia%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://es.groupalia.com/","external_links_name":"es.groupalia.com"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/05/10/spanish-group-buying-site-groupalia-raises-2-5-million-euros/","external_links_name":"\"Spanish group buying site Groupalia raises 2.5 million euros – TechCrunch\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2011/08/09/groupalia-europe-deals/","external_links_name":"\"Groupalia rakes in millions to help Europeans, South Americans find deals\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111023211726/http://es.press.groupalia.com/informacion-corporativa/historia-de-groupalia/","external_links_name":"\"Historia de Groupalia \| Groupalia Prensa\""},{"Link":"http://es.press.groupalia.com/informacion-corporativa/historia-de-groupalia/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110224095651/http://es.groupalia.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://dirhami.com/","external_links_name":"Dirhami Website"},{"Link":"https://www.shoppersinusa.com/","external_links_name":"Shoppersinusa Site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupalia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnlod	Gunnlöð	["1 Name","2 Attestations","3 References","3.1 Bibliography"]	Norse mythical character "Gunnlod" redirects here. For the moon of Saturn, see Gunnlod (moon). Gunnlöð by Anders Zorn (1886). Gunnlǫð (Old Norse: ; also Gunnlöd) is a jötunn in Norse mythology. She is the daughter of Suttungr, for whom she guards the mead of poetry. Saturn's moon Gunnlod is named after her. Name The Old Norse name Gunnlǫð has been translated as 'war-invitation', or 'battle-invitation'. It stems from Old Norse gunnr ('battle'). Attestations Skáldskaparmál (The Language of Poetry) mentions that the jötunn Suttungr has entrusted his daughter Gunnlöð to the guard of the mead of poetry: Suttung took the mead home with him and put it for safe keeping in a place called Hnitbiorg, setting his daughter Gunnlod in charge of it. — Skáldskaparmál, 57–58, trans. A. Faulkes, 1987 But Odin, in the form of a snake, manages to gain access to the chamber within the Hnitbjörg mountain where the mead is kept. The god seduces the guardian Gunnlöð, and sleeps with her three nights. In return, Gunnlöð allows Odin to obtain three drinks of the mead, after which he immediately flies himself out of the cavern as an eagle. Bolverk went to where Gunnlod was and lay with her for three nights and then she let him drink three draughts of the mead. In the first draught he drank everything out of Odrerir, and in the second out of Bodn, in the third out of Son, and then he had all the mead. Then he turned himself into the form of an eagle and flew as hard as he could. — Skáldskaparmál, 58, trans. A. Faulkes, 1987In Hávamál (Sayings of the High One), the account given by Odin differs in a number of details, and the narrative pays most attention to Gunnlöð herself. Gunnlöd gave me, on the golden throne, a drink of the dear-won mead. In return I gave her bad recompense, for her whole heart, for her sorrowful soul. — Hávamál, 105, trans. A. Orchard, 1997. I doubt I would have returned back from the giants’ domain, if I hadn’t had Gunnlöd, that fine woman whom I laid in my arms. — Hávamál, 108, trans. A. Orchard, 1997. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gunnlöð. ^ Orchard 1997, p. 68. ^ a b c Lindow 2002, p. 156. ^ de Vries 1962, p. 195. ^ a b Orchard 1997, p. 69. Bibliography de Vries, Jan (1962). Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch (1977 ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-05436-3. Lindow, John (2002). Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983969-8. Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-34520-5. vteOld Norse religion and mythologyMythological Norse people, items and placesDeities, dwarfs, jötnar,and other figuresÆsir Almáttki áss Baldr Bragi Dellingr Forseti Heimdall Hermóðr Höðr Hœnir Ítreksjóð Lóðurr Loki Máni Meili Mímir Móði and Magni Odin Óðr Thor Týr Ullr Váli (son of Odin) Víðarr Vili and Vé Ásynjur Bil Eir Frigg Fulla Gefjon Gerðr Gná Hlín Iðunn Ilmr Irpa Lofn Nanna Njörun Rán Rindr Sága Sif Sigyn Sjöfn Skaði Snotra Sól Syn Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr Þrúðr Vár Vör Vanir Freyja Freyr Ingunar-Freyr Yngvi Gersemi Gullveig Hnoss Kvasir Njörðr Sister-wife of Njörðr Jötnar Ægir Alvaldi Angrboða Aurboða Baugi Beli Bergelmir Bestla Bölþorn Býleistr Eggþér Fárbauti Fjölvar Fornjót Gangr Geirröðr Gillingr Gjálp and Greip Gríðr Gunnlöð Gymir Harðgreipr Helblindi Helreginn Hljod Hræsvelgr Hrímgerðr Hrímgrímnir Hrímnir Hroðr Hrungnir Hrymr Hymir Hyrrokkin Iði Ím Járnsaxa Laufey Leikn Litr Logi Mögþrasir Narfi (father of Nott) Sökkmímir Surtr Suttungr Þjazi Þökk Þrívaldi Þrúðgelmir Þrymr Útgarða-Loki Vafþrúðnir Víðblindi Vosud Vörnir Ymir Dwarfs Alvíss Andvari Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri Billingr Dáinn Durinn Dúrnir Dvalinn Fáfnir Fjalar and Galar Gandalf Hreiðmarr Litr Mótsognir Ótr Regin Sons of Ivaldi Brokkr Eitri Heroes List of figures in Germanic heroic legend A B–C D–E F–G H–He Hi–Hy I–O P–S T–Y people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend named animals and plants named weapons, armour and treasures Others Ask and Embla Auðr Auðumbla Aurvandill Beyla Borr Búri Byggvir Dísir Landdísir Dragons Draugs Einherjar Eldir Elves Dark elves (Dökkálfar) Light elves (Ljósálfar) Black elves (Svartálfar) Fimafeng Fjalar (rooster) Fenrir Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn Fylgja Garmr Gullinbursti Hati Hróðvitnisson Hel Hildisvíni Hjúki Horses of the Æsir Árvakr and Alsviðr Blóðughófi Falhófnir Gísl Glaðr Glær Glenr Grani Gullfaxi Gulltoppr Gyllir Hamskerpir and Garðrofa Hófvarpnir Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi Sleipnir Svaðilfari Jörð Jörmungandr Líf and Lífthrasir Loddfáfnir Móðguðr Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán Nine Mothers of Heimdallr Narfi (son of Loki) Níðhöggr Norns Personifications Dagr Elli Nótt Sumarr and Vetr Sæhrímnir Skírnir Sköll Shield-maiden Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr Troll Þjálfi and Röskva Vættir Landvættir Váli (son of Loki) Valkyries Völundr Vörðr LocationsUnderworld Hel Éljúðnir Gjallarbrú Náströnd Niflhel Niðafjöll Rivers Élivágar Gjöll Ífingr Kerlaugar Körmt and Örmt Slidr River Vadgelmir Vimur River Other locations Asgard Amsvartnir Andlang Barri Bifröst Bilskirnir Brávellir Brimir Fensalir Fólkvangr Fornsigtuna Fyrisvellir Gálgviðr Gandvik Gastropnir Gimlé Ginnungagap Glaðsheimr Glæsisvellir Glitnir Gnipahellir Grove of fetters Heiðr Himinbjörg Hindarfjall Hlidskjalf Hnitbjorg Hoddmímis holt Iðavöllr Járnviðr Jötunheimr Mímameiðr Myrkviðr Munarvágr Nóatún Okolnir Sessrúmnir Sindri Singasteinn Þrúðheimr Þrúðvangr Þrymheimr Uppsala Útgarðar Valaskjálf Valhalla Vanaheimr Víðbláinn Vígríðr Vingólf Wells Hvergelmir Mímisbrunnr Urðarbrunnr Ýdalir Yggdrasil Events Æsir–Vanir War Fimbulvetr Fróði's Peace Hjaðningavíg Ragnarök Sources Gesta Danorum Edda Poetic Edda Prose Edda Runestones Sagas Jómsvíkinga Legendary Tyrfing Cycle Völsung Cycle Old Norse language Orthography Later influence SocietyReligious practice Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe Blót Hof Heitstrenging Horses Hörgr Worship Öndvegissúlur Reginnaglar Sacred trees and groves Sonargöltr Temple at Uppsala Vé Wetlands and islands Festivals and holy periods Álfablót Dísablót Germanic calendar Þorrablót Vetrnætr Yule Other Death Ergi Félag Galdr Goði Hamingja Heiti Kenning Mead hall Nīþ Norse cosmology Numbers Philosophy Rings Runes Seiðr Skald Viking Age Völva See also Germanic paganism Heathenry (new religious movement) Nordic Bronze Age	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunnlod (moon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnlod_(moon)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anders_Zorn_-_Gunnl%C3%B6d_1886.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anders Zorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Zorn"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[ˈɡunːlɔð]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"jötunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn"},{"link_name":"Norse mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Suttungr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suttungr"},{"link_name":"mead of poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mead_of_poetry"},{"link_name":"Gunnlod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnlod_(moon)"}],"text":"\"Gunnlod\" redirects here. For the moon of Saturn, see Gunnlod (moon).Gunnlöð by Anders Zorn (1886).Gunnlǫð (Old Norse: [ˈɡunːlɔð]; also Gunnlöd) is a jötunn in Norse mythology. She is the daughter of Suttungr, for whom she guards the mead of poetry.\nSaturn's moon Gunnlod is named after her.","title":"Gunnlöð"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrchard199768-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2002156-2"},{"link_name":"gunnr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gunnr#Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962195-3"}],"text":"The Old Norse name Gunnlǫð has been translated as 'war-invitation',[1] or 'battle-invitation'.[2] It stems from Old Norse gunnr ('battle').[3]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skáldskaparmál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"jötunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn"},{"link_name":"Suttungr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suttungr"},{"link_name":"mead of poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mead_of_poetry"},{"link_name":"Skáldskaparmál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Odin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin"},{"link_name":"Hnitbjörg mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnitbjorg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrchard199769-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2002156-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2002156-2"},{"link_name":"Skáldskaparmál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Hávamál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrchard199769-4"},{"link_name":"Hávamál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"A. Orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Orchard"},{"link_name":"Hávamál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"A. Orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Orchard"}],"text":"Skáldskaparmál (The Language of Poetry) mentions that the jötunn Suttungr has entrusted his daughter Gunnlöð to the guard of the mead of poetry:Suttung took the mead home with him and put it for safe keeping in a place called Hnitbiorg, setting his daughter Gunnlod in charge of it.\n\n— Skáldskaparmál, 57–58, trans. A. Faulkes, 1987But Odin, in the form of a snake, manages to gain access to the chamber within the Hnitbjörg mountain where the mead is kept. The god seduces the guardian Gunnlöð, and sleeps with her three nights.[4][2] In return, Gunnlöð allows Odin to obtain three drinks of the mead, after which he immediately flies himself out of the cavern as an eagle.[2]Bolverk [Odin] went to where Gunnlod was and lay with her for three nights and then she let him drink three draughts of the mead. In the first draught he drank everything out of Odrerir, and in the second out of Bodn, in the third out of Son, and then he had all the mead. Then he turned himself into the form of an eagle and flew as hard as he could.\n\n— Skáldskaparmál, 58, trans. A. Faulkes, 1987In Hávamál (Sayings of the High One), the account given by Odin differs in a number of details, and the narrative pays most attention to Gunnlöð herself.[4]Gunnlöd gave me, on the golden throne, a drink of the dear-won mead.\nIn return I gave her bad recompense,\nfor her whole heart,\nfor her sorrowful soul.\n\n— Hávamál, 105, trans. A. Orchard, 1997.I doubt I would have returned\nback from the giants’ domain,\nif I hadn’t had Gunnlöd, that fine woman\nwhom I laid in my arms.\n\n— Hávamál, 108, trans. A. Orchard, 1997.","title":"Attestations"}]	[{"image_text":"Gunnlöð by Anders Zorn (1886).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anders_Zorn_-_Gunnl%C3%B6d_1886.jpg/220px-Anders_Zorn_-_Gunnl%C3%B6d_1886.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"de Vries, Jan (1962). Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch (1977 ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-05436-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(linguist)","url_text":"de Vries, Jan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05436-3","url_text":"978-90-04-05436-3"}]},{"reference":"Lindow, John (2002). Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983969-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindow","url_text":"Lindow, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KlT7tv3eMSwC","url_text":"Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983969-8","url_text":"978-0-19-983969-8"}]},{"reference":"Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-34520-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Orchard","url_text":"Orchard, Andy"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uIujQgAACAAJ","url_text":"Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-34520-5","url_text":"978-0-304-34520-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KlT7tv3eMSwC","external_links_name":"Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uIujQgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Social_Democracy	EDEK Socialist Party	["1 Overview","2 History","2.1 Formation and early years","2.2 21st century","3 Election results","3.1 Parliament","3.2 European Parliament","4 Presidents of the Movement","5 References","6 External links"]	Political party in Cyprus EDEK Socialist Party ΕΔΕΚ Σοσιαλιστικό ΚόμμαAbbreviationEDEKLeaderMarinos SizopoulosFounderVasos LyssaridisFounded1969; 55 years ago (1969)HeadquartersNicosiaStudent wingAGONASYouth wingEDEK YouthWomen's wingSocialist Women's MovementLabour wingDEOKIdeologySocial democracyGreek Cypriot nationalismPolitical positionCentre-leftEuropean affiliationParty of European SocialistsInternational affiliationProgressive AllianceSocialist InternationalEuropean Parliament groupProgressive Alliance of Socialists and DemocratsColors Red, Green, GoldHouse of Representatives3 / 56 European Parliament0 / 6 Municipal Councils37 / 478 Websiteedek.org.cyPolitics of CyprusPolitical partiesElections The EDEK Socialist Party (Greek: ΕΔΕΚ Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα, romanized: EDEK Sosialistiko Komma, EDEK) is a Greek Cypriot nationalist, social-democratic political party in Cyprus. Overview The party was founded by Vassos Lyssarides in 1969 as the United Democratic Centre Union, EDEK (Greek: Ενιαία Δημοκρατική Ένωση Κέντρου, romanized: Eniaia demokratiki enosi kentrou, ΕΔΕΚ). It was originally a strongly anti-imperialist democratic socialist party with roots in the struggle against British colonial rule, influenced by the philosophies of the Andreas Papandreou left-wing faction within Georgios Papandreou's Centre Union, PASOK, and the 1968 movement. EDEK, and Lyssarides personally, enjoyed very good relations with Third World socialist leaders and governments, including Hafez Assad of Syria, Muammar Gaddafi of Libya and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt. Since the early 1980s, EDEK has evolved into a European-style social-democratic party. It has however not given up its nationalist orientations. The party changed its name to "Movement for Social Democracy" (Greek: Κίνημα Σοσιαλδημοκρατών) in 2000. EDEK is led by Marinos Sizopoulos and is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Socialist International. History Formation and early years Members were drawn from the committee for re-establishment of democracy in Greece, and fighters from Lyssaridis's group during the 1964 clashes between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. Lyssaridis was the personal physician of Archbishop Makarios III, the first president of independent Cyprus, whom the party supported. The party's name was inspired by Greek's Centre Union (EK) of Georgios Papandreou. It positioned itself in "the space inbetween" (neither left nor right). EDEK had links to the international Non-Aligned Movement and was opposed to the right-wing Colonels' regime in Greece. Many of the party's members were part of the armed resistance to the 15 July 1974 coup against Makarios. The leader of the youth section of the party, Doros Loizou, was shot and killed in an attempt to murder Lyssaridis in August 1974. Several members of the party's youth section (EDEN) with Trotskyist tendencies were expelled between 1979 and 1984, who then formed Aristeri Pteryga (Left Wing). During the late 1990s, EDEK negotiated with several minor parties, planning to merge all political forces between the communist AKEL and the conservative DISY into a major centrist party. It merged with two small groups, the Renewal Movement and the Independent Personalities Group, in February 2000. This was marked by its name change to "Movement for Social Democracy" (KISOS), which was also intended to bring the party closer to European social democratic parties in terms of both values and appearance. However, only two months after the merger, the members of the Renewal Movement left, citing a "lack of trust" vis-à-vis old EDEK members. Therefore, basically "the new KISOS was the old EDEK". 21st century In the 2001 general elections EDEK won 6.5% of the votes cast and 4 of the 56 seats in the House of Representatives of Cyprus. EDEK was one of the most outspoken opponents of the Annan Plan for the reunification of Cyprus, which was voted on, and ultimately rejected by the Greek Cypriot community in the 2004 referendum. In the elections of 21 May 2006, the first since the referendum, the party increased its vote share to 8.9%, and won 5 out of 56 seats. EDEK backed Dimitris Christofias of the Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL) in the second round of the February 2008 presidential election. On the proposal of EDEK's Political Bureau, 109 members of its Central Committee voted in favor of supporting Christofias, five voted against, and two abstained. In February 2010 EDEK quit from the government coalition due to its dispute concerning the decisions of Dimitris Christofias in the Cyprus Problem. The party leader, Yiannakis Omirou, was elected as President of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Cyprus, following the 2011 general elections, in which EDEK obtained 8.93% of the votes and five seats in Parliament. In the February 2013 presidential election, EDEK backed the independent candidate Yiorgos Lillikas. The former minister of foreign affairs in Tassos Papadopoulos' cabinet. In the second round, EDEK decided not to back any other candidate, neither the DISY candidate Nicos Anastasiades, or AKEL candidate Stavros Malas. In January 2015, House President Yiannakis Omirou resigned from EDEK's leadership. In March he was succeeded by his deputy Marinos Sizopoulos. In November 2022, the party's name was changed to EDEK Socialist Party. Election results Parliament House of Representatives Election Votes Seats # % Rank # ± 1970 12,996 8.3 4th 2 / 35 new 1976 With DIKO and AKEL 4 / 35 2 1981 23,772 8.2 4th 3 / 35 1 1985 35,371 11.1 4th 6 / 56 3 1991 37,264 10.9 4th 7 / 56 1 1996 30,033 8.1 4th 5 / 56 2 2001 26,767 6.5 4th 4 / 56 1 2006 37,533 8.9 4th 5 / 56 1 2011 36,113 8.9 4th 5 / 56 0 2016 21,732 6.2 4th 3 / 56 2 2021 24,022 6.7 5th 4 / 56 1 European Parliament European Parliament Election Votes Seats # % Rank # ± 2004 36,075 10.79 5th 0 / 6 new 2009 30,169 9.85 4th 1 / 6 1 2014 19,894 7.68% 4th 1 / 6 0 2019 29,715 10.58 4th 1 / 6 0 2024 18,681 5.07 6th 0 / 6 1 ^ Run with Citizens' Alliace. ^ Run with Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation. Presidents of the Movement 1969–2001: Dr. Vasos Lyssaridis 2001–2015: Yiannakis Omirou since 2015: Marinos Sizopoulos References ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2016). "Cyprus". Parties and Elections in Europe. ^ a b c Hayriye Kahveci (2013). Cyprus. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 71. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ a b c Andrekos Varnava; Christalla Yakinthou (2011). Cyprus: Political Modernity and the Structures of Democracy in a Divided Island. Oxford University Press. p. 469. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ "Εδεκ - Κινημα Σοσιαλδημοκρατων". ^ "The United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK)". 12 May 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ a b Party-Society Relations in the Republic of Cyprus. 2013. p. 86. ISBN 9781317386575. ^ Giorgos Charalambous (2015). The Party Politics of the Problem Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution. I.B. Tauris. p. 50. ^ Christophoros Christophorou (2009). The Evolution of Greek Cypriot Party Politics. Peter Lang. p. 103. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ a b Hayriye Kahveci (2013). Cyprus. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 71–72. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Christophoros Christophorou (2009). The Evolution of Greek Cypriot Party Politics. Peter Lang. p. 90. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Christophoros Christophorou (2009). The Evolution of Greek Cypriot Party Politics. Peter Lang. p. 89. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ Mirbagheri, Farid; Solomou, Emilios A. (2021). Historical Dictionary of Cyprus. London, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138. ISBN 9781538111581. ^ Christophoros Christophorou (2009). The Evolution of Greek Cypriot Party Politics. Peter Lang. p. 97. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ "Cyprus Socialists supports Christofias's candidacy", Financial Mirror, February 21, 2008. ^ Nikos Chasapopoulos (2010-02-09). Τριγμοί στην κυβέρνηση Χριστόφια - Αποχώρησε η ΕΔΕΚ (in Greek). To Vima. Retrieved 2010-08-03. ^ "EDEK withdraws from Cyprus government coalition". FinancialMirror. 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2010-08-03. ^ "CYPRUS: Socialists elect new leader, aim for 2016 elections". Financial Mirror. 2 March 2015. ^ "Άλλαξε (ξανά) όνομα η ΕΔΕΚ" . Reporter. 18 November 2022. External links Official website Cyprus Elections & Politics vte Political parties in CyprusHouse of Representatives Democratic Rally (17) Progressive Party of Working People (15) Democratic Party (9) Democratic Alignment (4) Movement for Social Democracy (3) ELAM (3) Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation (2) Volt Cyprus (1) Unrepresented Animal Party Cyprus Cyprus Social Ecology Movement Jasmine Movement LASOK New Internationalist Left New Wave – The Other Cyprus Solidarity Movement United Democrats Workers' Democracy Zygos Movement Defunct Action Citizens' Alliance Committee for a Radical Left Rally Cyprus Turkish National Union Democratic National Party Eniaion European Democracy European Party Fighting Democratic Movement Generation Change New Horizons Patriotic Front Progressive Front See also: List of political parties in Northern Cyprus Politics of Cyprus List of political parties by country Politics portal vteParty of European SocialistsEuropean Parliament group: Progressive Alliance of Socialists and DemocratsPartiesMember states SPÖ PS V BSP/БСП SDP EDEK/ΕΔΕΚ SOCDEM A SDE SDP PS SPD PA.SO.K./ΠΑ.ΣΟ.Κ. DK MSZP Lab PD PSI Saskaņa LSDP LSAP PL PvdA NL PS PSD SMER-SD SD PSOE SAP Member parties (non-EU) AP Lab SDLP Associated parties (EU) PBSD/БСДП Hlas-SD Associated parties (non-EU) PS SDP BiH S VV DPS SDP SDSM/СДСМ DS SP/PS CHP HDP Observer parties (EU) LSDSP Observer parties (non-EU) PS ARF ESDP/الديمقراطي GD HaAvoda/העבודה Meretz/מרצ PDM USPT CTP Fatah/فتح PSD SSP FDTL Presidents Wilhelm Dröscher Robert Pontillon Joop den Uyl Vítor Constâncio Guy Spitaels Willy Claes Rudolf Scharping Robin Cook Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Sergey Stanishev Stefan Löfven Leaders in the European Parliament Guy Mollet Hendrik Fayat Pierre Lapie Willi Birkelbach Käte Strobel Francis Vals Georges Spénale Ludwig Spénale Ernest Glinne Rudi Arndt Jean-Pierre Cot Pauline Green Enrique Barón Martin Schulz Hannes Swoboda Gianni Pittella Udo Bullmann Iratxe García European Commissioners Josep Borrell (VP and High Representative of the Union) Helena Dalli (Equality) Elisa Ferreira (Cohesion and Reforms) Paolo Gentiloni (Economy) Ylva Johansson (Home Affairs) Nicolas Schmit (Jobs) Maroš Šefčovič (VP for Interinstitutional Relations) Frans Timmermans (Executive VP for European Green Deal and Climate Action) Jutta Urpilainen (International Partnerships) see Von der Leyen Commission Heads of government Olaf Scholz (Germany) Mette Frederiksen (Denmark) Robert Abela (Malta) António Costa (Portugal) Pedro Sánchez (Spain) Dimitar Kovačevski (North Macedonia) Heads of state Frank-Walter Steinmeier (Germany) George Vella (Malta) Michael D. Higgins (Ireland) Zoran Milanović (Croatia)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"Greek Cypriot nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VarnavaYakinthou469-3"},{"link_name":"social-democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-democratic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordsieck-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PalgraveSocDem71-2"},{"link_name":"political party in Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cyprus"}],"text":"The EDEK Socialist Party (Greek: ΕΔΕΚ Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα, romanized: EDEK Sosialistiko Komma, EDEK) is a Greek Cypriot nationalist,[3] social-democratic[4][1][2] political party in Cyprus.","title":"EDEK Socialist Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vassos Lyssarides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassos_Lyssarides"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"democratic socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism"},{"link_name":"British colonial rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cyprus_(1914%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"Andreas Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"Georgios Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"Centre Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pasok-6"},{"link_name":"PASOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PASOK"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pasok-6"},{"link_name":"1968 movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_of_1968"},{"link_name":"Third World socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_socialist"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hafez Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_Assad"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PalgraveSocDem71-2"},{"link_name":"Gamal Abdel Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VarnavaYakinthou469-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PalgraveSocDem72-9"},{"link_name":"Marinos Sizopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinos_Sizopoulos"},{"link_name":"Party of European Socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists"},{"link_name":"Socialist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International"}],"text":"The party was founded by Vassos Lyssarides in 1969 as the United Democratic Centre Union, EDEK (Greek: Ενιαία Δημοκρατική Ένωση Κέντρου, romanized: Eniaia demokratiki enosi kentrou, ΕΔΕΚ). It was originally a strongly anti-imperialist democratic socialist party with roots in the struggle against British colonial rule, influenced by the philosophies of the Andreas Papandreou left-wing faction within Georgios Papandreou's Centre Union,[5][6] PASOK,[6] and the 1968 movement.EDEK, and Lyssarides personally, enjoyed very good relations with Third World socialist leaders and governments,[7] including Hafez Assad of Syria, Muammar Gaddafi of Libya[2] and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt.[3]Since the early 1980s, EDEK has evolved into a European-style social-democratic party. It has however not given up its nationalist orientations.[8] The party changed its name to \"Movement for Social Democracy\" (Greek: Κίνημα Σοσιαλδημοκρατών) in 2000.[9]EDEK is led by Marinos Sizopoulos and is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Socialist International.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyssaridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassos_Lyssarides"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Cypriot"},{"link_name":"Turkish Cypriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots"},{"link_name":"Makarios III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarios_III"},{"link_name":"Centre Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Union"},{"link_name":"Georgios Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Non-Aligned Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement"},{"link_name":"Colonels' regime in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%9374"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"15 July 1974 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Doros Loizou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doros_Loizou"},{"link_name":"an attempt to murder Lyssaridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Vassos_Lyssarides"},{"link_name":"Trotskyist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PalgraveSocDem72-9"}],"sub_title":"Formation and early years","text":"Members were drawn from the committee for re-establishment of democracy in Greece, and fighters from Lyssaridis's group during the 1964 clashes between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. Lyssaridis was the personal physician of Archbishop Makarios III, the first president of independent Cyprus, whom the party supported. The party's name was inspired by Greek's Centre Union (EK) of Georgios Papandreou. It positioned itself in \"the space inbetween\" (neither left nor right).[10] EDEK had links to the international Non-Aligned Movement and was opposed to the right-wing Colonels' regime in Greece.[11] Many of the party's members were part of the armed resistance to the 15 July 1974 coup against Makarios. The leader of the youth section of the party, Doros Loizou, was shot and killed in an attempt to murder Lyssaridis in August 1974.Several members of the party's youth section (EDEN) with Trotskyist tendencies were expelled between 1979 and 1984, who then formed Aristeri Pteryga (Left Wing).[12]During the late 1990s, EDEK negotiated with several minor parties, planning to merge all political forces between the communist AKEL and the conservative DISY into a major centrist party. It merged with two small groups, the Renewal Movement and the Independent Personalities Group, in February 2000. This was marked by its name change to \"Movement for Social Democracy\" (KISOS), which was also intended to bring the party closer to European social democratic parties in terms of both values and appearance. However, only two months after the merger, the members of the Renewal Movement left, citing a \"lack of trust\" vis-à-vis old EDEK members. Therefore, basically \"the new KISOS was the old EDEK\".[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Cypriot_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Annan Plan for the reunification of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annan_Plan_for_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"2004 referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Cypriot_Annan_Plan_referendums"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"elections of 21 May 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Cypriot_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Dimitris Christofias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitris_Christofias"},{"link_name":"Progressive Party of Working People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Working_People"},{"link_name":"February 2008 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Cypriot_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Christofias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetris_Christofias"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dimitris Christofias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitris_Christofias"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Yiannakis Omirou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiannakis_Omirou"},{"link_name":"2011 general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Cypriot_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"February 2013 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Cypriot_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Yiorgos Lillikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiorgos_Lillikas"},{"link_name":"Tassos Papadopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassos_Papadopoulos"},{"link_name":"Nicos Anastasiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicos_Anastasiades"},{"link_name":"Yiannakis Omirou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiannakis_Omirou"},{"link_name":"Marinos Sizopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinos_Sizopoulos"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"In the 2001 general elections EDEK won 6.5% of the votes cast and 4 of the 56 seats in the House of Representatives of Cyprus. EDEK was one of the most outspoken opponents of the Annan Plan for the reunification of Cyprus, which was voted on, and ultimately rejected by the Greek Cypriot community in the 2004 referendum.[13] In the elections of 21 May 2006, the first since the referendum, the party increased its vote share to 8.9%, and won 5 out of 56 seats.EDEK backed Dimitris Christofias of the Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL) in the second round of the February 2008 presidential election. On the proposal of EDEK's Political Bureau, 109 members of its Central Committee voted in favor of supporting Christofias, five voted against, and two abstained.[14] In February 2010 EDEK quit from the government coalition due to its dispute concerning the decisions of Dimitris Christofias in the Cyprus Problem.[15][16]The party leader, Yiannakis Omirou, was elected as President of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Cyprus, following the 2011 general elections, in which EDEK obtained 8.93% of the votes and five seats in Parliament.In the February 2013 presidential election, EDEK backed the independent candidate Yiorgos Lillikas. The former minister of foreign affairs in Tassos Papadopoulos' cabinet. In the second round, EDEK decided not to back any other candidate, neither the DISY candidate Nicos Anastasiades, or AKEL candidate Stavros Malas.In January 2015, House President Yiannakis Omirou resigned from EDEK's leadership. In March he was succeeded by his deputy Marinos Sizopoulos.[17]In November 2022, the party's name was changed to EDEK Socialist Party.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Parliament","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Citizens' Alliace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Alliance_(Cyprus)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_of_Ecologists_%E2%80%93_Citizens%27_Cooperation"}],"sub_title":"European Parliament","text":"^ Run with Citizens' Alliace.\n\n^ Run with Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation.","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasos Lyssaridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasos_Lyssaridis"},{"link_name":"Yiannakis Omirou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiannakis_Omirou"},{"link_name":"Marinos Sizopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinos_Sizopoulos"}],"text":"1969–2001: Dr. Vasos Lyssaridis\n2001–2015: Yiannakis Omirou\nsince 2015: Marinos Sizopoulos","title":"Presidents of the Movement"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Nordsieck, Wolfram (2016). \"Cyprus\". Parties and Elections in Europe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/cyprus.html","url_text":"\"Cyprus\""}]},{"reference":"Hayriye Kahveci (2013). Cyprus. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 71.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andrekos Varnava; Christalla Yakinthou (2011). Cyprus: Political Modernity and the Structures of Democracy in a Divided Island. Oxford University Press. p. 469.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrekos_Varnava","url_text":"Andrekos Varnava"}]},{"reference":"\"Εδεκ - Κινημα Σοσιαλδημοκρατων\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edek.org.cy/Content/225/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CE%91%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82-%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%82-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%99%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1","url_text":"\"Εδεκ - Κινημα Σοσιαλδημοκρατων\""}]},{"reference":"\"The United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK)\". 12 May 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eklektor.org/the-united-democratic-union-of-the-center-edek/","url_text":"\"The United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK)\""}]},{"reference":"Party-Society Relations in the Republic of Cyprus. 2013. p. 86. ISBN 9781317386575.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q4P4CgAAQBAJ&dq=EDEK+pasok&pg=PA86","url_text":"Party-Society Relations in the Republic of Cyprus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317386575","url_text":"9781317386575"}]},{"reference":"Giorgos Charalambous (2015). The Party Politics of the Problem Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution. I.B. Tauris. p. 50.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Christophoros Christophorou (2009). The Evolution of Greek Cypriot Party Politics. Peter Lang. p. 103.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hayriye Kahveci (2013). Cyprus. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 71–72.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Christophoros Christophorou (2009). The Evolution of Greek Cypriot Party Politics. Peter Lang. p. 90.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Christophoros Christophorou (2009). The Evolution of Greek Cypriot Party Politics. Peter Lang. p. 89.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mirbagheri, Farid; Solomou, Emilios A. (2021). Historical Dictionary of Cyprus. London, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138. ISBN 9781538111581.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538111581","url_text":"9781538111581"}]},{"reference":"Christophoros Christophorou (2009). The Evolution of Greek Cypriot Party Politics. Peter Lang. p. 97.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nikos Chasapopoulos (2010-02-09). Τριγμοί στην κυβέρνηση Χριστόφια - Αποχώρησε η ΕΔΕΚ (in Greek). To Vima. Retrieved 2010-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tovima.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=32&artid=314222&dt=09/02/2010","url_text":"Τριγμοί στην κυβέρνηση Χριστόφια - Αποχώρησε η ΕΔΕΚ"}]},{"reference":"\"EDEK withdraws from Cyprus government coalition\". FinancialMirror. 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2010-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.financialmirror.com/News/Business_and_Finance/19298","url_text":"\"EDEK withdraws from Cyprus government coalition\""}]},{"reference":"\"CYPRUS: Socialists elect new leader, aim for 2016 elections\". Financial Mirror. 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://financialmirror.com/news-details.php?nid=33892","url_text":"\"CYPRUS: Socialists elect new leader, aim for 2016 elections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Mirror","url_text":"Financial Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"Άλλαξε (ξανά) όνομα η ΕΔΕΚ\" [EDEK changed its name (again)]. Reporter. 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://reporter.com.cy/article/2022/11/18/665282/allaxe-xana-onoma-e-edek/","url_text":"\"Άλλαξε (ξανά) όνομα η ΕΔΕΚ\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.edek.org.cy/","external_links_name":"edek.org.cy"},{"Link":"http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/cyprus.html","external_links_name":"\"Cyprus\""},{"Link":"https://www.edek.org.cy/Content/225/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CE%91%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82-%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%82-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%99%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1","external_links_name":"\"Εδεκ - Κινημα Σοσιαλδημοκρατων\""},{"Link":"https://www.eklektor.org/the-united-democratic-union-of-the-center-edek/","external_links_name":"\"The United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q4P4CgAAQBAJ&dq=EDEK+pasok&pg=PA86","external_links_name":"Party-Society Relations in the Republic of Cyprus"},{"Link":"http://www.financialmirror.com/more_news.php?id=10059&nt=Politics","external_links_name":"\"Cyprus Socialists supports Christofias's candidacy\""},{"Link":"http://www.tovima.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=32&artid=314222&dt=09/02/2010","external_links_name":"Τριγμοί στην κυβέρνηση Χριστόφια - Αποχώρησε η ΕΔΕΚ"},{"Link":"http://www.financialmirror.com/News/Business_and_Finance/19298","external_links_name":"\"EDEK withdraws from Cyprus government coalition\""},{"Link":"http://financialmirror.com/news-details.php?nid=33892","external_links_name":"\"CYPRUS: Socialists elect new leader, aim for 2016 elections\""},{"Link":"https://reporter.com.cy/article/2022/11/18/665282/allaxe-xana-onoma-e-edek/","external_links_name":"\"Άλλαξε (ξανά) όνομα η ΕΔΕΚ\""},{"Link":"http://www.edek.org.cy/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.cypruselections.org/","external_links_name":"Cyprus Elections & Politics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Cuban_National_Series	2002–03 Cuban National Series	["1 Regular season standings","1.1 Western zone","1.2 Eastern zone","2 Playoffs","3 References"]	The 42nd Cuban National Series belonged to Industriales, who rode a 66-23 regular season into the playoffs, where they lost only two games before sweeping Villa Clara Naranjas in the final for their ninth title. Regular season standings Western zone Group A Team W L Pct. Pinar del Río 56 34 .622 Isla de la Juventud 41 48 .461 Matanzas 41 49 .456 Metropolitanos 41 49 .456 Group B Team W L Pct. Industriales 66 23 .742 Cienfuegos 52 38 .578 La Habana 51 39 .567 Sancti Spíritus 49 41 .544 Eastern zone Group C Team W L Pct. Villa Clara 56 34 .622 Camagüey 44 46 .489 Ciego de Ávila 37 53 .411 Las Tunas 25 65 .278 Group D Team W L Pct. Granma 45 45 .500 Santiago de Cuba 44 46 .489 Holguín 43 47 .478 Guantánamo 28 62 .311 Playoffs Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals B1 Industriales 3 B3 La Habana 1 B1 Industriales 4 West A1 Pinar del Río 1 A1 Pinar del Río 3 B2 Cienfuegos 2 B1 Industriales 4 C1 Villa Clara 0 C1 Villa Clara 3 D2 Santiago de Cuba 2 C1 Villa Clara 4 East D1 Granma 2 D1 Granma 3 C2 Camagüey 1 References "XLII Serie Nacional de Béisbol". Granma (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 21, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2014. passim vteCuban National SeriesPromotion to Cuban Elite LeagueTeams (founded) Artemisa (2011) Camagüey (1977) Ciego de Ávila (1977) Cienfuegos (1977) Granma (1977) Guantánamo (1977) Holguín (1977) Industriales (Havana) (1961) Isla de la Juventud (1977) Las Tunas (1977) Matanzas (1992) Mayabeque (2011) Pinar del Río (1992) Sancti Spíritus (1977) Santiago de Cuba (1977) Villa Clara (1961) Defunct teams La Habana Province Metropolitanos (Havana) Agricultores Azucareros Camagüey Centrales Citricultores Forestales Ganaderos Granjeros Habana Henequeneros Las Villas Mineros Occidentales Oriente/Orientales Vegueros Seasons 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2022 2023 Awards Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year List of champions (1961–2022) This article about sports in Cuba is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2002–03 Cuban National Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002%E2%80%9303_Cuban_National_Series&action=edit&section=2"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002%E2%80%9303_Cuban_National_Series&action=edit&section=3"}],"text":"Western zone[edit]\n\nGroup A\n\n\nTeam\nW\nL\nPct.\n\n\nPinar del Río\n56\n34\n.622\n\n\nIsla de la Juventud\n41\n48\n.461\n\n\nMatanzas\n41\n49\n.456\n\n\nMetropolitanos\n41\n49\n.456\n\n\nGroup B\n\n\nTeam\nW\nL\nPct.\n\n\nIndustriales\n66\n23\n.742\n\n\nCienfuegos\n52\n38\n.578\n\n\nLa Habana\n51\n39\n.567\n\n\nSancti Spíritus\n49\n41\n.544\n\n\n\nEastern zone[edit]\n\nGroup C\n\n\nTeam\nW\nL\nPct.\n\n\nVilla Clara\n56\n34\n.622\n\n\nCamagüey\n44\n46\n.489\n\n\nCiego de Ávila\n37\n53\n.411\n\n\nLas Tunas\n25\n65\n.278\n\n\nGroup D\n\n\nTeam\nW\nL\nPct.\n\n\nGranma\n45\n45\n.500\n\n\nSantiago de Cuba\n44\n46\n.489\n\n\nHolguín\n43\n47\n.478\n\n\nGuantánamo\n28\n62\n.311","title":"Regular season standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playoffs"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"XLII Serie Nacional de Béisbol\". Granma (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 21, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/eventos/42serie/index.html","url_text":"\"XLII Serie Nacional de Béisbol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granma_(newspaper)","url_text":"Granma"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060821042831/http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/eventos/42serie/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/eventos/42serie/index.html","external_links_name":"\"XLII Serie Nacional de Béisbol\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060821042831/http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/eventos/42serie/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002%E2%80%9303_Cuban_National_Series&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_sync	Flash synchronization	["1 X sync","2 S, M, ME, F, FP, and V sync","3 High-speed sync (HSS)","4 Rear-curtain sync","5 See also","6 References"]	Synchronizing the firing of a photographic flash This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Flash synchronization" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An example of improper synch. Either the flash is firing too late or the shutter speed is too fast (shutter moving vertically). Note the different exposure levels. In photography, flash synchronization or flash sync is the synchronizing the firing of a photographic flash with the opening of the shutter admitting light to photographic film or electronic image sensor. PC-socket In cameras with mechanical (clockwork) shutters synchronization is supported by an electrical contact within the shutter mechanism, which closes the circuit at the appropriate moment in the shutter opening process. In electronic digital cameras, the mechanism is usually a programmable electronic timing circuit, which may, in some cameras, take input from a mechanical shutter contact. The flash is connected electrically to the camera either by a cable with a standardized coaxial PC (for Prontor/Compur) 3.5 mm (1/8") connector (as defined in ISO 519), or via contacts in an accessory mount (hot shoe) bracket. Faster shutter speeds are often better when there is significant ambient illumination, and flash is used to flash fill subjects that are backlit without motion blur, or to increase depth of field by using a small aperture. In another creative use, the photographer of a moving subject may deliberately combine a slow shutter speed with flash exposure in order to record motion blur of the ambient-lit regions of the image superimposed on the flash-lit regions. X sync The photometric output of the GE Synchro-Press No. 11 flashbulb is shown here. Like all "M" bulbs, its peak output was defined as occurring 20 milliseconds after applying electrical current. The No. 11 had a peak luminous flux of 1.8 million lumens. Its rated luminous energy, Qv of 23,000 lumen⋅seconds is the shaded area to the right of the definitional shutter opening point (1/800 th of a second before the point of peak luminous flux). X-sync (for xenon sync) is the simplest mode; the xenon flash is fired at the instant the shutter is fully open. Electronic flash equipment produces a very short flash. X sync is a mode designed for use with electronic flash. In this mode, the timing of the contacts coincides exactly with the full opening of the shutter, since xenon flashes respond almost instantly. Due to their construction, focal plane shutters, as used on most single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs), only allow normal xenon flash units to be used at shutter speeds slow enough that the entire shutter is open at once, typically at shutter speeds of 1/60 or slower, although some modern cameras may have an X-sync speed as high as 1/500 (e.g. Nikon's D40 DSLRs). Special electronic flash units for focal-plane shutters fire several times as the slit moves across the film. Electronic shutters used in some digital cameras do not have this limitation and may allow a very high X-sync speed. S, M, ME, F, FP, and V sync Cameras designed for use with flash bulbs generally had one or more of S (slow) sync, M (medium) sync, F (fast) sync, or FP/FPX (flat peak) sync, designed for use with corresponding bulb types. These sync modes close the contacts a few milliseconds before the shutter is open, to give the flashbulb time to reach peak brightness before exposing the film. Class M bulbs reach their peak illumination 20 milliseconds after ignition, and class F lamps reach their peak at approximately 5 milliseconds. FP sync was used with FP (flat-peak) flash bulbs designed specifically for use with focal-plane shutters. In these shutters, although each part of the film is exposed for the rated exposure time, the film is exposed by a slit which moves across the film in a time (the "X-sync speed") of the order of 1/100"; although the exposure of each part of the film may be 1/2000", the last part of the film is exposed later by the X-sync time than the first part, and a brief flash will illuminate only a strip of film. FP bulbs burned close to full brightness for the full X-sync time, giving time for the moving slit to expose the whole frame with the light of the flash. The Nikon F offered FP, M, and ME bulb synchronizations, in addition to the X sync. The Friedrich Deckel Synchro-Compur leaf shutter of the Braun Paxette Reflex offered V, X, and M flash synchronization, whereby V (German: "Vorlauf") was used in conjunction with self-timer. High-speed sync (HSS) Some modern xenon flash units have the ability to produce a longer-duration flash to permit flash synchronization at shorter shutter speeds, therefore called high-speed sync (HSS). Instead of delivering one burst of light, the units deliver several smaller bursts over a time interval as short as 1/125 of a second. This allows light to be delivered to the entire area of the film or image sensor even though the shutter is never fully open at any moment, similar to FP sync. Rear-curtain sync Many digital SLRs include an option to fire the flash just before the closing of the shutter, so that moving objects will show a streak where they came from and a sharp image where they were at the end of the exposure—useful for moving objects to convey a sense of speed. This mode is called rear-curtain sync or 2nd-curtain sync. See also Guide number Through-the-lens metering (TTL) References ^ Axford, Norman; et al. (2000). Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging. Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51574-9. ^ ISO 519:1974, ISO 519:1992 (November 25, 1992). Photography -- Hand-held cameras -- Flash-connector dimensions. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization. ^ Stensvold, Mike (2002). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Photography Like a Pro. Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-864387-9. ^ Confused about flash bulbs Graflex.org ^ Stafford, Simon; Hillebrand, Rudi; Hauschild, Hans-Joachim (2004). The New Nikon Compendium: Cameras, Lenses & Accessories Since 1917. Lark Books. ISBN 1-57990-592-7. ^ a b Sahlin, Doug. "How to Use Second Curtain Sync on Your Canon EOS 6D". Dummies.com. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved June 28, 2021. ^ a b Farren, Peggy (2019). "Front and Rear Curtain Sync on your Flash". UnderstandPhotography.com. Retrieved June 28, 2021. vtePhotographyEquipment Camera light-field digital field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Drone Film base format holder stock available films discontinued films Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hot shoe lens hood monolight reflector snoot softbox Lens long-focus prime zoom wide-angle fisheye swivel telephoto Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Backscatter Black-and-white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value Zebra patterning F-number Film format large medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Lens flare Metering mode Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Albumen Photographic processes Reciprocity Red-eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Aircraft Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Candid Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Eclipse Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine-art Fire Forensic Glamour High-speed Landscape Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pictorialism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Ruins Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Straight photography Street Toy camera Underwater Vernacular Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre-jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter High-speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Lo-fi photography Long-exposure Luminogram Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Multi-exposure HDR capture Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Pigeon photography Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabattier effect Slow motion Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit-scan Sun printing Tilt–shift Miniature faking Time-lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Zoom burst Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Golden triangle (composition) History Timeline of photography technology Ambrotype Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Tintype Visual arts Regional Albania Bangladesh Canada China Denmark Greece India Japan Korea Luxembourg Norway Philippines Serbia Slovenia Sudan Taiwan Turkey Ukraine United States Uzbekistan Vietnam Digital photography Digital camera D-SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Comparison of digital and film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three-CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Chromogenic print Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographicprocessing Bleach bypass C-41 process Collodion process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K-14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Museums devoted to one photographer Photographs considered the most important Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Related Conservation and restoration of photographs film photographic plates Lomography Polaroid art Stereoscopy Category Outline	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flash_sync_failure.jpg"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"photographic flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)"},{"link_name":"shutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_(photography)"},{"link_name":"photographic film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film"},{"link_name":"image sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pc-connector_gh.jpg"},{"link_name":"cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera"},{"link_name":"clockwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwork"},{"link_name":"electrical contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contact"},{"link_name":"digital cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prontor-Compur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"hot shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_shoe"},{"link_name":"flash fill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_fill"},{"link_name":"motion blur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_blur"},{"link_name":"depth of field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field"},{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture"}],"text":"An example of improper synch. Either the flash is firing too late or the shutter speed is too fast (shutter moving vertically). Note the different exposure levels.In photography, flash synchronization or flash sync is the synchronizing the firing of a photographic flash with the opening of the shutter admitting light to photographic film or electronic image sensor.PC-socketIn cameras with mechanical (clockwork) shutters synchronization is supported by an electrical contact within the shutter mechanism, which closes the circuit at the appropriate moment in the shutter opening process. In electronic digital cameras, the mechanism is usually a programmable electronic timing circuit, which may, in some cameras, take input from a mechanical shutter contact. The flash is connected electrically to the camera either by a cable with a standardized coaxial PC (for Prontor/Compur) 3.5 mm (1/8\") connector[1] (as defined in ISO 519[2]), or via contacts in an accessory mount (hot shoe) bracket.Faster shutter speeds are often better when there is significant ambient illumination, and flash is used to flash fill subjects that are backlit without motion blur, or to increase depth of field by using a small aperture. In another creative use, the photographer of a moving subject may deliberately combine a slow shutter speed with flash exposure in order to record motion blur of the ambient-lit regions of the image superimposed on the flash-lit regions.","title":"Flash synchronization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GE-Synchro-Press-No.11.svg"},{"link_name":"xenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon"},{"link_name":"Electronic flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_flash"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"single-lens reflex cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera"},{"link_name":"shutter speeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed"},{"link_name":"D40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D40"},{"link_name":"DSLRs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLR"},{"link_name":"Special electronic flash units for focal-plane shutters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)#Focal-plane-shutter_synchronization"}],"text":"The photometric output of the GE Synchro-Press No. 11 flashbulb is shown here. Like all \"M\" bulbs, its peak output was defined as occurring 20 milliseconds after applying electrical current. The No. 11 had a peak luminous flux of 1.8 million lumens. Its rated luminous energy, Qv of 23,000 lumen⋅seconds is the shaded area to the right of the definitional shutter opening point (1/800 th of a second before the point of peak luminous flux).X-sync (for xenon sync) is the simplest mode; the xenon flash is fired at the instant the shutter is fully open. Electronic flash equipment produces a very short flash. X sync is a mode designed for use with electronic flash.[3] In this mode, the timing of the contacts coincides exactly with the full opening of the shutter, since xenon flashes respond almost instantly.Due to their construction, focal plane shutters, as used on most single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs), only allow normal xenon flash units to be used at shutter speeds slow enough that the entire shutter is open at once, typically at shutter speeds of 1/60 or slower, although some modern cameras may have an X-sync speed as high as 1/500 (e.g. Nikon's D40 DSLRs). Special electronic flash units for focal-plane shutters fire several times as the slit moves across the film. Electronic shutters used in some digital cameras do not have this limitation and may allow a very high X-sync speed.","title":"X sync"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flash bulbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_bulb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"focal-plane shutters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal-plane_shutter"},{"link_name":"Nikon F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_F"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Deckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Deckel"},{"link_name":"Synchro-Compur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchro-Compur"},{"link_name":"leaf shutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shutter"},{"link_name":"Braun Paxette Reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braun_Paxette_Reflex"}],"text":"Cameras designed for use with flash bulbs generally had one or more of S (slow) sync, M (medium) sync, F (fast) sync, or FP/FPX (flat peak) sync, designed for use with corresponding bulb types. These sync modes close the contacts a few milliseconds before the shutter is open, to give the flashbulb time to reach peak brightness before exposing the film. Class M bulbs reach their peak illumination 20 milliseconds after ignition, and class F lamps reach their peak at approximately 5 milliseconds.[4]FP sync was used with FP (flat-peak) flash bulbs designed specifically for use with focal-plane shutters. In these shutters, although each part of the film is exposed for the rated exposure time, the film is exposed by a slit which moves across the film in a time (the \"X-sync speed\") of the order of 1/100\"; although the exposure of each part of the film may be 1/2000\", the last part of the film is exposed later by the X-sync time than the first part, and a brief flash will illuminate only a strip of film. FP bulbs burned close to full brightness for the full X-sync time, giving time for the moving slit to expose the whole frame with the light of the flash.The Nikon F offered FP, M, and ME bulb synchronizations, in addition to the X sync.[5]The Friedrich Deckel Synchro-Compur leaf shutter of the Braun Paxette Reflex offered V, X, and M flash synchronization, whereby V (German: \"Vorlauf\") was used in conjunction with self-timer.","title":"S, M, ME, F, FP, and V sync"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Some modern xenon flash units have the ability to produce a longer-duration flash to permit flash synchronization at shorter shutter speeds, therefore called high-speed sync (HSS). Instead of delivering one burst of light, the units deliver several smaller bursts over a time interval as short as 1/125 of a second. This allows light to be delivered to the entire area of the film or image sensor even though the shutter is never fully open at any moment, similar to FP sync.","title":"High-speed sync (HSS)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahlin-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farren_2019-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahlin-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farren_2019-7"}],"text":"Many digital SLRs include an option to fire the flash just before the closing of the shutter, so that moving objects will show a streak where they came from and a sharp image where they were at the end of the exposure—useful for moving objects to convey a sense of speed.[6][7] This mode is called rear-curtain sync or 2nd-curtain sync.[6][7]","title":"Rear-curtain sync"}]	[{"image_text":"An example of improper synch. Either the flash is firing too late or the shutter speed is too fast (shutter moving vertically). Note the different exposure levels.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flash_sync_failure.jpg/220px-Flash_sync_failure.jpg"},{"image_text":"PC-socket","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pc-connector_gh.jpg/180px-Pc-connector_gh.jpg"},{"image_text":"The photometric output of the GE Synchro-Press No. 11 flashbulb is shown here. Like all \"M\" bulbs, its peak output was defined as occurring 20 milliseconds after applying electrical current. The No. 11 had a peak luminous flux of 1.8 million lumens. Its rated luminous energy, Qv of 23,000 lumen⋅seconds is the shaded area to the right of the definitional shutter opening point (1/800 th of a second before the point of peak luminous flux).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/GE-Synchro-Press-No.11.svg/260px-GE-Synchro-Press-No.11.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Guide number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_number"},{"title":"Through-the-lens metering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-the-lens_metering"}]	[{"reference":"Axford, Norman; et al. (2000). Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging. Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51574-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u4rXBqSmjPAC&q=New+Nikon+Compendium+ME+flash+bulb&pg=RA2-PA234","url_text":"Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51574-9","url_text":"0-240-51574-9"}]},{"reference":"Stensvold, Mike (2002). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Photography Like a Pro. Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-864387-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cXy-yzb_nqgC&q=x-sync&pg=RA2-PA138","url_text":"The Complete Idiot's Guide to Photography Like a Pro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864387-9","url_text":"0-02-864387-9"}]},{"reference":"Stafford, Simon; Hillebrand, Rudi; Hauschild, Hans-Joachim (2004). The New Nikon Compendium: Cameras, Lenses & Accessories Since 1917. Lark Books. ISBN 1-57990-592-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u4rXBqSmjPAC&q=New+Nikon+Compendium:&pg=PP1","url_text":"The New Nikon Compendium: Cameras, Lenses & Accessories Since 1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57990-592-7","url_text":"1-57990-592-7"}]},{"reference":"Sahlin, Doug. \"How to Use Second Curtain Sync on Your Canon EOS 6D\". Dummies.com. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved June 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dummies.com/photography/cameras/canon-camera/how-to-use-second-curtain-sync-on-your-canon-eos-6d/","url_text":"\"How to Use Second Curtain Sync on Your Canon EOS 6D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Dummies","url_text":"Dummies.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"}]},{"reference":"Farren, Peggy (2019). \"Front and Rear Curtain Sync on your Flash\". UnderstandPhotography.com. Retrieved June 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.understandphotography.com/front-and-rear-curtain-sync-on-your-flash/","url_text":"\"Front and Rear Curtain Sync on your Flash\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Flash+synchronization%22","external_links_name":"\"Flash synchronization\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Flash+synchronization%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Flash+synchronization%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Flash+synchronization%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Flash+synchronization%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Flash+synchronization%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u4rXBqSmjPAC&q=New+Nikon+Compendium+ME+flash+bulb&pg=RA2-PA234","external_links_name":"Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging"},{"Link":"http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=4581","external_links_name":"ISO 519:1974"},{"Link":"http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=4582","external_links_name":"ISO 519:1992"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cXy-yzb_nqgC&q=x-sync&pg=RA2-PA138","external_links_name":"The Complete Idiot's Guide to Photography Like a Pro"},{"Link":"http://graflex.org/helpboard/viewtopic.php?t=4721","external_links_name":"Confused about flash bulbs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u4rXBqSmjPAC&q=New+Nikon+Compendium:&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"The New Nikon Compendium: Cameras, Lenses & Accessories Since 1917"},{"Link":"https://www.dummies.com/photography/cameras/canon-camera/how-to-use-second-curtain-sync-on-your-canon-eos-6d/","external_links_name":"\"How to Use Second Curtain Sync on Your Canon EOS 6D\""},{"Link":"https://www.understandphotography.com/front-and-rear-curtain-sync-on-your-flash/","external_links_name":"\"Front and Rear Curtain Sync on your Flash\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Supreme_Court	Supreme Court of New South Wales	["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 Establishment","2 Structure and jurisdiction","3 Court buildings","3.1 Greenway Wing","3.2 Old Registry Wing","3.3 Banco Court wing","3.4 Law Courts Building","4 Judges","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°52′08″S 151°12′42″E / 33.868918°S 151.211628°E / -33.868918; 151.211628Superior court of New South Wales, Australia Supreme Court of New South WalesCoat of Arms of New South WalesThe Law Courts Building in Queen's Square, Sydney33°52′08″S 151°12′42″E / 33.868918°S 151.211628°E / -33.868918; 151.211628Established1823Jurisdiction New South WalesLocationSydneyCoordinates33°52′08″S 151°12′42″E / 33.868918°S 151.211628°E / -33.868918; 151.211628Composition methodAppointment by the governor on the advice of the premier (following consultation with the attorney general and Cabinet)Authorized byParliament of New South Wales via the: Constitution Act 1902 (NSW)Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW)Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW)Appeals toNew South Wales Court of AppealNew South Wales Court of Criminal AppealAppeals fromDistrict Court of New South WalesLocal Court of New South WalesJudge term lengthMandatory retirement by age of 72Number of positions52Websitesupremecourt.nsw.gov.auChief Justice of New South WalesCurrentlyJustice Andrew BellSince7 March 2022 (2022-03-07)Chief Judge at Common LawCurrentlyRobert Beech-JonesSince31 August 2021 (2021-08-31)Chief Judge in EquityCurrentlyJulie WardSince15 March 2017 (2017-03-15) The Supreme Court of New South Wales is the highest state court of the Australian State of New South Wales. It has unlimited jurisdiction within the state in civil matters, and hears the most serious criminal matters. Whilst the Supreme Court is the highest New South Wales court in the Australian court hierarchy, an appeal by special leave can be made to the High Court of Australia. Matters of appeal can be submitted to the New South Wales Court of Appeal and Court of Criminal Appeal, both of which are constituted by members of the Supreme Court, in the case of the Court of Appeal from those who have been commissioned as judges of appeal. The Supreme Court consists of 52 permanent judges, including the Chief Justice of New South Wales, presently Andrew Bell, the President of the Court of Appeal, 10 Judges of Appeal, the Chief Judge at Common Law, and the Chief Judge in Equity. The Supreme Court's central location is the Law Courts Building in Queen's Square, Sydney, New South Wales. History Background The first superior court of the Colony of New South Wales (known as the Supreme Court of Civil Judicature) was established by letters patent dated 2 April 1814, known as the Second Charter of Justice of New South Wales. That charter provided that there should be a Supreme Court constituted by a Judge appointed by the King's commission and two Magistrates. The charter also created the Governor's Court and the Lieutenant-Governor's Court. The jurisdiction of the Governor's Court and the Supreme Court extended to Van Diemen's Land (the former name for Tasmania). All three courts were concerned with civil matters only. Establishment Legislation to establish a new supreme court for both New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land was prepared in London by James Stephen, counsel to the Colonial Office, and Francis Forbes, Chief Justice of Newfoundland and Chief Justice-designate of New South Wales. The act was called an "Act to provide for the better administration of justice in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land and for the more effectual government thereof" and is numbered as 4 Geo. 4. c. 96. The statute was passed on 19 July 1823. In consequence of this legislation, letters patent establishing the New South Wales Supreme Court were sealed on 13 October 1823, and proclaimed in Sydney on 17 May 1824. They are known as the Third Charter of Justice of New South Wales. This charter provided that there should be a Chief Justice for the colony of New South Wales in the Island of New Holland (as the continent of Australia was then known), as well as other judges, a registrar, a prothonotary, a master, and a Keeper of Records and such other Officers as may be necessary for the administration of Justice in the colony. The charter also established the office of sheriff; gave precedence to the Chief Justice over all other subjects except the Governor (or acting Governor) of the colony; and allowed the Court to admit persons to be barristers, attorneys, proctors or solicitors as the case may be. Previously, a person had to be admitted as such in the United Kingdom. However, ex-convicts were not permitted to be admitted. In 1840, a Port Phillip division of the Court was created, consisting of a single Resident Judge, to exercise the court's jurisdiction in the Port Phillip District of the Colony of New South Wales. The division existed until 1852, when it was replaced by the Supreme Court of Victoria following the creation of the Colony of Victoria. Also in 1840, the Parliament of New South Wales established a separate equity division in the court. Limited jurisdiction in divorce cases was granted in 1873 and full Admiralty jurisdiction was added in 1911. The Supreme Court, in 1972, was one of the last Common Law jurisdictions in the world to fuse the administration of Equity and Common Law, although these continue as the historic names for the two divisions of the court. This process began in the United Kingdom with the passage of the Judicature Acts in 1873. Since 1930, three generations of the Street family have served New South Wales as Chief Justice. Supreme Court Judges Carolyn Simpson, Margaret Beazley and Virginia Bell made headlines in April 1999 when the three sat in the Court of Criminal Appeal in Sydney. The Judges threw out an appeal from a convicted computer hacker who had, out of "sheer maliciousness", been posting offensive messages on Ausnet's homepage. According to the Women Lawyers Association of NSW, there had never been an all-female bench in England or New Zealand at the time. Structure and jurisdiction The court now operates under the Constitution Act 1902 (NSW), the Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW), and the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), although provisions on the appointment and removal of judicial officers were incorporated into the state's Constitution in 1992. The court consists of 52 permanent judges, three Acting Judges of Appeal, two Acting Judges, and an Associate Judge. Permanent judges include the Chief Justice of New South Wales, the President of the Court of Appeal, eleven Judges of Appeal (one of whom is currently the Chief Judge at Common Law), the Chief Judge at Common Law and the Chief Judge in Equity, and 38 Puisne Judges. The Chief Judge in each trial division also sits in the Court of Appeal from time to time. Occasionally, puisne judges also sit in the Court of Appeal, though this is uncommon. The court hears very serious cases such as murder and treason, civil cases involving more than $750 000, and civil matters such as wills, injunctions, and admiralty. The court's work at first instance is divided between the Common Law Division, which hears civil, criminal and administrative law matters, and the Equity Division, which hears equity, probate, commercial, admiralty, and protective matters. The court includes the Court of Appeal and the Court of Criminal Appeal which hear appeals from the District Court and the Local Court and from single judges sitting in the Common Law or Equity Divisions. The Court of Appeal also hears appeals from the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales and a number of administrative tribunals. The Court of Appeal and the Court of Criminal Appeal are respectively the highest civil and criminal courts in the state. To appeal to the High Court of Australia from the Court of Appeal or the Court of Criminal Appeal, special leave must be granted by the High Court. Appeals from state supreme courts to the High Court are not limited to matters in which a federal question arises and the Constitution empowers the Federal Parliament to make laws vesting state courts with federal jurisdiction. The High Court of Australia can review decisions of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in relation to the common law and equitable jurisdictions of the court as well. The High Court of Australia has exercised this power on a number of occasions. Court buildings The Supreme Court of New South Wales was proclaimed in Sydney on 17 May 1824. Greenway Wing Main article: Greenway Wing (Supreme Court of New South Wales) Greenway Wing on King Street The inaugural Supreme Court building that is located on the corner of King Street and Elizabeth Street in the Sydney central business district, adjacent to what is now known as Queen's Square, was built between 1820 and 1828. The two-storey rectangular Georgian building, with an additional loggia and cornice added in 1868, was designed by Francis Greenway in 1819 under the direction of Governor Macquarie. This building is now called the Greenway Wing. Greenway was dismissed before the building was completed and its design was so modified by his successor, Standish Lawrence Harris, that the building barely resembles his original design. The building was occupied by the Supreme Court from 1827. In the 1860s James Barnet designed additions for the building including an arcaded loggia along the King Street façade and the new classical cornice and parapet for the roof, giving the structure a Victorian Italianate appearance. The building was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. Greenway was also responsible for designing the nearby Hyde Park Barracks, recorded on the UNESCO World Heritage List, and St James' Church, listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register. Old Registry Wing The Old Registry building, the second structure to house the Court, completed in 1862, looking east across Elizabeth Street. Main article: Old Registry Wing (Supreme Court of New South Wales) The second structure to house the Court is located immediately the southwest of the Greenway Wing on the corner of Elizabeth Street and St James Road. Designed by Government Architect Alexander Dawson, it is one of only two Government buildings which were designed in the Victorian Free Gothic style, the other being the nearby Land Titles Office. Built between 1859 and 1862 and listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999, the site is now known as the Old Registry Building. Barnet extended the Old Registry building in 1875 and 1886. Banco Court wing Main article: Banco Court (Supreme Court of New South Wales) Banco Road Court Designed by Walter Liberty Vernon and built between 1895 and 1896 in the Federation Free Classical style, the two-storey rich red brick Banco Court building was the third location of the Supreme Court. The Banco Wing is located to the east of the Old Registry building on St James Road and south of the Greenway Wing and makes little reference to the earlier buildings in either style or detailing. The interior of the courtroom has aesthetic significance and is said to be modelled on St Stephen's Court in Dublin. The court building is located in St James' Road, opposite the north-western edge of Hyde Park. Although in some sources it is referred to as "Banco Road Court", the origin of this alternative name is unknown - there is no Banco Road. Law Courts Building Main article: Law Courts Building, Sydney In 1976 the New South Wales Government completed construction of the Sydney Law Courts building, facing Queen's Square and bounded by Phillip Street and Macquarie Street. The 27-storey 33,000-square-metre (360,000 sq ft) building is owned by Law Courts Limited, a company whose shareholders comprise the Government of Australia and the Government of New South Wales. The building houses the High Court of Australia (when it sits in Sydney), the Federal Court of Australia and the NSW Supreme Court. The building was designed by architects McConnel Smith and Johnson and received an RAIA Merit Award in 1977 and stands as a strong, singular statement representative of its time and a product of the brutalist school of architecture. Refurbished in 2009 at a cost of A$214 million, a range of sustainability measures were implemented to extend the life and amenity of the building. Judges For a more comprehensive list, see List of Judges of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. The current judges serving on the Court as of April 2020, and the dates of their appointment, are listed below. Name Position Appointmentcommenced Appointmentended Term in office Comments Notes Andrew Bell Chief Justice 5 March 2022 2 years, 102 days President of the Court of Appeal (2019–2022) Julie Ward President of the Court of Appeal 5 March 2022 2 years, 102 days Chief Judge in Equity (2017–2022) John Basten Judge of Appeal 2 May 2005 19 years, 44 days Robert Macfarlan 8 September 2008 15 years, 281 days Anthony Meagher 10 August 2011 12 years, 310 days Fabian Gleeson 29 April 2013 11 years, 47 days Mark Leeming 3 June 2013 11 years, 12 days Anthony Payne 30 March 2016 8 years, 77 days Richard White 15 March 2017 7 years, 92 days Judge 27 April 2004 20 years, 49 days Paul Brereton AM, RFD Judge of Appeal 23 August 2018 5 years, 297 days Judge 15 August 2005 18 years, 305 days Anna Mitchelmore Judge of Appeal 28 March 2022 Robert Beech-Jones Chief Judge at Common LawJudge of Appeal 31 August 2021 2 years, 289 days David Hammerschlag Chief Judge in Equity 17 March 2022 2 years, 90 days Judge 30 January 2007 17 years, 137 days Carolyn Simpson Acting Judge of Appeal 30 March 2018 6 years, 77 days Judge of Appeal 11 June 2015 29 March 2018 2 years, 291 days Judge 22 December 1993 24 years, 97 days Michael Walton Judge 8 December 2016 25 years, 180 days Former Vice President & President of the Industrial Court of NSW(December 1998 - December 2016) Peter Johnson 1 February 2005 19 years, 135 days Stephen Rothman AM 3 May 2005 19 years, 43 days Derek Price AM 28 August 2006 17 years, 292 days Ian Harrison 12 February 2007 17 years, 124 days Elizabeth Fullerton 19 February 2007 17 years, 117 days Nigel Rein 5 May 2008 16 years, 41 days Judge of the District Court (2002 - 4 May 2008) Robert Hulme 2 March 2009 15 years, 105 days Michael Slattery 25 May 2009 15 years, 21 days Judge Advocate General (Australia) David Davies 29 June 2009 14 years, 352 days Michael Ball 13 April 2010 14 years, 63 days Peter Garling RFD 7 June 2010 14 years, 8 days John Sackar 1 February 2011 13 years, 135 days Ashley Black 4 July 2011 12 years, 347 days Christine Adamson 17 October 2011 12 years, 242 days Geoffrey Bellew 31 January 2012 12 years, 136 days James Stevenson 1 February 2012 12 years, 135 days Robert Beech-Jones 12 March 2012 12 years, 95 days Stephen Campbell 2 May 2012 12 years, 44 days Richard Button 12 June 2012 12 years, 3 days Geoff Lindsay 6 August 2012 11 years, 314 days Philip Hallen Judge 12 November 2012 11 years, 216 days Associate Judge 5 July 2010 11 November 2012 2 years, 129 days Francois Kunc Judge 8 April 2013 11 years, 68 days Stephen Robb 20 June 2013 10 years, 361 days Rowan Darke 16 August 2013 10 years, 304 days Robertson Wright 25 October 2013 10 years, 234 days Peter Hamill 29 April 2014 10 years, 47 days Helen Wilson 3 November 2014 9 years, 225 days Des Fagan 11 June 2015 9 years, 4 days Natalie Adams 5 April 2016 8 years, 71 days Julia Lonergan 21 March 2017 7 years, 86 days Guy Parker 6 April 2017 7 years, 70 days Kelly Rees 5 September 2018 5 years, 284 days Lea Armstrong 31 October 2018 5 years, 228 days Formerly the NSW Crown Solicitor, Appointed as President of the NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal Trish Henry 30 January 2019 5 years, 137 days Mark Ierace 31 January 2019 5 years, 136 days Richard Cavanagh 19 September 2019 4 years, 273 days Kate Williams 15 April 2020 4 years, 61 days Hament Dhanji 20 September 2021 2 years, 269 days Elisabeth Peden 6 April 2022 Monika Schmidt Acting Judge 3 February 2020 4 years Judge 27 July 2009 11 September 2019 10 years, 46 days Judge of the Industrial Court of NSW (1993–2009) Joanne Harrison Associate Judge 1997 26–27 years See also New South Wales portalLaw portal Chief Justice of New South Wales List of judges of the Supreme Court of New South Wales List of New South Wales courts and tribunals New South Wales Court of Appeal New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal NSW Law Reports President of the NSW Court of Appeal References ^ "Second Charter of Justice" (PDF). Transcribed from Historical Records of Australia. Founding Documents. 2 April 1814. Retrieved 22 October 2018. ^ "Supreme Court of New South Wales". www.records.nsw.gov.au. 19 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019. ^ "Third Charter of Justice". Historical Records of Australia. 13 October 1823. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2012. ^ Bennett, J. M. (1974). A History of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. Sydney: The Law Book Co. ISBN 0-455-19240-5. ^ Bennett, J. M. (2001). Sir William a'Beckett: First Chief Justice of Victoria 1852-1857. Leichhardt, New South Wales: The Federation Press. ISBN 1-86287-409-3. ^ Graham, Sally (26 May 2000). "Setting the Benchmark". Alumni news. Charles Sturt University. Archived from the original on 19 July 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2008. ^ "Media Watch" (PDF). Gazette. Sydney, NSW: The University of Sydney. 1999. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2008.. ^ "Sydney Supreme Court House (Old Court House)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00800. Retrieved 2 June 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "Sydney Supreme Courthouse (Old Supreme Court)". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment & Heritage. Retrieved 27 August 2018. ^ "UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes seven cultural sites on World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre website. United Nations. 31 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2017. ^ "Hyde Park Barracks". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00190. Retrieved 25 October 2017. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "St. James' Anglican Church". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01703. Retrieved 17 November 2013. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "Old Registry Office, Sydney Supreme Court House". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00801. Retrieved 27 August 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ Pearse , Stephen (30 July 2009). "Refit does justice to law courts". FM Magazine. Niche Media. Retrieved 27 August 2018. ^ "Judicial officer contract details". SupremeCourt.justice.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 22 February 2019. ^ "New Chief Justice of NSW". NSW Department of Communities and Justice. Retrieved 28 February 2022. ^ "New President of the Court of Appeal". NSW Department of Communities and Justice. Retrieved 28 February 2022. ^ "Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Fabian Gleeson". NSW Judicial Scholarship 13. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Mark James Leeming SC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 23. ^ a b Speakman M, NSW Attorney General (8 March 2017). "New NSW Supreme Court judges appointed". ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony Of The Honourable Richard Weeks White". NSW Judicial Scholarship 8. ^ Speakman, M Attorney-General (22 August 2018). "Justice Brereton to join the Court of Appeal" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2018. ^ a b Speakman, M Attorney-General (16 March 2022). "New appointmenbts to strengthen Supreme Court" (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2022. ^ "Media Release - Appointment of Beech-Jones CJ at CL". 11 August 2021. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. ^ "Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable David Jacob Hammerschlag". NSW Judicial Scholarship 1. ^ "Annual report 1998" (PDF). Industrial Relations Commission of NSW. ^ Justice Walton's service as an IRC judicial member counts towards his service as a Judge of the Supreme Court pursuant to Part 18 of Schedule 4 to the Industrial Relations Act 1996 as inserted by the Industrial Relations Amendment (Industrial Court) Act 2016 (NSW) ^ "Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Derek Michael Price". NSW Judicial Scholarship 12. ^ "Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Ian Gordon Harrison". NSW Judicial Scholarship 3. ^ "Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Elizabeth Fullerton SC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 2. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Nigel Rein". NSW Judicial Scholarship 11. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Robert Hulme". NSW Judicial Scholarship 5. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Michael Slattery QC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 9. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable David Davies SC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 10. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Michael Ball". NSW Judicial Scholarship 14. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Peter Garling RFD SC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 13. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable John Sackar QC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 2. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Ashley Black". NSW Judicial Scholarship 20. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Christine Adamson SC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 34. ^ a b Smith, G NSW Attorney-General (8 December 2011). "Judicial Appointments for NSW" (PDF). ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Geoffrey Bellew". NSW Judicial Scholarship 3. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable James Stevenson". NSW Judicial Scholarship 8. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Robert Beech-Jones". NSW Judicial Scholarship 15. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Stephen Campbell". NSW Judicial Scholarship 23. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Richard Button". NSW Judicial Scholarship 25. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Geoffrey Charles Lindsay". NSW Judicial Scholarship 31. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Phillip Hallen SC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 15. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Francois Kunc SC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 14. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Stephen Robb QC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 20. ^ "Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Rowan James Hunter Darke SC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 28. ^ "Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Robertson Wright". NSW Judicial Scholarship 38. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Peter Hamill SC". NSW Judicial Scholarship 24. ^ Speakman, M Attorney-General (15 March 2017). "New NSW Supreme Court judge appointed" (PDF). ^ Speakman, M Attorney-General (22 August 2018). "Leading female silk elevated from bar to bench" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2018. ^ "Law Society congratulates Lea Armstrong". www.lawsociety.com.au. Retrieved 22 February 2019. ^ Speakman, M Attorney-General (5 December 2018). "New Supreme Court and Court of Appeal judges" (PDF). Retrieved 28 January 2019. ^ Speakman, M Attorney-General (21 December 2018). "Senior Public Defender joins the judiciary". Retrieved 28 January 2019. ^ a b Speakman, M Attorney-General (4 September 2019). "Senior barrister joins Supreme Court bench" (PDF). Retrieved 28 February 2020. ^ Speakman, M Attorney-General (1 April 2020). "Top female silk joins Supreme Court bench" (PDF). Retrieved 11 June 2020. ^ "Sydney silk to become Supreme Court judge". NSW Department of Communities and Justice. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ "Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Elisabeth Mary Peden as a Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales" (PDF). Supreme Court of New South Wales. 6 April 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2023. ^ Hatzistergos, J (2 July 2009). "Media Release: IR Judge appointed to NSW Supreme Court" (PDF). External links Media related to Supreme Court of New South Wales at Wikimedia Commons "First Charter of Justice" (PDF). Transcribed from Historical Records of Australia. 2 April 1787. Constitution Act 1902 (NSW), Part 9 The judiciary Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) "Supreme Court – Our History". Lawlink NSW. Retrieved 28 May 2005. Chief Justices of New South Wales – Law and History 2: LawlinkNSW Brief Overview of the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of New South Wales vteGovernment of New South WalesExecutive Monarch Governor Lieutenant-Governor Executive Council Premier Deputy Premier Attorney General Treasurer Leader in the Legislative Council Cabinet Entities Police Local Government Legislative Parliament Legislative Assembly Speaker Leader MPs Electoral districts Legislative Council President MLCs Opposition Leader Judicial Chief Justice Solicitor General Supreme Court District Court Local Court Other courts and tribunals Elections 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 By-elections Electoral Commission Caretaker government Political parties Labor Coalition Liberal National Greens Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Animal Justice Legalise Cannabis Liberal Democrats One Nation Other parties vteCourts of the Australian states and territoriesCommonwealth High Court Federal Court Federal Circuit and Family Court Court of Disputed Returns List of Commonwealth courts and tribunals New South Wales Supreme Court District Court Local Court List of New South Wales courts and tribunals Victoria Supreme Court County Court Magistrates' Court List of Victorian courts and tribunals Queensland Supreme Court District Court Magistrates' Court List of Queensland courts and tribunals Western Australia Supreme Court Family Court District Court Magistrates Court List of Western Australian courts and tribunals South Australia Supreme Court District Court Magistrates' Court List of South Australian courts and tribunals Tasmania Supreme Court Magistrates Court List of Tasmanian courts and tribunals Australian Capital Territory Supreme Court Magistrates Court List of Australian Capital Territory courts and tribunals Northern Territory Supreme Court Local Court List of Northern Territory courts and tribunals Norfolk Island Supreme Court Court of Petty Sessions Authority control databases National Australia People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)"},{"link_name":"criminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law"},{"link_name":"Australian court hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Court of Criminal Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Criminal_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Andrew Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bell_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Queen's Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Square,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sydney"}],"text":"Superior court of New South Wales, AustraliaThe Supreme Court of New South Wales is the highest state court of the Australian State of New South Wales. It has unlimited jurisdiction within the state in civil matters, and hears the most serious criminal matters. Whilst the Supreme Court is the highest New South Wales court in the Australian court hierarchy, an appeal by special leave can be made to the High Court of Australia.Matters of appeal can be submitted to the New South Wales Court of Appeal and Court of Criminal Appeal, both of which are constituted by members of the Supreme Court, in the case of the Court of Appeal from those who have been commissioned as judges of appeal.The Supreme Court consists of 52 permanent judges, including the Chief Justice of New South Wales, presently Andrew Bell, the President of the Court of Appeal, 10 Judges of Appeal, the Chief Judge at Common Law, and the Chief Judge in Equity.The Supreme Court's central location is the Law Courts Building in Queen's Square, Sydney, New South Wales.","title":"Supreme Court of New South Wales"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superior court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_court"},{"link_name":"Colony of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales#1788_British_settlement"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Civil Judicature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Civil_Judicature_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter"},{"link_name":"Van Diemen's Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The first superior court of the Colony of New South Wales (known as the Supreme Court of Civil Judicature) was established by letters patent dated 2 April 1814, known as the Second Charter of Justice of New South Wales. That charter provided that there should be a Supreme Court constituted by a Judge appointed by the King's commission and two Magistrates. The charter also created the Governor's Court and the Lieutenant-Governor's Court. The jurisdiction of the Governor's Court and the Supreme Court extended to Van Diemen's Land (the former name for Tasmania). All three courts were concerned with civil matters only.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"James Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stephen_(undersecretary)"},{"link_name":"Colonial Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Office"},{"link_name":"Francis Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Forbes"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"4 Geo. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Geo._4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice"},{"link_name":"New Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"registrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/registrar"},{"link_name":"prothonotary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothonotary"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(judiciary)"},{"link_name":"sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"barristers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"attorneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"proctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctor"},{"link_name":"solicitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales_for_the_District_of_Port_Phillip"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bennett_scnsw-4"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Colony of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bennett_%C3%A0_beckett-5"},{"link_name":"Parliament of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(law)"},{"link_name":"jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law"},{"link_name":"Common Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Law"},{"link_name":"Judicature Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicature_Acts"},{"link_name":"Street family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_family"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Simpson_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Beazley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Beazley"},{"link_name":"Virginia Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bell_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Court of Criminal Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Criminal_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alumninews-6"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"computer hacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette-7"}],"sub_title":"Establishment","text":"Legislation to establish a new supreme court for both New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land was prepared in London by James Stephen, counsel to the Colonial Office, and Francis Forbes, Chief Justice of Newfoundland and Chief Justice-designate of New South Wales. The act was called an \"Act to provide for the better administration of justice in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land and for the more effectual government thereof\" and is numbered as 4 Geo. 4. c. 96. The statute was passed on 19 July 1823.[3]In consequence of this legislation, letters patent establishing the New South Wales Supreme Court were sealed on 13 October 1823, and proclaimed in Sydney on 17 May 1824. They are known as the Third Charter of Justice of New South Wales.This charter provided that there should be a Chief Justice for the colony of New South Wales in the Island of New Holland (as the continent of Australia was then known), as well as other judges, a registrar, a prothonotary, a master, and a Keeper of Records and such other Officers as may be necessary for the administration of Justice in the colony.The charter also established the office of sheriff; gave precedence to the Chief Justice over all other subjects except the Governor (or acting Governor) of the colony; and allowed the Court to admit persons to be barristers, attorneys, proctors or solicitors as the case may be. Previously, a person had to be admitted as such in the United Kingdom. However, ex-convicts were not permitted to be admitted.In 1840, a Port Phillip division of the Court was created, consisting of a single Resident Judge, to exercise the court's jurisdiction in the Port Phillip District of the Colony of New South Wales.[4] The division existed until 1852, when it was replaced by the Supreme Court of Victoria following the creation of the Colony of Victoria.[5]Also in 1840, the Parliament of New South Wales established a separate equity division in the court. Limited jurisdiction in divorce cases was granted in 1873 and full Admiralty jurisdiction was added in 1911. The Supreme Court, in 1972, was one of the last Common Law jurisdictions in the world to fuse the administration of Equity and Common Law, although these continue as the historic names for the two divisions of the court. This process began in the United Kingdom with the passage of the Judicature Acts in 1873. Since 1930, three generations of the Street family have served New South Wales as Chief Justice.Supreme Court Judges Carolyn Simpson, Margaret Beazley and Virginia Bell made headlines in April 1999 when the three sat in the Court of Criminal Appeal in Sydney.[6] The Judges threw out an appeal from a convicted computer hacker who had, out of \"sheer maliciousness\", been posting offensive messages on Ausnet's homepage. According to the Women Lawyers Association of NSW, there had never been an all-female bench in England or New Zealand at the time.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution Act 1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ca1902188/"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court Act 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sca1970183/"},{"link_name":"Civil Procedure Act 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cpa2005167/"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Puisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisne"},{"link_name":"District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Local Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Land and Environment Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_and_Environment_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"federal question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_question"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Federal Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia"}],"text":"The court now operates under the Constitution Act 1902 (NSW), the Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW), and the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), although provisions on the appointment and removal of judicial officers were incorporated into the state's Constitution in 1992.The court consists of 52 permanent judges, three Acting Judges of Appeal, two Acting Judges, and an Associate Judge. Permanent judges include the Chief Justice of New South Wales, the President of the Court of Appeal, eleven Judges of Appeal (one of whom is currently the Chief Judge at Common Law), the Chief Judge at Common Law and the Chief Judge in Equity, and 38 Puisne Judges.The Chief Judge in each trial division also sits in the Court of Appeal from time to time. Occasionally, puisne judges also sit in the Court of Appeal, though this is uncommon.The court hears very serious cases such as murder and treason, civil cases involving more than $750 000, and civil matters such as wills, injunctions, and admiralty. The court's work at first instance is divided between the Common Law Division, which hears civil, criminal and administrative law matters, and the Equity Division, which hears equity, probate, commercial, admiralty, and protective matters. The court includes the Court of Appeal and the Court of Criminal Appeal which hear appeals from the District Court and the Local Court and from single judges sitting in the Common Law or Equity Divisions. The Court of Appeal also hears appeals from the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales and a number of administrative tribunals.The Court of Appeal and the Court of Criminal Appeal are respectively the highest civil and criminal courts in the state. To appeal to the High Court of Australia from the Court of Appeal or the Court of Criminal Appeal, special leave must be granted by the High Court.Appeals from state supreme courts to the High Court are not limited to matters in which a federal question arises and the Constitution empowers the Federal Parliament to make laws vesting state courts with federal jurisdiction. The High Court of Australia can review decisions of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in relation to the common law and equitable jurisdictions of the court as well. The High Court of Australia has exercised this power on a number of occasions.","title":"Structure and jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Supreme Court of New South Wales was proclaimed in Sydney on 17 May 1824.","title":"Court buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Street_Court_House,_Sydney.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greenway Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenway_Wing_(Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"King Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Sydney central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Queen's Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Square,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_non-residential_architectural_styles#Georgian"},{"link_name":"loggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggia"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"Francis Greenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Greenway"},{"link_name":"Governor Macquarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie"},{"link_name":"Standish Lawrence Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standish_Lawrence_Harris"},{"link_name":"James Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barnet"},{"link_name":"façade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"Victorian Italianate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_non-residential_architectural_styles#Victorian_Italianate"},{"link_name":"New South Wales State Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-800-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"St James' Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27_Church,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Greenway Wing","text":"Greenway Wing on King StreetThe inaugural Supreme Court building that is located on the corner of King Street and Elizabeth Street in the Sydney central business district, adjacent to what is now known as Queen's Square, was built between 1820 and 1828. The two-storey rectangular Georgian building, with an additional loggia and cornice added in 1868, was designed by Francis Greenway in 1819 under the direction of Governor Macquarie. This building is now called the Greenway Wing. Greenway was dismissed before the building was completed and its design was so modified by his successor, Standish Lawrence Harris, that the building barely resembles his original design. The building was occupied by the Supreme Court from 1827. In the 1860s James Barnet designed additions for the building including an arcaded loggia along the King Street façade and the new classical cornice and parapet for the roof, giving the structure a Victorian Italianate appearance. The building was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.[8][9]Greenway was also responsible for designing the nearby Hyde Park Barracks, recorded on the UNESCO World Heritage List, and St James' Church, listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register.[10][11][12]","title":"Court buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_Old_Registry_Office.JPG"},{"link_name":"Government Architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Architect"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Architect#Alexander_Dawson_(1856%E2%80%931862)"},{"link_name":"Victorian Free Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_non-residential_architectural_styles#Victorian_Free_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Land Titles Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar-General%27s_building"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Old Registry Wing","text":"The Old Registry building, the second structure to house the Court, completed in 1862, looking east across Elizabeth Street.The second structure to house the Court is located immediately the southwest of the Greenway Wing on the corner of Elizabeth Street and St James Road. Designed by Government Architect Alexander Dawson, it is one of only two Government buildings which were designed in the Victorian Free Gothic style, the other being the nearby Land Titles Office. Built between 1859 and 1862 and listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999, the site is now known as the Old Registry Building. Barnet extended the Old Registry building in 1875 and 1886.[13]","title":"Court buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_James_Road_Court_(Banco_Court)_NSW_Supreme_Court_20190104.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walter Liberty Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Liberty_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Federation Free Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_non-residential_architectural_styles#Federation_Free_Classical"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Sydney"}],"sub_title":"Banco Court wing","text":"Banco Road CourtDesigned by Walter Liberty Vernon and built between 1895 and 1896 in the Federation Free Classical style, the two-storey rich red brick Banco Court building was the third location of the Supreme Court. The Banco Wing is located to the east of the Old Registry building on St James Road and south of the Greenway Wing and makes little reference to the earlier buildings in either style or detailing. The interior of the courtroom has aesthetic significance and is said to be modelled on St Stephen's Court in Dublin. The court building is located in St James' Road, opposite the north-western edge of Hyde Park. Although in some sources it is referred to as \"Banco Road Court\", the origin of this alternative name is unknown - there is no Banco Road.","title":"Court buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phillip Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Macquarie Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Government of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Government of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Federal Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"RAIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"brutalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Law Courts Building","text":"In 1976 the New South Wales Government completed construction of the Sydney Law Courts building, facing Queen's Square and bounded by Phillip Street and Macquarie Street. The 27-storey 33,000-square-metre (360,000 sq ft) building is owned by Law Courts Limited, a company whose shareholders comprise the Government of Australia and the Government of New South Wales. The building houses the High Court of Australia (when it sits in Sydney), the Federal Court of Australia and the NSW Supreme Court. The building was designed by architects McConnel Smith and Johnson and received an RAIA Merit Award in 1977 and stands as a strong, singular statement representative of its time and a product of the brutalist school of architecture. Refurbished in 2009 at a cost of A$214 million, a range of sustainability measures were implemented to extend the life and amenity of the building.[14]","title":"Court buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Judges of the Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Judges of the Supreme Court of New South Wales.The current judges serving on the Court as of April 2020[update],[15] and the dates of their appointment, are listed below.","title":"Judges"}]	[{"image_text":"Greenway Wing on King Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King_Street_Court_House%2C_Sydney.jpg/220px-King_Street_Court_House%2C_Sydney.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Old Registry building, the second structure to house the Court, completed in 1862, looking east across Elizabeth Street.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1_Old_Registry_Office.JPG/220px-1_Old_Registry_Office.JPG"},{"image_text":"Banco Road Court","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/St_James_Road_Court_%28Banco_Court%29_NSW_Supreme_Court_20190104.jpg/220px-St_James_Road_Court_%28Banco_Court%29_NSW_Supreme_Court_20190104.jpg"}]	[{"title":"New South Wales portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_South_Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"Chief Justice of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_South_Wales"},{"title":"List of judges of the Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"title":"List of New South Wales courts and tribunals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_South_Wales_courts_and_tribunals"},{"title":"New South Wales Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal"},{"title":"New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Criminal_Appeal"},{"title":"NSW Law Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Law_Reports"},{"title":"President of the NSW Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_NSW_Court_of_Appeal"}]	[{"reference":"\"Second Charter of Justice\" (PDF). Transcribed from Historical Records of Australia. Founding Documents. 2 April 1814. Retrieved 22 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/tas1ii_doc_1814.pdf","url_text":"\"Second Charter of Justice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Records_of_Australia","url_text":"Historical Records of Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Court of New South Wales\". www.records.nsw.gov.au. 19 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/agency/23","url_text":"\"Supreme Court of New South Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Third Charter of Justice\". Historical Records of Australia. 13 October 1823. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070403174407/http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=71","url_text":"\"Third Charter of Justice\""},{"url":"http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=71","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, J. M. (1974). A History of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. Sydney: The Law Book Co. ISBN 0-455-19240-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-455-19240-5","url_text":"0-455-19240-5"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, J. M. (2001). Sir William a'Beckett: First Chief Justice of Victoria 1852-1857. Leichhardt, New South Wales: The Federation Press. ISBN 1-86287-409-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86287-409-3","url_text":"1-86287-409-3"}]},{"reference":"Graham, Sally (26 May 2000). \"Setting the Benchmark\". Alumni news. Charles Sturt University. Archived from the original on 19 July 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20050719214545/http://www.csu.edu.au/division/marketing/tms/T101/T101p13.htm","url_text":"\"Setting the Benchmark\""},{"url":"http://www.csu.edu.au/division/marketing/tms/T101/T101p13.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Media Watch\" (PDF). Gazette. Sydney, NSW: The University of Sydney. 1999. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228190226/http://www.usyd.edu.au/about/publication/gazette/oct99/pub/media_watch.pdf","url_text":"\"Media Watch\""},{"url":"http://www.usyd.edu.au/about/publication/gazette/oct99/pub/media_watch.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Supreme Court House (Old Court House)\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00800. Retrieved 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045639","url_text":"\"Sydney Supreme Court House (Old Court House)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Supreme Courthouse (Old Supreme Court)\". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment & Heritage. Retrieved 27 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.environment.nsw.gov.au/dpcheritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=3080013","url_text":"\"Sydney Supreme Courthouse (Old Supreme Court)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Environment_%26_Heritage","url_text":"Office of Environment & Heritage"}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes seven cultural sites on World Heritage List\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre website. United Nations. 31 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/642","url_text":"\"UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes seven cultural sites on World Heritage List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hyde Park Barracks\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00190. Retrieved 25 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045722","url_text":"\"Hyde Park Barracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"St. James' Anglican Church\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01703. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5054947","url_text":"\"St. James' Anglican Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Old Registry Office, Sydney Supreme Court House\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00801. Retrieved 27 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=35045200","url_text":"\"Old Registry Office, Sydney Supreme Court House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"Pearse , Stephen (30 July 2009). \"Refit does justice to law courts\". FM Magazine. Niche Media. Retrieved 27 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fmmagazine.com.au/sectors/refit-does-justice-to-law-courts/","url_text":"\"Refit does justice to law courts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judicial officer contract details\". SupremeCourt.justice.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 22 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/sco2_contactus/judicialcontacts/judicialcontacts.aspx","url_text":"\"Judicial officer contract details\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Chief Justice of NSW\". NSW Department of Communities and Justice. Retrieved 28 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dcj.nsw.gov.au/dcj/news-and-media/media-releases/2022/new-chief-justice-for-nsw.html","url_text":"\"New Chief Justice of NSW\""}]},{"reference":"\"New President of the Court of Appeal\". NSW Department of Communities and Justice. Retrieved 28 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dcj.nsw.gov.au/news-and-media/media-releases/2022/new-president-of-the-court-of-appeal.html","url_text":"\"New President of the Court of Appeal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Fabian Gleeson\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/13.html","url_text":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Fabian Gleeson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Mark James Leeming SC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/23.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Mark James Leeming SC\""}]},{"reference":"Speakman M, NSW Attorney General (8 March 2017). \"New NSW Supreme Court judges appointed\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2017/New-Supreme-court-judges0308-7633.aspx","url_text":"\"New NSW Supreme Court judges appointed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony Of The Honourable Richard Weeks White\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2004/3.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony Of The Honourable Richard Weeks White\""}]},{"reference":"Speakman, M Attorney-General (22 August 2018). \"Justice Brereton to join the Court of Appeal\" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Media%20Releases/2018/justice-brereton-to-join-court-of-appeal.pdf","url_text":"\"Justice Brereton to join the Court of Appeal\""}]},{"reference":"Speakman, M Attorney-General (16 March 2022). \"New appointmenbts to strengthen Supreme Court\" (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://inbrief.nswbar.asn.au/posts/7fe49807df877cb7bb81940d2e39602d/attachment/New%20Appointments%20for%20Supreme%20Court%20Media%20Release.pdf","url_text":"\"New appointmenbts to strengthen Supreme Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media Release - Appointment of Beech-Jones CJ at CL\". 11 August 2021. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210813005115/https://www.dcj.nsw.gov.au/news-and-media/media-releases/new-common-law-chief-appointed-to-supreme-court","url_text":"\"Media Release - Appointment of Beech-Jones CJ at CL\""},{"url":"https://www.dcj.nsw.gov.au/news-and-media/media-releases/new-common-law-chief-appointed-to-supreme-court","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable David Jacob Hammerschlag\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2007/1.html","url_text":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable David Jacob Hammerschlag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual report 1998\" (PDF). Industrial Relations Commission of NSW.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irc.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Pubn_Annual_Rpt_1998.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual report 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Derek Michael Price\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2006/12.html","url_text":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Derek Michael Price\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Ian Gordon Harrison\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2007/3.html","url_text":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Ian Gordon Harrison\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Elizabeth Fullerton SC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2007/2.html","url_text":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Elizabeth Fullerton SC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Nigel Rein\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2008/11.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Nigel Rein\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Robert Hulme\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2009/5.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Robert Hulme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Michael Slattery QC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2009/9.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Michael Slattery QC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable David Davies SC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2009/10.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable David Davies SC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Michael Ball\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2010/14.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Michael Ball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Peter Garling RFD SC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2010/13.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Peter Garling RFD SC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable John Sackar QC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2011/2.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable John Sackar QC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Ashley Black\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2011/20.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Ashley Black\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Christine Adamson SC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2011/34.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Christine Adamson SC\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, G NSW Attorney-General (8 December 2011). \"Judicial Appointments for NSW\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Media%20Releases/2011/081211_Judicial_Appointments_NSW.pdf","url_text":"\"Judicial Appointments for NSW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Geoffrey Bellew\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/3.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Geoffrey Bellew\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable James Stevenson\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/8.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable James Stevenson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Robert Beech-Jones\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/15.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Robert Beech-Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Stephen Campbell\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/23.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Stephen Campbell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Richard Button\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/25.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Richard Button\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Geoffrey Charles Lindsay\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/31.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Geoffrey Charles Lindsay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Phillip Hallen SC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2010/15.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Phillip Hallen SC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Francois Kunc SC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/14.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Francois Kunc SC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Stephen Robb QC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/20.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Stephen Robb QC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Rowan James Hunter Darke SC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/28.html","url_text":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Rowan James Hunter Darke SC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Robertson Wright\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/38.html","url_text":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Robertson Wright\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Peter Hamill SC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2014/24.html","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Peter Hamill SC\""}]},{"reference":"Speakman, M Attorney-General (15 March 2017). \"New NSW Supreme Court judge appointed\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Media%20Releases/2017/new-nsw-supreme-court-judge-appointed.pdf","url_text":"\"New NSW Supreme Court judge appointed\""}]},{"reference":"Speakman, M Attorney-General (22 August 2018). \"Leading female silk elevated from bar to bench\" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Media%20Releases/2018/leading-female-silk-elevated-from-bar-to-bench.pdf","url_text":"\"Leading female silk elevated from bar to bench\""}]},{"reference":"\"Law Society congratulates Lea Armstrong\". www.lawsociety.com.au. Retrieved 22 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lawsociety.com.au/advocacy-and-resources/news-and-media/Law-Society-congratulates-Lea-Armstrong","url_text":"\"Law Society congratulates Lea Armstrong\""}]},{"reference":"Speakman, M Attorney-General (5 December 2018). \"New Supreme Court and Court of Appeal judges\" (PDF). Retrieved 28 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://inbrief.nswbar.asn.au/posts/bb24741e67431b27a08039cbb344f38b/attachment/Mark%20Speakman%20med%20rel%20-%20Senior%20Public%20Defender%20joins%20the%20judiciary.pdf","url_text":"\"New Supreme Court and Court of Appeal judges\""}]},{"reference":"Speakman, M Attorney-General (21 December 2018). \"Senior Public Defender joins the judiciary\". Retrieved 28 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2018/new-supreme-court-and-court-of-appeal-judges.aspx","url_text":"\"Senior Public Defender joins the judiciary\""}]},{"reference":"Speakman, M Attorney-General (4 September 2019). \"Senior barrister joins Supreme Court bench\" (PDF). Retrieved 28 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Media%20Releases/2019/senior-barrister-joins-supreme-court-bench.pdf","url_text":"\"Senior barrister joins Supreme Court bench\""}]},{"reference":"Speakman, M Attorney-General (1 April 2020). \"Top female silk joins Supreme Court bench\" (PDF). Retrieved 11 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dcj.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/776771/top-female-silk-joins-supreme-court-bench.pdf","url_text":"\"Top female silk joins Supreme Court bench\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney silk to become Supreme Court judge\". NSW Department of Communities and Justice. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dcj.nsw.gov.au/dcj/news-and-media/media-releases/2021/sydney-silk-to-become-supreme-court-judge.html","url_text":"\"Sydney silk to become Supreme Court judge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Elisabeth Mary Peden as a Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales\" (PDF). Supreme Court of New South Wales. 6 April 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/Speeches/2022%20Speeches/Peden_20220406.pdf","url_text":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Elisabeth Mary Peden as a Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328104806/https://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/Speeches/2022%20Speeches/Peden_20220406.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hatzistergos, J (2 July 2009). \"Media Release: IR Judge appointed to NSW Supreme Court\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nswbar.asn.au/circulars/2009/july09/schmidt.pdf","url_text":"\"Media Release: IR Judge appointed to NSW Supreme Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Charter of Justice\" (PDF). Transcribed from Historical Records of Australia. 2 April 1787.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/nsw3ii_doc_1787.pdf","url_text":"\"First Charter of Justice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Records_of_Australia","url_text":"Historical Records of Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Court – Our History\". Lawlink NSW. Retrieved 28 May 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/supreme_court/ll_sc.nsf/pages/SCO_sprcrt_hist1","url_text":"\"Supreme Court – Our History\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales&params=33.868918_S_151.211628_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°52′08″S 151°12′42″E / 33.868918°S 151.211628°E / -33.868918; 151.211628"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales&params=33.868918_S_151.211628_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°52′08″S 151°12′42″E / 33.868918°S 151.211628°E / -33.868918; 151.211628"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales&params=33.868918_S_151.211628_E_","external_links_name":"33°52′08″S 151°12′42″E / 33.868918°S 151.211628°E / -33.868918; 151.211628"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ca1902188/","external_links_name":"Constitution Act 1902"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sca1970183/","external_links_name":"Supreme Court Act 1970"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cpa2005167/","external_links_name":"Civil Procedure Act 2005"},{"Link":"https://supremecourt.nsw.gov.au/","external_links_name":"supremecourt.nsw.gov.au"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ca1902188/","external_links_name":"Constitution Act 1902"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sca1970183/","external_links_name":"Supreme Court Act 1970"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cpa2005167/","external_links_name":"Civil Procedure Act 2005"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/tas1ii_doc_1814.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Second Charter of Justice\""},{"Link":"https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/agency/23","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court of New South Wales\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070403174407/http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=71","external_links_name":"\"Third Charter of Justice\""},{"Link":"http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=71","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20050719214545/http://www.csu.edu.au/division/marketing/tms/T101/T101p13.htm","external_links_name":"\"Setting the Benchmark\""},{"Link":"http://www.csu.edu.au/division/marketing/tms/T101/T101p13.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228190226/http://www.usyd.edu.au/about/publication/gazette/oct99/pub/media_watch.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Media Watch\""},{"Link":"http://www.usyd.edu.au/about/publication/gazette/oct99/pub/media_watch.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045639","external_links_name":"\"Sydney Supreme Court House (Old Court House)\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://apps.environment.nsw.gov.au/dpcheritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=3080013","external_links_name":"\"Sydney Supreme Courthouse (Old Supreme Court)\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/642","external_links_name":"\"UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes seven cultural sites on World Heritage List\""},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045722","external_links_name":"\"Hyde Park Barracks\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5054947","external_links_name":"\"St. James' Anglican Church\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=35045200","external_links_name":"\"Old Registry Office, Sydney Supreme Court House\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://www.fmmagazine.com.au/sectors/refit-does-justice-to-law-courts/","external_links_name":"\"Refit does justice to law courts\""},{"Link":"http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/sco2_contactus/judicialcontacts/judicialcontacts.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Judicial officer contract details\""},{"Link":"https://www.dcj.nsw.gov.au/dcj/news-and-media/media-releases/2022/new-chief-justice-for-nsw.html","external_links_name":"\"New Chief Justice of NSW\""},{"Link":"https://www.dcj.nsw.gov.au/news-and-media/media-releases/2022/new-president-of-the-court-of-appeal.html","external_links_name":"\"New President of the Court of Appeal\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/13.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Fabian Gleeson\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/23.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Mark James Leeming SC\""},{"Link":"http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2017/New-Supreme-court-judges0308-7633.aspx","external_links_name":"\"New NSW Supreme Court judges appointed\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2004/3.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony Of The Honourable Richard Weeks White\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Media%20Releases/2018/justice-brereton-to-join-court-of-appeal.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Justice Brereton to join the Court of Appeal\""},{"Link":"https://inbrief.nswbar.asn.au/posts/7fe49807df877cb7bb81940d2e39602d/attachment/New%20Appointments%20for%20Supreme%20Court%20Media%20Release.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New appointmenbts to strengthen Supreme Court\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210813005115/https://www.dcj.nsw.gov.au/news-and-media/media-releases/new-common-law-chief-appointed-to-supreme-court","external_links_name":"\"Media Release - Appointment of Beech-Jones CJ at CL\""},{"Link":"https://www.dcj.nsw.gov.au/news-and-media/media-releases/new-common-law-chief-appointed-to-supreme-court","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2007/1.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable David Jacob Hammerschlag\""},{"Link":"http://www.irc.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Pubn_Annual_Rpt_1998.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Annual report 1998\""},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/num_act/iraca2016n48538/","external_links_name":"Industrial Relations Amendment (Industrial Court) Act 2016"},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2006/12.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Derek Michael Price\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2007/3.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Ian Gordon Harrison\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2007/2.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Elizabeth Fullerton SC\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2008/11.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Nigel Rein\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2009/5.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Robert Hulme\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2009/9.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Michael Slattery QC\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2009/10.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable David Davies SC\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2010/14.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Michael Ball\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2010/13.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Peter Garling RFD SC\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2011/2.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable John Sackar QC\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2011/20.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Ashley Black\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2011/34.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Christine Adamson SC\""},{"Link":"http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Media%20Releases/2011/081211_Judicial_Appointments_NSW.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Judicial Appointments for NSW\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/3.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Geoffrey Bellew\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/8.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable James Stevenson\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/15.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Robert Beech-Jones\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/23.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Stephen Campbell\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/25.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Richard Button\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2012/31.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Geoffrey Charles Lindsay\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2010/15.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Phillip Hallen SC\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/14.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Francois Kunc SC\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/20.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Stephen Robb QC\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/28.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Rowan James Hunter Darke SC\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2013/38.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing in Ceremony of the Honourable Justice Robertson Wright\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2014/24.html","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Peter Hamill SC\""},{"Link":"http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Media%20Releases/2017/new-nsw-supreme-court-judge-appointed.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New NSW Supreme Court judge appointed\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Media%20Releases/2018/leading-female-silk-elevated-from-bar-to-bench.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Leading female silk elevated from bar to bench\""},{"Link":"https://www.lawsociety.com.au/advocacy-and-resources/news-and-media/Law-Society-congratulates-Lea-Armstrong","external_links_name":"\"Law Society congratulates Lea Armstrong\""},{"Link":"https://inbrief.nswbar.asn.au/posts/bb24741e67431b27a08039cbb344f38b/attachment/Mark%20Speakman%20med%20rel%20-%20Senior%20Public%20Defender%20joins%20the%20judiciary.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Supreme Court and Court of Appeal judges\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2018/new-supreme-court-and-court-of-appeal-judges.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Senior Public Defender joins the judiciary\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Media%20Releases/2019/senior-barrister-joins-supreme-court-bench.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Senior barrister joins Supreme Court bench\""},{"Link":"https://www.dcj.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/776771/top-female-silk-joins-supreme-court-bench.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Top female silk joins Supreme Court bench\""},{"Link":"https://dcj.nsw.gov.au/dcj/news-and-media/media-releases/2021/sydney-silk-to-become-supreme-court-judge.html","external_links_name":"\"Sydney silk to become Supreme Court judge\""},{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/Speeches/2022%20Speeches/Peden_20220406.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Swearing-In Ceremony of the Honourable Elisabeth Mary Peden as a Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328104806/https://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/Speeches/2022%20Speeches/Peden_20220406.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nswbar.asn.au/circulars/2009/july09/schmidt.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Media Release: IR Judge appointed to NSW Supreme Court\""},{"Link":"http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/nsw3ii_doc_1787.pdf","external_links_name":"\"First Charter of Justice\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/maintop/view/inforce/act+32+1902+cd+0+N","external_links_name":"Constitution Act 1902 (NSW)"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/maintop/view/inforce/act+52+1970+cd+0+N","external_links_name":"Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW)"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/maintop/view/inforce/act+28+2005+cd+0+N","external_links_name":"Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW)"},{"Link":"http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/supreme_court/ll_sc.nsf/pages/SCO_sprcrt_hist1","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court – Our History\""},{"Link":"http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/history/lah.nsf/pages/cj_index","external_links_name":"Chief Justices of New South Wales – Law and History 2: LawlinkNSW"},{"Link":"http://www.legallawyers.com.au/legal-topics/litigation/supreme-court-of-new-south-wales/","external_links_name":"Brief Overview of the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of New South Wales"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35382229","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/510326","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeev_Sivan	Sanjeev Sivan	["1 Family","2 Career","3 Awards","3.1 State awards","3.2 National awards","3.3 Other awards","3.4 International awards","4 Filmography","4.1 Feature films","4.2 Documentaries","5 References"]	Indian film director and screenwriter Sanjeev SivanBornHaripad, Kerala, IndiaNationalityIndianAlma materNew York UniversityOccupationsFilm directorfilm producerwriterSpouseDeepti Pillay SivanRelativesSangeeth Sivan (brother), Santhosh Sivan (brother) Sanjeev Sivan is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in the Malayalam and Hindi film industries. He is best known for directing the 2004 Malayalam film Aparichithan starring Mammootty. Family Sanjeev Sivan is the youngest son of national award-winning filmmaker Sivan. His brothers Santosh Sivan and Sangeeth Sivan also work in the film industry. Career He started his career as an executive producer of his father's national and state award-winning feature films, namely Johny and Abhayam. In 2004 he directed the movie Aparichithan and in 2014 he directed Venalodungathe starring national award-winning actors Salim Kumar and Seema Biswas in lead roles based on real life incidents. The movie also won an Ammonite Award at the 6th Hidden Gems Film Festival-2014, Calgary, Canada. After Aparichithan, Sivan directed around 30 short films and 75 documentaries, which earned him international film awards. He has also directed documentaries for the National Geographic Channel, and won an award from the Ecofilms festival 2010 in Greece. He has directed documentaries for Discovery Channel and Al Jazeera. Sanjeev was a jury member for the 57th National Film Awards and the Indian Documentary Producers Association (IDPA) Film Awards. He is the recipient of Karamveer Puraskar - 2015. Awards State awards As executive producer: Johny - won Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film Abhayam - won Best Children's Film at the Kerala State Film Awards Keshu - won Best Children's Film at the Kerala State Film Awards National awards As executive producer: Abhayam - won Best Children's Film at the National Film Awards Abhayam - won Best Children's Film at the Indian Panorama Keshu - won Best Children's Film at the National Film Awards Keshu - won the Indian Panorama for Best Children's Film Other awards As director: Achtung Baby, a film on Indo-Aryan race - selected at the Indian Panorama Conferred "Karamveer Puraskar" for his contribution to Indian cinema and documentary space Underground Inferno - won Best Environmental Film at the International Film Festival of India Goa 2010 International awards As executive producer: Oru Yatra Fipresci - award at the Hong Kong International Film Festival Abhayam - won Best Children's Film at the International Children's Film Festival of India As director: Underground Inferno - won Best Environmental film at Ecofilms Rodos International Films and Visual Arts Festival, Greece Venalodungathe - Ammonite Award at the 6th Hidden Gems Film Festival 2014, Calgary, Canada Filmography Feature films Year Film Language Credited as Notes Director Writer Producer 1991 Abhayam Malayalam N N Y As executive producer 1993 Johny Malayalam N N Y As executive producer 2004 Aparichithan Malayalam Y Y N Directorial debut 2009 Keshu Malayalam N N Y As executive producer 2012 Venalodungathe Malayalam Y Y N Director Documentaries Year Film Language Credited as Notes Director Writer Producer 2009 Underground Inferno English Y N N Director 2007 The Achtung Baby English Y N N Director 2010 After Life English Y N N Director References ^ "Explosive issue". India Today. ^ "I have developed a distaste for the commercial filmmaking process : says Sanjeev Sivan". Times of India. ^ "Sanjeev Sivan's next is ready". Times of India. ^ "Sanjeev Sivan rues dearth of sensible Malayalam film producers". India Forums. ^ "Kerala couple's next battle: Finding a surrogate". Hindustan Times. ^ "Sanjeev Sivan bags award in Greece". New Indian Express. ^ "Sanjeev Sivan". nettv4u. ^ "Director of Indian drama, Endless Summer, to screen film at Calgary's Hidden Gems film fest". Calgary Herald. ^ "57th National Film Awards 2009". iffi. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. ^ "Selected for Karmaveer Award". Indian Express. ^ "Sanjeev Sivan bags award in Greece". New Indian Express. ^ "In Pictures: The last Aryans". Aljazeera. ^ "Sanjeev Sivans next is ready". Times of India. This biographical article related to film in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aparichithan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparichithan"},{"link_name":"Mammootty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammootty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sanjeev Sivan is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in the Malayalam and Hindi film industries. He is best known for directing the 2004 Malayalam film Aparichithan starring Mammootty.[2]","title":"Sanjeev Sivan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivan_(Cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"Santosh Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santosh_Sivan"},{"link_name":"Sangeeth Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeeth_Sivan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sanjeev Sivan is the youngest son of national award-winning filmmaker Sivan. His brothers Santosh Sivan and Sangeeth Sivan also work in the film industry.[citation needed]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johny_(film)"},{"link_name":"Abhayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhayam_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Aparichithan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparichithan"},{"link_name":"Salim Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Seema Biswas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seema_Biswas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"57th National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"He started his career as an executive producer of his father's national and state award-winning feature films, namely Johny and Abhayam. In 2004 he directed the movie Aparichithan and in 2014 he directed Venalodungathe starring national award-winning actors Salim Kumar and Seema Biswas in lead roles based on real life incidents.[3][4][5] The movie also won an Ammonite Award at the 6th Hidden Gems Film Festival-2014, Calgary, Canada.After Aparichithan, Sivan directed around 30 short films and 75 documentaries, which earned him international film awards. He has also directed documentaries for the National Geographic Channel, and won an award from the Ecofilms festival 2010 in Greece.[6] He has directed documentaries for Discovery Channel and Al Jazeera.[7][8]Sanjeev was a jury member for the 57th National Film Awards[9] and the Indian Documentary Producers Association (IDPA) Film Awards. He is the recipient of Karamveer Puraskar - 2015.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"State awards","text":"As executive producer:Johny - won Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film\nAbhayam - won Best Children's Film at the Kerala State Film Awards\nKeshu - won Best Children's Film at the Kerala State Film Awards","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"National awards","text":"As executive producer:Abhayam - won Best Children's Film at the National Film Awards\nAbhayam - won Best Children's Film at the Indian Panorama\nKeshu - won Best Children's Film at the National Film Awards\nKeshu - won the Indian Panorama for Best Children's Film","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other awards","text":"As director:Achtung Baby, a film on Indo-Aryan race - selected at the Indian Panorama\nConferred \"Karamveer Puraskar\" for his contribution to Indian cinema and documentary space\nUnderground Inferno - won Best Environmental Film at the International Film Festival of India Goa 2010","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International awards","text":"As executive producer:Oru Yatra Fipresci - award at the Hong Kong International Film Festival\nAbhayam - won Best Children's Film at the International Children's Film Festival of IndiaAs director:Underground Inferno - won Best Environmental film at Ecofilms Rodos International Films and Visual Arts Festival, Greece\nVenalodungathe - Ammonite Award at the 6th Hidden Gems Film Festival 2014, Calgary, Canada","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Feature films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Documentaries","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Explosive issue\". India Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/web-exclusive/story/20070924-explosive-issue-734038-2007-09-17","url_text":"\"Explosive issue\""}]},{"reference":"\"I have developed a distaste for the commercial filmmaking process : says Sanjeev Sivan\". Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-have-developed-a-distaste-for-the-commercial-filmmakingprocess-says-Sanjeev-Sivan/articleshow/28052771.cms","url_text":"\"I have developed a distaste for the commercial filmmaking process : says Sanjeev Sivan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanjeev Sivan's next is ready\". Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sanjeev-Sivans-next-is-ready/articleshow/17323104.cms","url_text":"\"Sanjeev Sivan's next is ready\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanjeev Sivan rues dearth of sensible Malayalam film producers\". India Forums.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiaforums.com/article/sanjeev-sivan-rues-dearth-of-sensible-malayalam-film-producers_40414","url_text":"\"Sanjeev Sivan rues dearth of sensible Malayalam film producers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala couple's next battle: Finding a surrogate\". Hindustan Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kerala-couple-s-next-battle-finding-a-surrogate/story-2alOmKJSZvPKfOBUO4ULHJ.html","url_text":"\"Kerala couple's next battle: Finding a surrogate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanjeev Sivan bags award in Greece\". New Indian Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2010/jul/01/sanjeev-sivan-bags-award-in-greece-166033.html","url_text":"\"Sanjeev Sivan bags award in Greece\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanjeev Sivan\". nettv4u.","urls":[{"url":"https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/director/sanjeev-sivan","url_text":"\"Sanjeev Sivan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Director of Indian drama, Endless Summer, to screen film at Calgary's Hidden Gems film fest\". Calgary Herald.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/movie-guide/director+indian+drama+endless+summer+screen+film+calgary+hidden+gems+film/9872351/story.html","url_text":"\"Director of Indian drama, Endless Summer, to screen film at Calgary's Hidden Gems film fest\""}]},{"reference":"\"57th National Film Awards 2009\". iffi. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104162233/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm57NFAAward.aspx","url_text":"\"57th National Film Awards 2009\""},{"url":"http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm57NFAAward.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Selected for Karmaveer Award\". Indian Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/feb/17/selected-for-karmaveer-award-718412.html","url_text":"\"Selected for Karmaveer Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanjeev Sivan bags award in Greece\". New Indian Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2010/jul/01/sanjeev-sivan-bags-award-in-greece-166033.html","url_text":"\"Sanjeev Sivan bags award in Greece\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Pictures: The last Aryans\". Aljazeera.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/06/pictures-last-aryans-201462383426222465.html","url_text":"\"In Pictures: The last Aryans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanjeev Sivans next is ready\". Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sanjeev-Sivans-next-is-ready/articleshow/17323104.cms","url_text":"\"Sanjeev Sivans next is ready\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/web-exclusive/story/20070924-explosive-issue-734038-2007-09-17","external_links_name":"\"Explosive issue\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-have-developed-a-distaste-for-the-commercial-filmmakingprocess-says-Sanjeev-Sivan/articleshow/28052771.cms","external_links_name":"\"I have developed a distaste for the commercial filmmaking process : says Sanjeev Sivan\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sanjeev-Sivans-next-is-ready/articleshow/17323104.cms","external_links_name":"\"Sanjeev Sivan's next is ready\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiaforums.com/article/sanjeev-sivan-rues-dearth-of-sensible-malayalam-film-producers_40414","external_links_name":"\"Sanjeev Sivan rues dearth of sensible Malayalam film producers\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kerala-couple-s-next-battle-finding-a-surrogate/story-2alOmKJSZvPKfOBUO4ULHJ.html","external_links_name":"\"Kerala couple's next battle: Finding a surrogate\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2010/jul/01/sanjeev-sivan-bags-award-in-greece-166033.html","external_links_name":"\"Sanjeev Sivan bags award in Greece\""},{"Link":"https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/director/sanjeev-sivan","external_links_name":"\"Sanjeev Sivan\""},{"Link":"http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/movie-guide/director+indian+drama+endless+summer+screen+film+calgary+hidden+gems+film/9872351/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Director of Indian drama, Endless Summer, to screen film at Calgary's Hidden Gems film fest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104162233/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm57NFAAward.aspx","external_links_name":"\"57th National Film Awards 2009\""},{"Link":"http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm57NFAAward.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/feb/17/selected-for-karmaveer-award-718412.html","external_links_name":"\"Selected for Karmaveer Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2010/jul/01/sanjeev-sivan-bags-award-in-greece-166033.html","external_links_name":"\"Sanjeev Sivan bags award in Greece\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/06/pictures-last-aryans-201462383426222465.html","external_links_name":"\"In Pictures: The last Aryans\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sanjeev-Sivans-next-is-ready/articleshow/17323104.cms","external_links_name":"\"Sanjeev Sivans next is ready\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjeev_Sivan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudworth_railway_station	Cudworth railway station	["1 History","2 Accidents and incidents","3 References"]	Coordinates: 53°34′08″N 1°25′22″W / 53.56894°N 1.42273°W / 53.56894; -1.42273Disused railway station in South Yorkshire, England CudworthPush-and-pull from Barnsley in 1951General informationLocationCudworth, BarnsleyEnglandCoordinates53°34′08″N 1°25′22″W / 53.56894°N 1.42273°W / 53.56894; -1.42273Grid referenceSE383081Platforms5Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryOriginal companyNorth Midland RailwayPre-groupingMidland RailwayPost-groupingLondon, Midland and Scottish RailwayKey dates1 July 1840Station opened as Barnsley1 August 1854renamed Cudworth for Barnsleycirca 1854new station1 May 1870renamed Cudworth1 January 1968Station closed Railway Clearing House diagram of lines around Cudworth in 1911 The Midland main lines at Wath Road Junction in 1957 Cudworth railway station (English: /ˈkʊdɜːrθ/) was a railway station that served Cudworth, South Yorkshire, England. History The station was built by the North Midland Railway and opened in 1840. It was originally called Barnsley and is referred to in Allens Guide as Barnsley Station at Cudworth Bridge. – Omnibus to Barnsley 2+1⁄2 miles on the left. Roughly 2 miles (3.2 km) further north, was the line's first crossing of the Barnsley Canal. In 1885 the station was extended with an extra platform for the Hull and Barnsley Railway, which passed through but was not connected to the Midland system until the next century. The station closed to passengers in 1968. In 1988 the line from Wath Road Junction to Cudworth was closed due to mining subsidence. Accidents and incidents In 1843 a North Midland Railway luggage train collided with the rear of a stationary train in fog. On 19 January 1905, once again in fog, a Midland Railway express passenger train overran signals and collided with a passenger train. Seven people were killed. Preceding station Historical railways Following station DarfieldLine closed; station closed Midland RailwayNorth Midland Railway Royston and NottonLine closed; station closed References ^ Butt, R.V.J., (1995) The Directory of Railway Stations, Yeovil: Patrick Stephens ^ Allen, R. (1842), The North Midland Railway Guide Nottingham: R. Allen ^ Pixton, B., (2000) North Midland: Portrait of a Famous Route, Cheltenham: Runpast Publishing ^ Earnshaw, Alan (1991). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 9. ISBN 0-906899-50-8.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bierley,_Cudworth,_Monk_Bretton,_Nostell,_Shafton_%26_Stairfoot_RJD_109.jpg"},{"link_name":"Railway Clearing House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Clearing_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wath_Road_Junction_geograph-2178423.jpg"},{"link_name":"/ˈkʊdɜːrθ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cudworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudworth,_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Disused railway station in South Yorkshire, EnglandRailway Clearing House diagram of lines around Cudworth in 1911The Midland main lines at Wath Road Junction in 1957Cudworth railway station (English: /ˈkʊdɜːrθ/) was a railway station that served Cudworth, South Yorkshire, England.","title":"Cudworth railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Barnsley Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_Canal"},{"link_name":"Hull and Barnsley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_and_Barnsley_Railway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The station was built by the North Midland Railway and opened in 1840. It was originally called Barnsley and is referred to in Allens Guide[2] as Barnsley Station at Cudworth Bridge. – Omnibus to Barnsley 2+1⁄2 miles on the left.Roughly 2 miles (3.2 km) further north, was the line's first crossing of the Barnsley Canal.In 1885 the station was extended with an extra platform for the Hull and Barnsley Railway, which passed through but was not connected to the Midland system until the next century.[3]The station closed to passengers in 1968. In 1988 the line from Wath Road Junction to Cudworth was closed due to mining subsidence.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Earnshaw7-4"}],"text":"In 1843 a North Midland Railway luggage train collided with the rear of a stationary train in fog.\nOn 19 January 1905, once again in fog, a Midland Railway express passenger train overran signals and collided with a passenger train. Seven people were killed.[4]","title":"Accidents and incidents"}]	[{"image_text":"Railway Clearing House diagram of lines around Cudworth in 1911","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bierley%2C_Cudworth%2C_Monk_Bretton%2C_Nostell%2C_Shafton_%26_Stairfoot_RJD_109.jpg/220px-Bierley%2C_Cudworth%2C_Monk_Bretton%2C_Nostell%2C_Shafton_%26_Stairfoot_RJD_109.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Midland main lines at Wath Road Junction in 1957","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wath_Road_Junction_geograph-2178423.jpg/275px-Wath_Road_Junction_geograph-2178423.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Earnshaw, Alan (1991). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 9. ISBN 0-906899-50-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906899-50-8","url_text":"0-906899-50-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cudworth_railway_station&params=53.56894_N_1.42273_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB","external_links_name":"53°34′08″N 1°25′22″W / 53.56894°N 1.42273°W / 53.56894; -1.42273"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cudworth_railway_station&params=53.56894_N_1.42273_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB","external_links_name":"53°34′08″N 1°25′22″W / 53.56894°N 1.42273°W / 53.56894; -1.42273"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cudworth_railway_station&params=53.568118_N_1.423164_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=SE383081","external_links_name":"SE383081"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bootneck_Boy	The Bootneck Boy	["1 Creation","2 Publishing history","3 Plot summary","4 Reception","5 References"]	British comic book story "The Bootneck Boy"The cover to the 10 April 1976 edition of Battle Picture Weekly, featuring Danny Budd of "The Bootneck Boy".PublisherIPC MagazinesPublication date8 March 1975 – 12 November 1977Genre War Title(s)Battle Picture Weekly8 March 1975 to 12 November 1977Main character(s)Danny BuddCreative teamWriter(s)Ian McDonaldGerry Finley-DayJohn WagnerArtist(s)Juan GiraltEditor(s)Dave Hunt "The Bootneck Boy" is a British comic war story published in the weekly anthology Battle Picture Weekly from 8 March 1975 to 12 November 1977 by IPC Magazines. Set during World War II, the story follows Danny Budd, a youth from the fictional Northern England town of Tynecastle as he strives to join the Royal Marines. Creation See also: Battle Picture Weekly § Creation Having been hired by IPC Magazines to create the new anthology Battle Picture Weekly in 1974, freelancer writers Pat Mills and John Wagner both had mixed feelings about writing a war comic, and as a result tried to take a more realistic approach with working class heroes as protagonists. They recruited fellow freelancer Gerry Finley-Day, having had good experiences working with him on IPC's line of girls' comics. Battle assistant editor Steve MacManus recalled Finley-Day being an important sounding board for Mills and Wagner. All three had worked for rival DC Thomson, and Finley-Day took inspiration from Alf Tupper, the working class athlete who starred in sports strip "The Tough of the Track" in the Scottish company's long-running Victor. Finley-Day would work with Ian McDonald on the story, while Spaniard Juan Giralt handled art duties. Publishing history The first episode of "The Bootneck Boy" appeared in the debut issue of Battle Picture Weekly, dated 8 March 1975. McDonald wrote the first two weekly episodes before Finley-Day took over as writer for two weeks before the next two episodes were written by Wagner, after which Finley-Day returned and remained on the strip until it finished. He would later name "The Bootneck Boy" as his favourite strip to work on for Battle. The story was popular with Battle readers, and would run until the 12 November 1977 edition, when it finally made way to accommodate incoming stories from the comic's merger with Action. "The Bootneck Boy"'s first episode was reprinted by Egmont Publishing in a 2009 Classic Comics special edition of Battle Picture Weekly. Since 2016, the rights to the story have been owned by Rebellion Developments. Plot summary Danny Budd is rejected by the Royal Marines due to his lack of height. An orphan, he lives with his sneering Uncle Fred and oafish cousin Ron in Northern town Tynecastle. Danny works as an underappreciated role as assistant to Fred's coal delivery business, and longs to be a Bootneck like his late father. After being spotted in a scuffle by a Marines recruiting officer, Danny is signed up. While his small stature makes him the butt of jokes his determination and courage soon shine through, especially when defending the barracks from a Luftwaffe raid. Despite further clashes with Fred, Ron and a brash company of Rangers deployed to the town he successfully completes training, and is deployed to the 1942 landings in North Africa. Danny is later selected for SBS missions in the Aegean Sea and fighting along partisans on Crete and in raids in Yugoslavia. Later his unit were selected to work with Soviet marines in the Black Sea, fighting in the Crimea over the winter of 1943. In 1944 he was assigned to special unit Striker Force for the Anzio landings; Danny was injured during the battle and sent on leave in Britain, ending up foiling an escape by German prisoners-of-war. He was later assigned to the Normandy landings force, coming ashore at Juno Beach. Danny fought in the Liberation of Paris and the push to Antwerp. Later in the year he was seconded to the United States Marine Corps, where he made fast friends with Moose Malloy, before being seriously injured fighting the Japanese in Burma in January 1945. After VJ Day, Danny and Moose set up a boxing gym in New York. Reception The Guardian humorously compared Budd's difficulties in making the grade as a Royal Maine with those of Prince Edward, while Graham Kibble-White likened the story to kitchen sink realism. References ^ a b c Bishop, David (26 August 2003). "None But The Brave". Judge Dredd Megazine. No. 209. Rebellion Developments. ^ Comic Book Punks: How a Generation of Brits Reinvented Pop Culture. Rebellion Publishing. 21 November 2023. ISBN 9781786189837. ^ The Mighty One: Life in the Nerve Centre. 2000 AD Books. 7 September 2016. ISBN 9781786180544. ^ Holland, Steve (2002). The Fleetway Companion. Rotherham: CJ & Publication. ^ Berridge, Ed (9 December 2008). "Gerry Finley-Day: The Quiet Man". Judge Dredd Megazine. No. 278. Rebellion Developments. ^ Bishop, David (23 September 2003). "They Were Expendable". Judge Dredd Megazine. No. 210. Rebellion Developments. ^ Loveday, Samantha (24 March 2009). "Egmont bringing back mag classics". Licensing.biz. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ "The Return of the IPC Youth Group". 11 September 2019. ^ "Rebellion Buys Fleetway Archive - Roy Of The Rovers, Oink, Tammy, Battle, Whizzer And Chips And More". bleedingcool.com. 25 August 2016. ^ Ian McDonald, Gerry Finley-Day, John Wagner (w), Juan Giralt (a). "The Bootneck Boy" Battle Picture Weekly (8 March 1975 to 12 November 1977). IPC Magazines. ^ Plunkett, John (29 June 2009). "In pictures: Battle comic returns". The Guardian. ^ The Ultimate Book of British Comics. Allison & Busby. 27 August 2023. ISBN 9780749082116. vteAmalgamated Press / Fleetway / IPC / Rebellion Developments comicsPre-War humorous comics Comic Cuts Film Fun Funny Wonder Illustrated Chips Knockout (stories) Radio Fun Post-War humorous comics Buster Cheeky Weekly Cor!! Jackpot Knockout Krazy Monster Fun Nipper Oink! School Fun Shiver and Shake Whizzer and Chips Whoopee! Wow! Power Comics Wham! Smash! Pow! Fantastic Terrific Adventure comics 2000 AD Action (stories) Battle Picture Weekly (stories) Boys' World The Champion The Comet (stories) Crisis (stories) Diceman Eagle Eagle (1982 version) (stories) Hurricane Jag Jet Judge Dredd Megazine Lion (stories) Look and Learn M.A.S.K. Ranger Revolver Roy of the Rovers Scorcher Scream! Sonic the Comic Speed Starlord Sun (stories) Supernaturals Thriller Comics Thunder Tiger (stories) Tornado Valiant (stories) Vulcan War Picture Library Wildcat Girls' comics Girl Girls' Crystal (stories) Jinty June (stories) Marilyn Misty Poppet Princess (stories) Princess Tina (stories) Roxy Sandie School Friend (stories) Serenade Tammy Tina Valentine Pre-school comics Jack and Jill Playhour Comic strips The 10,000 Disasters of Dort The 12½p Buytonic Boy Ace Trucking Co. Action Force Adam Eterno The Amazing Three Anderson, Psi-Division The Astounding Adventures of Charlie Peace The Astounding Jason Hyde Baker's Half-Dozen The Ballad of Halo Jones Battler Britton Bessie Bunter Bible John - A Forensic Meditation Big Dave Billy Bunter Billy's Boots Birdman and Chicken The Black Archer Black Beth Black Max Black Hawk Bloodfang Bobby's Ghoul Bookworm The Bootneck Boy The Bumpkin Billionaires Buster Capp Captain Condor Captain Hurricane The Cat Girl Chalky Charley's War Clash of the Guards Cliff Hanger Computer Warrior Cursitor Doom D-Day Dawson D.R. & Quinch Dan Dare Danny Doom Dare Darkie's Mob Death Game 1999 Death Squad Death Wish Defoe Doomlord The Dracula File Dredger Durham Red The Dwarf End of the Line... Ernie Faceache Fiends of the Eastern Front Fight for the Falklands Finn Fishboy For a Few Troubles More Gadgetman and Gimmick-Kid Goldtiger Grimly Feendish Harlem Heroes Hellman of Hammer Force Hook Jaw Hot Shot Hamish and Mighty Mouse The House of Daemon The House of Dolmann The Indestructible Man Invasion! Invasion 1984! Ivor Lott and Tony Broke Jack o' Justice Jane Bond Jet-Ace Logan Joe Alien Johnny Red Joker Judge Dredd Junior Rotter Karl the Viking Kid Chameleon Kids Rule O.K. Kitten Magee Lazy Bones The Leopard from Lime Street Loner Look Out for Lefty! Luck of the Legion M.A.C.H. 1 Major Eazy Manix Master Mind Mazeworld Memory Banks El Mestizo Mind Wars Monster Mustapha Million Mytek the Mighty Nemesis the Warlock The New Adventures of Hitler New Statesmen The Nightcomers Nikolai Dante Odd Ball One-Eyed Jack The Phantom Viking Rat Pack Really & Truly Richie Wraggs Ro-Busters Rob Riley The Robo Machines Robot Archie Rogan Gosh Rogue Trooper Roy of the Rovers School Belle Sexton Blake Sid's Snake The Silent Three Sinister Dexter Skid Kidd Skizz Sláine The Spider The Steel Claw Steel Commando Store Wars Strontium Dog The Suicide Six Sweeny Toddler Sweet Tooth Terror of the Cats Tharg the Mighty Tharg's Future Shocks Third World War The Thirteenth Floor Thunderbolt Jaxon Time Flies Tom Thug Tomboy The Tower King Tricky Dicky The Trigan Empire Troubled Souls True Faith Turbo Jones The Vigilant Watch Out Beagle's About Whacky Wonder Wellies X-Ray Specs Zenith Notable staff Leo Baxendale Massimo Belardinelli Jesús Blasco Brian Bolland Eric Bradbury Kenneth Bulmer Sid Burgon Reg Bunn Mike Butterworth Geoff Campion Joe Colquhoun John Cooper Ted Cowan Carlos Ezquerra Gerry Finley-Day Dave Gibbons Ian Gibson Scott Goodall Alan Grant Yvonne Hutton Ian Kennedy Tom Kerr Don Lawrence Brian Lewis Steve MacManus Leonard Matthews Mike McMahon Trevor Metcalfe Pat Mills Grant Morrison Robert Nixon Kevin O'Neill José Ortiz Frank S. Pepper Ken Reid Jerry Siegel Francisco Solano López Lew Stringer Barrie Tomlinson Tom Tully John Wagner Keith Watson Mike Western See also Albion Egmont Toxic! Treasury of British Comics List of AP, Fleetway and IPC Comics publications List of D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd publications	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_comics"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_comics"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"Battle Picture Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Picture_Weekly"},{"link_name":"IPC Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPC_Magazines"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"}],"text":"\"The Bootneck Boy\" is a British comic war story published in the weekly anthology Battle Picture Weekly from 8 March 1975 to 12 November 1977 by IPC Magazines. Set during World War II, the story follows Danny Budd, a youth from the fictional Northern England town of Tynecastle as he strives to join the Royal Marines.","title":"The Bootneck Boy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle Picture Weekly § Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Picture_Weekly#Creation"},{"link_name":"IPC Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPC_Magazines"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"Battle Picture Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Picture_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Pat Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Mills"},{"link_name":"John Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wagner"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gerry Finley-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Finley-Day"},{"link_name":"girls' comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_girls%27_comics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop1-1"},{"link_name":"Steve MacManus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_MacManus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"DC Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Thomson"},{"link_name":"Alf Tupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Tupper"},{"link_name":"The Tough of the Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tough_of_the_Track"},{"link_name":"Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Victor_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop1-1"}],"text":"See also: Battle Picture Weekly § CreationHaving been hired by IPC Magazines to create the new anthology Battle Picture Weekly in 1974, freelancer writers Pat Mills and John Wagner both had mixed feelings about writing a war comic, and as a result tried to take a more realistic approach with working class heroes as protagonists.[1][2] They recruited fellow freelancer Gerry Finley-Day, having had good experiences working with him on IPC's line of girls' comics.[1] Battle assistant editor Steve MacManus recalled Finley-Day being an important sounding board for Mills and Wagner.[3] All three had worked for rival DC Thomson, and Finley-Day took inspiration from Alf Tupper, the working class athlete who starred in sports strip \"The Tough of the Track\" in the Scottish company's long-running Victor. Finley-Day would work with Ian McDonald on the story, while Spaniard Juan Giralt handled art duties.[1]","title":"Creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FleetwayCompanion-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JDM278-5"},{"link_name":"Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop2-6"},{"link_name":"Egmont Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmont_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rebellion Developments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_Developments"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The first episode of \"The Bootneck Boy\" appeared in the debut issue of Battle Picture Weekly, dated 8 March 1975. McDonald wrote the first two weekly episodes before Finley-Day took over as writer for two weeks before the next two episodes were written by Wagner, after which Finley-Day returned and remained on the strip until it finished.[4] He would later name \"The Bootneck Boy\" as his favourite strip to work on for Battle.[5]The story was popular with Battle readers, and would run until the 12 November 1977 edition, when it finally made way to accommodate incoming stories from the comic's merger with Action.[6]\"The Bootneck Boy\"'s first episode was reprinted by Egmont Publishing in a 2009 Classic Comics special edition of Battle Picture Weekly.[7] Since 2016, the rights to the story have been owned by Rebellion Developments.[8][9]","title":"Publishing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"Bootneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootnecks"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers"},{"link_name":"SBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Boat_Service"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Anzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio"},{"link_name":"Normandy landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"Juno Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Beach"},{"link_name":"Liberation of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"VJ Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VJ_Day"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Danny Budd is rejected by the Royal Marines due to his lack of height. An orphan, he lives with his sneering Uncle Fred and oafish cousin Ron in Northern town Tynecastle. Danny works as an underappreciated role as assistant to Fred's coal delivery business, and longs to be a Bootneck like his late father. After being spotted in a scuffle by a Marines recruiting officer, Danny is signed up. While his small stature makes him the butt of jokes his determination and courage soon shine through, especially when defending the barracks from a Luftwaffe raid.Despite further clashes with Fred, Ron and a brash company of Rangers deployed to the town he successfully completes training, and is deployed to the 1942 landings in North Africa. Danny is later selected for SBS missions in the Aegean Sea and fighting along partisans on Crete and in raids in Yugoslavia. Later his unit were selected to work with Soviet marines in the Black Sea, fighting in the Crimea over the winter of 1943. In 1944 he was assigned to special unit Striker Force for the Anzio landings; Danny was injured during the battle and sent on leave in Britain, ending up foiling an escape by German prisoners-of-war. He was later assigned to the Normandy landings force, coming ashore at Juno Beach. Danny fought in the Liberation of Paris and the push to Antwerp. Later in the year he was seconded to the United States Marine Corps, where he made fast friends with Moose Malloy, before being seriously injured fighting the Japanese in Burma in January 1945. After VJ Day, Danny and Moose set up a boxing gym in New York.[10]","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Graham Kibble-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Kibble-White"},{"link_name":"kitchen sink realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Guardian humorously compared Budd's difficulties in making the grade as a Royal Maine with those of Prince Edward,[11] while Graham Kibble-White likened the story to kitchen sink realism.[12]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bishop, David (26 August 2003). \"None But The Brave\". Judge Dredd Megazine. No. 209. Rebellion Developments.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bishop_(writer)","url_text":"Bishop, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd_Megazine","url_text":"Judge Dredd Megazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_Developments","url_text":"Rebellion Developments"}]},{"reference":"Comic Book Punks: How a Generation of Brits Reinvented Pop Culture. Rebellion Publishing. 21 November 2023. ISBN 9781786189837.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x-_OEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Comic Book Punks: How a Generation of Brits Reinvented Pop Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786189837","url_text":"9781786189837"}]},{"reference":"The Mighty One: Life in the Nerve Centre. 2000 AD Books. 7 September 2016. ISBN 9781786180544.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ReEQDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Mighty One: Life in the Nerve Centre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786180544","url_text":"9781786180544"}]},{"reference":"Holland, Steve (2002). The Fleetway Companion. Rotherham: CJ & Publication.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham","url_text":"Rotherham"}]},{"reference":"Berridge, Ed (9 December 2008). \"Gerry Finley-Day: The Quiet Man\". Judge Dredd Megazine. No. 278. Rebellion Developments.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd_Megazine","url_text":"Judge Dredd Megazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_Developments","url_text":"Rebellion Developments"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, David (23 September 2003). \"They Were Expendable\". Judge Dredd Megazine. No. 210. Rebellion Developments.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bishop_(writer)","url_text":"Bishop, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd_Megazine","url_text":"Judge Dredd Megazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_Developments","url_text":"Rebellion Developments"}]},{"reference":"Loveday, Samantha (24 March 2009). \"Egmont bringing back mag classics\". Licensing.biz. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706145623/http://www.licensing.biz/news/2880/Egmont-bringing-back-mag-classics","url_text":"\"Egmont bringing back mag classics\""},{"url":"http://www.licensing.biz/news/2880/Egmont-bringing-back-mag-classics","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Return of the IPC Youth Group\". 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcj.com/the-return-of-the-ipc-youth-group/","url_text":"\"The Return of the IPC Youth Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rebellion Buys Fleetway Archive - Roy Of The Rovers, Oink, Tammy, Battle, Whizzer And Chips And More\". bleedingcool.com. 25 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleedingcool.com/comics/rebellion-buys-fleetway-archive-roy-of-the-rovers-oink-tammy-battle-whizzer-and-chips-and-more/","url_text":"\"Rebellion Buys Fleetway Archive - Roy Of The Rovers, Oink, Tammy, Battle, Whizzer And Chips And More\""}]},{"reference":"Plunkett, John (29 June 2009). \"In pictures: Battle comic returns\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/gallery/2009/jun/29/battle-comic","url_text":"\"In pictures: Battle comic returns\""}]},{"reference":"The Ultimate Book of British Comics. Allison & Busby. 27 August 2023. ISBN 9780749082116.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=os8bAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Ultimate Book of British Comics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780749082116","url_text":"9780749082116"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x-_OEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Comic Book Punks: How a Generation of Brits Reinvented Pop Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ReEQDQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Mighty One: Life in the Nerve Centre"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706145623/http://www.licensing.biz/news/2880/Egmont-bringing-back-mag-classics","external_links_name":"\"Egmont bringing back mag classics\""},{"Link":"http://www.licensing.biz/news/2880/Egmont-bringing-back-mag-classics","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tcj.com/the-return-of-the-ipc-youth-group/","external_links_name":"\"The Return of the IPC Youth Group\""},{"Link":"https://bleedingcool.com/comics/rebellion-buys-fleetway-archive-roy-of-the-rovers-oink-tammy-battle-whizzer-and-chips-and-more/","external_links_name":"\"Rebellion Buys Fleetway Archive - Roy Of The Rovers, Oink, Tammy, Battle, Whizzer And Chips And More\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/gallery/2009/jun/29/battle-comic","external_links_name":"\"In pictures: Battle comic returns\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=os8bAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Ultimate Book of British Comics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudu_Pukwana	Dudu Pukwana	["1 Early years in South Africa","2 Emigration to Europe","3 Assagai, Spear and Zila, etc.","4 Zila and the later years","5 Discography","6 References","7 External links"]	South African saxophonist and composer (1938–1990) Dudu PukwanaBackground informationBirth nameMthutuzeli Dudu PukwanaBorn18 July 1938Walmer Township, Port Elizabeth, South AfricaDied30 June 1990(1990-06-30) (aged 51)London, EnglandGenresJazz, kwelaOccupation(s)Musician, composerInstrument(s)Alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, pianoYears active1970s – 1990Labels77 Records, Vertigo, Virgin, Caroline, Affinity, ICPMusical artist Mthutuzeli Dudu Pukwana (18 July 1938 – 30 June 1990) was a South African saxophonist and composer. Early years in South Africa Dudu Pukwana was born in Walmer Township, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. He grew up studying piano in his family, but in 1956 he switched to alto saxophone after meeting tenor saxophone player Nikele Moyake. In 1962, Pukwana won first prize at the Johannesburg Jazz Festival with Moyake's Jazz Giants (1962 Gallo/Teal). In his early days he also played with Kippie Moeketsi. Chris McGregor then invited him to join the pioneering Blue Notes sextet, where he played along with Mongezi Feza, Nikele Moyake, Johnny Dyani and Louis Moholo. Although the Blue Notes are often considered McGregor's group, Pukwana was initially the principal composer and all the group members had pivotal roles. Emigration to Europe As mixed-race groups were illegal under apartheid, the Blue Notes, increasingly harassed by authorities, emigrated to Europe in 1964, playing in France and Zürich, and eventually settling in London. After The Blue Notes split in the late 1960s, Pukwana joined McGregor's Brotherhood of Breath big band, which again featured his soloing heavily. As a composer Pukwana wrote "Mra," one of the best-loved tunes by the Brotherhood. In February 1967, Pukwana received his first mention in America’s DownBeat magazine: "Tenorist Ronnie Scott’s "Old Place", having a hard time breaking even, scored a financial success with the Bob Stuckey Trio, featuring the leader’s organ and altoist Dudu Pukwana". The trio later expanded to a quartet when Phil Lee joined on guitar, and this group performed twice on BBC's Jazz Club. As a quartet the band also had a regular session at the Witches Cauldron in Belsize Park. The band completed a series of UK dates throughout 1967, including regular appearances at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club. Assagai, Spear and Zila, etc. He also went on to form two groups with Feza and Moholo. The first was Assagai, an afro rock band that recorded for the Vertigo label. The second was Spear, with whom he recorded the seminal afro-jazz album In the Townships in 1973 for Virgin Records at The Manor Studio. Assagai and Spear, which recorded a few albums in the early 1970s, blended kwela rhythms, rocking guitars, and jazz solos. Pukwana played on Matata's Independence album that was released in 1974. Pukwana's playing was heard in many diverse settings including recordings of Mike Heron, Centipede and Toots and the Maytals (Reggae Got Soul) as well as improvising with Misha Mengelberg and Han Bennink (Yi Yo Le, ICP 1978). With Mongezi Feza, Elton Dean, Keith Tippett, and Louis Moholo, Pukwana recorded two acoustic tracks on the mostly electric album Diamond Express (Freedom 1977). The death of his friend Mongezi Feza in 1975 also inspired the heart-rending Blue Notes for Mongezi (Ogun Records), alongside Blue Notes colleagues Johnny Dyani, Chris McGregor and Louis Moholo. He also guested on albums with his former Blue Notes colleague, Johnny Dyani, particularly Witchdoctor's Son (1978, SteepleChase Records), which features some of his best recorded work, and played extensively with the drummer John Stevens. Several African leaders invited him into their groups, including Hugh Masekela (Home Is Where the Music Is, 1972) and trombonist Jonas Gwangwa (African Explosion, Who, Ngubani 1969). Zila and the later years In 1978, Pukwana founded Jika Records and formed his own band, Zila, featuring South Africans Lucky Ranku on guitar and powerful vocalist Miss Pinise Saul. Zila recorded Zila Sounds (1981), Live in Bracknell and Willisau (1983), partly recorded at the Bracknell Jazz Festival, and Zila (1986), the last with keyboardist Django Bates and Pukwana increasingly using soprano sax. In duo with John Stevens, he recorded the free session Radebe:They Shoot to Kill (Affinity, 1987), dedicated to Johnny Dyani. On 16 April 1990, Pukwana took part in the Nelson Mandela Tribute held at Wembley Stadium. He died in London of liver failure in June 1990, not long after the death of his longtime friend and colleague McGregor. Discography File:Angel Nemali Sample An audio sample of "File:Angel Nemali" (from In the Townships, 1973) Problems playing this file? See media help. As leader or co-leader Kwela (77 Records, 1967) with Gwigwi's Band; reissued as Mbaqanga Songs (Honest Jon's, 2006) Night Time Is the Right Time - 60s Soho Sounds (Cadillac, 1967 ) Dudu Phukwana and the "Spears" (Quality, 1969; Matsuli, 2020) In the Townships (Caroline, 1973 ) Flute Music (Caroline, 1975) Diamond Express (Arista/Freedom, 1975 ) released by Jazz Colours as Ubagile Black Horse (1201 Music, 1975 ) Yi Yole (ICP, 1978 ) Spiritual Knowledge and Grace (Ogun, 1979 ) Sounds Zila (Jika, 1981) Live in Bracknell & Willisau (Jika, 1983) with Pinise Saul Zila '86 (Jika, 1986) Mbizo Radebe (They Shoot to Kill) (Affinity, 1987) Cosmics Chapter 90 (Ah Um, 1989 ) With Assagai Assagai (Vertigo, 1971) Zimbabwe (Vertigo, 1971) With The Blue Notes Legacy: Live in South Afrika 1964 (Ogun, 1964 ) Township Bop (Proper, 1964 ) Blue Notes for Mongezi (Ogun, 1975 ) Blue Notes in Concert Volume 1 (Ogun, 1977 ) Before the Wind Changes (Ogun, 1979 ) Blue Notes for Johnny (Ogun, 1987) The Ogun Collection (Ogun, 1964–1987 ) compilation With Brotherhood of Breath Chris McGregor's Brotherhood of Breath (RCA Neon, 1971) Eclipse at Dawn (Cuneiform Rune, 1971 ) Bremen to Bridgwater (Cuneiform Rune, 1971/1975 ) Brotherhood (RCA, 1972) Travelling Somewhere (Cuneiform Rune, 1973 ) Live at Willisau (Ogun, 1973 ) Procession (Ogun, 1978) With Johnny Dyani Witchdoctor's Son (SteepleChase, 1978) Song for Biko (SteepleChase, 1978 ) Mbizo (SteepleChase, 1982) Witchdoctor's Son: Together (Cadillac, 1987) reissued on Rejoice + Together (Cadillac, 2014) With Chris McGregor Jazz: The African Sound (New Sound, 1963) Very Urgent (Polydor, 1968) Up to Earth (Fledg'ling, 1969 ) Thunderbolt (Popular African Music, 1986 ) with the South African Exiles With Gary Windo His Master's Bones (Cuneiform, 1996) Anglo American (Cuneiform, 2004) Other Jazz Fantasia with Gideon Nxumalo (Renown, 1962) Mr. Paljas with various artists (Gallotone, 1962) Who (Ngubani) with Jonas Gwangwa and African Explosion (Jamal, 1969) Septober Energy with Centipede (RCA Neon, 1971) Smiling Men with Bad Reputations with Mike Heron (Island, 1971) Home Is Where the Music Is with Hugh Masekela (Chisa/Blue Thumb, 1972) Mammoth Special with Decameron (Mooncrest, 1974) Reggae Got Soul with Toots and the Maytals (Island, 1976) Thunder into Our Hearts with Jabula (Caroline, 1976) Sondela (The Sound of South Africa) with Atté (Claddagh, 1979) Six Empty Places with A Tent (Cherry Red, 1981) Soundtrack to Cry Freedom by George Fenton and Jonas Gwangwa (MCA, 1987) References ^ a b c "Dudu Pukwana Biography, Songs, & Albums". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 October 2021. ^ a b "Mtutuzeli Dudu Pukwana", South African History online. ^ a b c d e f Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 983. ISBN 1-85227-745-9. ^ "Apartheid - Facts & Summary". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 27 November 2015. ^ "1967 - Kwela with Gwigwi's band", The Blue Notes. ^ Live Journal, June 4 2016 - Matata - Talkin' Talkin' ^ President Records - MATATA ^ a b Witherden, Barry (22 June 2022). "Dudu Pukwana, Chris McGregor, Louis Moholo-Moholo, Johnny Dyani: Blue Notes For Mongezi". Jazz Journal. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2024. ^ Peter Elman, "Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa", Tony Hollingworth website. External links Biography of Mtutuzeli Dudu Pukwana- by Nick Mencia, at South African History Online (SAHO) "Dudu Pukwana" at discogs.com "Kwela: A Celebration Of The Music Of Dudu Pukwana" at pacificaradioarchives.org Carr, Ian; Fairweather, Digby; Priestley, Brian (2004). "Dudu Pukwana". The rough guide to jazz (3rd ed.). New York: Rough Guides. p. 641. ISBN 9781843532569. OCLC 971846295. Retrieved 9 February 2023. Dudu Pukwana und Zila - Jazzwoche Burghausen 1987 on YouTube vteDudu PukwanaYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Studio albums Dudu Phukwana and the "Spears" (1968 & 1969) In the Townships (1973) Diamond Express (1975) Live albums Spiritual Knowledge and Grace (1979) Related articles The Blue Notes Brotherhood of Breath Assagai vteThe Blue NotesYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise. Chris McGregor Mongezi Feza Dudu Pukwana Nikele Moyake Johnny Dyani Louis MoholoStudio albums Township Bop (1964) Blue Notes for Mongezi (1975) Blue Notes for Johnny (1987) Live albums Legacy: Live in South Afrika 1964 (1964) Blue Notes in Concert Volume 1 (1977) Before the Wind Changes (1979) Compilations The Ogun Collection (1964-1987) vteBrotherhood of BreathYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise. Chris McGregor Louis Moholo Harry Miller Mongezi Feza Dudu Pukwana Johnny Dyani Lol Coxhill Evan Parker Paul Rutherford Harry Beckett Mark Charig Alan Skidmore Jim Dvorak Mike Osborne Elton Dean Nick Evans John Surman François Jeanneau Louis Sclavis Didier Levallet Annie WhiteheadStudio albums Chris McGregor's Brotherhood of Breath (1970) Live albums Eclipse at Dawn (1971) Bremen to Bridgwater (1971 & 1975) Travelling Somewhere (1973) Live at Willisau (1973) Procession (Live at Toulouse) (1977) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"saxophonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophonist"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"}],"text":"Musical artistMthutuzeli Dudu Pukwana (18 July 1938 – 30 June 1990)[1] was a South African saxophonist and composer.","title":"Dudu Pukwana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walmer Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmer,_Port_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Nikele Moyake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikele_Moyake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAHO-2"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Kippie Moeketsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kippie_Moeketsi"},{"link_name":"Chris McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Blue Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Notes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-3"},{"link_name":"Mongezi Feza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongezi_Feza"},{"link_name":"Johnny Dyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Dyani"},{"link_name":"Louis Moholo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Moholo"}],"text":"Dudu Pukwana was born in Walmer Township, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.[1] He grew up studying piano in his family,[1] but in 1956 he switched to alto saxophone after meeting tenor saxophone player Nikele Moyake.[2] In 1962, Pukwana won first prize at the Johannesburg Jazz Festival with Moyake's Jazz Giants (1962 Gallo/Teal). In his early days he also played with Kippie Moeketsi. Chris McGregor then invited him to join the pioneering Blue Notes sextet,[3] where he played along with Mongezi Feza, Nikele Moyake, Johnny Dyani and Louis Moholo. Although the Blue Notes are often considered McGregor's group, Pukwana was initially the principal composer and all the group members had pivotal roles.","title":"Early years in South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-3"},{"link_name":"Brotherhood of Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Breath"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-3"},{"link_name":"DownBeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DownBeat"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Scott’s \"Old Place\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Scott%27s_Jazz_Club"},{"link_name":"Belsize Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belsize_Park"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Scott%27s_Jazz_Club"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"As mixed-race groups were illegal under apartheid,[4] the Blue Notes, increasingly harassed by authorities, emigrated to Europe in 1964, playing in France and Zürich, and eventually settling in London.[3] After The Blue Notes split in the late 1960s, Pukwana joined McGregor's Brotherhood of Breath big band, which again featured his soloing heavily.[3] As a composer Pukwana wrote \"Mra,\" one of the best-loved tunes by the Brotherhood.In February 1967, Pukwana received his first mention in America’s DownBeat magazine: \"Tenorist Ronnie Scott’s \"Old Place\", having a hard time breaking even, scored a financial success with the Bob Stuckey Trio, featuring the leader’s organ and altoist Dudu Pukwana\". The trio later expanded to a quartet when Phil Lee joined on guitar, and this group performed twice on BBC's Jazz Club. As a quartet the band also had a regular session at the Witches Cauldron in Belsize Park. The band completed a series of UK dates throughout 1967, including regular appearances at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club.[5]","title":"Emigration to Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assagai"},{"link_name":"afro rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_rock"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_Records"},{"link_name":"In the Townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Townships"},{"link_name":"Virgin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"The Manor Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manor_Studio"},{"link_name":"kwela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwela"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-3"},{"link_name":"Matata's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matata_(band)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mike Heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling_Men_with_Bad_Reputations"},{"link_name":"Centipede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centipede_(band)"},{"link_name":"Toots and the Maytals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toots_and_the_Maytals"},{"link_name":"Reggae Got Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae_Got_Soul"},{"link_name":"ICP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_Composers_Pool"},{"link_name":"Elton Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Dean"},{"link_name":"Keith Tippett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Tippett"},{"link_name":"Diamond Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Express"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Records"},{"link_name":"Blue Notes for Mongezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Notes_for_Mongezi"},{"link_name":"Ogun Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_Records"},{"link_name":"Johnny Dyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Dyani"},{"link_name":"Witchdoctor's Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchdoctor%27s_Son"},{"link_name":"SteepleChase Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SteepleChase_Records"},{"link_name":"John Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stevens_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Masekela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Masekela"},{"link_name":"Home Is Where the Music Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Is_Where_the_Music_Is"},{"link_name":"Jonas Gwangwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Gwangwa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-3"}],"text":"He also went on to form two groups with Feza and Moholo. The first was Assagai, an afro rock band that recorded for the Vertigo label. The second was Spear, with whom he recorded the seminal afro-jazz album In the Townships in 1973 for Virgin Records at The Manor Studio. Assagai and Spear, which recorded a few albums in the early 1970s, blended kwela rhythms, rocking guitars, and jazz solos.[3]Pukwana played on Matata's Independence album that was released in 1974.[6][7]Pukwana's playing was heard in many diverse settings including recordings of Mike Heron, Centipede and Toots and the Maytals (Reggae Got Soul) as well as improvising with Misha Mengelberg and Han Bennink (Yi Yo Le, ICP 1978). \nWith Mongezi Feza, Elton Dean, Keith Tippett, and Louis Moholo, Pukwana recorded two acoustic tracks on the mostly electric album Diamond Express (Freedom 1977). The death of his friend Mongezi Feza in 1975 also inspired the heart-rending Blue Notes for Mongezi (Ogun Records), alongside Blue Notes colleagues Johnny Dyani, Chris McGregor and Louis Moholo. He also guested on albums with his former Blue Notes colleague, Johnny Dyani, particularly Witchdoctor's Son (1978, SteepleChase Records), which features some of his best recorded work, and played extensively with the drummer John Stevens. Several African leaders invited him into their groups, including Hugh Masekela (Home Is Where the Music Is, 1972) and trombonist Jonas Gwangwa (African Explosion, Who, Ngubani 1969).[3]","title":"Assagai, Spear and Zila, etc."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-3"},{"link_name":"Bracknell Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracknell_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Django Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Bates"},{"link_name":"Affinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charly_Records"},{"link_name":"Johnny Dyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Dyani"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela Tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela:_An_International_Tribute_for_a_Free_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"liver failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_failure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAHO-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"In 1978, Pukwana founded Jika Records and formed his own band, Zila,[3] featuring South Africans Lucky Ranku on guitar and powerful vocalist Miss Pinise Saul. Zila recorded Zila Sounds (1981), Live in Bracknell and Willisau (1983), partly recorded at the Bracknell Jazz Festival, and Zila (1986), the last with keyboardist Django Bates and Pukwana increasingly using soprano sax. In duo with John Stevens, he recorded the free session Radebe:They Shoot to Kill (Affinity, 1987), dedicated to Johnny Dyani.[8]On 16 April 1990, Pukwana took part in the Nelson Mandela Tribute held at Wembley Stadium.[9] He died in London of liver failure[2] in June 1990, not long after the death of his longtime friend and colleague McGregor.[8]","title":"Zila and the later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"File:Angel Nemali Sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angel_Nemali_sample.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Dudu Phukwana and the \"Spears\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudu_Phukwana_and_the_%22Spears%22"},{"link_name":"In the Townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Townships"},{"link_name":"Diamond Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Express"},{"link_name":"Spiritual Knowledge and Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Knowledge_and_Grace"},{"link_name":"Assagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assagai"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_(Assagai_album)"},{"link_name":"The Blue Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Notes"},{"link_name":"Legacy: Live in South Afrika 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy:_Live_in_South_Afrika_1964"},{"link_name":"Township Bop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_Bop"},{"link_name":"Blue Notes for Mongezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Notes_for_Mongezi"},{"link_name":"Blue Notes in Concert Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Notes_in_Concert_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"Before the Wind Changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_the_Wind_Changes"},{"link_name":"Blue Notes for Johnny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Notes_for_Johnny"},{"link_name":"The Ogun Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ogun_Collection"},{"link_name":"Brotherhood of Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Breath"},{"link_name":"Chris McGregor's Brotherhood of Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McGregor%27s_Brotherhood_of_Breath"},{"link_name":"Eclipse at Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_at_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Bremen to Bridgwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_to_Bridgwater"},{"link_name":"Travelling Somewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_Somewhere"},{"link_name":"Live at Willisau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Willisau"},{"link_name":"Ogun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_Records"},{"link_name":"Procession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procession_(Live_at_Toulouse)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Dyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Dyani"},{"link_name":"Witchdoctor's Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchdoctor%27s_Son"},{"link_name":"Song for Biko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_for_Biko"},{"link_name":"Chris McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Very Urgent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Urgent"},{"link_name":"Up to Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_to_Earth"},{"link_name":"Gary Windo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Windo"},{"link_name":"Gideon Nxumalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Nxumalo"},{"link_name":"Jonas Gwangwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Gwangwa"},{"link_name":"Septober Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septober_Energy"},{"link_name":"Centipede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centipede_(band)"},{"link_name":"Smiling Men with Bad Reputations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling_Men_with_Bad_Reputations"},{"link_name":"Mike Heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Heron"},{"link_name":"Home Is Where the Music Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Is_Where_the_Music_Is"},{"link_name":"Hugh Masekela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Masekela"},{"link_name":"Decameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decameron_(band)"},{"link_name":"Reggae Got Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae_Got_Soul"},{"link_name":"Toots and the Maytals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toots_and_the_Maytals"},{"link_name":"Thunder into Our Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_into_Our_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Jabula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabula"},{"link_name":"Cry Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_Freedom"},{"link_name":"George Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fenton"},{"link_name":"Jonas Gwangwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Gwangwa"}],"text":"File:Angel Nemali Sample\n\nAn audio sample of \"File:Angel Nemali\" (from In the Townships, 1973)\nProblems playing this file? See media help.As leader or co-leaderKwela (77 Records, 1967) with Gwigwi's Band; reissued as Mbaqanga Songs (Honest Jon's, 2006)\nNight Time Is the Right Time - 60s Soho Sounds (Cadillac, 1967 [2010])\nDudu Phukwana and the \"Spears\" (Quality, 1969; Matsuli, 2020)\nIn the Townships (Caroline, 1973 [1974])\nFlute Music (Caroline, 1975)\nDiamond Express (Arista/Freedom, 1975 [1977]) released by Jazz Colours as Ubagile\nBlack Horse (1201 Music, 1975 [2012])\nYi Yole (ICP, 1978 [1979])\nSpiritual Knowledge and Grace (Ogun, 1979 [2011])\nSounds Zila (Jika, 1981)\nLive in Bracknell & Willisau (Jika, 1983) with Pinise Saul\nZila '86 (Jika, 1986)\nMbizo Radebe (They Shoot to Kill) (Affinity, 1987)\nCosmics Chapter 90 (Ah Um, 1989 [1990])With AssagaiAssagai (Vertigo, 1971)\nZimbabwe (Vertigo, 1971)With The Blue NotesLegacy: Live in South Afrika 1964 (Ogun, 1964 [1995])\nTownship Bop (Proper, 1964 [2002])\nBlue Notes for Mongezi (Ogun, 1975 [1976])\nBlue Notes in Concert Volume 1 (Ogun, 1977 [1978])\nBefore the Wind Changes (Ogun, 1979 [2012])\nBlue Notes for Johnny (Ogun, 1987)\nThe Ogun Collection (Ogun, 1964–1987 [2008]) compilationWith Brotherhood of BreathChris McGregor's Brotherhood of Breath (RCA Neon, 1971)\nEclipse at Dawn (Cuneiform Rune, 1971 [2008])\nBremen to Bridgwater (Cuneiform Rune, 1971/1975 [2004])\nBrotherhood (RCA, 1972)\nTravelling Somewhere (Cuneiform Rune, 1973 [2001])\nLive at Willisau (Ogun, 1973 [1974])\nProcession (Ogun, 1978)With Johnny DyaniWitchdoctor's Son (SteepleChase, 1978)\nSong for Biko (SteepleChase, 1978 [1979])\nMbizo (SteepleChase, 1982)\nWitchdoctor's Son: Together (Cadillac, 1987) reissued on Rejoice + Together (Cadillac, 2014)With Chris McGregorJazz: The African Sound (New Sound, 1963)\nVery Urgent (Polydor, 1968)\nUp to Earth (Fledg'ling, 1969 [2008])\nThunderbolt (Popular African Music, 1986 [1997]) with the South African ExilesWith Gary WindoHis Master's Bones (Cuneiform, 1996)\nAnglo American (Cuneiform, 2004)OtherJazz Fantasia with Gideon Nxumalo (Renown, 1962)\nMr. Paljas with various artists (Gallotone, 1962)\nWho (Ngubani) with Jonas Gwangwa and African Explosion (Jamal, 1969)\nSeptober Energy with Centipede (RCA Neon, 1971)\nSmiling Men with Bad Reputations with Mike Heron (Island, 1971)\nHome Is Where the Music Is with Hugh Masekela (Chisa/Blue Thumb, 1972)\nMammoth Special with Decameron (Mooncrest, 1974)\nReggae Got Soul with Toots and the Maytals (Island, 1976)\nThunder into Our Hearts with Jabula (Caroline, 1976)\nSondela (The Sound of South Africa) with Atté (Claddagh, 1979)\nSix Empty Places with A Tent (Cherry Red, 1981)\nSoundtrack to Cry Freedom by George Fenton and Jonas Gwangwa (MCA, 1987)","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dudu Pukwana Biography, Songs, & Albums\". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/dudu-pukwana-mn0000210863/biography","url_text":"\"Dudu Pukwana Biography, Songs, & Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 983. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-745-9","url_text":"1-85227-745-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Apartheid - Facts & Summary\". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 27 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.com/topics/apartheid","url_text":"\"Apartheid - Facts & Summary\""}]},{"reference":"Witherden, Barry (22 June 2022). \"Dudu Pukwana, Chris McGregor, Louis Moholo-Moholo, Johnny Dyani: Blue Notes For Mongezi\". Jazz Journal. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Journal","url_text":"Witherden, Barry"},{"url":"https://jazzjournal.co.uk/2022/06/22/dudu-pukwana-chris-mcgregor-louis-moholo-moholo-johnny-dyani-blue-notes-for-mongezi/","url_text":"\"Dudu Pukwana, Chris McGregor, Louis Moholo-Moholo, Johnny Dyani: Blue Notes For Mongezi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220626082518/https://jazzjournal.co.uk/2022/06/22/dudu-pukwana-chris-mcgregor-louis-moholo-moholo-johnny-dyani-blue-notes-for-mongezi/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carr, Ian; Fairweather, Digby; Priestley, Brian (2004). \"Dudu Pukwana\". The rough guide to jazz (3rd ed.). New York: Rough Guides. p. 641. ISBN 9781843532569. OCLC 971846295. Retrieved 9 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Carr","url_text":"Carr, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby_Fairweather","url_text":"Fairweather, Digby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Priestley","url_text":"Priestley, Brian"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/roughguidetojazz00carr/page/641/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Dudu Pukwana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Guides","url_text":"Rough Guides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843532569","url_text":"9781843532569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/971846295","url_text":"971846295"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/dudu-pukwana-mn0000210863/biography","external_links_name":"\"Dudu Pukwana Biography, Songs, & Albums\""},{"Link":"http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/mtutuzeli-dudu-pukwana","external_links_name":"\"Mtutuzeli Dudu Pukwana\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.com/topics/apartheid","external_links_name":"\"Apartheid - Facts & Summary\""},{"Link":"http://www.mfowler.myzen.co.uk/?page_id=119","external_links_name":"\"1967 - Kwela with Gwigwi's band\""},{"Link":"https://cyberinsekt.livejournal.com/899400.html","external_links_name":"Matata - Talkin' Talkin'"},{"Link":"https://president-records.co.uk/artist/matata/","external_links_name":"MATATA"},{"Link":"https://jazzjournal.co.uk/2022/06/22/dudu-pukwana-chris-mcgregor-louis-moholo-moholo-johnny-dyani-blue-notes-for-mongezi/","external_links_name":"\"Dudu Pukwana, Chris McGregor, Louis Moholo-Moholo, Johnny Dyani: Blue Notes For Mongezi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220626082518/https://jazzjournal.co.uk/2022/06/22/dudu-pukwana-chris-mcgregor-louis-moholo-moholo-johnny-dyani-blue-notes-for-mongezi/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://tonyhollingsworth.com/?q=content/nelson-mandela-international-tribute-free-south-africa","external_links_name":"\"Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa\""},{"Link":"https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/biography-mtutuzeli-dudu-pukwana-nick-mencia","external_links_name":"Biography of Mtutuzeli Dudu Pukwana"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/374059-Dudu-Pukwana","external_links_name":"\"Dudu Pukwana\""},{"Link":"http://pacificaradioarchives.org/node/16792","external_links_name":"\"Kwela: A Celebration Of The Music Of Dudu Pukwana\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/roughguidetojazz00carr/page/641/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Dudu Pukwana\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/971846295","external_links_name":"971846295"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1GJb88It0k","external_links_name":"Dudu Pukwana und Zila - Jazzwoche Burghausen 1987"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1539785/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108376633","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159149296181080670002","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138987209","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138987209","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135158788","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98006038","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/71cb2a81-76bf-4147-a084-f33ab74a6938","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rula_Jebreal	Rula Jebreal	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Journalism","2.2 Books and films","3 Personal life","4 Works","5 References","6 External links"]	Palestinian born Italian writer Rula Jebrealرولا جبريلJebreal in September 2017Born (1973-04-24) April 24, 1973 (age 51)Haifa, IsraelNationalityPalestinianCitizenshipIsraeli, ItalianAlma materUniversity of BolognaOccupation(s)Journalist, commentator, authorChildrenMiral RivaltaWebsiteOfficial Web site External videos Jebreal on her secret interview with Jamal Khashoggi Rula Jebreal (Arabic: رولا جبريل, Hebrew: רולא ג'בריל; born April 24, 1973) is a Palestinian foreign policy analyst, journalist, novelist and screenwriter with dual Israeli and Italian citizenship. She was a commentator for MSNBC. Early life and education Jebreal was born in Haifa, Israel, to Nigeria-born Sufi imam Othman Jebreal and Zakia, and grew up in Jerusalem. Her father was an imam and groundskeeper at Al-Aqsa. Her mother, who suffered from severe abuse in her childhood, committed suicide by walking into the sea and drowning when Jebreal was 5. She and her sister Rania were put into the Dar El-Tifel orphanage by their father, in 1978, until 1991. She was raised in the orphanage, and regards its founder, Hind Husseini, as her teacher and mother, crediting her with saving her life. In 1993, she received a scholarship from the Italian government to study at the University of Bologna, where she graduated with a degree in physiotherapy. Career Journalism Jebreal worked as a journalist in Italy for twelve years. In 2006 she worked with Michele Santoro as an interviewer on AnnoZero, a political television show in Italy. Books and films Jebreal and Julian Schnabel, 2010 Jebreal's first novel Miral was published in 2003. The film version, adapted by Jebreal, and directed by Julian Schnabel, was first released in 2010. Jebreal's second novel The Bride of Aswan was published in 2007. Her third book, Rejected, is a non-fiction study based on interviews with immigrants who have either made their way to successful careers in Italy or otherwise live on the margins of Italian society. Personal life She has a daughter Miral whose father is artist Davide Rivalta. Her collaboration with Julian Schnabel on Miral, extended beyond the movie. Jebreal was in a relationship with him from 2007 to 2011. In 2013, she married Arthur Altschul, Jr., son of banker Arthur Goodhart Altschul Sr. and a member of the Lehman family. She divorced Altschul in 2016 and started dating Roger Waters, founder of Pink Floyd. She is fluent in four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, English and Italian. She describes herself as a "secular Muslim". Works La strada dei fiori di Miral, BUR Biblioteca Univ. Rizzoli, 2005, ISBN 978-88-17-00850-1 Miral. Translated by John Cullen. Penguin. 2010. ISBN 978-0-14-311619-6. Ørkenblomsten, Engelstad forl., 2005, ISBN 978-82-92533-10-9 Miral – Ein Land. Drei Frauen. Ein gemeinsamer Traum, Translated Leon Mengden, Btb, 2010, ISBN 978-3-442-74148-9 La sposa di Assuan, (Bride of Aswan) Rizzoli, 2005, ISBN 978-88-17-00867-9 La promise d'Assouan, Translated Lucie Comparini, Altal éd., 2007, ISBN 978-2-916736-04-4 A esposa de Assuão, Campo das Letras, 2007, ISBN 978-989-625-237-3 Divieto di soggiorno: l'Italia vista con gli occhi dei suoi immigrati, (Rejected) Milan, Italy: Rizzoli, 2007, ISBN 978-88-17-01270-6 References ^ "Minority Life in Israel". The New York Times. 28 October 2014. ^ a b Kazanjian, Dodie (October 26, 2010). "Rula's View". Vogue.com. Retrieved May 5, 2011. ^ "Rula's View". Vogue. 24 October 2010. Retrieved 2019-07-13. ^ "Rula Jebreal: How I'm Treated as a Minority in Israel". Tikkun. 3 November 2014. Retrieved 2019-07-13. ^ "Rula Jebreal". TalkingPointsMemo. 23 July 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014. ^ a b Peter M. Brant (2010). "Rula Jebreal". Interview Magazine. ^ a b c "Julian Schnabel falls for Palestinian tale, then for its writer". McClatchy Newspapers. January 13, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-05-18. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ a b Malle, Chloe (March 23, 2011). "One Turbulent World Readied Her for Another". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 2018-10-15. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ Dodie Kazanjian, 'Rula’s View,'Vogue October 24, 2010. ^ 'Rula "senza testa", caccia al colpevole ma è un giallo di cattivo gusto,' La Repubblica November 5, 2006 ^ Arifa Akbar (September 3, 2010). "Schnabel's true romance inspires tale of love across cultural divide". The Independent. London. ^ Roberto Conti, Divieto di Soggiorno: l’Italia vista con gli occhi dei suoi immigrati, Frontiere News, March 8, 2011 ^ "Rula Jebreal: Tutto sulla giornalista palestinese". 11 March 2016. ^ "Rula Jebreal". 22 February 2011. ^ "Julian Schnabel and Rula Jebreal Have Broken Schnup". ^ "Rula Jebreal Photostream". ^ "Pink Floyd's Roger Waters dating friend's ex". Fox News. July 16, 2016. ^ "Rula Jebreal". Huffington Post. ^ Schwartz, Ian (October 31, 2014). "Maher vs. Muslim Journo on Berkeley Speech: "Whoever Told You You Only Had To Hear What Didn't Upset You?"". Real Clear Politics. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rula Jebreal. Official website Rula Jebreal at IMDb Rula Jebreal on C-SPAN "Rula Jebreal", collected articles at Radyoheval (Italian) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Italian citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_citizenship"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TPM-5"}],"text":"Palestinian born Italian writerRula Jebreal (Arabic: رولا جبريل, Hebrew: רולא ג'בריל; born April 24, 1973) is a Palestinian[3][4] foreign policy analyst, journalist, novelist and screenwriter with dual Israeli and Italian citizenship. She was a commentator for MSNBC.[5]","title":"Rula Jebreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brant-6"},{"link_name":"Al-Aqsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brant-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZC-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-8"},{"link_name":"Dar El-Tifel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_El-Tifel"},{"link_name":"orphanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanage"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZC-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-8"},{"link_name":"Hind Husseini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_Husseini"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Italian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_government"},{"link_name":"University of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"physiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiotherapy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Jebreal was born in Haifa, Israel, to Nigeria-born Sufi imam Othman Jebreal and Zakia, and grew up in Jerusalem.[6] Her father was an imam and groundskeeper at Al-Aqsa.[6] Her mother, who suffered from severe abuse in her childhood, committed suicide by walking into the sea and drowning when Jebreal was 5.[7][8] She and her sister Rania were put into the Dar El-Tifel orphanage by their father,[7][8] in 1978, until 1991. She was raised in the orphanage, and regards its founder, Hind Husseini, as her teacher and mother, crediting her with saving her life.[9]In 1993, she received a scholarship from the Italian government to study at the University of Bologna, where she graduated with a degree in physiotherapy.[citation needed]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michele Santoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Santoro"},{"link_name":"AnnoZero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnnoZero"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Journalism","text":"Jebreal worked as a journalist in Italy for twelve years. In 2006 she worked with Michele Santoro as an interviewer on AnnoZero, a political television show in Italy.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julian_Schnabel_%26_Rula_Jebreal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Julian Schnabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schnabel"},{"link_name":"film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miral"},{"link_name":"Julian Schnabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schnabel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vogue-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZC-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent2010-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Books and films","text":"Jebreal and Julian Schnabel, 2010Jebreal's first novel Miral was published in 2003. The film version, adapted by Jebreal, and directed by Julian Schnabel, was first released in 2010.[2][7][11]Jebreal's second novel The Bride of Aswan was published in 2007. Her third book, Rejected, is a non-fiction study based on interviews with immigrants who have either made their way to successful careers in Italy or otherwise live on the margins of Italian society.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Julian Schnabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schnabel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Arthur Altschul, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Altschul,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Arthur Goodhart Altschul Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Goodhart_Altschul_Sr."},{"link_name":"Lehman family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman_family"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foxnews.com-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"She has a daughter Miral whose father is artist Davide Rivalta.[13]Her collaboration with Julian Schnabel on Miral, extended beyond the movie. Jebreal was in a relationship with him from 2007 to 2011.[14][15][16]In 2013, she married Arthur Altschul, Jr., son of banker Arthur Goodhart Altschul Sr. and a member of the Lehman family. She divorced Altschul in 2016 and started dating Roger Waters, founder of Pink Floyd.[17]She is fluent in four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, English and Italian.[18] She describes herself as a \"secular Muslim\".[19]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La strada dei fiori di Miral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miral"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-17-00850-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-17-00850-1"},{"link_name":"Miral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NZzdA2vfXUYC&q=miral"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-311619-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311619-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-82-92533-10-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-92533-10-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-442-74148-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-442-74148-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-17-00867-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-17-00867-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-916736-04-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-916736-04-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-989-625-237-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-625-237-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-17-01270-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-17-01270-6"}],"text":"La strada dei fiori di Miral, BUR Biblioteca Univ. Rizzoli, 2005, ISBN 978-88-17-00850-1\nMiral. Translated by John Cullen. Penguin. 2010. ISBN 978-0-14-311619-6.\nØrkenblomsten, Engelstad forl., 2005, ISBN 978-82-92533-10-9\nMiral – Ein Land. Drei Frauen. Ein gemeinsamer Traum, Translated Leon Mengden, Btb, 2010, ISBN 978-3-442-74148-9\nLa sposa di Assuan, (Bride of Aswan) Rizzoli, 2005, ISBN 978-88-17-00867-9\nLa promise d'Assouan, Translated Lucie Comparini, Altal éd., 2007, ISBN 978-2-916736-04-4\nA esposa de Assuão, Campo das Letras, 2007, ISBN 978-989-625-237-3\nDivieto di soggiorno: l'Italia vista con gli occhi dei suoi immigrati, (Rejected) Milan, Italy: Rizzoli, 2007, ISBN 978-88-17-01270-6","title":"Works"}]	[{"image_text":"Jebreal and Julian Schnabel, 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Julian_Schnabel_%26_Rula_Jebreal.jpg/200px-Julian_Schnabel_%26_Rula_Jebreal.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Miral. Translated by John Cullen. Penguin. 2010. ISBN 978-0-14-311619-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NZzdA2vfXUYC&q=miral","url_text":"Miral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311619-6","url_text":"978-0-14-311619-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Minority Life in Israel\". The New York Times. 28 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/opinion/rula-jebreal-minority-life-in-israel.html","url_text":"\"Minority Life in Israel\""}]},{"reference":"Kazanjian, Dodie (October 26, 2010). \"Rula's View\". Vogue.com. Retrieved May 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/rulas-view/","url_text":"\"Rula's View\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rula's View\". Vogue. 24 October 2010. Retrieved 2019-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/article/rulas-view","url_text":"\"Rula's View\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rula Jebreal: How I'm Treated as a Minority in Israel\". Tikkun. 3 November 2014. Retrieved 2019-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tikkun.org/rula-jebreal-how-im-treated-as-a-minority-in-israel","url_text":"\"Rula Jebreal: How I'm Treated as a Minority in Israel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rula Jebreal\". TalkingPointsMemo. 23 July 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/rula-jebreal-contract-msnbc-done","url_text":"\"Rula Jebreal\""}]},{"reference":"Peter M. Brant (2010). \"Rula Jebreal\". Interview Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/rula-jebreal/#_","url_text":"\"Rula Jebreal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Julian Schnabel falls for Palestinian tale, then for its writer\". McClatchy Newspapers. January 13, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-05-18. Retrieved March 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518173027/https://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/movies/articles/2011/01/13/20110113julian-schnabel-rula-jebreal-miral.html","url_text":"\"Julian Schnabel falls for Palestinian tale, then for its writer\""},{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/movies/articles/2011/01/13/20110113julian-schnabel-rula-jebreal-miral.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Malle, Chloe (March 23, 2011). \"One Turbulent World Readied Her for Another\". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 2018-10-15. Retrieved March 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181015192317/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/fashion/24RULA.html","url_text":"\"One Turbulent World Readied Her for Another\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/fashion/24RULA.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arifa Akbar (September 3, 2010). \"Schnabel's true romance inspires tale of love across cultural divide\". The Independent. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/schnabels-true-romance-inspires-tale-of-love-across-cultural-divide-2069274.html","url_text":"\"Schnabel's true romance inspires tale of love across cultural divide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rula Jebreal: Tutto sulla giornalista palestinese\". 11 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://dilei.it/lifestyle/rula-jebreal-giornalista-palestinese/433715/","url_text":"\"Rula Jebreal: Tutto sulla giornalista palestinese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rula Jebreal\". 22 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/rula-jebreal","url_text":"\"Rula Jebreal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Julian Schnabel and Rula Jebreal Have Broken Schnup\".","urls":[{"url":"https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2011/08/julian_schnabel_and_rula_jebre_1.html","url_text":"\"Julian Schnabel and Rula Jebreal Have Broken Schnup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rula Jebreal Photostream\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zimbio.com/photos/Rula+Jebreal/Julian+Schnabel+Opening+Exhibition+Arrivals/Zjmr-_gXL6r","url_text":"\"Rula Jebreal Photostream\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pink Floyd's Roger Waters dating friend's ex\". Fox News. July 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/pink-floyds-roger-waters-reportedly-dating-friends-ex/","url_text":"\"Pink Floyd's Roger Waters dating friend's ex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News","url_text":"Fox News"}]},{"reference":"\"Rula Jebreal\". Huffington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/rula-jebreal","url_text":"\"Rula Jebreal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Ian (October 31, 2014). \"Maher vs. Muslim Journo on Berkeley Speech: \"Whoever Told You You Only Had To Hear What Didn't Upset You?\"\". Real Clear Politics.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2014/10/31/maher_vs_muslim_guest_on_berkeley_speech_whoever_told_you_you_only_had_to_hear_what_didnt_upset_you.html","url_text":"\"Maher vs. Muslim Journo on Berkeley Speech: \"Whoever Told You You Only Had To Hear What Didn't Upset You?\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Clear_Politics","url_text":"Real Clear Politics"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://rulajebreal.net/","external_links_name":"Official Web site"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Me4tB-D4CL4&t=929s","external_links_name":"Jebreal on her secret interview"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NZzdA2vfXUYC&q=miral","external_links_name":"Miral"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/opinion/rula-jebreal-minority-life-in-israel.html","external_links_name":"\"Minority Life in Israel\""},{"Link":"http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/rulas-view/","external_links_name":"\"Rula's View\""},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.com/article/rulas-view","external_links_name":"\"Rula's View\""},{"Link":"https://www.tikkun.org/rula-jebreal-how-im-treated-as-a-minority-in-israel","external_links_name":"\"Rula Jebreal: How I'm Treated as a Minority in Israel\""},{"Link":"http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/rula-jebreal-contract-msnbc-done","external_links_name":"\"Rula Jebreal\""},{"Link":"http://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/rula-jebreal/#_","external_links_name":"\"Rula Jebreal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518173027/https://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/movies/articles/2011/01/13/20110113julian-schnabel-rula-jebreal-miral.html","external_links_name":"\"Julian Schnabel falls for Palestinian tale, then for its writer\""},{"Link":"https://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/movies/articles/2011/01/13/20110113julian-schnabel-rula-jebreal-miral.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181015192317/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/fashion/24RULA.html","external_links_name":"\"One Turbulent World Readied Her for Another\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/fashion/24RULA.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vogue.com/865475/rulas-view/","external_links_name":"'Rula’s View,'"},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/2006/11/sezioni/spettacoli_e_cultura/frase-rula-jebreal/frase-rula-jebreal/frase-rula-jebreal.html?refresh_ce","external_links_name":"'Rula \"senza testa\", caccia al colpevole ma è un giallo di cattivo gusto,'"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/schnabels-true-romance-inspires-tale-of-love-across-cultural-divide-2069274.html","external_links_name":"\"Schnabel's true romance inspires tale of love across cultural divide\""},{"Link":"http://frontierenews.it/2011/03/divieto-di-soggiorno-litalia-vista-con-gli-occhi-dei-suoi-immigrati/","external_links_name":"Divieto di Soggiorno: l’Italia vista con gli occhi dei suoi immigrati,"},{"Link":"https://dilei.it/lifestyle/rula-jebreal-giornalista-palestinese/433715/","external_links_name":"\"Rula Jebreal: Tutto sulla giornalista palestinese\""},{"Link":"https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/rula-jebreal","external_links_name":"\"Rula Jebreal\""},{"Link":"https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2011/08/julian_schnabel_and_rula_jebre_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Julian Schnabel and Rula Jebreal Have Broken Schnup\""},{"Link":"http://www.zimbio.com/photos/Rula+Jebreal/Julian+Schnabel+Opening+Exhibition+Arrivals/Zjmr-_gXL6r","external_links_name":"\"Rula Jebreal Photostream\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/pink-floyds-roger-waters-reportedly-dating-friends-ex/","external_links_name":"\"Pink Floyd's Roger Waters dating friend's ex\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/rula-jebreal","external_links_name":"\"Rula Jebreal\""},{"Link":"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2014/10/31/maher_vs_muslim_guest_on_berkeley_speech_whoever_told_you_you_only_had_to_hear_what_didnt_upset_you.html","external_links_name":"\"Maher vs. Muslim Journo on Berkeley Speech: \"Whoever Told You You Only Had To Hear What Didn't Upset You?\"\""},{"Link":"http://rulajebreal.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3313134/","external_links_name":"Rula Jebreal"},{"Link":"http://www.radyoheval.org/search/Rula+Jebreal","external_links_name":"\"Rula Jebreal\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114784916","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/99219651","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3FvbgM9vK8DpQpY9VYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15570380g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15570380g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/142760528","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV403606","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007313568105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005092182","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2011555958&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record332527","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p300609167","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/094125481","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Thunderbirds_Indian_Springs_Diamond_Crash	1982 Thunderbirds Indian Springs Diamond Crash	["1 Accident","2 Eyewitness accounts","3 Investigation and aftermath","4 Conversion to F-16A's","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 36°35′18″N 115°40′48″W / 36.5884°N 115.680°W / 36.5884; -115.680U.S. Air Force Demonstration Team accident 1982 Thunderbirds Indian Springs Diamond CrashThunderbird T-38As in formationOccurrenceDate18 January 1982SummaryFlight into terrainSiteIndian Springs Air Force Auxiliary FieldAircraft typeNorthrop T-38 TalonOperatorUnited States Air Force ThunderbirdsFlight originNellis AFB, NevadaDestinationLocal trainingPassengers0Crew4Fatalities4Injuries0Survivors0 The 1982 Diamond Crash was the worst operational accident to befall the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds Air Demonstration Team involving show aircraft. Four Northrop T-38 Talon jets crashed during operational training on 18 January 1982, killing all four pilots. Accident The Thunderbirds were practicing at Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field, Nevada (now Creech Air Force Base) for a performance at Davis–Monthan AFB, Arizona. Four T-38As, Numbers 1–4, comprising the basic diamond formation, hit the desert floor almost simultaneously on Range 65, now referred to as "The Gathering of Eagles Range". The pilots were practicing the four-plane line abreast loop, in which the aircraft climb in side-by-side formation several thousand feet, pull over in a slow, inside loop, and descend at more than 400 miles per hour (640 km/h). The planes were meant to level off at about 100 feet (30 m); instead, the formation struck the ground at high speed. The four pilots died instantly: Major Norm Lowry, III, leader, 37, of Radford, Virginia; Captain Willie Mays, left wing, 31, of Ripley, Tennessee; Captain Joseph "Pete" Peterson, right wing, 32, of Tuskegee, Alabama; and Captain Mark E. Melancon, slot, 31, of Dallas, Texas. The airframes involved were all T-38A-75-NO Talons, serial numbers 68-8156, -8175, -8176 and -8184. Col. Mike Wallace, of the Public Information Office at nearby Nellis AFB, home of the demonstration team, said that Major General Gerald D. Larson, the head of an Air Force investigation board, arrived at Nellis that night. "Larson and a team of 10 to 15 experts are expected to spend three weeks studying the wreckage of the four T-38s – the worst crash in the 28-year history of the Air Force aerial demonstration team. The jets crashed almost simultaneously with what near-by Indian Springs residents described as an earthquake-like explosion that looked like a napalm bomb. Wreckage was strewn across a 1-square-mile area of the desert 60 miles north of Las Vegas." Initial speculation was that the accident might have been due to pilot error, that the leader might have misjudged his altitude or speed and the other three pilots repeated the error. However, the Air Force concluded that the crash was due to a jammed stabilizer on the lead jet. The other pilots, in accordance with their training, did not break formation. Eyewitness accounts "At the speed they were going when they came out of the loop, I just thought, "That's the end of that for them fellows,'" said W. G. Wood of Indian Springs, who witnessed the crash as he drove along US 95. "It happened so fast I couldn't tell you if one hit sooner. It looked like all of them hit at the same time." Construction worker George LaPointe watched the jets disappear behind tree tops, "They didn't come back up," he said. "They were going full tilt, really screaming, and at the time I thought they were too low." Investigation and aftermath Technical Sergeant Alfred R. King filmed the accident from the ground. His footage helped to determine the cause for the AFR 127-4 (the Air Force Regulation covering "Investigating and Reporting US Air Force Mishaps") accident investigation. On 26 January 1982, Congress passed Resolution 248, stating that "The Congress hereby affirms its strong support for continuation of the Thunderbirds program." Nonetheless, the 1982 season was cancelled for the Thunderbirds while they rebuilt the team. Former demonstration-unit members still on active duty were recalled to help rebuild the squadron. A five-page report of the mishap was published by Aviation Week & Space Technology in their issue dated 17 May 1982. The Thunderbirds next flew a public demonstration in early 1983, more than 18 months after their last public air show. On 2 April 1984, at the direction of Gen. Wilbur Creech, Commanding General, USAF Tactical Air Command, the two authorized and only known copies of the crash videotape were destroyed, with Creech himself erasing the portion of the master tape that showed the final impact and subsequent fireball of the four aircraft. At the time of the destruction, the families of the pilots and NBC had already demanded access to the tapes as part of a suit against Northrop and a FOIA request, respectively. Creech did not seek JAG guidance prior to destroying the tapes, and asked two of the three personnel who had been involved in reviewing the tapes to leave the room prior to his partial erasure of the master tape. He stated that he erased the tape because it would likely be used for sensationalism purposes and he was concerned about the privacy of the victims' families. Conversion to F-16A's The Thunderbirds switched back to front-line jet fighters after the accident. The Air Force team, like the U.S. Navy's Blue Angels, had switched to smaller aircraft after the 1973 oil crisis (the Navy switched from F-4 Phantoms to smaller A-4 Skyhawks). The first F-16A Fighting Falcon in Thunderbird colors arrived at Nellis AFB, Nevada, on 22 June 1982. References ^ The deadliest Thunderbird accident was the crash of a team support C-123B Provider, 55-4521, en route from Hill AFB, Utah to McChord AFB, Washington, on 9 October 1958. The plane flew through a flock of birds and crashed into a hillside six miles (10 km) east of Payette, Idaho, just before 6:30 p.m., killing all five flight crew and 14 maintenance personnel on board. ^ a b c d "The Thunderbirds' "Diamond Crash"". Check-Six.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011. ^ "USAF Air Demonstration Squadron". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011. ^ a b "Crashing in formation". Time Magazine. February 1982. Retrieved 13 June 2021. ^ "1968 USAF serial numbers". Retrieved 16 August 2010. ^ "Misjudgment held 'possible' in fatal Thunderbirds crash". Spokane Chronicle. 19 January 1982. Retrieved 22 September 2011. ^ "Air Force finds mechanical failure led to crashes of flying team". The New York Times. 11 April 1982. Retrieved 17 July 2011. Payment required to view full article. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b Palamara, Gary. "The U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds, Turn 50, Part One". GaryPalamara.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011. ^ Conahan, Frank. "Partial Videotape Erasure of 1982 Air Force Thunderbirds Crash (GAO/NSIAD-84-153)" (PDF). US GAO. Retrieved 8 July 2013. 36°35′18″N 115°40′48″W / 36.5884°N 115.680°W / 36.5884; -115.680 External links Link access to USAF Mishap Investigation Report re 18 January 1982 "Diamond Accident" vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1982 (1982) Jan 13 Air Florida Flight 90Jan 18 Thunderbirds Indian Springs "Diamond Crash"Jan 23 World Airways Flight 30Feb 6 Korean Air Force C-123 crashFeb 9 Japan Air Lines Flight 350Feb 21 Pilgrim Airlines Flight 458Mar 11 Widerøe Flight 933Mar 20 Garuda Fokker F28 crashMar 26 Aeropesca Colombia Flight 217Apr 26 CAAC Flight 3303May 25 RAF Jaguar shootdown incidentJun 6 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incidentJun 8 VASP Flight 168Jun 12 TABA Fairchild FH-227 accidentJun 21 Air India Flight 403Jun 24 British Airways Flight 009Jun 28 Aeroflot Flight 8641Jul 6 Aeroflot Flight 411Jul 9 Pan Am Flight 759Jul 23 Twilight Zone accidentAug 11 Pan Am Flight 830Aug 26 Southwest Air Lines Flight 611Sep 1 Aerocondor DHC-4 Caribou accidentSep 13 Spantax Flight 995Sep 13 Bristow Helicopters Bell 212 accidentSep 17 Japan Airlines Flight 792Sep 29 Aeroflot Flight 343Dec 9 Aeronor Flight 304Dec 24 CAAC Flight 2311 1981 ◄ ► 1983 vteF-5 and F/A-18 familiesVariantsF-5 line F-5 G F-20 T-38 Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration F/A-18 line F-17 F/A-18 E/F EA-18G X-53 CF-188 (CF-18) High Alpha Research Vehicle Model numbersMcDonnell Douglas 267 Northrop N-156 T N-205 N-267 N-300 N-301 N-302 N-303 N-304 N-305 N-306 N-307 N-311 N-321 P530 P600 P630 ForeignproductionAIDC(Taiwan) Chung Cheng Canadair(Canada) CF-116 (CF-5) HESA(Iran) Azarakhsh Kowsar Saeqeh Topics Accidents and incidents 1966 NASA T-38 crash 1982 Thunderbirds T-38 crash 2008 San Diego F/A-18 crash 2012 Virginia Beach F/A-18 crash CF-18 Demonstration Team F/A-18 in Australian service Hugo Wolf F/A-18C simulator In fiction F/A-18 F-20	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds Air Demonstration Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds_Air_Demonstration_Team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Northrop T-38 Talon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon"}],"text":"U.S. Air Force Demonstration Team accidentThe 1982 Diamond Crash was the worst operational accident to befall the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds Air Demonstration Team involving show aircraft.[1] Four Northrop T-38 Talon jets crashed during operational training on 18 January 1982, killing all four pilots.","title":"1982 Thunderbirds Indian Springs Diamond Crash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Springs_Air_Force_Auxiliary_Field"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Creech Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creech_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Davis–Monthan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_AFB"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diamond-2"},{"link_name":"T-38As","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-38_Talon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demonstration-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-4"},{"link_name":"Radford, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radford,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Ripley, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tuskegee, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nellis AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis_AFB"},{"link_name":"napalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spokane-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Thunderbirds were practicing at Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field, Nevada (now Creech Air Force Base) for a performance at Davis–Monthan AFB, Arizona.[2] Four T-38As, Numbers 1–4, comprising the basic diamond formation, hit the desert floor almost simultaneously on Range 65, now referred to as \"The Gathering of Eagles Range\".[3] The pilots were practicing the four-plane line abreast loop, in which the aircraft climb in side-by-side formation several thousand feet, pull over in a slow, inside loop, and descend at more than 400 miles per hour (640 km/h). The planes were meant to level off at about 100 feet (30 m); instead, the formation struck the ground at high speed.[4]The four pilots died instantly: Major Norm Lowry, III, leader, 37, of Radford, Virginia; Captain Willie Mays, left wing, 31, of Ripley, Tennessee; Captain Joseph \"Pete\" Peterson, right wing, 32, of Tuskegee, Alabama; and Captain Mark E. Melancon, slot, 31, of Dallas, Texas. The airframes involved were all T-38A-75-NO Talons, serial numbers 68-8156, -8175, -8176 and -8184.[5]Col. Mike Wallace, of the Public Information Office at nearby Nellis AFB, home of the demonstration team, said that Major General Gerald D. Larson, the head of an Air Force investigation board, arrived at Nellis that night. \"Larson and a team of 10 to 15 experts are expected to spend three weeks studying the wreckage of the four T-38s – the worst [training] crash in the 28-year history of the Air Force aerial demonstration team. The jets crashed almost simultaneously with what near-by Indian Springs residents described as an earthquake-like explosion that looked like a napalm bomb. Wreckage was strewn across a 1-square-mile area of the desert 60 miles north of Las Vegas.\"[6]Initial speculation was that the accident might have been due to pilot error, that the leader might have misjudged his altitude or speed and the other three pilots repeated the error.[4] However, the Air Force concluded that the crash was due to a jammed stabilizer on the lead jet. The other pilots, in accordance with their training, did not break formation.[7]","title":"Accident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_95_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diamond-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diamond-2"}],"text":"\"At the speed they were going when they came out of the loop, I just thought, \"That's the end of that for them fellows,'\" said W. G. Wood of Indian Springs, who witnessed the crash as he drove along US 95. \"It happened so fast I couldn't tell you if one hit sooner. It looked like all of them hit at the same time.\"[2]Construction worker George LaPointe watched the jets disappear behind tree tops, \"They didn't come back up,\" he said. \"They were going full tilt, really screaming, and at the time I thought they were too low.\"[2]","title":"Eyewitness accounts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diamond-2"},{"link_name":"Aviation Week & Space Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palamara-9"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Creech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_L._Creech"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Northrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Corporation"},{"link_name":"FOIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"JAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps"},{"link_name":"sensationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensationalism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Technical Sergeant Alfred R. King filmed the accident from the ground. His footage helped to determine the cause for the AFR 127-4 (the Air Force Regulation covering \"Investigating and Reporting US Air Force Mishaps\") accident investigation.[8] On 26 January 1982, Congress passed Resolution 248, stating that \"The Congress hereby affirms its strong support for continuation of the Thunderbirds program.\" Nonetheless, the 1982 season was cancelled for the Thunderbirds while they rebuilt the team. Former demonstration-unit members still on active duty were recalled to help rebuild the squadron.[2]A five-page report of the mishap was published by Aviation Week & Space Technology in their issue dated 17 May 1982.The Thunderbirds next flew a public demonstration in early 1983, more than 18 months after their last public air show.[9]On 2 April 1984, at the direction of Gen. Wilbur Creech, Commanding General, USAF Tactical Air Command, the two authorized and only known copies of the crash videotape were destroyed, with Creech himself erasing the portion of the master tape that showed the final impact and subsequent fireball of the four aircraft. At the time of the destruction, the families of the pilots and NBC had already demanded access to the tapes as part of a suit against Northrop and a FOIA request, respectively. Creech did not seek JAG guidance prior to destroying the tapes, and asked two of the three personnel who had been involved in reviewing the tapes to leave the room prior to his partial erasure of the master tape. He stated that he erased the tape because it would likely be used for sensationalism purposes and he was concerned about the privacy of the victims' families.[10]","title":"Investigation and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"1973 oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"F-4 Phantoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4_Phantom"},{"link_name":"A-4 Skyhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-4_Skyhawk"},{"link_name":"F-16A Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Nellis AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis_AFB"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palamara-9"}],"text":"The Thunderbirds switched back to front-line jet fighters after the accident. The Air Force team, like the U.S. Navy's Blue Angels, had switched to smaller aircraft after the 1973 oil crisis (the Navy switched from F-4 Phantoms to smaller A-4 Skyhawks). The first F-16A Fighting Falcon in Thunderbird colors arrived at Nellis AFB, Nevada, on 22 June 1982.[9]","title":"Conversion to F-16A's"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Thunderbirds' \"Diamond Crash\"\". Check-Six.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Thunderbirds-Diamond_Crash.htm","url_text":"\"The Thunderbirds' \"Diamond Crash\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609175541/http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Thunderbirds-Diamond_Crash.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"USAF Air Demonstration Squadron\". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/usafads.htm","url_text":"\"USAF Air Demonstration Squadron\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628193518/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/usafads.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Crashing in formation\". Time Magazine. February 1982. Retrieved 13 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,954982,00.html","url_text":"\"Crashing in formation\""}]},{"reference":"\"1968 USAF serial numbers\". Retrieved 16 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1968.html","url_text":"\"1968 USAF serial numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Misjudgment held 'possible' in fatal Thunderbirds crash\". Spokane Chronicle. 19 January 1982. Retrieved 22 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ulUaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WicEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4319,345670&dq=thunderbirds+crash+history&hl=en","url_text":"\"Misjudgment held 'possible' in fatal Thunderbirds crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Force finds mechanical failure led to crashes of flying team\". The New York Times. 11 April 1982. Retrieved 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/11/us/air-force-finds-mechanical-failure-led-to-crashes-of-flying-team.html?scp=4&sq=thunderbirds%20indian%20springs&st=cse","url_text":"\"Air Force finds mechanical failure led to crashes of flying team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723232545/http://www.system-safety.org/Documents/AF_System-Safety-HNDBK.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.system-safety.org/Documents/AF_System-Safety-HNDBK.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Palamara, Gary. \"The U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds, Turn 50, Part One\". GaryPalamara.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711073322/http://www.garypalamara.com/Articles_Tbird_AFM-01.htm","url_text":"\"The U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds, Turn 50, Part One\""},{"url":"http://www.garypalamara.com/Articles_Tbird_AFM-01.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Conahan, Frank. \"Partial Videotape Erasure of 1982 Air Force Thunderbirds Crash (GAO/NSIAD-84-153)\" (PDF). US GAO. Retrieved 8 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gao.gov/assets/210/207430.pdf","url_text":"\"Partial Videotape Erasure of 1982 Air Force Thunderbirds Crash (GAO/NSIAD-84-153)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1982_Thunderbirds_Indian_Springs_Diamond_Crash&params=36.5884_N_115.68_W_type:event_globe:earth_region:US-NV","external_links_name":"36°35′18″N 115°40′48″W / 36.5884°N 115.680°W / 36.5884; -115.680"},{"Link":"http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Thunderbirds-Diamond_Crash.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Thunderbirds' \"Diamond Crash\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609175541/http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Thunderbirds-Diamond_Crash.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/usafads.htm","external_links_name":"\"USAF Air Demonstration Squadron\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628193518/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/usafads.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,954982,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Crashing in formation\""},{"Link":"http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1968.html","external_links_name":"\"1968 USAF serial numbers\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ulUaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WicEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4319,345670&dq=thunderbirds+crash+history&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Misjudgment held 'possible' in fatal Thunderbirds crash\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/11/us/air-force-finds-mechanical-failure-led-to-crashes-of-flying-team.html?scp=4&sq=thunderbirds%20indian%20springs&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"Air Force finds mechanical failure led to crashes of flying team\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723232545/http://www.system-safety.org/Documents/AF_System-Safety-HNDBK.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.system-safety.org/Documents/AF_System-Safety-HNDBK.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711073322/http://www.garypalamara.com/Articles_Tbird_AFM-01.htm","external_links_name":"\"The U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds, Turn 50, Part One\""},{"Link":"http://www.garypalamara.com/Articles_Tbird_AFM-01.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gao.gov/assets/210/207430.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Partial Videotape Erasure of 1982 Air Force Thunderbirds Crash (GAO/NSIAD-84-153)\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1982_Thunderbirds_Indian_Springs_Diamond_Crash&params=36.5884_N_115.68_W_type:event_globe:earth_region:US-NV","external_links_name":"36°35′18″N 115°40′48″W / 36.5884°N 115.680°W / 36.5884; -115.680"},{"Link":"http://www.jjetspress.com/TBDmishapreport.pdf","external_links_name":"Link access to USAF Mishap Investigation Report re 18 January 1982 \"Diamond Accident\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvery_checkerspot	Chlosyne nycteis	["1 Description","1.1 Adult","1.2 Caterpillar","2 Range and habitat","3 Lifecycle","3.1 Larval foods","3.2 Adult foods","4 References"]	Species of butterfly Chlosyne nycteis Dorsal view Conservation status Secure (NatureServe) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Genus: Chlosyne Species: C. nycteis Binomial name Chlosyne nycteis(Doubleday, 1847) Subspecies Chlosyne nycteis drusius (Edwards, 1884) Chlosyne nycteis reversa (F. & R. Chermock, 1940) Synonyms Melitaea nycteis Charidryas harrisii Chlosyne nycteis, the silvery checkerspot, is a species of Nymphalinae butterfly that occurs in North America. It is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut and Maine, and is believed extirpated in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Description Adult The dorsal view is pale yellow orange with dark borders and markings. The hindwing has white-centered submarginal spots on both sides, dorsal and ventral. The hindwing is pale and has a white crescent at the margin. Caterpillar The caterpillar is almost all black with dusted white spots. Sometimes, it has a yellow-orange stripe or two smaller stripes along the side. The family Nymphalidae is known for its branched spines. Range and habitat Their range consist of southern Canada south to Georgia, Florida, and Texas. Silvery checkerspots enjoy moist areas such as streamsides. They can also be seen in meadows and forest openings. Lifecycle In the northern portion of its habitat, one brood hatches between June and July; for the remainder of its range, two broods occur from May to September. Three broods have been reported in the deep southern part of Texas. Females lay eggs in batches which can be up to 100 individuals. Early instar caterpillars stay in groups as they skeletonize leaves while the third instar hibernates. Larval foods Larval foods are various Asters, including Eurybia macrophylla, Verbesina alternifolia, Helianthus, and Rudbeckia. Adult foods Adult foods include from nectar from Red clover, Common milkweed and Dogbane. References ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Chlosyne nycteis Silvery Checkerspot". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 3 October 2020. ^ "Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved January 27, 2018. ^ Calhoun, John (2022). "A local irruption of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine, with an important new food plant record". News of the Lepidopterists' Society. 64: 26–33. ^ Calhoun, John V. (1996). "Possible relict populations of Chlosyne nycteis in the Florida panhandle (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)". Holarctic Lepidoptera. 3 (2): 69–71. ^ Calhoun, John V. (1996). "Chlosyne nycteis is alive and apparently well in the Florida panhandle". Southern Lepidopterists' News. 18: 18–19. ^ "Silvery Checkerspot Chlosyne nycteis (Doubleday, ) \| Butterflies and Moths of North America". ^ Calhoun, John (2022). "A local irruption of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine, with an important new food plant record". News of the Lepidopterists' Society. 64: 26–33. ^ Calhoun, John V. (2023). "Additional records of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine". News of the Lepidopterists' Society. 65 (1): 26–28. ^ "Silvery Checkerspot Chlosyne nycteis (Doubleday, ) \| Butterflies and Moths of North America". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlosyne nycteis. "Species Chlosyne nycteis - Silvery Checkerspot - BugGuide.net". Retrieved 2008-11-19. "Chlosyne Butler, 1870" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Accessed 2017-04-07 "Species Detail Butterflies and Moths of North America". Archived from the original on 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2008-11-20. Silvery Checkerspot, Butterflies of Ontario Taxon identifiersChlosyne nycteis Wikidata: Q3012869 Wikispecies: Chlosyne nycteis BAMONA: Chlosyne-nycteis BioLib: 527648 BOLD: 26823 BugGuide: 429 CoL: 69YXY EoL: 155174 GBIF: 1914458 iNaturalist: 62978 ITIS: 778070 MONA: 4490 NatureServe: 2.121016 NCBI: 113319 Open Tree of Life: 513021	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nymphalinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalinae"},{"link_name":"extirpated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_extinction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Chlosyne nycteis, the silvery checkerspot, is a species of Nymphalinae butterfly that occurs in North America. It is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut and Maine, and is believed extirpated in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.[2][3]","title":"Chlosyne nycteis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Adult","text":"The dorsal view is pale yellow orange with dark borders and markings. The hindwing has white-centered submarginal spots on both sides, dorsal and ventral. The hindwing is pale and has a white crescent at the margin.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nymphalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalidae"}],"sub_title":"Caterpillar","text":"The caterpillar is almost all black with dusted white spots. Sometimes, it has a yellow-orange stripe or two smaller stripes along the side. The family Nymphalidae is known for its branched spines.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Florida, and Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Their range consist of southern Canada south to Georgia, Florida, and Texas.[4][5] Silvery checkerspots enjoy moist areas such as streamsides. They can also be seen in meadows and forest openings.","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"instar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instar"}],"text":"In the northern portion of its habitat, one brood hatches between June and July; for the remainder of its range, two broods occur from May to September. Three broods have been reported in the deep southern part of Texas. Females lay eggs in batches which can be up to 100 individuals. Early instar caterpillars stay in groups as they skeletonize leaves while the third instar hibernates.","title":"Lifecycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asters"},{"link_name":"Eurybia macrophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurybia_macrophylla"},{"link_name":"Verbesina alternifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbesina_alternifolia"},{"link_name":"Helianthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helianthus"},{"link_name":"Rudbeckia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudbeckia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Larval foods","text":"Larval foods are various Asters, including Eurybia macrophylla, Verbesina alternifolia, Helianthus, and Rudbeckia.[6][7][8]","title":"Lifecycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"},{"link_name":"Red clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifolium_pratense"},{"link_name":"Common milkweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_milkweed"},{"link_name":"Dogbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Adult foods","text":"Adult foods include from nectar from Red clover, Common milkweed and Dogbane.[9]","title":"Lifecycle"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Chlosyne nycteis Silvery Checkerspot\". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 3 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.121016/Chlosyne_nycteis","url_text":"\"NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Chlosyne nycteis Silvery Checkerspot\""}]},{"reference":"Calhoun, John (2022). \"A local irruption of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine, with an important new food plant record\". News of the Lepidopterists' Society. 64: 26–33.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359245266","url_text":"\"A local irruption of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine, with an important new food plant record\""}]},{"reference":"Calhoun, John V. (1996). \"Possible relict populations of Chlosyne nycteis in the Florida panhandle (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)\". Holarctic Lepidoptera. 3 (2): 69–71.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303897170","url_text":"\"Possible relict populations of Chlosyne nycteis in the Florida panhandle (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)\""}]},{"reference":"Calhoun, John V. (1996). \"Chlosyne nycteis is alive and apparently well in the Florida panhandle\". Southern Lepidopterists' News. 18: 18–19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303907728","url_text":"\"Chlosyne nycteis is alive and apparently well in the Florida panhandle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silvery Checkerspot Chlosyne nycteis (Doubleday, [1847]) \| Butterflies and Moths of North America\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Chlosyne-nycteis","url_text":"\"Silvery Checkerspot Chlosyne nycteis (Doubleday, [1847]) \| Butterflies and Moths of North America\""}]},{"reference":"Calhoun, John (2022). \"A local irruption of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine, with an important new food plant record\". News of the Lepidopterists' Society. 64: 26–33.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359245266","url_text":"\"A local irruption of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine, with an important new food plant record\""}]},{"reference":"Calhoun, John V. (2023). \"Additional records of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine\". News of the Lepidopterists' Society. 65 (1): 26–28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369503689","url_text":"\"Additional records of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silvery Checkerspot Chlosyne nycteis (Doubleday, [1847]) \| Butterflies and Moths of North America\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Chlosyne-nycteis","url_text":"\"Silvery Checkerspot Chlosyne nycteis (Doubleday, [1847]) \| Butterflies and Moths of North America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Species Chlosyne nycteis - Silvery Checkerspot - BugGuide.net\". Retrieved 2008-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://bugguide.net/node/view/429","url_text":"\"Species Chlosyne nycteis - Silvery Checkerspot - BugGuide.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Species Detail Butterflies and Moths of North America\". Archived from the original on 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2008-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090505071707/http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1721","url_text":"\"Species Detail Butterflies and Moths of North America\""},{"url":"http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1721","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.121016/Chlosyne_nycteis","external_links_name":"\"NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Chlosyne nycteis Silvery Checkerspot\""},{"Link":"http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/wildlife/pdf_files/nongame/ets15.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359245266","external_links_name":"\"A local irruption of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine, with an important new food plant record\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303897170","external_links_name":"\"Possible relict populations of Chlosyne nycteis in the Florida panhandle (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303907728","external_links_name":"\"Chlosyne nycteis is alive and apparently well in the Florida panhandle\""},{"Link":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Chlosyne-nycteis","external_links_name":"\"Silvery Checkerspot Chlosyne nycteis (Doubleday, [1847]) \| Butterflies and Moths of North America\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359245266","external_links_name":"\"A local irruption of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine, with an important new food plant record\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369503689","external_links_name":"\"Additional records of Chlosyne nycteis (Nymphalidae) in Maine\""},{"Link":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Chlosyne-nycteis","external_links_name":"\"Silvery Checkerspot Chlosyne nycteis (Doubleday, [1847]) \| Butterflies and Moths of North America\""},{"Link":"http://bugguide.net/node/view/429","external_links_name":"\"Species Chlosyne nycteis - Silvery Checkerspot - BugGuide.net\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/nymphalinae/chlosyne/","external_links_name":"\"Chlosyne Butler, 1870\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090505071707/http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1721","external_links_name":"\"Species Detail Butterflies and Moths of North America\""},{"Link":"http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1721","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/SilveryCheckerspot_e.php","external_links_name":"Silvery Checkerspot"},{"Link":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Chlosyne-nycteis","external_links_name":"Chlosyne-nycteis"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id527648","external_links_name":"527648"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=26823","external_links_name":"26823"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/429","external_links_name":"429"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/69YXY","external_links_name":"69YXY"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/155174","external_links_name":"155174"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1914458","external_links_name":"1914458"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/62978","external_links_name":"62978"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=778070","external_links_name":"778070"},{"Link":"https://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=4490","external_links_name":"4490"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.121016/","external_links_name":"2.121016"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=113319","external_links_name":"113319"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=513021","external_links_name":"513021"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Murphy_(baseball)	Chris Murphy (baseball)	["1 Early life and amateur career","2 Professional career","3 References","4 External links"]	American baseball player (born 1998) Baseball player Chris MurphyBoston Red Sox – No. 72PitcherBorn: (1998-06-05) June 5, 1998 (age 26)Mission Hills, California, U.S.Bats: LeftThrows: LeftMLB debutJune 7, 2023, for the Boston Red SoxMLB statistics (through 2023 season)Win–loss record1–2Earned run average4.91Strikeouts49 Teams Boston Red Sox (2023–present) Christopher Michael Murphy (born June 5, 1998) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). Early life and amateur career Murphy grew up in Granada Hills, California, and attended Granada Hills Charter High School. He was named the CIF Los Angeles City Section's Most Valuable Pitcher as a senior. Murphy played college baseball for the San Diego Toreros for three seasons. He was named a Freshman All-American by Collegiate Baseball after posting a 3–4 win–loss record with a 4.17 earned run average (ERA) and a team-high 89 strikeouts. In 2018, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League. As a junior, Murphy went 4–3 with a 3.50 ERA and 87 strikeouts with 43 walks over 64+1⁄3 innings pitched. Professional career Murphy was selected in the sixth round of the 2019 MLB draft by the Boston Red Sox. After signing with the team, he was assigned to the Low-A Lowell Spinners and posted a 1.08 ERA with 34 strikeouts in 33+1⁄3 innings pitched. He did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Murphy began the 2021 season with the High-A Greenville Drive before being promoted to the Double-A Portland Sea Dogs. Overall with both teams during 2021, Murphy made 21 appearances (20 starts), compiling a 4.62 ERA and 8–5 record while striking out 128 batters in 101+1⁄3 innings. Murphy began the 2022 season with Portland. He made his Triple-A debut with the Worcester Red Sox on June 30. Overall with both teams, Murphy pitched to a 7–11 record in 30 games (28 starts), posting a 4.03 ERA while striking out 149 batters in 152 innings. On November 15, 2022, the Red Sox added Murphy to the 40-man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft. Murphy was optioned to Triple-A Worcester to begin the 2023 season. In 10 games (9 starts) for Worcester through early June, Murphy registered a 7.71 ERA with 42 strikeouts in 39+2⁄3 innings pitched. He was added to Boston's active major-league roster on June 6. He made his MLB debut the following day, pitching 3+1⁄3 innings of scoreless relief again the Cleveland Guardians. He was optioned back to Worcester on June 8, was briefly on Boston's roster for a doubleheader on June 18, and was recalled on June 23. Murphy impressed in his first long stint with Boston, serving primarily as a bulk reliever. On August 11, Murphy earned his first major-league save, pitching three shutout innings aganist the Detroit Tigers. He split time between Boston and Worcester during the second-half of August and during September. Murphy was placed on the 60–day injured list to begin the 2024 season after suffering a left UCL sprain in his left elbow. He underwent Tommy John surgery on April 10, 2024, ending his season. References ^ "Baseball: Left-hander Chris Murphy of Granada Hills looks ready for big season". Los Angeles Times. February 14, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2023. ^ "Baseball All-City Teams Announced". cif-la.org. Retrieved June 8, 2023. ^ Kenney, Kirk (February 14, 2018). "Coach Rich Hill says USD has three aces up its sleeve this season". BaltimoreSun.com. The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ "Chris Murphy - Profile". pointstreak.com. Retrieved September 23, 2021. ^ "Mason: Cheat sheet for the Top 10 Red Sox draft picks". Gloucester Daily Times. June 7, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ "MLB Draft: USD pitcher Chris Murphy, shortstop Jeff Houghtby are Day 2 picks". The San Diego Union-Tribune. June 4, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ Smith, Christoper (November 18, 2020). "Boston Red Sox prospect Chris Murphy plays for friend he calls 'sister' who died of cancer". MassLive.com. Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ "2020 Minor League Baseball season cancelled". mlb.com. Retrieved March 30, 2024. ^ "Sea Dogs open homestand with a bang". The Portland Press Herald. August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ a b "Chris Murphy Amateur, College & Minor Leagues Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Callis, Jim (April 6, 2022). "Here's where Red Sox Top 30 prospects are starting '22". MLB.com. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ Campbell, Brendan (July 1, 2022). "Cup of Coffee: Sale fans seven while Koss goes deep twice in Portland". soxprospects.com. Retrieved July 4, 2022. ^ "Red Sox Roster & Staff – Transactions". MLB.com. Boston Red Sox. November 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022. ^ "Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Sent down to Triple-A". cbssports.com. Retrieved 2023-03-14. ^ "Red Sox reportedly call up pitching prospect Chris Murphy". cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2023-06-06. ^ Doyle, Peyton (June 6, 2023). "Red Sox call up Chris Murphy for potential MLB debut Tuesday". Boston.com. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Smith, Christopher (June 7, 2023). "Red Sox rookie Chris Murphy 'felt Jessica out there' during his MLB debut". MassLive.com. Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ "Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Optioned to Triple-A". CBS Sports. June 8, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023. ^ "Red Sox Roster & Staff – Transactions". MLB.com. Boston Red Sox. June 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023. ^ "Red Sox recall INF Bobby Dalbec, LHP Chris Murphy from Triple-A". ESPN.com. AP. June 23, 2023. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ "Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Handling bulk role". CBS Sports. August 5, 2023. ^ https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/red-soxs-chris-murphy-earns-three-inning-save/ ^ "Red Sox Roster & Staff: Transactions". MLB.com. Boston Red Sox. August 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023. ^ "Red Sox Roster & Staff: Transactions". MLB.com. Boston Red Sox. September 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2023. ^ "Red Sox Select Joely Rodriguez, Naoyuki Uwasawa". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024. ^ "Chris Murphy Undergoes Tommy John Surgery". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved April 10, 2024. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) San Diego Toreros bio vteBoston Red Sox current rosterActive roster 2 Dominic Smith 3 Reese McGuire 7 Masataka Yoshida 11 Rafael Devers 12 Connor Wong 16 Jarren Duran 17 Tyler O'Neill 23 Romy González 29 Bobby Dalbec 30 Rob Refsnyder 37 Nick Pivetta 43 Ceddanne Rafaela 46 Brad Keller 47 Enmanuel Valdez 48 Chase Anderson 50 Kutter Crawford 55 Chris Martin 57 Greg Weissert 63 Justin Slaten 66 Brayan Bello 70 David Hamilton 71 Cam Booser 74 Kenley Jansen 76 Zack Kelly 83 Brennan Bernardino 89 Tanner Houck Inactive roster 25 Josh Winckowski 32 Tyler Heineman 39 Naoyuki Uwasawa 44 Isaiah Campbell 64 Cooper Criswell 73 Jamie Westbrook 75 Brandon Walter 92 Wikelman González 93 Luis Perales -- Bailey Horn 7-, 10-, or 15-day IL 5 Vaughn Grissom 52 Wilyer Abreu 79 Bryan Mata 60-day injured list 10 Trevor Story 22 Garrett Whitlock 31 Liam Hendriks 36 Triston Casas 54 Lucas Giolito 72 Chris Murphy Coaching staff Manager 13 Alex Cora Bench 60 Ramón Vázquez Hitting 62 Peter Fatse Asst. hitting 54 Luis Ortiz Asst. hitting 85 Ben Rosenthal Pitching 53 Andrew Bailey First base 81 Andy Fox Third base 84 Kyle Hudson Bullpen 51 Kevin Walker Game planning/catching 33 Jason Varitek Bullpen catcher 90 Charlie Madden Bullpen catcher 88 Mani Martinez	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"}],"text":"Baseball playerChristopher Michael Murphy (born June 5, 1998) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB).","title":"Chris Murphy (baseball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Granada Hills, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Hills,_California"},{"link_name":"Granada Hills Charter High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Hills_Charter_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"CIF Los Angeles City Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIF_Los_Angeles_City_Section"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"San Diego Toreros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Toreros_baseball"},{"link_name":"Collegiate Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Baseball_Newspaper"},{"link_name":"win–loss record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_(pitching)"},{"link_name":"earned run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"collegiate summer baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball"},{"link_name":"Brewster Whitecaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_Whitecaps"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"innings pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings_pitched"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Murphy grew up in Granada Hills, California, and attended Granada Hills Charter High School.[1] He was named the CIF Los Angeles City Section's Most Valuable Pitcher as a senior.[2]Murphy played college baseball for the San Diego Toreros for three seasons. He was named a Freshman All-American by Collegiate Baseball after posting a 3–4 win–loss record with a 4.17 earned run average (ERA) and a team-high 89 strikeouts.[3] In 2018, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League.[4] As a junior, Murphy went 4–3 with a 3.50 ERA and 87 strikeouts with 43 walks over 64+1⁄3 innings pitched.[5]","title":"Early life and amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 MLB draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Low-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_Short_Season"},{"link_name":"Lowell Spinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Spinners"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"High-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-A"},{"link_name":"Greenville Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_Drive"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Portland Sea Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Sea_Dogs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top30start22-11"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Worcester Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-10"},{"link_name":"40-man roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40-man_roster"},{"link_name":"Rule 5 draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_5_draft"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NovTrans-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"doubleheader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleheader_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"save","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"UCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_collateral_ligament_of_elbow_joint"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Tommy John surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_John_surgery"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Murphy was selected in the sixth round of the 2019 MLB draft by the Boston Red Sox.[6] After signing with the team, he was assigned to the Low-A Lowell Spinners and posted a 1.08 ERA with 34 strikeouts in 33+1⁄3 innings pitched.[7] He did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[8] Murphy began the 2021 season with the High-A Greenville Drive before being promoted to the Double-A Portland Sea Dogs.[9] Overall with both teams during 2021, Murphy made 21 appearances (20 starts), compiling a 4.62 ERA and 8–5 record while striking out 128 batters in 101+1⁄3 innings.[10]Murphy began the 2022 season with Portland.[11] He made his Triple-A debut with the Worcester Red Sox on June 30.[12] Overall with both teams, Murphy pitched to a 7–11 record in 30 games (28 starts), posting a 4.03 ERA while striking out 149 batters in 152 innings.[10]On November 15, 2022, the Red Sox added Murphy to the 40-man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft.[13] Murphy was optioned to Triple-A Worcester to begin the 2023 season.[14] In 10 games (9 starts) for Worcester through early June, Murphy registered a 7.71 ERA with 42 strikeouts in 39+2⁄3 innings pitched.[15] He was added to Boston's active major-league roster on June 6.[16] He made his MLB debut the following day, pitching 3+1⁄3 innings of scoreless relief again the Cleveland Guardians.[17] He was optioned back to Worcester on June 8,[18] was briefly on Boston's roster for a doubleheader on June 18,[19] and was recalled on June 23.[20] Murphy impressed in his first long stint with Boston, serving primarily as a bulk reliever.[21] On August 11, Murphy earned his first major-league save, pitching three shutout innings aganist the Detroit Tigers.[22] He split time between Boston and Worcester during the second-half of August and during September.[23][24]Murphy was placed on the 60–day injured list to begin the 2024 season after suffering a left UCL sprain in his left elbow.[25] He underwent Tommy John surgery on April 10, 2024, ending his season.[26]","title":"Professional career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Baseball: Left-hander Chris Murphy of Granada Hills looks ready for big season\". Los Angeles Times. February 14, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/sports/highschool/varsity-times/la-sp-vi-baseball-left-hander-chris-murphy-of-granada-hills-looks-ready-for-big-season-20160214-story.html","url_text":"\"Baseball: Left-hander Chris Murphy of Granada Hills looks ready for big season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball All-City Teams Announced\". cif-la.org. Retrieved June 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cif-la.org/apps/news/article/585810","url_text":"\"Baseball All-City Teams Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Kenney, Kirk (February 14, 2018). \"Coach Rich Hill says USD has three aces up its sleeve this season\". BaltimoreSun.com. The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/sd-sp-usdbase-three-aces-sprengel-richan-murphy-0215-story.html","url_text":"\"Coach Rich Hill says USD has three aces up its sleeve this season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"BaltimoreSun.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune","url_text":"The San Diego Union-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Murphy - Profile\". pointstreak.com. Retrieved September 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pointstreak.com/baseball/player.html?playerid=1212374&seasonid=31242","url_text":"\"Chris Murphy - Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mason: Cheat sheet for the Top 10 Red Sox draft picks\". Gloucester Daily Times. June 7, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gloucestertimes.com/sports/local_sports/mason-cheat-sheet-for-the-top-10-red-sox-draft-picks/article_f2a61b83-14d5-57ac-9609-75d654ebad50.html","url_text":"\"Mason: Cheat sheet for the Top 10 Red Sox draft picks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Daily_Times","url_text":"Gloucester Daily Times"}]},{"reference":"\"MLB Draft: USD pitcher Chris Murphy, shortstop Jeff Houghtby are Day 2 picks\". The San Diego Union-Tribune. June 4, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/toreros/story/2019-06-04/mlb-draft-usd-pitcher-chris-murphy-shortstop-jeff-houghtby-are-day-2-picks","url_text":"\"MLB Draft: USD pitcher Chris Murphy, shortstop Jeff Houghtby are Day 2 picks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune","url_text":"The San Diego Union-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Christoper (November 18, 2020). \"Boston Red Sox prospect Chris Murphy plays for friend he calls 'sister' who died of cancer\". MassLive.com. Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.masslive.com/redsox/2020/11/boston-red-sox-talented-prospect-chris-murphy-plays-for-friend-he-calls-sister-who-died-of-cancer-minor-league-notebook.html","url_text":"\"Boston Red Sox prospect Chris Murphy plays for friend he calls 'sister' who died of cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MassLive.com","url_text":"MassLive.com"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Minor League Baseball season cancelled\". mlb.com. Retrieved March 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/2020-minor-league-baseball-season-canceled","url_text":"\"2020 Minor League Baseball season cancelled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sea Dogs open homestand with a bang\". The Portland Press Herald. August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressherald.com/2021/08/17/sea-dogs-open-homestand-with-a-bang/","url_text":"\"Sea Dogs open homestand with a bang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portland_Press_Herald","url_text":"The Portland Press Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Murphy Amateur, College & Minor Leagues Statistics & History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=murphy007chr","url_text":"\"Chris Murphy Amateur, College & Minor Leagues Statistics & History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"Callis, Jim (April 6, 2022). \"Here's where Red Sox Top 30 prospects are starting '22\". MLB.com. Retrieved April 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/where-red-sox-prospects-are-starting-2022-season","url_text":"\"Here's where Red Sox Top 30 prospects are starting '22\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Brendan (July 1, 2022). \"Cup of Coffee: Sale fans seven while Koss goes deep twice in Portland\". soxprospects.com. Retrieved July 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.soxprospects.com/2022/07/cup-of-coffee-sale-fans-seven-while.html","url_text":"\"Cup of Coffee: Sale fans seven while Koss goes deep twice in Portland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff – Transactions\". MLB.com. Boston Red Sox. November 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2022/11","url_text":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff – Transactions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Sent down to Triple-A\". cbssports.com. Retrieved 2023-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/red-soxs-chris-murphy-sent-down-to-triple-a/amp/","url_text":"\"Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Sent down to Triple-A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox reportedly call up pitching prospect Chris Murphy\". cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2023-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/boston/news/red-sox-reportedly-call-up-pitching-prospect-chris-murphy/","url_text":"\"Red Sox reportedly call up pitching prospect Chris Murphy\""}]},{"reference":"Doyle, Peyton (June 6, 2023). \"Red Sox call up Chris Murphy for potential MLB debut Tuesday\". Boston.com. Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-red-sox/2023/06/06/red-sox-call-up-pitcher-chris-murphy-mlb-debut-tuesday/","url_text":"\"Red Sox call up Chris Murphy for potential MLB debut Tuesday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston.com","url_text":"Boston.com"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Christopher (June 7, 2023). \"Red Sox rookie Chris Murphy 'felt Jessica out there' during his MLB debut\". MassLive.com. Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.masslive.com/redsox/2023/06/red-sox-rookie-chris-murphy-felt-jessica-out-there-during-his-mlb-debut.html","url_text":"\"Red Sox rookie Chris Murphy 'felt Jessica out there' during his MLB debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Optioned to Triple-A\". CBS Sports. June 8, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/red-soxs-chris-murphy-optioned-to-triple-a/","url_text":"\"Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Optioned to Triple-A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports","url_text":"CBS Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff – Transactions\". MLB.com. Boston Red Sox. June 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2023/06","url_text":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff – Transactions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox recall INF Bobby Dalbec, LHP Chris Murphy from Triple-A\". ESPN.com. AP. June 23, 2023. Retrieved June 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/37906561/red-sox-recall-inf-bobby-dalbec-lhp-chris-murphy-triple-a","url_text":"\"Red Sox recall INF Bobby Dalbec, LHP Chris Murphy from Triple-A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Handling bulk role\". CBS Sports. August 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/red-soxs-chris-murphy-handling-bulk-role/","url_text":"\"Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Handling bulk role\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports","url_text":"CBS Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff: Transactions\". MLB.com. Boston Red Sox. August 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2023/08","url_text":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff: Transactions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff: Transactions\". MLB.com. Boston Red Sox. September 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2023/09","url_text":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff: Transactions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Sox Select Joely Rodriguez, Naoyuki Uwasawa\". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved March 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/03/red-sox-select-joely-rodriguez-naoyuki-uwasawa.html","url_text":"\"Red Sox Select Joely Rodriguez, Naoyuki Uwasawa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Murphy Undergoes Tommy John Surgery\". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved April 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/04/chris-murphy-undergoes-tommy-john-surgery.html","url_text":"\"Chris Murphy Undergoes Tommy John Surgery\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/sports/highschool/varsity-times/la-sp-vi-baseball-left-hander-chris-murphy-of-granada-hills-looks-ready-for-big-season-20160214-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Baseball: Left-hander Chris Murphy of Granada Hills looks ready for big season\""},{"Link":"https://www.cif-la.org/apps/news/article/585810","external_links_name":"\"Baseball All-City Teams Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/sd-sp-usdbase-three-aces-sprengel-richan-murphy-0215-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Coach Rich Hill says USD has three aces up its sleeve this season\""},{"Link":"https://pointstreak.com/baseball/player.html?playerid=1212374&seasonid=31242","external_links_name":"\"Chris Murphy - Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.gloucestertimes.com/sports/local_sports/mason-cheat-sheet-for-the-top-10-red-sox-draft-picks/article_f2a61b83-14d5-57ac-9609-75d654ebad50.html","external_links_name":"\"Mason: Cheat sheet for the Top 10 Red Sox draft picks\""},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/toreros/story/2019-06-04/mlb-draft-usd-pitcher-chris-murphy-shortstop-jeff-houghtby-are-day-2-picks","external_links_name":"\"MLB Draft: USD pitcher Chris Murphy, shortstop Jeff Houghtby are Day 2 picks\""},{"Link":"https://www.masslive.com/redsox/2020/11/boston-red-sox-talented-prospect-chris-murphy-plays-for-friend-he-calls-sister-who-died-of-cancer-minor-league-notebook.html","external_links_name":"\"Boston Red Sox prospect Chris Murphy plays for friend he calls 'sister' who died of cancer\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/news/2020-minor-league-baseball-season-canceled","external_links_name":"\"2020 Minor League Baseball season cancelled\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressherald.com/2021/08/17/sea-dogs-open-homestand-with-a-bang/","external_links_name":"\"Sea Dogs open homestand with a bang\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=murphy007chr","external_links_name":"\"Chris Murphy Amateur, College & Minor Leagues Statistics & History\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/news/where-red-sox-prospects-are-starting-2022-season","external_links_name":"\"Here's where Red Sox Top 30 prospects are starting '22\""},{"Link":"http://news.soxprospects.com/2022/07/cup-of-coffee-sale-fans-seven-while.html","external_links_name":"\"Cup of Coffee: Sale fans seven while Koss goes deep twice in Portland\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2022/11","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff – Transactions\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/red-soxs-chris-murphy-sent-down-to-triple-a/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Sent down to Triple-A\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/boston/news/red-sox-reportedly-call-up-pitching-prospect-chris-murphy/","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox reportedly call up pitching prospect Chris Murphy\""},{"Link":"https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-red-sox/2023/06/06/red-sox-call-up-pitcher-chris-murphy-mlb-debut-tuesday/","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox call up Chris Murphy for potential MLB debut Tuesday\""},{"Link":"https://www.masslive.com/redsox/2023/06/red-sox-rookie-chris-murphy-felt-jessica-out-there-during-his-mlb-debut.html","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox rookie Chris Murphy 'felt Jessica out there' during his MLB debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/red-soxs-chris-murphy-optioned-to-triple-a/","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Optioned to Triple-A\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2023/06","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff – Transactions\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/37906561/red-sox-recall-inf-bobby-dalbec-lhp-chris-murphy-triple-a","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox recall INF Bobby Dalbec, LHP Chris Murphy from Triple-A\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/red-soxs-chris-murphy-handling-bulk-role/","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox's Chris Murphy: Handling bulk role\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/red-soxs-chris-murphy-earns-three-inning-save/","external_links_name":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/red-soxs-chris-murphy-earns-three-inning-save/"},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2023/08","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff: Transactions\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2023/09","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox Roster & Staff: Transactions\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/03/red-sox-select-joely-rodriguez-naoyuki-uwasawa.html","external_links_name":"\"Red Sox Select Joely Rodriguez, Naoyuki Uwasawa\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/04/chris-murphy-undergoes-tommy-john-surgery.html","external_links_name":"\"Chris Murphy Undergoes Tommy John Surgery\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/669684","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/4084958","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/murphch01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=26214","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=murphy007chr","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://usdtoreros.com/sports/baseball/roster/chris-murphy/5529","external_links_name":"San Diego Toreros bio"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Baronets	Miller baronets	["1 Miller baronets, of Oxenhoath (1660)","2 Miller baronets, of Chichester (1705)","3 Miller baronets, of Glenlee (1788)","4 Miller baronets, of Manderston (1874)","5 Notes","6 References"]	Four baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom Manderston – the family seat of the Miller baronets of Manderston There have been four baronetcies created for persons with the surname Miller, two in the Baronetage of England, one in the Baronetage of Great Britain and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. Two of the creations are extant as of 2008. The Miller Baronetcy, of Oxenhoath in the County of Kent, was created in the Baronetage of England on 13 October 1660 for Humphrey Miller. He was High Sheriff of Kent in 1666. The title became extinct on the death of the second Baronet in 1714. The Miller Baronetcy, of Chichester in the County of Sussex, was created in the Baronetage of England on 29 October 1705 for Thomas Miller, Member of Parliament for Chichester. His father Mark Miller was an Alderman and Mayor of Chichester. The second Baronet represented Chichester and Sussex in the House of Commons. The third Baronet was Member of Parliament for Chichester. The fifth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Lewes and Portsmouth. Another member of the family to gain distinction was the Hon. Sir Henry Miller, second son of the sixth Baronet. He was Speaker of the New Zealand Legislative Council from 1892 to 1903. The Miller Baronetcy, of Glenlee in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 3 March 1788 for Thomas Miller, Lord President of the Court of Session with the judicial title of Lord Glenlee. The second Baronet was a Lord of Session with the judicial title of Lord Glenlee and also represented Edinburgh in the House of Commons. The seventh Baronet was Chairman of the Suffolk County Council between 1988 and 1989. The Miller Baronetcy, of Manderston in the County of Berwick, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 24 March 1874 for the diplomat and politician William Miller. The title became extinct on the death of his younger son, the third Baronet, in 1918. The family seat was Manderston, Duns, Berwickshire. Miller baronets, of Oxenhoath (1660) Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of Oxenhoath Sir Humphrey Miller, 1st Baronet (died 1709) Sir Borlase Miller, 2nd Baronet (died 1714) Miller baronets, of Chichester (1705) Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of Chichester Sir Thomas Miller, 1st Baronet (c. 1635–1705) Sir John Miller, 2nd Baronet (1665–1721) Sir Thomas Miller, 3rd Baronet (c. 1689–1733) Sir John Miller, 4th Baronet (died 1772) Sir Thomas Miller, 5th Baronet (c. 1735–1816) Sir Thomas Combe Miller, 6th Baronet (1781–1864) Sir Charles Hayes Miller, 7th Baronet (1829–1868) Sir Charles John Hubert Miller, 8th Baronet (1858–1940) Sir Henry Holmes Miller, 9th Baronet (1865–1952) Sir Ernest Henry John Miller, 10th Baronet (1897–1960) Sir John Holmes Miller, 11th Baronet (1925–1995) Sir Harry Miller, 12th Baronet (1927–2007) Sir Anthony Thomas Miller, 13th Baronet (born 1955) The heir apparent is Thomas Kensington Miller (born 1994). Miller baronets, of Glenlee (1788) Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of Glenlee Sir Thomas Miller, 1st Baronet (1717–1789) Sir William Miller, 2nd Baronet (1755–1846) Thomas Miller (died 1827) Sir William Miller, 3rd Baronet (1815–1861) Sir Thomas Macdonald Miller, 4th Baronet (1846–1875) William Frederic Miller (1863–1868) Sir William Frederick Miller, 5th Baronet (1868–1948) Lieutenant Frederick William Joseph Macdonald Miller (1891–1917) Sir Alastair George Lionel Joseph Miller, 6th Baronet (1893–1964) Sir Frederick William Macdonald Miller, 7th Baronet (1920–1991) Sir Stephen William Macdonald Miller, 8th Baronet (born 1953) The heir apparent is James Stephen Macdonald Miller of Glenlee, the younger (born 1981). Miller baronets, of Manderston (1874) Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of Manderston Sir William Miller, 1st Baronet (1809–1887) Sir James Miller, 2nd Baronet (1864–1906) Sir John Alexander Miller, 3rd Baronet (27 September 1867 – 16 February 1918). Miller inherited the baronetcy from his brother, James Miller. In 1899 he was appointed a Justice of the Peace and magistrate for Kent. At the time of his first marriage, 1889, John Alexander Miller was stated to be a bachelor and landed proprietor living at Manderston, Duns, Berwickshire. However, by 1903 John Alexander Miller's country address is Bifrons, Patrixbourne, Canterbury, Kent. His town address was 31 Cadogan Square, Chelsea, London. He married three times: Firstly on 19 September 1889 in a Scottish Episcopalian service at Ayton Castle, Berwickshire, the family seat of the bride, Inez Mary (born 1867, Toronto, Canada, d. 19 April 1938), eldest child of William Mitchell-Innes (1841–1879), Captain, 13th Hussars by his spouse Agnes (1850–?), daughter of Henry Young Hulbert (1812–1864). Inez divorced her husband on 1 February 1901. Secondly in 1901, London as her third husband, Ada Mary (1869–1938), daughter of Francis Henry Paget (1840–1921), Lieutenant Prince Albert's Own Leics. Yeo. Cavalry, by his spouse Edith Mary (circa 1845–1889), daughter of William Henry Higgins (1818–1891), sometime Master of the Court of Bankruptcy. Ada divorced her husband in 1906. Sir John inherited the baronetcy upon his brother's death in 1906, and the following year married, thirdly, Eveline Frances (1869–1941), daughter of Colonel John Blencowe Cookson, C.B. (1843–1910), by his spouse, Constance Jane (1847–1926), daughter of George Fenwick, Esq., (1811 – post 1861) There was no issue from any of the marriages and the baronetcy became extinct. Manderston was entailed to Amy, (Mrs Thomas Bailie), Sir John's eldest sister. Notes ^ "No. 12965". The London Gazette. 16 February 1788. p. 81. ^ "No. 24071". The London Gazette. 8 March 1874. p. 1453. ^ a b Kelly's Handbook to the Titles, Landed, and Official Classes, 29th edition, London, 1903:1040 ^ Divorce Register, New Register House, Edinburgh, volume 1, number 104 ^ SepQ 1901 Strand 1b/1312 ^ Whitaker's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage, London, 1935: 419 References Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, Leigh Rayment's list of baronets Burke's Peerage & Baronetage, 61st edition, London, 1899, Kelly's Handbook of the Titled and Official Classes, London, 1903, p. 1040. Ruvigny and Raineval, The Marquis of, The Blood Royal of Britain – Tudor Roll, London, 1903, p. 550.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manderston_House_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baronetage of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_England"},{"link_name":"Baronetage of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Baronetage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Oxenhoath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxenhoath"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Thomas Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Miller,_1st_Baronet,_of_Chichester"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Miller_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the New Zealand Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Miller,_Lord_Glenlee"},{"link_name":"Lord President of the Court of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session"},{"link_name":"Lord of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Session"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Miller,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Manderston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manderston"},{"link_name":"Duns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Berwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshire"}],"text":"Manderston – the family seat of the Miller baronets of ManderstonThere have been four baronetcies created for persons with the surname Miller, two in the Baronetage of England, one in the Baronetage of Great Britain and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. Two of the creations are extant as of 2008.The Miller Baronetcy, of Oxenhoath in the County of Kent, was created in the Baronetage of England on 13 October 1660 for Humphrey Miller. He was High Sheriff of Kent in 1666. The title became extinct on the death of the second Baronet in 1714.The Miller Baronetcy, of Chichester in the County of Sussex, was created in the Baronetage of England on 29 October 1705 for Thomas Miller, Member of Parliament for Chichester. His father Mark Miller was an Alderman and Mayor of Chichester. The second Baronet represented Chichester and Sussex in the House of Commons. The third Baronet was Member of Parliament for Chichester. The fifth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Lewes and Portsmouth. Another member of the family to gain distinction was the Hon. Sir Henry Miller, second son of the sixth Baronet. He was Speaker of the New Zealand Legislative Council from 1892 to 1903.The Miller Baronetcy, of Glenlee in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright,[1] was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 3 March 1788 for Thomas Miller, Lord President of the Court of Session with the judicial title of Lord Glenlee. The second Baronet was a Lord of Session with the judicial title of Lord Glenlee and also represented Edinburgh in the House of Commons. The seventh Baronet was Chairman of the Suffolk County Council between 1988 and 1989.The Miller Baronetcy, of Manderston in the County of Berwick,[2] was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 24 March 1874 for the diplomat and politician William Miller. The title became extinct on the death of his younger son, the third Baronet, in 1918. The family seat was Manderston, Duns, Berwickshire.","title":"Miller baronets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Oxenhoath_(1660).svg"}],"text":"Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of OxenhoathSir Humphrey Miller, 1st Baronet (died 1709)\nSir Borlase Miller, 2nd Baronet (died 1714)","title":"Miller baronets, of Oxenhoath (1660)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Chichester_(1705).svg"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Miller, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Miller,_1st_Baronet,_of_Chichester"},{"link_name":"Sir John Miller, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_John_Miller,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Miller, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Miller,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Miller, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Miller,_5th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Combe Miller, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Miller,_6th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"}],"text":"Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of ChichesterSir Thomas Miller, 1st Baronet (c. 1635–1705)\nSir John Miller, 2nd Baronet (1665–1721)\nSir Thomas Miller, 3rd Baronet (c. 1689–1733)\nSir John Miller, 4th Baronet (died 1772)\nSir Thomas Miller, 5th Baronet (c. 1735–1816)\nSir Thomas Combe Miller, 6th Baronet (1781–1864)\nSir Charles Hayes Miller, 7th Baronet (1829–1868)\nSir Charles John Hubert Miller, 8th Baronet (1858–1940)\nSir Henry Holmes Miller, 9th Baronet (1865–1952)\nSir Ernest Henry John Miller, 10th Baronet (1897–1960)\nSir John Holmes Miller, 11th Baronet (1925–1995)\nSir Harry Miller, 12th Baronet (1927–2007)\nSir Anthony Thomas Miller, 13th Baronet (born 1955)The heir apparent is Thomas Kensington Miller (born 1994).","title":"Miller baronets, of Chichester (1705)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Glenlee_(1788).svg"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Miller, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Miller,_Lord_Glenlee"},{"link_name":"Sir William Miller, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller,_Lord_Glenlee"},{"link_name":"Sir William Miller, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Miller,_3rd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir William Frederick Miller, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Frederick_Miller,_5th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Frederick William Joseph Macdonald Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieutenant_Frederick_William_Joseph_Macdonald_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Alastair George Lionel Joseph Miller, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Alastair_George_Lionel_Joseph_Miller,_6th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Frederick William Macdonald Miller, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Frederick_William_Macdonald_Miller,_7th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Stephen William Macdonald Miller, 8th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Stephen_William_Macdonald_Miller,_8th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"}],"text":"Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of GlenleeSir Thomas Miller, 1st Baronet (1717–1789)\nSir William Miller, 2nd Baronet (1755–1846)\nThomas Miller (died 1827)\nSir William Miller, 3rd Baronet (1815–1861)\nSir Thomas Macdonald Miller, 4th Baronet (1846–1875)\nWilliam Frederic Miller (1863–1868)\nSir William Frederick Miller, 5th Baronet (1868–1948)\nLieutenant Frederick William Joseph Macdonald Miller (1891–1917)\nSir Alastair George Lionel Joseph Miller, 6th Baronet (1893–1964)\nSir Frederick William Macdonald Miller, 7th Baronet (1920–1991)\nSir Stephen William Macdonald Miller, 8th Baronet (born 1953)The heir apparent is James Stephen Macdonald Miller of Glenlee, the younger (born 1981).","title":"Miller baronets, of Glenlee (1788)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Manderston_(1874).svg"},{"link_name":"Sir William Miller, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Miller,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir James Miller, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Miller,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Justice of the Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace"},{"link_name":"magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple-3"},{"link_name":"Duns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Chelsea, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple-3"},{"link_name":"Ayton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayton_Castle,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"13th Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Hussars"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Manderston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manderston"}],"text":"Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of ManderstonSir William Miller, 1st Baronet (1809–1887)\nSir James Miller, 2nd Baronet (1864–1906)\nSir John Alexander Miller, 3rd Baronet (27 September 1867 – 16 February 1918). Miller inherited the baronetcy from his brother, James Miller. In 1899 he was appointed a Justice of the Peace and magistrate for Kent.[3] At the time of his first marriage, 1889, John Alexander Miller was stated to be a bachelor and landed proprietor living at Manderston, Duns, Berwickshire. However, by 1903 John Alexander Miller's country address is Bifrons, Patrixbourne, Canterbury, Kent. His town address was 31 Cadogan Square, Chelsea, London.[3] He married three times: Firstly on 19 September 1889 in a Scottish Episcopalian service at Ayton Castle, Berwickshire, the family seat of the bride, Inez Mary (born 1867, Toronto, Canada, d. 19 April 1938), eldest child of William Mitchell-Innes (1841–1879), Captain, 13th Hussars by his spouse Agnes (1850–?), daughter of Henry Young Hulbert (1812–1864). Inez divorced her husband on 1 February 1901.[4] Secondly in 1901, London[5] as her third husband, Ada Mary (1869–1938), daughter of Francis Henry Paget (1840–1921), Lieutenant Prince Albert's Own Leics. Yeo. Cavalry, by his spouse Edith Mary (circa 1845–1889), daughter of William Henry Higgins (1818–1891), sometime Master of the Court of Bankruptcy. Ada divorced her husband in 1906. Sir John inherited the baronetcy upon his brother's death in 1906, and the following year married, thirdly, Eveline Frances (1869–1941), daughter of Colonel John Blencowe Cookson, C.B. (1843–1910), by his spouse, Constance Jane (1847–1926), daughter of George Fenwick, Esq., (1811 – post 1861) There was no issue from any of the marriages and the baronetcy became extinct.[6] Manderston was entailed to Amy, (Mrs Thomas Bailie), Sir John's eldest sister.","title":"Miller baronets, of Manderston (1874)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"No. 12965\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12965/page/81"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"No. 24071\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24071/page/1453"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-multiple_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-multiple_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ \"No. 12965\". The London Gazette. 16 February 1788. p. 81.\n\n^ \"No. 24071\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1874. p. 1453.\n\n^ a b Kelly's Handbook to the Titles, Landed, and Official Classes, 29th edition, London, 1903:1040\n\n^ Divorce Register, New Register House, Edinburgh, volume 1, number 104\n\n^ SepQ 1901 Strand 1b/1312\n\n^ Whitaker's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage, London, 1935: 419","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Manderston – the family seat of the Miller baronets of Manderston","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Manderston_House_2005.jpg/300px-Manderston_House_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of Oxenhoath","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Oxenhoath_%281660%29.svg/220px-Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Oxenhoath_%281660%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of Chichester","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Chichester_%281705%29.svg/220px-Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Chichester_%281705%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of Glenlee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Glenlee_%281788%29.svg/220px-Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Glenlee_%281788%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Escutcheon of the Miller baronets of Manderston","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Manderston_%281874%29.svg/220px-Escutcheon_of_the_Miller_Baronets_of_Manderston_%281874%29.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"No. 12965\". The London Gazette. 16 February 1788. p. 81.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12965/page/81","url_text":"\"No. 12965\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24071\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1874. p. 1453.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24071/page/1453","url_text":"\"No. 24071\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12965/page/81","external_links_name":"\"No. 12965\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24071/page/1453","external_links_name":"\"No. 24071\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's list of baronets"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy_stardust_(persona)	Ziggy Stardust (character)	["1 Fictional narrative","2 Origins","2.1 Name","3 Appearance","3.1 Hair","3.2 Clothing","3.3 Makeup","4 Cultural impact","5 Retirement","6 Legacy","7 In popular culture","7.1 Music","7.2 Film and television","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","10.1 Sources","11 External links"]	Character created by David Bowie in 1971 Fictional character Ziggy StardustDavid Bowie performing as Ziggy Stardust at Newcastle City Hall in 1972First appearance1972Last appearanceOctober 1973Created byDavid BowiePortrayed byDavid BowieIn-universe informationSpeciesAlienGenderAndrogynousOccupationRock star Ziggy Stardust is a fictional character created by English musician David Bowie, and was Bowie's stage persona during 1972 and 1973. The eponymous character of the song "Ziggy Stardust" and its parent album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972), Ziggy Stardust was retained for Bowie's subsequent concert tour through the United Kingdom, Japan and North America, during which Bowie performed as the character backed by his band The Spiders from Mars. Bowie continued the character in his next album Aladdin Sane (1973), which he described as "Ziggy goes to America". Bowie retired the character in October 1973 after one final show at The Marquee in London. As conveyed in the title song and album, Ziggy Stardust is an androgynous, alien rock star who came to Earth before an impending apocalyptic disaster to deliver a message of hope. After accumulating a large following of fans and being worshipped as a messiah, Ziggy eventually dies as a victim of his own fame and excess. The character was meant to symbolise an over-the-top, sexually liberated rock star and serve as a commentary on a society in which celebrities are worshipped. Influences for the character included English singer Vince Taylor, Texan musician the Legendary Stardust Cowboy, and Japanese kabuki theatre. Ziggy Stardust's exuberant fashion made the character and Bowie himself staples in the glam rock repertoire well into the 1970s, defining what the genre would become. The success of the character and its iconic look flung Bowie into international superstardom. Rolling Stone wrote that Bowie's Ziggy Stardust was "the alter ego that changed music forever and sent his career into orbit". Ziggy Stardust's look and message of youth liberation are now representative of one of Bowie's most memorable eras. The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars became Bowie's second most popular album in terms of record sales. Fictional narrative "'Ziggy' was my Martian messiah who twanged a guitar. He was a simplistic character. I saw him as very simple ... fairly like the character Newton I was to do in the film later on. Someone who dropped down here, got brought down to our way of thinking, and ended up destroying his own self. Which is a pretty archetype story line." — Bowie on the character. Bowie explained that the character of Ziggy Stardust was conceived as an alien rock star who arrives on an Earth that is dying due to a lack of natural resources. Around the world older people have lost touch with reality, while children have adopted a hedonistic way of life and no longer want rock music, as there is no electricity to play it. Ziggy is advised in a dream by the infinites ("black-hole jumpers") to write about the coming of a starman who will save the earth. Ziggy's tale of the starman is the first news of hope that the people have heard, so they latch onto it immediately. Ziggy soon gathers a large following and is worshipped as a prophet. According to Bowie, "He takes himself up to incredible spiritual heights and is kept alive by his disciples." The infinites eventually arrive, and tear Ziggy apart onstage. Much of the Ziggy Stardust story is told in the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, or appears in Bowie's writings as plans for a never-realised theatrical performance of the narrative. Various songs on the album are written from the viewpoints of different characters. On the album, the Ziggy Stardust character is introduced directly on the third track, "Moonage Daydream". However, the song "Ziggy Stardust" is the central piece of the narrative of the album, presenting a complete "birth-to-death chronology" of the character. "Starman" is Ziggy's song prophesying the coming starman who will save the earth. According to author Michael Luckman, the song "Lady Stardust" presents Ziggy meeting his disciples, playing before a crowd of worshippers, followed by "Star", in which he "reveal his plan for intergalactic superstardom". Ziggy is torn apart onstage during the song "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide". The song "Sweet Head", recorded during the Ziggy/Hunky Dory sessions, reference Ziggy directly as well, but the song was left off the album and went unreleased until 1989. The character was revisited by Bowie in his next album Aladdin Sane (1973), which topped the UK chart, and was his first number-one album. Described by Bowie as "Ziggy goes to America", it contained songs he wrote while travelling to and across the US during the earlier part of the Ziggy Stardust Tour. Origins The character was inspired by English rock 'n' roll singer Vince Taylor, whom Bowie met after Taylor had a breakdown and believed himself to be a cross between a god and an alien. Bowie's lyrical allusions to Taylor include identifying Ziggy as a "leper messiah". Taylor was only part of the character's blueprint. In the 1960s Bowie had seen Gene Vincent performing live wearing a leg-brace after a car accident, and observed: "It meant that to crouch at the mike, as was his habit, had to shove his injured leg out behind him to, what I thought, great theatrical effect. This rock stance became position number one for the embryonic Ziggy." Bowie biographers also propose that Bowie developed the concept of Ziggy as a melding of the persona of Iggy Pop with the music of Lou Reed during a visit to the US in 1971. A girlfriend recalled his "scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy", and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character "who looks like he's landed from Mars". Bowie stated that with Ziggy Stardust, "I wanted to define the archetype messiah rockstar. That's all I wanted to do. I used the trappings of kabuki theatre, mime technique, fringe New York music." One of his main references was The Velvet Underground. Bowie stated that Ziggy is meant to be an alien of some kind, possibly a Martian, and was based "very much on a Japanese concept". The character's Japanese influences provided a human connection, Bowie explained, as in Britain during the early 1970s Japan "still seemed like an alien society, but it was a human alien society." Bowie also stated that Ziggy Stardust was a product of his career-long ambition to combine rock music and theatre, and that at the time of creating the character he had viewed Ziggy as "a very positive artistic statement ... a grand kitsch painting. The whole guy." Bowie asserted elsewhere that Ziggy Stardust was born out of a desire to move away from the denim and hippies of the 1960s. Along these lines, some critics assert that Bowie's artificial concoction of a rock star persona was a symbolic critique of the artificiality seen in the rock world of the time. Bowie had previously created artificial stage personas in 1970 with his backing band Hype. Over a small series of shows which, while poorly received at the time, are now credited as the origin of glam rock, the band performed in flamboyant costumes, each with an accompanying persona of a spoof superhero. Bowie, dressed in a blue cape, lurex tights, thigh boots and a leotard with colourful scarves sewn onto his shirt, was "Rainbowman". Describing his costume as "very spacey", he later explained that his idea for the outfits was to counter the popular image of rock acts at the time, which was "all jeans and long hair". The concept behind Rainbowman was recycled and reinvented as Ziggy Stardust. Name Bowie told Rolling Stone that the name "Ziggy" was "one of the few Christian names could find beginning with the letter 'Z'". He later explained in a 1990 interview for Q magazine that the Ziggy part came from a tailor's shop called Ziggy's that he passed on a train, and he liked it because it had "that Iggy connotation but it was a tailor's shop, and I thought, Well, this whole thing is gonna be about clothes, so it was my own little joke calling him Ziggy. So Ziggy Stardust was a real compilation of things." "Stardust" came from the Legendary Stardust Cowboy, the stage name of singer Norman Carl Odam, whose music intrigued Bowie. Appearance A sequinned jumpsuit, one of the costumes designed by Kansai Yamamoto for Ziggy Stardust Hair As Ziggy Stardust, Bowie had a bright red mullet. The hairstyle was inspired by that of a model for Japanese designer Kansai Yamamoto that Bowie had seen in Honey magazine, and modelled on three different images from Vogue—a French issue inspired the front of the haircut, while the sides and back came from two different German copies. Bowie's mullet was cut and dyed by hairdresser Suzi Fussey, who accompanied the Ziggy Stardust tour until 1973. Fussey initially cut Bowie's hair in the style in January 1972, and after experimenting with colour treatments on samples of Bowie's hair, dyed it a flaming red colour; Bowie recalled the dye colour was "Schwartzkopf red". The dye contained 30 volume peroxide which gave Bowie's hair some lift, but Fussey then used an anti-dandruff treatment called Gard to help stiffen it and make it stand upright. The haircut achieved widespread mainstream success in popular fashion, as Bowie himself stated in 1993, " became to hairdressing in the early seventies, what the Lady Di cut was for the early eighties. Only with double the appeal, because it worked for both sexes." Clothing Stage outfits for Ziggy Stardust designed by Freddie Burretti in 1972 Long and slender, Ziggy was dressed in glamorous outfits often with flared legs and shoulders, and an open chest. On the cover of The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, Bowie appeared in a green suit of his own design, made by his tailor friend Freddie Burretti and seamstress Sue Frost. Produced in a geometric-patterned fabric, representing an integrated circuit, the bomber jacket and matching cuffed trousers were worn with knee-high, lace-up boots designed by Stan Miller. Similar outfits were made for Bowie's backing band The Spiders From Mars; these costumes worn in early live performances were based on those sported by the Droogs in Stanley Kubrick's film A Clockwork Orange. Bowie explained, "I wanted to take the hardness and violence of those Clockwork Orange outfits—the trousers tucked into big boots and the codpiece things—and soften them up by using the most ridiculous fabrics. It was a Dada thing—this extreme ultraviolence in Liberty fabrics." In addition to his green suit, Bowie's costumes for early concerts were white satin trousers with a flock-patterned jacket, and a multi-coloured jumpsuit that he also wore on Top of the Pops. By August 1972, Bowie was introducing Kansai Yamamoto's designs as stage wear for the Ziggy character, lent to him by Yamamoto's stylist friend, Yasuko Hayashi. Bowie commissioned Yamamoto to design his 1973 U.K. tour costuming, and subsequently the U.S. tour costuming for the Aladdin Sane shows. In total, seven costumes were designed for Ziggy Stardust by Yamamoto. The collection he provided Bowie in April 1973 included a white robe with "David Bowie" written in Japanese, a silver leotard hung with a floor-length fringe of glass beads, a striped spandex bodystocking, and a multi-coloured kimono that could be torn away to reveal a red loincloth. Many of Yamamoto's stage wear designs for Bowie were "tear-away" outfits, influenced by hikinuki, the method of changing costumes quickly in kabuki theatre. Makeup An example of traditional Japanese kabuki makeup The character had pale skin, described by Bowie as a "snow-white tan". Following the instruction Yamamoto gave to his models, Bowie shaved off his eyebrows in late 1972, adding to Ziggy's alien visage. On Ziggy's forehead was a gold "astral sphere" suggested by make-up artist Pierre La Roche (who also applied the lightning flash to Bowie's face for the cover of Aladdin Sane). When the Ziggy Stardust tour came to Japan in April 1973, Bowie met the kabuki theatre star Bando Tamasaburo, who taught him about traditional Japanese makeup techniques. In a 1973 Mirabelle magazine article, La Roche explained that Bowie bought most of his make-up from a shop in Rome but acquired his "white rice powder" from "Tokyo's Woolworth's equivalent". Bowie used a "German gold base in cake form" for the sphere, and would occasionally "outline that gold circle with tiny gold rhinestones, stuck on with eyelash glue". By the end of the Ziggy Stardust period in 1973, Bowie would spend at least two hours before each concert to have his makeup done. According to La Roche, for his last few English concerts, Bowie painted tiny lightning streaks on his cheek and upper leg. Cultural impact "I wasn't at all surprised 'Ziggy Stardust' made my career. I packaged a totally credible plastic rock star." – David Bowie, in an interview with Rolling Stone By the time Bowie returned to Britain for the final leg of the Ziggy Stardust tour in May 1973 following the release of Aladdin Sane, he had become the biggest English rock star since the Beatles almost a decade earlier, in terms of concert and record sales. Crowd reactions to Bowie during the Ziggy Stardust period have been likened to Beatlemania, and the character's stardom as the height of his popularity dubbed "Ziggymania". Rolling Stone described Ziggy Stardust as "the ultimate rock star": "He's a wild, hedonistic figure ... but at his core communicates peace and love". Influencing the glam rock genre and fashion wave, Bowie as Ziggy Stardust became one of the most iconic images of rock history and pop culture. The Washington Post wrote, "He was not only glam's principal architect, he was its most beautiful specimen." Ziggy Stardust helped to popularise the mullet in the 1970s, though the hairstyle was still without a name at the time. The "Ziggy" cut marked an "era-defining grooming change" as it went against the typical fashion of natural, long haircuts for men at the time and was also suited to either sex. GQ wrote that the "Ziggy" cut "remains one of the boldest and most stylish haircuts in history, from the way it spiked up on top and swooped down to a sort of mullet – but way cooler than a mullet – finish." Retirement By July 1973, Bowie had been touring as Ziggy for 18 months. Due to the intense nature of his touring life, Bowie felt as though maintaining the Ziggy persona was affecting his own personality and sanity too much; acting the same role over an extended period, it became difficult for him to separate Ziggy Stardust from his own character offstage. Bowie was also beginning to reach a point of creative boredom and felt that he could no longer perform Ziggy with the same enthusiasm. There were also practical reasons behind his decision to retire the character: Bowie's record company RCA refused to finance a third large US tour due to Bowie's management overspending in excess of $300,000 during the 1972 and 1973 tours, as well as disappointing record sales in the US. Bowie retired Ziggy Stardust during a live concert on 3 July 1973, at London's Hammersmith Odeon in front of 3,500 fans. The concert featured an 18-song set, with Jeff Beck joining the band for a medley of "The Jean Genie" and The Beatles' "Love Me Do". Just before the final song of the concert, "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide", Bowie announced, "Of all the shows on this tour, this particular show will remain with us the longest, because not only is it the last show of the tour, but it's the last show that we'll ever do." The fans and press took this to mean that Bowie was retiring entirely, causing much media attention. However, it only referred to the Ziggy Stardust persona and the Spiders from Mars backing band. The final Ziggy concert was filmed by D. A. Pennebaker and released in 1979 as the documentary Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars and the audio on the live album Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture (released in 1983). Legacy The plaque on Heddon Street marking Bowie's album cover shoot Ziggy Stardust is widely considered Bowie's greatest creation. In 2012, a plaque was unveiled by the Crown Estate at the site at which the iconic Ziggy Stardust album cover photograph was taken by Brian Ward on Heddon Street, London. The unveiling was attended by original Spiders from Mars band members Woody Woodmansey and Trevor Bolder, and was unveiled by Gary Kemp. The plaque was the first to be installed by the Crown Estate and is one of the few plaques in the country devoted to fictional characters. In 2018, a statue depicting a mature Bowie looking at his younger self as Ziggy Stardust was unveiled in Aylesbury, the town where Bowie debuted the character in 1972. The statue stands in Aylesbury's Market Square, which Bowie referenced in "Five Years", the opening song of The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and The Spiders from Mars album. In 2015, the African butterfly species Bicyclus sigiussidorum was named after the character due to its "glammy" appearance. (Sigiussidorum is a Latin rendering of "Ziggy Stardust".) Street art depicting Ziggy StardustWarsaw, PolandBrixton, U.K.Salamanca, Spain In popular culture Music The 1976 cyberpunk rock opera Starmania features a character called Ziggy. The British rock band Def Leppard referenced the character in their song Rocket on their 1987 album Hysteria. The Swedish band Gyllene Tider recorded a song called "Åh Ziggy Stardust (var blev du av?)" ("Ah Ziggy Stardust, what became of you?"), included on the 1990 re-release of their album Gyllene Tider. Ziggy Stardust was one of several pop icons Marc Almond dressed up as in the video for his 1995 single "Adored and Explored" and the cover of its follow-up single, "The Idol". The Omēga character, featured on the cover of Marilyn Manson's 1998 album Mechanical Animals was based on Ziggy Stardust, aesthetically and story-wise. A cartoon version of Ziggy featured in the video for Boy George's 2008 single "Yes We Can". Matt Sorum made reference to the character in the song "What Ziggy Says" on his 2014 album Stratosphere. One of the pioneers of gothic rock, Bauhaus, has a song named "Ziggy Stardust". Film and television Fictional pop star Brian Slade and his space-age alter ego Maxwell Demon in the 1998 film Velvet Goldmine were based on Bowie in his Ziggy Stardust period, though Bowie would dissociate himself from the film. In the 1999 comedy special Golden Years, Ricky Gervais plays a Bowie impersonator named Clive Meadows who arrives at a business meeting as Ziggy Stardust. In the sixth episode of the 2007 sitcom Flight of the Conchords, the character Brett (Bret McKenzie) is visited by a dream version of Ziggy Stardust, among several other of Bowie's personas. The character of "Ziggy Stardust" in full costume appears in Zack Snyder's Watchmen. "Artie" (played by John McCrea) in the 2021 film Cruella was inspired by the character. In season 2 episode 4 of Big Little Lies the character of Ziggy dresses up as Ziggy Stardust. Ziggy Stardust is also mentioned by name in the season 1 premiere. See also Major TomThe Thin White Duke Notes ^ Bowie: "It was quite easy to become obsessed night and day with the character. I became Ziggy Stardust. David Bowie went totally out the window. Everybody was convincing me that I was a messiah ... I got hopelessly lost in the fantasy." "My whole personality was affected ... I thought I might as well take Ziggy to interviews as well. Why leave him on stage? Looking back it was very absurd. It became very dangerous. I really did have doubts about my sanity." ^ Bowie: "I had an awful lot of fun doing ... but my performance on stage reached a peak. I felt I couldn't go on stage in the same context again ... if I'm tired with what I'm doing wouldn't it be long before the audience realised." References ^ a b Taylor, Trey (2017-11-20). "See Terry O'Neill's rare images of David Bowie's last show as Ziggy Stardust". Interview Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ a b c Light, Alan (2016). "'Ziggy Stardust': How Bowie Created the Alter Ego That Changed Rock". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ Dee, Johnny (7 January 2012). "David Bowie: Infomania". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2020. ^ a b Morse (1998), p. 100 ^ a b c Copetas, Craig (28 February 1974). "Beat Godfather Meets Glitter Mainman: William Burroughs Interviews David Bowie". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020. ^ Archived from "Frequently Asked Questions". The Ziggy Stardust Companion. 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2009. ^ a b David Bowie Explains Ziggy Stardust (YouTube). CBC News: The National. 12 January 2016. ^ Pegg (2016), p. 327 ^ Doggett (2012), p. 121 ^ Luckman (2010), p. 83 ^ Pegg (2016), p. 275 ^ Buckley (2005), p. 157 ^ Sandford (1997), pp. 108 ^ "BBC – BBC Radio 4 Programmes – Ziggy Stardust Came from Isleworth". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 September 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010. ^ "The Leper Messiah: Vince Taylor". David Bowie Official. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010. ^ Pegg (2016), p. 573 ^ Mahoney, Elisabeth (20 August 2010). "Ziggy Stardust Came from Isleworth – review". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2010. ^ Pegg (2016), "Hang On To Yourself" in chapt. The Songs From A to Z. ^ "Vincent, Gene". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-10-29. ^ Sandford (1997), pp. 73–74 ^ Pegg (2016), p. 619 ^ Sandford 1997, pp. 73–74. ^ a b Kerry O'Brien (16 February 2004). "David Bowie reflects on his career". The 7:30 Report. ABC Television. ^ Vera Kvaal (1990). "David Bowie – in his own eyes". In your own eyes. NRK. ^ David Bowie on Surrealism, Dreams & Acting: MTV Full 1987 Interview (YouTube). MTV News. 11 January 2017. ^ a b Jones, Allan (29 October 1977). "Goodbye To Ziggy And All That". Melody Maker. Retrieved 13 September 2020 – via Bowie Golden Years. ^ "David Bowie On The Ziggy Stardust Years: 'We Were Creating The 21st Century In 1971'". NPR. 19 September 2003. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2018. ^ McLeod, Ken. "Space Oddities: Aliens, Futurism and Meaning in Popular Music". Popular Music. Vol. 22. JSTOR 3877579. ^ a b Hughes, Rob (20 December 2014). "David Bowie: The Gig That Invented Glam". Louder Sound. Retrieved 5 September 2020. ^ a b Chapman (2020), p. 129 ^ Chapman (2020), p. 179 ^ "11–14". The Observer. 20 June 2004. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017. ^ a b Campbell (2005), p. 294 ^ Du Noyer, Paul (25 August 2009). "David Bowie interview by Paul Du Noyer 1990". Paul Du Noyer. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011. ^ Kot, Greg (12 January 2016). "Space oddities: David Bowie's hidden influences". BBC. Retrieved 6 September 2020. ^ Buckley (2005), pp. 110-111 ^ Philo (2018), p. 59 ^ a b Ferrier, Morwenna (11 January 2016). "David Bowie: five defining looks – in pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ a b c Thian, Helene M. (2013). "For David Bowie, Japanese style was more than just fashion". The Japan Times. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ a b Zanetta & Edwards (1986), p. 112 ^ a b c d Gorman, Paul (4 August 2015). "David Bowie: his style story, 1972-1973". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 September 2020. ^ a b c d Harris (2010), pp. 194-195 ^ a b Zara, Christopher (17 January 2016). "The Story Behind David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust Haircut, A Radical Red Revolution". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2020. ^ a b "Celebrating David Bowie And The Beckenham Arts Lab". davidbowie.com. 26 November 2001. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021. Bowie: "Schwartzkopf red was the colour. I had cut my hair short in early January 1972. No dye. Layed flatish. I believe that it went red and stood up between the 20th and 25th of January 1972." ^ a b Fearon, Faye (21 March 2020). "In praise of David Bowie's iconic Ziggy Stardust haircut". GQ. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ "The Ziggy Stardust Haircut". The Ziggy Stardust Companion. 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ Pegg (2016), "The Ziggy Stardust Tour (UK)" in chapt. Live ^ a b Panisch, Alex (2016). "5 Things We Learned From Kansai Yamamoto, David Bowie's Costume Designer". Out. Pride Media. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ Dellas, Mary (2018). "Dressing David Bowie As 'Ziggy Stardust'". The Cut. Vox Media, Inc. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ a b c d Pegg (2016), "The 1973 Ziggy Stardust Tour (aka The Aladdin Sane Tour)" in chapt. Live ^ Pegg (2016), p. 573 ^ Pegg (2016), "The Ziggy Stardust Tour (US)" in chapt. Live ^ Archived from "David Bowie, Ziggy Stardust Style". The Blitz Kids. 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020. ^ James Hale (director) (2012). David Bowie and the Story of Ziggy Stardust (Documentary). BBC. ^ Zanetta & Edwards (1986), p. 208 ^ Hendler (2020), pp. 11-12 ^ Howard, Tom (11 January 2016). "Starman! – The Story Of Bowie's Ziggy Stardust". NME. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ Savage, Jon (9 March 2013). "When Bowie met Burroughs". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021. ^ Bowie (1980), p. 31 ^ a b c Harrington, Richard (9 June 2009). "30 Years On, 'Ziggy Stardust' Rises Again". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ Donoughue, Paul (11 January 2016). "David Bowie: The many faces of the glam rock icon". ABC News. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ Lunn, Oliver (17 June 2019). "A Brief History of the Mullet". Dazed. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ Greene, Andy (2016). "David Bowie: 7 Wild Quotes From the 'Station to Station' Era". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ Jones (2012), p. 171 ^ Miles (1980), p. 54 ^ a b Gallucci, Michael (2016). "When David Bowie Abruptly Retired Ziggy Stardust". Ultimate Classic Rock. Townsquare Media, Inc. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ a b James, David E. (13 February 2016). "The many deaths of David Bowie". OUPBlog. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 September 2020. ^ Greene, Andy (22 November 2012). "Flashback: Ziggy Stardust Commits 'Rock and Roll Suicide' at Final Gig". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 14 September 2020. ^ Pegg (2016), "Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture" in chapt. The Albums. ^ "David Bowie". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ a b Sillito, David (2012). "Site of Ziggy Stardust album cover shoot marked with plaque". BBC News Online. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ Press Association (27 March 2012). "David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust album marked with blue plaque". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ Gaca, Anna (27 March 2018). "David Bowie Statue Unveiled in English Town Where Ziggy Stardust Debuted". Billboard. Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ a b "Musical David Bowie statue unveiled in Aylesbury". BBC News. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ "Aylesbury's David Bowie statue 'will sing on the hour'". BBC News. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ Brattström, Oskar; Aduse-Poku, Kwaku; Collins, Steve C.; Di Micco De Santo, Teresa; Brakefield, Paul M. (2016). "Revision of theBicyclus sciathisspecies group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with descriptions of four new species and corrected distributional records". Systematic Entomology. 41 (1): 207–228. doi:10.1111/syen.12150. ISSN 0307-6970. PMC 4810357. PMID 27076698. ^ Pegg (2016), "And Many Other Last Names" in chapt. Aprocrypha and Miscellany. ^ "Warsaw Pays Tribute to David Bowie with Huge Mural". Culture.pl. Adam Mickiewicz Institute. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ Lordan, Robert (12 January 2016). "David Bowie's London: 13 places connected to the star's life and career". Time Out. Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ Felix, Lira (17 January 2016). "Homenaje a David Bowie en Salamanca" . La Crónica de Salamanca (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ Jervis-Bardy, Dan (17 October 2016). "Street art busting into mainstream, and on to Adelaide's walls". The Advertiser. Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ a b c d Pegg (2016), "Don't Think You Knew You Were In This Song" in chapt. Aprocrypha and Miscellany. ^ Wiederhorn, John (2018). "'Mechanical Animals': 10 Things You Didn't Know Marilyn Manson's Great Glam Album". Revolver Mag. Project M Group LLC. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ Harrington, Richard (6 November 1998). "Gone Glam Digging". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ Pegg (2016), "Watch That Man" in chapt. Aprocrypha and Miscellany. ^ Ess, Ramsey (29 May 2019). "Before The Office, There Was Golden Years". Vulture. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ Cobb, Kayla (11 January 2016). "'Flight Of The Conchords' Gave One Of The Greatest Celebrations Of David Bowie's Life". Decider. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ Pegg, Nicholas. The Complete David Bowie. p. 620. ^ "Artie In Cruella: David Bowie Homage Explained". Screen Rant. Retrieved September 18, 2021. ^ "OVERNIGHTS FEB. 19, 2017 Big Little Lies Season-Premiere Recap: Murder, Mean Girls, and Monterey". vulture.com. ^ "Big Little Lies Season 2 Episode 4 Review: She Knows". Den of Geek. Sources Bowie, David (1980). Bowie In His Own Words. Compiled by Barry Miles. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0860016455. Buckley, David (2005) . Strange Fascination – David Bowie: The Definitive Story. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-1002-5. Campbell, Michael (2005). Popular music in America: The Beat Goes On. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. ISBN 0-534-55534-9. Chapman, Ian (2020). David Bowie FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Rock's Finest Actor. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1493051403. Doggett, Peter (2012). The Man Who Sold the World: David Bowie and the 1970s. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-202466-4. Harris, John (2010). Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll: The Ultimate Guide to the Music, the Myths and the Madness. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0748114863. Hendler, Glenn (2020). David Bowie's Diamond Dogs. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1501336591. Jones, Dylan (2012). When Ziggy Played Guitar: David Bowie, The Man Who Changed The World. Random House. ISBN 978-1409052135. Luckman, Michael (2010). Alien Rock: The Rock 'n' Roll Extraterrestrial Connection. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-0432-0. Miles, Barry (1980). David Bowie Black Book. London, New York: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0860018083. Morse, Tim (1998). Classic Rock Stories: The Stories Behind the Greatest Songs of All Time. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4299-3750-4. Pegg, Nicholas (2016). The Complete David Bowie (7th ed.). London: Titan Books. ISBN 978-1-78565-365-0. Philo, Simon (2018). Glam Rock: Music in Sound and Vision. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442271487. Sandford, Christopher (1997) . Bowie: Loving the Alien. London: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80854-4. Sims, Josh (1999). Rock Fashion. Omnibus Press. ISBN 071197733X. Zanetta, Tony; Edwards, Henry (1986). Stardust: The David Bowie Story. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 0718125959. External links The Ziggy Stardust Companion Moonage Daydream: The Life & Times of Ziggy Stardust by David Bowie and Mick Rock Ziggy Stardust album cover shoot marked with plaque at BBC News vteThe Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from MarsSongsSide one "Five Years" "Soul Love" "Moonage Daydream" "Starman" "It Ain't Easy" Side two "Lady Stardust" "Star" "Hang On to Yourself" "Ziggy Stardust" "Suffragette City" "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide" Non-album single "John, I'm Only Dancing" Outtakes "Velvet Goldmine" "Sweet Head" "Shadow Man" Live Ziggy Stardust Tour Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (film) Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture Santa Monica '72 Live Santa Monica '72 Related articles "All the Young Dudes" Ziggy Stardust (character) The Spiders from Mars David Bowie discography The Inevitable Rise and Liberation of NiggyTardust! vteDavid Bowie Discography Songs Awards and nominations Filmography Videography Band members Death Art collection Studio albums David Bowie (1967) David Bowie (1969) The Man Who Sold the World Hunky Dory The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars Aladdin Sane Pin Ups Diamond Dogs Young Americans Station to Station Low "Heroes" Lodger Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) Let's Dance Tonight Never Let Me Down Black Tie White Noise The Buddha of Suburbia Outside Earthling Hours Heathen Reality The Next Day Blackstar Toy With Tin Machine Tin Machine Tin Machine II Live albums David Live Stage Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture Santa Monica '72 LiveAndWell.com Glass Spider Live Santa Monica '72 VH1 Storytellers Bowie at the Beeb A Reality Tour Live Nassau Coliseum '76 Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74) Welcome to the Blackout (Live London '78) Serious Moonlight (Live '83) Glastonbury 2000 ChangesNowBowie Ouvrez le Chien (Live Dallas 95) Something in the Air (Live Paris 99) I'm Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74) No Trendy Réchauffé (Live Birmingham 95) Look at the Moon! (Live Phoenix Festival 97) David Bowie at the Kit Kat Klub (Live New York 99) With Tin Machine Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby Live at La Cigale, Paris, 25th June, 1989 Soundtracks Christiane F. Love You till Tuesday Labyrinth Lazarus Moonage Daydream EPs Baal BBC Sessions 1969–1972 Earthling in the City Live EP (Live at Fashion Rocks) Space Oddity The Next Day Extra No Plan Is It Any Wonder? Compilations The World of David Bowie Images 1966–1967 Changesonebowie The Best of Bowie Changestwobowie Rare Golden Years Fame and Fashion Changesbowie Early On (1964–1966) The Singles Collection Rarestonebowie The Deram Anthology 1966–1968 The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979 Bowie at the Beeb All Saints Best of Bowie Club Bowie The Collection The Best of David Bowie 1980/1987 iSelect Nothing Has Changed Legacy Box sets Sound + Vision The Platinum Collection David Bowie Five Years (1969–1973) Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) Loving the Alien (1983–1988) Spying Through a Keyhole Clareville Grove Demos The 'Mercury' Demos Conversation Piece Brilliant Live Adventures Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001) Concert videos The 1980 Floor Show Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars Serious Moonlight Glass Spider Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby VH1 Storytellers Reality: Tour Ed. A Reality Tour Glastonbury 2000 Video albums Love You till Tuesday Video EP Jazzin' for Blue Jean Day-In Day-Out Tin Machine Bowie – The Video Collection Black Tie White Noise Jump: Interactive CD-ROM Best of Bowie Reality The Best of David Bowie 1980/1987 The Next Day Extra Documentaries Cracked Actor Ricochet Black Tie White Noise Sound and Vision Moonage Daydream Tours Ziggy Stardust Tour Diamond Dogs Tour Isolar Isolar II Serious Moonlight Tour Glass Spider Tour Sound+Vision Tour Outside Tour Earthling Tour Hours Tour Mini Tour Heathen Tour A Reality Tour With Tin Machine Tin Machine Tour It's My Life Tour Characters Major Tom The Thin White Duke Ziggy Stardust The Spiders from Mars In popular culture "Bowie" David Bowie Is Jareth Phillip Jeffries Statue of David Bowie Lazarus Stardust Symphony No. 1 "Low" Symphony No. 4 "Heroes" Symphony No. 12 "Lodger" The Life Aquatic Studio Sessions We Were So Turned On: A Tribute to David Bowie Related Iman (wife) Angie Bowie (first wife) Duncan Jones (son) The Hype Junior's Eyes BBC Sessions Berlin Trilogy Arnold Corns Ava Cherry The Nomad Soul David Bowie Narrates Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf Heteropoda davidbowie 342843 Davidbowie Tao Jones Index BowieNet Bowie Bonds Category Portals: Rock music Pop music United Kingdom Fashion	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"stage persona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_persona"},{"link_name":"Ziggy Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars"},{"link_name":"subsequent concert tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Spiders from Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spiders_from_Mars"},{"link_name":"Aladdin Sane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_Sane"},{"link_name":"The Marquee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InterviewMag-1"},{"link_name":"androgynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgyny"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"},{"link_name":"Vince Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Legendary Stardust Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_Stardust_Cowboy"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"glam rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"alter ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Light-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fictional characterZiggy Stardust is a fictional character created by English musician David Bowie, and was Bowie's stage persona during 1972 and 1973. The eponymous character of the song \"Ziggy Stardust\" and its parent album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972), Ziggy Stardust was retained for Bowie's subsequent concert tour through the United Kingdom, Japan and North America, during which Bowie performed as the character backed by his band The Spiders from Mars. Bowie continued the character in his next album Aladdin Sane (1973), which he described as \"Ziggy goes to America\". Bowie retired the character in October 1973 after one final show at The Marquee in London.[1]As conveyed in the title song and album, Ziggy Stardust is an androgynous, alien rock star who came to Earth before an impending apocalyptic disaster to deliver a message of hope. After accumulating a large following of fans and being worshipped as a messiah, Ziggy eventually dies as a victim of his own fame and excess. The character was meant to symbolise an over-the-top, sexually liberated rock star and serve as a commentary on a society in which celebrities are worshipped. Influences for the character included English singer Vince Taylor, Texan musician the Legendary Stardust Cowboy, and Japanese kabuki theatre.Ziggy Stardust's exuberant fashion made the character and Bowie himself staples in the glam rock repertoire well into the 1970s, defining what the genre would become. The success of the character and its iconic look flung Bowie into international superstardom. Rolling Stone wrote that Bowie's Ziggy Stardust was \"the alter ego that changed music forever and sent his career into orbit\".[2]Ziggy Stardust's look and message of youth liberation are now representative of one of Bowie's most memorable eras. The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars became Bowie's second most popular album in terms of record sales.[3]","title":"Ziggy Stardust (character)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Man Who Fell to Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morse-4"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"},{"link_name":"black-hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-hole"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burroughs-5"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faq-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-7"},{"link_name":"Moonage Daydream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonage_Daydream"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ziggy Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_(song)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Starman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starman_(song)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burroughs-5"},{"link_name":"Lady Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Stardust"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Suicide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burroughs-5"},{"link_name":"Sweet Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Head"},{"link_name":"Hunky Dory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunky_Dory"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Aladdin Sane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_Sane"},{"link_name":"Ziggy Stardust Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_Tour"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"\"'Ziggy' was my Martian messiah who twanged a guitar. He was a simplistic character. I saw him as very simple ... fairly like the character Newton I was to do in the film [The Man Who Fell to Earth] later on. Someone who dropped down here, got brought down to our way of thinking, and ended up destroying his own self. Which is a pretty archetype story line.\"\n\n\n— Bowie on the character.[4]Bowie explained that the character of Ziggy Stardust was conceived as an alien rock star who arrives on an Earth that is dying due to a lack of natural resources. Around the world older people have lost touch with reality, while children have adopted a hedonistic way of life and no longer want rock music, as there is no electricity to play it. Ziggy is advised in a dream by the infinites (\"black-hole jumpers\") to write about the coming of a starman who will save the earth. Ziggy's tale of the starman is the first news of hope that the people have heard, so they latch onto it immediately. Ziggy soon gathers a large following and is worshipped as a prophet. According to Bowie, \"He takes himself up to incredible spiritual heights and is kept alive by his disciples.\" The infinites eventually arrive, and tear Ziggy apart onstage.[5]Much of the Ziggy Stardust story is told in the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, or appears in Bowie's writings as plans for a never-realised theatrical performance of the narrative.[6] Various songs on the album are written from the viewpoints of different characters.[7] On the album, the Ziggy Stardust character is introduced directly on the third track, \"Moonage Daydream\".[8] However, the song \"Ziggy Stardust\" is the central piece of the narrative of the album, presenting a complete \"birth-to-death chronology\" of the character.[9] \"Starman\" is Ziggy's song prophesying the coming starman who will save the earth.[5] According to author Michael Luckman, the song \"Lady Stardust\" presents Ziggy meeting his disciples, playing before a crowd of worshippers, followed by \"Star\", in which he \"reveal[s] his plan for intergalactic superstardom\".[10] Ziggy is torn apart onstage during the song \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide\".[5] The song \"Sweet Head\", recorded during the Ziggy/Hunky Dory sessions, reference Ziggy directly as well, but the song was left off the album and went unreleased until 1989.[11]The character was revisited by Bowie in his next album Aladdin Sane (1973), which topped the UK chart, and was his first number-one album. Described by Bowie as \"Ziggy goes to America\", it contained songs he wrote while travelling to and across the US during the earlier part of the Ziggy Stardust Tour.[12][13]","title":"Fictional narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vince Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gene Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Vincent"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"Lou Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199773%E2%80%9374-22"},{"link_name":"messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"mime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mime"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-7"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7:30-23"},{"link_name":"Martian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morse-4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7:30-23"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"kitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodbye-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Hype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_(band)"},{"link_name":"glam rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Louder-29"},{"link_name":"spoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Louder-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ_p.129-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ_p.129-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The character was inspired by English rock 'n' roll singer Vince Taylor, whom Bowie met after Taylor had a breakdown and believed himself to be a cross between a god and an alien.[14][15] Bowie's lyrical allusions to Taylor include identifying Ziggy as a \"leper messiah\".[16] Taylor was only part of the character's blueprint.[17] In the 1960s Bowie had seen Gene Vincent performing live wearing a leg-brace after a car accident, and observed: \"It meant that to crouch at the mike, as was his habit, [Vincent] had to shove his injured leg out behind him to, what I thought, great theatrical effect. This rock stance became position number one for the embryonic Ziggy.\"[18][19]Bowie biographers also propose that Bowie developed the concept of Ziggy as a melding of the persona of Iggy Pop with the music of Lou Reed during a visit to the US in 1971.[20][21] A girlfriend recalled his \"scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy\", and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character \"who looks like he's landed from Mars\".[22]Bowie stated that with Ziggy Stardust, \"I wanted to define the archetype messiah rockstar. That's all I wanted to do. I used the trappings of kabuki theatre, mime technique, fringe New York music.\" One of his main references was The Velvet Underground.[7] Bowie stated that Ziggy is meant to be an alien of some kind,[23] possibly a Martian,[4] and was based \"very much on a Japanese concept\". The character's Japanese influences provided a human connection, Bowie explained, as in Britain during the early 1970s Japan \"still seemed like an alien society, but it was a human alien society.\"[23] Bowie also stated that Ziggy Stardust was a product of his career-long ambition to combine rock music and theatre,[24][25] and that at the time of creating the character he had viewed Ziggy as \"a very positive artistic statement ... a grand kitsch painting. The whole guy.\"[26]Bowie asserted elsewhere that Ziggy Stardust was born out of a desire to move away from the denim and hippies of the 1960s.[27] Along these lines, some critics assert that Bowie's artificial concoction of a rock star persona was a symbolic critique of the artificiality seen in the rock world of the time.[28] Bowie had previously created artificial stage personas in 1970 with his backing band Hype. Over a small series of shows which, while poorly received at the time, are now credited as the origin of glam rock,[29] the band performed in flamboyant costumes, each with an accompanying persona of a spoof superhero. Bowie, dressed in a blue cape, lurex tights, thigh boots and a leotard with colourful scarves sewn onto his shirt, was \"Rainbowman\".[29][30] Describing his costume as \"very spacey\", he later explained that his idea for the outfits was to counter the popular image of rock acts at the time, which was \"all jeans and long hair\".[30] The concept behind Rainbowman was recycled and reinvented as Ziggy Stardust.[31]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell_p.294-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Legendary Stardust Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_Stardust_Cowboy"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell_p.294-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Name","text":"Bowie told Rolling Stone that the name \"Ziggy\" was \"one of the few Christian names [he] could find beginning with the letter 'Z'\".[32] He later explained in a 1990 interview for Q magazine that the Ziggy part came from a tailor's shop called Ziggy's that he passed on a train, and he liked it because it had \"that Iggy [Pop] connotation but it was a tailor's shop, and I thought, Well, this whole thing is gonna be about clothes, so it was my own little joke calling him Ziggy. So Ziggy Stardust was a real compilation of things.\"[33][34] \"Stardust\" came from the Legendary Stardust Cowboy, the stage name of singer Norman Carl Odam,[33][35] whose music intrigued Bowie.[36][37]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Bowie_was_in_Groningen_(26250532410).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kansai Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferrier-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thian-39"}],"text":"A sequinned jumpsuit, one of the costumes designed by Kansai Yamamoto for Ziggy Stardust[38][39]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tony-40"},{"link_name":"Kansai Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-41"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hail-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBT-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lab-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBT-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lab-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fearon-45"},{"link_name":"Lady Di","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hair-46"}],"sub_title":"Hair","text":"As Ziggy Stardust, Bowie had a bright red mullet.[40] The hairstyle was inspired by that of a model for Japanese designer Kansai Yamamoto that Bowie had seen in Honey magazine,[41] and modelled on three different images from Vogue—a French issue inspired the front of the haircut, while the sides and back came from two different German copies.[42] Bowie's mullet was cut and dyed by hairdresser Suzi Fussey, who accompanied the Ziggy Stardust tour until 1973.[43] Fussey initially cut Bowie's hair in the style in January 1972,[44] and after experimenting with colour treatments on samples of Bowie's hair, dyed it a flaming red colour;[43] Bowie recalled the dye colour was \"Schwartzkopf red\".[44] The dye contained 30 volume peroxide which gave Bowie's hair some lift, but Fussey then used an anti-dandruff treatment called Gard to help stiffen it and make it stand upright.[45] The haircut achieved widespread mainstream success in popular fashion, as Bowie himself stated in 1993, \"[The Ziggy cut] became to hairdressing in the early seventies, what the Lady Di cut was for the early eighties. Only with double the appeal, because it worked for both sexes.\"[46]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Bowie%27s_Outfit_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_(2014-12-30_13.10.05_by_Sam_Howzit).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Bowie%27s_Outfit_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_(2014-12-30_13.10.11_by_Sam_Howzit).jpg"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tony-40"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars"},{"link_name":"The Spiders From Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spiders_From_Mars"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-41"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"A Clockwork Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"jumpsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpsuit"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferrier-38"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panisch-48"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thian-39"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"bodystocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodystocking"},{"link_name":"kimono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimono"},{"link_name":"loincloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loincloth"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pegg_1973_tour-50"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thian-39"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panisch-48"}],"sub_title":"Clothing","text":"Stage outfits for Ziggy Stardust designed by Freddie Burretti in 1972Long and slender, Ziggy was dressed in glamorous outfits often with flared legs and shoulders, and an open chest.[40]On the cover of The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, Bowie appeared in a green suit of his own design, made by his tailor friend Freddie Burretti and seamstress Sue Frost. Produced in a geometric-patterned fabric, representing an integrated circuit, the bomber jacket and matching cuffed trousers were worn with knee-high, lace-up boots designed by Stan Miller. Similar outfits were made for Bowie's backing band The Spiders From Mars;[41] these costumes worn in early live performances were based on those sported by the Droogs in Stanley Kubrick's film A Clockwork Orange. Bowie explained, \"I wanted to take the hardness and violence of those Clockwork Orange outfits—the trousers tucked into big boots and the codpiece things—and soften them up by using the most ridiculous fabrics. It was a Dada thing—this extreme ultraviolence in Liberty fabrics.\" In addition to his green suit, Bowie's costumes for early concerts were white satin trousers with a flock-patterned jacket, and a multi-coloured jumpsuit that he also wore on Top of the Pops.[47]By August 1972, Bowie was introducing Kansai Yamamoto's designs as stage wear for the Ziggy character,[41] lent to him by Yamamoto's stylist friend, Yasuko Hayashi.[38][48] Bowie commissioned Yamamoto to design his 1973 U.K. tour costuming, and subsequently the U.S. tour costuming for the Aladdin Sane shows.[39] In total, seven costumes were designed for Ziggy Stardust by Yamamoto.[49] The collection he provided Bowie in April 1973 included a white robe with \"David Bowie\" written in Japanese, a silver leotard hung with a floor-length fringe of glass beads, a striped spandex bodystocking, and a multi-coloured kimono that could be torn away to reveal a red loincloth.[50] Many of Yamamoto's stage wear designs for Bowie were \"tear-away\" outfits, influenced by hikinuki, the method of changing costumes quickly in kabuki theatre.[39][48]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kabuki-makeup.PNG"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-41"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hail-42"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"Bando Tamasaburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bando_Tamasaburo"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pegg_1973_tour-50"},{"link_name":"Woolworth's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworths_Group_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hail-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hail-42"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Style-53"}],"sub_title":"Makeup","text":"An example of traditional Japanese kabuki makeupThe character had pale skin, described by Bowie as a \"snow-white tan\".[51] Following the instruction Yamamoto gave to his models,[41] Bowie shaved off his eyebrows in late 1972, adding to Ziggy's alien visage.[52] On Ziggy's forehead was a gold \"astral sphere\" suggested by make-up artist Pierre La Roche (who also applied the lightning flash to Bowie's face for the cover of Aladdin Sane).[42] When the Ziggy Stardust tour came to Japan in April 1973, Bowie met the kabuki theatre star Bando Tamasaburo, who taught him about traditional Japanese makeup techniques.[50] In a 1973 Mirabelle magazine article, La Roche explained that Bowie bought most of his make-up from a shop in Rome but acquired his \"white rice powder\" from \"Tokyo's Woolworth's equivalent\". Bowie used a \"German gold base in cake form\" for the sphere, and would occasionally \"outline that gold circle with tiny gold rhinestones, stuck on with eyelash glue\".[42]By the end of the Ziggy Stardust period in 1973, Bowie would spend at least two hours before each concert to have his makeup done.[42] According to La Roche, for his last few English concerts, Bowie painted tiny lightning streaks on his cheek and upper leg.[53]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Aladdin Sane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_Sane"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Beatlemania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatlemania"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Light-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Light-2"},{"link_name":"glam rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrington-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrington-61"},{"link_name":"mullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullet_(hairstyle)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fearon-45"}],"text":"\"I wasn't at all surprised 'Ziggy Stardust' made my career. I packaged a totally credible plastic rock star.\"[54]\n\n\n– David Bowie, in an interview with Rolling StoneBy the time Bowie returned to Britain for the final leg of the Ziggy Stardust tour in May 1973 following the release of Aladdin Sane, he had become the biggest English rock star since the Beatles almost a decade earlier,[55] in terms of concert and record sales.[56][57] Crowd reactions to Bowie during the Ziggy Stardust period have been likened to Beatlemania,[58] and the character's stardom as the height of his popularity dubbed \"Ziggymania\".[59][2] Rolling Stone described Ziggy Stardust as \"the ultimate rock star\": \"He's a wild, hedonistic figure ... but at his core communicates peace and love\".[2]Influencing the glam rock genre and fashion wave,[60] Bowie as Ziggy Stardust became one of the most iconic images of rock history[61] and pop culture.[62] The Washington Post wrote, \"He was not only glam's principal architect, he was its most beautiful specimen.\"[61] Ziggy Stardust helped to popularise the mullet in the 1970s, though the hairstyle was still without a name at the time.[63] The \"Ziggy\" cut marked an \"era-defining grooming change\" as it went against the typical fashion of natural, long haircuts for men at the time and was also suited to either sex. GQ wrote that the \"Ziggy\" cut \"remains one of the boldest and most stylish haircuts in history, from the way it spiked up on top and swooped down to a sort of mullet – but way cooler than a mullet – finish.\"[45]","title":"Cultural impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pegg_1973_tour-50"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pegg_1973_tour-50"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Odeon"},{"link_name":"Jeff Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Beck"},{"link_name":"The Jean Genie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jean_Genie"},{"link_name":"Love Me Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Me_Do"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimate-69"},{"link_name":"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Suicide"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OUP-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimate-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"D. A. Pennebaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._A._Pennebaker"},{"link_name":"Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars_(film)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OUP-70"},{"link_name":"Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust:_The_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"By July 1973, Bowie had been touring as Ziggy for 18 months.[50] Due to the intense nature of his touring life, Bowie felt as though maintaining the Ziggy persona was affecting his own personality and sanity too much; acting the same role over an extended period, it became difficult for him to separate Ziggy Stardust from his own character offstage.[a] Bowie was also beginning to reach a point of creative boredom and felt that he could no longer perform Ziggy with the same enthusiasm.[b] There were also practical reasons behind his decision to retire the character: Bowie's record company RCA refused to finance a third large US tour due to Bowie's management overspending in excess of $300,000 during the 1972 and 1973 tours, as well as disappointing record sales in the US.[50]Bowie retired Ziggy Stardust during a live concert on 3 July 1973, at London's Hammersmith Odeon in front of 3,500 fans. The concert featured an 18-song set, with Jeff Beck joining the band for a medley of \"The Jean Genie\" and The Beatles' \"Love Me Do\".[67] Just before the final song of the concert, \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide\",[68] Bowie announced, \"Of all the shows on this tour, this particular show will remain with us the longest, because not only is it the last show of the tour, but it's the last show that we'll ever do.\" The fans and press took this to mean that Bowie was retiring entirely, causing much media attention. However, it only referred to the Ziggy Stardust persona and the Spiders from Mars backing band.[67][69]The final Ziggy concert was filmed by D. A. Pennebaker and released in 1979 as the documentary Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars[68] and the audio on the live album Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture (released in 1983).[70]","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:This_marks_the_location_of_the_cover_photograph_for_the_iconic_David_Bowie_album_%27The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_From_Mars%27._Ziggy_Stardust_1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrington-61"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Crown Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Estate"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Site-74"},{"link_name":"Woody Woodmansey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Woodmansey"},{"link_name":"Trevor Bolder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Bolder"},{"link_name":"Gary Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Kemp"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Site-74"},{"link_name":"a statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Aylesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesbury"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_unveil-77"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_unveil-77"},{"link_name":"Five Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Years_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Bicyclus sigiussidorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclus_sigiussidorum"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brattstr%C3%B6mAduse-Poku2016-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Street art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vertical_(31096669255).jpg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Bowie_Graffiti_@_Brixton!_-Hipstamatic_-Photography_-Graffiti_-Art_(14276176526).jpg"},{"link_name":"Brixton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SLM_-_20160430_-_6_(27566429724).jpg"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"The plaque on Heddon Street marking Bowie's album cover shootZiggy Stardust is widely considered Bowie's greatest creation.[61][71]In 2012, a plaque was unveiled by the Crown Estate at the site at which the iconic Ziggy Stardust album cover photograph was taken by Brian Ward on Heddon Street, London.[72] The unveiling was attended by original Spiders from Mars band members Woody Woodmansey and Trevor Bolder, and was unveiled by Gary Kemp.[73] The plaque was the first to be installed by the Crown Estate and is one of the few plaques in the country devoted to fictional characters.[72] In 2018, a statue depicting a mature Bowie looking at his younger self as Ziggy Stardust was unveiled in Aylesbury, the town where Bowie debuted the character in 1972.[74][75] The statue stands in Aylesbury's Market Square,[75] which Bowie referenced in \"Five Years\", the opening song of The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and The Spiders from Mars album.[76]In 2015, the African butterfly species Bicyclus sigiussidorum was named after the character due to its \"glammy\" appearance.[77] (Sigiussidorum is a Latin rendering of \"Ziggy Stardust\".)[78]Street art depicting Ziggy StardustWarsaw, Poland[79]Brixton, U.K.[80]Salamanca, Spain[81]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyberpunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk"},{"link_name":"rock opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_opera"},{"link_name":"Starmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starmania_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Def Leppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Leppard"},{"link_name":"Hysteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteria_(Def_Leppard_album)"},{"link_name":"Gyllene Tider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyllene_Tider"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miscellany-85"},{"link_name":"Gyllene Tider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyllene_Tider_(album)"},{"link_name":"Marc Almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Almond"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miscellany-85"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson"},{"link_name":"Mechanical Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Animals"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Boy George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_George"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miscellany-85"},{"link_name":"Matt Sorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Sorum"},{"link_name":"Stratosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratosphere_(Matt_Sorum_album)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miscellany-85"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The 1976 cyberpunk rock opera Starmania features a character called Ziggy.\nThe British rock band Def Leppard referenced the character in their song Rocket on their 1987 album Hysteria.\nThe Swedish band Gyllene Tider recorded a song called \"Åh Ziggy Stardust (var blev du av?)\" (\"Ah Ziggy Stardust, what became of you?\"),[83] included on the 1990 re-release of their album Gyllene Tider.\nZiggy Stardust was one of several pop icons Marc Almond dressed up as in the video for his 1995 single \"Adored and Explored\" and the cover of its follow-up single, \"The Idol\".[83]\nThe Omēga character, featured on the cover of Marilyn Manson's 1998 album Mechanical Animals was based on Ziggy Stardust, aesthetically and story-wise.[84]\nA cartoon version of Ziggy featured in the video for Boy George's 2008 single \"Yes We Can\".[83]\nMatt Sorum made reference to the character in the song \"What Ziggy Says\" on his 2014 album Stratosphere.[83]\nOne of the pioneers of gothic rock, Bauhaus, has a song named \"Ziggy Stardust\".","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Velvet Goldmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Goldmine"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Golden Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Years_(TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"Ricky Gervais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Gervais"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"sixth episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_(Flight_of_the_Conchords)"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Conchords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Conchords_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bret McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Zack Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Watchmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen_(film)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"John McCrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrea_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Cruella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruella_(film)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Big Little Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Little_Lies_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"Fictional pop star Brian Slade and his space-age alter ego Maxwell Demon in the 1998 film Velvet Goldmine were based on Bowie in his Ziggy Stardust period,[85] though Bowie would dissociate himself from the film.[86]\nIn the 1999 comedy special Golden Years, Ricky Gervais plays a Bowie impersonator named Clive Meadows who arrives at a business meeting as Ziggy Stardust.[87]\nIn the sixth episode of the 2007 sitcom Flight of the Conchords, the character Brett (Bret McKenzie) is visited by a dream version of Ziggy Stardust, among several other of Bowie's personas.[88]\nThe character of \"Ziggy Stardust\" in full costume appears in Zack Snyder's Watchmen.[89]\n\"Artie\" (played by John McCrea) in the 2021 film Cruella was inspired by the character.[90]\nIn season 2 episode 4 of Big Little Lies the character of Ziggy dresses up as Ziggy Stardust. Ziggy Stardust is also mentioned by name in the season 1 premiere.[91][92]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodbye-26"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"^ Bowie: \"It was quite easy to become obsessed night and day with the character. I became Ziggy Stardust. David Bowie went totally out the window. Everybody was convincing me that I was a messiah ... I got hopelessly lost in the fantasy.\"[64] \"My whole personality was affected ... I thought I might as well take Ziggy to interviews as well. Why leave him on stage? Looking back it was very absurd. It became very dangerous. I really did have doubts about my sanity.\"[26][65] \n\n^ Bowie: \"I had an awful lot of fun doing [Ziggy] ... but my performance on stage reached a peak. I felt I couldn't go on stage in the same context again ... if I'm tired with what I'm doing wouldn't it be long before the audience realised.\"[66]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"A sequinned jumpsuit, one of the costumes designed by Kansai Yamamoto for Ziggy Stardust[38][39]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/David_Bowie_was_in_Groningen_%2826250532410%29.jpg/170px-David_Bowie_was_in_Groningen_%2826250532410%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of traditional Japanese kabuki makeup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kabuki-makeup.PNG/170px-Kabuki-makeup.PNG"},{"image_text":"The plaque on Heddon Street marking Bowie's album cover shoot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/This_marks_the_location_of_the_cover_photograph_for_the_iconic_David_Bowie_album_%27The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_From_Mars%27._Ziggy_Stardust_1972.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Major Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Tom"},{"title":"The Thin White Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thin_White_Duke"}]	[{"reference":"Taylor, Trey (2017-11-20). \"See Terry O'Neill's rare images of David Bowie's last show as Ziggy Stardust\". Interview Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/see-terry-oneills-rare-images-david-bowies-last-show-ziggy-stardust","url_text":"\"See Terry O'Neill's rare images of David Bowie's last show as Ziggy Stardust\""}]},{"reference":"Light, Alan (2016). \"'Ziggy Stardust': How Bowie Created the Alter Ego That Changed Rock\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ziggy-stardust-how-bowie-created-the-alter-ego-that-changed-rock-55254/","url_text":"\"'Ziggy Stardust': How Bowie Created the Alter Ego That Changed Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210524120349/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ziggy-stardust-how-bowie-created-the-alter-ego-that-changed-rock-55254/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dee, Johnny (7 January 2012). \"David Bowie: Infomania\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/graphic/2012/jan/07/infomania-david-bowie","url_text":"\"David Bowie: Infomania\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140108173839/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/graphic/2012/jan/07/infomania-david-bowie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Copetas, Craig (28 February 1974). \"Beat Godfather Meets Glitter Mainman: William Burroughs Interviews David Bowie\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/beat-godfather-meets-glitter-mainman-william-burroughs-interviews-david-bowie-92508/","url_text":"\"Beat Godfather Meets Glitter Mainman: William Burroughs Interviews David Bowie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191225220056/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/beat-godfather-meets-glitter-mainman-william-burroughs-interviews-david-bowie-92508/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\". The Ziggy Stardust Companion. 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://5years.com/faq.htm","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""}]},{"reference":"David Bowie Explains Ziggy Stardust (YouTube). CBC News: The National. 12 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81H5PT7ANjc&t=90s","url_text":"David Bowie Explains Ziggy Stardust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News:_The_National","url_text":"CBC News: The National"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC – BBC Radio 4 Programmes – Ziggy Stardust Came from Isleworth\". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 September 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tdpz8","url_text":"\"BBC – BBC Radio 4 Programmes – Ziggy Stardust Came from Isleworth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100930025657/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tdpz8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Leper Messiah: Vince Taylor\". David Bowie Official. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727134222/http://www.davidbowie.com/users/spaceface/vincetaylor.html","url_text":"\"The Leper Messiah: Vince Taylor\""},{"url":"http://www.davidbowie.com/users/spaceface/vincetaylor.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mahoney, Elisabeth (20 August 2010). \"Ziggy Stardust Came from Isleworth – review\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/aug/20/vincent-taylor-ziggy-stardust-radio-review","url_text":"\"Ziggy Stardust Came from Isleworth – review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091103/http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/aug/20/vincent-taylor-ziggy-stardust-radio-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vincent, Gene\". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/vincent-gene","url_text":"\"Vincent, Gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia.com","url_text":"Encyclopedia.com"}]},{"reference":"Kerry O'Brien (16 February 2004). \"David Bowie reflects on his career\". The 7:30 Report. ABC Television.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_7:30_Report","url_text":"The 7:30 Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)","url_text":"ABC Television"}]},{"reference":"Vera Kvaal (1990). \"David Bowie – in his own eyes\". In your own eyes. NRK.","urls":[{"url":"https://tv.nrk.no/serie/i-egne-oeyne/1990/FUHA04005190/avspiller","url_text":"\"David Bowie – in his own eyes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK","url_text":"NRK"}]},{"reference":"David Bowie on Surrealism, Dreams & Acting: MTV Full 1987 Interview (YouTube). MTV News. 11 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dvx2p5-3uIc&t=71s","url_text":"David Bowie on Surrealism, Dreams & Acting: MTV Full 1987 Interview"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News","url_text":"MTV News"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Allan (29 October 1977). \"Goodbye To Ziggy And All That\". Melody Maker. Retrieved 13 September 2020 – via Bowie Golden Years.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bowiegoldenyears.com/press/77-10-29-melody-maker.html","url_text":"\"Goodbye To Ziggy And All That\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker","url_text":"Melody Maker"}]},{"reference":"\"David Bowie On The Ziggy Stardust Years: 'We Were Creating The 21st Century In 1971'\". NPR. 19 September 2003. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2003/09/19/1436453/musician-and-songwriter-david-bowie","url_text":"\"David Bowie On The Ziggy Stardust Years: 'We Were Creating The 21st Century In 1971'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720084041/http://www.npr.org/2003/09/19/1436453/musician-and-songwriter-david-bowie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McLeod, Ken. \"Space Oddities: Aliens, Futurism and Meaning in Popular Music\". Popular Music. Vol. 22. JSTOR 3877579.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3877579","url_text":"3877579"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Rob (20 December 2014). \"David Bowie: The Gig That Invented Glam\". Louder Sound. Retrieved 5 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/david-bowie-the-gig-that-invented-glam","url_text":"\"David Bowie: The Gig That Invented Glam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louder_Sound","url_text":"Louder Sound"}]},{"reference":"\"11–14\". The Observer. 20 June 2004. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2004/jun/20/shopping.davidbowie","url_text":"\"11–14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000426/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2004/jun/20/shopping.davidbowie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Du Noyer, Paul (25 August 2009). \"David Bowie interview by Paul Du Noyer 1990\". Paul Du Noyer. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715053347/http://www.pauldunoyer.com/pages/journalism/journalism_item.asp?journalismID=249","url_text":"\"David Bowie interview by Paul Du Noyer 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Du_Noyer","url_text":"Paul Du Noyer"},{"url":"http://www.pauldunoyer.com/pages/journalism/journalism_item.asp?journalismID=249","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kot, Greg (12 January 2016). \"Space oddities: David Bowie's hidden influences\". BBC. Retrieved 6 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160108-space-oddities-david-bowies-hidden-influences","url_text":"\"Space oddities: David Bowie's hidden influences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Ferrier, Morwenna (11 January 2016). \"David Bowie: five defining looks – in pictures\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2016/jan/11/david-bowie-key-looks-pictures","url_text":"\"David Bowie: five defining looks – in pictures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Thian, Helene M. (2013). \"For David Bowie, Japanese style was more than just fashion\". The Japan Times. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/06/11/style/for-david-bowie-japanese-style-was-more-than-just-fashion/#.XtEWMzPityw","url_text":"\"For David Bowie, Japanese style was more than just fashion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Paul (4 August 2015). \"David Bowie: his style story, 1972-1973\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/aug/04/david-bowie-his-style-story-1972-1973","url_text":"\"David Bowie: his style story, 1972-1973\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Zara, Christopher (17 January 2016). \"The Story Behind David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust Haircut, A Radical Red Revolution\". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibtimes.com/story-behind-david-bowies-ziggy-stardust-haircut-radical-red-revolution-2268718","url_text":"\"The Story Behind David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust Haircut, A Radical Red Revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160121011607/https://www.ibtimes.com/story-behind-david-bowies-ziggy-stardust-haircut-radical-red-revolution-2268718","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrating David Bowie And The Beckenham Arts Lab\". davidbowie.com. 26 November 2001. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021. Bowie: \"Schwartzkopf red was the colour. I had [Fussey] cut my hair short in early January 1972. No dye. Layed flatish. I believe that it went red and stood up between the 20th and 25th of January 1972.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.davidbowie.com/2001/2001/03/25/celebrating-david-bowie-and-the-beckenham-arts-lab","url_text":"\"Celebrating David Bowie And The Beckenham Arts Lab\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602013332/https://www.davidbowie.com/2001/2001/03/25/celebrating-david-bowie-and-the-beckenham-arts-lab","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fearon, Faye (21 March 2020). \"In praise of David Bowie's iconic Ziggy Stardust haircut\". GQ. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/grooming/article/david-bowie-hair","url_text":"\"In praise of David Bowie's iconic Ziggy Stardust haircut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ","url_text":"GQ"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200324004156/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/grooming/article/david-bowie-hair","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ziggy Stardust Haircut\". The Ziggy Stardust Companion. 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.5years.com/costume3.htm","url_text":"\"The Ziggy Stardust Haircut\""}]},{"reference":"Panisch, Alex (2016). \"5 Things We Learned From Kansai Yamamoto, David Bowie's Costume Designer\". Out. Pride Media. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.out.com/entertainment/music/2014/02/18/5-things-we-learned-david-bowie%E2%80%99s-costume-designer","url_text":"\"5 Things We Learned From Kansai Yamamoto, David Bowie's Costume Designer\""}]},{"reference":"Dellas, Mary (2018). \"Dressing David Bowie As 'Ziggy Stardust'\". The Cut. Vox Media, Inc. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecut.com/2018/02/kansai-yamamoto-on-dressing-david-bowie-as-ziggy-stardust.html","url_text":"\"Dressing David Bowie As 'Ziggy Stardust'\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Bowie, Ziggy Stardust Style\". The Blitz Kids. 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oocities.org/le_beat_route/bowie1.html","url_text":"\"David Bowie, Ziggy Stardust Style\""}]},{"reference":"\"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". Rolling Stone. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-151127/david-bowie-ziggy-stardust-54983/","url_text":"\"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190811001700/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-151127/david-bowie-ziggy-stardust-54983/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"James Hale (director) (2012). David Bowie and the Story of Ziggy Stardust (Documentary). BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01k0y0n","url_text":"David Bowie and the Story of Ziggy Stardust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Tom (11 January 2016). \"Starman! – The Story Of Bowie's Ziggy Stardust\". NME. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/star-man-the-story-of-bowies-ziggy-stardust-763290","url_text":"\"Starman! – The Story Of Bowie's Ziggy Stardust\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202012311/https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/star-man-the-story-of-bowies-ziggy-stardust-763290","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Savage, Jon (9 March 2013). \"When Bowie met Burroughs\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/mar/09/david-bowie-william-burroughs","url_text":"\"When Bowie met Burroughs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210510010853/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/mar/09/david-bowie-william-burroughs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harrington, Richard (9 June 2009). \"30 Years On, 'Ziggy Stardust' Rises Again\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/2002/06/09/30-years-on-ziggy-stardust-rises-again/cf9262e4-ad44-4749-8d56-6d922d7bf5ae/","url_text":"\"30 Years On, 'Ziggy Stardust' Rises Again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Donoughue, Paul (11 January 2016). \"David Bowie: The many faces of the glam rock icon\". ABC News. Retrieved 18 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-11/david-bowie-many-faces-of-glam-rock-icon/7081990","url_text":"\"David Bowie: The many faces of the glam rock icon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"Lunn, Oliver (17 June 2019). \"A Brief History of the Mullet\". Dazed. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/head/article/44884/1/mullet-subculture-hair-history","url_text":"\"A Brief History of the Mullet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazed","url_text":"Dazed"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190618165047/https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/head/article/44884/1/mullet-subculture-hair-history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (2016). \"David Bowie: 7 Wild Quotes From the 'Station to Station' Era\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-bowie-7-wild-quotes-from-the-station-to-station-era-231332/","url_text":"\"David Bowie: 7 Wild Quotes From the 'Station to Station' Era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Gallucci, Michael (2016). \"When David Bowie Abruptly Retired Ziggy Stardust\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Townsquare Media, Inc. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/david-bowie-last-ziggy-stardust/","url_text":"\"When David Bowie Abruptly Retired Ziggy Stardust\""}]},{"reference":"James, David E. (13 February 2016). \"The many deaths of David Bowie\". OUPBlog. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.oup.com/2016/02/david-bowie-death-motif/","url_text":"\"The many deaths of David Bowie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (22 November 2012). \"Flashback: Ziggy Stardust Commits 'Rock and Roll Suicide' at Final Gig\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 14 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/flashback-ziggy-stardust-commits-rock-and-roll-suicide-at-final-gig-53974/","url_text":"\"Flashback: Ziggy Stardust Commits 'Rock and Roll Suicide' at Final Gig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"David Bowie\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 10 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/tags/david-bowie/","url_text":"\"David Bowie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Classic_Rock","url_text":"Ultimate Classic Rock"}]},{"reference":"Sillito, David (2012). \"Site of Ziggy Stardust album cover shoot marked with plaque\". BBC News Online. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-17521244/site-of-ziggy-stardust-album-cover-shoot-marked-with-plaque","url_text":"\"Site of Ziggy Stardust album cover shoot marked with plaque\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"Press Association (27 March 2012). \"David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust album marked with blue plaque\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/mar/27/david-bowie-ziggy-stardust-blue-plaque","url_text":"\"David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust album marked with blue plaque\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002611/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/mar/27/david-bowie-ziggy-stardust-blue-plaque","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gaca, Anna (27 March 2018). \"David Bowie Statue Unveiled in English Town Where Ziggy Stardust Debuted\". Billboard. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8262345/david-bowie-statue-unveiled-england-ziggy-stardust","url_text":"\"David Bowie Statue Unveiled in English Town Where Ziggy Stardust Debuted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Musical David Bowie statue unveiled in Aylesbury\". BBC News. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-43513296","url_text":"\"Musical David Bowie statue unveiled in Aylesbury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Aylesbury's David Bowie statue 'will sing on the hour'\". BBC News. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-37787626","url_text":"\"Aylesbury's David Bowie statue 'will sing on the hour'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Brattström, Oskar; Aduse-Poku, Kwaku; Collins, Steve C.; Di Micco De Santo, Teresa; Brakefield, Paul M. (2016). \"Revision of theBicyclus sciathisspecies group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with descriptions of four new species and corrected distributional records\". Systematic Entomology. 41 (1): 207–228. doi:10.1111/syen.12150. ISSN 0307-6970. PMC 4810357. PMID 27076698.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810357","url_text":"\"Revision of theBicyclus sciathisspecies group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with descriptions of four new species and corrected distributional records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_Entomology","url_text":"Systematic Entomology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsyen.12150","url_text":"10.1111/syen.12150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-6970","url_text":"0307-6970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810357","url_text":"4810357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27076698","url_text":"27076698"}]},{"reference":"\"Warsaw Pays Tribute to David Bowie with Huge Mural\". Culture.pl. Adam Mickiewicz Institute. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://culture.pl/en/article/warsaw-pays-tribute-to-david-bowie-with-huge-mural","url_text":"\"Warsaw Pays Tribute to David Bowie with Huge Mural\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture.pl","url_text":"Culture.pl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Institute","url_text":"Adam Mickiewicz Institute"}]},{"reference":"Lordan, Robert (12 January 2016). \"David Bowie's London: 13 places connected to the star's life and career\". Time Out. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/london/news/david-bowies-london-13-places-connected-to-the-stars-life-and-career-011018","url_text":"\"David Bowie's London: 13 places connected to the star's life and career\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)","url_text":"Time Out"}]},{"reference":"Felix, Lira (17 January 2016). \"Homenaje a David Bowie en Salamanca\" [Tribute to David Bowie in Salamanca]. La Crónica de Salamanca (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lacronicadesalamanca.com/114044-homenaje-a-david-bowie-en-salamanca/","url_text":"\"Homenaje a David Bowie en Salamanca\""}]},{"reference":"Jervis-Bardy, Dan (17 October 2016). \"Street art busting into mainstream, and on to Adelaide's walls\". The Advertiser. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/messenger/east-hills/street-art-busting-into-mainstream-and-on-to-adelaides-walls/news-story/8a62f49d134850526c9fefa37d5cb48e","url_text":"\"Street art busting into mainstream, and on to Adelaide's walls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Wiederhorn, John (2018). \"'Mechanical Animals': 10 Things You Didn't Know Marilyn [sic] Manson's Great Glam Album\". Revolver Mag. Project M Group LLC. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revolvermag.com/music/mechanical-animals-10-things-you-didnt-know-marilyn-mansons-great-glam-album","url_text":"\"'Mechanical Animals': 10 Things You Didn't Know Marilyn [sic] Manson's Great Glam Album\""}]},{"reference":"Harrington, Richard (6 November 1998). \"Gone Glam Digging\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/movies/reviews/velvetgoldmineharrington.htm","url_text":"\"Gone Glam Digging\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200909032248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/movies/reviews/velvetgoldmineharrington.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ess, Ramsey (29 May 2019). \"Before The Office, There Was Golden Years\". Vulture. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/05/the-office-golden-years-ricky-gervais-stephen-merchant.html","url_text":"\"Before The Office, There Was Golden Years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com","url_text":"Vulture"}]},{"reference":"Cobb, Kayla (11 January 2016). \"'Flight Of The Conchords' Gave One Of The Greatest Celebrations Of David Bowie's Life\". Decider. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2016/01/11/rip-david-bowie-flight-of-the-conchords/","url_text":"\"'Flight Of The Conchords' Gave One Of The Greatest Celebrations Of David Bowie's Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider.com","url_text":"Decider"}]},{"reference":"Pegg, Nicholas. The Complete David Bowie. p. 620.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Artie In Cruella: David Bowie Homage Explained\". Screen Rant. Retrieved September 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/cruella-artie-androgynous-david-bowie-homage/","url_text":"\"Artie In Cruella: David Bowie Homage Explained\""}]},{"reference":"\"OVERNIGHTS FEB. 19, 2017 Big Little Lies Season-Premiere Recap: Murder, Mean Girls, and Monterey\". vulture.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/big-little-lies-recap-season-1-episode-1.html","url_text":"\"OVERNIGHTS FEB. 19, 2017 Big Little Lies Season-Premiere Recap: Murder, Mean Girls, and Monterey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Little Lies Season 2 Episode 4 Review: She Knows\". Den of Geek.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/big-little-lies-season-2-episode-4-review-she-knows/","url_text":"\"Big Little Lies Season 2 Episode 4 Review: She Knows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek","url_text":"Den of Geek"}]},{"reference":"Bowie, David (1980). Bowie In His Own Words. Compiled by Barry Miles. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0860016455.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Miles","url_text":"Barry Miles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860016455","url_text":"0860016455"}]},{"reference":"Buckley, David (2005) [First published 1999]. Strange Fascination – David Bowie: The Definitive Story. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-1002-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1002-5","url_text":"978-0-7535-1002-5"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Michael (2005). Popular music in America: The Beat Goes On. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. ISBN 0-534-55534-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Corporation","url_text":"Wadsworth/Thomson Learning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-55534-9","url_text":"0-534-55534-9"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Ian (2020). David Bowie FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Rock's Finest Actor. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1493051403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield","url_text":"Rowman & Littlefield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1493051403","url_text":"978-1493051403"}]},{"reference":"Doggett, Peter (2012). The Man Who Sold the World: David Bowie and the 1970s. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-202466-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Doggett","url_text":"Doggett, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-202466-4","url_text":"978-0-06-202466-4"}]},{"reference":"Harris, John (2010). Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll: The Ultimate Guide to the Music, the Myths and the Madness. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0748114863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_UK","url_text":"Hachette UK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748114863","url_text":"978-0748114863"}]},{"reference":"Hendler, Glenn (2020). David Bowie's Diamond Dogs. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1501336591.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501336591","url_text":"978-1501336591"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Dylan (2012). When Ziggy Played Guitar: David Bowie, The Man Who Changed The World. Random House. ISBN 978-1409052135.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409052135","url_text":"978-1409052135"}]},{"reference":"Luckman, Michael (2010). Alien Rock: The Rock 'n' Roll Extraterrestrial Connection. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-0432-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster","url_text":"Simon and Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-0432-0","url_text":"978-1-4516-0432-0"}]},{"reference":"Miles, Barry (1980). David Bowie Black Book. London, New York: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0860018083.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860018083","url_text":"0860018083"}]},{"reference":"Morse, Tim (1998). Classic Rock Stories: The Stories Behind the Greatest Songs of All Time. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4299-3750-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Publishing_Group","url_text":"St. Martin's Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-3750-4","url_text":"978-1-4299-3750-4"}]},{"reference":"Pegg, Nicholas (2016). The Complete David Bowie (7th ed.). London: Titan Books. ISBN 978-1-78565-365-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pegg","url_text":"Pegg, Nicholas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Books","url_text":"Titan Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78565-365-0","url_text":"978-1-78565-365-0"}]},{"reference":"Philo, Simon (2018). Glam Rock: Music in Sound and Vision. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442271487.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield","url_text":"Rowman & Littlefield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442271487","url_text":"978-1442271487"}]},{"reference":"Sandford, Christopher (1997) [1996]. Bowie: Loving the Alien. London: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80854-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bowielovingalien00sand","url_text":"Bowie: Loving the Alien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80854-4","url_text":"0-306-80854-4"}]},{"reference":"Sims, Josh (1999). Rock Fashion. Omnibus Press. ISBN 071197733X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/071197733X","url_text":"071197733X"}]},{"reference":"Zanetta, Tony; Edwards, Henry (1986). Stardust: The David Bowie Story. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 0718125959.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0718125959","url_text":"0718125959"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/see-terry-oneills-rare-images-david-bowies-last-show-ziggy-stardust","external_links_name":"\"See Terry O'Neill's rare images of David Bowie's last show as Ziggy Stardust\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ziggy-stardust-how-bowie-created-the-alter-ego-that-changed-rock-55254/","external_links_name":"\"'Ziggy Stardust': How Bowie Created the Alter Ego That Changed Rock\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210524120349/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ziggy-stardust-how-bowie-created-the-alter-ego-that-changed-rock-55254/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/graphic/2012/jan/07/infomania-david-bowie","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie: Infomania\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140108173839/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/graphic/2012/jan/07/infomania-david-bowie","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bYKuiC4Hz2YC&pg=PT113","external_links_name":"100"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/beat-godfather-meets-glitter-mainman-william-burroughs-interviews-david-bowie-92508/","external_links_name":"\"Beat Godfather Meets Glitter Mainman: William Burroughs Interviews David Bowie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191225220056/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/beat-godfather-meets-glitter-mainman-william-burroughs-interviews-david-bowie-92508/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://5years.com/faq.htm","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81H5PT7ANjc&t=90s","external_links_name":"David Bowie Explains Ziggy Stardust"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m0Mz-AhfREUC&pg=PA83","external_links_name":"83"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tdpz8","external_links_name":"\"BBC – BBC Radio 4 Programmes – Ziggy Stardust Came from Isleworth\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100930025657/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tdpz8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727134222/http://www.davidbowie.com/users/spaceface/vincetaylor.html","external_links_name":"\"The Leper Messiah: Vince Taylor\""},{"Link":"http://www.davidbowie.com/users/spaceface/vincetaylor.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/aug/20/vincent-taylor-ziggy-stardust-radio-review","external_links_name":"\"Ziggy Stardust Came from Isleworth – review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091103/http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/aug/20/vincent-taylor-ziggy-stardust-radio-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/vincent-gene","external_links_name":"\"Vincent, Gene\""},{"Link":"https://tv.nrk.no/serie/i-egne-oeyne/1990/FUHA04005190/avspiller","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie – in his own eyes\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dvx2p5-3uIc&t=71s","external_links_name":"David Bowie on Surrealism, Dreams & Acting: MTV Full 1987 Interview"},{"Link":"http://www.bowiegoldenyears.com/press/77-10-29-melody-maker.html","external_links_name":"\"Goodbye To Ziggy And All That\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2003/09/19/1436453/musician-and-songwriter-david-bowie","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie On The Ziggy Stardust Years: 'We Were Creating The 21st Century In 1971'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720084041/http://www.npr.org/2003/09/19/1436453/musician-and-songwriter-david-bowie","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3877579","external_links_name":"3877579"},{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/david-bowie-the-gig-that-invented-glam","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie: The Gig That Invented Glam\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UZnKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129","external_links_name":"129"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UZnKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179","external_links_name":"179"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2004/jun/20/shopping.davidbowie","external_links_name":"\"11–14\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000426/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2004/jun/20/shopping.davidbowie","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ly4YAQAAIAAJ&q=London+tailor+shop","external_links_name":"294"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715053347/http://www.pauldunoyer.com/pages/journalism/journalism_item.asp?journalismID=249","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie interview by Paul Du Noyer 1990\""},{"Link":"http://www.pauldunoyer.com/pages/journalism/journalism_item.asp?journalismID=249","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160108-space-oddities-david-bowies-hidden-influences","external_links_name":"\"Space oddities: David Bowie's hidden influences\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vk-I_ZM_PfwC&pg=PA110","external_links_name":"110-111"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JFdnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59","external_links_name":"59"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2016/jan/11/david-bowie-key-looks-pictures","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie: five defining looks – in pictures\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/06/11/style/for-david-bowie-japanese-style-was-more-than-just-fashion/#.XtEWMzPityw","external_links_name":"\"For David Bowie, Japanese style was more than just fashion\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/aug/04/david-bowie-his-style-story-1972-1973","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie: his style story, 1972-1973\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=erhBPRn_5hgC&pg=PT195","external_links_name":"194-195"},{"Link":"https://www.ibtimes.com/story-behind-david-bowies-ziggy-stardust-haircut-radical-red-revolution-2268718","external_links_name":"\"The Story Behind David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust Haircut, A Radical Red Revolution\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160121011607/https://www.ibtimes.com/story-behind-david-bowies-ziggy-stardust-haircut-radical-red-revolution-2268718","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.davidbowie.com/2001/2001/03/25/celebrating-david-bowie-and-the-beckenham-arts-lab","external_links_name":"\"Celebrating David Bowie And The Beckenham Arts Lab\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602013332/https://www.davidbowie.com/2001/2001/03/25/celebrating-david-bowie-and-the-beckenham-arts-lab","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/grooming/article/david-bowie-hair","external_links_name":"\"In praise of David Bowie's iconic Ziggy Stardust haircut\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200324004156/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/grooming/article/david-bowie-hair","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.5years.com/costume3.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Ziggy Stardust Haircut\""},{"Link":"https://www.out.com/entertainment/music/2014/02/18/5-things-we-learned-david-bowie%E2%80%99s-costume-designer","external_links_name":"\"5 Things We Learned From Kansai Yamamoto, David Bowie's Costume Designer\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecut.com/2018/02/kansai-yamamoto-on-dressing-david-bowie-as-ziggy-stardust.html","external_links_name":"\"Dressing David Bowie As 'Ziggy Stardust'\""},{"Link":"http://www.oocities.org/le_beat_route/bowie1.html","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie, Ziggy Stardust Style\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-151127/david-bowie-ziggy-stardust-54983/","external_links_name":"\"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190811001700/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-151127/david-bowie-ziggy-stardust-54983/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01k0y0n","external_links_name":"David Bowie and the Story of Ziggy Stardust"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/stardustdavidbow00edwa/page/208/mode/2up","external_links_name":"208"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11","external_links_name":"11-12"},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/star-man-the-story-of-bowies-ziggy-stardust-763290","external_links_name":"\"Starman! – The Story Of Bowie's Ziggy Stardust\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202012311/https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/star-man-the-story-of-bowies-ziggy-stardust-763290","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/mar/09/david-bowie-william-burroughs","external_links_name":"\"When Bowie met Burroughs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210510010853/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/mar/09/david-bowie-william-burroughs","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/2002/06/09/30-years-on-ziggy-stardust-rises-again/cf9262e4-ad44-4749-8d56-6d922d7bf5ae/","external_links_name":"\"30 Years On, 'Ziggy Stardust' Rises Again\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-11/david-bowie-many-faces-of-glam-rock-icon/7081990","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie: The many faces of the glam rock icon\""},{"Link":"https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/head/article/44884/1/mullet-subculture-hair-history","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of the Mullet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190618165047/https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/head/article/44884/1/mullet-subculture-hair-history","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-bowie-7-wild-quotes-from-the-station-to-station-era-231332/","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie: 7 Wild Quotes From the 'Station to Station' Era\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6Xx5PsCeS0kC&pg=PA171","external_links_name":"171"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wNeaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54","external_links_name":"54"},{"Link":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/david-bowie-last-ziggy-stardust/","external_links_name":"\"When David Bowie Abruptly Retired Ziggy Stardust\""},{"Link":"https://blog.oup.com/2016/02/david-bowie-death-motif/","external_links_name":"\"The many deaths of David Bowie\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/flashback-ziggy-stardust-commits-rock-and-roll-suicide-at-final-gig-53974/","external_links_name":"\"Flashback: Ziggy Stardust Commits 'Rock and Roll Suicide' at Final Gig\""},{"Link":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/tags/david-bowie/","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-17521244/site-of-ziggy-stardust-album-cover-shoot-marked-with-plaque","external_links_name":"\"Site of Ziggy Stardust album cover shoot marked with plaque\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/mar/27/david-bowie-ziggy-stardust-blue-plaque","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust album marked with blue plaque\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002611/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/mar/27/david-bowie-ziggy-stardust-blue-plaque","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8262345/david-bowie-statue-unveiled-england-ziggy-stardust","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie Statue Unveiled in English Town Where Ziggy Stardust Debuted\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-43513296","external_links_name":"\"Musical David Bowie statue unveiled in Aylesbury\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-37787626","external_links_name":"\"Aylesbury's David Bowie statue 'will sing on the hour'\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810357","external_links_name":"\"Revision of theBicyclus sciathisspecies group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with descriptions of four new species and corrected distributional records\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsyen.12150","external_links_name":"10.1111/syen.12150"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-6970","external_links_name":"0307-6970"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810357","external_links_name":"4810357"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27076698","external_links_name":"27076698"},{"Link":"https://culture.pl/en/article/warsaw-pays-tribute-to-david-bowie-with-huge-mural","external_links_name":"\"Warsaw Pays Tribute to David Bowie with Huge Mural\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/london/news/david-bowies-london-13-places-connected-to-the-stars-life-and-career-011018","external_links_name":"\"David Bowie's London: 13 places connected to the star's life and career\""},{"Link":"https://lacronicadesalamanca.com/114044-homenaje-a-david-bowie-en-salamanca/","external_links_name":"\"Homenaje a David Bowie en Salamanca\""},{"Link":"https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/messenger/east-hills/street-art-busting-into-mainstream-and-on-to-adelaides-walls/news-story/8a62f49d134850526c9fefa37d5cb48e","external_links_name":"\"Street art busting into mainstream, and on to Adelaide's walls\""},{"Link":"https://www.revolvermag.com/music/mechanical-animals-10-things-you-didnt-know-marilyn-mansons-great-glam-album","external_links_name":"\"'Mechanical Animals': 10 Things You Didn't Know Marilyn [sic] Manson's Great Glam Album\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/movies/reviews/velvetgoldmineharrington.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gone Glam Digging\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200909032248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/movies/reviews/velvetgoldmineharrington.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/05/the-office-golden-years-ricky-gervais-stephen-merchant.html","external_links_name":"\"Before The Office, There Was Golden Years\""},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2016/01/11/rip-david-bowie-flight-of-the-conchords/","external_links_name":"\"'Flight Of The Conchords' Gave One Of The Greatest Celebrations Of David Bowie's Life\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/cruella-artie-androgynous-david-bowie-homage/","external_links_name":"\"Artie In Cruella: David Bowie Homage Explained\""},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/2017/02/big-little-lies-recap-season-1-episode-1.html","external_links_name":"\"OVERNIGHTS FEB. 19, 2017 Big Little Lies Season-Premiere Recap: Murder, Mean Girls, and Monterey\""},{"Link":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/big-little-lies-season-2-episode-4-review-she-knows/","external_links_name":"\"Big Little Lies Season 2 Episode 4 Review: She Knows\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bowielovingalien00sand","external_links_name":"Bowie: Loving the Alien"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071023053732/http://www.5years.com/start.htm","external_links_name":"The Ziggy Stardust Companion"},{"Link":"http://www.genesis-publications.com/books/bowie/index.html","external_links_name":"Moonage Daydream: The Life & Times of Ziggy Stardust"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17521244","external_links_name":"Ziggy Stardust album cover shoot marked with plaque"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5hvi_Airfield	Jõhvi Airfield	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 59°19′33″N 027°23′33″E / 59.32583°N 27.39250°E / 59.32583; 27.39250Airport in Estonia You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Estonian. (August 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Estonian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|et\|Jõhvi lennuväli}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Jõhvi Airfield (Estonian: Jõhvi lennuväli; ICAO: EEJI) is an airfield in Jõhvi, Ida-Viru County, Estonia. The airfield's owner is Foundation Jõhvi Lennuväli. References ^ "Jõhvi Airfield Airport - EEJI". Airport Guide. Retrieved 27 April 2021. ^ https://aim.eans.ee/sites/default/files/2020-06/Johvi_02012020.pdf 59°19′33″N 027°23′33″E / 59.32583°N 27.39250°E / 59.32583; 27.39250	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Jõhvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5hvi"},{"link_name":"Ida-Viru County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida-Viru_County"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airportguide.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Airport in EstoniaJõhvi Airfield (Estonian: Jõhvi lennuväli; ICAO: EEJI) is an airfield in Jõhvi, Ida-Viru County, Estonia.[1]The airfield's owner is Foundation Jõhvi Lennuväli.[2]","title":"Jõhvi Airfield"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jõhvi Airfield Airport - EEJI\". Airport Guide. Retrieved 27 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://airportguide.com/airport/info/EEJI","url_text":"\"Jõhvi Airfield Airport - EEJI\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=J%C3%B5hvi_Airfield&params=59_19_33_N_027_23_33_E_type:airport_region:EE","external_links_name":"59°19′33″N 027°23′33″E / 59.32583°N 27.39250°E / 59.32583; 27.39250"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://airportguide.com/airport/info/EEJI","external_links_name":"\"Jõhvi Airfield Airport - EEJI\""},{"Link":"https://aim.eans.ee/sites/default/files/2020-06/Johvi_02012020.pdf","external_links_name":"https://aim.eans.ee/sites/default/files/2020-06/Johvi_02012020.pdf"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=J%C3%B5hvi_Airfield&params=59_19_33_N_027_23_33_E_type:airport_region:EE","external_links_name":"59°19′33″N 027°23′33″E / 59.32583°N 27.39250°E / 59.32583; 27.39250"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreas_Abyssal_Plain	Boreas Plain	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 78°N 0°E / 78°N 0°E / 78; 0The Boreas Plain is an abyssal plain in the South of Fram Strait with water depths of around 3 km at 78°N 0°E / 78°N 0°E / 78; 0. References ^ "Fram Strait Bathymetry". Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar- and Marine Research. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2012. ^ Thiede, Jörn; Pfirman, Stephanie; Schenke, Hans-Werner; Reil, Wolfgang (1990). "Bathymetry of Molloy Deep: Fram Strait between Svalbard and Greenland". Marine Geophysical Researches. 12 (3). Springer: 197–214. doi:10.1007/BF02266713. This article about a specific oceanic location or ocean current is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Arctic-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abyssal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssal"},{"link_name":"Fram Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fram_Strait"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Km"},{"link_name":"78°N 0°E / 78°N 0°E / 78; 0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boreas_Plain&params=78_N_0_E_"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Boreas Plain is an abyssal plain in the South of Fram Strait with water depths of around 3 km at 78°N 0°E / 78°N 0°E / 78; 0.[1][2]","title":"Boreas Plain"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Fram Strait Bathymetry\". Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar- and Marine Research. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514200320/http://www.awi.de/en/research/research_divisions/geosciences/marine_geology_and_paleontology/research_themes/bathymetry_and_geodesy/bathymetric_chart_of_the_fram_strait_bcfs/fram_strait_bathymetry/","url_text":"\"Fram Strait Bathymetry\""},{"url":"http://www.awi.de/en/research/research_divisions/geosciences/marine_geology_and_paleontology/research_themes/bathymetry_and_geodesy/bathymetric_chart_of_the_fram_strait_bcfs/fram_strait_bathymetry/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thiede, Jörn; Pfirman, Stephanie; Schenke, Hans-Werner; Reil, Wolfgang (1990). \"Bathymetry of Molloy Deep: Fram Strait between Svalbard and Greenland\". Marine Geophysical Researches. 12 (3). Springer: 197–214. doi:10.1007/BF02266713.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Pfirman","url_text":"Pfirman, Stephanie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02266713","url_text":"10.1007/BF02266713"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boreas_Plain&params=78_N_0_E_","external_links_name":"78°N 0°E / 78°N 0°E / 78; 0"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boreas_Plain&params=78_N_0_E_","external_links_name":"78°N 0°E / 78°N 0°E / 78; 0"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514200320/http://www.awi.de/en/research/research_divisions/geosciences/marine_geology_and_paleontology/research_themes/bathymetry_and_geodesy/bathymetric_chart_of_the_fram_strait_bcfs/fram_strait_bathymetry/","external_links_name":"\"Fram Strait Bathymetry\""},{"Link":"http://www.awi.de/en/research/research_divisions/geosciences/marine_geology_and_paleontology/research_themes/bathymetry_and_geodesy/bathymetric_chart_of_the_fram_strait_bcfs/fram_strait_bathymetry/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02266713","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF02266713"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boreas_Plain&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boreas_Plain&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluk	Dülük	["1 History","1.1 Hittite period","1.2 Hellenistic period","1.3 Roman period","1.4 Medieval history","2 Ecclesiastical history","2.1 Titular see","3 References","4 Sources and external links"]	Coordinates: 37°09′N 37°22′E / 37.150°N 37.367°E / 37.150; 37.367Neighbourhood in Şehitkamil, Gaziantep, TurkeyDülükNeighbourhoodDülükLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 37°09′N 37°22′E / 37.150°N 37.367°E / 37.150; 37.367CountryTurkeyProvinceGaziantepDistrictŞehitkamilElevation950 m (3,120 ft)Population (2022)2,826Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)Postal code27630Area code0342 Dülük (Armenian: Տլուք, romanized: Tlukʿ) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Şehitkamil, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,826 (2022). It is about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Gaziantep city center. Its ancient name was Doliche (Greek: Δολίχη). History Finds in Tell Dülük include stone tools from 30 to 40 thousand years ago. These tools are from a Neolithic culture, unofficially dubbed the "Dulicien culture" by researchers. Hittite period During the Hittite period, it was a stop on the road connecting the Mediterranean to Mesopotamia. It was also a religious center. The sanctuary of the Hittite god Teshub was just to the north of the village. Hellenistic period In the literary sources, the existence of the Hellenistic colony is not attested before the 2nd century BC. It is speculated that part of the original colonial population of Doliche came from the homonymous Thessalian city. The discovery of Rhodean amphorae handles suggest communications with the Aegean Sea during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. The Seleucids adopted the worship of the local storm-god as Zeus Dolichenus, identified with Baal. At this time it was a small city on the road from Germanicia to Zeugma. Doliche was at one time considered to belong to the ancient region of Cyrrhestica. It was ruled by the Kingdom of Commagene "for about 35 years"; after being governed by Antiochus Theos, it might have been incorporated into the Roman province of Syria as early as 31 BCE. Roman period Commagene was definitively annexed to the Roman Empire in 72 CE. It was incorporated into the Roman province of Syria, Under Roman rule, Doliche remained part of the region of Commagene, a region of the Roman province of Syria, and as that was portioned of the provinces Coele-Syria and ultimately of Syria Euphratensis. The worship of Jupiter Dolichenus became widespread from the mid-second to the mid-third century CE, particularly though not exclusively in the Roman army. A number of religious monuments of Jupiter Dolichenus refer to him as the "god of the Commagenians". Doliche struck its own coins from the reign of Marcus Aurelius to Caracalla. Archaeological finds in Doliche include an underground Mithraic temple, rock graves and stone quarries from which giant rock blocks are produced. The Marcianus (Ancient Greek: Μαρκιανὸς), who was Apollonius of Athens follower, was from Doliche. In 2014, a team of German archaeologists from the University of Münster announced the excavation of a relief depicting an Iron Age deity previously unknown to them on a stele among the remains of Mar Solomon, a medieval monastery uncovered during 2010 excavations in Doliche. The monastery had been known only through writings indicating that it had been used through the era of the crusades. The University of Münster's Asia Minor Research Centre has been conducting excavation work at the main sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus under the direction of Engelbert Winter and Michael Blömer and is supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft, DFG). The international group consists of archaeologists, historians, architects, conservators, archaeozoologists, geoinformation scientists, and excavation workers. Winter's field work at the sanctuary dates back to 2001. Medieval history The town, of strategic importance due to its location at the intersection of roads linking the major cities of the region, was conquered by Iyad ibn Ghanm during the first decades of the Muslim conquests. It hence became a frontier outpost of the nascent Islamic Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire, forming part of the fortified frontier zone (al-'Awasim) after the reign of Harun al-Rashid. In the middle of the 10th century, it played a role in the conflict between resurgent Byzantium and the Hamdanid emirate of Sayf al-Dawla, and was retaken by the Byzantines in 962. The town again became a battleground during the Crusades until it was definitely captured by atabeg Nur al-Din of Aleppo in 1155; by that time, it had declined to obscurity, its fortress in ruins and the once prosperous town reduced to a small village. During the Crusades, the town was called Tulupa, and part of the Crusader County of Edessa. Ecclesiastical history Doliche was an episcopal see, suffragan of the Metropolitan of Hierapolis Bambyce (capital of Euphratensis, in the civil diocese of Oriens), in the sway of the patriarchate of Antioch. The names of eight of its Byzantine bishops are known: Archelaus, present at the First Council of Nicaea (325), and at the Synod of Antioch (341) Olympius attended the schismatical synod of Philippopolis held in 347 by Arian bishops opposing the decisions of the canonical Council of Serdica (344) Cyrion at the Council of Seleucia (359) Maris, during whose consecration circa 330 an Arian woman fatally stabbed Eusebius of Samosata, a bitter adversary of that heresy; he attended the First Council of Constantinople (381) Abibus, a Nestorian, too old in 431 to attend the Council of Ephesus, which deposed him as heretic in 434 Athanasius, his successor elected by the council Timothy, a correspondent of Theodoret, present at the Robber Council of Ephesus, at a Synod of Antioch in 450 on the orthodoxy of Athanasius of Perra and at the Council of Chalcedon (451); in 457 he signed the decreto of Patriarch Gennadius I of Constantinople against simony Philoxenus, a nephew of the celebrated Philoxenus of Hierapolis, deposed as a Severian Encratite in 518 for Monophysitism, reinstated in 533 after recanting that heresy in Constantinople The see figures in the first Notitiae Episcopatuum, about 840. There is a dubious claim that Doliche later took the place of Hierapolis as metropolis. Although the Arab conquest wiped the Byzantine institutions, Christianity persisted. Fourteen Jacobite Bishops are known from the eighth to ninth century. Titular see The diocese was nominally restored in the eighteenth century by the Roman Catholic Church as Latin titular bishopric of Doliche (Latin = Curiate Italian) / Dolichen(us) (Latin). It has had only Episcopal rank bishops, and as of 2022, it is vacant. References ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ Ministry of Culture and Tourism page Archived 2011-08-18 at the Wayback Machine (in Turkish) ^ Getzel_M._Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea and Africa, California University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-520-24148-7, p. 156. ^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, 1911, s.v. Aintab, p. 441. ^ Michael Blömer; Engelbert Winter (2011). Commagene: The Land of the Gods between the Taurus and the Euphrates. Homer Kitabevi. p. 19. ISBN 978-9944-483-35-3. ^ Fergus Millar (1993). The Roman Near East, 31 BC – AD 337. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 453. ISBN 0-674-77885-5. ^ Ewald, Heinrich (1886). The history of Israel, Volume 8. Longmans, Green, & Co. p. 23. ^ Michael Speidel (1978). The Religion of Jupiter Dolichenus in the Roman Army. Leiden: Brill. ^ CIL III, 07834; CIL III, 07832; AE 1988, 00962. ^ a b c d Catholic Encyclopedia, 1907-1912 ^ Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, §2.26.1 ^ Cluster of Excellence, Unique Roman relief discovered: Depiction of unknown god in Turkey; Relics from 2,000 years of cult history excavated, ScienceDaily, 10 November 2014. (with image of the deity) ^ a b c Sourdel, Dominique (1991). "Dulūk". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C–G. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 624. ISBN 90-04-07026-5. ^ Brooks, The Sixth Book of Select Letters of Severus, London, 1904, II, 89, 90, 345-350, 352) ^ Lequien (Or. Christ., II, 937) ^ ed. Parthey ^ Vailhe, in Échos d'Orient, X, 94 sqq. and 367 sqq.) ^ "Revue de l'Orient chretien", VI, 195 Sources and external links GCatholic - (former &) titular Latin see Bibliography - ecclesiastical history Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 436 Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 937-940 Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 3, p. 187; vol. 6, p. 198 Franz Cumont, Etudes syriennes, Paris 1917, pp. 173 seq. Raymond Janin, lemma 'Doliché', in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIV, Paris 1960, coll. 578-580 vteAncient settlements in TurkeyAegean Abbassus Abrostola Achaion Limen Acharaca Acmonia Acrassus Adramyttium Agatheira Aegae Airai Aizanoi Alabanda Alia Alinda Allianoi Almura Amnista Amorium Amos Amynanda Amyzon Anaua Anineta Annaea Antandrus Antioch on the Maeander Apamea in Phrygia Aphrodisias Apollonia in Mysia Apollonia Salbaces Apollonis Apollonos Hieron Appia Appolena Aragokome Araukome Arcadiopolis Arilla Aroma Aspaneus Astragon Astyra near Adramyttium Astyra near Pergamon Astyria Atarneus Atarneus sub Pitanem Attea Attuda Augustopolis Aulae Aurelia Neapolis Aureliopolis in Lydia Aurokra Bageis Bargasa Bargasa in northern Caria Bargylia Beudos Beycesultan Birgena Blaundus Bonitai Boukolion Boutheia Briula Bruzus Bybassus Cadi Callipolis Caloe Canae Carene Carmylessus Carura Caryanda Castabus Casystes Cedreae Celaenae Ceramus Chalcetor Choria Chrysaoris Chytrium Cidramus Cindye Cisthene Clannuda Claros Colophon Colossae Conium Coryphas Cybeleia Cyllandus Cyme Daldis Dareioukome Dideiphyta Didyma Digda Dioclea Dionysiopolis Dios Hieron in Ionia Dios Hieron in Lydia Dioskome Docimium Doroukome Eibeos Eiokome Elaea Eluza Embatum Emoddi Ephesus Erines Erythrae Erythras Etsyena Euaza Eukarpia Euhippe Eumeneia Euromus Euthenae Euxine Gambrium Gerga Gergitha Gerriadai Glauke Gryneium Halicarnassus Halisarna Harpasa Helos Heraclea at Latmus Heraclea in Aeolis Heraclea in Lydia Heraclea Salbace Hermocapelia Hierapolis Hieropolis Hierocaesarea Homadena Hydai Hydas Hydissus Hygassos Hyllarima Hypaepa Hypokremnos Hyrcanis Iasos Iaza Idyma Ioniapolis Ioudda Ipsus Isinda in Ionia Iskome Kadyie Kaira Kalabantia Kasara Kasossos Kaualena Kaunos Kaymakçı Tepe Kilaraza Kildara Klazomenai Kleimaka Kleros Politike Knidos Koddinou Petra Koraia Korakoe Koresa Kouara Kyllene Kymnissa Kys Labraunda Lagina Lalandos Lamyana Lankena Laodicea on the Lycus Larisa in Caria Larisa in Ionia Larisa in Lydia Larissa Phrikonis Larymna Lasnedda Latmus Lebedus Leimon Leucae Leucophrys Limantepe Lobolda Loryma Lunda Lydae Lyrna Lysimachia Madnasa Maeandropolis Magnesia ad Sipylum Magnesia on the Maeander Maiboza Maionia in Lydia Malene Marathesium Mastaura Meiros Meiros Megale Melampagos Meloukome Metropolis in Lydia Metropolis in southern Phrygia Miletus Mylasa Mobolla Mokolda Mossyna Mostene Motella Myloukome Myndus Myrina Myus Nais Nasos Naulochon Naulochus Naxia Neapolis Neonteichos Nisyra Notion Nymphaeum Nysa on the Maeander Odon Oenoanda Olaeis Olymos Oroanna Orthoisa Ortygia Otrus Palaemyndus Palaeopolis Panasion Panormus near Miletus Panormus near Halicarnassus Parsada Parthenium Passala Passanda Pedasa Peltae Pepuza Pergamon Perperene Philadelphia in Lydia Phocaea Phoenix in Caria Physcus Phyteia Pidasa Pinara Pisilis Pisye Pitane Pladasa Plarasa Polichna in Ionia Polichne in Ionia Polybotus Pordoselene Priene Prymnessus Pteleum Pydnae Pygela Pyrnus Pyrrha Saouenda Sardis Satala in Lydia Sebaste in Phrygia Sebastopolis in Caria Setae Side in Caria Sidussa Silandus Sillyos Sion Skolopoeis Smyrna Soa Spore Stadia Stectorium Stratonicea in Lydia Stratonicea in Caria Strobilos Syangela Symbra Synaus Syneta Synnada Syrna Tabae Tabala Tateikome Taza Teichiussa Telandrus Temenothyra Temnos Tempsis Tendeba Teos Termera Teuthrania Thasthara Theangela Thebe Hypoplakia Thebes Thera Thyaira Thyatira Thymbrara Thyssanus Tisna Tlos in Caria Tomara Traianopolis Trapezopolis Trarium Triopium Tripolis on the Meander Troketta Tyanollos Tymion Tymnos Ula Uranium Zemmeana Zingotos Kome Black Sea Abonoteichos Aegialus Aiginetes Alaca Höyük Amasia Amastris Ancon Anticinolis Argyria Armene Berissa Bonita Boon Cabira Cales Callistratia Carambis Carissa Carussa Cerasus Chadisia Cinolis Cizari Colonia in Armenia Colussa Comana in the Pontus Coralla Cordyle Cratia Crenides Cromen Cromna Cyptasia Cytorus Dia Diacopa Elaeus Endeira Erythini Euchaita Eusene Gadilon Garius Garzoubanthon Gaziura Gozalena Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia Hattusa Heraclea Pontica Heracleium Hermonassa Hieron Oros Hüseyindede Tepe Hyssus Ibora Ischopolis Karza Kelesa Kimista Laodicea Pontica Libiopolis Lillium Metroon Mokata Naustathmus Nerik Nicopolis Ophis Oxinas Patara Pharnacia Phazemon Philocaleia Pida Pimolisa Polemonium Pompeiopolis Potami Prusias ad Hypium Pteria in Paphlagonia Salatiwara Samuha Sandaraca Sapinuwa Satala Saurania Sebastopolis in Pontus Stephane Syderos Themiscyra Thymena Timolaeum Tium Tripolis Virasia Yazılıkaya Zagorus Zaliche Zephyrium in Paphlagonia Ziporea Central Anatolia Abouadeineita Alişar Hüyük Amblada Anadynata Anastasiopolis Andabalis Anisa Anniaca Antoniopolis Anzoulada Aquae Saravenae Aralla Arasaxa Archalla Ardistama Ariaramneia Ariarathia Armaxa Artiknos Aspenzinsos Astra Atenia Balbissa Balgatia Barate Bathys Rhyax Binbirkilise Blucium Borissos Campae Camuliana Candara Carus Vicus Çatalhöyük Cimiata Ciscissus Cinna Claneus Comitanassus Congustus Corna Corniaspa Coropassus Cotenna Cybistra Cyzistra Dadastana Dasmenda Derbe Diocaesarea Doara Dometiopolis Dorylaeum Ecdaumava Ecobriga Ergobrotis Euaissa Eudocia (Cappadocia) Eudocia (Phrygia) Eulepa Faustinopolis Germa Gorbeus Gordium Hadrianopolis in Phrygia Heraclea Cybistra Herpha Hieropotamon Homana Hyde Ilistra Irenopolis Isauropolis Juliopolis Kaman-Kalehöyük Kanotala Karbala Keissia Kerkenes Kilistra Kindyria Kobara Kodylessos Korama Koron Kültepe (Kanesh) Lageina Lamatorma Laodicea Combusta Laroumada Lauzadus Limnae Lystra Malandasa Malus in Galatia Malus in Phrygia Meloë Metropolis in northern Phrygia Midaeium Mistea Mnizus Mokissos Mourisa Moutalaske Musbanda Myrika Nakoleia Nazianzus Nitazi Nora Nyssa Ochras Olosada Orcistus Papirion Parnassus Pedachtoë Pedaia Peium Perta Pessinus Pharax Phlara Pillitokome Pissia Pithoi Pontanena Posala Pteria Purushanda Pyrgoi Sadagolthina Salamboreia Salarama Sasima Savatra Sbida Sedasa Senzousa Sereana Sibora Sidamaria Skandos Soanda Soandos Sora Takourtha Tavium Thebasa Thouththourbia Tiberiopolis Trocmades Tyana Tynna Tyriaeum Vasada Verinopolis Zeita Zizima Eastern Anatolia Altıntepe Ani Arsamosata Cafer Höyük Camachus Citharizum Dadima Justinianopolis Melid Sugunia Theodosiopolis Tushpa Marmara Abarnis Abydos Achaiion Achilleion Ad Statuas Adrasteia Aegospotami Agora Aianteion in Thrace Aianteion in the Troad Ainos Alexandria Troas Alopeconnesus Ammoi Amycus Anaplous Apamea Myrlea Aphrodisias Apollonia on the Rhyndacus Aprus Apsoda Arbeila Argiza Argyria Argyronion Argyropolis Arisba Artace Artaiouteichos Artanes Assos Astacus Astyra in Troad Athyras Aureliane Aureliopolis Baradendromia Baris Basilica Therma Basilinopolis Bathonea Bathys Limen Beodizo Bergule Birytis Bisanthe Bitenas Bithynium Blachernae Bolos Boradion Brunca Burtudizon Bythias Byzantium Byzapena Caenophrurium Callum Calpe Canopus Cardia Cebrene Cenchreae Cenon Gallicanon Chalcaea Chalcedon Charax Charmidea Chelae on the Black Sea Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus Choiragria Chryse Chrysopolis Cius Clitae Cobrys Cocylium Colla Colonae Cremaste Crenides Cressa Crithote Cypasis Cypsela Cyzicus Dadokome Dacibyza Damalis Daphne Mainomene Daphnus Dardanus Dascylium Dascylium in Bithynia Dekaton in Bithynia Dekaton in Thrace Delkos Delphin Deris Desa Didymateiche Diolkides Drabus Drizipara/Drusipara Eirakla Elaea in Bithynia Elaeus Elekosmioi Embolos Ergasteria Eribolum Gargara Gentinos Gergis Germa Germanicopolis Hadriani ad Olympum Hadriania Hadrianotherae Halone Hamaxitus Harpagion Hebdomon Helenopolis/Drepanum Heracleium Hermaion Hieria Hierion Iasonion Ide Ilieon Kome Kabia Kalamos Kalasyrta Kale Peuke Kalos Agros Kampos Kassa Katapaspanas Kepos Kizoura Koila Kolonai Kosilaos Koubaita Kyparodes Kypra Lamponeia Lampsacus Larisa in Troad Lasthenes Leptoia Liada Libum Libyssa Limnae in Bithynia Limnae in Thrace Linus Lupadium Lygos Lysimachia Madytus Mantineion Marpessos Miletopolis Mocasura Mochadion Modra Morzapena Mossynea Moukaporis Myrileion Narco Nassete Nausikleia Nausimachion Neandreia Neapolis on the Bosphorus Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese Neonteichos Nerola Nicomedia Oka Ontoraita Ophryneion Orestias Orni Ostreodes Pactya Paeon Paesus Palodes Panion Pantichium Parabolos Parium Paulines Pegae in Mysia Pegae in Thrace Pege Pentephyle Percote Pericharaxis Perinthus Petrozetoi Pharmakia Phidalia Petra Phiela Philia Phosphorus Pionia Pitheci Portus Placia Ploketta Poemanenum Poleatikon Polychron Polymedium Potamoi Potamonion Praenetus Pratomysia Prepa Priapus Prindea Proconnesus Proochthoi Prusa Psarela Psyllium Pyrrhias Cyon Pytheion Rhebas Rhegion Rhesion Rhoiteion Rouphinianai Salmydessus Sangarus Scamandria Scamandrus Scepsis Scylace Scylla Selymbria Semystra Serrion Teichos Sestos Sigeion Sirkanos Smintheion Soka Strobilos Sykai Syllanta Tarpodizo Tarsus in Bithynia Tattaios Tenba Terbos Tesderamoska Tetrakomia Tipaso Tragasai Thynias Traron Tricomia in Bithynia Troy (Hisarlik) Tyrodiza Tzurulum Urisio Utsurgae Zeleia Mediterranean Acalissus Acarassus Adada Adrasus Aegae Agrae Alalakh Amelas Anabura in Pisidia Anazarbus Anchiale Andeda Andriaca Anemurium Ano Kotradis Antigonia Antioch on the Orontes Antioch of Pisidia Antiochia Lamotis Antioch on the Cragus Antioch on the Pyramis Antiphellus Aperlae Aphrodisias of Cilicia Apollonia in Lycia Arabissus Araxa Ariassus Arima Arnabanda Arneae Arsada Arsinoe Artanada Arycanda Aspendos Augai Augusta Aulae Aunesis Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing Balbura Baris Bindaios Bubon Cabassus Cadrema Cadyanda Callimache Calynda Carallia Carmylessus Casae Castabala Ceretapa Cestrus Charadrus Choma Cibyra Mikra Claudiopolis Colybrassus Comama Comana in Cappadocia Comba Conana Coracesium Corycium Antrum Corycus (Kızkalesi) Corydala Cremna Cretopolis Crya Cyaneae Cyrrhus Daedala Dalisandus in Isauria Dalisandus in Pamphylia Damasei Dias Diocaesarea Domuztepe Elaiussa Sebaste Elbessos Emirzeli Epiphania Erymna Etenna Eudocia (Lycia) Eudocias (Pamphylia) Flaviopolis Gagae Gözlükule Hacilar Hadrianopolis in Pisidia Halae Hamaxia Hierapolis Hippucome Holmi Hyia Idebessos Idyros Iotape Irenopolis Isaura Nea Isaura Palaea Isba Isinda in Lycia Isinda in Pisidia Issus Istlada Juliosebaste Kalanthia Kalelibelen Kandyba Kanytelis Karakabaklı Karatepe Karkabo Kastellon Keraia Kibyra Kiphisos Kirkota Kitanaura Kodroula Kolbasa Korasion Korma Kynosarion Laertes Lagbe Lamos Lebessus Legeita Limnae in Pamphylia Limnae in Pisidia Limyra Lissa Lycae Lyrbe Lysinia Magarsa Magastara Magydus Mallus Malus in Pisidia Mampsoukrenai Mamure Castle Manava Mandane Marciana Marmara (Mnara) Mastaura Meloë Melanippe Meriana Mezgitkale Moatra Mopsucrene Mopsuestia Morka Moron Hydor Moumoustra Mylae Mylios Myra Myriandus Nagidos Nauloi Neapolis in Pisidia Nephelis Nisa Octapolis Olba Olbasa Olbia Olympus Öküzlü Onobara Orokenda Otanada Ouerbe Padyandus Palaeopolis Panemotichus Panhormus Pargais Parlais Patara Pednelissus Perga Perminounda Phaselis Phellus Philadelphia in Cilicia Philaea Phoenicus Phoenix in Lycia Pisarissos Pisurgia Placoma Platanus Podalia Pogla Prostanna Pseudokorasion Ptolemais Rhodiapolis Rhoscopus Rhosus Rygmanoi Sabandus Sagalassos Sandalium Saraganda Sebeda Seleucia in Pamphylia Seleucia Pieria Seleucia Sidera Selge Selinus Seroiata Serraepolis Sia Sibidounda Sibyla Side Siderus Sidyma Sillyon Simena Sinda Siricae Soli Solyma Sozopolis Sura Syca Syedra Takina Tapureli Tardequeia Tarsus Teimiussa Tell Judaidah Tell Tayinat Telmessos Telmessos (Caria) Tenedos Termessos Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia Titiopolis Tityassus Tlos Toriaeum Tragalassus Trebendae Trebenna Trysa Tyberissus Tyinda Tymandus Tynada Typallia Xanthos Yanıkhan Yumuktepe Zenopolis in Isauria Zenopolis in Lycia Zephyrium on the Calycadnus SoutheasternAnatolia Amida Antioch in the Taurus Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia) Apamea on the Euphrates Carcathiocerta Carchemish Çayönü Dabanas Dara Doliche Edessa Göbekli Tepe Hallan Çemi Tepesi Harran Khashshum Kussara Matiate Nevalı Çori Nicopolis in Cilicia Nisibis Sakçagözü Sam'al Samosata Sareisa Seleucia at the Zeugma Sitai Sultantepe Tille Tushhan Urima Urshu Zeugma vteNeighbourhoods of Şehitkamil District 15 Temmuz 29 Ekim 8 Şubat Acaroba Ağaçlıboyno Akçaburç Akçagöze Aktoprak Alparslan Aşağıarıl Atabek Atalar Atatürk Bağbaşı Batıkent Battal Bayatlı Bedirköy Belkıs Beykent Beylerbeyi Beyreli Bilek Boyno Bozobası Budak Burak Büyükpınar Çağkuyu Çamlıtepe Cerityeniyapan Çıksorut Değirmiçem Dımışkılı Dülük Dündarlı Durnalık Erikli Eskişarkaya Eydibaba Eyüpsultan Fevzipaşa Fıstıklık Gazikent Gaziler Göksüncük Göktürk Göllüce Günbulur Güngürge Güvenevler Hacıbaba İbrahimli İbrahimşehir İncesu Işıklı İskenderli Kabasakız Karacaahmet Karacaburç Karacaoğlan Karacaören Karadede Karahüyük Karakesek Karayusuflu Karpuzkaya Karşıyaka Kayaönü Kızıkhamurkesen Kızık Karasakal Koçlu Köksalan Kozluyazı Küllü Medegöz Merveşehir Mevlana Mücahitler Nesimi Öğümsöğüt Onat Kutlar Osmangazi Övündük Pancarlı Pirsultan Sacır Safaşehir Sam Sanayi Sancaktepe Sarıgüllük Sarılar Selahattin Eyyübi Selimiye Serintepe Seymenli Seyrantepe Sinan Şirinevler Sofalıcı Suboğaz Sülüklü Taşlıca Tekirsin Tokdemir Tuğlu Türkyurdu Üçgöze Uğruca Ülkerli Ulus Umut Yalankoz Yamaçoba Yaprak Yayıktaş Yenişarkaya Yeşilce Yeşilova Yığınlı Yukarıarıl Zülfikar Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic Pleiades Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Şehitkamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Gaziantep Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziantep_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in Şehitkamil, Gaziantep, TurkeyDülük (Armenian: Տլուք, romanized: Tlukʿ) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Şehitkamil, Gaziantep Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 2,826 (2022).[2] It is about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Gaziantep city center. Its ancient name was Doliche (Greek: Δολίχη).","title":"Dülük"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"}],"text":"Finds in Tell Dülük include stone tools from 30 to 40 thousand years ago. These tools are from a Neolithic culture, unofficially dubbed the \"Dulicien culture\" by researchers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hittite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Teshub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teshub"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Hittite period","text":"During the Hittite period, it was a stop on the road connecting the Mediterranean to Mesopotamia. It was also a religious center. The sanctuary of the Hittite god Teshub was just to the north of the village.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thessalian city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doliche_(Thessaly)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohen-4"},{"link_name":"Zeus Dolichenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Dolichenus"},{"link_name":"Baal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aintab-5"},{"link_name":"Germanicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Zeugma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeugma,_Commagene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aintab-5"},{"link_name":"Cyrrhestica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrrhestica"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aintab-5"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Commagene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Commagene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Antiochus Theos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Hellenistic period","text":"In the literary sources, the existence of the Hellenistic colony is not attested before the 2nd century BC. It is speculated that part of the original colonial population of Doliche came from the homonymous Thessalian city. The discovery of Rhodean amphorae handles suggest communications with the Aegean Sea during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.[4] The Seleucids adopted the worship of the local storm-god as Zeus Dolichenus, identified with Baal.[5] At this time it was a small city on the road from Germanicia to Zeugma.[5]Doliche was at one time considered to belong to the ancient region of Cyrrhestica.[5] It was ruled by the Kingdom of Commagene \"for about 35 years\";[6] after being governed by Antiochus Theos, it might have been incorporated into the Roman province of Syria as early as 31 BCE.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewald-8"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Syria"},{"link_name":"Coele-Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coele-Syria"},{"link_name":"Syria Euphratensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Euphratensis"},{"link_name":"Jupiter Dolichenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Dolichenus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aurelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius"},{"link_name":"Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ce-11"},{"link_name":"Mithraic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithraism"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Apollonius of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"University of Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Mar Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mar_Solomon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Engelbert Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Blömer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Bl%C3%B6mer&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Roman period","text":"Commagene was definitively annexed to the Roman Empire in 72 CE.[8] It was incorporated into the Roman province of Syria, Under Roman rule, Doliche remained part of the region of Commagene, a region of the Roman province of Syria, and as that was portioned of the provinces Coele-Syria and ultimately of Syria Euphratensis.The worship of Jupiter Dolichenus became widespread from the mid-second to the mid-third century CE, particularly though not exclusively in the Roman army.[9] A number of religious monuments of Jupiter Dolichenus refer to him as the \"god of the Commagenians\".[10]Doliche struck its own coins from the reign of Marcus Aurelius to Caracalla.[11] Archaeological finds in Doliche include an underground Mithraic temple, rock graves and stone quarries from which giant rock blocks are produced.The Marcianus (Ancient Greek: Μαρκιανὸς), who was Apollonius of Athens follower, was from Doliche.[12]In 2014, a team of German archaeologists from the University of Münster announced the excavation of a relief depicting an Iron Age deity previously unknown to them on a stele among the remains of Mar Solomon,[13] a medieval monastery uncovered during 2010 excavations in Doliche. The monastery had been known only through writings indicating that it had been used through the era of the crusades. The University of Münster's Asia Minor Research Centre has been conducting excavation work at the main sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus under the direction of Engelbert Winter and Michael Blömer and is supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft, DFG). The international group consists of archaeologists, historians, architects, conservators, archaeozoologists, geoinformation scientists, and excavation workers. Winter's field work at the sanctuary dates back to 2001.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iyad ibn Ghanm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyad_ibn_Ghanm"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests"},{"link_name":"Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"al-'Awasim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%27Awasim"},{"link_name":"Harun al-Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-14"},{"link_name":"Hamdanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdanid"},{"link_name":"Sayf al-Dawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-14"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"atabeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabeg"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din,_atabeg_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-14"},{"link_name":"County of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Edessa"}],"sub_title":"Medieval history","text":"The town, of strategic importance due to its location at the intersection of roads linking the major cities of the region, was conquered by Iyad ibn Ghanm during the first decades of the Muslim conquests. It hence became a frontier outpost of the nascent Islamic Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire, forming part of the fortified frontier zone (al-'Awasim) after the reign of Harun al-Rashid.[14]In the middle of the 10th century, it played a role in the conflict between resurgent Byzantium and the Hamdanid emirate of Sayf al-Dawla, and was retaken by the Byzantines in 962.[14] The town again became a battleground during the Crusades until it was definitely captured by atabeg Nur al-Din of Aleppo in 1155; by that time, it had declined to obscurity, its fortress in ruins and the once prosperous town reduced to a small village.[14]During the Crusades, the town was called Tulupa, and part of the Crusader County of Edessa.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"episcopal see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"Hierapolis Bambyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierapolis_Bambyce"},{"link_name":"Euphratensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphratensis"},{"link_name":"civil diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_diocese"},{"link_name":"Oriens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Oriens"},{"link_name":"patriarchate of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"First Council of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"Synod of Antioch (341)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Antioch_(341)"},{"link_name":"Arian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arian"},{"link_name":"Council of Serdica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Serdica"},{"link_name":"Council of Seleucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia"},{"link_name":"Eusebius of Samosata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Samosata"},{"link_name":"First Council of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Nestorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorianism"},{"link_name":"Theodoret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoret"},{"link_name":"Synod of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Council of Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"Gennadius I of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadius_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"simony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simony"},{"link_name":"Philoxenus of Hierapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Hierapolis"},{"link_name":"Severian Encratite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severian_Encratites"},{"link_name":"Monophysitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophysitism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ce-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Notitiae Episcopatuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitiae_Episcopatuum"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Jacobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ce-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Doliche was an episcopal see, suffragan of the Metropolitan of Hierapolis Bambyce (capital of Euphratensis, in the civil diocese of Oriens), in the sway of the patriarchate of Antioch.The names of eight of its Byzantine bishops are known:Archelaus, present at the First Council of Nicaea (325), and at the Synod of Antioch (341)\nOlympius attended the schismatical synod of Philippopolis held in 347 by Arian bishops opposing the decisions of the canonical Council of Serdica (344)\nCyrion at the Council of Seleucia (359)\nMaris, during whose consecration circa 330 an Arian woman fatally stabbed Eusebius of Samosata, a bitter adversary of that heresy; he attended the First Council of Constantinople (381)\nAbibus, a Nestorian, too old in 431 to attend the Council of Ephesus, which deposed him as heretic in 434\nAthanasius, his successor elected by the council\nTimothy, a correspondent of Theodoret, present at the Robber Council of Ephesus, at a Synod of Antioch in 450 on the orthodoxy of Athanasius of Perra and at the Council of Chalcedon (451); in 457 he signed the decreto of Patriarch Gennadius I of Constantinople against simony\nPhiloxenus, a nephew of the celebrated Philoxenus of Hierapolis, deposed as a Severian Encratite in 518 for Monophysitism, reinstated in 533 after recanting that heresy in Constantinople[11][15][16]The see figures in the first Notitiae Episcopatuum,[17] about 840. There is a dubious claim that Doliche later took the place of Hierapolis as metropolis.[18]Although the Arab conquest wiped the Byzantine institutions, Christianity persisted. Fourteen Jacobite Bishops are known from the eighth to ninth century.[11][19]","title":"Ecclesiastical history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"titular bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishopric"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ce-11"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCl%C3%BCk&action=edit"}],"sub_title":"Titular see","text":"The diocese was nominally restored in the eighteenth century by the Roman Catholic Church as Latin titular bishopric of Doliche (Latin = Curiate Italian) / Dolichen(us) (Latin).[11]It has had only Episcopal rank bishops, and as of 2022[update], it is vacant.","title":"Ecclesiastical history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCatholic - (former &) titular Latin see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0654.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ancient settlements in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_settlements_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Region"},{"link_name":"Abbassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbassus"},{"link_name":"Abrostola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrostola_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Achaion Limen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaion_Limen"},{"link_name":"Acharaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharaca"},{"link_name":"Acmonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acmonia"},{"link_name":"Acrassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrassus"},{"link_name":"Adramyttium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adramyttium"},{"link_name":"Agatheira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatheira"},{"link_name":"Aegae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigai_(Aeolis)"},{"link_name":"Airai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airai_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Aizanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizanoi"},{"link_name":"Alabanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabanda"},{"link_name":"Alia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Alinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alinda"},{"link_name":"Allianoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allianoi"},{"link_name":"Almura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almura"},{"link_name":"Amnista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnista"},{"link_name":"Amorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorium"},{"link_name":"Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Amynanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amynanda"},{"link_name":"Amyzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyzon_(city)"},{"link_name":"Anaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaua"},{"link_name":"Anineta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anineta"},{"link_name":"Annaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaea"},{"link_name":"Antandrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antandrus"},{"link_name":"Antioch on the Maeander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch_on_the_Maeander"},{"link_name":"Apamea in Phrygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apamea_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Aphrodisias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodisias"},{"link_name":"Apollonia in Mysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Apollonia Salbaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_Salbaces"},{"link_name":"Apollonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonis_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Apollonos Hieron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonos_Hieron"},{"link_name":"Appia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appia_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Appolena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appolena"},{"link_name":"Aragokome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragokome"},{"link_name":"Araukome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araukome"},{"link_name":"Arcadiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadiopolis_in_Asia"},{"link_name":"Arilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arilla_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Aroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Aspaneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspaneus"},{"link_name":"Astragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astragon_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Astyra near Adramyttium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyra_(Aeolis)"},{"link_name":"Astyra near Pergamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyra_(near_Pergamon)"},{"link_name":"Astyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyria"},{"link_name":"Atarneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atarneus"},{"link_name":"Atarneus sub Pitanem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atarneus_sub_Pitanem"},{"link_name":"Attea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attea"},{"link_name":"Attuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attuda"},{"link_name":"Augustopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustopolis_in_Phrygia"},{"link_name":"Aulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulae_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Aurelia Neapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelia_Neapolis"},{"link_name":"Aureliopolis in Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureliopolis_in_Lydia"},{"link_name":"Aurokra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurokra"},{"link_name":"Bageis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bageis"},{"link_name":"Bargasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargasa"},{"link_name":"Bargasa in northern Caria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargasa_(northern_Caria)"},{"link_name":"Bargylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargylia"},{"link_name":"Beudos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beudos"},{"link_name":"Beycesultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beycesultan"},{"link_name":"Birgena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgena"},{"link_name":"Blaundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaundus"},{"link_name":"Bonitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonitai"},{"link_name":"Boukolion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boukolion"},{"link_name":"Boutheia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutheia"},{"link_name":"Briula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briula"},{"link_name":"Bruzus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruzus"},{"link_name":"Bybassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bybassus"},{"link_name":"Cadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Callipolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callipolis_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Caloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloe"},{"link_name":"Canae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canae"},{"link_name":"Carene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carene_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Carmylessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmylessus"},{"link_name":"Carura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carura"},{"link_name":"Caryanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryanda"},{"link_name":"Castabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castabus"},{"link_name":"Casystes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casystes"},{"link_name":"Cedreae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedreae"},{"link_name":"Celaenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celaenae"},{"link_name":"Ceramus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramus"},{"link_name":"Chalcetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcetor"},{"link_name":"Choria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choria"},{"link_name":"Chrysaoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysaoris"},{"link_name":"Chytrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytrium"},{"link_name":"Cidramus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidramus"},{"link_name":"Cindye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindye"},{"link_name":"Cisthene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisthene_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Clannuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clannuda"},{"link_name":"Claros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claros"},{"link_name":"Colophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colophon_(city)"},{"link_name":"Colossae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossae"},{"link_name":"Conium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conium_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Coryphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coryphas"},{"link_name":"Cybeleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybeleia"},{"link_name":"Cyllandus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyllandus"},{"link_name":"Cyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyme_(Aeolis)"},{"link_name":"Daldis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daldis"},{"link_name":"Dareioukome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareioukome"},{"link_name":"Dideiphyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dideiphyta"},{"link_name":"Didyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didyma"},{"link_name":"Digda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digda"},{"link_name":"Dioclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioclea_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Dionysiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysiopolis"},{"link_name":"Dios Hieron in Ionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Dios Hieron in Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Dioskome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskome"},{"link_name":"Docimium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docimium"},{"link_name":"Doroukome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doroukome"},{"link_name":"Eibeos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eibeos"},{"link_name":"Eiokome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiokome"},{"link_name":"Elaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaea_(Aeolis)"},{"link_name":"Eluza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluza"},{"link_name":"Embatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embatum"},{"link_name":"Emoddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoddi"},{"link_name":"Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Erines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erines"},{"link_name":"Erythrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrae"},{"link_name":"Erythras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythras_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Etsyena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etsyena"},{"link_name":"Euaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euaza"},{"link_name":"Eukarpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarpia"},{"link_name":"Euhippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euhippe"},{"link_name":"Eumeneia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumeneia"},{"link_name":"Euromus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromus"},{"link_name":"Euthenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthenae"},{"link_name":"Euxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euxine_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Gambrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambrium"},{"link_name":"Gerga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerga"},{"link_name":"Gergitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gergitha"},{"link_name":"Gerriadai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerriadai"},{"link_name":"Glauke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauke_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Gryneium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryneium"},{"link_name":"Halicarnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halicarnassus"},{"link_name":"Halisarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halisarna"},{"link_name":"Harpasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpasa"},{"link_name":"Helos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helos_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Heraclea at Latmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_at_Latmus"},{"link_name":"Heraclea in Aeolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_(Aeolis)"},{"link_name":"Heraclea in Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Heraclea Salbace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Salbace"},{"link_name":"Hermocapelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermocapelia"},{"link_name":"Hierapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierapolis"},{"link_name":"Hieropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierapolis_(Phrygian_Pentapolis)"},{"link_name":"Hierocaesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierocaesarea"},{"link_name":"Homadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homadena"},{"link_name":"Hydai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydai"},{"link_name":"Hydas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydas"},{"link_name":"Hydissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydissus"},{"link_name":"Hygassos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygassos"},{"link_name":"Hyllarima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyllarima"},{"link_name":"Hypaepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypaepa"},{"link_name":"Hypokremnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokremnos"},{"link_name":"Hyrcanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrcanis_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Iasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iasos"},{"link_name":"Iaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaza"},{"link_name":"Idyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idyma"},{"link_name":"Ioniapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniapolis"},{"link_name":"Ioudda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioudda"},{"link_name":"Ipsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsus"},{"link_name":"Isinda in Ionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isindus"},{"link_name":"Iskome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskome"},{"link_name":"Kadyie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadyie"},{"link_name":"Kaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaira_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Kalabantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabantia"},{"link_name":"Kasara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasara_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Kasossos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasossos"},{"link_name":"Kaualena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaualena"},{"link_name":"Kaunos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunos"},{"link_name":"Kaymakçı Tepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaymak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Tepe"},{"link_name":"Kilaraza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilaraza"},{"link_name":"Kildara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildara"},{"link_name":"Klazomenai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klazomenai"},{"link_name":"Kleimaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleimaka"},{"link_name":"Kleros Politike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleros_Politike"},{"link_name":"Knidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knidos"},{"link_name":"Koddinou Petra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koddinou_Petra"},{"link_name":"Koraia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraia"},{"link_name":"Korakoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korakoe"},{"link_name":"Koresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koresa"},{"link_name":"Kouara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouara"},{"link_name":"Kyllene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyllene_(Aeolis)"},{"link_name":"Kymnissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymnissa"},{"link_name":"Kys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kys_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Labraunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labraunda"},{"link_name":"Lagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagina"},{"link_name":"Lalandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalandos"},{"link_name":"Lamyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamyana"},{"link_name":"Lankena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankena"},{"link_name":"Laodicea on the Lycus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus"},{"link_name":"Larisa in Caria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larisa_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Larisa in Ionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larisa_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Larisa in Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larisa_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Larissa Phrikonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa_Phrikonis"},{"link_name":"Larymna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larymna_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Lasnedda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasnedda"},{"link_name":"Latmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latmus_(town)"},{"link_name":"Lebedus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebedus"},{"link_name":"Leimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leimon"},{"link_name":"Leucae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucae_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Leucophrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucophrys"},{"link_name":"Limantepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limantepe"},{"link_name":"Lobolda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobolda"},{"link_name":"Loryma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loryma"},{"link_name":"Lunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunda_(Asia_Minor)"},{"link_name":"Lydae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydae"},{"link_name":"Lyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrna"},{"link_name":"Lysimachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysimachia_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Madnasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madnasa"},{"link_name":"Maeandropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeandropolis"},{"link_name":"Magnesia ad Sipylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesia_ad_Sipylum"},{"link_name":"Magnesia on the Maeander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander"},{"link_name":"Maiboza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiboza"},{"link_name":"Maionia in Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maionia_in_Lydia"},{"link_name":"Malene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malene"},{"link_name":"Marathesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathesium"},{"link_name":"Mastaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaura_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Meiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiros"},{"link_name":"Meiros Megale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiros_Megale"},{"link_name":"Melampagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melampagos"},{"link_name":"Meloukome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meloukome"},{"link_name":"Metropolis in Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(Anatolia)"},{"link_name":"Metropolis in southern Phrygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(southern_Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus"},{"link_name":"Mylasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milas"},{"link_name":"Mobolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobolla"},{"link_name":"Mokolda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokolda"},{"link_name":"Mossyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossyna"},{"link_name":"Mostene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostene"},{"link_name":"Motella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motella"},{"link_name":"Myloukome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myloukome"},{"link_name":"Myndus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myndus"},{"link_name":"Myrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrina_(Aeolis)"},{"link_name":"Myus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myus"},{"link_name":"Nais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nais_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Nasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasos"},{"link_name":"Naulochon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naulochon"},{"link_name":"Naulochus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naulochus_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Naxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxia_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Neapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolis_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Neonteichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonteichos"},{"link_name":"Nisyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisyra"},{"link_name":"Notion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notion_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Nymphaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Nysa on the Maeander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nysa_on_the_Maeander"},{"link_name":"Odon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odon_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Oenoanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenoanda"},{"link_name":"Olaeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaeis"},{"link_name":"Olymos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olymos"},{"link_name":"Oroanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroanna"},{"link_name":"Orthoisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthosia_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Ortygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortygia_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Otrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrus"},{"link_name":"Palaemyndus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaemyndus"},{"link_name":"Palaeopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeopolis_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Panasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasion"},{"link_name":"Panormus near Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panormus_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Panormus near Halicarnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panormus_(Halicarnassus)"},{"link_name":"Parsada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsada"},{"link_name":"Parthenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenium_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Passala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passala"},{"link_name":"Passanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passanda"},{"link_name":"Pedasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedasa"},{"link_name":"Peltae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltae"},{"link_name":"Pepuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepuza"},{"link_name":"Pergamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon"},{"link_name":"Perperene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perperene"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia in Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Phocaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocaea"},{"link_name":"Phoenix in Caria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Physcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaris"},{"link_name":"Phyteia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyteia"},{"link_name":"Pidasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidasa"},{"link_name":"Pinara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinara"},{"link_name":"Pisilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisilis"},{"link_name":"Pisye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisye"},{"link_name":"Pitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitane_(Aeolis)"},{"link_name":"Pladasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pladasa"},{"link_name":"Plarasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plarasa"},{"link_name":"Polichna in Ionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polichna_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Polichne in Ionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polichne_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Polybotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybotus"},{"link_name":"Pordoselene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pordoselene"},{"link_name":"Priene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene"},{"link_name":"Prymnessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prymnessus"},{"link_name":"Pteleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteleum_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Pydnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pydnae"},{"link_name":"Pygela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygela"},{"link_name":"Pyrnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrnus_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Pyrrha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrha_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Saouenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saouenda"},{"link_name":"Sardis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis"},{"link_name":"Satala in Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satala_in_Lydia"},{"link_name":"Sebaste in Phrygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebaste_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Sebastopolis in Caria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastopolis_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Setae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setae_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Side in Caria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Sidussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidussa"},{"link_name":"Silandus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silandus"},{"link_name":"Sillyos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillyos"},{"link_name":"Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion_(Asia_Minor)"},{"link_name":"Skolopoeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolopoeis"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Soa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soa_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Spore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Stadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadia_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Stectorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stectorium"},{"link_name":"Stratonicea in Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratonicea_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Stratonicea in Caria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratonicea_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Strobilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilos"},{"link_name":"Syangela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangela"},{"link_name":"Symbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbra"},{"link_name":"Synaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaus"},{"link_name":"Syneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syneta_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Synnada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synnada"},{"link_name":"Syrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrna_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Tabae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabae"},{"link_name":"Tabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabala_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Tateikome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tateikome"},{"link_name":"Taza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taza_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Teichiussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichiussa"},{"link_name":"Telandrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telandrus"},{"link_name":"Temenothyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temenothyra"},{"link_name":"Temnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temnos"},{"link_name":"Tempsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempsis"},{"link_name":"Tendeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendeba"},{"link_name":"Teos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teos"},{"link_name":"Termera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termera"},{"link_name":"Teuthrania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuthrania"},{"link_name":"Thasthara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasthara"},{"link_name":"Theangela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theangela"},{"link_name":"Thebe Hypoplakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebe_Hypoplakia"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes_(Ionia)"},{"link_name":"Thera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thera_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Thyaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyaira"},{"link_name":"Thyatira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyatira"},{"link_name":"Thymbrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymbrara"},{"link_name":"Thyssanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyssanus"},{"link_name":"Tisna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisna"},{"link_name":"Tlos in Caria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlos_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Tomara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomara_(Lydia)"},{"link_name":"Traianopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianopolis_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Trapezopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezopolis"},{"link_name":"Trarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trarium"},{"link_name":"Triopium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triopium"},{"link_name":"Tripolis on the Meander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolis_on_the_Meander"},{"link_name":"Troketta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troketta"},{"link_name":"Tyanollos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyanollos"},{"link_name":"Tymion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymion"},{"link_name":"Tymnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnos"},{"link_name":"Ula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Zemmeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemmeana"},{"link_name":"Zingotos Kome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingotos_Kome"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Region"},{"link_name":"Abonoteichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonoteichos"},{"link_name":"Aegialus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegialus"},{"link_name":"Aiginetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiginetes"},{"link_name":"Alaca Höyük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Amasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasya"},{"link_name":"Amastris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasra"},{"link_name":"Ancon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancon_(Pontus)"},{"link_name":"Anticinolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticinolis"},{"link_name":"Argyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria_(Pontus)"},{"link_name":"Armene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armene"},{"link_name":"Berissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berissa"},{"link_name":"Bonita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita_(Paphlagonia)"},{"link_name":"Boon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boon_(Pontus)"},{"link_name":"Cabira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabira"},{"link_name":"Cales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cales_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Callistratia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callistratia"},{"link_name":"Carambis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carambis"},{"link_name":"Carissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carissa_(Galatia)"},{"link_name":"Carussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carussa"},{"link_name":"Cerasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerasus_(near_Trapezus)"},{"link_name":"Chadisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadisia"},{"link_name":"Cinolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinolis"},{"link_name":"Cizari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizari"},{"link_name":"Colonia in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_in_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Colussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colussa"},{"link_name":"Comana in the Pontus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comana_Pontica"},{"link_name":"Coralla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coralla"},{"link_name":"Cordyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyle"},{"link_name":"Cratia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratia_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Crenides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Cromen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromen"},{"link_name":"Cromna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromna_(Paphlagonia)"},{"link_name":"Cyptasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyptasia"},{"link_name":"Cytorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytorus"},{"link_name":"Dia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Diacopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacopa"},{"link_name":"Elaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeus_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Endeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endeira"},{"link_name":"Erythini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythini"},{"link_name":"Euchaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchaita"},{"link_name":"Eusene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusene"},{"link_name":"Gadilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadilon"},{"link_name":"Garius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garius"},{"link_name":"Garzoubanthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garzoubanthon"},{"link_name":"Gaziura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziura"},{"link_name":"Gozalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozalena"},{"link_name":"Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianopolis_in_Paphlagonia"},{"link_name":"Hattusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattusa"},{"link_name":"Heraclea Pontica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica"},{"link_name":"Heracleium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracleium_(Pontus)"},{"link_name":"Hermonassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermonassa_(Pontus)"},{"link_name":"Hieron Oros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieron_Oros"},{"link_name":"Hüseyindede Tepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCseyindede_Tepe"},{"link_name":"Hyssus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyssus"},{"link_name":"Ibora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibora"},{"link_name":"Ischopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischopolis"},{"link_name":"Karza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karza"},{"link_name":"Kelesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelesa"},{"link_name":"Kimista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimista"},{"link_name":"Laodicea Pontica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladik"},{"link_name":"Libiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiopolis"},{"link_name":"Lillium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillium"},{"link_name":"Metroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroon_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Mokata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokata"},{"link_name":"Naustathmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naustathmus_(Pontus)"},{"link_name":"Nerik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerik"},{"link_name":"Nicopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicopolis_(Armenia)"},{"link_name":"Ophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophis_(Pontus)"},{"link_name":"Oxinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxinas"},{"link_name":"Patara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patara_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Pharnacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giresun"},{"link_name":"Phazemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phazemon"},{"link_name":"Philocaleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philocaleia"},{"link_name":"Pida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pida_(Pontus)"},{"link_name":"Pimolisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimolisa"},{"link_name":"Polemonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatsa"},{"link_name":"Pompeiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeiopolis"},{"link_name":"Potami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potami_(Paphlagonia)"},{"link_name":"Prusias ad Hypium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusias_ad_Hypium"},{"link_name":"Pteria in Paphlagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteria_(Paphlagonia)"},{"link_name":"Salatiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salatiwara"},{"link_name":"Samuha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuha"},{"link_name":"Sandaraca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandaraca"},{"link_name":"Sapinuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapinuwa"},{"link_name":"Satala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satala"},{"link_name":"Saurania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurania"},{"link_name":"Sebastopolis in Pontus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulusaray"},{"link_name":"Stephane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephane_(Paphlagonia)"},{"link_name":"Syderos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syderos"},{"link_name":"Themiscyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)"},{"link_name":"Thymena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymena"},{"link_name":"Timolaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timolaeum"},{"link_name":"Tium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tium"},{"link_name":"Tripolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)"},{"link_name":"Virasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virasia"},{"link_name":"Yazılıkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya"},{"link_name":"Zagorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagorus"},{"link_name":"Zaliche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaliche"},{"link_name":"Zephyrium in Paphlagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyrium_(Paphlagonia)"},{"link_name":"Ziporea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziporea"},{"link_name":"Central Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region"},{"link_name":"Abouadeineita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abouadeineita"},{"link_name":"Alişar Hüyük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%C5%9Far_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Amblada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblada"},{"link_name":"Anadynata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadynata"},{"link_name":"Anastasiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beypazar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Andabalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andabalis"},{"link_name":"Anisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisa"},{"link_name":"Anniaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniaca"},{"link_name":"Antoniopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoniopolis_(Paphlagonia)"},{"link_name":"Anzoulada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzoulada"},{"link_name":"Aquae Saravenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquae_Saravenae"},{"link_name":"Aralla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aralla"},{"link_name":"Arasaxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arasaxa"},{"link_name":"Archalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archalla"},{"link_name":"Ardistama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardistama"},{"link_name":"Ariaramneia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariaramneia"},{"link_name":"Ariarathia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariarathia"},{"link_name":"Armaxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaxa"},{"link_name":"Artiknos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiknos"},{"link_name":"Aspenzinsos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspenzinsos"},{"link_name":"Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_(Isauria)"},{"link_name":"Atenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenia_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Balbissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbissa"},{"link_name":"Balgatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgatia"},{"link_name":"Barate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barate"},{"link_name":"Bathys Rhyax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathys_Rhyax"},{"link_name":"Binbirkilise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binbirkilise"},{"link_name":"Blucium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blucium"},{"link_name":"Borissos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borissos"},{"link_name":"Campae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campae"},{"link_name":"Camuliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camuliana"},{"link_name":"Candara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candara_(Paphlagonia)"},{"link_name":"Carus Vicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carus_Vicus"},{"link_name":"Çatalhöyük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Cimiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimiata"},{"link_name":"Ciscissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciscissus"},{"link_name":"Cinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinna_(Galatia)"},{"link_name":"Claneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claneus"},{"link_name":"Comitanassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitanassus"},{"link_name":"Congustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congustus"},{"link_name":"Corna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corna_(Lycaonia)"},{"link_name":"Corniaspa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corniaspa"},{"link_name":"Coropassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coropassus"},{"link_name":"Cotenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotenna"},{"link_name":"Cybistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybistra"},{"link_name":"Cyzistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyzistra"},{"link_name":"Dadastana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadastana"},{"link_name":"Dasmenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasmenda"},{"link_name":"Derbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbe"},{"link_name":"Diocaesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Doara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doara"},{"link_name":"Dometiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dometiopolis"},{"link_name":"Dorylaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorylaeum"},{"link_name":"Ecdaumava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdaumava"},{"link_name":"Ecobriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecobriga"},{"link_name":"Ergobrotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergobrotis"},{"link_name":"Euaissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euaissa"},{"link_name":"Eudocia (Cappadocia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudocia_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Eudocia (Phrygia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudocia_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Eulepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulepa"},{"link_name":"Faustinopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustinopolis"},{"link_name":"Germa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germa_(Galatia)"},{"link_name":"Gorbeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorbeus"},{"link_name":"Gordium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordium"},{"link_name":"Hadrianopolis in Phrygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Heraclea Cybistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Cybistra"},{"link_name":"Herpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpha"},{"link_name":"Hieropotamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieropotamon"},{"link_name":"Homana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homana"},{"link_name":"Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Ilistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilistra"},{"link_name":"Irenopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenopolis_(Isauria)"},{"link_name":"Isauropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isauropolis"},{"link_name":"Juliopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliopolis"},{"link_name":"Kaman-Kalehöyük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaman-Kaleh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Kanotala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanotala"},{"link_name":"Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Keissia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keissia"},{"link_name":"Kerkenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkenes"},{"link_name":"Kilistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilistra"},{"link_name":"Kindyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindyria"},{"link_name":"Kobara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobara"},{"link_name":"Kodylessos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodylessos"},{"link_name":"Korama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korama"},{"link_name":"Koron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koron_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Kültepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe"},{"link_name":"Lageina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lageina"},{"link_name":"Lamatorma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamatorma"},{"link_name":"Laodicea Combusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodicea_Combusta"},{"link_name":"Laroumada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laroumada"},{"link_name":"Lauzadus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauzadus"},{"link_name":"Limnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnae_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Lystra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lystra"},{"link_name":"Malandasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malandasa"},{"link_name":"Malus in Galatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_(Galatia)"},{"link_name":"Malus in Phrygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_(Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Meloë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Isauria)"},{"link_name":"Metropolis in northern Phrygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(northern_Phrygia)"},{"link_name":"Midaeium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midaeium"},{"link_name":"Mistea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistea"},{"link_name":"Mnizus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnizus"},{"link_name":"Mokissos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokissos"},{"link_name":"Mourisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourisa"},{"link_name":"Moutalaske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moutalaske"},{"link_name":"Musbanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musbanda"},{"link_name":"Myrika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrika"},{"link_name":"Nakoleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakoleia"},{"link_name":"Nazianzus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazianzus"},{"link_name":"Nitazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitazi"},{"link_name":"Nora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Nyssa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyssa_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Ochras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochras"},{"link_name":"Olosada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olosada"},{"link_name":"Orcistus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcistus"},{"link_name":"Papirion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papirion"},{"link_name":"Parnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnassus_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Pedachtoë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedachto%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Pedaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedaia"},{"link_name":"Peium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peium"},{"link_name":"Perta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perta_(Lycaonia)"},{"link_name":"Pessinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessinus"},{"link_name":"Pharax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharax"},{"link_name":"Phlara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlara"},{"link_name":"Pillitokome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillitokome"},{"link_name":"Pissia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pissia"},{"link_name":"Pithoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithoi_(Lycaonia)"},{"link_name":"Pontanena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontanena"},{"link_name":"Posala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posala"},{"link_name":"Pteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteria_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Purushanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purushanda"},{"link_name":"Pyrgoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrgoi_(Lycaonia)"},{"link_name":"Sadagolthina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadagolthina"},{"link_name":"Salamboreia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamboreia"},{"link_name":"Salarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salarama"},{"link_name":"Sasima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasima"},{"link_name":"Savatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savatra"},{"link_name":"Sbida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbida"},{"link_name":"Sedasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedasa"},{"link_name":"Senzousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzousa"},{"link_name":"Sereana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sereana"},{"link_name":"Sibora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibora"},{"link_name":"Sidamaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidamaria"},{"link_name":"Skandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandos"},{"link_name":"Soanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soanda"},{"link_name":"Soandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soandos"},{"link_name":"Sora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora_(Anatolia)"},{"link_name":"Takourtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takourtha"},{"link_name":"Tavium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavium"},{"link_name":"Thebasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebasa"},{"link_name":"Thouththourbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thouththourbia"},{"link_name":"Tiberiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiopolis"},{"link_name":"Trocmades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trocmades"},{"link_name":"Tyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyana"},{"link_name":"Tynna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynna"},{"link_name":"Tyriaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyriaeum"},{"link_name":"Vasada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasada"},{"link_name":"Verinopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verinopolis"},{"link_name":"Zeita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeita_(Anatolia)"},{"link_name":"Zizima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizima"},{"link_name":"Eastern Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region"},{"link_name":"Altıntepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1ntepe"},{"link_name":"Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani"},{"link_name":"Arsamosata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsamosata"},{"link_name":"Cafer Höyük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafer_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Camachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camachus"},{"link_name":"Citharizum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citharizum"},{"link_name":"Dadima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadima"},{"link_name":"Justinianopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinianopolis_in_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Melid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melid"},{"link_name":"Sugunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugunia"},{"link_name":"Theodosiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum"},{"link_name":"Tushpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushpa"},{"link_name":"Marmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmara_Region"},{"link_name":"Abarnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abarnis"},{"link_name":"Abydos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)"},{"link_name":"Achaiion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaiion"},{"link_name":"Achilleion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilleion_(Troad)"},{"link_name":"Ad Statuas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Statuas_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Adrasteia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrasteia_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Aegospotami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegospotami"},{"link_name":"Agora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Aianteion in Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aianteion_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Aianteion in the Troad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aianteion_(Troad)"},{"link_name":"Ainos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enez"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Troas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Troas"},{"link_name":"Alopeconnesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopeconnesus"},{"link_name":"Ammoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoi"},{"link_name":"Amycus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amycus_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Anaplous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaplous"},{"link_name":"Apamea Myrlea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apamea_Myrlea"},{"link_name":"Aphrodisias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Apollonia on the Rhyndacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_ad_Rhyndacum"},{"link_name":"Aprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprus_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Apsoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsoda"},{"link_name":"Arbeila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeila"},{"link_name":"Argiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argiza"},{"link_name":"Argyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria_(Troad)"},{"link_name":"Argyronion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyronion"},{"link_name":"Argyropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyropolis_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Arisba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisba"},{"link_name":"Artace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artace_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Artaiouteichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaiouteichos"},{"link_name":"Artanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artanes_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Assos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assos"},{"link_name":"Astacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astacus_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Astyra in Troad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyra_(Troad)"},{"link_name":"Athyras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athyras"},{"link_name":"Aureliane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureliane"},{"link_name":"Aureliopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureliopolis_in_Asia"},{"link_name":"Baradendromia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baradendromia"},{"link_name":"Baris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baris_in_Hellesponto"},{"link_name":"Basilica Therma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_Therma_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Basilinopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilinopolis"},{"link_name":"Bathonea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathonea"},{"link_name":"Bathys Limen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathys_Limen"},{"link_name":"Beodizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beodizo"},{"link_name":"Bergule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergule"},{"link_name":"Birytis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birytis"},{"link_name":"Bisanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisanthe"},{"link_name":"Bitenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitenas"},{"link_name":"Bithynium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynium"},{"link_name":"Blachernae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blachernae"},{"link_name":"Bolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolos_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Boradion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boradion"},{"link_name":"Brunca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunca_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Burtudizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burtudizon"},{"link_name":"Bythias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bythias"},{"link_name":"Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Byzapena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzapena"},{"link_name":"Caenophrurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenophrurium"},{"link_name":"Callum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callum_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Calpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpe_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Canopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopus_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Cardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardia_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Cebrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebrene"},{"link_name":"Cenchreae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenchreae_(Troad)"},{"link_name":"Cenon Gallicanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenon_Gallicanon"},{"link_name":"Chalcaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcaea"},{"link_name":"Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedon"},{"link_name":"Charax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charax_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Charmidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmidea"},{"link_name":"Chelae on the Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelae_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelae_(Bosphorus)"},{"link_name":"Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelae_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Choiragria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choiragria"},{"link_name":"Chryse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chryse_(Troad)"},{"link_name":"Chrysopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar"},{"link_name":"Cius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cius"},{"link_name":"Clitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitae_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Cobrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobrys"},{"link_name":"Cocylium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocylium"},{"link_name":"Colla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colla_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Colonae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonae_(Hellespont)"},{"link_name":"Cremaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremaste"},{"link_name":"Crenides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Cressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressa_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Crithote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crithote_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Cypasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypasis"},{"link_name":"Cypsela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypsela_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Cyzicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyzicus"},{"link_name":"Dadokome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadokome"},{"link_name":"Dacibyza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacibyza"},{"link_name":"Damalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damalis"},{"link_name":"Daphne Mainomene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_Mainomene"},{"link_name":"Daphnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnus_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Dardanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanus_(city)"},{"link_name":"Dascylium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dascylium"},{"link_name":"Dascylium in Bithynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dascylium_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Dekaton in Bithynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekaton_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Dekaton in Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekaton_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Delkos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delkos"},{"link_name":"Delphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphin_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Deris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deris_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Desa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Didymateiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didymateiche"},{"link_name":"Diolkides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diolkides"},{"link_name":"Drabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drabus"},{"link_name":"Drizipara/Drusipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drizipara"},{"link_name":"Eirakla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirakla"},{"link_name":"Elaea in Bithynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaea_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Elaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeus"},{"link_name":"Elekosmioi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elekosmioi"},{"link_name":"Embolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolos"},{"link_name":"Ergasteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergasteria"},{"link_name":"Eribolum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eribolum"},{"link_name":"Gargara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargara"},{"link_name":"Gentinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentinos"},{"link_name":"Gergis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gergis_(Troad)"},{"link_name":"Germa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germa_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Germanicopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicopolis_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Hadriani ad Olympum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadriani_ad_Olympum"},{"link_name":"Hadriania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadriania_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Hadrianotherae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianotherae"},{"link_name":"Halone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Faliman%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Hamaxitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamaxitus"},{"link_name":"Harpagion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpagion"},{"link_name":"Hebdomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Helenopolis/Drepanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Heracleium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracleium_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Hermaion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaion"},{"link_name":"Hieria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieria"},{"link_name":"Hierion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierion"},{"link_name":"Iasonion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iasonion"},{"link_name":"Ide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ide_(Thracian_Chersonese)"},{"link_name":"Ilieon Kome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilieon_Kome"},{"link_name":"Kabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabia"},{"link_name":"Kalamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamos_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Kalasyrta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalasyrta"},{"link_name":"Kale Peuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale_Peuke"},{"link_name":"Kalos Agros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalos_Agros"},{"link_name":"Kampos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampos_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Kassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassa_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Katapaspanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katapaspanas"},{"link_name":"Kepos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepos"},{"link_name":"Kizoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizoura"},{"link_name":"Koila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koila_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Kolonai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonai"},{"link_name":"Kosilaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosilaos"},{"link_name":"Koubaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koubaita"},{"link_name":"Kyparodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyparodes"},{"link_name":"Kypra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kypra"},{"link_name":"Lamponeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamponeia"},{"link_name":"Lampsacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampsacus"},{"link_name":"Larisa in Troad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larisa_(Troad)"},{"link_name":"Lasthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasthenes_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Leptoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoia"},{"link_name":"Liada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liada"},{"link_name":"Libum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libum"},{"link_name":"Libyssa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyssa"},{"link_name":"Limnae in Bithynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnae_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Limnae in Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnae_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Linus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Lupadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupadium"},{"link_name":"Lygos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Lysimachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysimachia_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Madytus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madytus"},{"link_name":"Mantineion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantineion"},{"link_name":"Marpessos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marpessos"},{"link_name":"Miletopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletopolis"},{"link_name":"Mocasura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocasura"},{"link_name":"Mochadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochadion"},{"link_name":"Modra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modra_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Morzapena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morzapena"},{"link_name":"Mossynea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossynea"},{"link_name":"Moukaporis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moukaporis"},{"link_name":"Myrileion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrileion"},{"link_name":"Narco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narco_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Nassete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassete"},{"link_name":"Nausikleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausikleia"},{"link_name":"Nausimachion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausimachion"},{"link_name":"Neandreia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandreia"},{"link_name":"Neapolis on the Bosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolis_(Bosphorus)"},{"link_name":"Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolis_(Thracian_Chersonese)"},{"link_name":"Neonteichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonteichos_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Nerola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerola_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Nicomedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomedia"},{"link_name":"Oka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Ontoraita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontoraita"},{"link_name":"Ophryneion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophryneion"},{"link_name":"Orestias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orestias"},{"link_name":"Orni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orni"},{"link_name":"Ostreodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostreodes"},{"link_name":"Pactya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pactya"},{"link_name":"Paeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeon_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Paesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesus"},{"link_name":"Palodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palodes"},{"link_name":"Panion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panion"},{"link_name":"Pantichium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantichium"},{"link_name":"Parabolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolos"},{"link_name":"Parium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parium"},{"link_name":"Paulines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulines_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Pegae in Mysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabiga"},{"link_name":"Pegae in Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegae_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Pege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pege"},{"link_name":"Pentephyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentephyle"},{"link_name":"Percote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percote"},{"link_name":"Pericharaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericharaxis"},{"link_name":"Perinthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinthus"},{"link_name":"Petrozetoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrozetoi"},{"link_name":"Pharmakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmakia"},{"link_name":"Phidalia Petra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phidalia_Petra"},{"link_name":"Phiela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiela"},{"link_name":"Philia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philia_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Pionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pionia_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Pitheci Portus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitheci_Portus"},{"link_name":"Placia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placia"},{"link_name":"Ploketta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploketta"},{"link_name":"Poemanenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poemanenum"},{"link_name":"Poleatikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleatikon"},{"link_name":"Polychron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychron"},{"link_name":"Polymedium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymedium"},{"link_name":"Potamoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamoi_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Potamonion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamonion"},{"link_name":"Praenetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenetus"},{"link_name":"Pratomysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratomysia"},{"link_name":"Prepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepa"},{"link_name":"Priapus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabiga"},{"link_name":"Prindea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prindea"},{"link_name":"Proconnesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconnesus_(city)"},{"link_name":"Proochthoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proochthoi"},{"link_name":"Prusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusa_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Psarela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psarela"},{"link_name":"Psyllium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllium_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Pyrrhias Cyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhias_Cyon"},{"link_name":"Pytheion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytheion"},{"link_name":"Rhebas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhebas"},{"link_name":"Rhegion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhegion_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Rhesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesion"},{"link_name":"Rhoiteion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoiteion"},{"link_name":"Rouphinianai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouphinianai"},{"link_name":"Salmydessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmydessus"},{"link_name":"Sangarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangarus"},{"link_name":"Scamandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scamandria"},{"link_name":"Scamandrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scamandrus"},{"link_name":"Scepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scepsis"},{"link_name":"Scylace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scylace"},{"link_name":"Scylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scylla_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Selymbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selymbria"},{"link_name":"Semystra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semystra"},{"link_name":"Serrion Teichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrion_Teichos"},{"link_name":"Sestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestos"},{"link_name":"Sigeion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigeion"},{"link_name":"Sirkanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkanos"},{"link_name":"Smintheion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smintheion"},{"link_name":"Soka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soka_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Strobilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilos_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Sykai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykai"},{"link_name":"Syllanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllanta"},{"link_name":"Tarpodizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpodizo"},{"link_name":"Tarsus in Bithynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Tattaios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattaios"},{"link_name":"Tenba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenba"},{"link_name":"Terbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbos"},{"link_name":"Tesderamoska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesderamoska"},{"link_name":"Tetrakomia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrakomia"},{"link_name":"Tipaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipaso"},{"link_name":"Tragasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragasai"},{"link_name":"Thynias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thynias"},{"link_name":"Traron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traron"},{"link_name":"Tricomia in Bithynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricomia_(Bithynia)"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy"},{"link_name":"Hisarlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisarlik"},{"link_name":"Tyrodiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrodiza"},{"link_name":"Tzurulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87orlu"},{"link_name":"Urisio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urisio"},{"link_name":"Utsurgae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsurgae"},{"link_name":"Zeleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeleia"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Acalissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acalissus"},{"link_name":"Acarassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acarassus"},{"link_name":"Adada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adada_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Adrasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balabolu"},{"link_name":"Aegae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegae_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Agrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrae_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Alalakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alalakh"},{"link_name":"Amelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelas"},{"link_name":"Anabura in Pisidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabura_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Anazarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anazarbus"},{"link_name":"Anchiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchiale"},{"link_name":"Andeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andeda"},{"link_name":"Andriaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriaca"},{"link_name":"Anemurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemurium"},{"link_name":"Ano Kotradis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano_Kotradis"},{"link_name":"Antigonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonia_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"Antioch on the Orontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"Antioch of Pisidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia"},{"link_name":"Antiochia Lamotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia_Lamotis"},{"link_name":"Antioch on the Cragus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Cragum"},{"link_name":"Antioch on the Pyramis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Pyramum"},{"link_name":"Antiphellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphellus"},{"link_name":"Aperlae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperlae"},{"link_name":"Aphrodisias of Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Apollonia in Lycia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Arabissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabissus"},{"link_name":"Araxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araxa"},{"link_name":"Ariassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariassus"},{"link_name":"Arima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arima_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Arnabanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnabanda"},{"link_name":"Arneae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arneae"},{"link_name":"Arsada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsada"},{"link_name":"Arsinoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoe_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Artanada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artanada"},{"link_name":"Arycanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arycanda"},{"link_name":"Aspendos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspendos"},{"link_name":"Augai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augai"},{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Aulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulae_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Aunesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunesis"},{"link_name":"Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_al-Hawa_Border_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Balbura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbura_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Baris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baris_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Bindaios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindaios"},{"link_name":"Bubon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubon_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Cabassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabassus"},{"link_name":"Cadrema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadrema"},{"link_name":"Cadyanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadyanda"},{"link_name":"Callimache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callimache"},{"link_name":"Calynda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calynda"},{"link_name":"Carallia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carallia_(Pamphylia)"},{"link_name":"Carmylessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmylessus"},{"link_name":"Casae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey%C5%9Fehir"},{"link_name":"Castabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castabala_(city)"},{"link_name":"Ceretapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceretapa"},{"link_name":"Cestrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestrus"},{"link_name":"Charadrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charadrus"},{"link_name":"Choma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choma_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Cibyra Mikra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibyra_Mikra"},{"link_name":"Claudiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudiopolis_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Colybrassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colybrassus"},{"link_name":"Comama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comama"},{"link_name":"Comana in Cappadocia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comana_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Comba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comba_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Conana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conana"},{"link_name":"Coracesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanya"},{"link_name":"Corycium Antrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corycium_Antrum"},{"link_name":"Corycus (Kızkalesi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corycus"},{"link_name":"Corydala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corydala"},{"link_name":"Cremna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremna"},{"link_name":"Cretopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretopolis"},{"link_name":"Crya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crya"},{"link_name":"Cyaneae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyaneae"},{"link_name":"Cyrrhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrrhus"},{"link_name":"Daedala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedala_(city)"},{"link_name":"Dalisandus in Isauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalisandus_(Isauria)"},{"link_name":"Dalisandus in Pamphylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalisandus_in_Pamphylia"},{"link_name":"Damasei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasei"},{"link_name":"Dias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dias_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Diocaesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Isauria)"},{"link_name":"Domuztepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domuztepe"},{"link_name":"Elaiussa Sebaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaiussa_Sebaste"},{"link_name":"Elbessos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbessos"},{"link_name":"Emirzeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirzeli"},{"link_name":"Epiphania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphania_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Erymna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erymna"},{"link_name":"Etenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etenna"},{"link_name":"Eudocia (Lycia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudocia_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Eudocias (Pamphylia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudocias_(Pamphylia)"},{"link_name":"Flaviopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviopolis_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Gagae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagae"},{"link_name":"Gözlükule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCkule"},{"link_name":"Hacilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacilar"},{"link_name":"Hadrianopolis in Pisidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Halae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halae_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Hamaxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamaxia_(town)"},{"link_name":"Hierapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierapolis_in_Isauria"},{"link_name":"Hippucome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippucome"},{"link_name":"Holmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmi"},{"link_name":"Hyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyia"},{"link_name":"Idebessos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idebessos"},{"link_name":"Idyros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idyros"},{"link_name":"Iotape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iotape"},{"link_name":"Irenopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenopolis_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Isaura Nea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaura_Nea"},{"link_name":"Isaura Palaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaura_Palaea"},{"link_name":"Isba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isba"},{"link_name":"Isinda in Lycia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isinda_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Isinda in Pisidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isinda_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Issus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issus_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Istlada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istlada"},{"link_name":"Juliosebaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliosebaste"},{"link_name":"Kalanthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanthia"},{"link_name":"Kalelibelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalelibelen"},{"link_name":"Kandyba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyba"},{"link_name":"Kanytelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanytelis"},{"link_name":"Karakabaklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakabakl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Karatepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatepe"},{"link_name":"Karkabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkabo"},{"link_name":"Kastellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastellon"},{"link_name":"Keraia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keraia_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Kibyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibyra"},{"link_name":"Kiphisos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiphisos"},{"link_name":"Kirkota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkota"},{"link_name":"Kitanaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanaura"},{"link_name":"Kodroula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodroula"},{"link_name":"Kolbasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbasa"},{"link_name":"Korasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korasion"},{"link_name":"Korma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korma_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Kynosarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynosarion"},{"link_name":"Laertes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laertes_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Lagbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagbe"},{"link_name":"Lamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamos_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Lebessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Legeita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legeita"},{"link_name":"Limnae in Pamphylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnae_(Pamphylia)"},{"link_name":"Limnae in Pisidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnae_in_Pisidia"},{"link_name":"Limyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limyra"},{"link_name":"Lissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissa_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Lycae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycae"},{"link_name":"Lyrbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrbe"},{"link_name":"Lysinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysinia"},{"link_name":"Magarsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magarsa"},{"link_name":"Magastara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magastara"},{"link_name":"Magydus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magydus"},{"link_name":"Mallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallus_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Malus in Pisidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Mampsoukrenai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mampsoukrenai"},{"link_name":"Mamure Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamure_Castle"},{"link_name":"Manava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manava_(Pamphylia)"},{"link_name":"Mandane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandane_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Marciana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marciana_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Marmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmara_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Mastaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaura_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Meloë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Melanippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanippe_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Meriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriana"},{"link_name":"Mezgitkale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezgitkale"},{"link_name":"Moatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moatra"},{"link_name":"Mopsucrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopsucrene"},{"link_name":"Mopsuestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopsuestia"},{"link_name":"Morka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morka"},{"link_name":"Moron Hydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moron_Hydor"},{"link_name":"Moumoustra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moumoustra"},{"link_name":"Mylae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylae_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Mylios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylios"},{"link_name":"Myra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra"},{"link_name":"Myriandus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriandus"},{"link_name":"Nagidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagidos"},{"link_name":"Nauloi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauloi"},{"link_name":"Neapolis in Pisidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolis_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Nephelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelis"},{"link_name":"Nisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisa_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Octapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octapolis"},{"link_name":"Olba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olba_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Olbasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbasa_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Olbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbia_(Pamphylia)"},{"link_name":"Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Öküzlü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%BCzl%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Onobara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onobara"},{"link_name":"Orokenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orokenda"},{"link_name":"Otanada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otanada"},{"link_name":"Ouerbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouerbe"},{"link_name":"Padyandus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padyandus"},{"link_name":"Palaeopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeopolis_in_Pamphylia"},{"link_name":"Panemotichus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panemotichus"},{"link_name":"Panhormus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhormus_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Pargais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pargais"},{"link_name":"Parlais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlais"},{"link_name":"Patara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Pednelissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pednelissus"},{"link_name":"Perga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga"},{"link_name":"Perminounda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perminounda"},{"link_name":"Phaselis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaselis"},{"link_name":"Phellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phellus"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia in Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Philaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philaea"},{"link_name":"Phoenicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicus_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Phoenix in Lycia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Pisarissos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisarissos"},{"link_name":"Pisurgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisurgia"},{"link_name":"Placoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placoma"},{"link_name":"Platanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanus_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Podalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podalia_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Pogla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogla"},{"link_name":"Prostanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostanna"},{"link_name":"Pseudokorasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudokorasion"},{"link_name":"Ptolemais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemais_(Pamphylia)"},{"link_name":"Rhodiapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiapolis"},{"link_name":"Rhoscopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoscopus"},{"link_name":"Rhosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsuz"},{"link_name":"Rygmanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rygmanoi"},{"link_name":"Sabandus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabandus"},{"link_name":"Sagalassos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagalassos"},{"link_name":"Sandalium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalium"},{"link_name":"Saraganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraganda"},{"link_name":"Sebeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebeda"},{"link_name":"Seleucia in Pamphylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia_(Pamphylia)"},{"link_name":"Seleucia Pieria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria"},{"link_name":"Seleucia Sidera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia_Sidera"},{"link_name":"Selge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selge"},{"link_name":"Selinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selinus_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Seroiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seroiata"},{"link_name":"Serraepolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serraepolis"},{"link_name":"Sia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Sibidounda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibidounda"},{"link_name":"Sibyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyla"},{"link_name":"Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Siderus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderus_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Sidyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidyma"},{"link_name":"Sillyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillyon"},{"link_name":"Simena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simena"},{"link_name":"Sinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinda_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Siricae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siricae"},{"link_name":"Soli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soli_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Solyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solyma"},{"link_name":"Sozopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozopolis_(Pisidia)"},{"link_name":"Sura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Syca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syca"},{"link_name":"Syedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syedra"},{"link_name":"Takina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takina"},{"link_name":"Tapureli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapureli_ruins"},{"link_name":"Tardequeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardequeia"},{"link_name":"Tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Teimiussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teimiussa"},{"link_name":"Tell Judaidah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Judaidah"},{"link_name":"Tell Tayinat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Tayinat"},{"link_name":"Telmessos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmessos"},{"link_name":"Telmessos (Caria)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmessos_(Caria)"},{"link_name":"Tenedos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenedos_(Pamphylia)"},{"link_name":"Termessos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termessos"},{"link_name":"Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Cappadocia)"},{"link_name":"Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Pamphylia)"},{"link_name":"Titiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titiopolis"},{"link_name":"Tityassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tityassus"},{"link_name":"Tlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlos"},{"link_name":"Toriaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriaeum"},{"link_name":"Tragalassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragalassus"},{"link_name":"Trebendae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebendae"},{"link_name":"Trebenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebenna"},{"link_name":"Trysa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trysa"},{"link_name":"Tyberissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyberissus"},{"link_name":"Tyinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyinda"},{"link_name":"Tymandus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymandus"},{"link_name":"Tynada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynada"},{"link_name":"Typallia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typallia"},{"link_name":"Xanthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthos"},{"link_name":"Yanıkhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%C4%B1khan"},{"link_name":"Yumuktepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumuktepe"},{"link_name":"Zenopolis in Isauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenopolis_(Isauria)"},{"link_name":"Zenopolis in Lycia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenopolis_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Zephyrium on the Calycadnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyrium_on_the_Calycadnus"},{"link_name":"SoutheasternAnatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region"},{"link_name":"Amida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amida_(Mesopotamia)"},{"link_name":"Antioch in the Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Taurum"},{"link_name":"Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantia_(Osrhoene)"},{"link_name":"Apamea on the Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apamea_(Euphrates)"},{"link_name":"Carcathiocerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcathiocerta"},{"link_name":"Carchemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carchemish"},{"link_name":"Çayönü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Dabanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabanas"},{"link_name":"Dara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)"},{"link_name":"Doliche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"},{"link_name":"Göbekli Tepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe"},{"link_name":"Hallan Çemi Tepesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallan_%C3%87emi_Tepesi"},{"link_name":"Harran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harran"},{"link_name":"Khashshum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khashshum"},{"link_name":"Kussara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kussara"},{"link_name":"Matiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiate"},{"link_name":"Nevalı Çori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori"},{"link_name":"Nicopolis in Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicopolis_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Nisibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusaybin"},{"link_name":"Sakçagözü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sak%C3%A7ag%C3%B6z%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Sam'al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%27al"},{"link_name":"Samosata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samosata"},{"link_name":"Sareisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sareisa"},{"link_name":"Seleucia at the Zeugma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia_at_the_Zeugma"},{"link_name":"Sitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitai_(Mesopotamia)"},{"link_name":"Sultantepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultantepe"},{"link_name":"Tille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tille_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Tushhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushhan"},{"link_name":"Urima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urima"},{"link_name":"Urshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urshu"},{"link_name":"Zeugma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeugma_(Commagene)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:%C5%9Eehitkamil_District"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%C5%9Eehitkamil_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:%C5%9Eehitkamil_District"},{"link_name":"Şehitkamil District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Acaroba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acaroba,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Ağaçlıboyno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fa%C3%A7l%C4%B1boyno,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Akçaburç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A7abur%C3%A7,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Akçagöze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A7ag%C3%B6ze,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Aktoprak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktoprak,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Atabek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabek,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Atalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalar,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Bağbaşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Battal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battal,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Bayatlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayatl%C4%B1,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Bedirköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedirk%C3%B6y,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Beyreli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyreli,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Bilek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilek,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Bozobası","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozobas%C4%B1,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Büyükpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkp%C4%B1nar,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Çağkuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87a%C4%9Fkuyu,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Cerityeniyapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerityeniyapan,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Dımışkılı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%B1m%C4%B1%C5%9Fk%C4%B1l%C4%B1,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Dülük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Dündarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCndarl%C4%B1,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Durnalık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durnal%C4%B1k,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Erikli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikli,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Eskişarkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski%C5%9Farkaya,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Göksüncük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ks%C3%BCnc%C3%BCk,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Günbulur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnbulur,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Güngürge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCng%C3%BCrge,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"İbrahimşehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brahim%C5%9Fehir,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"İncesu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ncesu,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Işıklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"İskenderli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skenderli,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Kabasakız","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabasak%C4%B1z,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Karacaburç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karacabur%C3%A7,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Karacaören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaca%C3%B6ren,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Karadede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadede,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Karahüyük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karah%C3%BCy%C3%BCk,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Karakesek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakesek,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Karayusuflu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karayusuflu,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Karpuzkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpuzkaya,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Kızıkhamurkesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1khamurkesen,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Kızık Karasakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1k_Karasakal,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Koçlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7lu,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Köksalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ksalan,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Kozluyazı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozluyaz%C4%B1,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Küllü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCll%C3%BC,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Medegöz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeg%C3%B6z,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Öğümsöğüt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96%C4%9F%C3%BCms%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Övündük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96v%C3%BCnd%C3%BCk,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Sarılar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1lar,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Serintepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serintepe,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Seymenli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymenli,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Sinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Sofalıcı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofal%C4%B1c%C4%B1,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Suboğaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subo%C4%9Faz,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Sülüklü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCl%C3%BCkl%C3%BC,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Tekirsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekirsin,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Tokdemir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokdemir,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Tuğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%9Flu,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Türkyurdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkyurdu,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Üçgöze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7g%C3%B6ze,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Uğruca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Fruca,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Ülkerli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clkerli,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Yalankoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalankoz,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Yamaçoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama%C3%A7oba,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Yayıktaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yay%C4%B1kta%C5%9F,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Yenişarkaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni%C5%9Farkaya,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Yeşilce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filce,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Yığınlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1nl%C4%B1,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Yukarıarıl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukar%C4%B1ar%C4%B1l,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Zülfikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BClfikar,_%C5%9Eehitkamil"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1271696#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/123633905"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007487027805171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2005010632"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pleiades.stoa.org/places/658455"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/112326358"}],"text":"GCatholic - (former &) titular Latin seeBibliography - ecclesiastical historyPius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 436\nMichel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 937-940\nKonrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 3, p. 187; vol. 6, p. 198\nFranz Cumont, Etudes syriennes, Paris 1917, pp. 173 seq.\nRaymond Janin, lemma 'Doliché', in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIV, Paris 1960, coll. 578-580vteAncient settlements in TurkeyAegean\nAbbassus\nAbrostola\nAchaion Limen\nAcharaca\nAcmonia\nAcrassus\nAdramyttium\nAgatheira\nAegae\nAirai\nAizanoi\nAlabanda\nAlia\nAlinda\nAllianoi\nAlmura\nAmnista\nAmorium\nAmos\nAmynanda\nAmyzon\nAnaua\nAnineta\nAnnaea\nAntandrus\nAntioch on the Maeander\nApamea in Phrygia\nAphrodisias\nApollonia in Mysia\nApollonia Salbaces\nApollonis\nApollonos Hieron\nAppia\nAppolena\nAragokome\nAraukome\nArcadiopolis\nArilla\nAroma\nAspaneus\nAstragon\nAstyra near Adramyttium\nAstyra near Pergamon\nAstyria\nAtarneus\nAtarneus sub Pitanem\nAttea\nAttuda\nAugustopolis\nAulae\nAurelia Neapolis\nAureliopolis in Lydia\nAurokra\nBageis\nBargasa\nBargasa in northern Caria\nBargylia\nBeudos\nBeycesultan\nBirgena\nBlaundus\nBonitai\nBoukolion\nBoutheia\nBriula\nBruzus\nBybassus\nCadi\nCallipolis\nCaloe\nCanae\nCarene\nCarmylessus\nCarura\nCaryanda\nCastabus\nCasystes\nCedreae\nCelaenae\nCeramus\nChalcetor\nChoria\nChrysaoris\nChytrium\nCidramus\nCindye\nCisthene\nClannuda\nClaros\nColophon\nColossae\nConium\nCoryphas\nCybeleia\nCyllandus\nCyme\nDaldis\nDareioukome\nDideiphyta\nDidyma\nDigda\nDioclea\nDionysiopolis\nDios Hieron in Ionia\nDios Hieron in Lydia\nDioskome\nDocimium\nDoroukome\nEibeos\nEiokome\nElaea\nEluza\nEmbatum\nEmoddi\nEphesus\nErines\nErythrae\nErythras\nEtsyena\nEuaza\nEukarpia\nEuhippe\nEumeneia\nEuromus\nEuthenae\nEuxine\nGambrium\nGerga\nGergitha\nGerriadai\nGlauke\nGryneium\nHalicarnassus\nHalisarna\nHarpasa\nHelos\nHeraclea at Latmus\nHeraclea in Aeolis\nHeraclea in Lydia\nHeraclea Salbace\nHermocapelia\nHierapolis\nHieropolis\nHierocaesarea\nHomadena\nHydai\nHydas\nHydissus\nHygassos\nHyllarima\nHypaepa\nHypokremnos\nHyrcanis\nIasos\nIaza\nIdyma\nIoniapolis\nIoudda\nIpsus\nIsinda in Ionia\nIskome\nKadyie\nKaira\nKalabantia\nKasara\nKasossos\nKaualena\nKaunos\nKaymakçı Tepe\nKilaraza\nKildara\nKlazomenai\nKleimaka\nKleros Politike\nKnidos\nKoddinou Petra\nKoraia\nKorakoe\nKoresa\nKouara\nKyllene\nKymnissa\nKys\nLabraunda\nLagina\nLalandos\nLamyana\nLankena\nLaodicea on the Lycus\nLarisa in Caria\nLarisa in Ionia\nLarisa in Lydia\nLarissa Phrikonis\nLarymna\nLasnedda\nLatmus\nLebedus\nLeimon\nLeucae\nLeucophrys\nLimantepe\nLobolda\nLoryma\nLunda\nLydae\nLyrna\nLysimachia\nMadnasa\nMaeandropolis\nMagnesia ad Sipylum\nMagnesia on the Maeander\nMaiboza\nMaionia in Lydia\nMalene\nMarathesium\nMastaura\nMeiros\nMeiros Megale\nMelampagos\nMeloukome\nMetropolis in Lydia\nMetropolis in southern Phrygia\nMiletus\nMylasa\nMobolla\nMokolda\nMossyna\nMostene\nMotella\nMyloukome\nMyndus\nMyrina\nMyus\nNais\nNasos\nNaulochon\nNaulochus\nNaxia\nNeapolis\nNeonteichos\nNisyra\nNotion\nNymphaeum\nNysa on the Maeander\nOdon\nOenoanda\nOlaeis\nOlymos\nOroanna\nOrthoisa\nOrtygia\nOtrus\nPalaemyndus\nPalaeopolis\nPanasion\nPanormus near Miletus\nPanormus near Halicarnassus\nParsada\nParthenium\nPassala\nPassanda\nPedasa\nPeltae\nPepuza\nPergamon\nPerperene\nPhiladelphia in Lydia\nPhocaea\nPhoenix in Caria\nPhyscus\nPhyteia\nPidasa\nPinara\nPisilis\nPisye\nPitane\nPladasa\nPlarasa\nPolichna in Ionia\nPolichne in Ionia\nPolybotus\nPordoselene\nPriene\nPrymnessus\nPteleum\nPydnae\nPygela\nPyrnus\nPyrrha\nSaouenda\nSardis\nSatala in Lydia\nSebaste in Phrygia\nSebastopolis in Caria\nSetae\nSide in Caria\nSidussa\nSilandus\nSillyos\nSion\nSkolopoeis\nSmyrna\nSoa\nSpore\nStadia\nStectorium\nStratonicea in Lydia\nStratonicea in Caria\nStrobilos\nSyangela\nSymbra\nSynaus\nSyneta\nSynnada\nSyrna\nTabae\nTabala\nTateikome\nTaza\nTeichiussa\nTelandrus\nTemenothyra\nTemnos\nTempsis\nTendeba\nTeos\nTermera\nTeuthrania\nThasthara\nTheangela\nThebe Hypoplakia\nThebes\nThera\nThyaira\nThyatira\nThymbrara\nThyssanus\nTisna\nTlos in Caria\nTomara\nTraianopolis\nTrapezopolis\nTrarium\nTriopium\nTripolis on the Meander\nTroketta\nTyanollos\nTymion\nTymnos\nUla\nUranium\nZemmeana\nZingotos Kome\nBlack Sea\nAbonoteichos\nAegialus\nAiginetes\nAlaca Höyük\nAmasia\nAmastris\nAncon\nAnticinolis\nArgyria\nArmene\nBerissa\nBonita\nBoon\nCabira\nCales\nCallistratia\nCarambis\nCarissa\nCarussa\nCerasus\nChadisia\nCinolis\nCizari\nColonia in Armenia\nColussa\nComana in the Pontus\nCoralla\nCordyle\nCratia\nCrenides\nCromen\nCromna\nCyptasia\nCytorus\nDia\nDiacopa\nElaeus\nEndeira\nErythini\nEuchaita\nEusene\nGadilon\nGarius\nGarzoubanthon\nGaziura\nGozalena\nHadrianopolis in Paphlagonia\nHattusa\nHeraclea Pontica\nHeracleium\nHermonassa\nHieron Oros\nHüseyindede Tepe\nHyssus\nIbora\nIschopolis\nKarza\nKelesa\nKimista\nLaodicea Pontica\nLibiopolis\nLillium\nMetroon\nMokata\nNaustathmus\nNerik\nNicopolis\nOphis\nOxinas\nPatara\nPharnacia\nPhazemon\nPhilocaleia\nPida\nPimolisa\nPolemonium\nPompeiopolis\nPotami\nPrusias ad Hypium\nPteria in Paphlagonia\nSalatiwara\nSamuha\nSandaraca\nSapinuwa\nSatala\nSaurania\nSebastopolis in Pontus\nStephane\nSyderos\nThemiscyra\nThymena\nTimolaeum\nTium\nTripolis\nVirasia\nYazılıkaya\nZagorus\nZaliche\nZephyrium in Paphlagonia\nZiporea\nCentral Anatolia\nAbouadeineita\nAlişar Hüyük\nAmblada\nAnadynata\nAnastasiopolis\nAndabalis\nAnisa\nAnniaca\nAntoniopolis\nAnzoulada\nAquae Saravenae\nAralla\nArasaxa\nArchalla\nArdistama\nAriaramneia\nAriarathia\nArmaxa\nArtiknos\nAspenzinsos\nAstra\nAtenia\nBalbissa\nBalgatia\nBarate\nBathys Rhyax\nBinbirkilise\nBlucium\nBorissos\nCampae\nCamuliana\nCandara\nCarus Vicus\nÇatalhöyük\nCimiata\nCiscissus\nCinna\nClaneus\nComitanassus\nCongustus\nCorna\nCorniaspa\nCoropassus\nCotenna\nCybistra\nCyzistra\nDadastana\nDasmenda\nDerbe\nDiocaesarea\nDoara\nDometiopolis\nDorylaeum\nEcdaumava\nEcobriga\nErgobrotis\nEuaissa\nEudocia (Cappadocia)\nEudocia (Phrygia)\nEulepa\nFaustinopolis\nGerma\nGorbeus\nGordium\nHadrianopolis in Phrygia\nHeraclea Cybistra\nHerpha\nHieropotamon\nHomana\nHyde\nIlistra\nIrenopolis\nIsauropolis\nJuliopolis\nKaman-Kalehöyük\nKanotala\nKarbala\nKeissia\nKerkenes\nKilistra\nKindyria\nKobara\nKodylessos\nKorama\nKoron\nKültepe (Kanesh)\nLageina\nLamatorma\nLaodicea Combusta\nLaroumada\nLauzadus\nLimnae\nLystra\nMalandasa\nMalus in Galatia\nMalus in Phrygia\nMeloë\nMetropolis in northern Phrygia\nMidaeium\nMistea\nMnizus\nMokissos\nMourisa\nMoutalaske\nMusbanda\nMyrika\nNakoleia\nNazianzus\nNitazi\nNora\nNyssa\nOchras\nOlosada\nOrcistus\nPapirion\nParnassus\nPedachtoë\nPedaia\nPeium\nPerta\nPessinus\nPharax\nPhlara\nPillitokome\nPissia\nPithoi\nPontanena\nPosala\nPteria\nPurushanda\nPyrgoi\nSadagolthina\nSalamboreia\nSalarama\nSasima\nSavatra\nSbida\nSedasa\nSenzousa\nSereana\nSibora\nSidamaria\nSkandos\nSoanda\nSoandos\nSora\nTakourtha\nTavium\nThebasa\nThouththourbia\nTiberiopolis\nTrocmades\nTyana\nTynna\nTyriaeum\nVasada\nVerinopolis\nZeita\nZizima\nEastern Anatolia\nAltıntepe\nAni\nArsamosata\nCafer Höyük\nCamachus\nCitharizum\nDadima\nJustinianopolis\nMelid\nSugunia\nTheodosiopolis\nTushpa\nMarmara\nAbarnis\nAbydos\nAchaiion\nAchilleion\nAd Statuas\nAdrasteia\nAegospotami\nAgora\nAianteion in Thrace\nAianteion in the Troad\nAinos\nAlexandria Troas\nAlopeconnesus\nAmmoi\nAmycus\nAnaplous\nApamea Myrlea\nAphrodisias\nApollonia on the Rhyndacus\nAprus\nApsoda\nArbeila\nArgiza\nArgyria\nArgyronion\nArgyropolis\nArisba\nArtace\nArtaiouteichos\nArtanes\nAssos\nAstacus\nAstyra in Troad\nAthyras\nAureliane\nAureliopolis\nBaradendromia\nBaris\nBasilica Therma\nBasilinopolis\nBathonea\nBathys Limen\nBeodizo\nBergule\nBirytis\nBisanthe\nBitenas\nBithynium\nBlachernae\nBolos\nBoradion\nBrunca\nBurtudizon\nBythias\nByzantium\nByzapena\nCaenophrurium\nCallum\nCalpe\nCanopus\nCardia\nCebrene\nCenchreae\nCenon Gallicanon\nChalcaea\nChalcedon\nCharax\nCharmidea\nChelae on the Black Sea\nChelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus\nChelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus\nChoiragria\nChryse\nChrysopolis\nCius\nClitae\nCobrys\nCocylium\nColla\nColonae\nCremaste\nCrenides\nCressa\nCrithote\nCypasis\nCypsela\nCyzicus\nDadokome\nDacibyza\nDamalis\nDaphne Mainomene\nDaphnus\nDardanus\nDascylium\nDascylium in Bithynia\nDekaton in Bithynia\nDekaton in Thrace\nDelkos\nDelphin\nDeris\nDesa\nDidymateiche\nDiolkides\nDrabus\nDrizipara/Drusipara\nEirakla\nElaea in Bithynia\nElaeus\nElekosmioi\nEmbolos\nErgasteria\nEribolum\nGargara\nGentinos\nGergis\nGerma\nGermanicopolis\nHadriani ad Olympum\nHadriania\nHadrianotherae\nHalone\nHamaxitus\nHarpagion\nHebdomon\nHelenopolis/Drepanum\nHeracleium\nHermaion\nHieria\nHierion\nIasonion\nIde\nIlieon Kome\nKabia\nKalamos\nKalasyrta\nKale Peuke\nKalos Agros\nKampos\nKassa\nKatapaspanas\nKepos\nKizoura\nKoila\nKolonai\nKosilaos\nKoubaita\nKyparodes\nKypra\nLamponeia\nLampsacus\nLarisa in Troad\nLasthenes\nLeptoia\nLiada\nLibum\nLibyssa\nLimnae in Bithynia\nLimnae in Thrace\nLinus\nLupadium\nLygos\nLysimachia\nMadytus\nMantineion\nMarpessos\nMiletopolis\nMocasura\nMochadion\nModra\nMorzapena\nMossynea\nMoukaporis\nMyrileion\nNarco\nNassete\nNausikleia\nNausimachion\nNeandreia\nNeapolis on the Bosphorus\nNeapolis on the Thracian Chersonese\nNeonteichos\nNerola\nNicomedia\nOka\nOntoraita\nOphryneion\nOrestias\nOrni\nOstreodes\nPactya\nPaeon\nPaesus\nPalodes\nPanion\nPantichium\nParabolos\nParium\nPaulines\nPegae in Mysia\nPegae in Thrace\nPege\nPentephyle\nPercote\nPericharaxis\nPerinthus\nPetrozetoi\nPharmakia\nPhidalia Petra\nPhiela\nPhilia\nPhosphorus\nPionia\nPitheci Portus\nPlacia\nPloketta\nPoemanenum\nPoleatikon\nPolychron\nPolymedium\nPotamoi\nPotamonion\nPraenetus\nPratomysia\nPrepa\nPriapus\nPrindea\nProconnesus\nProochthoi\nPrusa\nPsarela\nPsyllium\nPyrrhias Cyon\nPytheion\nRhebas\nRhegion\nRhesion\nRhoiteion\nRouphinianai\nSalmydessus\nSangarus\nScamandria\nScamandrus\nScepsis\nScylace\nScylla\nSelymbria\nSemystra\nSerrion Teichos\nSestos\nSigeion\nSirkanos\nSmintheion\nSoka\nStrobilos\nSykai\nSyllanta\nTarpodizo\nTarsus in Bithynia\nTattaios\nTenba\nTerbos\nTesderamoska\nTetrakomia\nTipaso\nTragasai\nThynias\nTraron\nTricomia in Bithynia\nTroy (Hisarlik)\nTyrodiza\nTzurulum\nUrisio\nUtsurgae\nZeleia\nMediterranean\nAcalissus\nAcarassus\nAdada\nAdrasus\nAegae\nAgrae\nAlalakh\nAmelas\nAnabura in Pisidia\nAnazarbus\nAnchiale\nAndeda\nAndriaca\nAnemurium\nAno Kotradis\nAntigonia\nAntioch on the Orontes\nAntioch of Pisidia\nAntiochia Lamotis\nAntioch on the Cragus\nAntioch on the Pyramis\nAntiphellus\nAperlae\nAphrodisias of Cilicia\nApollonia in Lycia\nArabissus\nAraxa\nAriassus\nArima\nArnabanda\nArneae\nArsada\nArsinoe\nArtanada\nArycanda\nAspendos\nAugai\nAugusta\nAulae\nAunesis\nBab al-Hawa Border Crossing\nBalbura\nBaris\nBindaios\nBubon\nCabassus\nCadrema\nCadyanda\nCallimache\nCalynda\nCarallia\nCarmylessus\nCasae\nCastabala\nCeretapa\nCestrus\nCharadrus\nChoma\nCibyra Mikra\nClaudiopolis\nColybrassus\nComama\nComana in Cappadocia\nComba\nConana\nCoracesium\nCorycium Antrum\nCorycus (Kızkalesi)\nCorydala\nCremna\nCretopolis\nCrya\nCyaneae\nCyrrhus\nDaedala\nDalisandus in Isauria\nDalisandus in Pamphylia\nDamasei\nDias\nDiocaesarea\nDomuztepe\nElaiussa Sebaste\nElbessos\nEmirzeli\nEpiphania\nErymna\nEtenna\nEudocia (Lycia)\nEudocias (Pamphylia)\nFlaviopolis\nGagae\nGözlükule\nHacilar\nHadrianopolis in Pisidia\nHalae\nHamaxia\nHierapolis\nHippucome\nHolmi\nHyia\nIdebessos\nIdyros\nIotape\nIrenopolis\nIsaura Nea\nIsaura Palaea\nIsba\nIsinda in Lycia\nIsinda in Pisidia\nIssus\nIstlada\nJuliosebaste\nKalanthia\nKalelibelen\nKandyba\nKanytelis\nKarakabaklı\nKaratepe\nKarkabo\nKastellon\nKeraia\nKibyra\nKiphisos\nKirkota\nKitanaura\nKodroula\nKolbasa\nKorasion\nKorma\nKynosarion\nLaertes\nLagbe\nLamos\nLebessus\nLegeita\nLimnae in Pamphylia\nLimnae in Pisidia\nLimyra\nLissa\nLycae\nLyrbe\nLysinia\nMagarsa\nMagastara\nMagydus\nMallus\nMalus in Pisidia\nMampsoukrenai\nMamure Castle\nManava\nMandane\nMarciana\nMarmara (Mnara)\nMastaura\nMeloë\nMelanippe\nMeriana\nMezgitkale\nMoatra\nMopsucrene\nMopsuestia\nMorka\nMoron Hydor\nMoumoustra\nMylae\nMylios\nMyra\nMyriandus\nNagidos\nNauloi\nNeapolis in Pisidia\nNephelis\nNisa\nOctapolis\nOlba\nOlbasa\nOlbia\nOlympus\nÖküzlü\nOnobara\nOrokenda\nOtanada\nOuerbe\nPadyandus\nPalaeopolis\nPanemotichus\nPanhormus\nPargais\nParlais\nPatara\nPednelissus\nPerga\nPerminounda\nPhaselis\nPhellus\nPhiladelphia in Cilicia\nPhilaea\nPhoenicus\nPhoenix in Lycia\nPisarissos\nPisurgia\nPlacoma\nPlatanus\nPodalia\nPogla\nProstanna\nPseudokorasion\nPtolemais\nRhodiapolis\nRhoscopus\nRhosus\nRygmanoi\nSabandus\nSagalassos\nSandalium\nSaraganda\nSebeda\nSeleucia in Pamphylia\nSeleucia Pieria\nSeleucia Sidera\nSelge\nSelinus\nSeroiata\nSerraepolis\nSia\nSibidounda\nSibyla\nSide\nSiderus\nSidyma\nSillyon\nSimena\nSinda\nSiricae\nSoli\nSolyma\nSozopolis\nSura\nSyca\nSyedra\nTakina\nTapureli\nTardequeia\nTarsus\nTeimiussa\nTell Judaidah\nTell Tayinat\nTelmessos\nTelmessos (Caria)\nTenedos\nTermessos\nTetrapyrgia in Cappadocia\nTetrapyrgia in Pamphylia\nTitiopolis\nTityassus\nTlos\nToriaeum\nTragalassus\nTrebendae\nTrebenna\nTrysa\nTyberissus\nTyinda\nTymandus\nTynada\nTypallia\nXanthos\nYanıkhan\nYumuktepe\nZenopolis in Isauria\nZenopolis in Lycia\nZephyrium on the Calycadnus\nSoutheasternAnatolia\nAmida\nAntioch in the Taurus\nAntioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)\nApamea on the Euphrates\nCarcathiocerta\nCarchemish\nÇayönü\nDabanas\nDara\nDoliche\nEdessa\nGöbekli Tepe\nHallan Çemi Tepesi\nHarran\nKhashshum\nKussara\nMatiate\nNevalı Çori\nNicopolis in Cilicia\nNisibis\nSakçagözü\nSam'al\nSamosata\nSareisa\nSeleucia at the Zeugma\nSitai\nSultantepe\nTille\nTushhan\nUrima\nUrshu\nZeugmavteNeighbourhoods of Şehitkamil District\n15 Temmuz\n29 Ekim\n8 Şubat\nAcaroba\nAğaçlıboyno\nAkçaburç\nAkçagöze\nAktoprak\nAlparslan\nAşağıarıl\nAtabek\nAtalar\nAtatürk\nBağbaşı\nBatıkent\nBattal\nBayatlı\nBedirköy\nBelkıs\nBeykent\nBeylerbeyi\nBeyreli\nBilek\nBoyno\nBozobası\nBudak\nBurak\nBüyükpınar\nÇağkuyu\nÇamlıtepe\nCerityeniyapan\nÇıksorut\nDeğirmiçem\nDımışkılı\nDülük\nDündarlı\nDurnalık\nErikli\nEskişarkaya\nEydibaba\nEyüpsultan\nFevzipaşa\nFıstıklık\nGazikent\nGaziler\nGöksüncük\nGöktürk\nGöllüce\nGünbulur\nGüngürge\nGüvenevler\nHacıbaba\nİbrahimli\nİbrahimşehir\nİncesu\nIşıklı\nİskenderli\nKabasakız\nKaracaahmet\nKaracaburç\nKaracaoğlan\nKaracaören\nKaradede\nKarahüyük\nKarakesek\nKarayusuflu\nKarpuzkaya\nKarşıyaka\nKayaönü\nKızıkhamurkesen\nKızık Karasakal\nKoçlu\nKöksalan\nKozluyazı\nKüllü\nMedegöz\nMerveşehir\nMevlana\nMücahitler\nNesimi\nÖğümsöğüt\nOnat Kutlar\nOsmangazi\nÖvündük\nPancarlı\nPirsultan\nSacır\nSafaşehir\nSam\nSanayi\nSancaktepe\nSarıgüllük\nSarılar\nSelahattin Eyyübi\nSelimiye\nSerintepe\nSeymenli\nSeyrantepe\nSinan\nŞirinevler\nSofalıcı\nSuboğaz\nSülüklü\nTaşlıca\nTekirsin\nTokdemir\nTuğlu\nTürkyurdu\nÜçgöze\nUğruca\nÜlkerli\nUlus\nUmut\nYalankoz\nYamaçoba\nYaprak\nYayıktaş\nYenişarkaya\nYeşilce\nYeşilova\nYığınlı\nYukarıarıl\nZülfikarAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States\nGeographic\nPleiades\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources and external links"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"Michael Blömer; Engelbert Winter (2011). Commagene: The Land of the Gods between the Taurus and the Euphrates. Homer Kitabevi. p. 19. ISBN 978-9944-483-35-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9944-483-35-3","url_text":"978-9944-483-35-3"}]},{"reference":"Fergus Millar (1993). The Roman Near East, 31 BC – AD 337. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 453. ISBN 0-674-77885-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-77885-5","url_text":"0-674-77885-5"}]},{"reference":"Ewald, Heinrich (1886). The history of Israel, Volume 8. Longmans, Green, & Co. p. 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michael Speidel (1978). The Religion of Jupiter Dolichenus in the Roman Army. Leiden: Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sourdel, Dominique (1991). \"Dulūk\". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C–G. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 624. ISBN 90-04-07026-5.","urls":[{"url":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/duluk-SIM_2152","url_text":"\"Dulūk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07026-5","url_text":"90-04-07026-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C3%BCl%C3%BCk&params=37_09_N_37_22_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"37°09′N 37°22′E / 37.150°N 37.367°E / 37.150; 37.367"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C3%BCl%C3%BCk&params=37_09_N_37_22_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"37°09′N 37°22′E / 37.150°N 37.367°E / 37.150; 37.367"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCl%C3%BCk&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"Link":"http://www.gaziantepkulturturizm.gov.tr/belge/1-60478/duluk-antik-kenti.html","external_links_name":"Ministry of Culture and Tourism page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110818142719/http://www.gaziantepkulturturizm.gov.tr/belge/1-60478/duluk-antik-kenti.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+03%2C+07834&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"III, 07834"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+03%2C+07832&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"III, 07832"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=AE+1988%2C+00962&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"1988, 00962"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0638.tlg003.perseus-grc1:2.26.1","external_links_name":"Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, §2.26.1"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141110083519.htm","external_links_name":"Unique Roman relief discovered: Depiction of unknown god in Turkey; Relics from 2,000 years of cult history excavated"},{"Link":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/duluk-SIM_2152","external_links_name":"\"Dulūk\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0654.htm","external_links_name":"GCatholic - (former &) titular Latin see"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123633905","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007487027805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2005010632","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/658455","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/112326358","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_(ABBA_album)	Voyage (ABBA album)	["1 Background","2 Promotion and announcement","2.1 Tour","3 Critical reception","4 Commercial performance","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications and sales","9 Release history","10 References","11 External links"]	This article is about the album by ABBA. For the concert residency, see ABBA Voyage. 2021 studio album by ABBAVoyageStudio album by ABBAReleased5 November 2021 (2021-11-05)Recorded1978, 2017–2021StudioRiksmixningsverket, StockholmGenre Disco pop synth-pop Length37:03Label Polar Universal ProducerBenny AnderssonABBA chronology Live at Wembley Arena(2014) Voyage(2021) Singles from Voyage "I Still Have Faith in You" / "Don't Shut Me Down"Released: 2 September 2021 "Just a Notion"Released: 22 October 2021 "Little Things"Released: 3 December 2021 "No Doubt About It"Released: 11 February 2022 Voyage is the ninth and final studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years. The album was supported by the dual single release of "I Still Have Faith in You" and "Don't Shut Me Down", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. "Just a Notion" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single "Little Things" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022. Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for "I Still Have Faith in You" and "Don't Shut Me Down", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards. The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide. Background ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same name, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again. In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, "We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group." Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book. On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm. This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs, "I Still Have Faith in You" and "Don't Shut Me Down". The new songs initially were intended to support ABBA: Thank You for the Music, An All-Star Tribute, a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC, and a tour, which the special itself supported. In October, British manager Simon Fuller announced in a statement that the group would be reuniting to work on a new "digital entertainment experience". The project would feature the members in their "life-like" avatar form, called ABBAtars, based on their late 1970s tour and would be set to launch by the spring of 2019. According to Andersson, the idea to record the songs was to show new music during the concerts, which the rest of the band agreed to, "so we did that and I thought with the first two songs, it went so well and they could still sing and we could still produce music in the studio so we said maybe we’ll do a couple of others while we’re at it, and we ended up doing a whole album". However, in October 2021, the TV special was cancelled in favour of the "ABBAtar" project announced months prior. One of the album's tracks, "Just a Notion", was previously partially included in a demo version as part of the medley "ABBA Undeleted" from the 1994 Thank You for the Music box set. The reworked song was released as a single two weeks before the album, on 22 October 2021. Whilst the vocals date from 1978, its instrumentation was mostly re-recorded. 12 songs were worked for Voyage, but only ten were finished and released on the final tracklist, with Anderson stating they decided to "work on the ones we think we should keep on the album". There are no plan to release the unfinished songs. While all previous ABBA albums were produced and arranged by Andersson and Ulvaeus as a duo, and featured Ulvaeus as a guitarist, Voyage is the first ABBA album to be solely produced and arranged by Andersson, and to feature no instrumentation from Ulvaeus, though the latter participates as a backing vocalist, songwriter and associate producer. It's also the first ABBA album to not feature long-time session and touring musicians Ola Brunkert on drums and Rutger Gunnarsson on bass, following their respective deaths in 2008 and 2015, and the final appeareance of longtime ABBA guitarist Lasse Wellander before his death in April 2023. In May 2022, after the premiere of the ABBA Voyage concert residency in London, Andersson stated in an interview with Variety that "nothing is going to happen after this", confirming the album and residency as ABBA's final group collaborations. Promotion and announcement Promotion for Voyage began with the website abbavoyage.com, going live on 26 August 2021. Billboards were erected in London, and social media accounts titled "ABBA Voyage" were also set up. The band announced during a 2 September 2021 YouTube live stream that Voyage would be released on 5 November 2021. The two songs first announced in 2018, "I Still Have Faith in You" and "Don't Shut Me Down", were confirmed as the double-sided lead single from Voyage during the September 2021 live stream. Tour Main article: ABBA Voyage During the album announcement live stream, ABBA also announced a concert residency, known as ABBA Voyage, with concerts starting from 27 May 2022 in a custom-built venue at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London. ABBA first announced they were preparing digital avatars in September 2017. Dubbed the "ABBAtars", they appear during the ABBA Voyage concerts in place of the four actual band members. To animate them, the ABBA band members wore motion-capture suits and were filmed using 160 cameras, with graphics later added by visual effects company Industrial Light & Magic. The ABBAtar tour was originally set for 2019, but was delayed due to technical issues. The COVID-19 pandemic then forced the band to push the tour back to 2022, turning it then into a seven-month residency in London, with the possibility to extend the shows up until April 2026. As of June 2024, no further tour locations have been announced. Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingAnyDecentMusic?7.1/10Metacritic72/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe GuardianThe IndependentThe Line of Best Fit6/10MojoNMEPitchfork7.4/10Rolling StoneThe TelegraphThe Times Voyage was met with positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 72 based on 16 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 7.1 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic website gave the album three and a half stars out of five and noted that "Andersson and Ulvaeus wisely decided not to follow any stylistic trend or adopt any modern production technique" which made the songs "recognizably ABBA music". He also wrote that like all ABBA's albums " brings the lows along with the highs" and called the album "unexpected and delightful". Helen Brown from The Independent gave it a full rating of five out of five stars and noted that, as with songs from the 1970s albums, ABBA didn't try to follow the trend or "to update the gloriously gaudy vintage tinsel of their Eighties office party sound" and she stated that a lot of that comes from the fact that the song's creators, Bjorn and Benny, realized from the beginning, "it was their lack of freshness that struck a chord with everyone's inner outsider" and enabled them to have a long career. In his review for The Telegraph, Neil McCormick wrote that "ABBA’s reputation was established as a consummate singles outfit rather than an album band", and none of the songs featured are as good as their hit singles. He concluded by stating that the result as a whole "is out-of-time rather than timeless". Ed Potton from The Times magazine rated it with four stars out of five and stated that "Voyage is a reassuringly familiar blend of clear-eyed sentiment, outrageous musicality and utter indifference to fashion". He praised Frida (about whom he claimed to have noticed a stronger Swedish accent than usual, although he doesn't consider this a bad thing) and Agnetha's vocals, calling them "pristine and moving", and wrote that even though the "songs can sound naff on first listen yet you’re pulled in by Benny Andersson’s melodic oomph and Bjorn Ulvaeus’ eccentric lyrical insights". Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone gave the album four out of five stars and wrote that it's a surprise that the group has returned with new material and that "it’s a bigger, sweeter surprise that they returned so full of musical vitality. All these years after 'Waterloo', ABBA still refuse to surrender". Commercial performance Voyage sold more than 1 million units worldwide in its first week of release. The album recorded 40,000 UK pre-orders in the first 24 hours following the announcement of its release. Three days after the album was announced, it had received over 80,000 pre-orders in the UK alone. This broke the record for the biggest pre-ordered album for Universal Music UK, previously held by Progress (2010) by Take That. By October 2021, the album had recorded 111,000 pre-orders. Advance orders in the Netherlands totalled 40,000 copies. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, with 204,000 chart sales, 90% (180,000) of which were physical sales. It was the biggest opening week for an album in the UK since Ed Sheeran's ÷ (2017), and became the fastest-selling album of 2021 as well as the fastest-selling vinyl LP of the 21st century, with 29,900 vinyl copies sold. It is ABBA's first number-one album since ABBA Gold, which topped the chart in 1992, 1999 and 2008. It became the 3rd biggest album of 2021 in the UK with 400,000 units and the 2nd best-selling album with 387,000 pure sales. In Germany, the album also entered at number one on the albums chart with over 200,000 chart sales. In its first week, it sold more copies than the rest of the albums chart combined and also reached the top of the year-end albums chart for the time being. In Italy the album debuted at number six on the albums chart. Voyage became ABBA's highest-charting album in the United States, entering the Billboard 200 at number two on 20 November 2021, beating their previous high of number 14 with ABBA: The Album in 1978. It opened with 82,000 album-equivalent units, including 78,000 album sales (60,500 of which were physical), making it the highest-selling album of the week. According to IFPI, Voyage was the eighth best-selling album worldwide (all formats) and the second in album sales list. The album sold 2,050,000 copies in 2021, and over 2.5 million by November 2022. Track listing All tracks are written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus.Voyage track listingNo.TitleLength1."I Still Have Faith in You"5:092."When You Danced with Me"2:503."Little Things"3:084."Don't Shut Me Down"3:565."Just a Notion"3:316."I Can Be That Woman"4:017."Keep an Eye on Dan"4:058."Bumblebee"3:579."No Doubt About It"2:5610."Ode to Freedom"3:32Total length:37:03 Personnel ABBA Anni-Frid Lyngstad – harmony and backing vocals, lead vocals (tracks 1, 8-9), co-lead vocals (tracks 2-3, 5, 10) Agnetha Fältskog – harmony and backing vocals, lead vocals (tracks 4, 6-7), co-lead vocals (tracks 2-3, 5, 10) Björn Ulvaeus – harmony and backing vocals, associate producer, lyricist Benny Andersson – harmony and backing vocals, piano, synthesizer, arrangements, mixing, producer Additional vocalists and musicians The Children's Choir of Stockholm International School (track 3) Lasse Jonsson – guitar Lasse Wellander – guitar Mats Englund – bass (track 6) Per Lindvall – drums, percussion Jan Bengtson – baritone saxophone, flute Pär Grebacken – clarinet, recorder, tenor saxophone Margareta Bengtson – harp Stockholm Concert Orchestra (track 10) Production and design Görel Hanser – coordinator Baillie Walsh – design Bernard Löhr – engineer, programming, mixing Linn Fijal – engineer Vilma Colling – engineer Björn Engelmann – mastering Kimberley Akester – music director, Children's Choir of the Stockholm International School (track 3) Anneli Thompson – musical assistance, Children's Choir of the Stockholm International School (track 3) Göran Arnberg – orchestrator/conductor, Stockholm Concert Orchestra (track 10) Charts Weekly charts Chart performance for Voyage Chart (2021) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 1 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 1 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 1 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 1 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 2 Croatian International Albums (HDU) 2 Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI) 1 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 1 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 1 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 1 French Albums (SNEP) 1 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 1 Greek Albums (IFPI) 1 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 3 Icelandic Albums (Tonlist) 1 Irish Albums (OCC) 1 Italian Albums (FIMI) 6 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 4 Japanese Albums (Oricon) Voyage with ABBA Gold 16 Japanese Hot Albums (Billboard Japan) 4 Lithuanian Albums (AGATA) 23 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 1 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 1 Polish Albums (ZPAV) 2 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 1 Scottish Albums (OCC) 1 Slovak Albums (ČNS IFPI) 2 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 2 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 1 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 1 UK Albums (OCC) 1 US Billboard 200 2 Year-end charts 2021 year-end chart performance for Voyage Chart (2021) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 10 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 1 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 1 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 3 Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI) 3 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 12 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 4 French Albums (SNEP) 31 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 1 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 26 Icelandic Albums (Plötutíðindi) 94 Irish Albums (IRMA) 9 Polish Albums (ZPAV) 43 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 68 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 1 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 1 UK Albums (OCC) 3 2022 year-end chart performance for Voyage Chart (2022) Position Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 61 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 23 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 77 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 3 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 96 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 74 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 57 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 13 Certifications and sales Certifications and sales for Voyage Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Gold 35,000‡ Austria (IFPI Austria) 2× Platinum 30,000‡ Belgium (BEA) Platinum 20,000‡ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Platinum 20,000‡ France (SNEP) Platinum 100,000‡ Germany (BVMI) 2× Platinum 400,000 Japan — 25,839 Netherlands — 40,000 Poland (ZPAV) Gold 10,000‡ Sweden (GLF) 2× Platinum 60,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) Platinum 474,955 United States — 218,000 Summaries Worldwide — 2,500,000 ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Release dates and formats for Voyage Region Date Format(s) Edition(s) Label Ref. Various 5 November 2021 CDCassetteLPDigital downloadStreaming Standard PolarUniversal Japan 2×CD Standard + ABBA Gold Universal CD + DVD Standard + The Essential Collection CD + 2 DVDs Standard + ABBA in Japan References ^ Don't Shut Me Down (Liner notes in printed single cover). ABBA. Universal International Music B.V. 00602438745692.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Brandle, Lars (22 October 2021). "ABBA Unleashes 'Ridiculously Happy' Song 'Just A Notion': Stream It Now". Billboard. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ "ABBA Debut New Songs, Announce 'Voyage' Album". 2 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021. ^ a b c Ruggieri, Melissa (5 November 2021). "ABBA's new (and final) album is finally here: Is 'Voyage' any good?". USA Today. Retrieved 5 November 2021 – via Yahoo! News. ^ Owoseje, Toyin (5 November 2021). "ABBA are back with their first album in 40 years, but is it a Super Trouper or an SOS?". CNN. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ a b Griffiths, George (18 October 2021). "ABBA to release new song Just A Notion this Friday". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 20 October 2021. ^ Skinner, Tom (16 November 2021). "ABBA announce new Christmas single 'Little Things'". NME. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ "Abba - No Doubt About It (Radio Date: 11-02-2022)". EarOne. Retrieved 23 February 2022. ^ a b Bloom, Madison (2 September 2021). "ABBA Announce First Album in 40 Years, Share New Songs: Listen". Pitchfork. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ a b c Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (2 September 2021). "Abba reunite for Voyage, first new album in 40 years". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 August 2021. ^ a b White, Jack (2 September 2021). "ABBA announce their first studio album of new material in 39 years Voyage and hologram concert series". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Willman, Chris; Aswad, Jem (16 November 2022). "Grammy Snubs and Surprises: ABBA and Mary J. Blige Get Love; Zach Bryan, Morgan Wallen and 'Encanto,' Not So Much". Variety. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ a b c "ABBA celebrate 2.5 million copies of Voyage worldwide". Umusic. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022. ^ Cooper, Leonie (10 December 2014). "ABBA's Bjorn Ulvaeus says band will never reform". NME. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Michaels, Sean (7 July 2008). "Abba reunion: Don't hold your breath". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ "ABBA's Bjorn Ulvaeus Discusses New Photo Book, Writes Off Reunion: 'You'll Never See Us Onstage Again'". Billboard. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Hjortman, Emma (6 June 2016). "Abba together on stage again". Expressen. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ "ABBA says it has recorded 2 new songs, marking first new material in 35 years". Associated Press. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2021 – via USA Today. ^ Needham, Alex (27 April 2018). "Abba announce first new songs for 35 years". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ "Mamma Mia! ABBA Make New Music After 35 Years". Agence France-Presse. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2021 – via NDTV. ^ White, Peter (27 April 2018). "ABBA To Reunite After 35 Years With NBC & BBC TV Special". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ "Abba to reunite for 'new entertainment experience'". BBC News. 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018. ^ Adams, Cameron (16 September 2017). "'70s pop stars ABBA to be digitally recreated for virtual reality world tour". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2017. ^ a b c Bronson, Fred (26 May 2022). "ABBA's Live 'Voyage' Show Is Doing Big Numbers in London: 'We've Sold 380,000 Tickets,' Benny Andersson Reveals". Variety. Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ Petridis, Alexis (27 October 2021). "Super troupers! ABBA on fame, divorce, ageing backwards – and why they've returned to rescue 2021". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ White, Jack (5 September 2021). "ABBA heading for first Official UK Top 10 singles in 40 years with I Still Have Faith In You and Don't Shut Me Down". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ Peacock, Tim (22 October 2021). "ABBA Share Exuberant New Song, 'Just A Notion'". UDiscoverMusic. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ McDougall, A.J. (9 April 2023). "Lasse Wellander, Longtime ABBA Guitarist, Dies at 70". Daily Beast. Retrieved 9 April 2023. ^ Wünsch, Silke (25 May 2022). "ABBA launch new virtual concert in London". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ Savage, Mark (26 August 2021). "Abba tease major announcement ahead of new music". BBC. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Mackenzie, Lois (27 August 2021). "ABBA Voyage: What we know about a 2022 ABBA tour". The Herald. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Chilton, Louis (2 September 2021). "ABBA Voyage: Fans in frenzy as Benny and Bjorn arrive in London ahead of mystery announcement". The Independent. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Sherwin, Adam (2 September 2021). "Abba Voyage: Reunited Abba unveil VR live show and first songs since 1982". I. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Reilly, Nick (12 September 2017). "A 'virtual' ABBA tour is set to take place in 2019". NME. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Lewis, Isobel (22 July 2020). "Abba to release five new songs in 2021 as reunion is delayed by pandemic". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ "ABBA reunite in London to film for 2022 hologram tour". Dothan Eagle. 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Bagchi, Bipin (27 May 2022). "Abba Returns to the Stage in London. Sort Of". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ a b "Voyage by ABBA reviews". Any Decent Music?. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ a b "Voyage by ABBA Reviews and Tracks". Metacritic. Retrieved 7 November 2021. ^ a b c Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Voyage – ABBA \| Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 November 2021. ^ Rogers, Jude (5 November 2021). "Abba: Voyage review – no thank you for the music". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ Empire, Kitty (6 November 2021). "Abba: Voyage review – full-on and frothy". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2021. ^ a b Brown, Helen (5 November 2021). "ABBA, Voyage review: A smorgasbord of schmaltz and stompers". The Independent. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ Macadie, Kieran (5 November 2021). "After a 40-year absence, ABBA still ignite pure disco pleasure on fun nostalgia trip Voyage". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved 7 November 2021. ^ "Abba: Voyage". Mojo (338): 84. January 2022. ^ Levine, Nick (5 November 2021). "ABBA – 'Voyage' review: a pop nostalgia trip that's worth taking". NME. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ Cardew, Ben (5 November 2021). "ABBA: Voyage Album Review". Pitchfork. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ a b Sheffield, Rob (4 November 2021). "The First New ABBA Album in 40 Years Was Worth the Wait". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ a b c McCormick, Neil (5 November 2021). "Voyage, review: Abba's new album contains nothing to match their greatest hits". The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ a b c Potton, Ed (5 November 2021). "Abba: Voyage review — we still have faith in you". The Times. Retrieved 7 November 2021. ^ "ABBA's First New Studio Album in 40 Years Sold in Excess of 1M Combined Album Units in Its First Week". Music Business Worldwide. 19 November 2021. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022. ^ Copsey, Rob (4 September 2021). "Can ABBA claim the 2021 Christmas Number 1? Band reveal their new album Voyage includes a festive song". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ Griffiths, George (6 September 2021). "ABBA break Universal Music UK record for biggest ever pre-order with new album Voyage". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 7 September 2021. ^ "Adele 30 album hit by vinyl shortage: 'All the factories closed down so I can't print them'". 15 October 2021. ^ a b van Eenennaam, Alexander (5 November 2021). "Nieuw album ABBA is gelijk platinum: 'Grbrurde voor het laatst bij Marco Borsato'". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ Ainsley, Helen (12 November 2021). "ABBA soar to tenth Number 1 on the Official Albums Chart with Voyage: "We are absolutely over the moon"". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ "The Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2021". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ "Classifica settimanale WK 45 (dal 05.11.2021 al 11.11.2021)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 14 November 2021. ^ Caulfield, Keith (14 November 2021). "ABBA Achieves Highest-Charting Album Ever on Billboard 200 With Debut of 'Voyage'". Billboard. Retrieved 15 November 2021. ^ "IFPI Global Charts". IFPI. Retrieved 26 June 2022. ^ "Global Top 10 Album Sales Chart 2021" (PDF). IFPI. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022. ^ "Australiancharts.com – ABBA – Voyage". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ "Austriancharts.at – ABBA – Voyage" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "Ultratop.be – ABBA – Voyage" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 November 2021. ^ "Ultratop.be – ABBA – Voyage" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 November 2021. ^ "ABBA Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ "Lista prodaje 45. tjedan 2021. (01.11.2021. – 07.11.2021.)". HDU (in Croatian). 15 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 45.Týden 2021 on the field besides the words "CZ – ALBUMS – TOP 100" to retrieve the correct chart. Retrieved 15 November 2021. ^ "Danishcharts.dk – ABBA – Voyage". Hung Medien. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – ABBA – Voyage" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ "ABBA: Voyage" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 14 November 2021. ^ "Lescharts.com – ABBA – Voyage". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – ABBA – Voyage" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ "Official IFPI Chart Top-75 Album Sales Chart (Combined) 44/2021". IFPI Greece. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2021. 48. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 10 December 2021. ^ "Tónlistinn" (in Icelandic). Félag hljómplötuframleiðanda. Retrieved 14 November 2021. ^ "Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ "Italiancharts.com – ABBA – Voyage". Hung Medien. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ "Oricon Top 50 Albums: 2021-11-15" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 10 November 2021. ^ "Oricon Top 50 Albums: 2021-11-15/p/2" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 10 November 2021. ^ "Hot Albums ". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 November 2021. ^ "2021 45-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)" (in Lithuanian). AGATA. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ "Charts.nz – ABBA – Voyage". Hung Medien. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – ABBA – Voyage". Hung Medien. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – ABBA – Voyage". Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ "SK – Albums – Top 100: ABBA – Voyage" (in Czech). IFPI Czech. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ "Spanishcharts.com – ABBA – Voyage". Hung Medien. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – ABBA – Voyage". Hung Medien. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ "Swisscharts.com – ABBA – Voyage". Hung Medien. Retrieved 15 November 2021. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ "ABBA Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums for 2021". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ "Ö3-Austria Top40 Longplay-Jahrescharts 2021". Ö3 Austria Top 40. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2021". Ultratop. Retrieved 4 January 2022. ^ "Rapports Annuels 2021". Ultratop. Retrieved 4 January 2022. ^ "Výsledky trhu 2021 - Česká republika" (PDF) (in Czech). Česká národní skupina Mezinárodní federace hudebního průmyslu. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ "Album Top-100 2021". Hitlisten. Retrieved 6 January 2022. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Album 2021". dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 January 2022. ^ "Top de l'année Top Albums 2021" (in French). SNEP. Retrieved 15 April 2022. ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Jahrescharts: "Wellerman" ist erfolgreichster Hit 2021, ABBA siegen bei den Alben" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021. ^ "Összesített album- és válogatáslemez-lista - eladási darabszám alapján - 2021" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ "TÓNLISTINN – PLÖTUR – 2021" (in Icelandic). Plötutíðindi. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ Griffiths, George (9 January 2022). "Ireland's official biggest albums of 2021". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 January 2022. ^ "sanah podbija sprzedaż fizyczną w Polsce" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ "Top 100 Albums Annual 2021". Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ "Årslista Album, 2021". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 14 January 2022. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2021". hitparade.ch (in German). Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ Griffiths, George (4 January 2022). "The Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2021". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 January 2022. ^ "Ö3 Austria Top40 Jahrescharts 2022" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2022" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved 13 January 2023. ^ "Rapports annuels 2022" (in French). Ultratop. Retrieved 13 January 2023. ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Jahrescharts: "Layla" ist erfolgreichster Hit 2022, Rammstein räumen bei den Alben ab" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022. ^ "Összesített album- és válogatáslemez-lista - eladási darabszám alapján - 2022" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved 4 February 2023. ^ "Top 100 Álbuns - Semanas 1 a 52 – De 31/12/2021 a 29/12/2022" (PDF). Audiogest (in Portuguese). p. 1. Retrieved 1 February 2023. ^ "Årslista Album, 2022" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 15 January 2023. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2022". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2022 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 13 March 2022. ^ "Austrian album certifications – ABBA – Voyage" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 3 April 2023. ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 2022". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 August 2022. ^ "Danish album certifications – ABBA – Voyage". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "French album certifications – ABBA – Voyage" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 3 January 2022. ^ "ALBUM-JAHRESCHARTS: ABBA VOR HELENE FISCHER". Offizielle Deutsche Charts. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (ABBA; 'Voyage')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 10 December 2021. ^ Sources for sales in Japan: "週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月15日付". Oricon. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021. "週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月22日付". Oricon. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021. "週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月29日付". Oricon. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021. "週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月06日付". Oricon. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021. "週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月13日付". Oricon. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021. "週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月20日付". Oricon. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021. Oricon Oricon.co.jp. Retrieved March 20, 2022 Oricon Oricon.co.jp. Retrieved March 20, 2022 ^ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 12 January 2022. ^ "Veckolista Album, vecka 51, 2021 \| Sverigetopplistan" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 23 December 2021. Scroll to position 1 to view certification. ^ Paine, Andre (28 June 2023). "One year on, how avatar concert ABBA Voyage is powering the group's classic catalogue". Music Week. Retrieved 1 October 2023. ^ "British album certifications – ABBA – Voyage". British Phonographic Industry. ^ "Grammy Noms in the Marketplace". Hits Daily Double. 31 January 2023. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023. ^ "【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『アバ・ゴールド』(SHM-CD)(2枚組)(特典:メガジャケ付): Music". amazon.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 September 2021. ^ "【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『エッセンシャル・コレクション』(SHM-CD)(DVD付)(特典:メガジャケ付)". amazon.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 September 2021. ^ "【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『アバ・イン・ジャパン』(SHM-CD)(2DVD付)(特典:メガジャケ付): Music". amazon.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 September 2021. External links Official ABBA Voyage website vteABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni-Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA: The Album Voulez-Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Voyage Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles: The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music ABBA Gold Oro: Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits The Definitive Collection 18 Hits Number Ones The Albums The Essential Collection Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Box sets Thank You for the Music The Complete Studio Recordings Concerts and tours ABBA: The Tour ABBA Voyage Films and musicals ABBA: The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia! (1999 musical) Mamma Mia! (2008 film) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018 film) TV specials Dick Cavett Meets ABBA ABBA: Thank You for the Music, An All-Star Tribute Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA: You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania Dancing Queen Agnetha & Frida: The Voice of ABBA "Just Like That" "Thank ABBA for the Music" Eurovision Song Contest 1974 ABBA The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Lasse Wellander Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Catherine Johnson Carl Magnus Palm Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABBA Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA_Voyage"},{"link_name":"ABBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA"},{"link_name":"Benny Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Andersson"},{"link_name":"Björn Ulvaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ulvaeus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-10"},{"link_name":"dual single release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_A-Side"},{"link_name":"I Still Have Faith in You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Still_Have_Faith_in_You"},{"link_name":"Don't Shut Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Shut_Me_Down"},{"link_name":"Just a Notion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Notion"},{"link_name":"Little Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Things_(ABBA_song)"},{"link_name":"concert residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_residency"},{"link_name":"ABBA Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA_Voyage"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCC-11"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Vocal Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Vocal_Album"},{"link_name":"2023 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Record of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2022 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Duo/Group Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Duo/Group_Performance"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salestill2022-13"}],"text":"This article is about the album by ABBA. For the concert residency, see ABBA Voyage.2021 studio album by ABBAVoyage is the ninth and final studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released 5 November 2021. With ten songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, it is the group's first album of new material in forty years.[9][10] The album was supported by the dual single release of \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", released alongside the album announcement on 2 September 2021. \"Just a Notion\" was issued as the third single on 22 October 2021, followed by the fourth single \"Little Things\" on 3 December. A digital concert residency in support of the album, ABBA Voyage, opened in London on 27 May 2022.[11]Voyage debuted atop the charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. It also became the group's highest-charting studio album ever in Canada and the United States, debuting at number two on the charts in both countries. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards, in addition to nominations for \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", the former for Record of the Year at the 2022 Grammy Awards (the first Grammy nomination for the group), and the latter for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards.[12] The album has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide.[13]","title":"Voyage (ABBA album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Singles: The First Ten Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singles:_The_First_Ten_Years"},{"link_name":"ABBA Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA_Gold"},{"link_name":"Mamma Mia!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_(musical)"},{"link_name":"the subsequent film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_Here_We_Go_Again"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Priscilla,_Queen_of_the_Desert"},{"link_name":"Muriel's Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Björn Ulvaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ulvaeus"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-18"},{"link_name":"I Still Have Faith in You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Still_Have_Faith_in_You"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Don't Shut Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Shut_Me_Down"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"ABBA: Thank You for the Music, An All-Star Tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA:_Thank_You_for_the_Music,_An_All-Star_Tribute"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Simon Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fuller"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News-22"},{"link_name":"their late 1970s tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA:_The_Tour"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heraldgram-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VarietyFinal-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PetridisGuardian20212-25"},{"link_name":"Just a Notion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Notion"},{"link_name":"Thank You for the Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_You_for_the_Music_(box_set)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAN-6"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VarietyFinal-24"},{"link_name":"Ola Brunkert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Brunkert"},{"link_name":"Rutger Gunnarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutger_Gunnarsson"},{"link_name":"Lasse Wellander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Wellander"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"ABBA Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA_Voyage"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VarietyFinal-24"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"ABBA informally split up in 1983, following the release of their retrospective greatest hits album The Singles: The First Ten Years in late 1982. Renewed interest in the band grew from the 1990s onwards following the worldwide success of their greatest hits album ABBA Gold, the ABBA-based musical Mamma Mia! and the subsequent film of the same name, followed by its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, and the use of their songs in some other film soundtracks such as The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding.However, the members steadfastly refused to reunite. In 2000, they reportedly turned down an offer of $1 billion to perform again.[14] In July 2008, Björn Ulvaeus categorically stated to The Sunday Telegraph, \"We will never appear on stage again. There is simply no motivation to re-group.\"[15] Ulvaeus reiterated this in a 2014 interview while promoting the publication of ABBA: The Official Photo Book.[16]On 6 June 2016, however, ABBA did informally reunite at a private party in Stockholm.[17] This led to a more formal reunion. Two years later, in April 2018, they announced they had recorded two new songs,[18] \"I Still Have Faith in You\"[19] and \"Don't Shut Me Down\".[20] The new songs initially were intended to support ABBA: Thank You for the Music, An All-Star Tribute, a TV special produced by NBC and the BBC,[21] and a tour, which the special itself supported. In October, British manager Simon Fuller announced in a statement that the group would be reuniting to work on a new \"digital entertainment experience\".[22] The project would feature the members in their \"life-like\" avatar form, called ABBAtars, based on their late 1970s tour and would be set to launch by the spring of 2019.[23]According to Andersson, the idea to record the songs was to show new music during the concerts, which the rest of the band agreed to, \"so we did that and I thought with the first two songs, it went so well and they could still sing and we could still produce music in the studio so we said maybe we’ll do a couple of others while we’re at it, and we ended up doing a whole album\".[24] However, in October 2021, the TV special was cancelled in favour of the \"ABBAtar\" project announced months prior.[25]One of the album's tracks, \"Just a Notion\", was previously partially included in a demo version as part of the medley \"ABBA Undeleted\" from the 1994 Thank You for the Music box set.[26] The reworked song was released as a single two weeks before the album, on 22 October 2021.[6] Whilst the vocals date from 1978, its instrumentation was mostly re-recorded.[27] 12 songs were worked for Voyage, but only ten were finished and released on the final tracklist, with Anderson stating they decided to \"work on the ones we think we should keep on the album\". There are no plan to release the unfinished songs.[24]While all previous ABBA albums were produced and arranged by Andersson and Ulvaeus as a duo, and featured Ulvaeus as a guitarist, Voyage is the first ABBA album to be solely produced and arranged by Andersson, and to feature no instrumentation from Ulvaeus, though the latter participates as a backing vocalist, songwriter and associate producer. It's also the first ABBA album to not feature long-time session and touring musicians Ola Brunkert on drums and Rutger Gunnarsson on bass, following their respective deaths in 2008 and 2015, and the final appeareance of longtime ABBA guitarist Lasse Wellander before his death in April 2023.[28]In May 2022, after the premiere of the ABBA Voyage concert residency in London, Andersson stated in an interview with Variety that \"nothing is going to happen after this\", confirming the album and residency as ABBA's final group collaborations.[24][29]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcavs-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"I Still Have Faith in You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Still_Have_Faith_in_You"},{"link_name":"Don't Shut Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Shut_Me_Down"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCC-11"}],"text":"Promotion for Voyage began with the website abbavoyage.com, going live on 26 August 2021.[30] Billboards were erected in London,[31] and social media accounts titled \"ABBA Voyage\" were also set up.[32] The band announced during a 2 September 2021 YouTube live stream that Voyage would be released on 5 November 2021. The two songs first announced in 2018, \"I Still Have Faith in You\" and \"Don't Shut Me Down\", were confirmed as the double-sided lead single from Voyage during the September 2021 live stream.[11]","title":"Promotion and announcement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concert residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_residency"},{"link_name":"ABBA Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA_Voyage"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-9"},{"link_name":"Industrial Light & Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-10"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-34"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTrev-37"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_(ABBA_album)&action=edit"}],"sub_title":"Tour","text":"During the album announcement live stream, ABBA also announced a concert residency, known as ABBA Voyage, with concerts starting from 27 May 2022 in a custom-built venue at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London.[10][9]ABBA first announced they were preparing digital avatars in September 2017. Dubbed the \"ABBAtars\", they appear during the ABBA Voyage concerts in place of the four actual band members. To animate them, the ABBA band members wore motion-capture suits and were filmed using 160 cameras, with graphics later added by visual effects company Industrial Light & Magic.[10][33]The ABBAtar tour was originally set for 2019,[34] but was delayed due to technical issues. The COVID-19 pandemic then forced the band to push the tour back to 2022, turning it then into a seven-month residency in London,[35][36] with the possibility to extend the shows up until April 2026.[37] As of June 2024[update], no further tour locations have been announced.","title":"Promotion and announcement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-39"},{"link_name":"AnyDecentMusic?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnyDecentMusic%3F"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADM-38"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abbaV-allmusic-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abbaV-allmusic-40"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-abbaV-43"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Neil McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_McCormick"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraphV-abba-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraphV-abba-49"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abbaV-thetimes-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abbaV-thetimes-50"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abbaV-RSm-48"}],"text":"Voyage was met with positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 72 based on 16 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[39] Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 7.1 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.[38]Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic website gave the album three and a half stars out of five and noted that \"Andersson and Ulvaeus wisely decided not to follow any stylistic trend or adopt any modern production technique\" which made the songs \"recognizably ABBA music\".[40] He also wrote that like all ABBA's albums \"[it] brings the lows along with the highs\" and called the album \"unexpected and delightful\".[40]Helen Brown from The Independent gave it a full rating of five out of five stars and noted that, as with songs from the 1970s albums, ABBA didn't try to follow the trend or \"to update the gloriously gaudy vintage tinsel of their Eighties office party sound\" and she stated that a lot of that comes from the fact that the song's creators, Bjorn and Benny, realized from the beginning, \"it was their lack of freshness that struck a chord with everyone's inner outsider\" and enabled them to have a long career.[43]In his review for The Telegraph, Neil McCormick wrote that \"ABBA’s reputation was established as a consummate singles outfit rather than an album band\", and none of the songs featured are as good as their hit singles.[49] He concluded by stating that the result as a whole \"is out-of-time rather than timeless\".[49]Ed Potton from The Times magazine rated it with four stars out of five and stated that \"Voyage is a reassuringly familiar blend of clear-eyed sentiment, outrageous musicality and utter indifference to fashion\".[50] He praised Frida (about whom he claimed to have noticed a stronger Swedish accent than usual, although he doesn't consider this a bad thing) and Agnetha's vocals, calling them \"pristine and moving\", and wrote that even though the \"songs can sound naff on first listen yet you’re pulled in by Benny Andersson’s melodic oomph and Bjorn Ulvaeus’ eccentric lyrical insights\".[50]Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone gave the album four out of five stars and wrote that it's a surprise that the group has returned with new material and that \"it’s a bigger, sweeter surprise that they returned so full of musical vitality. All these years after 'Waterloo', ABBA still refuse to surrender\".[48]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Universal Music UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_(Take_That_album)"},{"link_name":"Take That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netherlands-55"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"÷","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%B7_(album)"},{"link_name":"ABBA Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA_Gold"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCCN1-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"albums chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Offizielle_Deutsche_Charts-58"},{"link_name":"albums chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana-59"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"ABBA: The Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA:_The_Album"},{"link_name":"album-equivalent units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US200-60"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salestill2022-13"}],"text":"Voyage sold more than 1 million units worldwide in its first week of release.[51]\nThe album recorded 40,000 UK pre-orders in the first 24 hours following the announcement of its release.[52] Three days after the album was announced, it had received over 80,000 pre-orders in the UK alone. This broke the record for the biggest pre-ordered album for Universal Music UK, previously held by Progress (2010) by Take That.[53] By October 2021, the album had recorded 111,000 pre-orders.[54] Advance orders in the Netherlands totalled 40,000 copies.[55]The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, with 204,000 chart sales, 90% (180,000) of which were physical sales. It was the biggest opening week for an album in the UK since Ed Sheeran's ÷ (2017), and became the fastest-selling album of 2021 as well as the fastest-selling vinyl LP of the 21st century, with 29,900 vinyl copies sold. It is ABBA's first number-one album since ABBA Gold, which topped the chart in 1992, 1999 and 2008.[56] It became the 3rd biggest album of 2021 in the UK with 400,000 units and the 2nd best-selling album with 387,000 pure sales.[57]In Germany, the album also entered at number one on the albums chart with over 200,000 chart sales. In its first week, it sold more copies than the rest of the albums chart combined and also reached the top of the year-end albums chart for the time being.[58] In Italy the album debuted at number six on the albums chart.[59]Voyage became ABBA's highest-charting album in the United States, entering the Billboard 200 at number two on 20 November 2021, beating their previous high of number 14 with ABBA: The Album in 1978. It opened with 82,000 album-equivalent units, including 78,000 album sales (60,500 of which were physical), making it the highest-selling album of the week.[60]According to IFPI, Voyage was the eighth best-selling album worldwide (all formats) and the second in album sales list.[61] The album sold 2,050,000 copies in 2021,[62] and over 2.5 million by November 2022.[13]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benny Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Andersson"},{"link_name":"Björn Ulvaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ulvaeus"},{"link_name":"I Still Have Faith in You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Still_Have_Faith_in_You"},{"link_name":"Little Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Things_(ABBA_song)"},{"link_name":"Don't Shut Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Shut_Me_Down"},{"link_name":"Just a Notion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Notion"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus.Voyage track listingNo.TitleLength1.\"I Still Have Faith in You\"5:092.\"When You Danced with Me\"2:503.\"Little Things\"3:084.\"Don't Shut Me Down\"3:565.\"Just a Notion\"3:316.\"I Can Be That Woman\"4:017.\"Keep an Eye on Dan\"4:058.\"Bumblebee\"3:579.\"No Doubt About It\"2:5610.\"Ode to Freedom\"3:32Total length:37:03","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anni-Frid Lyngstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni-Frid_Lyngstad"},{"link_name":"Agnetha Fältskog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnetha_F%C3%A4ltskog"},{"link_name":"Björn Ulvaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ulvaeus"},{"link_name":"Benny Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Andersson"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Stockholm International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_School"},{"link_name":"Lasse Jonsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Jonsson"},{"link_name":"Lasse Wellander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Wellander"},{"link_name":"Mats Englund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mats_Englund"},{"link_name":"Per Lindvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Lindvall"},{"link_name":"Jan Bengtson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bengtson"},{"link_name":"baritone saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_saxophone"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_concert_flute"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Margareta Bengtson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareta_Bengtson"},{"link_name":"harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp"},{"link_name":"Görel Hanser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rel_Hanser"},{"link_name":"Baillie Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baillie_Walsh"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"Björn Engelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Engelmann"},{"link_name":"Göran Arnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Arnberg"}],"text":"ABBAAnni-Frid Lyngstad – harmony and backing vocals, lead vocals (tracks 1, 8-9), co-lead vocals (tracks 2-3, 5, 10)\nAgnetha Fältskog – harmony and backing vocals, lead vocals (tracks 4, 6-7), co-lead vocals (tracks 2-3, 5, 10)\nBjörn Ulvaeus – harmony and backing vocals, associate producer, lyricist\nBenny Andersson – harmony and backing vocals, piano, synthesizer, arrangements, mixing, producerAdditional vocalists and musicians\n\nThe Children's Choir of Stockholm International School (track 3)\nLasse Jonsson – guitar\nLasse Wellander – guitar\nMats Englund – bass (track 6)\nPer Lindvall – drums, percussion\nJan Bengtson – baritone saxophone, flute\nPär Grebacken – clarinet, recorder, tenor saxophone\nMargareta Bengtson – harp\nStockholm Concert Orchestra (track 10)\n\n\nProduction and design\n\nGörel Hanser – coordinator\nBaillie Walsh – design\nBernard Löhr – engineer, programming, mixing\nLinn Fijal – engineer\nVilma Colling – engineer\nBjörn Engelmann – mastering\nKimberley Akester – music director, Children's Choir of the Stockholm International School (track 3)\nAnneli Thompson – musical assistance, Children's Choir of the Stockholm International School (track 3)\nGöran Arnberg – orchestrator/conductor, Stockholm Concert Orchestra (track 10)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_(ABBA_album)&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_ABBA-63"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_ABBA-64"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_ABBA-65"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_ABBA-66"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_ABBA-67"},{"link_name":"HDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Shops"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Czech_-69"},{"link_name":"Hitlisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Denmark_ABBA-70"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_ABBA-71"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_ABBA-72"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_ABBA-73"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_ABBA-74"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"MAHASZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Hungary_-76"},{"link_name":"Tonlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonlist"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland3_-78"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Italy_ABBA-79"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Oricon_-80"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPNV2-81"},{"link_name":"ABBA Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA_Gold"},{"link_name":"Billboard Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"AGATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATA_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_ABBA-84"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_ABBA-85"},{"link_name":"ZPAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Poland_-86"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Portugal_ABBA-87"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-88"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Spain_ABBA-90"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_ABBA-91"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_ABBA-92"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-93"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_ABBA-94"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_(ABBA_album)&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nChart performance for Voyage\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[63]\n\n1\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[64]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[65]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[66]\n\n1\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[67]\n\n2\n\n\nCroatian International Albums (HDU)[68]\n\n2\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[69]\n\n1\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[70]\n\n1\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[71]\n\n1\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[72]\n\n1\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[73]\n\n1\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[74]\n\n1\n\n\nGreek Albums (IFPI)[75]\n\n1\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[76]\n\n3\n\n\nIcelandic Albums (Tonlist)[77]\n\n1\n\n\nIrish Albums (OCC)[78]\n\n1\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[79]\n\n6\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[80]\n\n4\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[81] Voyage with ABBA Gold\n\n16\n\n\nJapanese Hot Albums (Billboard Japan)[82]\n\n4\n\n\nLithuanian Albums (AGATA)[83]\n\n23\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[84]\n\n1\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[85]\n\n1\n\n\nPolish Albums (ZPAV)[86]\n\n2\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[87]\n\n1\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[88]\n\n1\n\n\nSlovak Albums (ČNS IFPI)[89]\n\n2\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[90]\n\n2\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[91]\n\n1\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[92]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[93]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[94]\n\n2\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2021 year-end chart performance for Voyage\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[95]\n\n10\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[96]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[97]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[98]\n\n3\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[99]\n\n3\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[100]\n\n12\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[101]\n\n4\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[102]\n\n31\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[103]\n\n1\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[104]\n\n26\n\n\nIcelandic Albums (Plötutíðindi)[105]\n\n94\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[106]\n\n9\n\n\nPolish Albums (ZPAV)[107]\n\n43\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[108]\n\n68\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[109]\n\n1\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[110]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[111]\n\n3\n\n\n2022 year-end chart performance for Voyage\n\n\nChart (2022)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[112]\n\n61\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[113]\n\n23\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[114]\n\n77\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[115]\n\n3\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[116]\n\n96\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[117]\n\n74\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[118]\n\n57\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[119]\n\n13","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Don't Shut Me Down (Liner notes in printed single cover). ABBA. Universal International Music B.V. 00602438745692.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA","url_text":"ABBA"}]},{"reference":"Brandle, Lars (22 October 2021). \"ABBA Unleashes 'Ridiculously Happy' Song 'Just A Notion': Stream It Now\". Billboard. Retrieved 5 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9649423/abba-just-a-notion-listen","url_text":"\"ABBA Unleashes 'Ridiculously Happy' Song 'Just A Notion': Stream It Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"ABBA Debut New Songs, Announce 'Voyage' Album\". 2 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/abba-new-songs-voyage-album-digital-show/","url_text":"\"ABBA Debut New Songs, Announce 'Voyage' Album\""}]},{"reference":"Ruggieri, Melissa (5 November 2021). \"ABBA's new (and final) album is finally here: Is 'Voyage' any good?\". USA Today. Retrieved 5 November 2021 – via Yahoo! News.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/abbas-final-album-finally-voyage-040004385.html","url_text":"\"ABBA's new (and final) album is finally here: Is 'Voyage' any good?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News","url_text":"Yahoo! News"}]},{"reference":"Owoseje, Toyin (5 November 2021). \"ABBA are back with their first album in 40 years, but is it a Super Trouper or an SOS?\". CNN. Retrieved 5 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/entertainment/abba-voyage-album-reviews-intl-scli/index.html","url_text":"\"ABBA are back with their first album in 40 years, but is it a Super Trouper or an SOS?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, George (18 October 2021). \"ABBA to release new song Just A Notion this Friday\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-to-release-new-song-just-a-notion-this-friday__34249/","url_text":"\"ABBA to release new song Just A Notion this Friday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Skinner, Tom (16 November 2021). \"ABBA announce new Christmas single 'Little Things'\". NME. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/abba-announce-new-christmas-single-little-things-cd-3096551","url_text":"\"ABBA announce new Christmas single 'Little Things'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"Abba - No Doubt About It (Radio Date: 11-02-2022)\". EarOne. Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.earone.it/news/abba_no_doubt_about_it_radio_date_11_02_2022_57818895/","url_text":"\"Abba - No Doubt About It (Radio Date: 11-02-2022)\""}]},{"reference":"Bloom, Madison (2 September 2021). \"ABBA Announce First Album in 40 Years, Share New Songs: Listen\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/abba-announce-first-album-in-40-years-share-new-songs-listen/","url_text":"\"ABBA Announce First Album in 40 Years, Share New Songs: Listen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (2 September 2021). \"Abba reunite for Voyage, first new album in 40 years\". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/sep/02/abba-reunite-for-voyage-first-new-album-in-40-years","url_text":"\"Abba reunite for Voyage, first new album in 40 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"White, Jack (2 September 2021). \"ABBA announce their first studio album of new material in 39 years Voyage and hologram concert series\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-announce-their-first-studio-album-of-new-material-in-39-years-voyage-and-hologram-concert-series__33932/","url_text":"\"ABBA announce their first studio album of new material in 39 years Voyage and hologram concert series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Willman, Chris; Aswad, Jem (16 November 2022). \"Grammy Snubs and Surprises: ABBA and Mary J. Blige Get Love; Zach Bryan, Morgan Wallen and 'Encanto,' Not So Much\". Variety. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/grammy-snubs-surprises-abba-morgan-wallen-1235433542/","url_text":"\"Grammy Snubs and Surprises: ABBA and Mary J. Blige Get Love; Zach Bryan, Morgan Wallen and 'Encanto,' Not So Much\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABBA celebrate 2.5 million copies of Voyage worldwide\". Umusic. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/abba-celebrate-2-5-million-copies-of-voyage-worldwide/","url_text":"\"ABBA celebrate 2.5 million copies of Voyage worldwide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221108100832/https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/abba-celebrate-2-5-million-copies-of-voyage-worldwide/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Leonie (10 December 2014). \"ABBA's Bjorn Ulvaeus says band will never reform\". NME. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/abba-4-1212564","url_text":"\"ABBA's Bjorn Ulvaeus says band will never reform\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Michaels, Sean (7 July 2008). \"Abba reunion: Don't hold your breath\". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/jul/07/news.culture2","url_text":"\"Abba reunion: Don't hold your breath\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"ABBA's Bjorn Ulvaeus Discusses New Photo Book, Writes Off Reunion: 'You'll Never See Us Onstage Again'\". Billboard. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6397818/abbas-bjorn-ulvaeus-discusses-new-photo-book-writes-off-reunion-youll-never/","url_text":"\"ABBA's Bjorn Ulvaeus Discusses New Photo Book, Writes Off Reunion: 'You'll Never See Us Onstage Again'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Hjortman, Emma (6 June 2016). \"Abba together on stage again\". Expressen. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressen.se/noje/abba-together-on-stage-again/","url_text":"\"Abba together on stage again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressen","url_text":"Expressen"}]},{"reference":"\"ABBA says it has recorded 2 new songs, marking first new material in 35 years\". Associated Press. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2021 – via USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2018/04/27/abba-says-has-recorded-2-new-songs-marking-first-new-material-35-years/557284002/","url_text":"\"ABBA says it has recorded 2 new songs, marking first new material in 35 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Needham, Alex (27 April 2018). \"Abba announce first new songs for 35 years\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/27/abba-announce-first-new-songs-for-35-years","url_text":"\"Abba announce first new songs for 35 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Mamma Mia! ABBA Make New Music After 35 Years\". Agence France-Presse. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2021 – via NDTV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/mamma-mia-abba-make-new-music-after-35-years-1844041","url_text":"\"Mamma Mia! ABBA Make New Music After 35 Years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"Agence France-Presse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"}]},{"reference":"White, Peter (27 April 2018). \"ABBA To Reunite After 35 Years With NBC & BBC TV Special\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/04/abba-to-reunite-after-35-years-with-nbc-bbc-tv-special-1202378152/","url_text":"\"ABBA To Reunite After 35 Years With NBC & BBC TV Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Abba to reunite for 'new entertainment experience'\". BBC News. 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37776505","url_text":"\"Abba to reunite for 'new entertainment experience'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180505185458/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37776505","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Cameron (16 September 2017). \"'70s pop stars ABBA to be digitally recreated for virtual reality world tour\". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211020/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/70s-pop-stars-abba-to-be-digitally-recreated-for-virtual-reality-world-tour/news-story/be146a18ca86a3ef7c58d53923512074","url_text":"\"'70s pop stars ABBA to be digitally recreated for virtual reality world tour\""},{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/70s-pop-stars-abba-to-be-digitally-recreated-for-virtual-reality-world-tour/news-story/be146a18ca86a3ef7c58d53923512074","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bronson, Fred (26 May 2022). \"ABBA's Live 'Voyage' Show Is Doing Big Numbers in London: 'We've Sold 380,000 Tickets,' Benny Andersson Reveals\". Variety. Retrieved 4 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/abba-voyage-teicket-sales-benny-andersson-interview-1235278346/","url_text":"\"ABBA's Live 'Voyage' Show Is Doing Big Numbers in London: 'We've Sold 380,000 Tickets,' Benny Andersson Reveals\""}]},{"reference":"Petridis, Alexis (27 October 2021). \"Super troupers! ABBA on fame, divorce, ageing backwards – and why they've returned to rescue 2021\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/oct/27/abba-reunion-interview-voyage-younger-selves","url_text":"\"Super troupers! ABBA on fame, divorce, ageing backwards – and why they've returned to rescue 2021\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027060315/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/oct/27/abba-reunion-interview-voyage-younger-selves","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"White, Jack (5 September 2021). \"ABBA heading for first Official UK Top 10 singles in 40 years with I Still Have Faith In You and Don't Shut Me Down\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-heading-for-first-official-uk-top-10-singles-in-40-years-with-i-still-have-faith-in-you-and-don-t-shut-me-down__33957/","url_text":"\"ABBA heading for first Official UK Top 10 singles in 40 years with I Still Have Faith In You and Don't Shut Me Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Peacock, Tim (22 October 2021). \"ABBA Share Exuberant New Song, 'Just A Notion'\". UDiscoverMusic. Retrieved 23 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/abba-new-song-just-a-notion/","url_text":"\"ABBA Share Exuberant New Song, 'Just A Notion'\""}]},{"reference":"McDougall, A.J. (9 April 2023). \"Lasse Wellander, Longtime ABBA Guitarist, Dies at 70\". Daily Beast. Retrieved 9 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/longtime-abba-guitarist-lasse-wellander-dies-of-cancer-at-70","url_text":"\"Lasse Wellander, Longtime ABBA Guitarist, Dies at 70\""}]},{"reference":"Wünsch, Silke (25 May 2022). \"ABBA launch new virtual concert in London\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 4 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/abba-launch-new-virtual-concert-in-london/a-61929976","url_text":"\"ABBA launch new virtual concert in London\""}]},{"reference":"Savage, Mark (26 August 2021). \"Abba tease major announcement ahead of new music\". BBC. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58339627","url_text":"\"Abba tease major announcement ahead of new music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Mackenzie, Lois (27 August 2021). \"ABBA Voyage: What we know about a 2022 ABBA tour\". The Herald. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/national/uk-today/19541718.abba-voyage-know-2022-abba-tour/","url_text":"\"ABBA Voyage: What we know about a 2022 ABBA tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)","url_text":"The Herald"}]},{"reference":"Chilton, Louis (2 September 2021). \"ABBA Voyage: Fans in frenzy as Benny and Bjorn arrive in London ahead of mystery announcement\". The Independent. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/abba-voyage-watch-tour-album-b1913052.html","url_text":"\"ABBA Voyage: Fans in frenzy as Benny and Bjorn arrive in London ahead of mystery announcement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Sherwin, Adam (2 September 2021). \"Abba Voyage: Reunited Abba unveil VR live show and first songs since 1982\". I. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/culture/abba-voyage-2021-reunited-abba-unveil-vr-live-show-first-new-songs-since-1982-1180261","url_text":"\"Abba Voyage: Reunited Abba unveil VR live show and first songs since 1982\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_(newspaper)","url_text":"I"}]},{"reference":"Reilly, Nick (12 September 2017). \"A 'virtual' ABBA tour is set to take place in 2019\". NME. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/a-virtual-abba-tour-is-set-to-take-place-in-2019-2139797","url_text":"\"A 'virtual' ABBA tour is set to take place in 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Isobel (22 July 2020). \"Abba to release five new songs in 2021 as reunion is delayed by pandemic\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/abba-reunion-new-songs-name-release-date-a9631431.html","url_text":"\"Abba to release five new songs in 2021 as reunion is delayed by pandemic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200724104924/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/abba-reunion-new-songs-name-release-date-a9631431.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ABBA reunite in London to film for 2022 hologram tour\". Dothan Eagle. 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201006203615/https://dothaneagle.com/people/abba-reunite-in-london-to-film-for-2022-hologram-tour/article_4adec0a2-bd22-537e-925e-f0e94af4bf4c.html","url_text":"\"ABBA reunite in London to film for 2022 hologram tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dothan_Eagle","url_text":"Dothan Eagle"},{"url":"https://dothaneagle.com/people/abba-reunite-in-london-to-film-for-2022-hologram-tour/article_4adec0a2-bd22-537e-925e-f0e94af4bf4c.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bagchi, Bipin (27 May 2022). \"Abba Returns to the Stage in London. Sort Of\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/27/arts/music/abba-voyage-london.html","url_text":"\"Abba Returns to the Stage in London. Sort Of\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voyage by ABBA reviews\". Any Decent Music?. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anydecentmusic.com/review/13083/ABBA-Voyage.aspx","url_text":"\"Voyage by ABBA reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_Decent_Music%3F","url_text":"Any Decent Music?"}]},{"reference":"\"Voyage by ABBA Reviews and Tracks\". Metacritic. Retrieved 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/voyage/abba","url_text":"\"Voyage by ABBA Reviews and Tracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Voyage – ABBA \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/voyage-mw0003583740","url_text":"\"Voyage – ABBA \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Jude (5 November 2021). \"Abba: Voyage review – no thank you for the music\". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/nov/05/abba-voyage-review-pop-back","url_text":"\"Abba: Voyage review – no thank you for the music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Empire, Kitty (6 November 2021). \"Abba: Voyage review – full-on and frothy\". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Empire","url_text":"Empire, Kitty"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/nov/06/abba-voyage-review-full-on-and-frothy","url_text":"\"Abba: Voyage review – full-on and frothy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Helen (5 November 2021). \"ABBA, Voyage review: A smorgasbord of schmaltz and stompers\". The Independent. Retrieved 5 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/abba-voyage-review-album-b1951484.html","url_text":"\"ABBA, Voyage review: A smorgasbord of schmaltz and stompers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Macadie, Kieran (5 November 2021). \"After a 40-year absence, ABBA still ignite pure disco pleasure on fun nostalgia trip Voyage\". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/albums/abba-voyage-album-review","url_text":"\"After a 40-year absence, ABBA still ignite pure disco pleasure on fun nostalgia trip Voyage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line_of_Best_Fit","url_text":"The Line of Best Fit"}]},{"reference":"\"Abba: Voyage\". Mojo (338): 84. January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)","url_text":"Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Levine, Nick (5 November 2021). \"ABBA – 'Voyage' review: a pop nostalgia trip that's worth taking\". NME. Retrieved 5 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/en_au/reviews/album/abba-voyage-review-3087997","url_text":"\"ABBA – 'Voyage' review: a pop nostalgia trip that's worth taking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Cardew, Ben (5 November 2021). \"ABBA: Voyage Album Review\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 5 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/abba-voyage/","url_text":"\"ABBA: Voyage Album Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Sheffield, Rob (4 November 2021). \"The First New ABBA Album in 40 Years Was Worth the Wait\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 5 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/abba-voyage-1251755/","url_text":"\"The First New ABBA Album in 40 Years Was Worth the Wait\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Neil (5 November 2021). \"Voyage, review: Abba's new album contains nothing to match their greatest hits\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_McCormick","url_text":"McCormick, Neil"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/voyage-review-abbas-new-album-contains-nothing-match-greatest/","url_text":"\"Voyage, review: Abba's new album contains nothing to match their greatest hits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(UK)","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Potton, Ed (5 November 2021). \"Abba: Voyage review — we still have faith in you\". The Times. Retrieved 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/abba-voyage-review-we-still-have-faith-in-you-ckshk5s08","url_text":"\"Abba: Voyage review — we still have faith in you\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"ABBA's First New Studio Album in 40 Years Sold in Excess of 1M Combined Album Units in Its First Week\". Music Business Worldwide. 19 November 2021. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/abbas-first-new-studio-album-in-40-years-sold-in-excess-of-1m-combined-album-units-globally-in-its-first-week/","url_text":"\"ABBA's First New Studio Album in 40 Years Sold in Excess of 1M Combined Album Units in Its First Week\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220721130004/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/abbas-first-new-studio-album-in-40-years-sold-in-excess-of-1m-combined-album-units-globally-in-its-first-week/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Copsey, Rob (4 September 2021). \"Can ABBA claim the 2021 Christmas Number 1? Band reveal their new album Voyage includes a festive song\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/can-abba-claim-the-2021-christmas-number-1-band-reveal-their-new-album-voyage-includes-a-festive-song__33950/","url_text":"\"Can ABBA claim the 2021 Christmas Number 1? Band reveal their new album Voyage includes a festive song\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, George (6 September 2021). \"ABBA break Universal Music UK record for biggest ever pre-order with new album Voyage\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 7 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-break-universal-music-uk-record-for-biggest-ever-pre-order-with-new-album-voyage__33967/","url_text":"\"ABBA break Universal Music UK record for biggest ever pre-order with new album Voyage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Adele 30 album hit by vinyl shortage: 'All the factories closed down so I can't print them'\". 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/news/adele-30-album-hit-by-vinyl-shortage-all-the-factories-closed-down-so-i-cant-print-them-1250804","url_text":"\"Adele 30 album hit by vinyl shortage: 'All the factories closed down so I can't print them'\""}]},{"reference":"van Eenennaam, Alexander (5 November 2021). \"Nieuw album ABBA is gelijk platinum: 'Grbrurde voor het laatst bij Marco Borsato'\". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ad.nl/show/nieuw-album-abba-is-gelijk-platinum-gebeurde-voor-het-laatst-bij-marco-borsato~a83d8aa3/","url_text":"\"Nieuw album ABBA is gelijk platinum: 'Grbrurde voor het laatst bij Marco Borsato'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeen_Dagblad","url_text":"Algemeen Dagblad"}]},{"reference":"Ainsley, Helen (12 November 2021). \"ABBA soar to tenth Number 1 on the Official Albums Chart with Voyage: \"We are absolutely over the moon\"\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-soar-to-tenth-number-1-on-the-official-albums-chart-with-voyage-we-are-absolutely-over-the-moon__34427/","url_text":"\"ABBA soar to tenth Number 1 on the Official Albums Chart with Voyage: \"We are absolutely over the moon\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2021\". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-albums-of-2021__34858/","url_text":"\"The Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts\" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/news/item/1016-ueber-200-000-alben-verkauft-abba-feiern-rekordstart-und-mega-comeback","url_text":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts","url_text":"GfK Entertainment charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifica settimanale WK 45 (dal 05.11.2021 al 11.11.2021)\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 14 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/1/2021/45","url_text":"\"Classifica settimanale WK 45 (dal 05.11.2021 al 11.11.2021)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Keith (14 November 2021). \"ABBA Achieves Highest-Charting Album Ever on Billboard 200 With Debut of 'Voyage'\". Billboard. Retrieved 15 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9659859/abba-voyage-billboard-200-highest-charting-album/","url_text":"\"ABBA Achieves Highest-Charting Album Ever on Billboard 200 With Debut of 'Voyage'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"IFPI Global Charts\". IFPI. Retrieved 26 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifpi.org/our-industry/global-charts/","url_text":"\"IFPI Global Charts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Top 10 Album Sales Chart 2021\" (PDF). IFPI. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220323081925/https://www.ifpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/IFPI_Global_Music_Report_2022-State_of_the_Industry.pdf","url_text":"\"Global Top 10 Album Sales Chart 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI","url_text":"IFPI"},{"url":"https://www.ifpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/IFPI_Global_Music_Report_2022-State_of_the_Industry.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lista prodaje 45. tjedan 2021. (01.11.2021. – 07.11.2021.)\". HDU (in Croatian). 15 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.top-lista.hr/www/lista-prodaje-strano-45-tjedan-2021//","url_text":"\"Lista prodaje 45. tjedan 2021. (01.11.2021. – 07.11.2021.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Shops","url_text":"HDU"}]},{"reference":"\"Official IFPI Chart Top-75 Album Sales Chart (Combined) 44/2021\". IFPI Greece. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifpi.gr/charts_en.html","url_text":"\"Official IFPI Chart Top-75 Album Sales Chart (Combined) 44/2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece","url_text":"IFPI Greece"}]},{"reference":"\"Tónlistinn\" (in Icelandic). Félag hljómplötuframleiðanda. Retrieved 14 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://fhf.is/tonlistinn/","url_text":"\"Tónlistinn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Albums [2021/11/10 公開]\". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&year=2021&month=11&day=15","url_text":"\"Hot Albums [2021/11/10 公開]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan","url_text":"Billboard Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 45-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)\" (in Lithuanian). AGATA. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/45s/","url_text":"\"2021 45-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATA_(organization)","url_text":"AGATA"}]},{"reference":"\"SK – Albums – Top 100: ABBA – Voyage\" (in Czech). IFPI Czech. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://hitparada.ifpicr.cz/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=36&titul=167715&sec=8c7875fae207b4a60b7e83e40da388b9","url_text":"\"SK – Albums – Top 100: ABBA – Voyage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Czech","url_text":"IFPI Czech"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums for 2021\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2021/albums-chart","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums for 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Ö3-Austria Top40 Longplay-Jahrescharts 2021\". Ö3 Austria Top 40. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220101195807/https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/3020714/","url_text":"\"Ö3-Austria Top40 Longplay-Jahrescharts 2021\""},{"url":"https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/3020714/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2021\". Ultratop. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2021&cat=a","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rapports Annuels 2021\". Ultratop. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2021&cat=a","url_text":"\"Rapports Annuels 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Výsledky trhu 2021 - Česká republika\" (PDF) (in Czech). Česká národní skupina Mezinárodní federace hudebního průmyslu. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ifpicr.cz/files/page/bc/70/bc70c990a4f0c28a88cab5cf1db712db/TZ-Vysledky-trhu-2021-Ceska-republika-105.pdf","url_text":"\"Výsledky trhu 2021 - Česká republika\""}]},{"reference":"\"Album Top-100 2021\". Hitlisten. Retrieved 6 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://hitlisten.nu/top2021.asp","url_text":"\"Album Top-100 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Album 2021\". dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2021&cat=a","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Album 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top de l'année Top Albums 2021\" (in French). SNEP. Retrieved 15 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-albums-annee/?annee=2021","url_text":"\"Top de l'année Top Albums 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Jahrescharts: \"Wellerman\" ist erfolgreichster Hit 2021, ABBA siegen bei den Alben\" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/news/item/1026-offizielle-deutsche-jahrescharts-wellerman-ist-erfolgreichster-hit-2021-abba-siegen-bei-den-alben","url_text":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Jahrescharts: \"Wellerman\" ist erfolgreichster Hit 2021, ABBA siegen bei den Alben\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts","url_text":"GfK Entertainment charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Összesített album- és válogatáslemez-lista - eladási darabszám alapján - 2021\" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/album_db/2021","url_text":"\"Összesített album- és válogatáslemez-lista - eladási darabszám alapján - 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"TÓNLISTINN – PLÖTUR – 2021\" (in Icelandic). Plötutíðindi. Retrieved 27 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://plotutidindi.is/arslistar/plotur-2020-2/","url_text":"\"TÓNLISTINN – PLÖTUR – 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, George (9 January 2022). \"Ireland's official biggest albums of 2021\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/irelands-official-biggest-singles-of-2021-revealed__34917/","url_text":"\"Ireland's official biggest albums of 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"sanah podbija sprzedaż fizyczną w Polsce\" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/aktualnosci.php?idaktualnosci=2008","url_text":"\"sanah podbija sprzedaż fizyczną w Polsce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Albums Annual 2021\". Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elportaldemusica.es/lists/top-100-albums/2021","url_text":"\"Top 100 Albums Annual 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a","url_text":"Productores de Música de España"}]},{"reference":"\"Årslista Album, 2021\". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/83?dspy=2021&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Album, 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2021\". hitparade.ch (in German). Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/2021/alben","url_text":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, George (4 January 2022). \"The Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2021\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-albums-of-2021__34858/","url_text":"\"The Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Ö3 Austria Top40 Jahrescharts 2022\" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/3010524/","url_text":"\"Ö3 Austria Top40 Jahrescharts 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40","url_text":"Ö3 Austria Top 40"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230102173616/https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/3010524/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2022\" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved 13 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2022&cat=a","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop","url_text":"Ultratop"}]},{"reference":"\"Rapports annuels 2022\" (in French). Ultratop. Retrieved 13 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2022&cat=a","url_text":"\"Rapports annuels 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop","url_text":"Ultratop"}]},{"reference":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Jahrescharts: \"Layla\" ist erfolgreichster Hit 2022, Rammstein räumen bei den Alben ab\" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/news/item/1173-offizielle-deutsche-jahrescharts-layla-ist-erfolgreichster-hit-2022-rammstein-raeumen-bei-den-alben-ab","url_text":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Jahrescharts: \"Layla\" ist erfolgreichster Hit 2022, Rammstein räumen bei den Alben ab\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts","url_text":"GfK Entertainment charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Összesített album- és válogatáslemez-lista - eladási darabszám alapján - 2022\" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved 4 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/album_db/2022","url_text":"\"Összesített album- és válogatáslemez-lista - eladási darabszám alapján - 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Álbuns - Semanas 1 a 52 – De 31/12/2021 a 29/12/2022\" (PDF). Audiogest (in Portuguese). p. 1. Retrieved 1 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.audiogest.pt/uploads/files/file_2023-01-30-17-47-02.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 100 Álbuns - Semanas 1 a 52 – De 31/12/2021 a 29/12/2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Årslista Album, 2022\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/83?dspy=2022&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Album, 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2022\". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 27 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://swisscharts.com/charts/jahreshitparade/2022/alben","url_text":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2022 Albums\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 13 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/orr9fphn3kyhykimwm11l/AJgnk65H2gn9pbZqnwzHEtk/2022%20Accreds.pdf?rlkey=b5et6u9n5p7f3gkxgmqhivbyf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2022 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 3 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_per_page=100&fwp_interpret=ABBA&fwp_titel=Voyage&fwp_format=album&","url_text":"\"Austrian album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 2022\". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2022/albums","url_text":"\"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop","url_text":"Ultratop"}]},{"reference":"\"Danish album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://ifpi.dk/node/11061","url_text":"\"Danish album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Danmark","url_text":"IFPI Danmark"}]},{"reference":"\"French album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 3 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?categorie=Albums&interprete=ABBA&titre=Voyage","url_text":"\"French album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique","url_text":"Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique"}]},{"reference":"\"ALBUM-JAHRESCHARTS: ABBA VOR HELENE FISCHER\". Offizielle Deutsche Charts. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/news/item/1026-offizielle-deutsche-jahrescharts-wellerman-ist-erfolgreichster-hit-2021-abba-siegen-bei-den-alben","url_text":"\"ALBUM-JAHRESCHARTS: ABBA VOR HELENE FISCHER\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offizielle_Deutsche_Charts","url_text":"Offizielle Deutsche Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (ABBA; 'Voyage')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 10 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Voyage&strInterpret=ABBA&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (ABBA; 'Voyage')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月15日付\". Oricon. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211110024345/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-15/","url_text":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月15日付\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"},{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-15/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月22日付\". Oricon. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211117030928/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-22/p/2/","url_text":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月22日付\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"},{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-22/p/2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月29日付\". Oricon. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211124033548/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-29/p/3/","url_text":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月29日付\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"},{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-29/p/3/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月06日付\". Oricon. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211201025253/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-06/p/4/","url_text":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月06日付\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"},{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-06/p/4/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月13日付\". Oricon. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211208024304/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-13/p/4/","url_text":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月13日付\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"},{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-13/p/4/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月20日付\". Oricon. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211215022956/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-20/p/5/","url_text":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月20日付\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"},{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-20/p/5/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku\" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/wyroznienia/zloteplyty/cd/archiwum.php?year=2022","url_text":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Veckolista Album, vecka 51, 2021 \| Sverigetopplistan\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 23 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/54?dspy=2021&dspp=51","url_text":"\"Veckolista Album, vecka 51, 2021 \| Sverigetopplistan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"Paine, Andre (28 June 2023). \"One year on, how avatar concert ABBA Voyage is powering the group's classic catalogue\". Music Week. Retrieved 1 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/one-year-on-how-avatar-concert-abba-voyage-is-powering-the-group-s-classic-catalogue/088129","url_text":"\"One year on, how avatar concert ABBA Voyage is powering the group's classic catalogue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\". British Phonographic Industry.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/17636-1693-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Grammy Noms in the Marketplace\". Hits Daily Double. 31 January 2023. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=334521&title=GRAMMY-NOMS-IN-THE-MARKETPLACE","url_text":"\"Grammy Noms in the Marketplace\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230131195634/https://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=334521&title=GRAMMY-NOMS-IN-THE-MARKETPLACE","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『アバ・ゴールド』(SHM-CD)(2枚組)(特典:メガジャケ付): Music\". amazon.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/ABBA/dp/B09DYVP1G5/","url_text":"\"【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『アバ・ゴールド』(SHM-CD)(2枚組)(特典:メガジャケ付): Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『エッセンシャル・コレクション』(SHM-CD)(DVD付)(特典:メガジャケ付)\". amazon.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/ABBA/dp/B09DYV4HTK/","url_text":"\"【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『エッセンシャル・コレクション』(SHM-CD)(DVD付)(特典:メガジャケ付)\""}]},{"reference":"\"【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『アバ・イン・ジャパン』(SHM-CD)(2DVD付)(特典:メガジャケ付): Music\". amazon.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/ABBA/dp/B09DYX48TK/","url_text":"\"【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『アバ・イン・ジャパン』(SHM-CD)(2DVD付)(特典:メガジャケ付): Music\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_(ABBA_album)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9649423/abba-just-a-notion-listen","external_links_name":"\"ABBA Unleashes 'Ridiculously Happy' Song 'Just A Notion': Stream It Now\""},{"Link":"https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/abba-new-songs-voyage-album-digital-show/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA Debut New Songs, Announce 'Voyage' Album\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/abbas-final-album-finally-voyage-040004385.html","external_links_name":"\"ABBA's new (and final) album is finally here: Is 'Voyage' any good?\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/entertainment/abba-voyage-album-reviews-intl-scli/index.html","external_links_name":"\"ABBA are back with their first album in 40 years, but is it a Super Trouper or an SOS?\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-to-release-new-song-just-a-notion-this-friday__34249/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA to release new song Just A Notion this Friday\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/abba-announce-new-christmas-single-little-things-cd-3096551","external_links_name":"\"ABBA announce new Christmas single 'Little Things'\""},{"Link":"https://www.earone.it/news/abba_no_doubt_about_it_radio_date_11_02_2022_57818895/","external_links_name":"\"Abba - No Doubt About It (Radio Date: 11-02-2022)\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/abba-announce-first-album-in-40-years-share-new-songs-listen/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA Announce First Album in 40 Years, Share New Songs: Listen\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/sep/02/abba-reunite-for-voyage-first-new-album-in-40-years","external_links_name":"\"Abba reunite for Voyage, first new album in 40 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-announce-their-first-studio-album-of-new-material-in-39-years-voyage-and-hologram-concert-series__33932/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA announce their first studio album of new material in 39 years Voyage and hologram concert series\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/grammy-snubs-surprises-abba-morgan-wallen-1235433542/","external_links_name":"\"Grammy Snubs and Surprises: ABBA and Mary J. Blige Get Love; Zach Bryan, Morgan Wallen and 'Encanto,' Not So Much\""},{"Link":"https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/abba-celebrate-2-5-million-copies-of-voyage-worldwide/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA celebrate 2.5 million copies of Voyage worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221108100832/https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/abba-celebrate-2-5-million-copies-of-voyage-worldwide/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/abba-4-1212564","external_links_name":"\"ABBA's Bjorn Ulvaeus says band will never reform\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/jul/07/news.culture2","external_links_name":"\"Abba reunion: Don't hold your breath\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6397818/abbas-bjorn-ulvaeus-discusses-new-photo-book-writes-off-reunion-youll-never/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA's Bjorn Ulvaeus Discusses New Photo Book, Writes Off Reunion: 'You'll Never See Us Onstage Again'\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressen.se/noje/abba-together-on-stage-again/","external_links_name":"\"Abba together on stage again\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2018/04/27/abba-says-has-recorded-2-new-songs-marking-first-new-material-35-years/557284002/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA says it has recorded 2 new songs, marking first new material in 35 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/27/abba-announce-first-new-songs-for-35-years","external_links_name":"\"Abba announce first new songs for 35 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/mamma-mia-abba-make-new-music-after-35-years-1844041","external_links_name":"\"Mamma Mia! ABBA Make New Music After 35 Years\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2018/04/abba-to-reunite-after-35-years-with-nbc-bbc-tv-special-1202378152/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA To Reunite After 35 Years With NBC & BBC TV Special\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37776505","external_links_name":"\"Abba to reunite for 'new entertainment experience'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180505185458/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37776505","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211020/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/70s-pop-stars-abba-to-be-digitally-recreated-for-virtual-reality-world-tour/news-story/be146a18ca86a3ef7c58d53923512074","external_links_name":"\"'70s pop stars ABBA to be digitally recreated for virtual reality world tour\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/70s-pop-stars-abba-to-be-digitally-recreated-for-virtual-reality-world-tour/news-story/be146a18ca86a3ef7c58d53923512074","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/abba-voyage-teicket-sales-benny-andersson-interview-1235278346/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA's Live 'Voyage' Show Is Doing Big Numbers in London: 'We've Sold 380,000 Tickets,' Benny Andersson Reveals\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/oct/27/abba-reunion-interview-voyage-younger-selves","external_links_name":"\"Super troupers! ABBA on fame, divorce, ageing backwards – and why they've returned to rescue 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027060315/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/oct/27/abba-reunion-interview-voyage-younger-selves","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-heading-for-first-official-uk-top-10-singles-in-40-years-with-i-still-have-faith-in-you-and-don-t-shut-me-down__33957/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA heading for first Official UK Top 10 singles in 40 years with I Still Have Faith In You and Don't Shut Me Down\""},{"Link":"https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/abba-new-song-just-a-notion/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA Share Exuberant New Song, 'Just A Notion'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/longtime-abba-guitarist-lasse-wellander-dies-of-cancer-at-70","external_links_name":"\"Lasse Wellander, Longtime ABBA Guitarist, Dies at 70\""},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/abba-launch-new-virtual-concert-in-london/a-61929976","external_links_name":"\"ABBA launch new virtual concert in London\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58339627","external_links_name":"\"Abba tease major announcement ahead of new music\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/national/uk-today/19541718.abba-voyage-know-2022-abba-tour/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA Voyage: What we know about a 2022 ABBA tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/abba-voyage-watch-tour-album-b1913052.html","external_links_name":"\"ABBA Voyage: Fans in frenzy as Benny and Bjorn arrive in London ahead of mystery announcement\""},{"Link":"https://inews.co.uk/culture/abba-voyage-2021-reunited-abba-unveil-vr-live-show-first-new-songs-since-1982-1180261","external_links_name":"\"Abba Voyage: Reunited Abba unveil VR live show and first songs since 1982\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/a-virtual-abba-tour-is-set-to-take-place-in-2019-2139797","external_links_name":"\"A 'virtual' ABBA tour is set to take place in 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/abba-reunion-new-songs-name-release-date-a9631431.html","external_links_name":"\"Abba to release five new songs in 2021 as reunion is delayed by pandemic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200724104924/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/abba-reunion-new-songs-name-release-date-a9631431.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201006203615/https://dothaneagle.com/people/abba-reunite-in-london-to-film-for-2022-hologram-tour/article_4adec0a2-bd22-537e-925e-f0e94af4bf4c.html","external_links_name":"\"ABBA reunite in London to film for 2022 hologram tour\""},{"Link":"https://dothaneagle.com/people/abba-reunite-in-london-to-film-for-2022-hologram-tour/article_4adec0a2-bd22-537e-925e-f0e94af4bf4c.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/27/arts/music/abba-voyage-london.html","external_links_name":"\"Abba Returns to the Stage in London. Sort Of\""},{"Link":"http://www.anydecentmusic.com/review/13083/ABBA-Voyage.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Voyage by ABBA reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/voyage/abba","external_links_name":"\"Voyage by ABBA Reviews and Tracks\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/voyage-mw0003583740","external_links_name":"\"Voyage – ABBA \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/nov/05/abba-voyage-review-pop-back","external_links_name":"\"Abba: Voyage review – no thank you for the music\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/nov/06/abba-voyage-review-full-on-and-frothy","external_links_name":"\"Abba: Voyage review – full-on and frothy\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/abba-voyage-review-album-b1951484.html","external_links_name":"\"ABBA, Voyage review: A smorgasbord of schmaltz and stompers\""},{"Link":"https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/albums/abba-voyage-album-review","external_links_name":"\"After a 40-year absence, ABBA still ignite pure disco pleasure on fun nostalgia trip Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/en_au/reviews/album/abba-voyage-review-3087997","external_links_name":"\"ABBA – 'Voyage' review: a pop nostalgia trip that's worth taking\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/abba-voyage/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA: Voyage Album Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/abba-voyage-1251755/","external_links_name":"\"The First New ABBA Album in 40 Years Was Worth the Wait\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/voyage-review-abbas-new-album-contains-nothing-match-greatest/","external_links_name":"\"Voyage, review: Abba's new album contains nothing to match their greatest hits\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/abba-voyage-review-we-still-have-faith-in-you-ckshk5s08","external_links_name":"\"Abba: Voyage review — we still have faith in you\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/abbas-first-new-studio-album-in-40-years-sold-in-excess-of-1m-combined-album-units-globally-in-its-first-week/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA's First New Studio Album in 40 Years Sold in Excess of 1M Combined Album Units in Its First Week\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220721130004/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/abbas-first-new-studio-album-in-40-years-sold-in-excess-of-1m-combined-album-units-globally-in-its-first-week/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/can-abba-claim-the-2021-christmas-number-1-band-reveal-their-new-album-voyage-includes-a-festive-song__33950/","external_links_name":"\"Can ABBA claim the 2021 Christmas Number 1? Band reveal their new album Voyage includes a festive song\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-break-universal-music-uk-record-for-biggest-ever-pre-order-with-new-album-voyage__33967/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA break Universal Music UK record for biggest ever pre-order with new album Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://inews.co.uk/news/adele-30-album-hit-by-vinyl-shortage-all-the-factories-closed-down-so-i-cant-print-them-1250804","external_links_name":"\"Adele 30 album hit by vinyl shortage: 'All the factories closed down so I can't print them'\""},{"Link":"https://www.ad.nl/show/nieuw-album-abba-is-gelijk-platinum-gebeurde-voor-het-laatst-bij-marco-borsato~a83d8aa3/","external_links_name":"\"Nieuw album ABBA is gelijk platinum: 'Grbrurde voor het laatst bij Marco Borsato'\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-soar-to-tenth-number-1-on-the-official-albums-chart-with-voyage-we-are-absolutely-over-the-moon__34427/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA soar to tenth Number 1 on the Official Albums Chart with Voyage: \"We are absolutely over the moon\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-albums-of-2021__34858/","external_links_name":"\"The Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/news/item/1016-ueber-200-000-alben-verkauft-abba-feiern-rekordstart-und-mega-comeback","external_links_name":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts\""},{"Link":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/1/2021/45","external_links_name":"\"Classifica settimanale WK 45 (dal 05.11.2021 al 11.11.2021)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9659859/abba-voyage-billboard-200-highest-charting-album/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA Achieves Highest-Charting Album Ever on Billboard 200 With Debut of 'Voyage'\""},{"Link":"https://www.ifpi.org/our-industry/global-charts/","external_links_name":"\"IFPI Global Charts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220323081925/https://www.ifpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/IFPI_Global_Music_Report_2022-State_of_the_Industry.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Global Top 10 Album Sales Chart 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.ifpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/IFPI_Global_Music_Report_2022-State_of_the_Industry.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Australiancharts.com – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Austriancharts.at – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/ABBA/chart-history/CNA","external_links_name":"\"ABBA Chart History (Canadian Albums)\""},{"Link":"http://www.top-lista.hr/www/lista-prodaje-strano-45-tjedan-2021//","external_links_name":"\"Lista prodaje 45. tjedan 2021. (01.11.2021. – 07.11.2021.)\""},{"Link":"https://ifpicr.cz/hitparada/14/?weekId=","external_links_name":"\"Czech Albums – Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://danishcharts.dk/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Danishcharts.dk – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://www.ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/ABBA/Voyage","external_links_name":"ABBA: Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Lescharts.com – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-484681","external_links_name":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpi.gr/charts_en.html","external_links_name":"\"Official IFPI Chart Top-75 Album Sales Chart (Combined) 44/2021\""},{"Link":"https://slagerlistak.hu/album-top-40-slagerlista/2021/48","external_links_name":"\"Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2021. 48. hét\""},{"Link":"https://fhf.is/tonlistinn/","external_links_name":"\"Tónlistinn\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-albums-chart/20211112/ie7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50\""},{"Link":"https://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Italiancharts.com – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-15/","external_links_name":"\"Oricon Top 50 Albums: 2021-11-15\""},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-15/p/2/","external_links_name":"\"Oricon Top 50 Albums: 2021-11-15/p/2\""},{"Link":"https://billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&year=2021&month=11&day=15","external_links_name":"\"Hot Albums [2021/11/10 公開]\""},{"Link":"https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/45s/","external_links_name":"\"2021 45-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Charts.nz – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Norwegiancharts.com – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=1402&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart\""},{"Link":"https://portuguesecharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Portuguesecharts.com – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20211112/40/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"http://hitparada.ifpicr.cz/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=36&titul=167715&sec=8c7875fae207b4a60b7e83e40da388b9","external_links_name":"\"SK – Albums – Top 100: ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Spanishcharts.com – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swedishcharts.com – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=ABBA&titel=Voyage&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swisscharts.com – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20211112/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/ABBA/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"ABBA Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2021/albums-chart","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Top 100 Albums for 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220101195807/https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/3020714/","external_links_name":"\"Ö3-Austria Top40 Longplay-Jahrescharts 2021\""},{"Link":"https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/3020714/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2021&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2021&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Rapports Annuels 2021\""},{"Link":"https://ifpicr.cz/files/page/bc/70/bc70c990a4f0c28a88cab5cf1db712db/TZ-Vysledky-trhu-2021-Ceska-republika-105.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Výsledky trhu 2021 - Česká republika\""},{"Link":"http://hitlisten.nu/top2021.asp","external_links_name":"\"Album Top-100 2021\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2021&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Album 2021\""},{"Link":"https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-albums-annee/?annee=2021","external_links_name":"\"Top de l'année Top Albums 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/news/item/1026-offizielle-deutsche-jahrescharts-wellerman-ist-erfolgreichster-hit-2021-abba-siegen-bei-den-alben","external_links_name":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Jahrescharts: \"Wellerman\" ist erfolgreichster Hit 2021, ABBA siegen bei den Alben\""},{"Link":"https://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/album_db/2021","external_links_name":"\"Összesített album- és válogatáslemez-lista - eladási darabszám alapján - 2021\""},{"Link":"https://plotutidindi.is/arslistar/plotur-2020-2/","external_links_name":"\"TÓNLISTINN – PLÖTUR – 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/irelands-official-biggest-singles-of-2021-revealed__34917/","external_links_name":"\"Ireland's official biggest albums of 2021\""},{"Link":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/aktualnosci.php?idaktualnosci=2008","external_links_name":"\"sanah podbija sprzedaż fizyczną w Polsce\""},{"Link":"https://www.elportaldemusica.es/lists/top-100-albums/2021","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Albums Annual 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/83?dspy=2021&dspp=1","external_links_name":"\"Årslista Album, 2021\""},{"Link":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/2021/alben","external_links_name":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-albums-of-2021__34858/","external_links_name":"\"The Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2021\""},{"Link":"https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/3010524/","external_links_name":"\"Ö3 Austria Top40 Jahrescharts 2022\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230102173616/https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/3010524/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2022&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2022\""},{"Link":"http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2022&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Rapports annuels 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/news/item/1173-offizielle-deutsche-jahrescharts-layla-ist-erfolgreichster-hit-2022-rammstein-raeumen-bei-den-alben-ab","external_links_name":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Jahrescharts: \"Layla\" ist erfolgreichster Hit 2022, Rammstein räumen bei den Alben ab\""},{"Link":"https://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/album_db/2022","external_links_name":"\"Összesített album- és válogatáslemez-lista - eladási darabszám alapján - 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.audiogest.pt/uploads/files/file_2023-01-30-17-47-02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Álbuns - Semanas 1 a 52 – De 31/12/2021 a 29/12/2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/83?dspy=2022&dspp=1","external_links_name":"\"Årslista Album, 2022\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/charts/jahreshitparade/2022/alben","external_links_name":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/orr9fphn3kyhykimwm11l/AJgnk65H2gn9pbZqnwzHEtk/2022%20Accreds.pdf?rlkey=b5et6u9n5p7f3gkxgmqhivbyf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2022 Albums\""},{"Link":"https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_per_page=100&fwp_interpret=ABBA&fwp_titel=Voyage&fwp_format=album&","external_links_name":"\"Austrian album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2022/albums","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 2022\""},{"Link":"http://ifpi.dk/node/11061","external_links_name":"\"Danish album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?categorie=Albums&interprete=ABBA&titre=Voyage","external_links_name":"\"French album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/news/item/1026-offizielle-deutsche-jahrescharts-wellerman-ist-erfolgreichster-hit-2021-abba-siegen-bei-den-alben","external_links_name":"\"ALBUM-JAHRESCHARTS: ABBA VOR HELENE FISCHER\""},{"Link":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Voyage&strInterpret=ABBA&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","external_links_name":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (ABBA; 'Voyage')\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211110024345/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-15/","external_links_name":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月15日付\""},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-15/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211117030928/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-22/p/2/","external_links_name":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月22日付\""},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-22/p/2/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211124033548/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-29/p/3/","external_links_name":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年11月29日付\""},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-11-29/p/3/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211201025253/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-06/p/4/","external_links_name":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月06日付\""},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-06/p/4/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211208024304/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-13/p/4/","external_links_name":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月13日付\""},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-13/p/4/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211215022956/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-20/p/5/","external_links_name":"\"週間アルバムランキング – 2021年12月20日付\""},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2021-12-20/p/5/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211110023453/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2021-11-15/","external_links_name":"Oricon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211117031727/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/dia/w/2021-11-22/p/2/","external_links_name":"Oricon"},{"Link":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/wyroznienia/zloteplyty/cd/archiwum.php?year=2022","external_links_name":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku\""},{"Link":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/54?dspy=2021&dspp=51","external_links_name":"\"Veckolista Album, vecka 51, 2021 \| Sverigetopplistan\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/one-year-on-how-avatar-concert-abba-voyage-is-powering-the-group-s-classic-catalogue/088129","external_links_name":"\"One year on, how avatar concert ABBA Voyage is powering the group's classic catalogue\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/17636-1693-2","external_links_name":"\"British album certifications – ABBA – Voyage\""},{"Link":"https://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=334521&title=GRAMMY-NOMS-IN-THE-MARKETPLACE","external_links_name":"\"Grammy Noms in the Marketplace\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20230131195634/https://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=334521&title=GRAMMY-NOMS-IN-THE-MARKETPLACE","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/ABBA/dp/B09DYVP1G5/","external_links_name":"\"【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『アバ・ゴールド』(SHM-CD)(2枚組)(特典:メガジャケ付): Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/ABBA/dp/B09DYV4HTK/","external_links_name":"\"【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『エッセンシャル・コレクション』(SHM-CD)(DVD付)(特典:メガジャケ付)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/ABBA/dp/B09DYX48TK/","external_links_name":"\"【Amazon.co.jp限定】ヴォヤージ with 『アバ・イン・ジャパン』(SHM-CD)(2DVD付)(特典:メガジャケ付): Music\""},{"Link":"https://abbavoyage.com/","external_links_name":"Official ABBA Voyage website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_and_Information_Technology	Ethics and Information Technology	["1 References","2 External links"]	Academic journalEthics and Information TechnologyDisciplineComputer science, moral philosophyLanguageEnglishEdited byJeroen van den HovenPublication detailsHistory1999–presentPublisherSpringer Science+Business MediaFrequencyQuarterlyImpact factor1.500 (2016)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Ethics Inf. Technol.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusCODENEITHFJISSN1388-1957 (print)1572-8439 (web)LCCNsn99048894OCLC no.42731801Links Journal homepage Online archive Ethics and Information Technology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the intersection between moral philosophy and the field of information and communications technology. It was established in 1999 by Jeroen van den Hoven (Delft University of Technology), who has been its editor-in-chief ever since. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.6. It is thus ranked #8 out of 57 journals within the category of Ethics. However, according to another metric, the TQCC (top quartile citation count), Ethics and Information Technology is ranked #1 in that category as of early 2024. References ^ "Ethics and Information Technology (Editorial Board)". springer.com. Retrieved 2017-10-17. ^ Bynum, Terrell (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. ^ "Ethics and Information Technology". 2022 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2023. ^ "Ethics: Journal rankings". OOIR. Retrieved 19 May 2024. External links Official website This article about a philosophy journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article about a computer science journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-review"},{"link_name":"scientific journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"moral philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_philosophy"},{"link_name":"information and communications technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology"},{"link_name":"Jeroen van den Hoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_van_den_Hoven"},{"link_name":"Delft University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media"},{"link_name":"Journal Citation Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports"},{"link_name":"impact factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoS-3"},{"link_name":"TQCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_ranking#Measures"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ethics and Information Technology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the intersection between moral philosophy and the field of information and communications technology. It was established in 1999 by Jeroen van den Hoven (Delft University of Technology), who has been its editor-in-chief ever since.[1][2] It is published by Springer Science+Business Media.According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.6.[3] It is thus ranked #8 out of 57 journals within the category of Ethics. However, according to another metric, the TQCC (top quartile citation count), Ethics and Information Technology is ranked #1 in that category as of early 2024.[4]","title":"Ethics and Information Technology"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ethics and Information Technology (Editorial Board)\". springer.com. Retrieved 2017-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.springer.com/computer/swe/journal/10676/PS2?detailsPage=editorialBoard","url_text":"\"Ethics and Information Technology (Editorial Board)\""}]},{"reference":"Bynum, Terrell (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/ethics-computer/","url_text":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethics and Information Technology\". 2022 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2023.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ethics: Journal rankings\". OOIR. Retrieved 19 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ooir.org/journals.php?field=Philosophy+%26+Religion&category=Ethics&metric=tqcc&date=2024-05","url_text":"\"Ethics: Journal rankings\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://marcinwrochna.github.io/abbrevIso/?search=Ethics_and_Information_Technology","external_links_name":"ISO 4"},{"Link":"http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://lib.law.washington.edu/cilp/abbrev.html","external_links_name":"alt1"},{"Link":"http://personal.psu.edu/dhk3/research/Bluebook/T-13.htm","external_links_name":"alt2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=1388-1957%5BISSN%5D","external_links_name":"NLM"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Ethics+and+Information+Technology%5BJournal%5D","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/search/journals.html?journalName=1388-1957&Submit=Search","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=1388-1957","external_links_name":"CODEN"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=1572-8439","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=titles&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=Ethics+and+Information+Technology","external_links_name":"alt2"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/journals/13881957","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=1388-1957&argType1=all&searchCode1=KNUM&searchType=2","external_links_name":"LCCN"},{"Link":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Ethics+and+Information+Technology&argType1=all&searchCode1=KTIL&searchType=2","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"http://miar.ub.edu/issn/1388-1957","external_links_name":"MIAR"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=1388-1957%5BISSN%5D","external_links_name":"NLM"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Ethics+and+Information+Technology%5BJournal%5D","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/sources?sortField=citescore&sortDirection=desc&isHiddenField=false&field=issn&issn=1388-1957","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=codens&exactMatch=y&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=EITHFJ","external_links_name":"EITHFJ"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1388-1957","external_links_name":"1388-1957"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1572-8439","external_links_name":"1572-8439"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/sn99048894","external_links_name":"sn99048894"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42731801","external_links_name":"42731801"},{"Link":"https://www.springer.com/computer/swe/journal/10676","external_links_name":"Journal homepage"},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/journal/volumesAndIssues/10676","external_links_name":"Online archive"},{"Link":"https://www.springer.com/computer/swe/journal/10676/PS2?detailsPage=editorialBoard","external_links_name":"\"Ethics and Information Technology (Editorial Board)\""},{"Link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/ethics-computer/","external_links_name":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"},{"Link":"https://ooir.org/journals.php?field=Philosophy+%26+Religion&category=Ethics&metric=tqcc&date=2024-05","external_links_name":"\"Ethics: Journal rankings\""},{"Link":"https://www.springer.com/computer/swe/journal/10676","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics_and_Information_Technology&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethics_and_Information_Technology&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Boyd	Dermot Boyd	["1 References","2 External links"]	Northern Irish-born television director Dermot Boyd is a Northern Irish-born television director. Programmes he has directed include: The Return, Four Fathers, Feather Boy, Johnny and the Bomb, Drop Dead Gorgeous, Rough Diamond, Whistleblower, Casualty, and Holby City. He is husband of the writer Janet Behan. A further list of production credits can be found at the IMDb. References ^ Dermot Boyd @ IMDb ^ IMDb page External links For article about Whistleblower, see RTÉ website This Northern Ireland biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a television director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"television director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_director"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Feather Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather_Boy"},{"link_name":"Johnny and the Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_and_the_Bomb"},{"link_name":"Drop Dead Gorgeous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_Dead_Gorgeous_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rough Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Diamond_(BBC_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Whistleblower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower_(Irish_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Holby City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holby_City"},{"link_name":"Janet Behan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Behan"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dermot Boyd is a Northern Irish-born television director.[1] Programmes he has directed include: The Return, Four Fathers, Feather Boy, Johnny and the Bomb, Drop Dead Gorgeous, Rough Diamond, Whistleblower, Casualty, and Holby City. He is husband of the writer Janet Behan. A further list of production credits can be found at the IMDb.[2]","title":"Dermot Boyd"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0101748/","external_links_name":"Dermot Boyd @ IMDb"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0101748/","external_links_name":"IMDb page"},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/tv/whistleblower/director.html","external_links_name":"RTÉ website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermot_Boyd&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dermot_Boyd&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_collar	Branch collar	["1 Definition","2 Morphology","2.1 Growth stages","3 Function","3.1 Structural integrity","3.2 Low Conductivity","3.3 Influence on growth patterns","4 Ecology and disease","4.1 Compartmentalising disease","4.2 Epidemiology using the branch collar","4.3 Canker diseases","5 Pruning","5.1 Guidelines","5.2 Optimal pruning summary","5.3 Pruning methodology","5.4 Consequences of Optimal Pruning","5.5 Application of Optimal Pruning Techniques","6 See also","7 References"]	German term: a part of a tree Branch CollarOrganismsWoody PlantsBiological systemPlant Structural MemberHealthBeneficialActionInvoluntary A branch collar is the "shoulder" between the branch and trunk of woody plants; the inflammation formed at the base of the branch is caused by annually overlapping trunk tissue. The shape of the branch collar is due to two separate growth patterns, initially the branch grows basipetally, followed by seasonal trunk growth which envelops the branch. Branch collars serve as a strong foundation to the branch, and its orientation and internal characteristics allow the branch to withstand stress from numerous directions. Functionally the branch collars also influence the conductivity of nutrients and growth patterns. The branch collar which provides a protective barrier to prevent infection and decay, can also be useful in diagnosing bacterial diseases. Proper pruning techniques should accommodate for the branch collar structure, as by damaging the tree it is likely to decay or become diseased. Definition In arboriculture, the "shoulder" junction structure between the branch and the trunk is known as the branch collar. This structure can be identified as a raised ring of tissue around the base of the branch The branch collar and trunk collar are collectively called the branch collar. Morphology Growth stages A branch collar on a common oak (Quercus robur L.) Tree branches are attached to the trunk with a series of trunk collars that annually envelope the branch collar. The branch tissues develop a basal collar first in spring, then trunk tissue envelops the collar later during seasons of growth. This rhythm of growth results in a tissue arrangement that wraps around the branch, creating the branch collar. This processes where the branch tissue develops basipetally and the trunk tissue develops perpendicular to the branch, results in the cambium cells of the upper segments of the branch collar to develop in a right-angle formation. The expanding cambium of the trunk, over time, slowly overtakes the newly forming branch tissue, which causes the branch collar to swallow up more of the branch as the tree grows. The development of xylem tissue within the tight pocket above the branch collar known as the "crotch", causes the cells to be compacted to form the hard zone of connective tissue between the branch and the trunk. The formation of narrow channels and loops within the branch collar tissue are the pathways left behind by the flowing of large volumes of hormonal signals. Function A bottlebrush (Callistemon) with its branch collar circled in red Structural integrity The branch collar forms a sturdy foundation structure, the enveloping of branch tissue by trunk tissue gives the branch unique properties of strength. The branch collar junction due to various regions of differing elasticity allows the branch collar to withstand mechanical loads by distributing stress within tissue regions of varying strengths. Additionally, the orientation of fibres within critical regions of the branch collar can change their physical orientation to withstand and match stress from various directions. Furthermore, microfibril angles and density are adapted locally within the branch and branch collar, to develop patterns within the branch collar that best protect the plant from stress damage caused by loads on the branch and tension from branch growth. The points on the branch closest to the branch collar structure can take the most duress, similarly the branch collar provides the length of the branch with a strong foundation. Low Conductivity The presence of visible branch collars is a good indicator of low branch junction conductivity, this is because branch collars with perpendicular branches have significantly lower hydraulic conductivities than more upright branches. Within the branch collar there are water flow restriction zones, which are the combination of narrow vascular elements and non-functional circular vessels these structures help enhance the segmentation of the plant and promotes the movement of water and sap up the central xylem. Influence on growth patterns The circular tissues within the branch junctions directly influence the growth and dimensions of the tree, by affecting the shedding of branches and by attenuating their ability to withstand mechanical load, and indirectly, by affecting the movement of growth regulators and ascent of sap, which influence the development of branches especially the dominance of the leader branch. Trees can also self-prune by the bark building a ring notch at the branch collar which becomes a weak point so that at some stage the branch will be knocked off. Then the bark then grows over the wound and seals the tree. This function allows plants such as the crack willow (Salix Fragilis) to perform vegetative propagation where the shed branch will then root itself and grow. Ecology and disease Compartmentalising disease Sycamore Canker caused by Pseudomonas bacteria. Lambroughton Woods, North Ayrshire The branch collar inhibits infection by acting as a protective barrier. Trees compartmentalize their injury by producing antimicrobial substances then growing over the area. Events such as storms or incorrect pruning activity can cause damage to the branch collar When the trunk collar is injured, the trunk xylem below it is rapidly infected and decays. Within the branch collar there is a narrow cone of cells known as the branch defence zone, these cells activate the development of wood wound which is a callus tissue that grows when the branch is broken off. Suberization followed by periderm formation may provide a barrier to further mycelial advance, and the abundant production of resin may constitute further protection. However periderm barriers can be penetrated by hyphae, especially in weather favouring the rapid extension of canker, and it is common to find a succession of such barriers which have been crossed by fungus. Epidemiology using the branch collar The branch collar can be used to diagnose dying trees, Liberibacter asiaticus bacteria was found in higher concentration in the branch collar than the pith. Branch collar cortical tissue is soft compared to other tissues used for bacterial measure like the pith, making the tissue of the branch collar easier and more efficient in the epidemiological diagnosis of infected trees. Furthermore, the ability to conduct an epidemiological study using branch collar is useful as it can be used instead of leaves, which allows for the diagnosing of trees without any leaves. Canker diseases While most infections occur commonly at the main branch crotches, cankers start at the branch collar. For young trees branches crotch and collar could confine the infection within itself, in older trees (older than 4 years of age) there were more stem cankers which frequently originated on pruning scars. Wounds infection of the stem also originated in wounds caused by large wildlife. Proper pruning techniques of the branches can prevent the development of cankers. Pruning Main article: Pruning Guidelines Branch collar that has been pruned correctly. The generally accepted guideline for urban pruning has been a technique commonly referred to as "natural target pruning". Natural target pruning aims to retain the branch collar on the primary trunk while removing the rest of the branch, thereby promoting the development of the wood wound callus tissue free of defects and therefore possessing greater wood strength. Furthermore, Natural target pruning recommended guidelines aiming to retain the integrity of the branch collar has been shown to facilitate effective wound closure. The traditional method of pruning branches was to make an even level cut against the tree trunk, but this technique is currently avoided as evidence has shown that flush cuts increase the wound size and encourage the invasion of the wound by microorganisms and decay. Therefore, the current recommendation encourages that branches should be removed outside the branch collar as this technique facilitates a circular closure around the wound, while flush cuts often result in a distorted closure that exposes the wood to discolouration and decay. Optimal pruning summary Pruning according to the branch collar is integral in maintaining the health of woody plants. When pruning injures or removes the branch collar, the trunk xylem above and below the cut is rapidly infected by the microorganisms inhabiting the wood and decay of the plant occurs. Optimal pruning is carried out by cutting with respect to the perimeter of the branch collar and cutting adjacent to it. When cutting it is important to use sharp equipment, as any crushing will damage the branch collar. Young trees should be pruned enough to control the direction of the plants growth and to correct any form of weakness along the branch. The tree should be pruned at its desired height. When pruning choose roughly five to seven main branches and prune the rest. Older trees need to be pruned more delicately – they are more susceptible to infections. When pruning older trees, prune out dead, weak, diseased and insect-infested branches and also remove low, broken and crossing branches. The quality of pruning has significant effect on the infection by fungal pathogens, which can consequently cause stem disease. Pamphlet entitled; How to prune trees, an example of a pruning resource. Remove damaged, weak diseased, or insect infested growth or small unwanted branches anytime. It is most beneficial to prune prior to the annual period of most rapid growth, which is usually spring. Conversely, pruning when growth is nearly complete for the season tends to retard and stunt growth. The period of growth tends to vary for different trees, but generally; Deciduous trees should be pruned when dormant. Evergreen trees should be pruned before growth in spring. Spring flowering trees should be pruned towards the end of late spring as this tends to be their period of new growth, this can be indicated by the fading of flowers. Summer trees should be pruned before growth in late winter or spring. Pruning methodology The stages in pruning living branches with respect to branch collar: 1. Decide where the branch collar begins and ends 2. Identify the branch bark ridge (raised strip of bark at the top of the branch union or crotch that sits above the branch itself connecting to the trunk of the plant. 3. Mark a point outside both the branch bark ridge and the branch collar, mark a line angling down away following the angle of the branch collar. 4. Ternary Method; the first cut should be done from the underside of the branch around 6 to 12 inches away from the branch's union to the trunk. This cut is done to prevent the falling weight of the branch from tearing the stem tissue as it pulls away from the tree, which can cause damage and infection. 5. The second cut; called the top cut is made above and is further along the branch than the undercut. As beforementioned it is important to prevent any ripping while cutting and manipulating the branch. 6. Once both these cuts have been completed the branch should fall and be removed. 7. Make a third and final cut outside the previously marked point, at a 45 to 60 degree angle to the branch ridge, while cutting do so in a precise manner as to maintain the structurally integrity of the branch collar (in step 3). Consequences of Optimal Pruning Proper pruning techniques are integral in keeping the tree healthy. The branch collar has a variety of functions one of which is a natural defence system from disease and infection. Therefore, proper pruning techniques by maintaining the structurally integrity of the branch collar, allows for the branch collar to develop callus tissue which seals of the wound minimizing disease and infection. Application of Optimal Pruning Techniques Studies testing Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) tree maintenance workers on correct pruning techniques and conditions illustrated a need for improved education of optimal pruning practices. This would be beneficial as a clear understanding of optimal pruning techniques would improve the quality of their roadside tree pruning and consequently the health of the trees and the individuals living in communities with trees situated nearby. See also Trees portal Arboriculture Branch attachment Plant morphology Tree fork References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Shigo, Alex L. (1985). "How tree branches are attached to trunks". Canadian Journal of Botany. 63 (8): 1391–1401. doi:10.1139/b85-193. ^ a b c Müller, Ulrich; Gindl, Wolfgang; Jeronimidis, George (2006-09-01). "Biomechanics of a branch – stem junction in softwood". Trees. 20 (5): 643–648. doi:10.1007/s00468-006-0079-x. ISSN 1432-2285. S2CID 25258398. ^ a b c Eisner, Nathan; Gilman, Edward; Grabosky, Jason (2002). "Branch Morphology Impacts Compartmentalization of Pruning Wounds" (PDF). Journal of Arboriculture. 28 (2): 99–105. doi:10.48044/jauf.2002.013. S2CID 246537796. ^ a b c Gardiner, Barry; Quine, Christopher. "The mechanical adaption of tree to environmental influences". Proceedings of 3rd Plant Biomechanics Conference: 71–82 – via Research Gate. ^ a b c d Nakanishi, Yoshihiro; Takesaki, Ken; Miyaji, Katsuhiko; Kitazawa, Hiroaki (2016-09-01). "Detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus from branch collars of citrus trees". Journal of General Plant Pathology. 82 (5): 248–253. doi:10.1007/s10327-016-0666-7. ISSN 1610-739X. S2CID 18809076. ^ TREES, ASSOCIATES and SHIGO. 2002. Directed by A. Shigo. Durham, New Hampshire: Shigo and Trees, Associates. ^ a b c Lev-Yadun, Simcha; Aloni, Roni (June 1990). "Vascular differentiation in branch junctions of trees: circular patterns and functional significance". Trees. 4 (1). doi:10.1007/BF00226240. ISSN 0931-1890. S2CID 10349621. ^ Jungnikl, Karin; Goebbels, Jürgen; Burgert, Ingo; Fratzl, Peter (2009-06-01). "The role of material properties for the mechanical adaptation at branch junctions". Trees. 23 (3): 605–610. doi:10.1007/s00468-008-0305-9. ISSN 1432-2285. S2CID 30537509. ^ Gilman, E (September 2003). "Branch-to-stem diameter ratio affects strength of attachment". Journal of Arboriculture. 29 (5): 291–294. doi:10.48044/jauf.2003.033. ^ Shigo, Alex L. (1985). "Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees". Scientific American. 252 (4): 96–103. Bibcode:1985SciAm.252d..96S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0485-96. hdl:2027/uva.x002416568. ISSN 0036-8733. ^ "Tree pruning guide". US Forest Service for the US Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007. Features a diagram of the branch collar. ^ O'Hara, Kevin L. (2007). "Pruning Wounds and Occlusion: A Long-Standing Conundrum in Forestry". Journal of Forestry. 105 (3): 131–138. doi:10.1093/jof/105.3.131. S2CID 10075580. ^ a b c d e f g Jones, D. Rudd (1953). "Studies on a Canker Disease of Cypresses in East Africa, Caused by Monochaetia Unicornis (cooke & Ellis) Sacc". Annals of Applied Biology. 40 (2): 323–343. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1953.tb01086.x. ISSN 1744-7348. ^ Pruning Cuts - Colorado State University. Static.colostate.edu. (2020). Retrieved 10 October 2020, from ^ Guariguata, Manuel R.; Gilbert, Gregory S. (1996). "Interspecific Variation in Rates of Trunk Wound Closure in a Panamanian Lowland Forest". Biotropica. 28 (1): 23–29. doi:10.2307/2388768. ISSN 0006-3606. JSTOR 2388768. ^ Ow, Lai Fern; Ghosh, Subhadip; Sim, Eng Koon (2013-01-01). "Mechanical injury and occlusion: An urban, tropical perspective". Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 12 (2): 255–261. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2013.02.004. ISSN 1618-8667. ^ Haavik, Laurel J.; Stephen, Frederick M. (2011). "Factors that affect compartmentalization and wound closure of Quercus rubra infested with Enaphalodes rufulus". Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 13 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00522.x. ISSN 1461-9563. S2CID 85086121. ^ a b Mckenna, Jim & Woeste, Keith. (2020). Fertilizing, Pruning, and Thinning Hardwood Plantations. ^ a b c d "Los Angeles County". celosangeles.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-13. ^ Tarigan, M.; Wingfield, M. J.; Van Wyk, M.; Tjahjono, B.; Roux, J. (2011). "Pruning quality affects infection of Acacia mangium and A. crassicarpa by Ceratocystis acaciivora and Lasiodiplodia theobromae" (PDF). Southern Forests: A Journal of Forest Science. 73 (3–4): 187–191. doi:10.2989/20702620.2011.639498. hdl:2263/17698. S2CID 56442756. ^ a b c d e f Hodel, Donald R. Garden Information Pruning (PDF). University of California. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-13. ^ Purcell, L., 2015. Tree Pruning Essentials. Extension.purdue.edu. . ^ "A Guide to Successful Pruning, Pruning Deciduous Trees". www.pubs.ext.vt.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-02. ^ a b c "Branch Collar & Branch Bark Ridge \| Tree Pruning, Tree Trimming, Tree Removal, Oak Pruning, Arborist and 24 Hour Tree Service \| Rick Rudnick Arborist". rickrudnickarborist.com. Retrieved 2020-11-13. ^ a b Badrulhisham, Norainiratna; Othman, Noriah (2016-10-31). "Knowledge in Tree Pruning for Sustainable Practices in Urban Setting: Improving Our Quality of Life". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. ASLI (Annual Serial Landmark International) Conferences on QoL 2016. AMER International Conference on Quality of Life, AicQoL2016Medan, Indonesia, 25–27 February 2016. 234: 210–217. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.236. ISSN 1877-0428.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shoulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder"},{"link_name":"woody plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_plant"},{"link_name":"trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"pruning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"A branch collar is the \"shoulder\" between the branch and trunk of woody plants; the inflammation formed at the base of the branch is caused by annually overlapping trunk tissue.[1] The shape of the branch collar is due to two separate growth patterns, initially the branch grows basipetally, followed by seasonal trunk growth which envelops the branch.[1]Branch collars serve as a strong foundation to the branch, and its orientation and internal characteristics allow the branch to withstand stress from numerous directions.[2] Functionally the branch collars also influence the conductivity of nutrients and growth patterns.[3][4]The branch collar which provides a protective barrier to prevent infection and decay, can also be useful in diagnosing bacterial diseases.[1][5]Proper pruning techniques should accommodate for the branch collar structure, as by damaging the tree it is likely to decay or become diseased.[1]","title":"Branch collar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arboriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboriculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"In arboriculture, the \"shoulder\" junction structure between the branch and the trunk is known as the branch collar.[1] This structure can be identified as a raised ring of tissue around the base of the branch [6] The branch collar and trunk collar are collectively called the branch collar.[1]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Morphology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branch_collar_on_Qrob_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"(Quercus robur L.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_robur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"cambium cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"xylem tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"hormonal signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"}],"sub_title":"Growth stages","text":"A branch collar on a common oak (Quercus robur L.)Tree branches are attached to the trunk with a series of trunk collars that annually envelope the branch collar.[1] The branch tissues develop a basal collar first in spring, then trunk tissue envelops the collar later during seasons of growth.[1] This rhythm of growth results in a tissue arrangement that wraps around the branch, creating the branch collar.[1] This processes where the branch tissue develops basipetally and the trunk tissue develops perpendicular to the branch, results in the cambium cells of the upper segments of the branch collar to develop in a right-angle formation.[1]The expanding cambium of the trunk, over time, slowly overtakes the newly forming branch tissue, which causes the branch collar to swallow up more of the branch as the tree grows.[1] The development of xylem tissue within the tight pocket above the branch collar known as the \"crotch\", causes the cells to be compacted to form the hard zone of connective tissue between the branch and the trunk.[1] The formation of narrow channels and loops within the branch collar tissue are the pathways left behind by the flowing of large volumes of hormonal signals.[7]","title":"Morphology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branch_Collar_Circle_Image.png"},{"link_name":"Callistemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callistemon"}],"text":"A bottlebrush (Callistemon) with its branch collar circled in red","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"fibres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"microfibril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfibril"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Structural integrity","text":"The branch collar forms a sturdy foundation structure, the enveloping of branch tissue by trunk tissue gives the branch unique properties of strength.[1] The branch collar junction due to various regions of differing elasticity allows the branch collar to withstand mechanical loads by distributing stress within tissue regions of varying strengths.[2] Additionally, the orientation of fibres within critical regions of the branch collar can change their physical orientation to withstand and match stress from various directions.[2] Furthermore, microfibril angles and density are adapted locally within the branch and branch collar, to develop patterns within the branch collar that best protect the plant from stress damage caused by loads on the branch and tension from branch growth.[8] The points on the branch closest to the branch collar structure can take the most duress, similarly the branch collar provides the length of the branch with a strong foundation.[9]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"vascular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"}],"sub_title":"Low Conductivity","text":"The presence of visible branch collars is a good indicator of low branch junction conductivity, this is because branch collars with perpendicular branches have significantly lower hydraulic conductivities than more upright branches.[3] Within the branch collar there are water flow restriction zones, which are the combination of narrow vascular elements and non-functional circular vessels these structures help enhance the segmentation of the plant and promotes the movement of water and sap up the central xylem.[7]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Salix Fragilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_euxina"},{"link_name":"vegetative propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_propagation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"sub_title":"Influence on growth patterns","text":"The circular tissues within the branch junctions directly influence the growth and dimensions of the tree, by affecting the shedding of branches and by attenuating their ability to withstand mechanical load, and indirectly, by affecting the movement of growth regulators and ascent of sap, which influence the development of branches especially the dominance of the leader branch.[7]Trees can also self-prune by the bark building a ring notch at the branch collar which becomes a weak point so that at some stage the branch will be knocked off. Then the bark then grows over the wound and seals the tree.[4] This function allows plants such as the crack willow (Salix Fragilis) to perform vegetative propagation where the shed branch will then root itself and grow.[4]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ecology and disease"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sycamore_Canker_caused_by_Pseudomonas_bacteria._Lambroughton_Woods,_North_Ayrshire.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"antimicrobial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"periderm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-13"},{"link_name":"hyphae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypha"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-13"}],"sub_title":"Compartmentalising disease","text":"Sycamore Canker caused by Pseudomonas bacteria. Lambroughton Woods, North AyrshireThe branch collar inhibits infection by acting as a protective barrier.[3]Trees compartmentalize their injury by producing antimicrobial substances then growing over the area.[10]Events such as storms or incorrect pruning activity can cause damage to the branch collar [11] When the trunk collar is injured, the trunk xylem below it is rapidly infected and decays.[1] Within the branch collar there is a narrow cone of cells known as the branch defence zone, these cells activate the development of wood wound which is a callus tissue that grows when the branch is broken off.[12]Suberization followed by periderm formation may provide a barrier to further mycelial advance, and the abundant production of resin may constitute further protection.[13] However periderm barriers can be penetrated by hyphae, especially in weather favouring the rapid extension of canker, and it is common to find a succession of such barriers which have been crossed by fungus.[13]","title":"Ecology and disease"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pith"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"epidemiological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"}],"sub_title":"Epidemiology using the branch collar","text":"The branch collar can be used to diagnose dying trees, Liberibacter asiaticus bacteria was found in higher concentration in the branch collar than the pith.[5] Branch collar cortical tissue is soft compared to other tissues used for bacterial measure like the pith, making the tissue of the branch collar easier and more efficient in the epidemiological diagnosis of infected trees.[5] Furthermore, the ability to conduct an epidemiological study using branch collar is useful as it can be used instead of leaves, which allows for the diagnosing of trees without any leaves.[5]","title":"Ecology and disease"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canker"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-13"}],"sub_title":"Canker diseases","text":"While most infections occur commonly at the main branch crotches, cankers start at the branch collar.[13] For young trees branches crotch and collar could confine the infection within itself, in older trees (older than 4 years of age) there were more stem cankers which frequently originated on pruning scars.[13] Wounds infection of the stem also originated in wounds caused by large wildlife.[13] Proper pruning techniques of the branches can prevent the development of cankers.[13]","title":"Ecology and disease"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pruning"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branch_Collar_Pruned.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"callus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callus_(cell_biology)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Guidelines","text":"Branch collar that has been pruned correctly.The generally accepted guideline for urban pruning has been a technique commonly referred to as \"natural target pruning\".[14] Natural target pruning aims to retain the branch collar on the primary trunk while removing the rest of the branch, thereby promoting the development of the wood wound callus tissue free of defects and therefore possessing greater wood strength.[15] Furthermore, Natural target pruning recommended guidelines aiming to retain the integrity of the branch collar has been shown to facilitate effective wound closure.[16] The traditional method of pruning branches was to make an even level cut against the tree trunk, but this technique is currently avoided as evidence has shown that flush cuts increase the wound size and encourage the invasion of the wound by microorganisms and decay.[17] Therefore, the current recommendation encourages that branches should be removed outside the branch collar as this technique facilitates a circular closure around the wound, while flush cuts often result in a distorted closure that exposes the wood to discolouration and decay.[1]","title":"Pruning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-13"},{"link_name":"insect-infested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infestation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:How_to_prune_trees_(IA_CAT10819651).pdf"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-21"},{"link_name":"Deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-21"},{"link_name":"Evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-21"}],"sub_title":"Optimal pruning summary","text":"Pruning according to the branch collar is integral in maintaining the health of woody plants. When pruning injures or removes the branch collar, the trunk xylem above and below the cut is rapidly infected by the microorganisms inhabiting the wood and decay of the plant occurs.[1]Optimal pruning is carried out by cutting with respect to the perimeter of the branch collar and cutting adjacent to it.[1] When cutting it is important to use sharp equipment, as any crushing will damage the branch collar.[18]Young trees should be pruned enough to control the direction of the plants growth and to correct any form of weakness along the branch.[19] The tree should be pruned at its desired height.[19] When pruning choose roughly five to seven main branches and prune the rest.[19]Older trees need to be pruned more delicately – they are more susceptible to infections.[13] When pruning older trees, prune out dead, weak, diseased and insect-infested branches and also remove low, broken and crossing branches.[19]The quality of pruning has significant effect on the infection by fungal pathogens, which can consequently cause stem disease.[20]Pamphlet entitled; How to prune trees, an example of a pruning resource.Remove damaged, weak diseased, or insect infested growth or small unwanted branches anytime.[21] It is most beneficial to prune prior to the annual period of most rapid growth, which is usually spring.[21] Conversely, pruning when growth is nearly complete for the season tends to retard and stunt growth. The period of growth tends to vary for different trees, but generally; Deciduous trees should be pruned when dormant.[21] Evergreen trees should be pruned before growth in spring.[21] Spring flowering trees should be pruned towards the end of late spring as this tends to be their period of new growth, this can be indicated by the fading of flowers.[21] Summer trees should be pruned before growth in late winter or spring.[21]","title":"Pruning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"branch bark ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Branch_bark_ridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Pruning methodology","text":"The stages in pruning living branches with respect to branch collar: [citation needed]1. Decide where the branch collar begins and ends2. Identify the branch bark ridge (raised strip of bark at the top of the branch union or crotch that sits above the branch itself connecting to the trunk of the plant.3. Mark a point outside both the branch bark ridge and the branch collar, mark a line angling down away following the angle of the branch collar.4. Ternary Method; the first cut should be done from the underside of the branch around 6 to 12 inches away from the branch's union to the trunk. This cut is done to prevent the falling weight of the branch from tearing the stem tissue as it pulls away from the tree, which can cause damage and infection.5. The second cut; called the top cut is made above and is further along the branch than the undercut. As beforementioned it is important to prevent any ripping while cutting and manipulating the branch.6. Once both these cuts have been completed the branch should fall and be removed.7. Make a third and final cut outside the previously marked point, at a 45 to 60 degree angle to the branch ridge, while cutting do so in a precise manner as to maintain the structurally integrity of the branch collar (in step 3).[18][22][23]","title":"Pruning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-24"}],"sub_title":"Consequences of Optimal Pruning","text":"Proper pruning techniques are integral in keeping the tree healthy.[24]The branch collar has a variety of functions one of which is a natural defence system from disease and infection.[24] Therefore, proper pruning techniques by maintaining the structurally integrity of the branch collar, allows for the branch collar to develop callus tissue which seals of the wound minimizing disease and infection.[24]","title":"Pruning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-25"}],"sub_title":"Application of Optimal Pruning Techniques","text":"Studies testing Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) tree maintenance workers on correct pruning techniques and conditions illustrated a need for improved education of optimal pruning practices.[25] This would be beneficial as a clear understanding of optimal pruning techniques would improve the quality of their roadside tree pruning and consequently the health of the trees and the individuals living in communities with trees situated nearby.[25]","title":"Pruning"}]	[{"image_text":"A branch collar on a common oak (Quercus robur L.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Branch_collar_on_Qrob_02.JPG/220px-Branch_collar_on_Qrob_02.JPG"},{"image_text":"A bottlebrush (Callistemon) with its branch collar circled in red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Branch_Collar_Circle_Image.png/220px-Branch_Collar_Circle_Image.png"},{"image_text":"Sycamore Canker caused by Pseudomonas bacteria. Lambroughton Woods, North Ayrshire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sycamore_Canker_caused_by_Pseudomonas_bacteria._Lambroughton_Woods%2C_North_Ayrshire.jpg/220px-Sycamore_Canker_caused_by_Pseudomonas_bacteria._Lambroughton_Woods%2C_North_Ayrshire.jpg"},{"image_text":"Branch collar that has been pruned correctly.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Branch_Collar_Pruned.jpg/220px-Branch_Collar_Pruned.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pamphlet entitled; How to prune trees, an example of a pruning resource.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/How_to_prune_trees_%28IA_CAT10819651%29.pdf/page1-220px-How_to_prune_trees_%28IA_CAT10819651%29.pdf.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg"},{"title":"Trees portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Trees"},{"title":"Arboriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboriculture"},{"title":"Branch attachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_attachment"},{"title":"Plant morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_morphology"},{"title":"Tree fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_fork"}]	[{"reference":"Shigo, Alex L. (1985). \"How tree branches are attached to trunks\". Canadian Journal of Botany. 63 (8): 1391–1401. doi:10.1139/b85-193.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb85-193","url_text":"10.1139/b85-193"}]},{"reference":"Müller, Ulrich; Gindl, Wolfgang; Jeronimidis, George (2006-09-01). \"Biomechanics of a branch – stem junction in softwood\". Trees. 20 (5): 643–648. doi:10.1007/s00468-006-0079-x. ISSN 1432-2285. S2CID 25258398.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00468-006-0079-x","url_text":"10.1007/s00468-006-0079-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-2285","url_text":"1432-2285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25258398","url_text":"25258398"}]},{"reference":"Eisner, Nathan; Gilman, Edward; Grabosky, Jason (2002). \"Branch Morphology Impacts Compartmentalization of Pruning Wounds\" (PDF). Journal of Arboriculture. 28 (2): 99–105. doi:10.48044/jauf.2002.013. S2CID 246537796.","urls":[{"url":"https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/documents/articles/EFG0503.pdf","url_text":"\"Branch Morphology Impacts Compartmentalization of Pruning Wounds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48044%2Fjauf.2002.013","url_text":"10.48044/jauf.2002.013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246537796","url_text":"246537796"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Barry; Quine, Christopher. \"The mechanical adaption of tree to environmental influences\". Proceedings of 3rd Plant Biomechanics Conference: 71–82 – via Research Gate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290999711","url_text":"\"The mechanical adaption of tree to environmental influences\""}]},{"reference":"Nakanishi, Yoshihiro; Takesaki, Ken; Miyaji, Katsuhiko; Kitazawa, Hiroaki (2016-09-01). \"Detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus from branch collars of citrus trees\". Journal of General Plant Pathology. 82 (5): 248–253. doi:10.1007/s10327-016-0666-7. ISSN 1610-739X. S2CID 18809076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10327-016-0666-7","url_text":"10.1007/s10327-016-0666-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1610-739X","url_text":"1610-739X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18809076","url_text":"18809076"}]},{"reference":"Lev-Yadun, Simcha; Aloni, Roni (June 1990). \"Vascular differentiation in branch junctions of trees: circular patterns and functional significance\". Trees. 4 (1). doi:10.1007/BF00226240. ISSN 0931-1890. S2CID 10349621.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00226240","url_text":"\"Vascular differentiation in branch junctions of trees: circular patterns and functional significance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00226240","url_text":"10.1007/BF00226240"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0931-1890","url_text":"0931-1890"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10349621","url_text":"10349621"}]},{"reference":"Jungnikl, Karin; Goebbels, Jürgen; Burgert, Ingo; Fratzl, Peter (2009-06-01). \"The role of material properties for the mechanical adaptation at branch junctions\". Trees. 23 (3): 605–610. doi:10.1007/s00468-008-0305-9. ISSN 1432-2285. S2CID 30537509.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00468-008-0305-9","url_text":"\"The role of material properties for the mechanical adaptation at branch junctions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00468-008-0305-9","url_text":"10.1007/s00468-008-0305-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-2285","url_text":"1432-2285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30537509","url_text":"30537509"}]},{"reference":"Gilman, E (September 2003). \"Branch-to-stem diameter ratio affects strength of attachment\". Journal of Arboriculture. 29 (5): 291–294. doi:10.48044/jauf.2003.033.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48044%2Fjauf.2003.033","url_text":"\"Branch-to-stem diameter ratio affects strength of attachment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48044%2Fjauf.2003.033","url_text":"10.48044/jauf.2003.033"}]},{"reference":"Shigo, Alex L. (1985). \"Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees\". Scientific American. 252 (4): 96–103. Bibcode:1985SciAm.252d..96S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0485-96. hdl:2027/uva.x002416568. ISSN 0036-8733.","urls":[{"url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/309547","url_text":"\"Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985SciAm.252d..96S","url_text":"1985SciAm.252d..96S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0485-96","url_text":"10.1038/scientificamerican0485-96"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuva.x002416568","url_text":"2027/uva.x002416568"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733","url_text":"0036-8733"}]},{"reference":"\"Tree pruning guide\". US Forest Service for the US Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070426071433/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_prune/cuts.htm","url_text":"\"Tree pruning guide\""},{"url":"http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_prune/cuts.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Hara, Kevin L. (2007). \"Pruning Wounds and Occlusion: A Long-Standing Conundrum in Forestry\". Journal of Forestry. 105 (3): 131–138. doi:10.1093/jof/105.3.131. S2CID 10075580.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/jof/article/105/3/131/4598767","url_text":"\"Pruning Wounds and Occlusion: A Long-Standing Conundrum in Forestry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjof%2F105.3.131","url_text":"10.1093/jof/105.3.131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10075580","url_text":"10075580"}]},{"reference":"Jones, D. Rudd (1953). \"Studies on a Canker Disease of Cypresses in East Africa, Caused by Monochaetia Unicornis (cooke & Ellis) Sacc\". Annals of Applied Biology. 40 (2): 323–343. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1953.tb01086.x. ISSN 1744-7348.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1953.tb01086.x","url_text":"\"Studies on a Canker Disease of Cypresses in East Africa, Caused by Monochaetia Unicornis (cooke & Ellis) Sacc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7348.1953.tb01086.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1744-7348.1953.tb01086.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-7348","url_text":"1744-7348"}]},{"reference":"Guariguata, Manuel R.; Gilbert, Gregory S. (1996). \"Interspecific Variation in Rates of Trunk Wound Closure in a Panamanian Lowland Forest\". Biotropica. 28 (1): 23–29. doi:10.2307/2388768. ISSN 0006-3606. JSTOR 2388768.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2388768","url_text":"10.2307/2388768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3606","url_text":"0006-3606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388768","url_text":"2388768"}]},{"reference":"Ow, Lai Fern; Ghosh, Subhadip; Sim, Eng Koon (2013-01-01). \"Mechanical injury and occlusion: An urban, tropical perspective\". Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 12 (2): 255–261. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2013.02.004. ISSN 1618-8667.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S161886671300023X","url_text":"\"Mechanical injury and occlusion: An urban, tropical perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ufug.2013.02.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.ufug.2013.02.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1618-8667","url_text":"1618-8667"}]},{"reference":"Haavik, Laurel J.; Stephen, Frederick M. (2011). \"Factors that affect compartmentalization and wound closure of Quercus rubra infested with Enaphalodes rufulus\". Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 13 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00522.x. ISSN 1461-9563. S2CID 85086121.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00522.x","url_text":"\"Factors that affect compartmentalization and wound closure of Quercus rubra infested with Enaphalodes rufulus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1461-9563.2011.00522.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00522.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1461-9563","url_text":"1461-9563"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85086121","url_text":"85086121"}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles County\". celosangeles.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://celosangeles.ucdavis.edu/","url_text":"\"Los Angeles County\""}]},{"reference":"Tarigan, M.; Wingfield, M. J.; Van Wyk, M.; Tjahjono, B.; Roux, J. (2011). \"Pruning quality affects infection of Acacia mangium and A. crassicarpa by Ceratocystis acaciivora and Lasiodiplodia theobromae\" (PDF). Southern Forests: A Journal of Forest Science. 73 (3–4): 187–191. doi:10.2989/20702620.2011.639498. hdl:2263/17698. S2CID 56442756.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fabinet.up.ac.za/publication/pdfs/629-2011_tarigan_et_al_southern_forests.pdf","url_text":"\"Pruning quality affects infection of Acacia mangium and A. crassicarpa by Ceratocystis acaciivora and Lasiodiplodia theobromae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2989%2F20702620.2011.639498","url_text":"10.2989/20702620.2011.639498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F17698","url_text":"2263/17698"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56442756","url_text":"56442756"}]},{"reference":"Hodel, Donald R. Garden Information Pruning (PDF). University of California. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201113115521/http://celosangeles.ucdavis.edu/files/96699.pdf","url_text":"Garden Information Pruning"},{"url":"http://celosangeles.ucdavis.edu/files/96699.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Guide to Successful Pruning, Pruning Deciduous Trees\". www.pubs.ext.vt.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-456/430-456.html#:~:text=When%20making%20thinning%20cuts%20to,method%20to%20avoid%20tearing%20bark.","url_text":"\"A Guide to Successful Pruning, Pruning Deciduous Trees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Branch Collar & Branch Bark Ridge \| Tree Pruning, Tree Trimming, Tree Removal, Oak Pruning, Arborist and 24 Hour Tree Service \| Rick Rudnick Arborist\". rickrudnickarborist.com. Retrieved 2020-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://rickrudnickarborist.com/branch_collar.html","url_text":"\"Branch Collar & Branch Bark Ridge \| Tree Pruning, Tree Trimming, Tree Removal, Oak Pruning, Arborist and 24 Hour Tree Service \| Rick Rudnick Arborist\""}]},{"reference":"Badrulhisham, Norainiratna; Othman, Noriah (2016-10-31). \"Knowledge in Tree Pruning for Sustainable Practices in Urban Setting: Improving Our Quality of Life\". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. ASLI (Annual Serial Landmark International) Conferences on QoL 2016. AMER International Conference on Quality of Life, AicQoL2016Medan, Indonesia, 25–27 February 2016. 234: 210–217. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.236. ISSN 1877-0428.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2016.10.236","url_text":"\"Knowledge in Tree Pruning for Sustainable Practices in Urban Setting: Improving Our Quality of Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2016.10.236","url_text":"10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1877-0428","url_text":"1877-0428"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb85-193","external_links_name":"10.1139/b85-193"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00468-006-0079-x","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00468-006-0079-x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-2285","external_links_name":"1432-2285"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25258398","external_links_name":"25258398"},{"Link":"https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/documents/articles/EFG0503.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Branch Morphology Impacts Compartmentalization of Pruning Wounds\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.48044%2Fjauf.2002.013","external_links_name":"10.48044/jauf.2002.013"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246537796","external_links_name":"246537796"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290999711","external_links_name":"\"The mechanical adaption of tree to environmental influences\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10327-016-0666-7","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10327-016-0666-7"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1610-739X","external_links_name":"1610-739X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18809076","external_links_name":"18809076"},{"Link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00226240","external_links_name":"\"Vascular differentiation in branch junctions of trees: circular patterns and functional significance\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00226240","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00226240"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0931-1890","external_links_name":"0931-1890"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10349621","external_links_name":"10349621"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00468-008-0305-9","external_links_name":"\"The role of material properties for the mechanical adaptation at branch junctions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00468-008-0305-9","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00468-008-0305-9"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-2285","external_links_name":"1432-2285"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30537509","external_links_name":"30537509"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.48044%2Fjauf.2003.033","external_links_name":"\"Branch-to-stem diameter ratio affects strength of attachment\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.48044%2Fjauf.2003.033","external_links_name":"10.48044/jauf.2003.033"},{"Link":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/309547","external_links_name":"\"Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985SciAm.252d..96S","external_links_name":"1985SciAm.252d..96S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0485-96","external_links_name":"10.1038/scientificamerican0485-96"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuva.x002416568","external_links_name":"2027/uva.x002416568"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733","external_links_name":"0036-8733"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070426071433/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_prune/cuts.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tree pruning guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_prune/cuts.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/jof/article/105/3/131/4598767","external_links_name":"\"Pruning Wounds and Occlusion: A Long-Standing Conundrum in Forestry\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjof%2F105.3.131","external_links_name":"10.1093/jof/105.3.131"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10075580","external_links_name":"10075580"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1953.tb01086.x","external_links_name":"\"Studies on a Canker Disease of Cypresses in East Africa, Caused by Monochaetia Unicornis (cooke & Ellis) Sacc\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7348.1953.tb01086.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1744-7348.1953.tb01086.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-7348","external_links_name":"1744-7348"},{"Link":"https://static.colostate.edu/client-files/csfs/pdfs/08byrgd-www.pdf","external_links_name":"Pruning Cuts - Colorado State University"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2388768","external_links_name":"10.2307/2388768"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3606","external_links_name":"0006-3606"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388768","external_links_name":"2388768"},{"Link":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S161886671300023X","external_links_name":"\"Mechanical injury and occlusion: An urban, tropical perspective\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ufug.2013.02.004","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ufug.2013.02.004"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1618-8667","external_links_name":"1618-8667"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00522.x","external_links_name":"\"Factors that affect compartmentalization and wound closure of Quercus rubra infested with Enaphalodes rufulus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1461-9563.2011.00522.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00522.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1461-9563","external_links_name":"1461-9563"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85086121","external_links_name":"85086121"},{"Link":"https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/fnr/fnr-215.pdf","external_links_name":"Fertilizing, Pruning, and Thinning Hardwood Plantations"},{"Link":"http://celosangeles.ucdavis.edu/","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles County\""},{"Link":"https://www.fabinet.up.ac.za/publication/pdfs/629-2011_tarigan_et_al_southern_forests.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pruning quality affects infection of Acacia mangium and A. crassicarpa by Ceratocystis acaciivora and Lasiodiplodia theobromae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2989%2F20702620.2011.639498","external_links_name":"10.2989/20702620.2011.639498"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F17698","external_links_name":"2263/17698"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56442756","external_links_name":"56442756"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201113115521/http://celosangeles.ucdavis.edu/files/96699.pdf","external_links_name":"Garden Information Pruning"},{"Link":"http://celosangeles.ucdavis.edu/files/96699.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230625103057/https://extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/fnr/fnr-506-w.pdf","external_links_name":"Tree Pruning Essentials"},{"Link":"https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-456/430-456.html#:~:text=When%20making%20thinning%20cuts%20to,method%20to%20avoid%20tearing%20bark.","external_links_name":"\"A Guide to Successful Pruning, Pruning Deciduous Trees\""},{"Link":"http://rickrudnickarborist.com/branch_collar.html","external_links_name":"\"Branch Collar & Branch Bark Ridge \| Tree Pruning, Tree Trimming, Tree Removal, Oak Pruning, Arborist and 24 Hour Tree Service \| Rick Rudnick Arborist\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2016.10.236","external_links_name":"\"Knowledge in Tree Pruning for Sustainable Practices in Urban Setting: Improving Our Quality of Life\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2016.10.236","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.236"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1877-0428","external_links_name":"1877-0428"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Vohburg	Hermann von Vohburg	["1 References"]	Hermann von Vohburg, also known as Hermann II, was bishop of Augsburg during the period 1096–1133. Hermann was appointed as bishop by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV in 1096 in Verona. Patriarch Ulric of Aquileia consecrated him. According to the monk Udalscalc, Hermann's brother Ulric paid Henry IV to appoint Hermann. Hermann was a layman prior to his appointment. References ^ a b c d e Niblaeus, Erik (27 May 2023). "The Investiture Contest in the margins: popes and peace in a manuscript from Augsburg cathedral". Journal of Medieval History. 49 (3): 306–319. doi:10.1080/03044181.2023.2210041. S2CID 258755885. ^ "Hermann, Bishop of Augsburg". British Museum. ^ Burden, John Murphy (2018). Between Crime and Sin: Penitential Justice in Medieval Germany, 900–1200 (Thesis). ProQuest 2089931986. This article about a Catholic bishop from Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niblaeus2023-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niblaeus2023-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niblaeus2023-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niblaeus2023-1"}],"text":"Hermann was appointed as bishop by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV in 1096 in Verona.[1] Patriarch Ulric of Aquileia consecrated him.[1] According to the monk Udalscalc, Hermann's brother Ulric paid Henry IV to appoint Hermann.[1]Hermann was a layman prior to his appointment.[1]","title":"Hermann von Vohburg"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Niblaeus, Erik (27 May 2023). \"The Investiture Contest in the margins: popes and peace in a manuscript from Augsburg cathedral\". Journal of Medieval History. 49 (3): 306–319. doi:10.1080/03044181.2023.2210041. S2CID 258755885.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2023.2210041","url_text":"\"The Investiture Contest in the margins: popes and peace in a manuscript from Augsburg cathedral\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2023.2210041","url_text":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2210041"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258755885","url_text":"258755885"}]},{"reference":"\"Hermann, Bishop of Augsburg\". British Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG109543","url_text":"\"Hermann, Bishop of Augsburg\""}]},{"reference":"Burden, John Murphy (2018). Between Crime and Sin: Penitential Justice in Medieval Germany, 900–1200 (Thesis). ProQuest 2089931986.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2089931986","url_text":"2089931986"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2023.2210041","external_links_name":"\"The Investiture Contest in the margins: popes and peace in a manuscript from Augsburg cathedral\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2023.2210041","external_links_name":"10.1080/03044181.2023.2210041"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258755885","external_links_name":"258755885"},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG109543","external_links_name":"\"Hermann, Bishop of Augsburg\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2089931986","external_links_name":"2089931986"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_von_Vohburg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Memphis	East Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee	["1 Region overview","2 Parks & places","2.1 Museums, parks, gardens","2.2 Other places of note","3 Religion","4 Secondary schools","4.1 Public schools","4.2 Religiously affiliated schools","5 Restaurants","6 Gallery","7 References"]	Coordinates: 35°08′10″N 89°52′48″W / 35.136°N 89.880°W / 35.136; -89.880This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) East Memphis is a region of Memphis, Tennessee with several defined and informal subdivisions and neighborhoods such as Colonial Acres, White Station-Yates, Sherwood Forest, Normal Station, High Point Terrace, Belle Meade, Normandy Meadows, St. Nick, Pleasant Acres, Balmoral, and Ridgeway. The general boundaries are informal: On the West: Highland Street. On the South: I-240 On the East: Traditionally, the eastern border was anything inside the I-240 loop, however, many extend this to the Germantown city limits and the Cordova community On the North: Sam Cooper Blvd. The primary zip codes in this area are 38111, 38117, and 38157, including 38120 and 38119. In 1950, the eastern boundary of Memphis was essentially the western boundary of what is today East Memphis. By the mid-1960s, most of East Memphis inside the I-240 loop had been annexed by the city of Memphis. Region overview East Memphis is a commercial and residential powerhouse. Poplar Avenue provides the central east–west thoroughfare of the area, and there are many thriving businesses on and around it. East Memphis is the location of some of the largest Memphis homes, specifically those in the Walnut Grove area. It is also home to the looming Clark Tower, as there are no legal restrictions on the height of buildings outside of the downtown area. The area also has developed into a home for many businesses and law firms. Walnut Grove Rd. has a high concentration of churches and schools. Poplar Plaza Shopping center at the corner of Poplar and Highland St. could be the beginning of the East Memphis commercial district. Highland St. is mostly commercial, with a collection of high-rise low-to-moderate residential buildings, as well as Crichton College. The University of Memphis sits south of Central Ave. and north of Southern Ave, with the Highland strip bordering it on its western side. Further east on Poplar Ave., Laurelwood Shopping Center and Oak Court Mall, can be found. East Memphis covers areas outside of the I-240 Loop including the residential areas around Quince Road and Kirby Parkway, and River Oaks subdivision. A commercial center has developed around the intersection of Poplar and Ridgeway Road which includes the Hilton Memphis, the largest hotel in the city. The eastern border of the neighborhood is the Germantown city limits at Kirby Parkway. The major shopping venues in East Memphis are Eastgate Shopping Center, Poplar Plaza Shopping Center, Oak Court Mall, Laurelwood Collection, Regalia, and Park Place Center. Parks & places Museums, parks, gardens Audubon Park Dixon Gallery Davis Park Sea Isle Park Willow Rd. Park Pauline "Pep" Marquette Park Memphis Country Club Eastgate Shopping Center Malco Paradiso Cinema Grill And IMAX Oak Court Mall Other places of note St. Francis Hospital Baptist Memorial Hospital Memorial Park Cemetery & Gardens Theatre Memphis Religion East Memphis is home to many churches of various denominations. The largest churches are Christ United Methodist Church with 6,000 members , St. Louis Catholic Church with about 5,000 members , Second Presbyterian Church with more than 4,800 members , and Highpoint Church with more than 3,500 members. Other places of worship include Robinhood Lane Baptist Church, Cherry Road Baptist Church and New Philadelphia Church. The area is also home to many of the city's Jewish congregations, including Baron Hirsch Synagogue, Anshei Sphard Beth El Emeth Congregation, Young Israel of Memphis, Beth Sholom, and Temple Israel. Secondary schools Public schools East High School Willow Oaks Elementary Sea Isle Elementary Colonial Middle Overton High Ridgeway Elementary, Middle and High South Park Elementary Sharpe Elementary Sherwood Elementary and Middle Richland Elementary School White Station High School White Station Elementary School White Station Middle School Hickory Ridge Elementary and Middle Religiously affiliated schools Catholic: Christian Brothers High School (All-boys, 9–12), St. Agnes Academy (All-girls, Pre-K-12), Holy Rosary School (Co-ed, Pre K–8), St. Ann School (Co-ed, K–8), St. Dominic School (All boys, Pre K–8), St. Louis School (Co-ed, Pre K–8), St. Michael School (Co-ed, Pre K–8) Church of Christ: Harding Academy (Co-ed, Pre K–12) Episcopal: St. Mary's Episcopal School (All-girls, Pre K–12) Lutheran: Christ The King Lutheran School (Co-ed, K–8) Jewish: Bornblum Solomon Schechter School (Co-ed, 1–8), Margolin Hebrew Academy (Co-ed, Pre K–12), Memphis Jewish High School (Co-ed, 9–12) Methodist: Christ Methodist Day School (Co-ed, Pre K–6) Nondenominational Christian: Briarcrest Christian School (Co-ed, Pre K–8), Evangelical Christian School (Co-ed Pre K–5), Hutchison School (All-girls, Pre K–12), Memphis University School (All-boys, 7–12) Presbyterian: Presbyterian Day School (All-boys, Pre K–6), Woodland Presbyterian School (Co-ed, Pre K–8) Restaurants East Memphis is host to a plethora of dining establishments ranging from inexpensive barbecue/sandwich shops to four-star restaurants. These include One & Only BBQ, Three Little Pigs BBQ, Corky's, Pete & Sam's, Houston's, Buckley's Restaurant, Huey's and Folk's Folly. Gallery Clark Tower, the tallest building in East Memphis Hilton Memphis, the tallest hotel in Memphis White Station Tower University of Memphis campus Memorial Park Cemetery Shelby Farms, one of the largest urban parks in the U.S. References ^ "Memphis, Tennessee (TN) Zip Code Map - Locations, Demographics - list of zip codes". www.city-data.com. ^ Hammond's Complete World Atlas, 1952 Edition, p. 230 ^ World Book Encyclopedia, 1967 Edition, Vol. 18, p. 113 ^ "Overton High School". 7 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "East Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) vteCity of Memphis and Memphis metropolitan area (counties in TN, MS and AR)Topics History Timeline Geography Government Economy Education Culture Tourism Sports Transportation Memphians Districts Downtown Midtown North Memphis South Memphis East Memphis Neighborhoods Belle Meade Berclair Binghampton Boxtown Capleville Central Gardens Chickasaw Gardens Cooper-Young Cordova Douglass Evergreen Frayser Glenview Harbor Town Hickory Hill High Point Terrace Hollywood Hyde Park Lenox Medical District Mud Island Normal Station Northaven Nutbush Orange Mound Parkway Village Raleigh Riverside Sherwood Forest South Main Scutterfeld Southwind Uptown Victorian Village Vollintine Hills Westwood Whitehaven Wolfchase Metro arealandmarksTennessee A. Schwab's Art Museum of the University of Memphis Bartlett Museum Beale Street Bellevue Baptist Church Belz Museum Botanic Garden Brooks Museum Burkle Estate Central Station Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception Chickasaw Bluff Children's Museum Chucalissa Museum Cotton Museum Davies Manor Dixon Gallery and Gardens Downtown Trolleys Elmwood Cemetery Fire Museum Fort Assumption Fort Wright Graceland Hernando de Soto Bridge Libertyland Lichterman Nature Center Lincoln American Tower Magevney House Mallory–Neely House Mason Temple Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park Memorial Park Cemetery Cotton Exchange Memphis International Airport National Cemetery Parkway System Railroad & Trolley Museum Memphis Zoo Mississippi River Mississippi River Park Mud Island Monorail National Civil Rights Museum National Ornamental Metal Museum Oaklawn Garden Orpheum Theatre Overton Park Peabody Hotel Pink Palace The Pyramid Rhodes College Rock N' Soul Museum St. Jude Children's Research Hospital St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral Shelby Farms Stax Museum Sun Studio South Main Arts District Temple Israel Tennessee Brewery Tipton County Museum T. O. Fuller State Park Tom Lee Park Union Station University of Memphis Victorian Village Wolf River Mississippi Arkabutla Lake BankPlus Amphitheater at Snowden Grove DeSoto County Museum 1st Jackpot Casino Gold Strike Tunica Holly Springs National Forest Landers Center Horseshoe Casino Mississippi River Resorts Casino Sam's Town Gambling Hall Southaven Towne Center Tunica Resorts Snowden Grove Park Tanger Outlets Southaven Tunica Roadhouse Casino Wall Doxey State Park Arkansas Horseshoe Lake Mississippi River Southland Park Gaming and Racing Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge Metro areasuburbsTennessee Arlington Atoka Bartlett Collierville Covington Germantown Lakeland Millington Munford Northaven Oakland Piperton Somerville Shelby Forest Mississippi Byhalia Hernando Holly Springs Horn Lake Olive Branch Senatobia Southaven Tunica Tunica Resorts (Robinsonville) Walls Arkansas Earle Marion West Memphis Metro areacountiesTennessee Shelby Fayette Tipton Mississippi DeSoto Marshall Tate Tunica Arkansas Crittenden See also: Memphis, Tennessee sports venues 35°08′10″N 89°52′48″W / 35.136°N 89.880°W / 35.136; -89.880	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"White Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Station,_Memphis"},{"link_name":"Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yates,_Memphis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Forest,_Memphis"},{"link_name":"Normal Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_Station,_Memphis"},{"link_name":"High Point Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Point_Terrace,_Memphis"},{"link_name":"Belle Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Meade,_Memphis"},{"link_name":"I-240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_240_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Germantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germantown,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Cordova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordova,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Sam Cooper Blvd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Cooper_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"East Memphis is a region of Memphis, Tennessee with several defined and informal subdivisions and neighborhoods such as Colonial Acres, White Station-Yates, Sherwood Forest, Normal Station, High Point Terrace, Belle Meade, Normandy Meadows, St. Nick, Pleasant Acres, Balmoral, and Ridgeway. The general boundaries are informal:On the West: Highland Street.\nOn the South: I-240\nOn the East: Traditionally, the eastern border was anything inside the I-240 loop, however, many extend this to the Germantown city limits and the Cordova community\nOn the North: Sam Cooper Blvd.The primary zip codes in this area are 38111, 38117, and 38157, including 38120 and 38119.[1] In 1950, the eastern boundary of Memphis was essentially the western boundary of what is today East Memphis.[2] By the mid-1960s, most of East Memphis inside the I-240 loop had been annexed by the city of Memphis.[3]","title":"East Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clark Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Tower_Executive_Suites"},{"link_name":"Crichton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crichton_College"},{"link_name":"University of Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Memphis"},{"link_name":"I-240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_240_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Hilton Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Memphis"}],"text":"East Memphis is a commercial and residential powerhouse. Poplar Avenue provides the central east–west thoroughfare of the area, and there are many thriving businesses on and around it. East Memphis is the location of some of the largest Memphis homes, specifically those in the Walnut Grove area. It is also home to the looming Clark Tower, as there are no legal restrictions on the height of buildings outside of the downtown area. The area also has developed into a home for many businesses and law firms. Walnut Grove Rd. has a high concentration of churches and schools. Poplar Plaza Shopping center at the corner of Poplar and Highland St. could be the beginning of the East Memphis commercial district. Highland St. is mostly commercial, with a collection of high-rise low-to-moderate residential buildings, as well as Crichton College. The University of Memphis sits south of Central Ave. and north of Southern Ave, with the Highland strip bordering it on its western side. Further east on Poplar Ave., Laurelwood Shopping Center and Oak Court Mall, can be found. East Memphis covers areas outside of the I-240 Loop including the residential areas around Quince Road and Kirby Parkway, and River Oaks subdivision. A commercial center has developed around the intersection of Poplar and Ridgeway Road which includes the Hilton Memphis, the largest hotel in the city. The eastern border of the neighborhood is the Germantown city limits at Kirby Parkway.The major shopping venues in East Memphis are Eastgate Shopping Center, Poplar Plaza Shopping Center, Oak Court Mall, Laurelwood Collection, Regalia, and Park Place Center.","title":"Region overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Parks & places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malco Paradiso Cinema Grill And IMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//malco.com/cinema_shows_new.php?theatre_pick=81/"},{"link_name":"Oak Court Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oakcourtmall.com/"}],"sub_title":"Museums, parks, gardens","text":"Audubon Park\nDixon Gallery\nDavis Park\nSea Isle Park\nWillow Rd. Park\nPauline \"Pep\" Marquette Park\nMemphis Country Club\nEastgate Shopping Center\nMalco Paradiso Cinema Grill And IMAX\nOak Court Mall","title":"Parks & places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saintfrancishosp.com/"},{"link_name":"Baptist Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.baptistonline.org/facilities/memphis/"},{"link_name":"Memorial Park Cemetery & Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.memorialparkfuneralandcemetery.com/"},{"link_name":"Theatre Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theatrememphis.org/"}],"sub_title":"Other places of note","text":"St. Francis Hospital\nBaptist Memorial Hospital\nMemorial Park Cemetery & Gardens\nTheatre Memphis","title":"Parks & places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110725213350/http://www.cumcmemphis.org/default.aspx?pid=36"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090326112723/http://www.cdom.org/departments/finance/Annual%20Report%202008%20FINAL.pdf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.2pc.org/media/second-look-fall-2008-pdf.pdf"},{"link_name":"Baron Hirsch Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Hirsch_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Anshei Sphard Beth El Emeth Congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anshei_Sphard_Beth_El_Emeth_Congregation"},{"link_name":"Young Israel of Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yiom.org/"},{"link_name":"Temple Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Israel_(Memphis,_Tennessee)"}],"text":"East Memphis is home to many churches of various denominations. The largest churches are Christ United Methodist Church with 6,000 members [1], St. Louis Catholic Church with about 5,000 members [2], Second Presbyterian Church with more than 4,800 members [3], and Highpoint Church with more than 3,500 members. Other places of worship include Robinhood Lane Baptist Church, Cherry Road Baptist Church and New Philadelphia Church.The area is also home to many of the city's Jewish congregations, including Baron Hirsch Synagogue, Anshei Sphard Beth El Emeth Congregation, Young Israel of Memphis, Beth Sholom, and Temple Israel.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Secondary schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_High_School_(Memphis,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Overton High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overton_High_School_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"White Station High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Station_High_School"}],"sub_title":"Public schools","text":"East High School\nWillow Oaks Elementary\nSea Isle Elementary\nColonial Middle\nOverton High[4]\nRidgeway Elementary, Middle and High\nSouth Park Elementary\nSharpe Elementary\nSherwood Elementary and Middle\nRichland Elementary School\nWhite Station High School\nWhite Station Elementary School\nWhite Station Middle School\nHickory Ridge Elementary and Middle","title":"Secondary schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Brothers_High_School_(Memphis,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Church of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Margolin Hebrew Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margolin_Hebrew_Academy"},{"link_name":"Memphis Jewish High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Jewish_High_School"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Nondenominational Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Briarcrest Christian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briarcrest_Christian_School"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Christian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Christian_School"},{"link_name":"Memphis University School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_University_School"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"}],"sub_title":"Religiously affiliated schools","text":"Catholic: Christian Brothers High School (All-boys, 9–12), St. Agnes Academy (All-girls, Pre-K-12), Holy Rosary School (Co-ed, Pre K–8), St. Ann School (Co-ed, K–8), St. Dominic School (All boys, Pre K–8), St. Louis School (Co-ed, Pre K–8), St. Michael School (Co-ed, Pre K–8)\nChurch of Christ: Harding Academy (Co-ed, Pre K–12)\nEpiscopal: St. Mary's Episcopal School (All-girls, Pre K–12)\nLutheran: Christ The King Lutheran School (Co-ed, K–8)\nJewish: Bornblum Solomon Schechter School (Co-ed, 1–8), Margolin Hebrew Academy (Co-ed, Pre K–12), Memphis Jewish High School (Co-ed, 9–12)\nMethodist: Christ Methodist Day School (Co-ed, Pre K–6)\nNondenominational Christian: Briarcrest Christian School (Co-ed, Pre K–8), Evangelical Christian School (Co-ed Pre K–5), Hutchison School (All-girls, Pre K–12), Memphis University School (All-boys, 7–12)\nPresbyterian: Presbyterian Day School (All-boys, Pre K–6), Woodland Presbyterian School (Co-ed, Pre K–8)","title":"Secondary schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One & Only BBQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oneandonlybbq.com/"},{"link_name":"Three Little Pigs BBQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//threelittlepigsbar-b-q.com/"},{"link_name":"Corky's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.corkysbbq.com/"},{"link_name":"Pete & Sam's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//peteandsamsrestaurant.com/"},{"link_name":"Huey's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey%27s"}],"text":"East Memphis is host to a plethora of dining establishments ranging from inexpensive barbecue/sandwich shops to four-star restaurants. These include One & Only BBQ, Three Little Pigs BBQ, Corky's, Pete & Sam's, Houston's, Buckley's Restaurant, Huey's and Folk's Folly.","title":"Restaurants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clark_Tower_Memphis_TN_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clark Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Tower_(Memphis,_Tennessee)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hilton_Memphis,_TN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hilton Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Memphis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Station_Tower_Memphis_TN.jpg"},{"link_name":"White Station Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Station_Tower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CVR_College_of_Engineering_administration_building,_University_of_Memphis.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Memphis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_Park_Cemetery_Memphis_TN_Entrance_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shelby_Farms_05_Pine_Lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shelby Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Farms"}],"text":"Clark Tower, the tallest building in East Memphis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHilton Memphis, the tallest hotel in Memphis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhite Station Tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUniversity of Memphis campus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial Park Cemetery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShelby Farms, one of the largest urban parks in the U.S.","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Memphis, Tennessee (TN) Zip Code Map - Locations, Demographics - list of zip codes\". www.city-data.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city-data.com/zipmaps/Memphis-Tennessee.html","url_text":"\"Memphis, Tennessee (TN) Zip Code Map - Locations, Demographics - list of zip codes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overton High School\". 7 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807140035/http://www.mcsk12.net/schools/overton.hs/site/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Overton High School\""},{"url":"http://www.mcsk12.net/schools/overton.hs/site/index.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_Memphis,_Memphis,_Tennessee&params=35.136_N_89.88_W_","external_links_name":"35°08′10″N 89°52′48″W / 35.136°N 89.880°W / 35.136; -89.880"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Memphis,_Memphis,_Tennessee&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://malco.com/cinema_shows_new.php?theatre_pick=81/","external_links_name":"Malco Paradiso Cinema Grill And IMAX"},{"Link":"https://oakcourtmall.com/","external_links_name":"Oak Court Mall"},{"Link":"http://www.saintfrancishosp.com/","external_links_name":"St. Francis Hospital"},{"Link":"http://www.baptistonline.org/facilities/memphis/","external_links_name":"Baptist Memorial Hospital"},{"Link":"http://www.memorialparkfuneralandcemetery.com/","external_links_name":"Memorial Park Cemetery & Gardens"},{"Link":"http://www.theatrememphis.org/","external_links_name":"Theatre Memphis"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213350/http://www.cumcmemphis.org/default.aspx?pid=36","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326112723/http://www.cdom.org/departments/finance/Annual%20Report%202008%20FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.2pc.org/media/second-look-fall-2008-pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.yiom.org/","external_links_name":"Young Israel of Memphis"},{"Link":"https://oneandonlybbq.com/","external_links_name":"One & Only BBQ"},{"Link":"http://threelittlepigsbar-b-q.com/","external_links_name":"Three Little Pigs BBQ"},{"Link":"http://www.corkysbbq.com/","external_links_name":"Corky's"},{"Link":"http://peteandsamsrestaurant.com/","external_links_name":"Pete & Sam's"},{"Link":"http://www.city-data.com/zipmaps/Memphis-Tennessee.html","external_links_name":"\"Memphis, Tennessee (TN) Zip Code Map - Locations, Demographics - list of zip codes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807140035/http://www.mcsk12.net/schools/overton.hs/site/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Overton High School\""},{"Link":"http://www.mcsk12.net/schools/overton.hs/site/index.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22East+Memphis%2C+Memphis%2C+Tennessee%22","external_links_name":"\"East Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22East+Memphis%2C+Memphis%2C+Tennessee%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22East+Memphis%2C+Memphis%2C+Tennessee%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22East+Memphis%2C+Memphis%2C+Tennessee%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22East+Memphis%2C+Memphis%2C+Tennessee%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22East+Memphis%2C+Memphis%2C+Tennessee%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_Memphis,_Memphis,_Tennessee&params=35.136_N_89.88_W_","external_links_name":"35°08′10″N 89°52′48″W / 35.136°N 89.880°W / 35.136; -89.880"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Anaheim_Bolts_season	2012–13 Anaheim Bolts season	["1 Season summary","2 Off-field moves","3 Roster moves","4 Schedule","4.1 Regular season","4.2 2012–13 US Open Cup for Arena Soccer","5 References","6 External links"]	Anaheim Bolts 2012–13 PASL football seasonAnaheim Bolts2012–13 PASL seasonManaging PartnerBernie LilavoisHead CoachBernie Lilavois (until 12/15)Jeff Tackett (as of 12/21)ArenaAnaheim Convention CenterAnaheim, CaliforniaPASL4th, PacificUS Open CupRound of 16Highest home attendance1,720(February 2, 2013)vs San Diego SockersLowest home attendance689(February 9, 2013)vs Rio Grande Valley FlashAverage home league attendance1,035 (over 8 home games)← 2011–12N/A → The 2012–13 Anaheim Bolts season was the fourth and final season of the Anaheim Bolts professional indoor soccer club, their second in the Professional Arena Soccer League. The Bolts, a Pacific Division team, played their home games at "Bolts Arena" in the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California. The team was led by managing partner Bernie Lilavois and interim head coach Jeff Tackett. Season summary The Bolts had mixed results in the regular season, compiling a 6–10 record. They placed fourth in the PASL's five-team Pacific Division and failed to advance to the postseason. The franchise fared better at the box office, placing sixth among the league's 19 teams in average home attendance. The Bolts participated in the 2012–13 United States Open Cup for Arena Soccer. They received a bye in the wild-card round then lost to the San Diego Sockers in the Round of 16, ending their run in the tournament. Off-field moves For the 2012-13 season, six of the eight Bolts' regular season home games are scheduled to be broadcast in English by KDOC-TV and in Spanish by Global TV. These games will be televised at 4:00pm PST on Sundays on a tape-delayed basis. The matches will be video-streamed live on the internet by Liquid Event TV and as internet radio by Kaotic Radio. Spanish-language play-by-play is handled by Oscar Sosa with English-language broadcasts handled by Nolan Sieger. Bernie Lilavois, who began the season as both the team's general manager and head coach, announced that he would give up his coaching role after the December 15th match to focus on the team's operations as general manager. He cited recent problems with field turf, low attendance, and organizational issues in coming to this decision. On December 21, 2012, the team announced the promotion of assistant coach Jeff Tackett to the role of "interim head coach" for the remainder of the season. Roster moves On November 27, 2012, the team announced the transfer signing of midfielder Jayro Martinez from Futbol Club Santa Clarita Storm of the National Premier Soccer League. In early February 2013, the team added Japanese players Ryosuke Tarui and Yudai Yamaguchi to the roster. Schedule Win Tie Loss Regular season Game Day Date Kickoff Opponent Results Location Attendance Final Score Record 1 Friday November 2 7:00pm Sacramento Surge W 13–5 1–0 Anaheim Convention Center 1,394 2 Sunday November 4 2:00pm at Las Vegas Legends W 11–8 2–0 Orleans Arena 1,145 3 Sunday November 11 6:30pm(5:30pm Pacific) at Arizona Storm L 13–14 2–1 Arizona Sports Complex 125 4 Friday November 30 7:00pm at Turlock Express L 12–13 (OT) 2–2 Turlock Soccer Complex 531 5 Saturday December 1 7:30pm at Sacramento Surge W 10–2 3–2 Off the Wall Soccer Arena 293 6 Sunday December 9 4:00pm Turlock Express L 12–17 3–3 Anaheim Convention Center 928 7 Saturday December 15 6:05pm(5:05pm Pacific) at Arizona Storm L 6–12 3–4 Arizona Sports Complex 45 8 Saturday December 22 7:05pm at San Diego Sockers† L 3–14 3–5 Valley View Casino Center 2,923 9 Thursday December 27 7:00pm Toros Mexico W 12–8 4–5 Anaheim Convention Center 1,114 10 Saturday January 5 7:00pm Tacoma Stars W 8–7 5–5 Anaheim Convention Center 819 11 Saturday January 12 7:00pm Sacramento Surge W 15–5 6–5 Anaheim Convention Center 852 12 Saturday January 19 7:35pm at Tacoma Stars L 9–12 6–6 Pacific Sports Center 350 13 Sunday January 20 2:05pm at Tacoma Stars L 7–9 6–7 Pacific Sports Center 150 14 Saturday February 2 7:00pm San Diego Sockers L 6–10 6–8 Anaheim Convention Center 1,720 15 Saturday February 9 7:00pm Rio Grande Valley Flash L 4–18 6–9 Anaheim Convention Center 689 16 Sunday February 17 4:00pm Las Vegas Legends L 5–20 6–10 Anaheim Convention Center 769 † Game also counts for US Open Cup, as listed in chart below. 2012–13 US Open Cup for Arena Soccer Game Date Kickoff Opponent Results Location Attendance Final Score Record Wild Card December 14 BYE Round of 16 December 22 7:05pm at San Diego Sockers L 3–14 0–1 Valley View Casino Center 2,923 References ^ a b "League Attendance". Professional Arena Soccer League. Retrieved February 17, 2013. ^ "Anaheim Bolts Announce Extensive Bilingual Broadcast Package". Our Sports Central. November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012. ^ "Lilavois Announces Major News About Bolts' Future". Our Sports Central. December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012. ^ "Tackett Named Bolts Interim Head Coach Ahead of Sockers Clash". Our Sports Central. December 21, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012. ^ "FCSC Storm Midfielder to Play Indoor Soccer for Anaheim" (Press release). SVCNews.com. November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012. ^ Haddock, Tim (November 28, 2012). "Saugus Girls Soccer Team Shuts Out Lancaster In Season Opener". Santa Clarita, CA: KHTS AM 1220. Retrieved December 26, 2012. ^ a b "Clash with Rio Grande Valley All About Future for Bolts". Our Sports Central. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013. ^ "Anaheim Bolts Schedule". Our Sports Central. Retrieved November 9, 2012. ^ "Bolts Open Season with Convincing 12-5 Win over Sacramento". Our Sports Central. November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012. ^ "Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Fri, Nov 02, 2012". Professional Arena Soccer League. November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012. ^ "What Happens in Vegas... Bolts win road thriller with Legends". LA Soccer News. November 4, 2012. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2012. ^ "Bolts Defeat Las Vegas 11-8 in Emotional Road Battle". Our Sports Central. November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012. ^ "Box Score: Orleans Arena - Sun, Nov 04, 2012". Professional Arena Soccer League. November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012. ^ "Storm Surge: Bolts fall in Arizona 14-13". LA Soccer News. November 11, 2012. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2012. ^ "Bolts Drop 14-13 Thriller to Hosts Arizona". Our Sports Central. November 12, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012. ^ "Box Score: Arizona Sports Complex - Sun, Nov 11, 2012". Professional Arena Soccer League. November 11, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012. ^ "Bolts Fall 13-12 to Turlock in Overtime Thriller". Our Sports Central. December 1, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2012. ^ "Bolts Look to Bounce Back in Pair of Road Games". Our Sports Central. November 30, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2012. ^ "Box Score: Turlock Indoor Soccer - Fri, Nov 30, 2012". Professional Arena Soccer League. November 30, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012. ^ "Bolts Bounce Back with Dominant 10-2 Win in Sacramento". Our Sports Central. December 2, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012. ^ "Box Score: Off The Wall Indoor Soccer - Sat, Dec 01, 2012". Professional Arena Soccer League. December 1, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012. ^ "Bolts Fall 17-12 to Visiting Turlock". Our Sports Central. December 10, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012. ^ "Los Bolts caen como locales ante Turlock 17-12". Hoy Los Angeles (in Spanish). December 12, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013. ^ "Bolts Fired up for Sunday's Rematch with Turlock". Our Sports Central. December 7, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2012. ^ "Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sun, Dec 09, 2012". Professional Arena Soccer League. December 9, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012. ^ "Storm Double Up Bolts, 12-6". Our Sports Central. December 17, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012. ^ "Inexperience Shows; Mostly reserve Bolts fall to Storm 12-6". L.A. Soccer News. Los Angeles, CA. December 15, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2013. ^ "Box Score: Arizona Sports Complex - Sat, Dec 15, 2012". Professional Arena Soccer League. December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012. ^ a b "Bolts Fall 14-3 to Defending Champs San Diego". Our Sports Central. December 23, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012. ^ "San Diego Sockers Game Notes". Our Sports Central (Press release). December 22, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2012. ^ "Bolts, con autobús para los fanáticos que vayan a San Diego". Hoy Los Angeles (in Spanish). December 10, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013. ^ a b "Box Score: Valley View Casino Arena - Sat, Dec 22, 2012". Professional Arena Soccer League. December 22, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2012. ^ "Bolts Down Mexico 12-8 in Must-Win Match". Our Sports Central. December 28, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012. ^ "Anaheim Abuzz Ahead of Bolts' Clash With Mexico". Our Sports Central. December 26, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2012. ^ "Box Score: PASL Head Office - Thu, Dec 27, 2012". Professional Arena Soccer League. December 28, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012. ^ "Bolts Edge out Crucial 8-7 Home Win over Tacoma". Our Sports Central. January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013. ^ "Sports Week: Ducks back? Argos-Lobos". The Garden Grove Journal. Garden Grove, CA. January 10, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013. ^ "Anaheim Faces Next Must-Win Match against Tacoma". Our Sports Central. January 5, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013. ^ "Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Jan 05, 2013". Professional Arena Soccer League. January 5, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013. ^ "Anaheim Downs Sacramento 15-5 for Third Straight Win". Our Sports Central. January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013. ^ "Anaheim gana partido ante Sacramento". Hoy Los Angeles (in Spanish). January 14, 2013. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013. ^ "Bolts Look to Take Care of Business against Sacramento". Our Sports Central. January 11, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013. ^ "Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Jan 12, 2013". Professional Arena Soccer League. January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2013. ^ "Short-Handed Anaheim Falls 12-9 at Tacoma". Our Sports Central. January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013. ^ "Red-Hot Bolts Face Crucial Road Swing". Our Sports Central. January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013. ^ "Box Score: Pacific Sports Center - Sat, Jan 19, 2013". Professional Arena Soccer League. January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013. ^ "Box Score: Pacific Sports Center - Sun, Jan 20, 2013". Professional Arena Soccer League. January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013. ^ "Bolts' Playoff Hopes Ended by 10-6". Our Sports Central. February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2013. ^ "Chiles sets PASL goals record in Sockers' 10-6 win over Anaheim". Our Sports Central. February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2013. ^ "Bolts' Season on the Line in Clash with Defending Champs". Our Sports Central. February 2, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2013. ^ "Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Feb 02, 2013". Professional Arena Soccer League. February 2, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2013. ^ "Bolts Fall 18-4 to Fired up Rio Grande Valley". Our Sports Central. February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013. ^ "Flash Inch Closer to Second". Our Sports Central. February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013. ^ "Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Feb 09, 2013". Professional Arena Soccer League. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013. ^ "Bolts Finish Season with 20-5 Loss to Hungry Las Vegas". Our Sports Central. February 18, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013. ^ "Outmatched: Anaheim Bolts fall to Las Vegas 20-5". LA Soccer News. Los Angeles, CA. February 18, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2013. ^ "Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sun, Feb 17, 2013". Professional Arena Soccer League. February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013. External links boltsoccer.com Anaheim Bolts official website vteProfessional Arena Soccer League 2012–13 seasonTeamsEastern Cincinnati Kings Detroit Waza Harrisburg Heat Illinois Piasa Ohio Vortex Central Chicago Mustangs Dallas Sidekicks Rio Grande Valley Flash Rockford Rampage Texas Strikers Southwestern Arizona Storm Las Vegas Legends Real Phoenix Toros Mexico Pacific Anaheim Bolts Sacramento Surge San Diego Sockers Tacoma Stars Turlock Express Related 2012–13 United States Open Cup for Arena Soccer Seasons: 2008–09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anaheim Bolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Bolts"},{"link_name":"indoor soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_soccer"},{"link_name":"Professional Arena Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"Anaheim, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim,_California"},{"link_name":"Bernie Lilavois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Lilavois"}],"text":"Anaheim Bolts 2012–13 PASL football seasonThe 2012–13 Anaheim Bolts season was the fourth and final season of the Anaheim Bolts professional indoor soccer club, their second in the Professional Arena Soccer League. The Bolts, a Pacific Division team, played their home games at \"Bolts Arena\" in the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California. The team was led by managing partner Bernie Lilavois and interim head coach Jeff Tackett.","title":"2012–13 Anaheim Bolts season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paslatt-1"},{"link_name":"2012–13 United States Open Cup for Arena Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_United_States_Open_Cup_for_Arena_Soccer"},{"link_name":"bye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_(sports)"},{"link_name":"San Diego Sockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Sockers_(2009)"}],"text":"The Bolts had mixed results in the regular season, compiling a 6–10 record. They placed fourth in the PASL's five-team Pacific Division and failed to advance to the postseason. The franchise fared better at the box office, placing sixth among the league's 19 teams in average home attendance.[1]The Bolts participated in the 2012–13 United States Open Cup for Arena Soccer. They received a bye in the wild-card round then lost to the San Diego Sockers in the Round of 16, ending their run in the tournament.","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"KDOC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDOC-TV"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"play-by-play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-play"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osc121102b-2"},{"link_name":"Bernie Lilavois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Lilavois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osc121212b-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osc121221a-4"}],"text":"For the 2012-13 season, six of the eight Bolts' regular season home games are scheduled to be broadcast in English by KDOC-TV and in Spanish by Global TV. These games will be televised at 4:00pm PST on Sundays on a tape-delayed basis. The matches will be video-streamed live on the internet by Liquid Event TV and as internet radio by Kaotic Radio. Spanish-language play-by-play is handled by Oscar Sosa with English-language broadcasts handled by Nolan Sieger.[2]Bernie Lilavois, who began the season as both the team's general manager and head coach, announced that he would give up his coaching role after the December 15th match to focus on the team's operations as general manager. He cited recent problems with field turf, low attendance, and organizational issues in coming to this decision.[3]On December 21, 2012, the team announced the promotion of assistant coach Jeff Tackett to the role of \"interim head coach\" for the remainder of the season.[4]","title":"Off-field moves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Futbol Club Santa Clarita Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Santa_Clarita"},{"link_name":"National Premier Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scv121127-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khts121128-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osc130209a-7"}],"text":"On November 27, 2012, the team announced the transfer signing of midfielder Jayro Martinez from Futbol Club Santa Clarita Storm of the National Premier Soccer League.[5][6]In early February 2013, the team added Japanese players Ryosuke Tarui and Yudai Yamaguchi to the roster.[7]","title":"Roster moves"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Win\n Tie\n Loss","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","text":"† Game also counts for US Open Cup, as listed in chart below.","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012–13 US Open Cup for Arena Soccer","title":"Schedule"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"League Attendance\". Professional Arena Soccer League. Retrieved February 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=1289&seasonid=9585","url_text":"\"League Attendance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Anaheim Bolts Announce Extensive Bilingual Broadcast Package\". Our Sports Central. November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4506886","url_text":"\"Anaheim Bolts Announce Extensive Bilingual Broadcast Package\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lilavois Announces Major News About Bolts' Future\". Our Sports Central. December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4522573","url_text":"\"Lilavois Announces Major News About Bolts' Future\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tackett Named Bolts Interim Head Coach Ahead of Sockers Clash\". Our Sports Central. December 21, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4525949","url_text":"\"Tackett Named Bolts Interim Head Coach Ahead of Sockers Clash\""}]},{"reference":"\"FCSC Storm Midfielder to Play Indoor Soccer for Anaheim\" (Press release). SVCNews.com. November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://scvnews.com/2012/11/27/fcsc-storm-midfielder-to-play-indoor-soccer-for-anaheim/","url_text":"\"FCSC Storm Midfielder to Play Indoor Soccer for Anaheim\""}]},{"reference":"Haddock, Tim (November 28, 2012). \"Saugus Girls Soccer Team Shuts Out Lancaster In Season Opener\". Santa Clarita, CA: KHTS AM 1220. Retrieved December 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hometownstation.com/news/hometown-sports/saugus-girls-soccer-team-shuts-out-lancaster-season-opener-31774","url_text":"\"Saugus Girls Soccer Team Shuts Out Lancaster In Season Opener\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clarita,_CA","url_text":"Santa Clarita, CA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHTS_(AM)","url_text":"KHTS AM 1220"}]},{"reference":"\"Clash with Rio Grande Valley All About Future for Bolts\". Our Sports Central. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4544725","url_text":"\"Clash with Rio Grande Valley All About Future for Bolts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anaheim Bolts Schedule\". Our Sports Central. Retrieved November 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/schedule/?t_id=2616","url_text":"\"Anaheim Bolts Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Open Season with Convincing 12-5 Win over Sacramento\". Our Sports Central. November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4507156","url_text":"\"Bolts Open Season with Convincing 12-5 Win over Sacramento\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Fri, Nov 02, 2012\". Professional Arena Soccer League. November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042822","url_text":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Fri, Nov 02, 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"What Happens in Vegas... Bolts win road thriller with Legends\". LA Soccer News. November 4, 2012. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213251/http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9542","url_text":"\"What Happens in Vegas... Bolts win road thriller with Legends\""},{"url":"http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9542","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Defeat Las Vegas 11-8 in Emotional Road Battle\". Our Sports Central. November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4507854","url_text":"\"Bolts Defeat Las Vegas 11-8 in Emotional Road Battle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Orleans Arena - Sun, Nov 04, 2012\". Professional Arena Soccer League. November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042811","url_text":"\"Box Score: Orleans Arena - Sun, Nov 04, 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Surge: Bolts fall in Arizona 14-13\". LA Soccer News. November 11, 2012. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313123056/http://lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9583","url_text":"\"Storm Surge: Bolts fall in Arizona 14-13\""},{"url":"http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9583","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Drop 14-13 Thriller to Hosts Arizona\". Our Sports Central. November 12, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4510698","url_text":"\"Bolts Drop 14-13 Thriller to Hosts Arizona\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Arizona Sports Complex - Sun, Nov 11, 2012\". Professional Arena Soccer League. November 11, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042817","url_text":"\"Box Score: Arizona Sports Complex - Sun, Nov 11, 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Fall 13-12 to Turlock in Overtime Thriller\". Our Sports Central. December 1, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4518489","url_text":"\"Bolts Fall 13-12 to Turlock in Overtime Thriller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Look to Bounce Back in Pair of Road Games\". Our Sports Central. November 30, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4518211","url_text":"\"Bolts Look to Bounce Back in Pair of Road Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Turlock Indoor Soccer - Fri, Nov 30, 2012\". Professional Arena Soccer League. November 30, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042837","url_text":"\"Box Score: Turlock Indoor Soccer - Fri, Nov 30, 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Bounce Back with Dominant 10-2 Win in Sacramento\". Our Sports Central. December 2, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4518893","url_text":"\"Bolts Bounce Back with Dominant 10-2 Win in Sacramento\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Off The Wall Indoor Soccer - Sat, Dec 01, 2012\". Professional Arena Soccer League. December 1, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042840","url_text":"\"Box Score: Off The Wall Indoor Soccer - Sat, Dec 01, 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Fall 17-12 to Visiting Turlock\". Our Sports Central. December 10, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4521774","url_text":"\"Bolts Fall 17-12 to Visiting Turlock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Bolts caen como locales ante Turlock 17-12\". Hoy Los Angeles (in Spanish). December 12, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304180635/http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2012/dec/12/los-bolts-caen-como-locales-ante-turlock-17-12/","url_text":"\"Los Bolts caen como locales ante Turlock 17-12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoy_(U.S._newspaper)","url_text":"Hoy Los Angeles"},{"url":"http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2012/dec/12/los-bolts-caen-como-locales-ante-turlock-17-12/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Fired up for Sunday's Rematch with Turlock\". Our Sports Central. December 7, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4520910","url_text":"\"Bolts Fired up for Sunday's Rematch with Turlock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sun, Dec 09, 2012\". Professional Arena Soccer League. December 9, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042847","url_text":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sun, Dec 09, 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Double Up Bolts, 12-6\". Our Sports Central. December 17, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4524639","url_text":"\"Storm Double Up Bolts, 12-6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inexperience Shows; Mostly reserve Bolts fall to Storm 12-6\". L.A. Soccer News. Los Angeles, CA. December 15, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304004046/http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9728","url_text":"\"Inexperience Shows; Mostly reserve Bolts fall to Storm 12-6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_CA","url_text":"Los Angeles, CA"},{"url":"http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9728","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Arizona Sports Complex - Sat, Dec 15, 2012\". Professional Arena Soccer League. December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042852","url_text":"\"Box Score: Arizona Sports Complex - Sat, Dec 15, 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Fall 14-3 to Defending Champs San Diego\". Our Sports Central. December 23, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4526409","url_text":"\"Bolts Fall 14-3 to Defending Champs San Diego\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Diego Sockers Game Notes\". Our Sports Central (Press release). December 22, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4526278","url_text":"\"San Diego Sockers Game Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts, con autobús para los fanáticos que vayan a San Diego\". Hoy Los Angeles (in Spanish). December 10, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304180647/http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2012/dec/10/bolts-con-autobus-para-los-fanaticos-que-vayan-san/","url_text":"\"Bolts, con autobús para los fanáticos que vayan a San Diego\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoy_(U.S._newspaper)","url_text":"Hoy Los Angeles"},{"url":"http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2012/dec/10/bolts-con-autobus-para-los-fanaticos-que-vayan-san/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Valley View Casino Arena - Sat, Dec 22, 2012\". Professional Arena Soccer League. December 22, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042856","url_text":"\"Box Score: Valley View Casino Arena - Sat, Dec 22, 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Down Mexico 12-8 in Must-Win Match\". Our Sports Central. December 28, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4527498","url_text":"\"Bolts Down Mexico 12-8 in Must-Win Match\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anaheim Abuzz Ahead of Bolts' Clash With Mexico\". Our Sports Central. December 26, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4526886","url_text":"\"Anaheim Abuzz Ahead of Bolts' Clash With Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: PASL Head Office - Thu, Dec 27, 2012\". Professional Arena Soccer League. December 28, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042859","url_text":"\"Box Score: PASL Head Office - Thu, Dec 27, 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Edge out Crucial 8-7 Home Win over Tacoma\". Our Sports Central. January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4530692","url_text":"\"Bolts Edge out Crucial 8-7 Home Win over Tacoma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sports Week: Ducks back? Argos-Lobos\". The Garden Grove Journal. Garden Grove, CA. January 10, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ggjournal.com/2013/01/10/sports-week-ducks-back-argos-lobos/","url_text":"\"Sports Week: Ducks back? Argos-Lobos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Grove,_CA","url_text":"Garden Grove, CA"}]},{"reference":"\"Anaheim Faces Next Must-Win Match against Tacoma\". Our Sports Central. January 5, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4530386","url_text":"\"Anaheim Faces Next Must-Win Match against Tacoma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Jan 05, 2013\". Professional Arena Soccer League. January 5, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042863","url_text":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Jan 05, 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Anaheim Downs Sacramento 15-5 for Third Straight Win\". Our Sports Central. January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4533492","url_text":"\"Anaheim Downs Sacramento 15-5 for Third Straight Win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anaheim gana partido ante Sacramento\". Hoy Los Angeles (in Spanish). January 14, 2013. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130118022008/http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2013/jan/14/anaheim-gana-partido-ante-sacramento/","url_text":"\"Anaheim gana partido ante Sacramento\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoy_(U.S._newspaper)","url_text":"Hoy Los Angeles"},{"url":"http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2013/jan/14/anaheim-gana-partido-ante-sacramento/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Look to Take Care of Business against Sacramento\". Our Sports Central. January 11, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4532934","url_text":"\"Bolts Look to Take Care of Business against Sacramento\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Jan 12, 2013\". Professional Arena Soccer League. January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042867","url_text":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Jan 12, 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Short-Handed Anaheim Falls 12-9 at Tacoma\". Our Sports Central. January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4536706","url_text":"\"Short-Handed Anaheim Falls 12-9 at Tacoma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red-Hot Bolts Face Crucial Road Swing\". Our Sports Central. January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4535879","url_text":"\"Red-Hot Bolts Face Crucial Road Swing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Pacific Sports Center - Sat, Jan 19, 2013\". Professional Arena Soccer League. January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042873","url_text":"\"Box Score: Pacific Sports Center - Sat, Jan 19, 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Pacific Sports Center - Sun, Jan 20, 2013\". Professional Arena Soccer League. January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042875","url_text":"\"Box Score: Pacific Sports Center - Sun, Jan 20, 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts' Playoff Hopes Ended by 10-6\". Our Sports Central. February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4542165","url_text":"\"Bolts' Playoff Hopes Ended by 10-6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chiles sets PASL goals record in Sockers' 10-6 win over Anaheim\". Our Sports Central. February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4542166","url_text":"\"Chiles sets PASL goals record in Sockers' 10-6 win over Anaheim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts' Season on the Line in Clash with Defending Champs\". Our Sports Central. February 2, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4542030","url_text":"\"Bolts' Season on the Line in Clash with Defending Champs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Feb 02, 2013\". Professional Arena Soccer League. February 2, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042885","url_text":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Feb 02, 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Fall 18-4 to Fired up Rio Grande Valley\". Our Sports Central. February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4544840","url_text":"\"Bolts Fall 18-4 to Fired up Rio Grande Valley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flash Inch Closer to Second\". Our Sports Central. February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4544830","url_text":"\"Flash Inch Closer to Second\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Feb 09, 2013\". Professional Arena Soccer League. February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042896","url_text":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Feb 09, 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolts Finish Season with 20-5 Loss to Hungry Las Vegas\". Our Sports Central. February 18, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4548043","url_text":"\"Bolts Finish Season with 20-5 Loss to Hungry Las Vegas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Outmatched: Anaheim Bolts fall to Las Vegas 20-5\". LA Soccer News. Los Angeles, CA. February 18, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231222/http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9915","url_text":"\"Outmatched: Anaheim Bolts fall to Las Vegas 20-5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_CA","url_text":"Los Angeles, CA"},{"url":"http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9915","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sun, Feb 17, 2013\". Professional Arena Soccer League. February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042902","url_text":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sun, Feb 17, 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Arena_Soccer_League","url_text":"Professional Arena Soccer League"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/attendance.html?leagueid=1289&seasonid=9585","external_links_name":"\"League Attendance\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4506886","external_links_name":"\"Anaheim Bolts Announce Extensive Bilingual Broadcast Package\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4522573","external_links_name":"\"Lilavois Announces Major News About Bolts' Future\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4525949","external_links_name":"\"Tackett Named Bolts Interim Head Coach Ahead of Sockers Clash\""},{"Link":"http://scvnews.com/2012/11/27/fcsc-storm-midfielder-to-play-indoor-soccer-for-anaheim/","external_links_name":"\"FCSC Storm Midfielder to Play Indoor Soccer for Anaheim\""},{"Link":"http://hometownstation.com/news/hometown-sports/saugus-girls-soccer-team-shuts-out-lancaster-season-opener-31774","external_links_name":"\"Saugus Girls Soccer Team Shuts Out Lancaster In Season Opener\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4544725","external_links_name":"\"Clash with Rio Grande Valley All About Future for Bolts\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/schedule/?t_id=2616","external_links_name":"\"Anaheim Bolts Schedule\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4507156","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Open Season with Convincing 12-5 Win over Sacramento\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042822","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Fri, Nov 02, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213251/http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9542","external_links_name":"\"What Happens in Vegas... Bolts win road thriller with Legends\""},{"Link":"http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9542","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4507854","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Defeat Las Vegas 11-8 in Emotional Road Battle\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042811","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Orleans Arena - Sun, Nov 04, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313123056/http://lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9583","external_links_name":"\"Storm Surge: Bolts fall in Arizona 14-13\""},{"Link":"http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9583","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4510698","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Drop 14-13 Thriller to Hosts Arizona\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042817","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Arizona Sports Complex - Sun, Nov 11, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4518489","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Fall 13-12 to Turlock in Overtime Thriller\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4518211","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Look to Bounce Back in Pair of Road Games\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042837","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Turlock Indoor Soccer - Fri, Nov 30, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4518893","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Bounce Back with Dominant 10-2 Win in Sacramento\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042840","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Off The Wall Indoor Soccer - Sat, Dec 01, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4521774","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Fall 17-12 to Visiting Turlock\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304180635/http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2012/dec/12/los-bolts-caen-como-locales-ante-turlock-17-12/","external_links_name":"\"Los Bolts caen como locales ante Turlock 17-12\""},{"Link":"http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2012/dec/12/los-bolts-caen-como-locales-ante-turlock-17-12/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4520910","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Fired up for Sunday's Rematch with Turlock\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042847","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sun, Dec 09, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4524639","external_links_name":"\"Storm Double Up Bolts, 12-6\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304004046/http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9728","external_links_name":"\"Inexperience Shows; Mostly reserve Bolts fall to Storm 12-6\""},{"Link":"http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9728","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042852","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Arizona Sports Complex - Sat, Dec 15, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4526409","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Fall 14-3 to Defending Champs San Diego\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4526278","external_links_name":"\"San Diego Sockers Game Notes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130304180647/http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2012/dec/10/bolts-con-autobus-para-los-fanaticos-que-vayan-san/","external_links_name":"\"Bolts, con autobús para los fanáticos que vayan a San Diego\""},{"Link":"http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2012/dec/10/bolts-con-autobus-para-los-fanaticos-que-vayan-san/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042856","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Valley View Casino Arena - Sat, Dec 22, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4527498","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Down Mexico 12-8 in Must-Win Match\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4526886","external_links_name":"\"Anaheim Abuzz Ahead of Bolts' Clash With Mexico\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042859","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: PASL Head Office - Thu, Dec 27, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4530692","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Edge out Crucial 8-7 Home Win over Tacoma\""},{"Link":"http://ggjournal.com/2013/01/10/sports-week-ducks-back-argos-lobos/","external_links_name":"\"Sports Week: Ducks back? Argos-Lobos\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4530386","external_links_name":"\"Anaheim Faces Next Must-Win Match against Tacoma\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042863","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Jan 05, 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4533492","external_links_name":"\"Anaheim Downs Sacramento 15-5 for Third Straight Win\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130118022008/http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2013/jan/14/anaheim-gana-partido-ante-sacramento/","external_links_name":"\"Anaheim gana partido ante Sacramento\""},{"Link":"http://hoylosangeles.com/news/2013/jan/14/anaheim-gana-partido-ante-sacramento/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4532934","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Look to Take Care of Business against Sacramento\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042867","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Jan 12, 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4536706","external_links_name":"\"Short-Handed Anaheim Falls 12-9 at Tacoma\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4535879","external_links_name":"\"Red-Hot Bolts Face Crucial Road Swing\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042873","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Pacific Sports Center - Sat, Jan 19, 2013\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042875","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Pacific Sports Center - Sun, Jan 20, 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4542165","external_links_name":"\"Bolts' Playoff Hopes Ended by 10-6\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4542166","external_links_name":"\"Chiles sets PASL goals record in Sockers' 10-6 win over Anaheim\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4542030","external_links_name":"\"Bolts' Season on the Line in Clash with Defending Champs\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042885","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Feb 02, 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4544840","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Fall 18-4 to Fired up Rio Grande Valley\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4544830","external_links_name":"\"Flash Inch Closer to Second\""},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042896","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sat, Feb 09, 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=4548043","external_links_name":"\"Bolts Finish Season with 20-5 Loss to Hungry Las Vegas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231222/http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9915","external_links_name":"\"Outmatched: Anaheim Bolts fall to Las Vegas 20-5\""},{"Link":"http://www.lasoccernews.com/article.php?article_id=9915","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://pasl_site.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2042902","external_links_name":"\"Box Score: Anaheim Convention - Sun, Feb 17, 2013\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenodasyidae	Xenodasyidae	["1 References"]	Family of gastrotrichs Xenodasyidae Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Gastrotricha Order: Macrodasyida Family: XenodasyidaeTodaro, Guidi, Leasi & Tongiorgi, 2006 Xenodasyidae is a family of worms belonging to the order Macrodasyida. Genera: Chordodasiopsis Todaro, Guidi, Leasi & Tongiorgi, 2006 Xenodasys Swedmark, 1967 References ^ a b "Xenodasyidae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 13 June 2021. Taxon identifiersXenodasyidae Wikidata: Q4124115 Wikispecies: Xenodasyidae CoL: 7NLKK EoL: 8745 GBIF: 3424 IRMNG: 118886 NBN: NHMSYS0021054454 Open Tree of Life: 2844981 WoRMS: 247835	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm"},{"link_name":"Macrodasyida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrodasyida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"Chordodasiopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chordodasiopsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xenodasys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xenodasys&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Xenodasyidae is a family of worms belonging to the order Macrodasyida.[1]Genera:[1]Chordodasiopsis Todaro, Guidi, Leasi & Tongiorgi, 2006\nXenodasys Swedmark, 1967","title":"Xenodasyidae"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Xenodasyidae\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 13 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3424","url_text":"\"Xenodasyidae\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3424","external_links_name":"\"Xenodasyidae\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NLKK","external_links_name":"7NLKK"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/8745","external_links_name":"8745"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3424","external_links_name":"3424"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=118886","external_links_name":"118886"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021054454","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021054454"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2844981","external_links_name":"2844981"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=247835","external_links_name":"247835"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iraq	List of universities in Iraq	["1 Baghdad","2 Outside Baghdad","3 Kurdistan Region","4 Private universities","5 References"]	This is a incomplete list of universities in Iraq. There are more than 85 universities and academics in total: 35 public universities, (four technical universities, one institutes of technology, and two fine arts university, one national defense university, and one police academy) 45 private universities and colleges. This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2020) Baghdad Al Mustansiriya University Al Turath University College Nahrain University American University of Iraq Iraqi University University of Baghdad University of Technology, Iraq Outside Baghdad Al Muthana University - Al Muthanna Babylon University - Babil Diyala University - Diyala Kirkuk University - Kirkuk Hawler Medical University Kufa University - Najaf Misan University - Misan Dhi Qar University - Dhi Qar Tikrit University - Salah ad Din University of Al-Qadisiyah - Al-Qādisiyyah University of Anbar - Anbar University of Basrah - Basrah University of Karbala - Karbala University of Mosul - Mosul University of Wasit - Wasit Al-Muthana University - Al-Muthana Samarra University - Samarra Kurdistan Region University of Sulaimani Salahaddin University- Erbil University of Duhok Duhok Polytechnic University Erbil polytechnic university Sulaimani Polytechnic University Hawler Medical University Koya University Soran University University of Zakho University of Raparin Halabja University Garmian University Charmo University University of Kurdistan Hawler The American University of Kurdistan Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research Kurdistan Board for Medical Specialties Private universities Knowledge University - Erbil Cihan university - Erbil, Sulaymaniyah & Duhok Catholic University in Erbil - Erbil Ahlulbait University College - Karbala Al Hadbaa University College - Mosul Al Maamoon University College - Baghdad Al Maarif University College - Al-Anbar Al Mansour University College - Baghdad Al Rafidain University College - Baghdad Al Rasheed University College - Baghdad Al Turath University College - Baghdad Al Yarmouk University College - Diyala Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University - Baghdad Baghdad College Of Medical Sciences - Baghdad Basrah University College of Science and Technology - Basra Lebanese French University - Erbil International University of Erbil Dijlah University College - Baghdad Humanitarian Studies University College - Najaf Islamic University College - Najaf Madenat Alelem University College - Baghdad St. Clements University - Sulaimaniyah vteList of universities in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal References ^ "Iraq universities". ^ "krg".	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of universities in Iraq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Mustansiriya University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansiriya_University"},{"link_name":"Al Turath University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Turath_University_College"},{"link_name":"Nahrain University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nahrain_University"},{"link_name":"American University of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Iraq_-_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Iraqi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_University"},{"link_name":"University of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"University of Technology, Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Iraq"}],"text":"Al Mustansiriya University\nAl Turath University College\nNahrain University\nAmerican University of Iraq\nIraqi University\nUniversity of Baghdad\nUniversity of Technology, Iraq","title":"Baghdad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Muthana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Muthana_University"},{"link_name":"Babylon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_University"},{"link_name":"Diyala University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyala_University"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk_University"},{"link_name":"Hawler Medical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawler_Medical_University"},{"link_name":"Kufa University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa_University"},{"link_name":"Misan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misan_University"},{"link_name":"Dhi Qar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dhi_Qar"},{"link_name":"Tikrit University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrit_University"},{"link_name":"University of Al-Qadisiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Al-Qadisiyah"},{"link_name":"University of Anbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Anbar"},{"link_name":"University of Basrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Basrah"},{"link_name":"University of Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Karbala"},{"link_name":"University of Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mosul"},{"link_name":"University of Wasit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wasit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Al-Muthana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muthana_University"},{"link_name":"Samarra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarra_University"}],"text":"Al Muthana University - Al Muthanna\nBabylon University - Babil\nDiyala University - Diyala\nKirkuk University - Kirkuk\nHawler Medical University\nKufa University - Najaf\nMisan University - Misan\nDhi Qar University - Dhi Qar\nTikrit University - Salah ad Din\nUniversity of Al-Qadisiyah - Al-Qādisiyyah\nUniversity of Anbar - Anbar\nUniversity of Basrah - Basrah\nUniversity of Karbala - Karbala\nUniversity of Mosul - Mosul\nUniversity of Wasit - Wasit[2]\nAl-Muthana University - Al-Muthana\nSamarra University - Samarra","title":"Outside Baghdad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Sulaimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sulaymaniyah"},{"link_name":"Salahaddin University- Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahaddin_University-Erbil"},{"link_name":"University of Duhok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Duhok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duhok Polytechnic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duhok_Polytechnic_University&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erbil polytechnic university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil_Polytechnic_University"},{"link_name":"Sulaimani Polytechnic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaimani_Polytechnic_University"},{"link_name":"Hawler Medical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawler_Medical_University"},{"link_name":"Koya University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koya_University"},{"link_name":"Soran University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran_University"},{"link_name":"University of Zakho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zakho"},{"link_name":"University of Raparin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Raparin"},{"link_name":"University of Kurdistan Hawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kurdistan_Hewler"},{"link_name":"The American University of Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_University_of_Kurdistan"}],"text":"University of Sulaimani\nSalahaddin University- Erbil\nUniversity of Duhok\nDuhok Polytechnic University\nErbil polytechnic university\nSulaimani Polytechnic University\nHawler Medical University\nKoya University\nSoran University\nUniversity of Zakho\nUniversity of Raparin\nHalabja University\nGarmian University\nCharmo University\nUniversity of Kurdistan Hawler\nThe American University of Kurdistan\nKurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research\nKurdistan Board for Medical Specialties","title":"Kurdistan Region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knowledge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_University"},{"link_name":"Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil"},{"link_name":"Cihan university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihan_University_(Erbil)"},{"link_name":"Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil"},{"link_name":"Sulaymaniyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymaniyah"},{"link_name":"Duhok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhok"},{"link_name":"Catholic University in Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cue.edu.krd/"},{"link_name":"Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil"},{"link_name":"Ahlulbait University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlulbait_University_College"},{"link_name":"Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala"},{"link_name":"Al Hadbaa University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hadbaa_University_College"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Al Maamoon University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Maamoon_University_College"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Al Maarif University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Maarif_University_College"},{"link_name":"Al Mansour University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mansour_University_College"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Al Rafidain University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Rafidain_University_College"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Al Rasheed University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Rasheed_University_College"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Al Turath University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Turath_University_College"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Al Yarmouk University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Yarmouk_University_College"},{"link_name":"Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_College_of_Economic_Sciences_University"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Baghdad College Of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_College_Of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Basrah University College of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basrah_University_College_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"Lebanese French University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lfu.edu.krd/"},{"link_name":"Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil"},{"link_name":"International University of Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_university_of_erbil"},{"link_name":"Dijlah University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijlah_University_College"},{"link_name":"Humanitarian Studies University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_Studies_University_College"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"Islamic University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_University_College"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"Madenat Alelem University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madenat_Alelem_University_College"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"St. Clements University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clements_University"},{"link_name":"Sulaimaniyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymaniyah"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic"},{"link_name":"List of universities in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Asia"},{"link_name":"Sovereign states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Brunei"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"East Timor (Timor-Leste)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Laos"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Maldives"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Oman"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Qatar"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"States withlimited recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"British Indian Ocean Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Macau"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Asia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"}],"text":"Knowledge University - Erbil\nCihan university - Erbil, Sulaymaniyah & Duhok\nCatholic University in Erbil - Erbil\nAhlulbait University College - Karbala\nAl Hadbaa University College - Mosul\nAl Maamoon University College - Baghdad\nAl Maarif University College - Al-Anbar\nAl Mansour University College - Baghdad\nAl Rafidain University College - Baghdad\nAl Rasheed University College - Baghdad\nAl Turath University College - Baghdad\nAl Yarmouk University College - Diyala\nBaghdad College of Economic Sciences University - Baghdad\nBaghdad College Of Medical Sciences - Baghdad\nBasrah University College of Science and Technology - Basra\nLebanese French University - Erbil\nInternational University of Erbil\nDijlah University College - Baghdad\nHumanitarian Studies University College - Najaf\nIslamic University College - Najaf\nMadenat Alelem University College - Baghdad\nSt. Clements University - SulaimaniyahvteList of universities in Asia Sovereign states\nAfghanistan\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus\nEast Timor (Timor-Leste)\nEgypt\nGeorgia\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nOman\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nQatar\nRussia\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nStates withlimited recognition\nAbkhazia\nNorthern Cyprus\nPalestine\nSouth Ossetia\nTaiwan\nDependencies andother territories\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory\nChristmas Island\nCocos (Keeling) Islands\nHong Kong\nMacau\n\n Category\n Asia portal","title":"Private universities"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Iraq universities\".","urls":[{"url":"https://mohesr.gov.iq/","url_text":"\"Iraq universities\""}]},{"reference":"\"krg\".","urls":[{"url":"https://gov.krd/mohe/publications/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95-%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86/","url_text":"\"krg\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Iraq&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://cue.edu.krd/","external_links_name":"Catholic University in Erbil"},{"Link":"https://lfu.edu.krd/","external_links_name":"Lebanese French University"},{"Link":"https://mohesr.gov.iq/","external_links_name":"\"Iraq universities\""},{"Link":"https://gov.krd/mohe/publications/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95-%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86/","external_links_name":"\"krg\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinian_Dynasty	Constantinian dynasty	["1 Stemmata","2 Family tree","3 Relationship to other tetrarchs","4 Notes","5 References"]	Roman imperial dynasty in Late Antiquity, r. 293–363 Roman imperial dynastiesMedallion of Constantine I from the Szilágysomlyo Treasure, showing the augustus (C) crowned by the manus Dei, with his eldest son Constantine II crowned by Victory (R) accompanied by the other caesares, Constans and Constantius II (L) Constantinian dynasty Chronology Constantius I 305–306 Constantine I 306–337 Constantine II 337–340 Constans 337–350 Constantius II 337–361 Julian 361–363 Succession Preceded byTetrarchy Followed byJovian and Valentinianic dynasty vte Constantine I with his two eldest sons by Fausta, Constantine II and Constantius II Silver coin of Constans, showing Constans, Constantine II and Constantius II The Constantinian dynasty is an informal name for the ruling family of the Roman Empire from Constantius Chlorus (died 306) to the death of Julian in 363. It is named after its most famous member, Constantine the Great, who became the sole ruler of the empire in 324. The dynasty is also called Neo-Flavian because every Constantinian emperor bore the name Flavius, similarly to the rulers of the first Flavian dynasty in the 1st century. Stemmata In italics the augusti and the augustae. Constantius I From relationship between Constantius I and Helena Constantine I From marriage between Constantine I and Minervina Crispus From marriage between Constantine I and Fausta Constantina, wife of Hannibalianus and Constantius Gallus Constantine II Constantius II No offspring from marriage between Constantius II and his first wife, daughter of Julius Constantius No offspring from marriage between Constantius II and Eusebia From marriage between Constantius II and Faustina Constantia, wife of Gratian Constans I Helena, wife of Julian From marriage between Constantius Chlorus and Theodora Flavius Dalmatius From marriage between Flavius Dalmatius and unknown wife Flavius Dalmatius Hannibalianus, husband of Constantina Julius Constantius From marriage between Julius Constantius and Galla son, died in the purges of 337 daughter, first wife of Constantius II Constantius Gallus No offspring from marriage between Gallus and Constantina From marriage between Julius Constantius and Basilina Julian No offspring from marriage between Julian and Helena, daughter of Constantine I Hannibalianus (must have died before the imperial purges that occurred in 337 because he is not listed among its victims); Anastasia; Flavia Julia Constantia, wife of Licinius Licinius II Eutropia Nepotianus Family tree vteCONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree Afranius HannibalianusEutropiaMaximianWestern emperor TheodoraConstantius I ChlorusWestern emperor250-305-306Helena250–330MaxentiusWestern emperor Constantia293–330∞ Licinius250-308-324-325Flavius Dalmatiuscensor1.GallaJulius Constantiusd. 337∞ 2.BasilinaAnastasiaEutropiaFausta289–326Constantine I the Great272-306-337Minervina DalmatiuscaesarHannibalianus(1) Constantius Gallus(2) Julian331-360-363Helenad. 360Constantina∞ 1.Hannibalianus2.Constantius GallusConstantius II317-337-361∞ FaustinaConstantine IIWestern emperor316-337-340Constans IWestern emperor320-337-350(daughter)∞ JustusCrispusd. 326 Jovian331-363-364Marina SeveraValentinian IWestern emperorVALENTINIANIC DYNASTYJustina Constantia361–383GratianWestern emperor359-367-383GallaTheodosius IEastern emperorTHEODOSIAN DYNASTY Family of Constantinian dynasty Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as Augusti, names with a thicker border appear in both sections 1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings Maximian286–305adoptive father HelenaConstantius Chlorus305–306Flavia Maximiana Theodora Constantine I306–337Flavius DalmatiusHannibalianusFlavia Julia ConstantiaLicinius308–324AnastasiaBassianus GallaJulius ConstantiusBasilinaLicinius IIEutropiaVirius Nepotianus HannibalianusConstantinaConstantius GallusJulian360–363HelenaNepotianus 2: Constantine's children MinervinaConstantine I306–337Fausta CrispusConstantine II337–340Constans337–350HannibalianusConstantinaConstantius Gallus FaustinaConstantius II337–361HelenaJulian360–363 Gratian367–383Constantia Relationship to other tetrarchs Other rulers of the tetrarchy were related to the Constantinian dynasty: Maximian: adoptive father and stepfather-in-law of Constantius Chlorus, father-in-law of Constantine, stepgrandfather-in-law of Licinius Maxentius: adoptive brother and half-brother-in-law of Constantius Chlorus, brother-in-law of Constantine Licinius: son-in-law of Constantius Chlorus, half-brother-in-law of Constantine Notes ^ Julian, Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum 270 D, Roman-emperors.org References R. Scott Moore, "The Stemmata of the Neo-Flavian Emperors", DIR (1998) R. Scott Moore, "The Stemmata of the Emperors of the Tetrarchy", DIR (1998) vteRoman emperors by time periodList of Roman emperorsRoman EmpireFamily treeEarly PrincipateCrisis of the Third CenturyDominateWestern Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC–AD 68) Year of the 4 Emperors (68–69) Flavian dynasty (69–96) Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96–192) Year of the 5 Emperors (192–193) Severan dynasty (193–235) Barracks emperors (235–284) Year of the 6 Emperors (238) Gordian dynasty (238–244) Illyrian emperors (268–284) Gallic emperors (260–274) Britannic emperors (286–297) Tetrarchies (293–313) Constantinian dynasty (305–363) Valentinianic dynasty (364–392) Theodosian dynasty (378–455) Western Roman emperors (395–476) Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors (395–1453) Emperors of Nicaea (1204–1261) Emperors of Trebizond (1204–1461) Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica (1224–1246) Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Costantino_magno,_emissione_argentea_per_costantino_cesare,_317-337.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fausta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Costante,_costantino_II_e_costanzo_II,_emissione_argentea_a_nome_di_costante,_337-340.JPG"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Constantius Chlorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus"},{"link_name":"Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Constantine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Flavian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavian_dynasty"}],"text":"Constantine I with his two eldest sons by Fausta, Constantine II and Constantius IISilver coin of Constans, showing Constans, Constantine II and Constantius IIThe Constantinian dynasty is an informal name for the ruling family of the Roman Empire from Constantius Chlorus (died 306) to the death of Julian in 363. It is named after its most famous member, Constantine the Great, who became the sole ruler of the empire in 324. The dynasty is also called Neo-Flavian because every Constantinian emperor bore the name Flavius, similarly to the rulers of the first Flavian dynasty in the 1st century.","title":"Constantinian dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"augusti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_(title)"},{"link_name":"augustae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Augustae"},{"link_name":"Constantius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(mother_of_Constantine)"},{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"Minervina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minervina"},{"link_name":"Crispus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispus"},{"link_name":"Fausta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausta"},{"link_name":"Constantina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina"},{"link_name":"Hannibalianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibalianus"},{"link_name":"Constantius Gallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Gallus"},{"link_name":"Constantine II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Constantius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II"},{"link_name":"Julius Constantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Constantius"},{"link_name":"Eusebia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebia_(empress)"},{"link_name":"Faustina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)"},{"link_name":"Constantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)"},{"link_name":"Gratian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian"},{"link_name":"Constans I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_I"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_wife_of_Julian"},{"link_name":"Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate"},{"link_name":"Theodora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora"},{"link_name":"Flavius Dalmatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Dalmatius"},{"link_name":"Flavius Dalmatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatius"},{"link_name":"Hannibalianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibalianus"},{"link_name":"Constantina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina"},{"link_name":"Julius Constantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Constantius"},{"link_name":"Galla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Julius_Constantius)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Constantius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II"},{"link_name":"Constantius Gallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Gallus"},{"link_name":"Constantina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina"},{"link_name":"Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate"},{"link_name":"Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_(4th_century)"},{"link_name":"Flavia Julia Constantia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia"},{"link_name":"Licinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinius"},{"link_name":"Licinius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinius_II"},{"link_name":"Nepotianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotianus"}],"text":"In italics the augusti and the augustae.Constantius I\nFrom relationship between Constantius I and Helena\nConstantine I\nFrom marriage between Constantine I and Minervina\nCrispus\nFrom marriage between Constantine I and Fausta\nConstantina, wife of Hannibalianus and Constantius Gallus\nConstantine II\nConstantius II\nNo offspring from marriage between Constantius II and his first wife, daughter of Julius Constantius\nNo offspring from marriage between Constantius II and Eusebia\nFrom marriage between Constantius II and Faustina\nConstantia, wife of Gratian\nConstans I\nHelena, wife of Julian\nFrom marriage between Constantius Chlorus and Theodora\nFlavius Dalmatius\nFrom marriage between Flavius Dalmatius and unknown wife\nFlavius Dalmatius\nHannibalianus, husband of Constantina\nJulius Constantius\nFrom marriage between Julius Constantius and Galla\nson, died in the purges of 337[1]\ndaughter, first wife of Constantius II\nConstantius Gallus\nNo offspring from marriage between Gallus and Constantina\nFrom marriage between Julius Constantius and Basilina\nJulian\nNo offspring from marriage between Julian and Helena, daughter of Constantine I\nHannibalianus (must have died before the imperial purges that occurred in 337 because he is not listed among its victims);\nAnastasia;\nFlavia Julia Constantia, wife of Licinius\nLicinius II\nEutropia\nNepotianus","title":"Stemmata"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tetrarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarchy"},{"link_name":"Maximian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximian"},{"link_name":"Maxentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxentius"},{"link_name":"Licinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinius"}],"text":"Other rulers of the tetrarchy were related to the Constantinian dynasty:Maximian: adoptive father and stepfather-in-law of Constantius Chlorus, father-in-law of Constantine, stepgrandfather-in-law of Licinius\nMaxentius: adoptive brother and half-brother-in-law of Constantius Chlorus, brother-in-law of Constantine\nLicinius: son-in-law of Constantius Chlorus, half-brother-in-law of Constantine","title":"Relationship to other tetrarchs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate"},{"link_name":"Roman-emperors.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.roman-emperors.org/gallus.htm"}],"text":"^ Julian, Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum 270 D, Roman-emperors.org","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Constantine I with his two eldest sons by Fausta, Constantine II and Constantius II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Costantino_magno%2C_emissione_argentea_per_costantino_cesare%2C_317-337.JPG/220px-Costantino_magno%2C_emissione_argentea_per_costantino_cesare%2C_317-337.JPG"},{"image_text":"Silver coin of Constans, showing Constans, Constantine II and Constantius II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Costante%2C_costantino_II_e_costanzo_II%2C_emissione_argentea_a_nome_di_costante%2C_337-340.JPG/220px-Costante%2C_costantino_II_e_costanzo_II%2C_emissione_argentea_a_nome_di_costante%2C_337-340.JPG"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.roman-emperors.org/gallus.htm","external_links_name":"Roman-emperors.org"},{"Link":"http://www.roman-emperors.org/nfstem.htm","external_links_name":"R. Scott Moore, \"The Stemmata of the Neo-Flavian Emperors\", DIR (1998)"},{"Link":"http://www.roman-emperors.org/tetstem.htm","external_links_name":"R. Scott Moore, \"The Stemmata of the Emperors of the Tetrarchy\", DIR (1998)"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543879405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115162","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razole_(SC)_(Assembly_constituency)	Razole Assembly constituency	["1 Mandals","2 Members of the Legislative Assembly","3 Election results","3.1 1952","3.2 2004","3.3 2009","3.4 2014","3.5 2019","3.6 2024","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 16°28′N 81°50′E / 16.47°N 81.84°E / 16.47; 81.84Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India RazoleConstituency No. 45 for the Andhra Pradesh Legislative AssemblyLocation of Razole Assembly constituency within Andhra PradeshConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionSouth IndiaStateAndhra PradeshDistrictKonaseemaLS constituencyAmalapuramEstablished1951Total electors186,819ReservationSCMember of Legislative Assembly16th Andhra Pradesh Legislative AssemblyIncumbent Deva Varaprasad Party JSPElected year2024 Razole is a Scheduled Caste reserved constituency in Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh that elects representatives to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in India. It is one of the seven assembly segments of the Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency. Deva Varaprasad is the current MLA of the constituency, having won the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Jana Sena Party. As of 2019, there are a total of 186,819 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1951, as per the Delimitation Orders (1951). Mandals The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are: Mandal Razole Malikipuram Sakhinetipalle Mamidikuduru (Part) The villages of Mamidikuduru Mandal that are covered by the constituency are Mamidikuduru, Geddada, Edarada, Komarada, Magatapalle and Gogannamatham. The other part of this mandal is a part of Gannavaram Assembly constituency. Members of the Legislative Assembly Year Member Political party 1952 Alluru Venkararamaraju Communist Party of India 1955 1962 Gaddem Mahalakshmi Indian National Congress 1967 G. R. Nayinala 1972 Bikkina Gopalakrishnarao Independent 1978 Rudraraju Ramalingaraju Indian National Congress 1983 Alluri Venkata Suryanarayana Raju Telugu Desam Party 1985 1989 Mangena Gangaiah Indian National Congress 1994 Alluru Venkata Suryanarayana Raju Telugu Desam Party 1999 2004 Alluri Krishnam Raju Indian National Congress 2009 Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao 2014 Gollapalli Surya Rao Telugu Desam Party 2019 Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao Jana Sena Party 2024 Deva Varaprasad Election results 1952 1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election: Razole Party Candidate Votes % ±% CPI Alluri Venkataramaraju 41,847 20.08% KMPP Akula Buliswami 37,307 17.90% CPI Ganji Nagaswara Rao 34,688 16.65% KMPP Pamula Venkataratnam 27,386 13.14% INC Boyi Bhimanna 27,311 13.11% 13.11% INC Mupparti Venkataratnam 23,118 11.10% 11.10% RPI Pamula Prakass Rao 12,653 6.07% Independent Kanteti Narasimharaju 4,051 1.94% Margin of victory 4,540 2.18% Turnout 2,08,361 128.80% Registered electors 1,61,776 CPI win (new seat) 2004 2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Razole Party Candidate Votes % ±% INC Alluri Krishnam Raju 68,104 62.19 +13.10 TDP Alluri Venkata Suryanarayana Raju 40,086 36.60 -13.07 Majority 28,018 25.59 Turnout 109,517 83.95 +6.76 INC gain from TDP Swing 2009 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Razole Party Candidate Votes % ±% INC Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao 52,319 39.76 -22.43 PRP Nalli Venkata Krishna Mallik 46,450 35.30 TDP Bathula Ramu 25,286 19.21 -17.39 Majority 5,869 4.46 Turnout 131,598 79.50 -4.45 INC hold Swing 2014 2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Razole Party Candidate Votes % ±% TDP Gollapalli Surya Rao 66,960 49.52 YSRCP Bonthu Rajeswara Rao 62,277 46.05 NOTA None of the Above 856 0.63 Independent Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao 318 0.24 Majority 4,683 3.47 Turnout 135,230 77.71 -1.79 TDP gain from INC Swing 2019 2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Razole Party Candidate Votes % ±% JSP Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao 50,053 32.92 +32.92 YSRCP Bonthu Rajeswara Rao 49,239 32.91 -13.45 TDP Gollapalli Surya Rao 44,592 30.47 -18.92 Majority 814 0.56 Turnout 1,45,641 JSP gain from TDP Swing 2024 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Razole Party Candidate Votes % ±% JSP Deva Varaprasad 95,514 60.13 27.21 YSRCP Gollapalli Surya Rao 56,503 35.57 2.66 INC Sarella Prasanna Kumar 1,435 0.9 NOTA None Of The Above 1,628 1.02 Majority 39,011 Turnout 1,58,840 JSP hold Swing See also List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly References ^ "Electors Summary" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh. 25 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019. ^ a b "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" (PDF). The Election Commission of India. 17 December 2018. pp. 19, 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2019. ^ "Assembly Election 2019". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 24 May 2019. ^ "Electors Summary" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh. 25 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2014. 16°28′N 81°50′E / 16.47°N 81.84°E / 16.47; 81.84 vteAssembly constituencies of Andhra PradeshCurrent A Achanta Addanki Adoni Allagadda Alur Amadalavalasa Amalapuram Anakapalli Anantapur Urban Anaparthy Araku Valley Atmakur Avanigadda B Badvel Banaganapalle Bapatla Bheemili Bhimavaram Bobbili C Chandragiri Cheepurupalli Chilakaluripet Chintalapudi Chirala Chittoor Chodavaram D Darsi Denduluru Dharmavaram Dhone E Elamanchili Eluru Etcherla G Gajapathinagaram Gajuwaka Gangadhara Nellore Gannavaram (Konaseema) Gannavaram (Krishna) Giddalur Gopalapuram Gudivada Gudur Guntakal Guntur East Guntur West Gurazala H Hindupur I Ichchapuram J Jaggampeta Jaggayyapeta Jammalamadugu K Kadapa Kadiri Kaikalur Kakinada City Kakinada Rural Kalyandurg Kamalapuram Kandukur Kanigiri Kavali Kodumur Kodur Kondapi Kothapeta Kovur Kovvur Kuppam Kurnool Kurupam M Macherla Machilipatnam Madakasira Madanapalle Madugula Mandapeta Mangalagiri Mantralayam Markapuram Mummidivaram Mydukur Mylavaram N Nagari Nandigama Nandikotkur Nandyal Narasannapeta Narasapuram Narasaraopet Narsipatnam Nellimarla Nellore City Nellore Rural Nidadavole Nuzvid O Ongole P Paderu Palakollu Palakonda Palamaner Palasa Pamarru Panyam Parchur Parvathipuram Pathapatnam Pattikonda Payakaraopet Pedakurapadu Pedana Peddapuram Penamaluru Pendurthi Penukonda Pileru Pithapuram Polavaram Ponnur Prathipadu (Kakinada) Prathipadu (Guntur) Proddatur Pulivendla Punganur Puthalapattu Puttaparthi R Rajahmundry City Rajahmundry Rural Rajam Rajampet Rajanagaram Ramachandrapuram Rampachodavaram Raptadu Rayachoti Rayadurg Razole Repalle S Salur Santhanuthalapadu Sarvepalli Sattenapalle Satyavedu Singanamala Srikakulam Srikalahasti Srisailam Srungavarapukota Sullurpeta T Tadepalligudem Tadikonda Tadpatri Tanuku Tekkali Tenali Thamballapalle Tirupati Tiruvuru Tuni U Udayagiri Undi Unguturu Uravakonda V Vemuru Venkatagiri Vijayawada Central Vijayawada East Vijayawada West Vinukonda Visakhapatnam East Visakhapatnam North Visakhapatnam South Visakhapatnam West Vizianagaram Y Yemmiganur Yerragondapalem Defunct Allur Anantapur Attili Bheemunipatnam Bhogapuram Chintapalle Cumbum Duggirala Harishchandrapuram Kakinada Kankipadu Kothuru Martur Naguru Parawada Puttur Rapur Sathivada Sompeta Therlam Uttarapalli Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam-I Visakhapatnam-II Vunukuru	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scheduled Caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes"},{"link_name":"Konaseema district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konaseema_district"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalapuram_Lok_Sabha_constituency"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constituencies-2"},{"link_name":"Deva Varaprasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_Varaprasad"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Legislative_Assembly_(India)"},{"link_name":"2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"Jana Sena Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Sena_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electors-4"}],"text":"Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, IndiaRazole is a Scheduled Caste reserved constituency in Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh that elects representatives to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in India.[1] It is one of the seven assembly segments of the Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency.[2]Deva Varaprasad is the current MLA of the constituency, having won the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Jana Sena Party.[3] As of 2019, there are a total of 186,819 electors in the constituency.[4] The constituency was established in 1951, as per the Delimitation Orders (1951).","title":"Razole Assembly constituency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constituencies-2"},{"link_name":"Mamidikuduru Mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamidikuduru_Mandal"},{"link_name":"Mamidikuduru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamidikuduru"},{"link_name":"Gannavaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannavaram,_Konaseema_Assembly_constituency"}],"text":"The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:[2]The villages of Mamidikuduru Mandal that are covered by the constituency are Mamidikuduru, Geddada, Edarada, Komarada, Magatapalle and Gogannamatham. The other part of this mandal is a part of Gannavaram Assembly constituency.","title":"Mandals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of the Legislative Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1952","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2004","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2009","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2014","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2019","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2024","title":"Election results"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly"}]	[{"reference":"\"Electors Summary\" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh. 25 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Electors Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008\" (PDF). The Election Commission of India. 17 December 2018. pp. 19, 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf","url_text":"\"Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Assembly Election 2019\". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 24 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm","url_text":"\"Assembly Election 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electors Summary\" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh. 25 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Electors Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras\" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Razole_Assembly_constituency&params=16.47_N_81.84_E_","external_links_name":"16°28′N 81°50′E / 16.47°N 81.84°E / 16.47; 81.84"},{"Link":"http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Electors Summary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm","external_links_name":"\"Assembly Election 2019\""},{"Link":"http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Electors Summary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Razole_Assembly_constituency&params=16.47_N_81.84_E_","external_links_name":"16°28′N 81°50′E / 16.47°N 81.84°E / 16.47; 81.84"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Vaisman	Diana Vaisman	["1 Early and personal life","2 Running career","2.1 60 metres","2.2 100 metres","3 International competitions","4 Personal bests","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Belarusian-born Israeli sprinter Diana VaismanVaisman in 2016Personal informationNationality IsraelBorn (1998-07-23) 23 July 1998 (age 25)Minsk, BelarusHeight1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)Weight56 kg (123 lb)SportSportAthleticsEvent(s)100 m, 200 mClubMaccabi Rishon LeZionCoached byIrina Vaisman and Irina Lenskiy Medal record Representing Israel Balkan Indoor Championships 2019 Belgrade 60 m indoor 2020 Istanbul 60 m indoor 2017 Belgrade 60 m indoor 2018 Istanbul 60 m indoor Maccabiah Games 2017 Israel 100 m Vaisman in 2022 Diana Vaisman (or Weissman, Belarusian: Диана Вейсман, Hebrew: דיאנה ויסמן; born 23 July 1998) is a Belarusian-born Israeli track and field athlete and sprinter. She holds the Israeli national record in the 100 metre sprint. Early and personal life Vaisman was born in Minsk, Belarus, to Irena and Vladimir Vaisman. Her family immigrated to Israel with her, when she was two years old. They reside in Ashkelon, Israel. Her mother Irina Vaisman is a former athlete and a current coach, and coaches her as does Irina Lenskiy. Vaisman's family is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. She was enlisted and served as a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces. She married her Israeli boyfriend Max Shvarzman on 7 April 2022. Running career Vaisman's club is Maccabi Rishon LeZion. 60 metres Vaisman represented Israel in the 60 metres at two European Athletics Indoor Championships, in 2017 and 2019, reaching the semifinals on the second occasion. In February 2018 she won a bronze medal in the 60 m sprint with a time of 7.49 at the 2018 Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships in Istanbul, Turkey. In January 2019 at the 2019 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Indoor Championships in Miramas, France, she won a bronze medal in the 60 metres with a time of 7.45. In February 2019 she won a gold medal in the 60 m sprint with a time of 7.34 at the 2019 Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships in Istanbul. In a competition held in Rishon LeZion on February 27, 2022 she set a new Israeli record of 7.23 seconds in the 60 meters race. A week later, in a competition held at the AccorHotels Arena in Paris, France on March 6, she finished fourth in the 60 meters race with a new Israeli record of 7.23 seconds. 100 metres In July 2017 at the 2017 Maccabiah Games she set the Games record in the 100 m dash with a time of 11.71. In June 2018 at the 2018 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships in Jesolo, Italy, Vaisman won a silver medal in the 100 metres with a time of 11.59. Vaisman is Israel's national record holder in the 100 metres (11.38 seconds), having in July 2018 at 19 years of age at the Israel Athletic Championship in Tel Aviv broken a long-standing 46-year record of Esther Roth-Shahamorov going back to the 1972 Summer Olympics. In June 2019 at the 2019 European Games, Vaisman set a new Israeli national record in the 100 metres, running it in 11:35 seconds. In July 2019 she ran the 100 metres in 11.27 at the 83rd Israel Athletic Championships, lowering her Israeli national record. In 2019, she competed in the women's 100 metres event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha, Qatar. She did not qualify to compete in the semi-finals. At the Israeli Championships held at the Givat Ram Stadium in Jerusalem she won the gold medal in the 100 meters race with a time of 11.28 seconds, ahead of Alina Droutman from Leader Jerusalem (11.90 seconds) and Ilanit Dorfman from Hapoel Holon (12.13 seconds). In the preliminaries she set a new Israeli record of 11.22 seconds. At a competition held in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland on July 3 that year she won the gold medal in the 100 meters race with a new Israeli record of 11.06 seconds, ahead of Dafne Schippers from the Netherlands (11.13 seconds). At the 2022 European Athletics Championships held in Munich she ran the 100m in 11.29 seconds and did not advance to the semifinals, although she was less than a tenth of a second away from qualifying. International competitions Year Competition Venue Position Event Notes Representing Israel 2013 European Youth Olympic Festival Utrecht, Netherlands 21st (h) 100 m 12.82 (w) 17th (h) 200 m 26.49 (w) 2015 World Youth Championships Cali, Colombia 10th (sf) 100 m 11.79 – 200 m DQ 2016 World U20 Championships Bydgoszcz, Poland 11th (sf) 100 11.66 2017 European Indoor Championships Belgrade, Serbia 33rd (h) 60 m 7.54 European U20 Championships Grosseto, Italy 11th (sf) 100 m 11.88 30th (h) 200 m 24.85 16th (h) 4 × 100 m relay 46.46 2018 Balkan Indoor Championships Istanbul, Turkey 3rd 60 m 7.49 Mediterranean U23 Championships Jesolo, Italy 2nd 100 m 11.59 4th 4 × 100 m relay 47.06 European Championships Berlin, Germany 14th (h) 100 m 11.61 2019 Balkan Indoor Championships Istanbul, Turkey 1st 60 m 7.34 European Indoor Championships Glasgow, Scotland 11th (sf) 60 m 7.32 European U23 Championships Gävle, Sweden 4th 100 m 11.48 World Championships Doha, Qatar 30th (h) 100 m 11.39 2021 Olympic Games Tokyo, Japan 23rd (h) 100 m 11.27 2022 World Indoor Championships Belgrade, Serbia 17th (sf) 60 m 7.20 World Championships Eugene, United States 29th (h) 100 m 11.29 European Championships Munich, Germany 9th (sf) 100 m 11.36 Personal bests Outdoor 100 metres – 11.27 (+0.5 m/s, Tel Aviv 2019) 200 metres – 23.78 (-0.9 m/s, Tel Aviv 2018) Indoor 60 metres – 7.32 (Glasgow 2019) See also List of Israeli records in athletics List of Maccabiah records in athletics References ^ a b "Diana Vaisman - Player Profile - Athletics". Eurosport. ^ "Diana Weissman Photostream". Zimbio. ^ a b Rubinstein, Adi. "Sprinter Diana Weissman breaks 46-year women's 100-meter record". Retrieved 16 January 2024. ^ "A new Israeli record for Diana Weissman in the 100 meters". 26 June 2022. ^ "21st Balkan Indoor Championships 2016 Istanbul, TUR --- Results (Women's) --- Balkan-Athletics.EU" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ Diana Vaisman at World Athletics ^ a b c d e פורת, אבינעם (21 November 2014). "כוכבת בהרצה: סיפורה של דיאנה וייסמן". ynet. ^ a b c "Israeli sprinter breaks country's record set at 1972 Munich Olympics". 9 July 2018. ^ "מדליית ארד לאצנית דיאנה ויסמן מאשקלון". ashkelonim.co.il. ^ "Diana Vaisman on Instagram: "Happy Passover from Cyprus💚 #trackandfield #relay #motivation #running #runner #instarunners #athlete #workout #tracknfield #trackgirls #fitness #fitnessgirl #sport #sportgirl #nike #nikerunning #fit#hardwork ."". ^ "Diana Vaisman on Instagram: "חג חנוכה שמח💙💚🕎. #חנוכה #mama #bestfriends #heppy #holiday"". ^ "Irina Vaisman on Instagram: "ברכות לשנה טובה, לבריאות גוף ונפש, למקצועיות ועשיה משמעותית. שנה של מימוש עצמי והגשמת חלומות! שנה טובה ומאושרת❤️#israel_athletics #atenaisrael #womanpower"". ^ "Diana Vaisman on Instagram: "שלום לכולם, לכבוד ראש השנה רוצה כמובן לשתף אתכם בשנה שחלפה וזאת שתגיע אלינו💡 הייתה לי עונה ארוכה ומוצלחת אשר התחילה אי שם בינואר 2019 בצרפת, אני הולכת לסיים את החודש העשירי, 10 חודשים בהם אני עוברת מתחרות לתחרות ונותנת את כל כולי, במהלך העונה שברתי 4 שיאים ישראלים ב-60 מטר, 5 שיאים ישראלים ב-100 מטר ,3 שיאים ישראלים בשליחות 100*4 מטר.🥳 אני שמחה ומאושרת שהגעתי לאליפות העולם,להיות המתחרה הכי צעירה כאן זה אינו מובן מאליו והכוונה שלי היא לחלוטין לחזור לכאן. להתחרות באותו מקצה עם אלופת העולם ב-100 מטר זוהי תחושה מדהימה ומרגשת.🤩 אנו נכנסים לשנה אולימפית כעת, וכמובן שהשאיפה שלי הינה לייצג את מדינת ישראל גם בטוקיו, אני מתכוונת לעבוד קשה על מנת להיות שם ולהפוך לישראלית הראשונה במעמד זה של הריצות הקצרות מאז אסתר רוט שחמורוב. אני אומנם רצה לבדי על המשטח אך מאחורי יש משפחה שלמה שעוטפת,חברת קומסיין♥️, מועדון מכבי הישגים ראשון לציון 🧡הוועד האולימפי ואיגוד האתלטיקה 💜והכי חשוב: 📍אמא היקרה שלי, שאני רוצה להגיד לה תודה שהיא סובלת אותי ונותנת בשבילי את כל הנשמה, היא הגורם הכי חשוב שלי, היא מחזקת אותי מנטאלית ונפשית בכל רגע שאני מתחרה תודה אמא יקרה תודה🙏🏻 אז מאליפות העולם בדוחא, שנה טובה לכל עם ישראל, מאחלת לכולם חג שמח ובעיקר מתוק.🍯🍏. #doha #doha2019 #worldchampion #trackandfield #nike #worldchampionships"". ^ "Diana Vaisman on Instagram: "שנה טובה ומתוקה🍎🍯"". ^ "Diana Vaisman on Instagram: "אני והמדים שאני רואה פעם בשנה🙃"". ^ "Diana Vaisman on Instagram: ""מכל האהבות שיש לחלום, ביקשתי לי אותך" היום שלנו 7.4.22 💍 @max_shvarzman"". ^ "Max Shvarzman on Instagram: "Cheers to love and happy marriage ❤️"". ^ "Max Shvarzman on Instagram: "07.04.22 התאריך המשמעותי ביותר בחיי ללא ספק ! חיכיתי לרגע הזה 10 שנים מהיום שפגשתי אותך ידעתי שאת תהיה אישתי אני מודה לך על הכל על כל רגע שאת לצידי ! חלמתי לראות את הרגע הזה שאת צועדת לעברי בשמלת כלה נרגשת וכל כך טהורה ויפה כמו שאת תמיד ! והרגע הזה הגיע ! אישתי היקרה אני אוהב אותך ויאהב עד סוף ימי את כל עולמי ❤️"". ^ "Max Shvarzman on Instagram: "חג שמח לי ולאושר הפרטי שלי ❤️"". ^ "Max Shvarzman on Instagram: "שבת שלום ❤"". ^ ""BALKAN INDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS"" (PDF). ^ "les Résultats des Compétitions". bases.athle.fr. ^ Baronet, Carles (17 February 2019). "- TRACK AND FIELD RESULTS WORLDWIDE - : Istanbul (Turkey), 16.2.2019 -Balkan Championships- (indoor)". Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019. ^ "World Junior Athletics News NZL". www.worldjuniorathleticsnewsnzl.co.nz. ^ "3rd U23 Mediterranean Athletics Championships" ^ staff, T. O. I. "After 46 years, sprinter breaks Israeli women's 100 meter record". www.timesofisrael.com. ^ "Plenty of hardware for Israelis in Minsk". The Jerusalem Post \| JPost.com. 26 June 2019. ^ "Diana VAISMAN \| Profile". www.worldathletics.org. ^ "Women's 100 metres – Start List" (PDF). 2019 World Athletics Championships. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2020. ^ "Women's 100 metres – Heats" (PDF). 2019 World Athletics Championships. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diana Vaisman. Diana Vaisman on Facebook Diana Vaisman at World Athletics Diana Vaisman at Olympedia Diana Vaisman at Olympics.com Diana Vaisman at the Olympic Committee of Israel (in Hebrew) (English translation) Diana Vaisman at The-Sports.org Diana Vaisman on Instagram Authority control databases: People World Athletics	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diana_visman.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-israelhayom2018-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"sprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"100 metre sprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metres"}],"text":"Vaisman in 2022Diana Vaisman (or Weissman,[2][3][4][5] Belarusian: Диана Вейсман, Hebrew: דיאנה ויסמן; born 23 July 1998) is a Belarusian-born Israeli track and field athlete and sprinter.[6] She holds the Israeli national record in the 100 metre sprint.","title":"Diana Vaisman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-7"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-7"},{"link_name":"Ashkelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkelon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Irina Lenskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Lenskiy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-7"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazi Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sukkot_holiday_caption_in_a_photo_of_herself_with_her_mother_Irina_Vaisman-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[Chanukah]_Hanukkah_holiday_caption_in_a_photo_of_herself_with_her_mother_Irena_Vaisman-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[Rosh_Ha]Shanah_holiday_caption_in_a_photo_posted_by_her_mother_Irina_Vaisman-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[Rosh_Ha]Shanah_holiday_caption_in_a_photo_posted_by_herself_(2019)-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[Rosh_Ha]Shanah_holiday_caption_in_a_photo_posted_by_herself_(2015)-14"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-israelhayom2018-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wearing_her_own_IDF_military_uniforms_in_a_photo_posted_by_herself_-_16_January_2017-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star_of_David_necklace_in_a_photo_posted_her_future_husband_by_Max_Shvarzman-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-'Shabbat_Shalom_caption_in_a_photo_posted_by_her_future_husband_Max_Shvarzman-20"}],"text":"Vaisman was born in Minsk, Belarus, to Irena and Vladimir Vaisman.[7] Her family immigrated to Israel with her, when she was two years old.[7] They reside in Ashkelon, Israel.[7][8][9] Her mother Irina Vaisman is a former athlete and a current coach, and coaches her as does Irina Lenskiy.[7] Vaisman's family is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.[10][11][12][13][14]She was enlisted and served as a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces.[8][3][15]She married her Israeli boyfriend Max Shvarzman on 7 April 2022.[16][17][18][19][20]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maccabi Rishon LeZion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Rishon_LeZion_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-7"}],"text":"Vaisman's club is Maccabi Rishon LeZion.[7]","title":"Running career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"60 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_metres"},{"link_name":"European Athletics Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"bronze medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_medal"},{"link_name":"2018 Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Balkan_Athletics_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"Istanbul, Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2019 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Mediterranean_Athletics_U23_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"Miramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"gold medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medal"},{"link_name":"Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Athletics_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Rishon LeZion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishon_LeZion"}],"sub_title":"60 metres","text":"Vaisman represented Israel in the 60 metres at two European Athletics Indoor Championships, in 2017 and 2019, reaching the semifinals on the second occasion. In February 2018 she won a bronze medal in the 60 m sprint with a time of 7.49 at the 2018 Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships in Istanbul, Turkey.[21] In January 2019 at the 2019 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Indoor Championships in Miramas, France, she won a bronze medal in the 60 metres with a time of 7.45.[22] In February 2019 she won a gold medal in the 60 m sprint with a time of 7.34 at the 2019 Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships in Istanbul.[23]In a competition held in Rishon LeZion on February 27, 2022 she set a new Israeli record of 7.23 seconds in the 60 meters race. A week later, in a competition held at the AccorHotels Arena in Paris, France on March 6, she finished fourth in the 60 meters race with a new Israeli record of 7.23 seconds.","title":"Running career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 Maccabiah Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Maccabiah_Games"},{"link_name":"100 m dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metres"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2018 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Mediterranean_Athletics_U23_Championships"},{"link_name":"Jesolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesolo"},{"link_name":"silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"national record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israeli_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Esther Roth-Shahamorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roth-Shahamorov"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-8"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"women's 100 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metres"},{"link_name":"2019 World Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-women_100_metres_start_list_world_2019-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Givat Ram Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givat_Ram_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"}],"sub_title":"100 metres","text":"In July 2017 at the 2017 Maccabiah Games she set the Games record in the 100 m dash with a time of 11.71.[24] In June 2018 at the 2018 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships in Jesolo, Italy, Vaisman won a silver medal in the 100 metres with a time of 11.59.[25]Vaisman is Israel's national record holder in the 100 metres (11.38 seconds), having in July 2018 at 19 years of age at the Israel Athletic Championship in Tel Aviv broken a long-standing 46-year record of Esther Roth-Shahamorov going back to the 1972 Summer Olympics.[26][8] In June 2019 at the 2019 European Games, Vaisman set a new Israeli national record in the 100 metres, running it in 11:35 seconds.[27] In July 2019 she ran the 100 metres in 11.27 at the 83rd Israel Athletic Championships, lowering her Israeli national record.[28] In 2019, she competed in the women's 100 metres event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha, Qatar.[29] She did not qualify to compete in the semi-finals.[30]At the Israeli Championships held at the Givat Ram Stadium in Jerusalem she won the gold medal in the 100 meters race with a time of 11.28 seconds, ahead of Alina Droutman from Leader Jerusalem (11.90 seconds) and Ilanit Dorfman from Hapoel Holon (12.13 seconds). In the preliminaries she set a new Israeli record of 11.22 seconds.At a competition held in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland on July 3 that year she won the gold medal in the 100 meters race with a new Israeli record of 11.06 seconds, ahead of Dafne Schippers from the Netherlands (11.13 seconds).At the 2022 European Athletics Championships held in Munich she ran the 100m in 11.29 seconds and did not advance to the semifinals, although she was less than a tenth of a second away from qualifying.","title":"Running career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"100 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metres"},{"link_name":"200 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_metres"},{"link_name":"60 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_metres"}],"text":"Outdoor100 metres – 11.27 (+0.5 m/s, Tel Aviv 2019)\n200 metres – 23.78 (-0.9 m/s, Tel Aviv 2018)Indoor60 metres – 7.32 (Glasgow 2019)","title":"Personal bests"}]	[{"image_text":"Vaisman in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Diana_visman.jpg/220px-Diana_visman.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Israeli records in athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israeli_records_in_athletics"},{"title":"List of Maccabiah records in athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maccabiah_records_in_athletics"}]	[{"reference":"\"Diana Vaisman - Player Profile - Athletics\". Eurosport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.com/athletics/diana-vaisman_prs468818/person.shtml","url_text":"\"Diana Vaisman - Player Profile - Athletics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diana Weissman Photostream\". Zimbio.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zimbio.com/photos/Diana+Weissman/HEUm6Gcwzik/IAAF+World+Youth+Championships+Cali+2015+Day","url_text":"\"Diana Weissman Photostream\""}]},{"reference":"Rubinstein, Adi. \"Sprinter Diana Weissman breaks 46-year women's 100-meter record\". Retrieved 16 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.israelhayom.com/2018/07/05/sprinter-diana-weissman-breaks-46-year-womens-100-meter-record/","url_text":"\"Sprinter Diana Weissman breaks 46-year women's 100-meter record\""}]},{"reference":"\"A new Israeli record for Diana Weissman in the 100 meters\". 26 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.middleeast-24.com/sports/280678.html","url_text":"\"A new Israeli record for Diana Weissman in the 100 meters\""}]},{"reference":"\"21st Balkan Indoor Championships 2016 Istanbul, TUR --- Results (Women's) --- Balkan-Athletics.EU\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307010539/http://www.balkan-athletics.eu/results/Balkan%20Indoor%20Championships/21st%20Balkan%20Indoor%20Championships%202016%20Istanbul,%20TUR/BICH%202016%20Results%20Women.pdf","url_text":"\"21st Balkan Indoor Championships 2016 Istanbul, TUR --- Results (Women's) --- Balkan-Athletics.EU\""},{"url":"http://www.balkan-athletics.eu/results/Balkan%20Indoor%20Championships/21st%20Balkan%20Indoor%20Championships%202016%20Istanbul,%20TUR/BICH%202016%20Results%20Women.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"פורת, אבינעם (21 November 2014). \"כוכבת בהרצה: סיפורה של דיאנה וייסמן\". ynet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4594300,00.html","url_text":"\"כוכבת בהרצה: סיפורה של דיאנה וייסמן\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israeli sprinter breaks country's record set at 1972 Munich Olympics\". 9 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/2018/07/09/sports/israeli-sprinter-breaks-womens-record-set-at-1972-munich-olympics","url_text":"\"Israeli sprinter breaks country's record set at 1972 Munich Olympics\""}]},{"reference":"\"מדליית ארד לאצנית דיאנה ויסמן מאשקלון\". ashkelonim.co.il.","urls":[{"url":"https://ashkelonim.co.il/%d7%a1%d7%a4%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%98-%d7%91%d7%90%d7%a9%d7%a7%d7%9c%d7%95%d7%9f/4479","url_text":"\"מדליית ארד לאצנית דיאנה ויסמן מאשקלון\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"Happy Passover from Cyprus💚 #trackandfield #relay #motivation #running #runner #instarunners #athlete #workout #tracknfield #trackgirls #fitness #fitnessgirl #sport #sportgirl #nike #nikerunning #fit#hardwork .\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BwroOo9jIN-/","url_text":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"Happy Passover from Cyprus💚 #trackandfield #relay #motivation #running #runner #instarunners #athlete #workout #tracknfield #trackgirls #fitness #fitnessgirl #sport #sportgirl #nike #nikerunning #fit#hardwork .\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"חג חנוכה שמח💙💚🕎. #חנוכה #mama #bestfriends #heppy #holiday\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CW1GVAsD1CG/","url_text":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"חג חנוכה שמח💙💚🕎. #חנוכה #mama #bestfriends #heppy #holiday\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irina Vaisman on Instagram: \"ברכות לשנה טובה, לבריאות גוף ונפש, למקצועיות ועשיה משמעותית. שנה של מימוש עצמי והגשמת חלומות! שנה טובה ומאושרת❤️#israel_athletics #atenaisrael #womanpower\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CFR9_OOHMzw/","url_text":"\"Irina Vaisman on Instagram: \"ברכות לשנה טובה, לבריאות גוף ונפש, למקצועיות ועשיה משמעותית. שנה של מימוש עצמי והגשמת חלומות! שנה טובה ומאושרת❤️#israel_athletics #atenaisrael #womanpower\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"שלום לכולם, לכבוד ראש השנה רוצה כמובן לשתף אתכם בשנה שחלפה וזאת שתגיע אלינו💡 הייתה לי עונה ארוכה ומוצלחת אשר התחילה אי שם בינואר 2019 בצרפת, אני הולכת לסיים את החודש העשירי, 10 חודשים בהם אני עוברת מתחרות לתחרות ונותנת את כל כולי, במהלך העונה שברתי 4 שיאים ישראלים ב-60 מטר, 5 שיאים ישראלים ב-100 מטר ,3 שיאים ישראלים בשליחות 1004 מטר.🥳 אני שמחה ומאושרת שהגעתי לאליפות העולם,להיות המתחרה הכי צעירה כאן זה אינו מובן מאליו והכוונה שלי היא לחלוטין לחזור לכאן. להתחרות באותו מקצה עם אלופת העולם ב-100 מטר זוהי תחושה מדהימה ומרגשת.🤩 אנו נכנסים לשנה אולימפית כעת, וכמובן שהשאיפה שלי הינה לייצג את מדינת ישראל גם בטוקיו, אני מתכוונת לעבוד קשה על מנת להיות שם ולהפוך לישראלית הראשונה במעמד זה של הריצות הקצרות מאז אסתר רוט שחמורוב. אני אומנם רצה לבדי על המשטח אך מאחורי יש משפחה שלמה שעוטפת,חברת קומסיין♥️, מועדון מכבי הישגים ראשון לציון 🧡הוועד האולימפי ואיגוד האתלטיקה 💜והכי חשוב: 📍אמא היקרה שלי, שאני רוצה להגיד לה תודה שהיא סובלת אותי ונותנת בשבילי את כל הנשמה, היא הגורם הכי חשוב שלי, היא מחזקת אותי מנטאלית ונפשית בכל רגע שאני מתחרה תודה אמא יקרה תודה🙏🏻 אז מאליפות העולם בדוחא, שנה טובה לכל עם ישראל, מאחלת לכולם חג שמח ובעיקר מתוק.🍯🍏. #doha #doha2019 #worldchampion #trackandfield #nike #worldchampionships\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/B29nk1BjIDN/","url_text":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"שלום לכולם, לכבוד ראש השנה רוצה כמובן לשתף אתכם בשנה שחלפה וזאת שתגיע אלינו💡 הייתה לי עונה ארוכה ומוצלחת אשר התחילה אי שם בינואר 2019 בצרפת, אני הולכת לסיים את החודש העשירי, 10 חודשים בהם אני עוברת מתחרות לתחרות ונותנת את כל כולי, במהלך העונה שברתי 4 שיאים ישראלים ב-60 מטר, 5 שיאים ישראלים ב-100 מטר ,3 שיאים ישראלים בשליחות 1004 מטר.🥳 אני שמחה ומאושרת שהגעתי לאליפות העולם,להיות המתחרה הכי צעירה כאן זה אינו מובן מאליו והכוונה שלי היא לחלוטין לחזור לכאן. להתחרות באותו מקצה עם אלופת העולם ב-100 מטר זוהי תחושה מדהימה ומרגשת.🤩 אנו נכנסים לשנה אולימפית כעת, וכמובן שהשאיפה שלי הינה לייצג את מדינת ישראל גם בטוקיו, אני מתכוונת לעבוד קשה על מנת להיות שם ולהפוך לישראלית הראשונה במעמד זה של הריצות הקצרות מאז אסתר רוט שחמורוב. אני אומנם רצה לבדי על המשטח אך מאחורי יש משפחה שלמה שעוטפת,חברת קומסיין♥️, מועדון מכבי הישגים ראשון לציון 🧡הוועד האולימפי ואיגוד האתלטיקה 💜והכי חשוב: 📍אמא היקרה שלי, שאני רוצה להגיד לה תודה שהיא סובלת אותי ונותנת בשבילי את כל הנשמה, היא הגורם הכי חשוב שלי, היא מחזקת אותי מנטאלית ונפשית בכל רגע שאני מתחרה תודה אמא יקרה תודה🙏🏻 אז מאליפות העולם בדוחא, שנה טובה לכל עם ישראל, מאחלת לכולם חג שמח ובעיקר מתוק.🍯🍏. #doha #doha2019 #worldchampion #trackandfield #nike #worldchampionships\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"שנה טובה ומתוקה🍎🍯\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/7oJLwGsWal/","url_text":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"שנה טובה ומתוקה🍎🍯\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"אני והמדים שאני רואה פעם בשנה🙃\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BPUdvUnhEDw/","url_text":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"אני והמדים שאני רואה פעם בשנה🙃\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"\"מכל האהבות שיש לחלום, ביקשתי לי אותך\" היום שלנו 7.4.22 💍 @max_shvarzman\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CcFhTN6j1Wv/","url_text":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"\"מכל האהבות שיש לחלום, ביקשתי לי אותך\" היום שלנו 7.4.22 💍 @max_shvarzman\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"Cheers to love and happy marriage ❤️\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CdgEMhhoqHb/","url_text":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"Cheers to love and happy marriage ❤️\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"07.04.22 התאריך המשמעותי ביותר בחיי ללא ספק ! חיכיתי לרגע הזה 10 שנים מהיום שפגשתי אותך ידעתי שאת תהיה אישתי אני מודה לך על הכל על כל רגע שאת לצידי ! חלמתי לראות את הרגע הזה שאת צועדת לעברי בשמלת כלה נרגשת וכל כך טהורה ויפה כמו שאת תמיד ! והרגע הזה הגיע ! אישתי היקרה אני אוהב אותך ויאהב עד סוף ימי את כל עולמי ❤️\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CcLY6zhI1cd/","url_text":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"07.04.22 התאריך המשמעותי ביותר בחיי ללא ספק ! חיכיתי לרגע הזה 10 שנים מהיום שפגשתי אותך ידעתי שאת תהיה אישתי אני מודה לך על הכל על כל רגע שאת לצידי ! חלמתי לראות את הרגע הזה שאת צועדת לעברי בשמלת כלה נרגשת וכל כך טהורה ויפה כמו שאת תמיד ! והרגע הזה הגיע ! אישתי היקרה אני אוהב אותך ויאהב עד סוף ימי את כל עולמי ❤️\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"חג שמח לי ולאושר הפרטי שלי ❤️\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BoY_yLWHLGx/","url_text":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"חג שמח לי ולאושר הפרטי שלי ❤️\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"שבת שלום ❤\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/B0auHwNDEpF/","url_text":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"שבת שלום ❤\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"BALKAN INDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS\"\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taf.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2018_BalkanSonuclar.pdf","url_text":"\"\"BALKAN INDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"les Résultats des Compétitions\". bases.athle.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://bases.athle.fr/asp.net/liste.aspx?frmbase=resultats&frmmode=1&frmespace=0&frmcompetition=226558","url_text":"\"les Résultats des Compétitions\""}]},{"reference":"Baronet, Carles (17 February 2019). \"- TRACK AND FIELD RESULTS WORLDWIDE - : Istanbul (Turkey), 16.2.2019 -Balkan Championships- (indoor)\". Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190728030352/https://trackinsun.blogspot.com/2019/02/istanbul-turkey-1622019-balkan.html","url_text":"\"- TRACK AND FIELD RESULTS WORLDWIDE - : Istanbul (Turkey), 16.2.2019 -Balkan Championships- (indoor)\""},{"url":"https://trackinsun.blogspot.com/2019/02/istanbul-turkey-1622019-balkan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Junior Athletics News NZL\". www.worldjuniorathleticsnewsnzl.co.nz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldjuniorathleticsnewsnzl.co.nz/","url_text":"\"World Junior Athletics News NZL\""}]},{"reference":"staff, T. O. I. \"After 46 years, sprinter breaks Israeli women's 100 meter record\". www.timesofisrael.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-46-years-sprinter-breaks-israeli-womens-100-meter-record/","url_text":"\"After 46 years, sprinter breaks Israeli women's 100 meter record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plenty of hardware for Israelis in Minsk\". The Jerusalem Post \| JPost.com. 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/plenty-of-hardware-for-israelis-in-minsk-593588","url_text":"\"Plenty of hardware for Israelis in Minsk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diana VAISMAN \| Profile\". www.worldathletics.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/israel/diana-vaisman-14584532","url_text":"\"Diana VAISMAN \| Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's 100 metres – Start List\" (PDF). 2019 World Athletics Championships. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-100-W-h----.SL2.pdf","url_text":"\"Women's 100 metres – Start List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928092704/https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-100-W-h----.SL2.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Women's 100 metres – Heats\" (PDF). 2019 World Athletics Championships. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-100-W-h----.RS4.pdf","url_text":"\"Women's 100 metres – Heats\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928152924/https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-100-W-h----.RS4.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.eurosport.com/athletics/diana-vaisman_prs468818/person.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Diana Vaisman - Player Profile - Athletics\""},{"Link":"https://www.zimbio.com/photos/Diana+Weissman/HEUm6Gcwzik/IAAF+World+Youth+Championships+Cali+2015+Day","external_links_name":"\"Diana Weissman Photostream\""},{"Link":"https://www.israelhayom.com/2018/07/05/sprinter-diana-weissman-breaks-46-year-womens-100-meter-record/","external_links_name":"\"Sprinter Diana Weissman breaks 46-year women's 100-meter record\""},{"Link":"https://news.middleeast-24.com/sports/280678.html","external_links_name":"\"A new Israeli record for Diana Weissman in the 100 meters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307010539/http://www.balkan-athletics.eu/results/Balkan%20Indoor%20Championships/21st%20Balkan%20Indoor%20Championships%202016%20Istanbul,%20TUR/BICH%202016%20Results%20Women.pdf","external_links_name":"\"21st Balkan Indoor Championships 2016 Istanbul, TUR --- Results (Women's) --- Balkan-Athletics.EU\""},{"Link":"http://www.balkan-athletics.eu/results/Balkan%20Indoor%20Championships/21st%20Balkan%20Indoor%20Championships%202016%20Istanbul,%20TUR/BICH%202016%20Results%20Women.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14584532","external_links_name":"Diana Vaisman"},{"Link":"https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4594300,00.html","external_links_name":"\"כוכבת בהרצה: סיפורה של דיאנה וייסמן\""},{"Link":"https://www.jta.org/2018/07/09/sports/israeli-sprinter-breaks-womens-record-set-at-1972-munich-olympics","external_links_name":"\"Israeli sprinter breaks country's record set at 1972 Munich Olympics\""},{"Link":"https://ashkelonim.co.il/%d7%a1%d7%a4%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%98-%d7%91%d7%90%d7%a9%d7%a7%d7%9c%d7%95%d7%9f/4479","external_links_name":"\"מדליית ארד לאצנית דיאנה ויסמן מאשקלון\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BwroOo9jIN-/","external_links_name":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"Happy Passover from Cyprus💚 #trackandfield #relay #motivation #running #runner #instarunners #athlete #workout #tracknfield #trackgirls #fitness #fitnessgirl #sport #sportgirl #nike #nikerunning #fit#hardwork .\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CW1GVAsD1CG/","external_links_name":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"חג חנוכה שמח💙💚🕎. #חנוכה #mama #bestfriends #heppy #holiday\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CFR9_OOHMzw/","external_links_name":"\"Irina Vaisman on Instagram: \"ברכות לשנה טובה, לבריאות גוף ונפש, למקצועיות ועשיה משמעותית. שנה של מימוש עצמי והגשמת חלומות! שנה טובה ומאושרת❤️#israel_athletics #atenaisrael #womanpower\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/B29nk1BjIDN/","external_links_name":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"שלום לכולם, לכבוד ראש השנה רוצה כמובן לשתף אתכם בשנה שחלפה וזאת שתגיע אלינו💡 הייתה לי עונה ארוכה ומוצלחת אשר התחילה אי שם בינואר 2019 בצרפת, אני הולכת לסיים את החודש העשירי, 10 חודשים בהם אני עוברת מתחרות לתחרות ונותנת את כל כולי, במהלך העונה שברתי 4 שיאים ישראלים ב-60 מטר, 5 שיאים ישראלים ב-100 מטר ,3 שיאים ישראלים בשליחות 100*4 מטר.🥳 אני שמחה ומאושרת שהגעתי לאליפות העולם,להיות המתחרה הכי צעירה כאן זה אינו מובן מאליו והכוונה שלי היא לחלוטין לחזור לכאן. להתחרות באותו מקצה עם אלופת העולם ב-100 מטר זוהי תחושה מדהימה ומרגשת.🤩 אנו נכנסים לשנה אולימפית כעת, וכמובן שהשאיפה שלי הינה לייצג את מדינת ישראל גם בטוקיו, אני מתכוונת לעבוד קשה על מנת להיות שם ולהפוך לישראלית הראשונה במעמד זה של הריצות הקצרות מאז אסתר רוט שחמורוב. אני אומנם רצה לבדי על המשטח אך מאחורי יש משפחה שלמה שעוטפת,חברת קומסיין♥️, מועדון מכבי הישגים ראשון לציון 🧡הוועד האולימפי ואיגוד האתלטיקה 💜והכי חשוב: 📍אמא היקרה שלי, שאני רוצה להגיד לה תודה שהיא סובלת אותי ונותנת בשבילי את כל הנשמה, היא הגורם הכי חשוב שלי, היא מחזקת אותי מנטאלית ונפשית בכל רגע שאני מתחרה תודה אמא יקרה תודה🙏🏻 אז מאליפות העולם בדוחא, שנה טובה לכל עם ישראל, מאחלת לכולם חג שמח ובעיקר מתוק.🍯🍏. #doha #doha2019 #worldchampion #trackandfield #nike #worldchampionships\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/7oJLwGsWal/","external_links_name":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"שנה טובה ומתוקה🍎🍯\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BPUdvUnhEDw/","external_links_name":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"אני והמדים שאני רואה פעם בשנה🙃\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CcFhTN6j1Wv/","external_links_name":"\"Diana Vaisman on Instagram: \"\"מכל האהבות שיש לחלום, ביקשתי לי אותך\" היום שלנו 7.4.22 💍 @max_shvarzman\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CdgEMhhoqHb/","external_links_name":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"Cheers to love and happy marriage ❤️\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CcLY6zhI1cd/","external_links_name":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"07.04.22 התאריך המשמעותי ביותר בחיי ללא ספק ! חיכיתי לרגע הזה 10 שנים מהיום שפגשתי אותך ידעתי שאת תהיה אישתי אני מודה לך על הכל על כל רגע שאת לצידי ! חלמתי לראות את הרגע הזה שאת צועדת לעברי בשמלת כלה נרגשת וכל כך טהורה ויפה כמו שאת תמיד ! והרגע הזה הגיע ! אישתי היקרה אני אוהב אותך ויאהב עד סוף ימי את כל עולמי ❤️\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BoY_yLWHLGx/","external_links_name":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"חג שמח לי ולאושר הפרטי שלי ❤️\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/B0auHwNDEpF/","external_links_name":"\"Max Shvarzman on Instagram: \"שבת שלום ❤\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.taf.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2018_BalkanSonuclar.pdf","external_links_name":"\"\"BALKAN INDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS\"\""},{"Link":"https://bases.athle.fr/asp.net/liste.aspx?frmbase=resultats&frmmode=1&frmespace=0&frmcompetition=226558","external_links_name":"\"les Résultats des Compétitions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190728030352/https://trackinsun.blogspot.com/2019/02/istanbul-turkey-1622019-balkan.html","external_links_name":"\"- TRACK AND FIELD RESULTS WORLDWIDE - : Istanbul (Turkey), 16.2.2019 -Balkan Championships- (indoor)\""},{"Link":"https://trackinsun.blogspot.com/2019/02/istanbul-turkey-1622019-balkan.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.worldjuniorathleticsnewsnzl.co.nz/","external_links_name":"\"World Junior Athletics News NZL\""},{"Link":"http://www.fidal.it/risultati/2018/COD6630/Gara103.htm","external_links_name":"\"3rd U23 Mediterranean Athletics Championships\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-46-years-sprinter-breaks-israeli-womens-100-meter-record/","external_links_name":"\"After 46 years, sprinter breaks Israeli women's 100 meter record\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/plenty-of-hardware-for-israelis-in-minsk-593588","external_links_name":"\"Plenty of hardware for Israelis in Minsk\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/israel/diana-vaisman-14584532","external_links_name":"\"Diana VAISMAN \| Profile\""},{"Link":"https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-100-W-h----.SL2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Women's 100 metres – Start List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928092704/https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-100-W-h----.SL2.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-100-W-h----.RS4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Women's 100 metres – Heats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928152924/https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-100-W-h----.RS4.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/DianaVaisman1998","external_links_name":"Diana Vaisman"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14584532","external_links_name":"Diana Vaisman"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/143932","external_links_name":"Diana Vaisman"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/diana-vaisman","external_links_name":"Diana Vaisman"},{"Link":"https://www.olympicsil.co.il/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%9F","external_links_name":"Diana Vaisman"},{"Link":"https://www-olympicsil-co-il.translate.goog/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%9F?_x_tr_sl=he&_x_tr_tl=en","external_links_name":"English translation"},{"Link":"https://www.the-sports.org/t-spf478588.html","external_links_name":"Diana Vaisman"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/diana.vaisman/","external_links_name":"Diana Vaisman"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14584532","external_links_name":"World Athletics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-male_group	One-male group	["1 Origin","2 Costs","2.1 Infanticide","2.2 Inbreeding","3 Benefits","3.1 Feeding advantages","4 Within-group interactions","4.1 Female-female interactions","4.2 Female-male interactions","4.3 Patterns of social relationships","5 Between-group interactions","5.1 Allomaternal nursing","5.2 Affiliative interactions","6 See also","7 References"]	Gelada Baboon Male Hamadryas Baboon Male One-male groups are a type of social organization where one male interacts with a group of females and their immature offspring. Offspring of both sexes are evicted from the group upon reaching puberty. It can be seen in many species of primates, including the gelada baboon, the patas monkey, savanna baboon, sun-tailed monkey, golden snub-nosed monkey, and the hamadryas baboon. There are costs and benefits for individuals living in one-male groups. As well, individuals within one-male groups can interact with each other just like individuals can interact with those from different one-male groups. Origin A study of savanna baboons (hamadryas ursinus) indicates that the one-male groups in this species are formed by fissioning. For example, a 100-month old male entered a multi male - multi female (mm) group then formed a one-male group with eight of the adult females in the MM group. Juveniles of the species, suspected to be young of the eight adult females, also joined the new one-male group. However, when a new male successfully enters a one-male group, the social hierarchy will be changed depending on the previously determined rankings of the newly entered male. The previous resident male of the one-male group may be out-ranked and therefore placed lower on the hierarchy of males. Costs Infanticide One of the costs of living in one-male groups is the killing of unweaned young by conspecific adult males. This is known as infanticide, and mostly occurs when adult males or coalitions of males takeover the group and kill the resident male. This is done to increase the reproductive success of the intervening males because the females are more likely to mate with them now that they need to produce new offspring. While the infanticide is an obvious cost to females, it is beneficial to the infanticidal males. Infanticide in one-male groups has been studied in the Virungas population of mountain gorillas. Inbreeding Another cost of living in one-male social groups is that there is a high occurrence of inbreeding. This means that closely related individuals can mate and produce offspring. This results in decreasing genetic diversity with subsequent generations of the species. For example, inbreeding has been studied in one-male groups of sun-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus solatus). In this study, the time between two births for females increased when an inbred offspring was born. This suggests that there could be increased maternal costs with giving birth to and rearing an inbred offspring, compared to a noninbred offspring. Inbreeding depression resulted from the decreased genetic diversity within this population, meaning that the population as a whole experienced a decrease in fitness (i.e. reproductive success). Unlike infanticide, the high occurrence of inbreeding in one-male groups is a disadvantageous to both the females and males in the group. Benefits Feeding advantages Experiments involving the hamadryas baboon species (hamadryas hamadryas) provide evidence of feeding advantages for male and female members of one-male groups. However, the findings of feeding advantages were only evident when these one-male groups formed clans. It has been shown that males from single one-male groups did not approach males that were part of clans to compete for food sources. Additionally, it was found that males from smaller clans did not approach males from bigger clans (i.e. with more one-male groups) to compete for food. Ultimately, these feeding advantages of decreased competition were seen between one-male groups, not for males within the same groups or clans. In addition, it can be said that males and females in a clan have feeding advantages compared to males and females in single one-male groups because it has been shown that the males and females in clans gain access to clumped food sources earlier than those in single one-male groups and that they spend more time with clumped food sources than the single groups. Within-group interactions Female-female interactions Studies of social interactions among golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) reveal that adult females tend to interact with each other, but they do not form strong social bonds with other females in the same one-male group. Female-male interactions It has been shown that adult female golden snub-nosed monkeys do not form strong social relationships with the resident male in the one-male group. However, the adult females tended to interact more with other adult females instead of the resident male when they were looking for social interaction. Patterns of social relationships While researchers have found that individuals in one-male groups of hamadryas baboons exhibit a pattern of social relationships called a star-shaped relationship, it has been found that gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) individuals in one-male groups exhibit a net-shaped relationship pattern. Individuals in the snub-nosed monkey species exhibit a different pattern of social relationships than the two other baboon species. Between-group interactions Allomaternal nursing In a study of social relationships among a clan (i.e. multiple one-male groups) of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti), it was determined that the adult females of one-male groups sometimes care for the young of other one-male groups. For example, when a mother and her young offspring were accidentally separated, a mother belonging to a different one-male group cared for the young. The separated young was nursed by the adoptive mother (who also nursed her own offspring) and tolerated by the resident male of the one-male group that the offspring was now temporarily a part of. Affiliative interactions Affiliative interactions between individuals of one-male groups include sitting near, grooming in front of, and handling the infants of other one-male groups. The most prevalent type of affiliative interaction seen in a study involving Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is infant handling. This infant handling can form gatherings of multiple one-male units that forage together. This type of social structure is called a band. See also Multi-male group References ^ a b c d e f g Wang, Xiaowei; Wang, Chengliang; Qi, Xiaoguang; Guo, Songtao; Zhao, Haitao; Li, Baoguo (2013-12-01). "A newly-found pattern of social relationships among adults within one-male units of golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxenalla) in the Qinling Mountains, China". Integrative Zoology. 8 (4): 400–409. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12026. ISSN 1749-4877. PMID 24344964. ^ a b c d Hamilton, William J.; Bulger, John (1993-02-01). "Origin and fate of a one-male savanna babbon group formed by fissioning". International Journal of Primatology. 14 (1): 131–143. doi:10.1007/bf02196508. ISSN 0164-0291. S2CID 27524281. ^ Sussman, R.W. (2003). "Chapter 1: Ecology: General Principles". Primate Ecology and Social Structure. Pearson Custom Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-536-74363-3. ^ a b c Watts, David P. (1989-01-12). "Infanticide in Mountain Gorillas: New Cases and a Reconsideration of the Evidence". Ethology. 81 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00754.x. ISSN 1439-0310. ^ a b c d Colmenares, Fernando; Esteban, Marta M.; Zaragoza, Félix (2006-01-01). "One-male units and clans in a colony of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas): effect of male number and clan cohesion on feeding success". American Journal of Primatology. 68 (1): 21–37. doi:10.1002/ajp.20204. ISSN 1098-2345. PMID 16419105. S2CID 30381241. ^ a b c Ren, Baoping; Li, Dayong; Garber, Paul A.; Li, Ming (2012-01-11). "Evidence of Allomaternal Nursing across One-Male Units in the Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus Bieti)". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30041. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730041R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030041. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3256203. PMID 22253869. ^ a b c Charpentier, Marie; Hossaert-McKey, Martine; Wickings, E. Jean; Peignot, Patricia (2005-06-01). "Consequences of a One-male Harem Reproductive System and Inbreeding in a Captive Group of Cercopithecus solatus". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (3): 697–710. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-4375-x. ISSN 0164-0291. S2CID 44024109. ^ a b c Wada, Kazuo; Li, Baoguo; Watanabe, Kunio (2015). "Affiliative interactions between one-male units in a band of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) living in the Qinling Mountains, China". Primates. 56 (4): 327–337. doi:10.1007/s10329-015-0475-1. ISSN 0032-8332. PMID 26162774. S2CID 17386564. vteEthologyBranches Animal cognition Animal communication Animal consciousness Animal culture Animal sexual behaviour Animal welfare science Anthrozoology Bee learning and communication Behavioural ecology Behavioral endocrinology Behavioural genetics Breed Cognitive ethology Comfort behaviour Grooming Comparative psychology Emotion in animals Ethogram Evolutionary neuroscience Feeding Hover Human ethology Instinct Learning Neuroethology Pain in animals Philosophical ethology Sociobiology Stereotypy Structures Hive Nest Instinct Swarm Tool use by non-humans Zoosemiotics Zoomusicology Ethologists Patrick Bateson Marc Bekoff Donald Broom John B. Calhoun Charles Darwin Marian Dawkins Richard Dawkins Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt Dian Fossey Karl von Frisch Jane Goodall Heini Hediger Julian Huxley Konrad Lorenz Desmond Morris Thomas Sebeok William Homan Thorpe Nikolaas Tinbergen Jakob von Uexküll Wolfgang Wickler E. O. Wilson Solly Zuckerman Societies Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour International Society for Applied Ethology Journals Animal Behaviour Animal Cognition Animal Welfare Behavioral Ecology Behaviour Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamadryas_baboon_male.jpg"},{"link_name":"social organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organisation"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate"},{"link_name":"gelada baboon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelada_baboon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"patas monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patas_monkey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"hamadryas baboon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sussman1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"}],"text":"Hamadryas Baboon MaleOne-male groups are a type of social organization where one male interacts with a group of females and their immature offspring. Offspring of both sexes are evicted from the group upon reaching puberty. It can be seen in many species of primates, including the gelada baboon,[1] the patas monkey, savanna baboon,[2] sun-tailed monkey, golden snub-nosed monkey, and the hamadryas baboon.[3] There are costs and benefits for individuals living in one-male groups.[4][5] As well, individuals within one-male groups can interact with each other just like individuals can interact with those from different one-male groups.[1][6]","title":"One-male group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamadryas ursinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_baboon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"multi male - multi female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-male/multi-female"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"}],"text":"A study of savanna baboons (hamadryas ursinus) indicates that the one-male groups in this species are formed by fissioning.[2] For example, a 100-month old male entered a multi male - multi female (mm) group then formed a one-male group with eight of the adult females in the MM group. Juveniles of the species, suspected to be young of the eight adult females, also joined the new one-male group.[2] However, when a new male successfully enters a one-male group, the social hierarchy will be changed depending on the previously determined rankings of the newly entered male. The previous resident male of the one-male group may be out-ranked and therefore placed lower on the hierarchy of males.[2]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Costs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infanticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"reproductive success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_success"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Infanticide","text":"One of the costs of living in one-male groups is the killing of unweaned young by conspecific adult males. This is known as infanticide, and mostly occurs when adult males or coalitions of males takeover the group and kill the resident male.[4] This is done to increase the reproductive success of the intervening males because the females are more likely to mate with them now that they need to produce new offspring. While the infanticide is an obvious cost to females, it is beneficial to the infanticidal males. Infanticide in one-male groups has been studied in the Virungas population of mountain gorillas.[4]","title":"Costs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inbreeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding"},{"link_name":"(Cercopithecus solatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-tailed_monkey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"},{"link_name":"Inbreeding depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding_depression"},{"link_name":"fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"}],"sub_title":"Inbreeding","text":"Another cost of living in one-male social groups is that there is a high occurrence of inbreeding. This means that closely related individuals can mate and produce offspring. This results in decreasing genetic diversity with subsequent generations of the species. For example, inbreeding has been studied in one-male groups of sun-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus solatus).[7] In this study, the time between two births for females increased when an inbred offspring was born. This suggests that there could be increased maternal costs with giving birth to and rearing an inbred offspring, compared to a noninbred offspring.[7] Inbreeding depression resulted from the decreased genetic diversity within this population, meaning that the population as a whole experienced a decrease in fitness (i.e. reproductive success). Unlike infanticide, the high occurrence of inbreeding in one-male groups is a disadvantageous to both the females and males in the group.[7]","title":"Costs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Benefits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamadryas hamadryas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"sub_title":"Feeding advantages","text":"Experiments involving the hamadryas baboon species (hamadryas hamadryas) provide evidence of feeding advantages for male and female members of one-male groups. However, the findings of feeding advantages were only evident when these one-male groups formed clans.[5] It has been shown that males from single one-male groups did not approach males that were part of clans to compete for food sources. Additionally, it was found that males from smaller clans did not approach males from bigger clans (i.e. with more one-male groups) to compete for food. Ultimately, these feeding advantages of decreased competition were seen between one-male groups, not for males within the same groups or clans.[5] In addition, it can be said that males and females in a clan have feeding advantages compared to males and females in single one-male groups because it has been shown that the males and females in clans gain access to clumped food sources earlier than those in single one-male groups and that they spend more time with clumped food sources than the single groups.[5]","title":"Benefits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Within-group interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhinopithecus roxellana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snub-nosed_monkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"sub_title":"Female-female interactions","text":"Studies of social interactions among golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) reveal that adult females tend to interact with each other, but they do not form strong social bonds with other females in the same one-male group.[1]","title":"Within-group interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"sub_title":"Female-male interactions","text":"It has been shown that adult female golden snub-nosed monkeys do not form strong social relationships with the resident male in the one-male group.[1] However, the adult females tended to interact more with other adult females instead of the resident male when they were looking for social interaction.[1]","title":"Within-group interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theropithecus gelada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"sub_title":"Patterns of social relationships","text":"While researchers have found that individuals in one-male groups of hamadryas baboons exhibit a pattern of social relationships called a star-shaped relationship, it has been found that gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) individuals in one-male groups exhibit a net-shaped relationship pattern.[1] Individuals in the snub-nosed monkey species exhibit a different pattern of social relationships than the two other baboon species.[1]","title":"Within-group interactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Between-group interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhinopithecus bieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_snub-nosed_monkey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"}],"sub_title":"Allomaternal nursing","text":"In a study of social relationships among a clan (i.e. multiple one-male groups) of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti), it was determined that the adult females of one-male groups sometimes care for the young of other one-male groups.[6] For example, when a mother and her young offspring were accidentally separated, a mother belonging to a different one-male group cared for the young. The separated young was nursed by the adoptive mother (who also nursed her own offspring) and tolerated by the resident male of the one-male group that the offspring was now temporarily a part of.[6]","title":"Between-group interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Rhinopithecus roxellana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinopithecus_roxellana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"}],"sub_title":"Affiliative interactions","text":"Affiliative interactions between individuals of one-male groups include sitting near, grooming in front of, and handling the infants of other one-male groups.[8] The most prevalent type of affiliative interaction seen in a study involving Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is infant handling.[8] This infant handling can form gatherings of multiple one-male units that forage together. This type of social structure is called a band.[8]","title":"Between-group interactions"}]	[{"image_text":"Gelada Baboon Male","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gelada_Baboon_male.jpg/220px-Gelada_Baboon_male.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hamadryas Baboon Male","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hamadryas_baboon_male.jpg/220px-Hamadryas_baboon_male.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Multi-male group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-male_group"}]	[{"reference":"Wang, Xiaowei; Wang, Chengliang; Qi, Xiaoguang; Guo, Songtao; Zhao, Haitao; Li, Baoguo (2013-12-01). \"A newly-found pattern of social relationships among adults within one-male units of golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxenalla) in the Qinling Mountains, China\". Integrative Zoology. 8 (4): 400–409. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12026. ISSN 1749-4877. PMID 24344964.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1749-4877.12026","url_text":"10.1111/1749-4877.12026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-4877","url_text":"1749-4877"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24344964","url_text":"24344964"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, William J.; Bulger, John (1993-02-01). \"Origin and fate of a one-male savanna babbon group formed by fissioning\". International Journal of Primatology. 14 (1): 131–143. doi:10.1007/bf02196508. ISSN 0164-0291. S2CID 27524281.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02196508","url_text":"10.1007/bf02196508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0164-0291","url_text":"0164-0291"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27524281","url_text":"27524281"}]},{"reference":"Sussman, R.W. (2003). \"Chapter 1: Ecology: General Principles\". Primate Ecology and Social Structure. Pearson Custom Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-536-74363-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-536-74363-3","url_text":"978-0-536-74363-3"}]},{"reference":"Watts, David P. (1989-01-12). \"Infanticide in Mountain Gorillas: New Cases and a Reconsideration of the Evidence\". Ethology. 81 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00754.x. ISSN 1439-0310.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1989.tb00754.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00754.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1439-0310","url_text":"1439-0310"}]},{"reference":"Colmenares, Fernando; Esteban, Marta M.; Zaragoza, Félix (2006-01-01). \"One-male units and clans in a colony of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas): effect of male number and clan cohesion on feeding success\". American Journal of Primatology. 68 (1): 21–37. doi:10.1002/ajp.20204. ISSN 1098-2345. PMID 16419105. S2CID 30381241.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.20204","url_text":"10.1002/ajp.20204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1098-2345","url_text":"1098-2345"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16419105","url_text":"16419105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30381241","url_text":"30381241"}]},{"reference":"Ren, Baoping; Li, Dayong; Garber, Paul A.; Li, Ming (2012-01-11). \"Evidence of Allomaternal Nursing across One-Male Units in the Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus Bieti)\". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30041. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730041R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030041. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3256203. PMID 22253869.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256203","url_text":"\"Evidence of Allomaternal Nursing across One-Male Units in the Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus Bieti)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...730041R","url_text":"2012PLoSO...730041R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030041","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0030041"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","url_text":"1932-6203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256203","url_text":"3256203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253869","url_text":"22253869"}]},{"reference":"Charpentier, Marie; Hossaert-McKey, Martine; Wickings, E. Jean; Peignot, Patricia (2005-06-01). \"Consequences of a One-male Harem Reproductive System and Inbreeding in a Captive Group of Cercopithecus solatus\". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (3): 697–710. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-4375-x. ISSN 0164-0291. S2CID 44024109.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-005-4375-x","url_text":"10.1007/s10764-005-4375-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0164-0291","url_text":"0164-0291"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44024109","url_text":"44024109"}]},{"reference":"Wada, Kazuo; Li, Baoguo; Watanabe, Kunio (2015). \"Affiliative interactions between one-male units in a band of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) living in the Qinling Mountains, China\". Primates. 56 (4): 327–337. doi:10.1007/s10329-015-0475-1. ISSN 0032-8332. PMID 26162774. S2CID 17386564.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10329-015-0475-1","url_text":"10.1007/s10329-015-0475-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-8332","url_text":"0032-8332"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26162774","url_text":"26162774"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17386564","url_text":"17386564"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1749-4877.12026","external_links_name":"10.1111/1749-4877.12026"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-4877","external_links_name":"1749-4877"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24344964","external_links_name":"24344964"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02196508","external_links_name":"10.1007/bf02196508"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0164-0291","external_links_name":"0164-0291"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27524281","external_links_name":"27524281"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1989.tb00754.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00754.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1439-0310","external_links_name":"1439-0310"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.20204","external_links_name":"10.1002/ajp.20204"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1098-2345","external_links_name":"1098-2345"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16419105","external_links_name":"16419105"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30381241","external_links_name":"30381241"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256203","external_links_name":"\"Evidence of Allomaternal Nursing across One-Male Units in the Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus Bieti)\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...730041R","external_links_name":"2012PLoSO...730041R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030041","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0030041"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","external_links_name":"1932-6203"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256203","external_links_name":"3256203"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253869","external_links_name":"22253869"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-005-4375-x","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10764-005-4375-x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0164-0291","external_links_name":"0164-0291"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44024109","external_links_name":"44024109"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10329-015-0475-1","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10329-015-0475-1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-8332","external_links_name":"0032-8332"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26162774","external_links_name":"26162774"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17386564","external_links_name":"17386564"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89variste_Kimba	Évariste Kimba	["1 Early life","2 Political career","2.1 Early activities","2.2 Minister of Foreign Affairs of the State of Katanga","2.3 Break from Tshombe","2.4 Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","3 Arrest and execution","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Bibliography"]	Congolese politician (1926–1966) In this Congolese name, the surname is Kimba and the post-surname is Mutombo. Évariste KimbaPrime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the CongoIn office13 October 1965 – 25 November 1965PresidentJoseph Kasa-VubuPreceded byMoise TshombeSucceeded byLéonard MulambaMinister of Foreign Affairs of the State of KatangaIn office1960 – January 1963PresidentMoise Tshombe Personal detailsBorn16 July 1926Nsaka, Bukama Territory, Katanga Province, Belgian CongoDied2 June 1966(1966-06-02) (aged 39)Léopoldville, Democratic Republic of the CongoCause of deathExecutedPolitical partyCONAKAT (1958–1963)BALUBAKAT (1965)FDC (1965)SpouseBernadetteChildren4 Évariste Leon Kimba Mutombo (16 July 1926 – 2 June 1966) was a Congolese journalist and politician who served as Foreign Minister of the State of Katanga from 1960 to 1963 and Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 13 October to 25 November 1965. Kimba was born in 1926 in Katanga Province, Belgian Congo. Following the completion of his studies he worked as a journalist and became editor-in-chief of the Essor du Congo. In 1958 he and a group of Katangese concerned about domination of their province by people from the neighbouring Kasaï region founded the Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT), a regionalist political party. In 1960 the Congo became independent and shortly thereafter Moise Tshombe declared the secession of the State of Katanga. Kimba played an active role in the separatist state's government as its Minister of Foreign Affairs and participated in numerous talks with the central government aimed at political reconciliation. Following the collapse of the secession in early 1963, Kimba had a falling out with Tshombe and took up several ministerial posts in the new province of South Katanga. Tshombe was later made Prime Minister of the Congo while Kimba joined the Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT) party. On 13 October 1965 President Joseph Kasa-Vubu dismissed Tshombe and appointed Kimba Prime Minister. Kimba formed a government of national unity and spent the following weeks attempting to achieve rapprochement between the Congo and other African states. However, his government failed to obtain a vote of confidence from Parliament, though Kasa-Vubu reappointed Kimba to the premiership in the face of determined opposition from Tshombe's supporters. On 25 November Army Commander-in-Chief Joseph-Désiré Mobutu launched a coup removing both him and Kasa-Vubu from power and assumed control of the presidency. In May 1966 Mobutu's government accused Kimba of plotting with three other former government ministers to launch a coup. He was executed on 2 June for treason. Early life Évariste Kimba was born on 16 July 1926 in the village of Nsaka, Bukama Territory, Katanga Province, Belgian Congo. Ethnically, he was a member of Luba tribe. His father was a railway worker. He spent much of his youth in Élisabethville, where he attended Roman Catholic schools. After receiving a basic primary and middle education Kimba, like his father, worked on the railroad, but continued his studies, taking night classes at St. Boniface Institute in sociology, law, and political economy. He also played on the school's football team. Kimba took up journalism in 1954 when he began writing for the Essor du Congo in Élisabethville, a conservative, pro-colonial newspaper which covered Katangese affairs. Later that year he became the publication's editor-in-chief, and held the position until 1960. In 1960 he acted as vice president of the Association of the Congolese Press. He married a woman, Bernadette, and had four children with her. In 1958 Kimba attended Expo 58 in Belgium. The following year he traveled abroad, visiting West Germany, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, Senegal, the United States, Canada, France, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Ivory Coast, French Cameroon, French Congo, Chad, and French Madagascar. Political career Early activities In February 1957 Kimba and a group of other young Katangese concerned about domination of their province by people from the neighbouring Kasaï region met to discuss the political future of Katanga. In 1958 they founded the Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT), a regionalist political party. In the spring of 1960 Walter Ganshof van der Meersch was appointed the Belgian Minister of African Affairs and sent to the Congo to oversee its transition to independence. Ganshof made Kimba his assistant chief of staff. On 12 June the Provincial Assembly of Katanga elected him to the Senate on a non-customary CONAKAT list. On 16 June the Katangese provincial government was formed and Kimba was appointed Minister of Commerce and Industry. The Republic of the Congo became independent on 30 June. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the State of Katanga On 11 July 1960 Katangese Provincial President Moise Tshombe declared the secession of the "State of Katanga". This was opposed by the regional Luba-dominated party, the Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT), but Kimba allied himself with Tshombe and maintained that the Katangese Baluba belonged to the Katangese "nation". Tshombe made Kimba Katanga's Minister of Foreign Affairs. Dominique Diur also applied for the position, but Kimba was chosen because Godefroid Munongo opposed Diur's nomination. In December, Kimba accompanied Tshombe to a conference with leaders of the national Congolese government in Brazzaville to discuss political reconciliation. The talks dissolved without any tangible progress being achieved. Though the role of the full Katangese government diminished over time under Tshombe's leadership, Kimba still actively met with Tshombe and held press conferences. In April 1961 Kimba and Tshombe went to Coquilhatville for further talks with the central government on political reconciliation and revising the Congolese constitution. Unhappy with the conference, Tshombe attempted to leave on 26 April, but he and Kimba were arrested and imprisoned for six weeks. They were released on 22 June and allowed to return to Katanga. In exchange for their liberation, the two men signed an agreement with the Congolese government declaring that representatives from Katangese constituencies would appear in the next session of Parliament. They later repudiated the agreement. In March and May 1962 the Katangese government held further talks with the central government in Léopoldville, the Congolese capital. While Tshombe was gone, Kimba went on a tour of Luba areas in Katanga to rally their favour in support of the secession. On 18 May the last round of the Léopoldville negotiations was due to take place, but Tshombe, stalling for time, stayed in Katanga and sent Kimba in his place. Under military pressure from the United Nations Operation in the Congo, Tshombe declared the end of the Katangese secession in January 1963; on 19 January he received UN officials at his residence and, in the presence of Kimba and some of his other ministers, declared that he would accept the UN's terms for Katanga's reintegration into the Congo. Break from Tshombe In the aftermath of the secession, Kimba had a falling out with Tshombe; Kimba preferred reconciliation with the central government, but Tshombe did not wish it at the time. Tshombe went to Paris, while in February 1963 Kimba became Minister of Education of the new province of South Katanga. From April until August he served as the province's Minister of Economic Affairs and Minister of Information. In June he went to Léopoldville, to reach an understanding with the central government. In September he attended a conference of moderate political parties in Luluabourg as an observer. On 18 September Kimba went to Europe for "health reasons". He returned to the Congo in January 1964. On 13 December he was elected president of the central committee of the Entente Muluba, an Élisabethville-based organisation. That year Tshombe was welcomed back into the country and made Prime Minister at the helm of a transitional government tasked with suppressing a leftist insurrection in the eastern Congo. After this was largely accomplished, general elections took place in 1965 and Tshombe's new coalition organisation, the Convention Nationale Congolaise (CONACO) won a majority of the seats in Parliament. Kimba also contested in the election for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies, and won on a BALUBAKAT list. Afterwards he took a brief trip to Paris. Shortly before Parliament was due to reopen, the strength of CONACO faltered, and an anti-Tshombe coalition, the Front Democratique Congolais (FDC), was formed. Kimba joined it in October. Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Kimba was overthrown in a coup launched by Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (pictured) in November 1965 In the months following the elections, the political rivalry between Tshombe and the President of the Congo, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, grew increasingly tense. At the first session of the new Parliament on 13 October 1965, Kasa-Vubu unexpectedly announced that Tshombe's transitional government had fulfilled its purpose. He named Kimba the new Prime Minister and tasked him with forming a government of national unity. Kimba had little personal following or national reputation and thus was considered inoffensive to members of Parliament and of little threat to Kasa-Vubu's ambitions. Kasa-Vubu also hoped that by appointing another Katangese to the post, he would avoid aggravating persisting secessionist sentiment in Katanga. Kimba's government was installed on 18 October, representing 16 of the 39 political parties with members in Parliament. Kimba's government was more nationalistic than Tshombe's administration and aimed to curb Western influence in Congolese affairs; it was markedly less amicable towards Belgian interests. The new cabinet sought to improve the Congo's relations with active countries in the Organisation of African Unity including Ethiopia and Ghana, and to distance itself from the members of the African and Malagasy Common Organisation. The government opened negotiations with Congo-Brazzaville, and on 5 November Kimba announced that in its first step towards rehabilitating the Congo's ties with African states his government was renewing ferry traffic across the Congo River between Brazzaville and Léopoldville, which had been suspended for two years. The following day he formally reestablished diplomatic relations with Congo-Brazzaville. He also reopened the Congo-Uganda border, which had been closed since February. Kimba revised the composition of his government on 8 November. Tshombe's removal from power angered his supporters, and in the following weeks they competed with anti-Tshombe partisans for dominance in Parliament. On 14 November the Kimba Government was presented to the legislature for a formal vote of confidence. It was defeated, 72 to 76 in the Chamber of Deputies and 49 to 58 in the Senate. The next day Kasa-Vubu renominated Kimba as Prime Minister, resulting in a political deadlock. On 25 November, Army Commander-in-Chief Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, who had previously supported Kimba, launched a coup removing both him and Kasa-Vubu from power and assumed control of the presidency. Colonel Léonard Mulamba was appointed to replace Kimba. Arrest and execution In May 1966 Kimba and former government ministers Jérôme Anany, Emmanuel Bamba, and Alexandre Mahamba were arrested by Mobutu's security forces while attending a meeting with military officials. They were taken to a military camp and tortured. Mobutu's regime accused them of plotting to assassinate Mobutu and Prime Minister Mulamba and overthrow the government. On 30 May the four men were tried before a military tribunal. The trial lasted an hour and a half and the accused were allowed no legal counsel. They pleaded innocence, claiming that they had been working at the behest of officers in the army. After deliberating for seven minutes, the three military judges found the four men guilty of treason and sentenced them to death. This was in violation of standing Congolese law, which did not consider plotting a coup to be a capital crime. On 2 June 1966, Kimba and the other men were publicly hanged in Léopoldville before a large crowd. This was the first public execution in the Congo since the 1930s. Kimba was the first of the four to be executed; it took him 20 minutes to die after being dropped. His family never received his body. Kimba was the second former Prime Minister of the Congo to be killed after Patrice Lumumba. Some time after Kimba's death, the Avenue des Chutes in Lubumbashi (formerly Élisabethville) was officially renamed in his honour, though the street is still usually referred to by its original name. In 2011 a congress of the "Luba People" declared that Kimba was among "our valiant martyrs". Notes ^ The Democratic Republic of the Congo had severed ties with Congo-Brazzaville in 1963 over allegations that the latter was harbouring rebel groups. References ^ a b c d "Congo's New Premier: Evariste Leon Kimba" (PDF). The New York Times. 17 October 1965. p. 14. Retrieved 21 August 2014. ^ a b c Gerard-Libois & Verhaegen 2015, p. 353. ^ a b c "Congo: Kasavubu Acts". Link. Vol. 8. 1965. p. 28. ^ "Aide Reports Katanga Is Organizing Services". The New York Times. 15 October 1960. p. 2. ^ a b "ÉVARISTE KIMBA un autre Katangais". Le Monde (in French). 15 October 1965. Retrieved 14 March 2020. ^ McDonald 1962, p. 412. ^ a b c d e f g h Gerard-Libois & Verhaegen 2015, p. 354. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, pp. 236, 503. ^ Kanza 1994, p. 96. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, pp. 325–326. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, p. 328. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, pp. 330, 333. ^ Kennes & Larmer 2016, p. 53. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, p. 331. ^ Biographie historique du Congo. University of Lubumbashi. 2000. pp. 9–11. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, p. 364. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, pp. 377, 443. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, p. 382. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, p. 385. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, p. 401. ^ a b Omasombo Tshonda 2018, p. 462. ^ Wilson, Andrew (4 May 1962). "Rising Hope in the Congo". Daily Colonist. p. 4. ^ O'Ballance 1999, p. 63. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, p. 491. ^ a b Lukas, J. Anthony (22 June 1963). "Katangese Asks for Congo Accord". The New York Times. p. 6. ^ Young & Turner 1985, pp. 48–49. ^ a b "Tshombe Dismissed, Kimba New Premier". Africa Diary. Vol. 5, no. 45. 1965. ^ Young & Turner 1985, pp. 49–50. ^ "Kasavubu Installs New Congo Regime". The New York Times. 19 October 1965. p. 12. ^ a b Young & Turner 1985, p. 51. ^ a b Gibbs 1991, p. 162. ^ a b "Congo's "National Unity" Government: Mr. Tshombe a Likely Candidate for the Presidency". African World. December 1965. p. 15. ^ "Leopoldville Reopening Ferry to Brazzaville". The New York Times. 6 November 1965. p. 2. ^ a b O'Ballance 1999, p. 90. ^ a b "2 Congos Resumes Ties After 2 Years". The New York Times. United Press International. 7 November 1965. p. 55. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, p. 541. ^ Young & Turner 1985, pp. 50–51. ^ Young & Turner 1985, p. 52. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, p. 542. ^ a b c Ikambana 2006, p. 56. ^ "Death Sentence Given 4 Congo Ex-Officials: Former Premier, 3 Others Convicted and Doomed for Treason in 90-Minute Trial". The Los Angeles Times. United Press International. 1 June 1966. p. 19. ^ "100,000 in Congo See Hanging of Ex-Premier and 3 Others" (PDF). The New York Times. Associated Press. 2 June 1966. Retrieved 21 August 2014. ^ Williams 2021, p. 518. ^ Kirk, Russel (9 June 1966). "A Revolution's Victims". The Los Angeles Times. p. B5. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, p. 664. ^ Omasombo Tshonda 2018, pp. 603, 605. Bibliography Gerard-Libois, Jules; Verhaegen, Benoit (2015). Congo 1965: Political Documents of a Developing Nation (in French) (reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400875436. Gibbs, David N. (1991). The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis. American Politics and Political Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226290713. Ikambana, Jean-Louise Peta (2006). Mobutu's Totalitarian Political System: An Afrocentric Analysis. Routledge. ISBN 9781135861513. Kanza, Thomas R. (1994). The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba: Conflict in the Congo (expanded ed.). Rochester, Vermont: Schenkman Books, Inc. ISBN 0-87073-901-8. Kennes, Erik; Larmer, Miles (2016). The Katangese Gendarmes and War in Central Africa: Fighting Their Way Home. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02130-4. McDonald, Gordon, ed. (1962). Area Handbook for the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville). Washington D.C.: American University Foreign Areas Studies Division. OCLC 1347356. O'Ballance, Edgar (1999). The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960–98. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-28648-1. Omasombo Tshonda, Jean, ed. (2018). Haut-Katanga : Lorsque richesses économiques et pouvoirs politiques forcent une identité régionale (PDF). Provinces (in French). Vol. 1. Tervuren: Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale. ISBN 978-9-4926-6907-0. Williams, Susan (2021). White Malice : The CIA and the Covert Recolonization of Africa. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-5417-6829-1. Young, Crawford; Turner, Thomas Edwin (1985). The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299101138. Political offices Preceded byMoise Tshombe Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 October 1965 – 25 November 1965 Succeeded byLéonard Mulamba vtePrime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (list)Republic of the Congo (1960–1971) Patrice Lumumba Joseph Iléo Albert Ndele Justin Bomboko Antoine Gizenga‡ Joseph Iléo Cyrille Adoula Moïse Tshombe Évariste Kimba Léonard Mulamba Republic of Zaire (1971–1997) Mpinga Kasenda Bo-Boliko Lokonga Mihambo Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond N'singa Udjuu Ongwabeki Untubu Léon Kengo wa Dondo Mabi Mulumba Sambwa Pida Nbagui Léon Kengo wa Dondo Lunda Bululu Mulumba Lukoji Étienne Tshisekedi Bernardin Mungul Diaka Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond Étienne Tshisekedi Faustin Birindwa Léon Kengo wa Dondo Étienne Tshisekedi Likulia Bolongo Democratic Republic of the Congo(1997–present) Antoine Gizenga Adolphe Muzito Louis Alphonse Koyagialo* Matata Ponyo Mapon Samy Badibanga Bruno Tshibala Sylvestre Ilunga Sama Lukonde Judith Suminwa ‡ Prime minister of the Free Republic of the Congo, in rebellion at Stanleyville, during the Congo Crisis. * Acting Prime Minister. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congolese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"State of Katanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Katanga"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)"},{"link_name":"Katanga Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Province"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"Kasaï region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF_region"},{"link_name":"Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONAKAT"},{"link_name":"Moise Tshombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moise_Tshombe"},{"link_name":"Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Baluba_du_Katanga"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kasa-Vubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu"},{"link_name":"government of national unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_national_unity"},{"link_name":"rapprochement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapprochement"},{"link_name":"vote of confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_of_confidence"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Désiré Mobutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Mobutu"}],"text":"Congolese politician (1926–1966)In this Congolese name, the surname is Kimba and the post-surname is Mutombo.Évariste Leon Kimba Mutombo (16 July 1926 – 2 June 1966) was a Congolese journalist and politician who served as Foreign Minister of the State of Katanga from 1960 to 1963 and Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 13 October to 25 November 1965. Kimba was born in 1926 in Katanga Province, Belgian Congo. Following the completion of his studies he worked as a journalist and became editor-in-chief of the Essor du Congo. In 1958 he and a group of Katangese concerned about domination of their province by people from the neighbouring Kasaï region founded the Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT), a regionalist political party. In 1960 the Congo became independent and shortly thereafter Moise Tshombe declared the secession of the State of Katanga. Kimba played an active role in the separatist state's government as its Minister of Foreign Affairs and participated in numerous talks with the central government aimed at political reconciliation. Following the collapse of the secession in early 1963, Kimba had a falling out with Tshombe and took up several ministerial posts in the new province of South Katanga.Tshombe was later made Prime Minister of the Congo while Kimba joined the Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT) party. On 13 October 1965 President Joseph Kasa-Vubu dismissed Tshombe and appointed Kimba Prime Minister. Kimba formed a government of national unity and spent the following weeks attempting to achieve rapprochement between the Congo and other African states. However, his government failed to obtain a vote of confidence from Parliament, though Kasa-Vubu reappointed Kimba to the premiership in the face of determined opposition from Tshombe's supporters. On 25 November Army Commander-in-Chief Joseph-Désiré Mobutu launched a coup removing both him and Kasa-Vubu from power and assumed control of the presidency. In May 1966 Mobutu's government accused Kimba of plotting with three other former government ministers to launch a coup. He was executed on 2 June for treason.","title":"Évariste Kimba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bukama Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukama_Territory"},{"link_name":"Katanga Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Province"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard-LiboisVerhaegen2015353-2"},{"link_name":"Luba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luba_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-link-3"},{"link_name":"Élisabethville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_school"},{"link_name":"political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard-LiboisVerhaegen2015353-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemonde-5"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1962412-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard-LiboisVerhaegen2015354-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"Expo 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_58"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemonde-5"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Northern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"French Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"French Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Congo"},{"link_name":"French Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard-LiboisVerhaegen2015353-2"}],"text":"Évariste Kimba was born on 16 July 1926 in the village of Nsaka, Bukama Territory, Katanga Province, Belgian Congo.[1][2] Ethnically, he was a member of Luba tribe.[3] His father was a railway worker. He spent much of his youth in Élisabethville, where he attended Roman Catholic schools. After receiving a basic primary and middle education Kimba, like his father, worked on the railroad, but continued his studies, taking night classes at St. Boniface Institute in sociology, law, and political economy.[1][2] He also played on the school's football team.[4]Kimba took up journalism in 1954 when he began writing for the Essor du Congo in Élisabethville,[5] a conservative, pro-colonial newspaper which covered Katangese affairs. Later that year he became the publication's editor-in-chief, and held the position until 1960.[6] In 1960 he acted as vice president of the Association of the Congolese Press.[7] He married a woman, Bernadette, and had four children with her.[1] In 1958 Kimba attended Expo 58 in Belgium.[5] The following year he traveled abroad, visiting West Germany, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, Senegal, the United States, Canada, France, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Ivory Coast, French Cameroon, French Congo, Chad, and French Madagascar.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kasaï region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF_region"},{"link_name":"Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONAKAT"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018236,_503-8"},{"link_name":"Walter Ganshof van der Meersch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ganshof_van_der_Meersch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza199496-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard-LiboisVerhaegen2015354-7"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018325%E2%80%93326-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard-LiboisVerhaegen2015354-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard-LiboisVerhaegen2015354-7"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018328-11"}],"sub_title":"Early activities","text":"In February 1957 Kimba and a group of other young Katangese concerned about domination of their province by people from the neighbouring Kasaï region met to discuss the political future of Katanga. In 1958 they founded the Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT), a regionalist political party.[8]In the spring of 1960 Walter Ganshof van der Meersch was appointed the Belgian Minister of African Affairs and sent to the Congo to oversee its transition to independence.[9] Ganshof made Kimba his assistant chief of staff.[7] On 12 June the Provincial Assembly of Katanga elected him to the Senate on a non-customary CONAKAT list.[10][7] On 16 June the Katangese provincial government was formed and Kimba was appointed Minister of Commerce and Industry.[7] The Republic of the Congo became independent on 30 June.[11]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moise Tshombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moise_Tshombe"},{"link_name":"State of Katanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Katanga"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018330,_333-12"},{"link_name":"Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Baluba_du_Katanga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-link-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201653-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018331-14"},{"link_name":"Dominique Diur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Diur"},{"link_name":"Godefroid Munongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godefroid_Munongo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018364-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018377,_443-17"},{"link_name":"Coquilhatville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbandaka"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018382-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018385-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018401-20"},{"link_name":"Léopoldville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018462-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018462-21"},{"link_name":"United Nations Operation in the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199963-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018491-24"}],"sub_title":"Minister of Foreign Affairs of the State of Katanga","text":"On 11 July 1960 Katangese Provincial President Moise Tshombe declared the secession of the \"State of Katanga\".[12] This was opposed by the regional Luba-dominated party, the Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT), but Kimba allied himself with Tshombe[3] and maintained that the Katangese Baluba belonged to the Katangese \"nation\".[13] Tshombe made Kimba Katanga's Minister of Foreign Affairs.[14] Dominique Diur also applied for the position, but Kimba was chosen because Godefroid Munongo opposed Diur's nomination.[15] In December, Kimba accompanied Tshombe to a conference with leaders of the national Congolese government in Brazzaville to discuss political reconciliation. The talks dissolved without any tangible progress being achieved.[16] Though the role of the full Katangese government diminished over time under Tshombe's leadership, Kimba still actively met with Tshombe and held press conferences.[17]In April 1961 Kimba and Tshombe went to Coquilhatville for further talks with the central government on political reconciliation and revising the Congolese constitution. Unhappy with the conference, Tshombe attempted to leave on 26 April, but he and Kimba were arrested and imprisoned for six weeks.[18] They were released on 22 June and allowed to return to Katanga.[19] In exchange for their liberation, the two men signed an agreement with the Congolese government declaring that representatives from Katangese constituencies would appear in the next session of Parliament. They later repudiated the agreement.[20] In March and May 1962 the Katangese government held further talks with the central government in Léopoldville, the Congolese capital.[21] While Tshombe was gone, Kimba went on a tour of Luba areas in Katanga to rally their favour in support of the secession.[22] On 18 May the last round of the Léopoldville negotiations was due to take place, but Tshombe, stalling for time, stayed in Katanga and sent Kimba in his place.[21] Under military pressure from the United Nations Operation in the Congo, Tshombe declared the end of the Katangese secession in January 1963;[23] on 19 January he received UN officials at his residence and, in the presence of Kimba and some of his other ministers, declared that he would accept the UN's terms for Katanga's reintegration into the Congo.[24]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lukas-25"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard-LiboisVerhaegen2015354-7"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lukas-25"},{"link_name":"Luluabourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kananga"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard-LiboisVerhaegen2015354-7"},{"link_name":"a leftist insurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba_rebellion"},{"link_name":"general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election"},{"link_name":"Convention Nationale Congolaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_Nationale_Congolaise"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungTurner198548%E2%80%9349-26"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard-LiboisVerhaegen2015354-7"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fdc-27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard-LiboisVerhaegen2015354-7"}],"sub_title":"Break from Tshombe","text":"In the aftermath of the secession, Kimba had a falling out with Tshombe; Kimba preferred reconciliation with the central government, but Tshombe did not wish it at the time.[1] Tshombe went to Paris,[25] while in February 1963 Kimba became Minister of Education of the new province of South Katanga. From April until August he served as the province's Minister of Economic Affairs and Minister of Information.[7] In June he went to Léopoldville, to reach an understanding with the central government.[25] In September he attended a conference of moderate political parties in Luluabourg as an observer. On 18 September Kimba went to Europe for \"health reasons\". He returned to the Congo in January 1964. On 13 December he was elected president of the central committee of the Entente Muluba, an Élisabethville-based organisation.[7]That year Tshombe was welcomed back into the country and made Prime Minister at the helm of a transitional government tasked with suppressing a leftist insurrection in the eastern Congo. After this was largely accomplished, general elections took place in 1965 and Tshombe's new coalition organisation, the Convention Nationale Congolaise (CONACO) won a majority of the seats in Parliament.[26] Kimba also contested in the election for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies, and won on a BALUBAKAT list. Afterwards he took a brief trip to Paris.[7] Shortly before Parliament was due to reopen, the strength of CONACO faltered, and an anti-Tshombe coalition, the Front Democratique Congolais (FDC), was formed.[27] Kimba joined it in October.[7]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colonel_Mobutu_using_a_phone,_1960.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Désiré Mobutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Mobutu"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kasa-Vubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu"},{"link_name":"government of national unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_national_unity"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungTurner198549%E2%80%9350-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fdc-27"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-link-3"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungTurner198551-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs1991162-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AfricanWorld-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs1991162-31"},{"link_name":"Organisation of African Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity"},{"link_name":"African and Malagasy Common Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AfricanWorld-32"},{"link_name":"Congo-Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Congo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199990-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upi-35"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199990-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018541-37"},{"link_name":"vote of confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_of_confidence"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungTurner198550%E2%80%9351-38"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungTurner198551-30"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Désiré Mobutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Mobutu"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungTurner198552-39"},{"link_name":"Léonard Mulamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onard_Mulamba"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018542-40"}],"sub_title":"Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","text":"Kimba was overthrown in a coup launched by Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (pictured) in November 1965In the months following the elections, the political rivalry between Tshombe and the President of the Congo, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, grew increasingly tense. At the first session of the new Parliament on 13 October 1965, Kasa-Vubu unexpectedly announced that Tshombe's transitional government had fulfilled its purpose. He named Kimba the new Prime Minister and tasked him with forming a government of national unity.[28][27] Kimba had little personal following or national reputation and thus was considered inoffensive to members of Parliament and of little threat to Kasa-Vubu's ambitions. Kasa-Vubu also hoped that by appointing another Katangese to the post, he would avoid aggravating persisting secessionist sentiment in Katanga.[3] Kimba's government was installed on 18 October,[29] representing 16 of the 39 political parties with members in Parliament.[30]Kimba's government was more nationalistic than Tshombe's administration[31] and aimed to curb Western influence in Congolese affairs;[32] it was markedly less amicable towards Belgian interests.[31] The new cabinet sought to improve the Congo's relations with active countries in the Organisation of African Unity including Ethiopia and Ghana, and to distance itself from the members of the African and Malagasy Common Organisation.[32] The government opened negotiations with Congo-Brazzaville, and on 5 November Kimba announced that in its first step towards rehabilitating the Congo's ties with African states his government was renewing ferry traffic across the Congo River between Brazzaville and Léopoldville, which had been suspended for two years.[33] The following day he formally reestablished diplomatic relations with Congo-Brazzaville.[34][35][a] He also reopened the Congo-Uganda border, which had been closed since February.[34] Kimba revised the composition of his government on 8 November.[36]Tshombe's removal from power angered his supporters, and in the following weeks they competed with anti-Tshombe partisans for dominance in Parliament. On 14 November the Kimba Government was presented to the legislature for a formal vote of confidence. It was defeated, 72 to 76 in the Chamber of Deputies and 49 to 58 in the Senate.[37] The next day Kasa-Vubu renominated Kimba as Prime Minister, resulting in a political deadlock.[30] On 25 November, Army Commander-in-Chief Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, who had previously supported Kimba, launched a coup removing both him and Kasa-Vubu from power and assumed control of the presidency.[38] Colonel Léonard Mulamba was appointed to replace Kimba.[39]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribunal"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkambana200656-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"capital crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_crime"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkambana200656-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hanging-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2021518-44"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkambana200656-41"},{"link_name":"Patrice Lumumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018664-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmasombo_Tshonda2018603,_605-47"}],"text":"In May 1966 Kimba and former government ministers Jérôme Anany, Emmanuel Bamba, and Alexandre Mahamba were arrested by Mobutu's security forces while attending a meeting with military officials. They were taken to a military camp and tortured. Mobutu's regime accused them of plotting to assassinate Mobutu and Prime Minister Mulamba and overthrow the government. On 30 May the four men were tried before a military tribunal. The trial lasted an hour and a half and the accused were allowed no legal counsel.[40] They pleaded innocence, claiming that they had been working at the behest of officers in the army. After deliberating for seven minutes, the three military judges found the four men guilty of treason and sentenced them to death.[41] This was in violation of standing Congolese law, which did not consider plotting a coup to be a capital crime.[40] On 2 June 1966, Kimba and the other men were publicly hanged in Léopoldville before a large crowd.[42] This was the first public execution in the Congo since the 1930s. Kimba was the first of the four to be executed; it took him 20 minutes to die after being dropped.[43] His family never received his body.[40]Kimba was the second former Prime Minister of the Congo to be killed after Patrice Lumumba.[44] Some time after Kimba's death, the Avenue des Chutes in Lubumbashi (formerly Élisabethville) was officially renamed in his honour, though the street is still usually referred to by its original name.[45] In 2011 a congress of the \"Luba People\" declared that Kimba was among \"our valiant martyrs\".[46]","title":"Arrest and execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upi-35"}],"text":"^ The Democratic Republic of the Congo had severed ties with Congo-Brazzaville in 1963 over allegations that the latter was harbouring rebel groups.[35]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Kimba was overthrown in a coup launched by Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (pictured) in November 1965","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Colonel_Mobutu_using_a_phone%2C_1960.jpg/220px-Colonel_Mobutu_using_a_phone%2C_1960.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Congo's New Premier: Evariste Leon Kimba\" (PDF). The New York Times. 17 October 1965. p. 14. Retrieved 21 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/10/18/95912226.pdf","url_text":"\"Congo's New Premier: Evariste Leon Kimba\""}]},{"reference":"\"Congo: Kasavubu Acts\". Link. Vol. 8. 1965. p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CDZWAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Congo: Kasavubu Acts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aide Reports Katanga Is Organizing Services\". The New York Times. 15 October 1960. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ÉVARISTE KIMBA un autre Katangais\". Le Monde (in French). 15 October 1965. Retrieved 14 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/10/15/evariste-kimba-un-autre-katangais_2194072_1819218.html","url_text":"\"ÉVARISTE KIMBA un autre Katangais\""}]},{"reference":"Biographie historique du Congo. University of Lubumbashi. 2000. pp. 9–11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lubumbashi","url_text":"University of Lubumbashi"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Andrew (4 May 1962). \"Rising Hope in the Congo\". Daily Colonist. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dailycolonist19620504/page/n3","url_text":"\"Rising Hope in the Congo\""}]},{"reference":"Lukas, J. Anthony (22 June 1963). \"Katangese Asks for Congo Accord\". The New York Times. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tshombe Dismissed, Kimba New Premier\". Africa Diary. Vol. 5, no. 45. 1965.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TVMOAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Tshombe Dismissed, Kimba New Premier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kasavubu Installs New Congo Regime\". The New York Times. 19 October 1965. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Congo's \"National Unity\" Government: Mr. Tshombe a Likely Candidate for the Presidency\". African World. December 1965. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H4kXAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Congo's \"National Unity\" Government: Mr. Tshombe a Likely Candidate for the Presidency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leopoldville Reopening Ferry to Brazzaville\". The New York Times. 6 November 1965. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"2 Congos Resumes Ties After 2 Years\". The New York Times. United Press International. 7 November 1965. p. 55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Death Sentence Given 4 Congo Ex-Officials: Former Premier, 3 Others Convicted and Doomed for Treason in 90-Minute Trial\". The Los Angeles Times. United Press International. 1 June 1966. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"}]},{"reference":"\"100,000 in Congo See Hanging of Ex-Premier and 3 Others\" (PDF). The New York Times. Associated Press. 2 June 1966. Retrieved 21 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/06/03/82445557.pdf","url_text":"\"100,000 in Congo See Hanging of Ex-Premier and 3 Others\""}]},{"reference":"Kirk, Russel (9 June 1966). \"A Revolution's Victims\". The Los Angeles Times. p. B5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Kirk","url_text":"Kirk, Russel"}]},{"reference":"Gerard-Libois, Jules; Verhaegen, Benoit (2015). Congo 1965: Political Documents of a Developing Nation (in French) (reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400875436.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_G%C3%A9rard-Libois","url_text":"Gerard-Libois, Jules"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Verhaegen","url_text":"Verhaegen, Benoit"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rBHWCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Congo 1965: Political Documents of a Developing Nation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400875436","url_text":"9781400875436"}]},{"reference":"Gibbs, David N. (1991). The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis. American Politics and Political Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226290713.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NgN64EXv8mgC","url_text":"The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226290713","url_text":"9780226290713"}]},{"reference":"Ikambana, Jean-Louise Peta (2006). Mobutu's Totalitarian Political System: An Afrocentric Analysis. Routledge. ISBN 9781135861513.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HeWRAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Mobutu's Totalitarian Political System: An Afrocentric Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135861513","url_text":"9781135861513"}]},{"reference":"Kanza, Thomas R. (1994). The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba: Conflict in the Congo (expanded ed.). Rochester, Vermont: Schenkman Books, Inc. ISBN 0-87073-901-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kanza","url_text":"Kanza, Thomas R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87073-901-8","url_text":"0-87073-901-8"}]},{"reference":"Kennes, Erik; Larmer, Miles (2016). The Katangese Gendarmes and War in Central Africa: Fighting Their Way Home. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02130-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02130-4","url_text":"978-0-253-02130-4"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Gordon, ed. (1962). Area Handbook for the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville). Washington D.C.: American University Foreign Areas Studies Division. OCLC 1347356.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SdLUAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Area Handbook for the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C.","url_text":"Washington D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University","url_text":"American University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1347356","url_text":"1347356"}]},{"reference":"O'Ballance, Edgar (1999). The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960–98. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-28648-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vfCADAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960–98"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28648-1","url_text":"978-0-230-28648-1"}]},{"reference":"Omasombo Tshonda, Jean, ed. (2018). Haut-Katanga : Lorsque richesses économiques et pouvoirs politiques forcent une identité régionale (PDF). Provinces (in French). Vol. 1. Tervuren: Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale. ISBN 978-9-4926-6907-0.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africamuseum.be/sites/default/files/media/docs/research/publications/rmca/online/monographies-provinces/Haut-Katanga_Tome%201_WEB.pdf","url_text":"Haut-Katanga : Lorsque richesses économiques et pouvoirs politiques forcent une identité régionale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-4926-6907-0","url_text":"978-9-4926-6907-0"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Susan (2021). White Malice : The CIA and the Covert Recolonization of Africa. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-5417-6829-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-6829-1","url_text":"978-1-5417-6829-1"}]},{"reference":"Young, Crawford; Turner, Thomas Edwin (1985). The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299101138.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn","url_text":"The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299101138","url_text":"9780299101138"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/10/18/95912226.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Congo's New Premier: Evariste Leon Kimba\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CDZWAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Congo: Kasavubu Acts\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/10/15/evariste-kimba-un-autre-katangais_2194072_1819218.html","external_links_name":"\"ÉVARISTE KIMBA un autre Katangais\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dailycolonist19620504/page/n3","external_links_name":"\"Rising Hope in the Congo\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TVMOAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Tshombe Dismissed, Kimba New Premier\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H4kXAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Congo's \"National Unity\" Government: Mr. Tshombe a Likely Candidate for the Presidency\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/06/03/82445557.pdf","external_links_name":"\"100,000 in Congo See Hanging of Ex-Premier and 3 Others\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rBHWCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Congo 1965: Political Documents of a Developing Nation"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NgN64EXv8mgC","external_links_name":"The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HeWRAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Mobutu's Totalitarian Political System: An Afrocentric Analysis"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SdLUAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Area Handbook for the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1347356","external_links_name":"1347356"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vfCADAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960–98"},{"Link":"http://www.africamuseum.be/sites/default/files/media/docs/research/publications/rmca/online/monographies-provinces/Haut-Katanga_Tome%201_WEB.pdf","external_links_name":"Haut-Katanga : Lorsque richesses économiques et pouvoirs politiques forcent une identité régionale"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn","external_links_name":"The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000050814601","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/19232803","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDg9P9DcjYqpxyGqyKh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00096323","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B0ar%C3%B3ss	Nidaros	["1 Pre-Reformation","2 Present day","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]	Town that is today Trondheim in Norway Nidaros, Niðarós or Niðaróss (Old Norse pronunciation: ) was the medieval name of Trondheim when it was the capital of Norway's first Christian kings. It was named for its position at the mouth (Old Norse: óss) of the River Nid (the present-day Nidelva). Although the capital was later moved to Oslo (around the year 1300), Nidaros remained the centre of Norway's spiritual life until the Protestant Reformation. The Archdiocese of Nidaros was separated from Lund (in Scania) by the papal legate Nicholas Breakspeare in 1152, and the shrine to Saint Olaf in Nidaros Cathedral was Northern Europe's most important pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages. Archbishop Olav Engelbrektsson led Norway in its attempted resistance against the Danish Reformation, and was forced into exile by King Christian III in 1537. The archdiocese was abolished and replaced with a Lutheran diocese. Pre-Reformation Nidaros Cathedral in 1857 The Christianization of Norway was begun by Haakon the Good (d. 961) and was continued by Olaf Trygvesson (d. 1000) and Saint Olaf Haraldsson (d. 1030), two Vikings who had converted (and been baptized) at Andover in England and Rouen in Normandy, respectively. Olaf Trygvesson founded Nidaros in 997, and built a Kongsgård estate and church there. From this base, he worked to spread Christianity in Norway, Orkney, Shetland, the Faroes, Iceland, and Greenland. Olaf Haraldsson established Nidaros as a see, and installed the monk Grimkill as its first bishop. Since Norway had no universities at the time, many English and German priests were brought in for its parishes and dioceses. The Norwegian bishops were at first dependent on Hamburg, and then (after 1103) on Lund in Denmark. Pope Eugene III resolved to create a metropolitan see at Nidaros, and sent Nicholas Breakspeare as his legate in 1151. Nicholas installed Jon Birgerson, bishop of Stavanger, as the first archbishop of Nidaros. The bishops of Oslo (established 1073), Bergen (c. 1060), Stavanger (1130), Hamar (1151), Orkney (1070), Skálholt (1056) and Hólar (1105) in Iceland, and Garđar in Greenland were made its suffragans. Jon Birgerson was succeeded as archbishop by Eystein (Beatus Augustinus, 1158–88), former royal secretary and treasurer and an intelligent, strong-willed, pious man. Those characteristics were needed to defend the Catholic Church against King Sverre, who wanted to make the church a tool of temporal power. The archbishop fled from him to England, returning after a lukewarm reconciliation with the king. Sverre renewed his attacks at Eystein's death, and Archbishop Eric took refuge with Archbishop Absalon of Lund. When Sverre attacked the papal legate, Pope Innocent III placed the king and his partisans under interdict. The cathedral in 2011 King Håkon III Sverresson (1202), son and successor of Sverre, made peace with the church whose liberty was preserved by the support of the pope and his archbishops. Norwegian Protestant ecclesiastical historian Anton Christian Bang asked what would have happened "if the Church, deprived of all liberty, had become the submissive slave of absolute royalty? What influence would it have exercised at a time when its chief mission was to act as the educator of the people and as the necessary counterpoise to defend the liberty of the people against the brutal whims of the secular lords? And what would have happened when a century later royalty left the country? After that time the Church was, in reality, the sole centre of which was grouped the whole national life of our country". To regulate ecclesiastical affairs (which had suffered during the struggles with Sverre), Innocent IV sent Cardinal William of Sabina as legate to Norway in 1247. He intervened against encroachments by bishops, reformed abuses, and abolished the ordeal by hot iron. Due to the papal legates, Norway became more closely linked with the pope. Secular priests and Benedictines, Cistercians, Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans worked together for the prosperity of the church. Archbishops Eilif Kortin (d. 1332), Paul Baardson (d. 1346) and Arne Vade (d. 1349) were most notable. Provincial councils were held at which efforts were made to eliminate abuses and to encourage Christian education and morality. St. Olaf, Norway's patron saint and Rex perpetuus Norvegiae (perpetual king of Norway), is entombed at Nidaros and the national and ecclesiastical life of the country was centred there. His tomb was a site of pilgrimage. The feast of St. Olaf on 29 July was a day of reunion for "all the nations of the Northern seas, Norwegians, Swedes, Goths, Cimbrians, Danes and Slavs" in the cathedral of Nidaros, where the saint's reliquary was near the altar. Built in Romanesque style by King Olaf Kyrre (d. 1093), the cathedral was enlarged by Archbishop Eystein in ogival style. It was finished in 1248 by Archbishop Sigurd Sim. Although the cathedral was damaged several times by fire, it was restored each time until the Reformation. Archbishop Erik Valkendorf was exiled in 1521. His successor, Olaf Engelbrektsson (the instrument of the royal will in the introduction of Lutheranism and a partisan of King Christian II of Denmark and Norway), fled from the threat of Christian III (1537). The reliquaries of St. Olaf and St. Augustine (Eystein) were taken to Copenhagen and melted down. The bones of St. Olaf were buried, unmarked, in the cathedral. Present day When Norway regained self-rule as a separate kingdom in a union with Sweden in 1814, a period of national romanticism began in which attention was paid to the remnants of the independent medieval kingdom. It was resolved to restore the ancient cathedral of Nidaros. Trondheim briefly changed its name back to Nidaros on January 1, 1930. After widespread opposition to the name, the Norwegian Parliament (led by Ivar Lykke) restored the city's name on March 6, 1931. The pilgrimage route to Nidaros Cathedral has been revived. Using Norwegian spelling, the route is known as Saint Olav's Way. The main, 640-kilometre (400 mi) route begins in the ruins of Oslo's Old City (Gamlebyen) and heads north along the lake Mjøsa, up Gudbrandsdalen, over Dovrefjell and down the Oppdal valley to the cathedral. Oslo has an office to advise pilgrims, and the Trondheim cathedral has a pilgrim centre which awards certificates to pilgrims who complete their journey. The modern Lutheran diocese of Trondheim is known as Nidaros. The Roman Catholic archdiocese, suppressed in 1537, was restored as the Mission sui iuris of central Norway (on territory split off from the Apostolic Vicariate of Norway) on April 7, 1931. In 1935 it became the apostolic prefecture of central Norway, the apostolic vicariate of central Norway on February 4, 1953, and became the Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Trondheim on March 28, 1979. See also Nidaros Cathedral – Cathedral in Trøndelag, Norway Pilgrim's Route – Pilgrimage in Norway Archdiocese of Nidaros – Lost archdiocese of the Roman Catholic ChurchPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Diocese of Nidaros – Lutheran diocese in Norway Territorial Prelature of Trondheim – Latin Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in NorwayPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets References ^ Catholic Encyclopedia. "Ancient See of Trondhjem". ^ Maurer. "Die Bekehrung des norwegischen Stammes", I.ii.168. (Munich), 1855. ^ Bang, Anton Christia Den norske Kirkes Historie under Katholicismen (Christiania: 1887, 44, 50) ^ Maurer. I.iii.462. ^ Daae, Ludvig. Norges Helgener, pp. 170–6. A. Cammermeyer (Christiania), 1879. ^ Baluze, Étienne Letters of Pope Innocent III (Paris: 1682. I, i, 226, 227) ^ Bang. op. cit., 109 ^ Bang, op. cit., 297 ^ Adami gesta pontificum Hammaburgensium (Hanover: 1876, II, 82) ^ Pilgrimage to Nidaros (Scandinavica.com) Sources Munch, P.A. Throndhjems Domkirke (Christiania: Fabritius, 1859) Krefting, O. Om Throndhjems Domkirke (Trondhjem: Aktietrykkeriet, 1899) Mathiesen, Henr. Det gamle Throndhjem (Christiania: 1897) External links GigaCatholic Territoarial Prelature of Trondheim Account of pilgrimage to Nidaros (Trondheim) in Norway on Olav's Way	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈniðɑˌroːsː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Christian kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Nidelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidelva"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Nidaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Nidaros"},{"link_name":"Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Lund"},{"link_name":"Scania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Breakspeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV"},{"link_name":"shrine to Saint Olaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Olav%27s_shrine"},{"link_name":"Nidaros Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Olav Engelbrektsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_Engelbrektsson"},{"link_name":"Danish Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Christian III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Lutheran diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Nidaros"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Nidaros, Niðarós or Niðaróss (Old Norse pronunciation: [ˈniðɑˌroːsː]) was the medieval name of Trondheim when it was the capital of Norway's first Christian kings. It was named for its position at the mouth (Old Norse: óss) of the River Nid (the present-day Nidelva).Although the capital was later moved to Oslo (around the year 1300), Nidaros remained the centre of Norway's spiritual life until the Protestant Reformation. The Archdiocese of Nidaros was separated from Lund (in Scania) by the papal legate Nicholas Breakspeare in 1152, and the shrine to Saint Olaf in Nidaros Cathedral was Northern Europe's most important pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages. Archbishop Olav Engelbrektsson led Norway in its attempted resistance against the Danish Reformation, and was forced into exile by King Christian III in 1537. The archdiocese was abolished and replaced with a Lutheran diocese.[1]","title":"Nidaros"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nidarosdom_1857.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nidaros Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Christianization of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Haakon the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_the_Good"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Olaf Trygvesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Trygvesson"},{"link_name":"Olaf Haraldsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Andover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover,_England"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kongsgård estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney"},{"link_name":"Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland"},{"link_name":"Faroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Grimkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimketel"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Nidaros#Episcopal_ordinaries"},{"link_name":"dioceses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Hamburg-Bremen"},{"link_name":"Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Lund"},{"link_name":"Pope Eugene III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III"},{"link_name":"metropolitan see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_see"},{"link_name":"legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"bishop of Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Stavanger"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Nidaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Nidaros#The_Archbishops_of_Nidaros_before_the_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Stavanger"},{"link_name":"Hamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Hamar"},{"link_name":"Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Orkney"},{"link_name":"Skálholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Skalholt"},{"link_name":"Hólar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3lar"},{"link_name":"Garđar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardar,_Greenland"},{"link_name":"suffragans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"Eystein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysteinn_Erlendsson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"King Sverre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Sverre"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"interdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdict"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nidaros_Cathedral.JPG"},{"link_name":"Håkon III Sverresson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_III_Sverresson"},{"link_name":"Anton Christian Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Christian_Bang"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Innocent IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_IV"},{"link_name":"Cardinal William of Sabina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_William_of_Sabina"},{"link_name":"ordeal by hot iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal#By_fire"},{"link_name":"Secular priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_clergy"},{"link_name":"Benedictines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictines"},{"link_name":"Augustinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"Dominicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"St. Olaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"Rex perpetuus Norvegiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_perpetuus_Norvegiae"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"reliquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquary"},{"link_name":"Olaf Kyrre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Kyrre"},{"link_name":"ogival style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogive#Architecture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Olaf Engelbrektsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_Engelbrektsson"},{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Christian II of Denmark and Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Christian III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"}],"text":"Nidaros Cathedral in 1857The Christianization of Norway was begun by Haakon the Good (d. 961)[2] and was continued by Olaf Trygvesson (d. 1000) and Saint Olaf Haraldsson (d. 1030), two Vikings who had converted (and been baptized) at Andover in England and Rouen in Normandy, respectively.[3] Olaf Trygvesson founded Nidaros in 997, and built a Kongsgård estate and church there. From this base, he worked to spread Christianity in Norway, Orkney, Shetland, the Faroes, Iceland, and Greenland.[4]Olaf Haraldsson established Nidaros as a see, and installed the monk Grimkill as its first bishop. Since Norway had no universities at the time, many English and German priests were brought in for its parishes and dioceses. The Norwegian bishops were at first dependent on Hamburg, and then (after 1103) on Lund in Denmark.Pope Eugene III resolved to create a metropolitan see at Nidaros, and sent Nicholas Breakspeare as his legate in 1151. Nicholas installed Jon Birgerson, bishop of Stavanger, as the first archbishop of Nidaros. The bishops of Oslo (established 1073), Bergen (c. 1060), Stavanger (1130), Hamar (1151), Orkney (1070), Skálholt (1056) and Hólar (1105) in Iceland, and Garđar in Greenland were made its suffragans.Jon Birgerson was succeeded as archbishop by Eystein (Beatus Augustinus, 1158–88), former royal secretary and treasurer and an intelligent, strong-willed, pious man.[5] Those characteristics were needed to defend the Catholic Church against King Sverre, who wanted to make the church a tool of temporal power. The archbishop fled from him to England, returning after a lukewarm reconciliation with the king. Sverre renewed his attacks at Eystein's death, and Archbishop Eric took refuge with Archbishop Absalon of Lund. When Sverre attacked the papal legate, Pope Innocent III placed the king and his partisans under interdict.[6]The cathedral in 2011King Håkon III Sverresson (1202), son and successor of Sverre, made peace with the church whose liberty was preserved by the support of the pope and his archbishops. Norwegian Protestant ecclesiastical historian Anton Christian Bang asked what would have happened \"if the Church, deprived of all liberty, had become the submissive slave of absolute royalty? What influence would it have exercised at a time when its chief mission was to act as the educator of the people and as the necessary counterpoise to defend the liberty of the people against the brutal whims of the secular lords? And what would have happened when a century later royalty left the country? After that time the Church was, in reality, the sole centre of which was grouped the whole national life of our country\".[7]To regulate ecclesiastical affairs (which had suffered during the struggles with Sverre), Innocent IV sent Cardinal William of Sabina as legate to Norway in 1247. He intervened against encroachments by bishops, reformed abuses, and abolished the ordeal by hot iron. Due to the papal legates, Norway became more closely linked with the pope. Secular priests and Benedictines, Cistercians, Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans worked together for the prosperity of the church. Archbishops Eilif Kortin (d. 1332), Paul Baardson (d. 1346) and Arne Vade (d. 1349) were most notable. Provincial councils were held at which efforts were made to eliminate abuses and to encourage Christian education and morality.[8]St. Olaf, Norway's patron saint and Rex perpetuus Norvegiae (perpetual king of Norway), is entombed at Nidaros and the national and ecclesiastical life of the country was centred there. His tomb was a site of pilgrimage. The feast of St. Olaf on 29 July was a day of reunion for \"all the nations of the Northern seas, Norwegians, Swedes, Goths, Cimbrians, Danes and Slavs\" [9] in the cathedral of Nidaros, where the saint's reliquary was near the altar. Built in Romanesque style by King Olaf Kyrre (d. 1093), the cathedral was enlarged by Archbishop Eystein in ogival style.[citation needed] It was finished in 1248 by Archbishop Sigurd Sim. Although the cathedral was damaged several times by fire, it was restored each time until the Reformation.Archbishop Erik Valkendorf was exiled in 1521. His successor, Olaf Engelbrektsson (the instrument of the royal will in the introduction of Lutheranism and a partisan of King Christian II of Denmark and Norway), fled from the threat of Christian III (1537). The reliquaries of St. Olaf and St. Augustine (Eystein) were taken to Copenhagen and melted down. The bones of St. Olaf were buried, unmarked, in the cathedral.","title":"Pre-Reformation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Ivar Lykke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Lykke_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Saint Olav's Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Olav%27s_Way"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Mjøsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B8sa"},{"link_name":"Gudbrandsdalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudbrandsdalen"},{"link_name":"Dovrefjell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovrefjell"},{"link_name":"Oppdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppdal"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nidaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Nidaros"},{"link_name":"Mission sui iuris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_sui_iuris"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"apostolic prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_prefect"},{"link_name":"apostolic vicariate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Trondheim"}],"text":"When Norway regained self-rule as a separate kingdom in a union with Sweden in 1814, a period of national romanticism began in which attention was paid to the remnants of the independent medieval kingdom. It was resolved to restore the ancient cathedral of Nidaros.Trondheim briefly changed its name back to Nidaros on January 1, 1930. After widespread opposition to the name, the Norwegian Parliament (led by Ivar Lykke) restored the city's name on March 6, 1931.The pilgrimage route to Nidaros Cathedral has been revived. Using Norwegian spelling, the route is known as Saint Olav's Way. The main, 640-kilometre (400 mi) route begins in the ruins of Oslo's Old City (Gamlebyen) and heads north along the lake Mjøsa, up Gudbrandsdalen, over Dovrefjell and down the Oppdal valley to the cathedral. Oslo has an office to advise pilgrims, and the Trondheim cathedral has a pilgrim centre which awards certificates to pilgrims who complete their journey.[10]The modern Lutheran diocese of Trondheim is known as Nidaros. The Roman Catholic archdiocese, suppressed in 1537, was restored as the Mission sui iuris of central Norway (on territory split off from the Apostolic Vicariate of Norway) on April 7, 1931. In 1935 it became the apostolic prefecture of central Norway, the apostolic vicariate of central Norway on February 4, 1953, and became the Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Trondheim on March 28, 1979.","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Munch, P.A. Throndhjems Domkirke (Christiania: Fabritius, 1859)\nKrefting, O. Om Throndhjems Domkirke (Trondhjem: Aktietrykkeriet, 1899)\nMathiesen, Henr. Det gamle Throndhjem (Christiania: 1897)","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Nidaros Cathedral in 1857","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nidarosdom_1857.jpg/250px-Nidarosdom_1857.jpg"},{"image_text":"The cathedral in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nidaros_Cathedral.JPG/220px-Nidaros_Cathedral.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Nidaros Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral"},{"title":"Pilgrim's Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Route"},{"title":"Archdiocese of Nidaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Nidaros"},{"title":"Diocese of Nidaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Nidaros"},{"title":"Territorial Prelature of Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Prelature_of_Trondheim"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15064a.htm","external_links_name":"Ancient See of Trondhjem"},{"Link":"http://www.scandinaviacomplete.com/culture/travel/nidaros_pilgrimage.asp","external_links_name":"Pilgrimage to Nidaros (Scandinavica.com)"},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/tron0.htm","external_links_name":"GigaCatholic Territoarial Prelature of Trondheim"},{"Link":"http://www.ancientmusic.co.uk/hobby/Norway","external_links_name":"Account of pilgrimage to Nidaros (Trondheim) in Norway on Olav's Way"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahongwe_language	Mahongwe language	["1 References"]	Bantu language spoken in Gabon MahongweNative toGabonNative speakers8,000 (2007)Language familyNiger–Congo? Atlantic–CongoBenue–CongoBantoidBantu (Zone B)Kele (b. 20)MahongweLanguage codesISO 639-3mhbGlottologmaho1248Guthrie codeB.252ELPMahongwe Mahongwe is an undocumented and threatened Bantu language spoken in Gabon. The Mahongwe language is a language spoken by the Mahongwe people, belonging to the Bantu ethnic group, who mainly reside in the central Gabon region. It is one of several Bantoid languages spoken in the Central African region. The Mahongwe language is part of the Bantuid branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Under the broad umbrella of Bantu languages, Mahongwe is classified within the subgroup of Northern Bantu languages, which includes languages spoken in Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, and the Central African Republic. Mahongwe is spoken by around 20,000 people, mainly in Gabon, but there are also some communities of Mahongwe speakers in other parts of Central Africa. The language has no official status and is not widely taught in schools, so it is considered an endangered language. From a linguistic point of view, Mahongwe presents a number of interesting characteristics. It is a tonal language, meaning that variation in tone can distinguish words with different meanings. It also has a complex grammatical structure, with a focus on the noun system. For example, nouns in Mahongwe can have noun classes and agreement agreements based on gender, number, and other grammatical categories. Regarding vocabulary, Mahongwe inherited a basic set of words from Proto-Bantu, but also absorbed influences from other languages in the region, such as French and surrounding local languages. Unfortunately, due to social change and the influence of dominant languages, such as French, Mahongwe is under threat and facing rapid erosion. Many young Mahongwe speak predominantly French, and only a few maintain proficiency in their ancestral language. However, efforts have been made by some members of the Mahongwe community to preserve and promote their language. Language revitalization programs have been organised, including documentation projects and teaching Mahongwe in local schools. These efforts are critical to conserving the linguistic and cultural heritage of the Mahongwe people. References ^ Mahongwe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online vteLanguages of GabonOfficial language French (Standard) National languages Fang Immigrant languages English French Spanish Arabic German Italian Hindi Chinese Portuguese Japanese Russian Indigenous languages Baka Barama Bekwel Benga Bube Bwisi Duma Kande Kaningi Kili iKota Lumbu Mahongwe Mbama Mbangwe Mbere Myene (several dialects) Ndasa Ndumu Ngom Njebi Pinji Punu Sake Sangu Seki Sighu Simba Sira Northern Teke Western Teke Tsaangi Tsogo Vili Vumbu Wandji Wumbvu Yasa vteNarrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) (by Guthrie classification)Zone AA10 A11 Londo A12 Barue A13 Balong A14 Bonkeng A15 Mbo [A141 Bafo A151 Nkongho A20 A21 Bomboko A22 Baakpe A23 Su A24 Duala A25 Oli A26 Pongo A27 Mulimba [A221 Bubia A231 Kole A30 A31a North Bobe A31b Southwest Bobe A31c Southeast Bobe A32a Banoo A32b Bapoko A33a Yasa A33b Kombe A34 Benga A40 A41 Lombi A42 Bankon A43a Mbene A43b North Kogo A43c South Kogo A44 Banen A45 Nyokon A46 Mandi [A441 Aling'a A461 Bonek A462 Yambeta A50 A51 Fa’ A52 Kaalong A53 Kpa A54 Ngayaba [A501 Hijuk A60 A61 Ngoro A62 Yambasa A63 Mangisa A64 Bacenga A65 Bati [A621 Baca A622 Gunu A623 Mbule A70 A71 Eton A72a Ewondo A72b Mvele A72c Bakja A72d Yangafek A73a Bëbëlë A73b Gbïgbïl A74 Bulu A75 Fang [A751 South-West Fang A80 A81 Mvumbo A82 So A83 Makaa A84 Njem A85a Konabem A85b Bekwil A86a Medjime A86b Mpompo A86c Mpiemo A87 Bomwali [A801 Gyele A802 Ukwedjo A803 Shiwe A831 Byep A832 Bekol A841 Bajue A842 Koonzime A90 A91 Kwakum A92a Pol A92b Pomo A93 Kako Zone BB10 B11a Mpongwe B11b Rongo B11c Galwa B11d Dyumba B11e Nkomi B20 B21 Sekiyani B22a West Kele B22b Ngom B22c Bubi B23 Mbangwe B24 Wumbvu B25 Kota [B201 Ndasa B202 Sighu B203 Sama B204 Ndambomo B205 Metombola B221 Molengue B251 Shake B252 Mahongwe B30 B31 Tsogo B32 Kande [B301 Viya B302 Himbaka B303 Bongwe B304 Pinzi B305 Vove B40 B41 Sira B42 Sangu B43 Punu B44 Lumbu [B401 Bwisi B402 Varama B403 Vungu B404 Ngubi B411 Bwali B50 B51 Duma B52 Nzebi B53 Tsaangi [B501 Wanzi B502 Mwele B503 Vili B60 B61 Mbete B62 Mbaama B63 Nduumo [B602 Kaning'i B603 Yangho (spurious) B70 B71a Tege-Kali B71b Njiningi B72a Ngungwele B72b Mpumpu B73a Tsaayi B73b Laali B73c Yaa B73d Kwe B74a Ndzindziu B74b Boma B75 Bali B76a Musieno B76b Ngee B77a Kukwa B77b Fumu B78 Wuumu [B701 Tsitsege B80 B81 Tiene B82 Boma B83 Mfinu B84a Mpuon B84b Mpuun B85a Mbiem B85b East Yans B85c Yeei B85d Ntsuo B85e Mpur B86 Di B87 Mbuun [B821 Mpe B822 Nunu B861 Ngul (Ngwi) B862 Lwel B863 Mpiin B864 West Ngongo B865 Nzadi Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) This Bantu language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Gabon-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bantu language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_language"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"}],"text":"Mahongwe is an undocumented and threatened Bantu language spoken in Gabon. The Mahongwe language is a language spoken by the Mahongwe people, belonging to the Bantu ethnic group, who mainly reside in the central Gabon region. It is one of several Bantoid languages spoken in the Central African region.The Mahongwe language is part of the Bantuid branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Under the broad umbrella of Bantu languages, Mahongwe is classified within the subgroup of Northern Bantu languages, which includes languages spoken in Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, and the Central African Republic.Mahongwe is spoken by around 20,000 people, mainly in Gabon, but there are also some communities of Mahongwe speakers in other parts of Central Africa. The language has no official status and is not widely taught in schools, so it is considered an endangered language.From a linguistic point of view, Mahongwe presents a number of interesting characteristics. It is a tonal language, meaning that variation in tone can distinguish words with different meanings. It also has a complex grammatical structure, with a focus on the noun system. For example, nouns in Mahongwe can have noun classes and agreement agreements based on gender, number, and other grammatical categories.Regarding vocabulary, Mahongwe inherited a basic set of words from Proto-Bantu, but also absorbed influences from other languages in the region, such as French and surrounding local languages.Unfortunately, due to social change and the influence of dominant languages, such as French, Mahongwe is under threat and facing rapid erosion. Many young Mahongwe speak predominantly French, and only a few maintain proficiency in their ancestral language.However, efforts have been made by some members of the Mahongwe community to preserve and promote their language. Language revitalization programs have been organised, including documentation projects and teaching Mahongwe in local schools. These efforts are critical to conserving the linguistic and cultural heritage of the Mahongwe people.","title":"Mahongwe language"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/maho1248","external_links_name":"maho1248"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/528","external_links_name":"Mahongwe"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mhb/","external_links_name":"Mahongwe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf","external_links_name":"New Updated Guthrie List Online"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahongwe_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahongwe_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS-P3	IRS-P3	["1 History","2 Instruments","3 Launch","4 Mission","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Indian Earth observation satellite IRS-P3NamesIndian Remote Sensing satellite-P3Mission typeEarth observationOperatorISROCOSPAR ID1996-017A SATCAT no.23827Websitehttps://www.isro.gov.in/Mission duration3 years (planned)8.5 years (achieved) Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftIRS-P3BusIRS-1AManufacturerIndian Space Research OrganisationLaunch mass922 kg (2,033 lb)Dry mass838 kg (1,847 lb)Dimensions1.56 m x 1.66 m x 1.10 mPower873 watts Start of missionLaunch date21 March 1996, 04:53 UTCRocketPolar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-D3Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre, first launch padContractorIndian Space Research OrganisationEntered serviceJune 1996 End of missionDeactivated15 October 2004 Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentric orbitRegimeSun-synchronous orbitPerigee altitude802 km (498 mi)Apogee altitude848 km (527 mi)Inclination98.69°Period101.4 minutes InstrumentsMultispectral Opto-electronic Scanner (MOS)Indian X-ray Astronomy Experiment (IXAE)Wide-Field Sensor (WiFS)Earth observation satellites series← IRS-1CIRS-1D → IRS-P3 was a remote sensing satellite launched by ISRO on board of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) launch vehicle for remote sensing of Earth's natural resources. It also hosted a scientific instrument, the Indian X-ray Astronomy Experiment (IXAE), for the study of X-ray astronomy. The IRS-P3 satellite contained an X-ray astronomy instrument, a C-band transponder and two remote sensing instruments. History IRS-P3 was one of the satellite in the Indian Remote Sensing Programme of Earth observation satellites, assembled, launched and maintained by Indian Space Research Organisation. There was no data recording device on board of the IRS-P3 and data was transmitted in real-time to the ground stationd in Hyderabad, India and Neustrelitz, Germany. Instruments IRS-P3 carried two remote sensing instruments and one X-ray astronomy experiment: Modular opto-electronic scanner (MOS), which was provided by German Aerospace Center (DLR), in the framework of a cooperative agreement between ISRO and DLR. MOS was designed for ocean remote sensing. Indian X-ray astronomy experiment (IXAE). IXAE was to study the time variability and spectral characteristics of cosmic X-ray sources and for detection of transient X-ray sources. The experiment was developed by ISRO Satellite Centre (URSC) and Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR). The experiment was intended to study periodic and aperiodic intensity variation in galactic/extragalactic X-ray, spectral characteristics of various sources and properties of newly discovered X-ray transients. IXAE instruments consisted of three identical pointed mode proportional counters (PPCs) operated in the energy range 2-20 keV, FOV of 2° x 2° and effective area of 1200 cm2, and an X-ray sky monitor (XSM) operating in the energy range 2-10 keV. The experiment was highly successful and produced more than 30 publications and four PhD thesis. Wide-field sensor (WiFS) with additional Short-Wave Infrared band (SWIR). The sensor was designed for vegetation dynamic studies. Launch IRS-P3 was launched by the PSLV-D3 launch vehicle on 21 March 1996, at 04:53 UTC, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, India. Periodic calibration of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle tracking radar was located at tracking stations. Mission The mission was completed on 15 October 2004 after serving for 8.5 years. With the consecutive successful launches of the PSLV, it was decided not to plan any more Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) missions. See also Spaceflight portal Indian Remote Sensing References ^ a b "IRS-P3". World Meteorological Organization. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2021. ^ a b "A Spaceborne Imaging Spectrometer for Ocean Remote Sensing". International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG). May 1997. Retrieved 13 May 2021. ^ "IRS-P3". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ Thyagarajan, K.; Neumann, A.; Zimmermann, G. (November–December 1996). "The IRS-P3 remote sensing mission". Acta Astronautica. 39 (9–12): 711–716. Bibcode:1996AcAau..39..711T. doi:10.1016/S0094-5765(97)00053-2. Retrieved 13 May 2021. ^ "Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle". Space Yuga. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2021. External links ISRO IRS-P3 link vteIndian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellitesIRS-1 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E (IRS-P1) IRS-P P2 P3 CartosatCompleted 1 (IRS-P5) 2 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 3 OceansatCompleted 1 (IRS-P4) 2 3 ResourcesatCompleted 1 (IRS-P6) 2 2A Planned Resourcesat-3 vteIndian spacecraft List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions SatellitesCommunication CMS 01 02 GSAT 1 2 3 (EDUSAT) 4 5P 6 6A 7 7A 8 9 (South Asia Satellite) 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 29 30 31 HAMSAT INSAT 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 2D 2DT 2E 3A 3B 3C 3D 3DR 3DS 3E 4A 4B 4C 4CR 4E 4F 4G Planned: GSAT 20 22 23 24 Earth observation Bhaskara I II Cartosat 1 2 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 3 EMISAT EOS 1 2 4 7 HySIS IMS-1 IRS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E P1 P2 P3 Megha-Tropiques Microsat Microsat-R Oceansat 1 2 Resourcesat 1 2 RISAT 1 2 2B 2BR1 Rohini RS-D1 RS-D2 SARAL SCATSAT-1 Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS) Planned: NISAR GISAT Oceansat-3 Resourcesat-3 RISAT-1A Experimental APPLE Aryabhata Rohini RS-1 Rohini Technology Payload (RTP) Navigation IRNSS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 1G 1I NVS-01 Student satellites ANUSAT Jugnu SRMSAT StudSat StudSat-2 YouthSat Pratham Space probesScientific SROSS A B C C2 Astronomical Astrosat Aditya-L1 XPoSat AstroSat-2 (planned) Lunar programme Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan-2 Vikram Pragyan Chandrayaan-3 Vikram Pragyan Lunar Polar Exploration Mission Chandrayaan-4 Chandrayaan-5 Chandrayaan-6 Interplanetary Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (planned) Venus Orbiter Mission (planned) Humanspaceflight Indian Human Spaceflight Programme SRE-1 SRE-II SRE-III Gaganyaan CARE Bharatiya Antariksha Station Future spacecraft in italics. vte← 1995Orbital launches in 19961997 →January STS-72 (SPARTAN-206) PAS-3R, MEASAT-1 Koreasat 2 Kosmos 2327 Gorizont #43L February Palapa C1 N-STAR b Intelsat 708 NEAR Shoemaker Kosmos 2328, Kosmos 2329, Kosmos 2330, Gonets-D1 #1, Gonets-D1 #2, Gonets-D1 #3 Gran' #44L Soyuz TM-23 STS-75 (TSS-1R) Polar March REX II Intelsat 707 Kosmos 2331 IRS-P3 STS-76 USA-117 April Inmarsat-3 F1 Astra 1F MSAT-1 Priroda MSX Kosmos 2332 USA-118 BeppoSAX May Progress M-31 USA-119, USA-120, USA-121, USA-122, USA-123, USA-124 Kometa #18 Palapa C2, Amos-1 MSTI-3 STS-77 (SPARTAN-207, IAE, PAMS-STU) Galaxy 9 Gorizont #44L June Cluster F1, Cluster F2, Cluster F3, Cluster F4 Intelsat 709 STS-78 Kobal't July TOMS-EP USA-125 Apstar 1A Arabsat 2A, Türksat 1C USA-126 USA-127 Progress M-32 August Télécom 2D, Italsat 2 Molniya 1-79 Midori, Fuji 2 Soyuz TM-24 Chinasat-7 FAST Interbol 2, Maigon 5, Victor September Kosmos 2333 Kosmos 2334, UNAMSAT-2 Inmarsat-3 F2 GE-1 EchoStar II USA-128 STS-79 Ekspress-6 October FSW-17 Molniya 3-62 November HETE, SAC-B Mars Global Surveyor Arabsat 2B, MEASAT-2 Mars 96 STS-80 (WSF, ORFEUS-SPAS) Progress M-33 Hot Bird 2 December Mars Pathfinder (Sojourner) Kosmos 2335 Inmarsat-3 F3 Kosmos 2336 USA-129 Bion No.11 Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"remote sensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"natural resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource"},{"link_name":"X-ray astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_astronomy"},{"link_name":"C-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)"},{"link_name":"transponder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOCCG-2"}],"text":"IRS-P3 was a remote sensing satellite launched by ISRO on board of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) launch vehicle for remote sensing of Earth's natural resources. It also hosted a scientific instrument, the Indian X-ray Astronomy Experiment (IXAE), for the study of X-ray astronomy. The IRS-P3 satellite contained an X-ray astronomy instrument, a C-band transponder and two remote sensing instruments.[2]","title":"IRS-P3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Remote Sensing Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme"},{"link_name":"Earth observation satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite"},{"link_name":"ground stationd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_station"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Neustrelitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustrelitz"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOCCG-2"}],"text":"IRS-P3 was one of the satellite in the Indian Remote Sensing Programme of Earth observation satellites, assembled, launched and maintained by Indian Space Research Organisation. There was no data recording device on board of the IRS-P3 and data was transmitted in real-time to the ground stationd in Hyderabad, India and Neustrelitz, Germany.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"German Aerospace Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Science-4"},{"link_name":"cosmic X-ray sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_astronomy"},{"link_name":"ISRO Satellite Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre"},{"link_name":"Tata Institute of Fundamental Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research"},{"link_name":"keV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"},{"link_name":"FOV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view"},{"link_name":"effective area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_(antenna)#Effective_area"}],"text":"IRS-P3 carried two remote sensing instruments and one X-ray astronomy experiment:Modular opto-electronic scanner (MOS),[3] which was provided by German Aerospace Center (DLR), in the framework of a cooperative agreement between ISRO and DLR. MOS was designed for ocean remote sensing.[4]Indian X-ray astronomy experiment (IXAE). IXAE was to study the time variability and spectral characteristics of cosmic X-ray sources and for detection of transient X-ray sources. The experiment was developed by ISRO Satellite Centre (URSC) and Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR). The experiment was intended to study periodic and aperiodic intensity variation in galactic/extragalactic X-ray, spectral characteristics of various sources and properties of newly discovered X-ray transients. IXAE instruments consisted of three identical pointed mode proportional counters (PPCs) operated in the energy range 2-20 keV, FOV of 2° x 2° and effective area of 1200 cm2, and an X-ray sky monitor (XSM) operating in the energy range 2-10 keV. The experiment was highly successful and produced more than 30 publications and four PhD thesis.Wide-field sensor (WiFS) with additional Short-Wave Infrared band (SWIR). The sensor was designed for vegetation dynamic studies.","title":"Instruments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PSLV-D3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLV-D3"},{"link_name":"launch vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"Satish Dhawan Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"Sriharikota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriharikota"},{"link_name":"Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle"}],"text":"IRS-P3 was launched by the PSLV-D3 launch vehicle on 21 March 1996, at 04:53 UTC, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, India. Periodic calibration of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle tracking radar was located at tracking stations.","title":"Launch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMO-1"},{"link_name":"Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuga-5"}],"text":"The mission was completed on 15 October 2004 after serving for 8.5 years.[1] With the consecutive successful launches of the PSLV, it was decided not to plan any more Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) missions.[5]","title":"Mission"}]	[]	[{"title":"Spaceflight portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight"},{"title":"Indian Remote Sensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing"}]	[{"reference":"\"IRS-P3\". World Meteorological Organization. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/irs_p3","url_text":"\"IRS-P3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization","url_text":"World Meteorological Organization"}]},{"reference":"\"A Spaceborne Imaging Spectrometer for Ocean Remote Sensing\". International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG). May 1997. Retrieved 13 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ioccg.org/reports/mos/mos.html","url_text":"\"A Spaceborne Imaging Spectrometer for Ocean Remote Sensing\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRS-P3\". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141017004440/http://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p3.aspx","url_text":"\"IRS-P3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation","url_text":"Indian Space Research Organisation"},{"url":"https://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p3.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thyagarajan, K.; Neumann, A.; Zimmermann, G. (November–December 1996). \"The IRS-P3 remote sensing mission\". Acta Astronautica. 39 (9–12): 711–716. Bibcode:1996AcAau..39..711T. doi:10.1016/S0094-5765(97)00053-2. Retrieved 13 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094576597000532","url_text":"\"The IRS-P3 remote sensing mission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Astronautica","url_text":"Acta Astronautica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AcAau..39..711T","url_text":"1996AcAau..39..711T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0094-5765%2897%2900053-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0094-5765(97)00053-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle\". Space Yuga. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207035425/http://spaceyuga.com/pslv-polar-satellite-launch-vehicle/","url_text":"\"Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle\""},{"url":"http://spaceyuga.com/pslv-polar-satellite-launch-vehicle/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-017A","external_links_name":"1996-017A"},{"Link":"https://www.isro.gov.in/","external_links_name":"https://www.isro.gov.in/"},{"Link":"https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/irs_p3","external_links_name":"\"IRS-P3\""},{"Link":"https://www.ioccg.org/reports/mos/mos.html","external_links_name":"\"A Spaceborne Imaging Spectrometer for Ocean Remote Sensing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141017004440/http://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p3.aspx","external_links_name":"\"IRS-P3\""},{"Link":"https://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p3.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094576597000532","external_links_name":"\"The IRS-P3 remote sensing mission\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AcAau..39..711T","external_links_name":"1996AcAau..39..711T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0094-5765%2897%2900053-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0094-5765(97)00053-2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207035425/http://spaceyuga.com/pslv-polar-satellite-launch-vehicle/","external_links_name":"\"Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle\""},{"Link":"http://spaceyuga.com/pslv-polar-satellite-launch-vehicle/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p3.aspx","external_links_name":"ISRO IRS-P3 link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnaeus_Gallery	Cygnaeus Gallery	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 60°09′33″N 24°57′33″E / 60.15917°N 24.95917°E / 60.15917; 24.95917Exterior viewInterior with collections The Cygnaeus Gallery (Finnish: Cygnaeuksen galleria, Swedish: Cygnaei galleri) is an art gallery in Helsinki. The art gallery was founded by the professor of aesthetics Fredrik Cygnaeus. It was built as a villa in 1869–1870 to designs by architect J.F.W. Mieritz. Cygnaeus donated the gallery to the Finnish nation in his testament. It opened to the public in 1882, and is today owned by the Finnish Heritage Agency. It has been claimed to be the oldest still operating art museum in Finland. The gallery contains mainly Finnish art from the 19th century, c. 200 works in total. Among artists represented are Albert Edelfelt, the Von Wright brothers, Fanny Churberg and Helene Schjerfbeck. Apart from the permanent collections the museum also hosts temporary exhibitions and is used, among other things, as concert venue. In 2014 it was closed down for the time being for lack of funding by the Heritage Agency. References ^ a b "Cygnaei galleri" (in Swedish). Uppslagsverket Finland. Retrieved 22 September 2016. ^ "The Cygnaeus gallery". Euromuse. Retrieved 22 September 2016. ^ Karila, Juhani (16 July 2014). "Suomen vanhimpiin taidemuseoihin kuuluva Cygnaeuksen galleria sulki ovensa". Helsingin Sanomat. Retrieved 23 July 2020. External links Media related to Cygnaeus Gallery at Wikimedia Commons 60°09′33″N 24°57′33″E / 60.15917°N 24.95917°E / 60.15917; 24.95917 vteHelsinki CityscapeBuildings Parliament Helsinki Central railway station Helsinki City Hall Old Market Hall Library Oodi Majakka Olympic Stadium Pasilan linkkitorni Presidential Palace Mäntyniemi Kesäranta Places of worship Temppeliaukio Church Helsinki Cathedral Uspenski Cathedral St. Henry's Cathedral St. John's Church St. Mary's Church St. Paul's Church Mikael Agricola Church Holy Trinity Church Church of Christ Finnish Methodist Church Old Church Kallio Church Kulosaari Church Suomenlinna Church Töölö Church Viikki Church Kamppi Chapel Monuments & memorials Statue of Alexander II Sibelius Monument Aleksis Kivi Memorial Statue of Johan Ludvig Runeberg Freemason's Grave Hietaniemi Cemetery Three Smiths Statue Equestrian statue of Marshal Mannerheim East and West Eino Leino Statue The Stone of the Empress Havis Amanda The Lantern Bearers Parks & gardens Alppipuisto Central Park Esplanadi Haaga Rhododendron Park Kaivopuisto Kaisaniemi Park Karhupuisto Kirsikkapuisto Kolmikulma Tähtitorninvuori University of Helsinki Botanical Garden Islands Harakka Korkeasaari Kulosaari Lammassaari Lauttasaari Liuskasaari Lonna Mustikkamaa Pihlajasaari Santahamina Suomenlinna Seurasaari Tervasaari Vallisaari City squares Eliel Square Erottaja Hakaniemi Market Square Helsinki Railway Square Senate Square Hietalahdentori Market Square Tallinnanaukio Viiskulma Töölöntori Tourist attractions Allas Sea Pool Korkeasaari Zoo Linnanmäki Löyly SkyWheel Helsinki Suomenlinna Hotels Clarion Hotel Helsinki Hilton Helsinki Kalastajatorppa Hotel Kämp Hotel Marski Hotel Torni Palace Hotel MuseumsArt museums Finnish National Gallery Ateneum Kiasma Sinebrychoff Art Museum Amos Rex Cygnaeus Gallery Didrichsen Art Museum Helsinki Art Museum Kirpilä Art Collection Kunsthalle Helsinki Other museums Design Museum Finnish Museum of Natural History Helsinki City Museum Helsinki University Museum Hotel and Restaurant Museum Mannerheim Museum Military Museum of Finland Museum of Finnish Architecture Museum of Technology National Museum of Finland Natural History Museum of Helsinki Seurasaari Tamminiemi Performing artsTheatres Alexander Theatre Finnish National Opera Finnish National Theatre Helsinki City Theatre Swedish Theatre Music venues Helsinki Music Centre Finlandia Hall Kaivohuone Kulttuuritalo Tavastia Club Other venues Cafe Regatta Casino Helsinki Helsinki City Library Stockmann Yrjönkatu Swimming Hall Wrede Passage Kaapelitehdas Teurastamo Messukeskus Events Christmas Market City Marathon Helsinki Festival Helsinki Pride Samba Carnaval	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cygnaeus_Gallery,_Helsinki_-_DSC04355.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_-_Cygnaeus_Gallery_-_Helsinki_-_DSC05602.JPG"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Fredrik Cygnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Cygnaeus"},{"link_name":"Finnish Heritage Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Heritage_Agency"},{"link_name":"Albert Edelfelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt"},{"link_name":"Von Wright brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Wright_brothers"},{"link_name":"Fanny Churberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Churberg"},{"link_name":"Helene Schjerfbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Schjerfbeck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uppslagsverk-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euromuse-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uppslagsverk-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs-3"}],"text":"Exterior viewInterior with collectionsThe Cygnaeus Gallery (Finnish: Cygnaeuksen galleria, Swedish: Cygnaei galleri) is an art gallery in Helsinki.The art gallery was founded by the professor of aesthetics Fredrik Cygnaeus. It was built as a villa in 1869–1870 to designs by architect J.F.W. Mieritz. Cygnaeus donated the gallery to the Finnish nation in his testament. It opened to the public in 1882, and is today owned by the Finnish Heritage Agency. It has been claimed to be the oldest still operating art museum in Finland. The gallery contains mainly Finnish art from the 19th century, c. 200 works in total. Among artists represented are Albert Edelfelt, the Von Wright brothers, Fanny Churberg and Helene Schjerfbeck.[1][2]Apart from the permanent collections the museum also hosts temporary exhibitions and is used, among other things, as concert venue.[1]In 2014 it was closed down for the time being for lack of funding by the Heritage Agency.[3]","title":"Cygnaeus Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cygnaei galleri\" (in Swedish). Uppslagsverket Finland. Retrieved 22 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uppslagsverket.fi/sv/sok/view-103684-CygnaeiGalleri","url_text":"\"Cygnaei galleri\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cygnaeus gallery\". Euromuse. Retrieved 22 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euromuse.net/en/museums/museum/view-m/cygnaeuksen-galleria/","url_text":"\"The Cygnaeus gallery\""}]},{"reference":"Karila, Juhani (16 July 2014). \"Suomen vanhimpiin taidemuseoihin kuuluva Cygnaeuksen galleria sulki ovensa\". Helsingin Sanomat. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000002746404.html","url_text":"\"Suomen vanhimpiin taidemuseoihin kuuluva Cygnaeuksen galleria sulki ovensa\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cygnaeus_Gallery&params=60_09_33_N_24_57_33_E_type:landmark_region:SE","external_links_name":"60°09′33″N 24°57′33″E / 60.15917°N 24.95917°E / 60.15917; 24.95917"},{"Link":"http://www.uppslagsverket.fi/sv/sok/view-103684-CygnaeiGalleri","external_links_name":"\"Cygnaei galleri\""},{"Link":"http://www.euromuse.net/en/museums/museum/view-m/cygnaeuksen-galleria/","external_links_name":"\"The Cygnaeus gallery\""},{"Link":"https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000002746404.html","external_links_name":"\"Suomen vanhimpiin taidemuseoihin kuuluva Cygnaeuksen galleria sulki ovensa\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cygnaeus_Gallery&params=60_09_33_N_24_57_33_E_type:landmark_region:SE","external_links_name":"60°09′33″N 24°57′33″E / 60.15917°N 24.95917°E / 60.15917; 24.95917"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Designs_Australia	Grand Designs Australia	["1 Format","2 Episodes and spin-offs","3 Broadcast","4 Grand Designs Transformations","5 Exhibition","6 References","7 External links"]	Australian TV series or program Grand Designs AustraliaPresented byPeter MaddisonTheme music composerDavid LoweOpening themeGrand DesignsCountry of originAustraliaNo. of seasons10No. of episodes106 (list of episodes)ProductionProduction companyFremantle AustraliaOriginal releaseNetworkLifeStyle (2010-23)Release21 October 2010 (2010-10-21) Grand Designs Australia is an Australian spin-off of the British TV series Grand Designs. The show documents people who attempt to build a custom-designed house and the challenges they face. It originally aired on Lifestyle and was hosted by the architect Peter Maddison. The series renewed more episodes for the 10th season in October 2022 at Foxtel’s 2023 upfronts, which is split into two parts and was intended to be the final season of the series. However, in March 2023 the series was renewed by the ABC. In November 2023, the series was confirmed at ABC’s 2024 upfronts, which included the announcement Maddison will be replaced by Anthony Burke as host, and a spinoff series, Grand Designs Transformations, which follows renovations instead of new builds, has been commissioned with hosts Burke and Yasmine Ghoniem. Grand Designs Transformations premiered on 4 January 2024. Format The Australian edition follows its British lead and, generally, begins with Maddison meeting the individuals constructing a "unique" build; this is followed by a CAD (Computer Aided Design) of the layout of the build. As the build progresses, Maddison visits the site to interview the build clients and will, occasionally, interview other persons relevant to the project such as architects and site managers. Finally, Maddison visits the site, at a planned end of the build and interviews the project clients on life in their new house (if completed) and the challenges they encountered in pursuing the project. Episodes and spin-offs Main article: List of Grand Designs Australia episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 1 9 21 October 2010 (2010-10-21) 16 December 2010 (2010-12-16) 2 10 5 April 2012 (2012-04-05) 7 June 2012 (2012-06-07) 3 8 18 October 2012 (2012-10-18) 6 December 2012 (2012-12-06) 4 10 10 October 2013 (2013-10-10) 12 December 2013 (2013-12-12) 5 10 9 October 2014 (2014-10-09) 11 December 2014 (2014-12-11) Specials 3 4 June 2015 (2015-06-04) 18 June 2015 (2015-06-18) 6 7 5 November 2015 (2015-11-05) 17 December 2015 (2015-12-17) Kevin McCloud's Top 10 GDA 1 20 April 2017 (2017-04-20) 20 April 2017 (2017-04-20) 7 14 27 April 2017 (2017-04-27) 8 February 2018 (2018-02-08) 8 10 17 July 2019 (2019-07-17) 18 September 2019 (2019-09-18) 9 8 31 March 2021 (2021-03-31) 19 May 2021 (2021-05-19) 10 16 8 5 May 2022 (2022-05-05) 23 June 2022 (2022-06-23) 8 25 January 2023 (2023-01-25) 15 March 2023 (2023-03-15) A two-part spin-off series titled Grand Designs Australia Revisited premiered on 15 April 2013. The series featured the Surry Hills Small House and the Clovelly Modular episodes. Broadcast The series has aired on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom. Grand Designs Transformations Main article: Grand Designs Transformations Exhibition Grand Designs Australia Live launched in Sydney in October 2011 and again in Melbourne in September 2012. References ^ Knox, David (20 October 2022). "2023 Upfronts: Foxtel group". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 20 October 2022. ^ Knox, David (24 March 2023). "ABC confirmed as new home for Grand Designs Australia". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 24 March 2023. ^ "ABC confirmed as new home for Grand Designs Australia". tvblackbox.com.au. 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023. ^ Knox, David (9 November 2023). "2024 Upfronts: ABC". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ Winder, Adair (10 November 2023). "New hosts and new direction for latest Grand Designs instalment". architectureau.com.au. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ Laidlaw, Kyle (9 November 2023). "ABC Upfronts: Everything coming to the ABC in 2024". tvblackbox.com.au. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ Knox, David (4 January 2024). "Airdate: Grand Designs Transformations". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ Knox, David (28 March 2013). "Airdate: Grand Designs Australia Revisited". TV Tonight. Retrieved 14 February 2016. ^ "Grand Designs Australia, Channel 4". Retrieved 21 March 2012. ^ "Grand Designs Australia Live Sydney 2011". Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2010. ^ "Grand Designs Live 2012: Melbourne". Retrieved 9 February 2015. External links Grand Designs Australia at TV3 LifeStyle Channel page for Grand Designs Australia Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine Grand Designs Australia at IMDb 'Interview: Peter Maddison on Grand Designs Australia' in Australian Design Review (23 September 2010)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Grand Designs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Designs"},{"link_name":"Lifestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_(Australian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Peter Maddison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maddison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grand Designs Transformations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Designs_Transformations"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Australian TV series or programGrand Designs Australia is an Australian spin-off of the British TV series Grand Designs. The show documents people who attempt to build a custom-designed house and the challenges they face. It originally aired on Lifestyle and was hosted by the architect Peter Maddison.The series renewed more episodes for the 10th season in October 2022 at Foxtel’s 2023 upfronts, which is split into two parts and was intended to be the final season of the series.[1] However, in March 2023 the series was renewed by the ABC.[2][3] In November 2023, the series was confirmed at ABC’s 2024 upfronts, which included the announcement Maddison will be replaced by Anthony Burke as host, and a spinoff series, Grand Designs Transformations, which follows renovations instead of new builds, has been commissioned with hosts Burke and Yasmine Ghoniem.[4][5][6] Grand Designs Transformations premiered on 4 January 2024.[7]","title":"Grand Designs Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computer Aided Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design"},{"link_name":"architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"}],"text":"The Australian edition follows its British lead and, generally, begins with Maddison meeting the individuals constructing a \"unique\" build; this is followed by a CAD (Computer Aided Design) of the layout of the build. As the build progresses, Maddison visits the site to interview the build clients and will, occasionally, interview other persons relevant to the project such as architects and site managers. Finally, Maddison visits the site, at a planned end of the build and interviews the project clients on life in their new house (if completed) and the challenges they encountered in pursuing the project.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surry Hills Small House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Designs_Australia_episodes#ep2"},{"link_name":"Clovelly Modular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Designs_Australia_episodes#ep4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A two-part spin-off series titled Grand Designs Australia Revisited premiered on 15 April 2013. The series featured the Surry Hills Small House and the Clovelly Modular episodes.[8]","title":"Episodes and spin-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"The series has aired on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.[9][when?]","title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grand Designs Transformations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Grand Designs Australia Live launched in Sydney in October 2011[10] and again in Melbourne in September 2012.[11]","title":"Exhibition"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Knox, David (20 October 2022). \"2023 Upfronts: Foxtel group\". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 20 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvtonight.com.au/2022/10/2023-upfronts-foxtel-group.html","url_text":"\"2023 Upfronts: Foxtel group\""}]},{"reference":"Knox, David (24 March 2023). \"ABC confirmed as new home for Grand Designs Australia\". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 24 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvtonight.com.au/2023/03/abc-confirmed-as-new-home-for-grand-designs-australia.html","url_text":"\"ABC confirmed as new home for Grand Designs Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABC confirmed as new home for Grand Designs Australia\". tvblackbox.com.au. 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2023/03/24/abc-confirmed-as-new-home-for-grand-designs-australia/","url_text":"\"ABC confirmed as new home for Grand Designs Australia\""}]},{"reference":"Knox, David (9 November 2023). \"2024 Upfronts: ABC\". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvtonight.com.au/2023/11/2024-upfronts-abc.html","url_text":"\"2024 Upfronts: ABC\""}]},{"reference":"Winder, Adair (10 November 2023). \"New hosts and new direction for latest Grand Designs instalment\". architectureau.com.au. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://architectureau.com/articles/New-hosts-and-new-direction-for-latest-Grand-Designs-Installment/","url_text":"\"New hosts and new direction for latest Grand Designs instalment\""}]},{"reference":"Laidlaw, Kyle (9 November 2023). \"ABC Upfronts: Everything coming to the ABC in 2024\". tvblackbox.com.au. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2023/11/09/abc-upfronts-everything-coming-to-the-abc-in-2024/","url_text":"\"ABC Upfronts: Everything coming to the ABC in 2024\""}]},{"reference":"Knox, David (4 January 2024). \"Airdate: Grand Designs Transformations\". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvtonight.com.au/2024/01/airdate-grand-designs-transformations.html","url_text":"\"Airdate: Grand Designs Transformations\""}]},{"reference":"Knox, David (28 March 2013). \"Airdate: Grand Designs Australia Revisited\". TV Tonight. Retrieved 14 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2013/03/airdate-grand-designs-australia-revisited.html","url_text":"\"Airdate: Grand Designs Australia Revisited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tonight","url_text":"TV Tonight"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Designs Australia, Channel 4\". Retrieved 21 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/programmes/grand-designs-australia/episode-guide/series-1","url_text":"\"Grand Designs Australia, Channel 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Designs Australia Live Sydney 2011\". Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111018185404/http://www.granddesignslive.com.au/content.asp?id=42","url_text":"\"Grand Designs Australia Live Sydney 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.granddesignslive.com.au/content.asp?id=42","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Designs Live 2012: Melbourne\". Retrieved 9 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.build.com.au/grand-designs-live-2012-melbourne-gallery","url_text":"\"Grand Designs Live 2012: Melbourne\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://tvtonight.com.au/2022/10/2023-upfronts-foxtel-group.html","external_links_name":"\"2023 Upfronts: Foxtel group\""},{"Link":"https://tvtonight.com.au/2023/03/abc-confirmed-as-new-home-for-grand-designs-australia.html","external_links_name":"\"ABC confirmed as new home for Grand Designs Australia\""},{"Link":"https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2023/03/24/abc-confirmed-as-new-home-for-grand-designs-australia/","external_links_name":"\"ABC confirmed as new home for Grand Designs Australia\""},{"Link":"https://tvtonight.com.au/2023/11/2024-upfronts-abc.html","external_links_name":"\"2024 Upfronts: ABC\""},{"Link":"https://architectureau.com/articles/New-hosts-and-new-direction-for-latest-Grand-Designs-Installment/","external_links_name":"\"New hosts and new direction for latest Grand Designs instalment\""},{"Link":"https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2023/11/09/abc-upfronts-everything-coming-to-the-abc-in-2024/","external_links_name":"\"ABC Upfronts: Everything coming to the ABC in 2024\""},{"Link":"https://tvtonight.com.au/2024/01/airdate-grand-designs-transformations.html","external_links_name":"\"Airdate: Grand Designs Transformations\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2013/03/airdate-grand-designs-australia-revisited.html","external_links_name":"\"Airdate: Grand Designs Australia Revisited\""},{"Link":"http://www.channel4.com/programmes/grand-designs-australia/episode-guide/series-1","external_links_name":"\"Grand Designs Australia, Channel 4\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111018185404/http://www.granddesignslive.com.au/content.asp?id=42","external_links_name":"\"Grand Designs Australia Live Sydney 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.granddesignslive.com.au/content.asp?id=42","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.build.com.au/grand-designs-live-2012-melbourne-gallery","external_links_name":"\"Grand Designs Live 2012: Melbourne\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv3.co.nz/Shows/GrandDesignsAustralia.aspx","external_links_name":"Grand Designs Australia"},{"Link":"http://www.lifestyle.com.au/granddesigns","external_links_name":"LifeStyle Channel page for Grand Designs Australia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130602040035/http://www.lifestyle.com.au/granddesigns/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1677691/","external_links_name":"Grand Designs Australia"},{"Link":"http://www.australiandesignreview.com/features/1636-interview-peter-maddison-on-grand-designs-australia","external_links_name":"'Interview: Peter Maddison on Grand Designs Australia' in Australian Design Review (23 September 2010)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NRL_Grand_Final	1998 NRL Grand Final	["1 Background","1.1 Brisbane Broncos","1.2 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs","2 Teams","2.1 Officials","3 Pre-match","4 Match summary","4.1 First half","4.2 Second half","4.3 Scoreboard","5 References","6 External links"]	1998 (1998) NRL Grand Final ()Cover of Big League match programme BrisbaneBroncos Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 38 12 12 Total BRI 1028 38 CBY 120 12 Date27 September 1998StadiumSydney Football StadiumLocationMoore Park, New South WalesClive Churchill MedalGorden Tallis (BRI)National anthemJulie AnthonyRefereeBill HarriganAttendance40,857Broadcast partnersBroadcastersNine NetworkCommentatorsKen Sutcliffe (host)Ray WarrenPeter SterlingPaul VautinWally LewisLaurie Daley & Steve Roach (sideline)NRL Grand Final← ARL/SL1999 → The 1998 NRL Grand Final (also known as the 1998 Sydney SportsTAB NRL Grand Final due to sponsorship) was the conclusive and premiership-deciding game of the 1998 NRL season. It was the first grand final of the re-unified National Rugby League and featured minor premiers and the previous year's Super League premiers, the Brisbane Broncos against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, who had finished the regular season ninth (out of 20) to make a top-ten play-off grouping. It was to be the first grand final under the National Rugby League partnership's administration and the last to be played at the Sydney Football Stadium. It was also the first time these two sides had met in a grand final. Brisbane scored first but by half time trailed Canterbury 10–12. However, the Brisbane side scored 28 unanswered points in the second half, winning 38–12 and equaling the second highest score for a team in grand final history. Background See also: 1998 NRL season The 1998 NRL season was the 91st season of professional rugby league football in Australia, and the inaugural season of the newly formed National Rugby League (NRL). The 1998 Grand Final's teams had played each other twice during the regular season, the Broncos winning both times. Also having won three of the past six grand finals compared with Canterbury's one meant Brisbane went into the match as unbackable favourites. Brisbane Broncos Main article: 1998 Brisbane Broncos season The 1998 Brisbane Broncos season was the eleventh in the club's history. Coached by Wayne Bennett and captained by Allan Langer, they started the season as defending Super League (Australia) premiers and posted their three biggest-ever wins in Rounds 5, 7 and 15 before finishing the regular season as minor premiers. After losing their first finals match, the Broncos won the next two to qualify for the grand final. Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs Main article: 1998 Canterbury Bulldogs season The 1998 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs season was the 64th in the club's history. Coached by Steve Folkes and captained by Darren Britt, they finished the regular season ninth (out of 20) before winning all four of their finals matches to reach the grand final. Canterbury's run through the finals was particularly impressive, coming from behind to defeat the Parramatta Eels in extra time in the grand final qualifier. Team Rd.1 Rd.2 Rd.3 Rd.4 Rd.5 Rd.6 Rd.7 Rd.8 Rd.9 Rd.10 Rd.11 Rd.12 Rd.13 Rd.14 Rd.15 Rd.16 Rd.17 Rd.18 Rd.19 Rd.20 Rd.21 Rd.22 Rd.23 Rd.24 MS QF SF PF Broncos MAN CBY PEN GC NQL MAN NS NEW SYD CRO CBY CAN PAR PEN WS STG MEL ILL GC BAL ADE NQL AUK SOU Bye PAR MEL SYD Bulldogs CAN BRI ADE BAL PAR GC BAL ADE NQL AUK BRI MAN NS NEW SYD CRO SOU CAN PAR PEN WS STG MEL ILL STG NS NEW PAR Legend: Win Loss Teams Brisbane forward Peter Ryan missed the match for Brisbane through suspension. Ryan had been found guilty and suspended for three matches by the NRL Judiciary for a high tackle in the Broncos' semi final victory against Melbourne. Team details Brisbane Broncos Position Canterbury Bulldogs Name Number Number Name Darren Lockyer 1 Fullback 1 Rod Silva Michael De Vere 14 Wing 2 Gavin Lester Steve Renouf 3 Centre 3 Shane Marteene Darren Smith 4 Centre 4 Willie Talau Wendell Sailor 5 Wing 5 Daryl Halligan Kevin Walters 6 Five eighth 6 Corey Hughes Allan Langer (c) 7 Half back 7 Craig Polla-Mounter Shane Webcke 8 Prop forward 8 Darren Britt (c) Phillip Lee 9 Hooker 9 Jason Hetherington Andrew Gee 10 Prop forward 10 Steve Price Gorden Tallis 11 Second row 11 Tony Grimaldi Brad Thorn 12 Second row 12 Robert Relf Tonie Carroll 13 Lock forward 13 Travis Norton Michael Hancock 2 Interchange 14 Steve Reardon John Plath 15 Interchange 15 Glen Hughes Kevin Campion 16 Interchange 16 Troy Stone Petero Civoniceva 17 Interchange 17 David Thompson Wayne Bennett Coach Steve Folkes Officials Referee Bill Harrigan was appointed to referee his fifth grand final, with Steve Betts and John McCormack appointed as touch judges. The video referee was Ian Parnaby. Pre-match The Sydney Football Stadium, which hosted the match Australian musician Jimmy Barnes performed the pre-match entertainment with his son, fellow musician David Campbell. Julie Anthony sang Advance Australia Fair as she previously did before the 1987 NSWRL Grand Final. The curtain raiser match on grand final day, saw Canterbury defeat Parramatta 26–22 in the President's Cup grand final, after falling behind 22–0 inside the opening 30 minutes of the match. Match summary With the Canterbury side having last won a premiership in 1995 and the Broncos in 1997, most players in both sides had grand final experience. Despite good weather, the attendance of 40,857 was the lowest seen at the Sydney Football Stadium for a grand final since 1989. First half The Broncos kicked off and in only the third minute of the match, a tackle on Willie Talau twenty metres out from Canterbury's line saw the ball come loose. It was kicked ahead by Brisbane winger and last-minute inclusion (due to Michael Hancock's finger injury) Michael De Vere, who won the chase into the left side of the in-goal where he dived on it for the game's first points. Darren Lockyer converted to give Brisbane a 6-0 lead. A few minutes later the Broncos were denied a try in the same corner when Renouf caught a stray Kevin Walters pass to dive over, with video re-plays showing that the ball only appeared to travel forward because it was struck by a Canterbury defender. By the eleventh minute, the Canterbury side had made it down to Brisbane's line and got a penalty in front of the goal posts. They opted to go for the kick and Daryl Halligan brought the score back to 6-2. Brisbane withstood further pressure on their line until Tony Grimaldi forced his way over under the posts in the twenty-second minute. Daryl Halligan converted Grimaldi's try to give Canterbury an 8-6 lead. Canterbury prop Troy Stone had to leave the field at this point with a broken arm, but would return ten minutes later with a guard on it to play the rest of the match. Five minutes later, the Brisbane side had the ball down at the other end of the field and after moving it quickly through the hands from the left hand side of the field out to the right, Kevin Campion forced his way over in the corner. Lockyer's attempted conversion from the sideline missed but the Broncos were back in front 10-8. Canterbury struck back a few minutes later when Steve Price stepped through an opening twenty-five metres out and gave the ball to Willie Talau to dive over on the right side, regaining the lead. Halligan missed his kick so the score was 12-10 in favour of the Canterbury side. No more points were scored before the break. Second half Less than two minutes into the second half, Brisbane's Tonie Carroll crossed under the posts for Brisbane's third try, with Darren Lockyer converting to give Brisbane back the lead at 16-12. Eight minutes later Brisbane were in the centre of the field when Allan Langer threw a short pass inside to Steve Renouf who raced through into open space. He was tackled on the twenty-metre line but as the Canterbury defence scrambled to get back, the Broncos kept it moving, the ball going out to Wendell Sailor who dived over in the right corner. Lockyer's kick from the sideline missed so Brisbane led 20-12. In the fifty-seventh minute, Allan Langer put a kick down field and Daryl Halligan picked the ball up in his own in-goal and he made it five metres into the field of play only to be forced back into goal by the Broncos chasers. Shortly after that, Brisbane seemed to have the game wrapped up when Gorden Tallis at dummy-half feigned passing and from close range forced his way over the try line under the posts. With Darren Lockyer converting, this gave Brisbane a 26-12 lead with twenty minutes of the match remaining. The Broncos' next try came in the sixty-ninth minute after getting a penalty down close to Canterbury's line near the left corner, taking the tap and passing it quickly through the hands out to the right side where Phillip Lee, the only Brisbane player to be playing in his first Grand Final, ran through a gap to crash over. Lockyer kicked the extras so Brisbane led 32-12. In the seventy-fifth minute Brisbane, after playing the ball on their own twenty-metre line, got the ball to Langer who put a charging Tonie Carroll through a gap and into open space. Carroll ran forty metres before passing back in for Darren Smith, bound for Canterbury the following season, to run the remaining thirty-five to the try-line. Lockyer converted so the final score was 38-12. The Clive Churchill Medal for man-of-the-match was awarded to Gorden Tallis. The victory also kept intact Brisbane's winning record in grand finals with four from four. It was the second time that the Broncos had won back-to-back premierships, having done so in 1992-93 as well. No World Club Challenge match was played between the 1998 NRL and Super League champions. Scoreboard 1998 NRL Grand Final Sunday, 27 September15:00 AEST (UTC+10) Brisbane Broncos 38 – 12 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs Tries: 7De Vere 2'Campion 27'Carroll 41'Sailor 50'Tallis 59'Lee 68'Smith 75'Goals: 5Lockyer 4', 43', 60', 69', 76' (5/7) 1st: 10–122nd: 28–0Report Tries: 2Grimaldi 21'Talau 30'Goals: 2Halligan pen 11', 22' (2/3) Sydney Football Stadium, SydneyAttendance: 40,857Referee: Bill HarriganTouch judges: Steve Betts, John McCormackClive Churchill Medal: Gorden Tallis (Brisbane) References ^ a b c d e f McKewen, Trevor, ed. (29 September 1998). "1998 NRL Grand Final". Big League. Vol. 79, no. 30. Pacific Publications Pty Ltd. ^ Tobin, Glenn (26 September 1998). "Underdogs!". Illawarra Mercury. Australia: Fairfax. p. 80. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ "Bronco Ryan cops a 3-week holiday; Commissioner forced to defend judiciary". Illawarra Mercury. Wollongong, New South Wales: Illawarra Newspaper Holdings Pty Limited. 16 September 1998. p. 68. ^ "GRAND FINAL – 1998" at thebulldogs.com.au ^ a b Middleton, David (October 1998). Rugby League 1999. Sydney: Harper Sports. ISBN 0732267773. ^ "1998 President's Cup remarkable Grand Final victory". bulldogs.com.au. 23 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2023. ^ McKewen, Trevor. "President's Cup". Big League. Vol. 79, no. 31 (1998 Big League NRL Season Review ed.). Sydney, New South Wales: Pacific Publications Pty Ltd. p. 71. ^ NRL Grand Final History Archived 9 February 2010 at archive.today at rl1908.com ^ "Hancock's sacrifice a winner". Illawarra Mercury. Australia: Fairfax. 28 September 1998. p. 26. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ Tobin, Glenn (28 September 1998). "No fairytale ... just Broncos on a title rampage". Illawarra Mercury. Australia: Fairfax. p. 24. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ Kent, Paul (28 September 1998). "Dogged first-half heroes find that class wins out at the end". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 23. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ "By the Clock". Illawarra Mercury. Australia: Fairfax. 28 September 1998. p. 25. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ Fitzsimmons, Peter (28 September 1998). "The champs deliver the final blow in rugby league's title bout". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 23. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ Hadfield, Dave (28 September 1998). "Canterbury fairy-tale ends in defeat". The Independent. The Independent. Retrieved 6 October 2009. ^ Masters, Roy (28 September 1998). "Comeback Kings". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 21. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ Keeble, Brett (28 September 1998). "Wendell sails in". Newcastle Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 59. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ "Minute by minute". Newcastle Herald. Australia: Fairfax. 28 September 1998. p. 58. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ Tobin, Glenn (28 September 1998). "Riding high". Illawarra Mercury. Australia: Fairfax. p. 48. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ Mascord, Steve (28 September 1998). "Embarrassed, dizzy Tallis says every player should be given a medal". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 22. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ Keeble, Brett (28 September 1998). "League of their own". Newcastle Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 61. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ "NRL Tables - 1998 NRL Grand Final". Retrieved 9 September 2022. ^ "1998 NRL Grand Final". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 8 March 2023. External links 1998 NRL Grand Final at NRL.com Match replay at NRL.com vteNRL Grand Finals 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 List Records vte1998 in rugby league « 1997 1999 » International Rugby League New Zealand tour of Great Britain Treize Tournoi Anzac Test Pacific Cup British Rugby LeagueCompetitions Super League Grand Final Division One Division Two Challenge Cup Final SL Teams Bradford Bulls Castleford Tigers Halifax Blue Sox Huddersfield Giants Hull Sharks Leeds Rhinos London Broncos Salford City Reds Sheffield Eagles St Helens Warrington Wolves Wigan Warriors Australian Rugby LeagueCompetitions State of Origin NRL season Grand Final Queensland Cup NSWRL President's Cup By club Adelaide Rams Auckland Warriors Balmain Tigers Brisbane Broncos Canterbury Bulldogs Canberra Raiders Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks Illawarra Steelers Gold Coast Chargers Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles Melbourne Storm Newcastle Knights North Queensland Cowboys North Sydney Bears Parramatta Eels Penrith Panthers Sydney Roosters St. George Dragons South Sydney Rabbitohs Western Suburbs Magpies Other domestic competitions France New Zealand	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sponsorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_rights"},{"link_name":"1998 NRL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"grand final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_final"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"minor premiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_premier"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos"},{"link_name":"Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Sydney Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_(1988)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigLeague98-1"}],"text":"The 1998 NRL Grand Final (also known as the 1998 Sydney SportsTAB NRL Grand Final due to sponsorship) was the conclusive and premiership-deciding game of the 1998 NRL season. It was the first grand final of the re-unified National Rugby League and featured minor premiers and the previous year's Super League premiers, the Brisbane Broncos against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, who had finished the regular season ninth (out of 20) to make a top-ten play-off grouping. It was to be the first grand final under the National Rugby League partnership's administration and the last to be played at the Sydney Football Stadium.[1] It was also the first time these two sides had met in a grand final.Brisbane scored first but by half time trailed Canterbury 10–12. However, the Brisbane side scored 28 unanswered points in the second half, winning 38–12 and equaling the second highest score for a team in grand final history.","title":"1998 NRL Grand Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1998 NRL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NRL_season"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"grand finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_final"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"See also: 1998 NRL seasonThe 1998 NRL season was the 91st season of professional rugby league football in Australia, and the inaugural season of the newly formed National Rugby League (NRL). The 1998 Grand Final's teams had played each other twice during the regular season, the Broncos winning both times. Also having won three of the past six grand finals compared with Canterbury's one meant Brisbane went into the match as unbackable favourites.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos"},{"link_name":"Wayne Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Bennett_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Allan Langer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Langer"},{"link_name":"Super League (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"minor premiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_premier"}],"sub_title":"Brisbane Broncos","text":"The 1998 Brisbane Broncos season was the eleventh in the club's history. Coached by Wayne Bennett and captained by Allan Langer, they started the season as defending Super League (Australia) premiers and posted their three biggest-ever wins in Rounds 5, 7 and 15 before finishing the regular season as minor premiers. After losing their first finals match, the Broncos won the next two to qualify for the grand final.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Steve Folkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Folkes"},{"link_name":"Darren Britt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Britt"},{"link_name":"Parramatta Eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_Eels"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigLeague98-1"}],"sub_title":"Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs","text":"The 1998 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs season was the 64th in the club's history. Coached by Steve Folkes and captained by Darren Britt, they finished the regular season ninth (out of 20) before winning all four of their finals matches to reach the grand final. Canterbury's run through the finals was particularly impressive, coming from behind to defeat the Parramatta Eels in extra time in the grand final qualifier.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ryan_(rugby,_born_1971)"},{"link_name":"NRL Judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRL_Judiciary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Brisbane forward Peter Ryan missed the match for Brisbane through suspension. Ryan had been found guilty and suspended for three matches by the NRL Judiciary for a high tackle in the Broncos' semi final victory against Melbourne.[3]","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Harrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Harrigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigLeague98-1"}],"sub_title":"Officials","text":"Referee Bill Harrigan was appointed to referee his fifth grand final, with Steve Betts and John McCormack appointed as touch judges. The video referee was Ian Parnaby.[1]","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allianz_Stadium_-_13_October_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Barnes"},{"link_name":"David Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Campbell_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigLeague98-1"},{"link_name":"Julie Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Anthony_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Advance Australia Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_Australia_Fair"},{"link_name":"1987 NSWRL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_NSWRL_season#Grand_final"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigLeague98-1"},{"link_name":"curtain raiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_raiser"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigLeague98-1"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Parramatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_Eels"},{"link_name":"President's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigLeagueReview-7"}],"text":"The Sydney Football Stadium, which hosted the matchAustralian musician Jimmy Barnes performed the pre-match entertainment with his son, fellow musician David Campbell.[1] Julie Anthony sang Advance Australia Fair as she previously did before the 1987 NSWRL Grand Final.[1]The curtain raiser match on grand final day,[1] saw Canterbury defeat Parramatta 26–22 in the President's Cup grand final, after falling behind 22–0 inside the opening 30 minutes of the match.[6][7]","title":"Pre-match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_ARL_season"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Super_League_(Australia)_season"},{"link_name":"grand final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_final"},{"link_name":"Sydney Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_(1988)"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSWRL_season_1989"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"With the Canterbury side having last won a premiership in 1995 and the Broncos in 1997, most players in both sides had grand final experience.\nDespite good weather, the attendance of 40,857 was the lowest seen at the Sydney Football Stadium for a grand final since 1989.[8]","title":"Match summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hancock_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"converted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"try","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_playing_field"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"First half","text":"The Broncos kicked off and in only the third minute of the match, a tackle on Willie Talau twenty metres out from Canterbury's line saw the ball come loose. It was kicked ahead by Brisbane winger and last-minute inclusion (due to Michael Hancock's finger injury)[9] Michael De Vere, who won the chase into the left side of the in-goal where he dived on it for the game's first points. Darren Lockyer converted to give Brisbane a 6-0 lead.[10] A few minutes later the Broncos were denied a try in the same corner when Renouf caught a stray Kevin Walters pass to dive over, with video re-plays showing that the ball only appeared to travel forward because it was struck by a Canterbury defender.By the eleventh minute, the Canterbury side had made it down to Brisbane's line and got a penalty in front of the goal posts. They opted to go for the kick and Daryl Halligan brought the score back to 6-2. Brisbane withstood further pressure on their line until Tony Grimaldi forced his way over under the posts in the twenty-second minute. Daryl Halligan converted Grimaldi's try to give Canterbury an 8-6 lead. Canterbury prop Troy Stone had to leave the field at this point with a broken arm, but would return ten minutes later with a guard on it to play the rest of the match.[11]Five minutes later, the Brisbane side had the ball down at the other end of the field and after moving it quickly through the hands from the left hand side of the field out to the right, Kevin Campion forced his way over in the corner. Lockyer's attempted conversion from the sideline missed but the Broncos were back in front 10-8. Canterbury struck back a few minutes later when Steve Price stepped through an opening twenty-five metres out and gave the ball to Willie Talau to dive over on the right side, regaining the lead. Halligan missed his kick so the score was 12-10 in favour of the Canterbury side.[12]No more points were scored before the break.","title":"Match summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Clive Churchill Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Churchill_Medal"},{"link_name":"Gorden Tallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorden_Tallis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"}],"sub_title":"Second half","text":"Less than two minutes into the second half,[13] Brisbane's Tonie Carroll crossed under the posts for Brisbane's third try,[14] with Darren Lockyer converting to give Brisbane back the lead at 16-12. Eight minutes later Brisbane were in the centre of the field when Allan Langer threw a short pass inside to Steve Renouf who raced through into open space. He was tackled on the twenty-metre line but as the Canterbury defence scrambled to get back, the Broncos kept it moving, the ball going out to Wendell Sailor who dived over in the right corner.[15] Lockyer's kick from the sideline missed so Brisbane led 20-12.In the fifty-seventh minute, Allan Langer put a kick down field and Daryl Halligan picked the ball up in his own in-goal and he made it five metres into the field of play only to be forced back into goal by the Broncos chasers. Shortly after that, Brisbane seemed to have the game wrapped up when Gorden Tallis at dummy-half feigned passing and from close range forced his way over the try line under the posts. With Darren Lockyer converting, this gave Brisbane a 26-12 lead with twenty minutes of the match remaining.[16] The Broncos' next try came in the sixty-ninth minute after getting a penalty down close to Canterbury's line near the left corner, taking the tap and passing it quickly through the hands out to the right side where Phillip Lee, the only Brisbane player to be playing in his first Grand Final, ran through a gap to crash over. Lockyer kicked the extras so Brisbane led 32-12.[17]In the seventy-fifth minute Brisbane, after playing the ball on their own twenty-metre line, got the ball to Langer who put a charging Tonie Carroll through a gap and into open space. Carroll ran forty metres before passing back in for Darren Smith, bound for Canterbury the following season, to run the remaining thirty-five to the try-line. Lockyer converted so the final score was 38-12.[18]The Clive Churchill Medal for man-of-the-match was awarded to Gorden Tallis.[19] The victory also kept intact Brisbane's winning record in grand finals with four from four.[20] It was the second time that the Broncos had won back-to-back premierships, having done so in 1992-93 as well.No World Club Challenge match was played between the 1998 NRL and Super League champions.","title":"Match summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"UTC+10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B10"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brisbane_colours.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_colours.svg"},{"link_name":"Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"De Vere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_De_Vere"},{"link_name":"Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Campion_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonie_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Sailor"},{"link_name":"Tallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorden_Tallis"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Lee_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Smith_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Lockyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Lockyer"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nrl.com/draw/nrl-premiership/1998/grand-final/broncos-vs-bulldogs/"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Middleton-5"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Grimaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Grimaldi"},{"link_name":"Talau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Talau"},{"link_name":"Halligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Halligan"},{"link_name":"Sydney Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_(1988)"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bill Harrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Harrigan"},{"link_name":"Clive Churchill Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Churchill_Medal"},{"link_name":"Gorden Tallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorden_Tallis"}],"sub_title":"Scoreboard","text":"1998 NRL Grand Final\n\n\nSunday, 27 September15:00 AEST (UTC+10)\n\n\n\n\nBrisbane Broncos \n\n38 – 12\n\n Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs\n\n\nTries: 7De Vere 2'Campion 27'Carroll 41'Sailor 50'Tallis 59'Lee 68'Smith 75'Goals: 5Lockyer 4', 43', 60', 69', 76' (5/7)\n\n1st: 10–122nd: 28–0Report[5][21]\n\nTries: 2Grimaldi 21'Talau 30'Goals: 2Halligan pen 11', 22' (2/3)\n\n\n\nSydney Football Stadium, SydneyAttendance: 40,857[22]Referee: Bill HarriganTouch judges: Steve Betts, John McCormackClive Churchill Medal: Gorden Tallis (Brisbane)","title":"Match summary"}]	[{"image_text":"The Sydney Football Stadium, which hosted the match","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Allianz_Stadium_-_13_October_2012.jpg/220px-Allianz_Stadium_-_13_October_2012.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"McKewen, Trevor, ed. (29 September 1998). \"1998 NRL Grand Final\". Big League. Vol. 79, no. 30. Pacific Publications Pty Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_League","url_text":"Big League"}]},{"reference":"Tobin, Glenn (26 September 1998). \"Underdogs!\". Illawarra Mercury. Australia: Fairfax. p. 80. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0192_5871","url_text":"\"Underdogs!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illawarra_Mercury","url_text":"Illawarra Mercury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax"}]},{"reference":"\"Bronco Ryan cops a 3-week holiday; Commissioner forced to defend judiciary\". Illawarra Mercury. Wollongong, New South Wales: Illawarra Newspaper Holdings Pty Limited. 16 September 1998. p. 68.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Middleton, David (October 1998). Rugby League 1999. Sydney: Harper Sports. ISBN 0732267773.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0732267773","url_text":"0732267773"}]},{"reference":"\"1998 President's Cup remarkable Grand Final victory\". bulldogs.com.au. 23 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bulldogs.com.au/news/2020/12/24/1998-presidents-cup-remarkable-grand-final-victory/","url_text":"\"1998 President's Cup remarkable Grand Final victory\""}]},{"reference":"McKewen, Trevor. \"President's Cup\". Big League. Vol. 79, no. 31 (1998 Big League NRL Season Review ed.). Sydney, New South Wales: Pacific Publications Pty Ltd. p. 71.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_League","url_text":"Big League"}]},{"reference":"\"Hancock's sacrifice a winner\". Illawarra Mercury. Australia: Fairfax. 28 September 1998. p. 26. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0573_9145","url_text":"\"Hancock's sacrifice a winner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illawarra_Mercury","url_text":"Illawarra Mercury"}]},{"reference":"Tobin, Glenn (28 September 1998). \"No fairytale ... just Broncos on a title rampage\". Illawarra Mercury. Australia: Fairfax. p. 24. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0575_9074","url_text":"\"No fairytale ... just Broncos on a title rampage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illawarra_Mercury","url_text":"Illawarra Mercury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax"}]},{"reference":"Kent, Paul (28 September 1998). \"Dogged first-half heroes find that class wins out at the end\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 23. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980928_0313_5384","url_text":"\"Dogged first-half heroes find that class wins out at the end\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax"}]},{"reference":"\"By the Clock\". Illawarra Mercury. Australia: Fairfax. 28 September 1998. p. 25. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0576_5114","url_text":"\"By the Clock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illawarra_Mercury","url_text":"Illawarra Mercury"}]},{"reference":"Fitzsimmons, Peter (28 September 1998). \"The champs deliver the final blow in rugby league's title bout\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 23. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980928_0305_6998","url_text":"\"The champs deliver the final blow in rugby league's title bout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Hadfield, Dave (28 September 1998). \"Canterbury fairy-tale ends in defeat\". The Independent. The Independent. Retrieved 6 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-league-canterbury-fairytale-ends-in-defeat-1201193.html","url_text":"\"Canterbury fairy-tale ends in defeat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Masters, Roy (28 September 1998). \"Comeback Kings\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 21. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Masters_(rugby_league)","url_text":"Masters, Roy"},{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980928_0306_3595","url_text":"\"Comeback Kings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax"}]},{"reference":"Keeble, Brett (28 September 1998). \"Wendell sails in\". Newcastle Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 59. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0394_9314","url_text":"\"Wendell sails in\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Herald","url_text":"Newcastle Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute by minute\". Newcastle Herald. Australia: Fairfax. 28 September 1998. p. 58. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0400_9761","url_text":"\"Minute by minute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Herald","url_text":"Newcastle Herald"}]},{"reference":"Tobin, Glenn (28 September 1998). \"Riding high\". Illawarra Mercury. Australia: Fairfax. p. 48. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0535_5818","url_text":"\"Riding high\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illawarra_Mercury","url_text":"Illawarra Mercury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax"}]},{"reference":"Mascord, Steve (28 September 1998). \"Embarrassed, dizzy Tallis says every player should be given a medal\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 22. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980928_0317_1038","url_text":"\"Embarrassed, dizzy Tallis says every player should be given a medal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax"}]},{"reference":"Keeble, Brett (28 September 1998). \"League of their own\". Newcastle Herald. Australia: Fairfax. p. 61. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0396_1509","url_text":"\"League of their own\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Herald","url_text":"Newcastle Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax"}]},{"reference":"\"NRL Tables - 1998 NRL Grand Final\". Retrieved 9 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://afltables.com/rl/scorers/games/1998/199809270406.html","url_text":"\"NRL Tables - 1998 NRL Grand Final\""}]},{"reference":"\"1998 NRL Grand Final\". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 8 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/nrl-1998/grand-final/brisbane-vs-canterbury/summary.html","url_text":"\"1998 NRL Grand Final\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nrl.com/draw/nrl-premiership/1998/grand-final/broncos-vs-bulldogs/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0192_5871","external_links_name":"\"Underdogs!\""},{"Link":"http://thebulldogs.com.au/sportal.php?page=match_results&id=1318","external_links_name":"\"GRAND FINAL – 1998\""},{"Link":"https://www.bulldogs.com.au/news/2020/12/24/1998-presidents-cup-remarkable-grand-final-victory/","external_links_name":"\"1998 President's Cup remarkable Grand Final victory\""},{"Link":"http://www.rl1908.com/clubcomps/Grand-Finals.htm","external_links_name":"NRL Grand Final History"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20100209175841/http://www.rl1908.com/clubcomps/Grand-Finals.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0573_9145","external_links_name":"\"Hancock's sacrifice a winner\""},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0575_9074","external_links_name":"\"No fairytale ... just Broncos on a title rampage\""},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980928_0313_5384","external_links_name":"\"Dogged first-half heroes find that class wins out at the end\""},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0576_5114","external_links_name":"\"By the Clock\""},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980928_0305_6998","external_links_name":"\"The champs deliver the final blow in rugby league's title bout\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-league-canterbury-fairytale-ends-in-defeat-1201193.html","external_links_name":"\"Canterbury fairy-tale ends in defeat\""},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980928_0306_3595","external_links_name":"\"Comeback Kings\""},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0394_9314","external_links_name":"\"Wendell sails in\""},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0400_9761","external_links_name":"\"Minute by minute\""},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0535_5818","external_links_name":"\"Riding high\""},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980928_0317_1038","external_links_name":"\"Embarrassed, dizzy Tallis says every player should be given a medal\""},{"Link":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?docID=news980929_0396_1509","external_links_name":"\"League of their own\""},{"Link":"https://afltables.com/rl/scorers/games/1998/199809270406.html","external_links_name":"\"NRL Tables - 1998 NRL Grand Final\""},{"Link":"https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/nrl-1998/grand-final/brisbane-vs-canterbury/summary.html","external_links_name":"\"1998 NRL Grand Final\""},{"Link":"https://www.nrl.com/draw/nrl-premiership/1998/grand-final/broncos-vs-bulldogs/","external_links_name":"1998 NRL Grand Final at NRL.com"},{"Link":"https://www.nrl.com/watch/matches/telstra-premiership/1998/grand-final/full-match-replay-broncos-v-bulldogs---grand-final-1998/","external_links_name":"Match replay at NRL.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Torrigio	Francesco Maria Torrigio	["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References","4 Further reading"]	Italian archaeologist Francesco Maria Torrigio (1580 – 1649) was an Italian ecclesiastical historian and erudite scholar. Biography Torrigio was born in Rome, ordained, and became a canon in the church of San Nicola in Carcere. He participated in and wrote about the 1615 inspection and exhumation of tombs in the crypt of St Peter's Basilica. This apparently proceeded under the supervision of the archpriest of St Peter's, Giovanni Evangelista Cardinal Pallotta. One of the sarcophagi had the lettering Linus and was attributed to belong to St Linus (pope from AD 67-76). However, later scholars have surmised that these were only a portion of a longer name, for example Aquilinus. Vatican scholars of the time sought physical evidence that the papacy was linked to St Peter's since the first century. Works The publications of Torrigio, include: Torriggio, Francesco Maria (1618). Le sacre Grotte Vaticane. Viterbo. Torriggio, Francesco Maria (1643). Historia del Martirio di S Teodoro Soldato seguito en la citta d'Amasia. Rome. Note: refers to Theodore Tiron of Amasya. Torriggio, Francesco Maria (1644). I sacri trofei romani del trionfante prencipe degli apostoli san Pietro gloriosissimo.. Rome. Note: overlaps with Le Sacre Grotte. Torriggio, Francesco Maria (1649). Historica narratione della chiesa parocchiale, et archiconfraternità del santissimo corpo di Christo posto in S. Giacomo apostolo in Borgo. Rome. Torriggio, Francesco Maria (1641). Historia della veneranda immagine di Maria Vergine posta nella chiesa del monastero delle RR. monache di Santi Sisto, e Domenico di Roma. Rome. Note: refers to icon in Santi Domenico e Sisto. References ^ Scifoni, Felice (1849). Dizionario biografico universale. Vol. 5. Florence: Davide Passagli. p. 376. ^ Herbermann 1913. ^ Cossio, Alvigi (1913). The Tomb of St Peter and his Artistic Representation in Christian Art. Città di Castello. pp. 147–148.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Further reading This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope St. Linus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Ferrua, Antonio (1975). "Iscrizioni antiche viste dal Torrigio" . Rivista storica dell'Antichità. 5: 161–171. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Portugal Vatican Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Francesco Maria Torrigio (1580 – 1649) was an Italian ecclesiastical historian and erudite scholar.","title":"Francesco Maria Torrigio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Nicola in Carcere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere"},{"link_name":"St Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Evangelista Cardinal Pallotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Evangelista_Pallotta"},{"link_name":"St Linus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Linus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbermann1913-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Torrigio was born in Rome, ordained, and became a canon in the church of San Nicola in Carcere. He participated in and wrote about the 1615 inspection and exhumation of tombs in the crypt of St Peter's Basilica. This apparently proceeded under the supervision of the archpriest of St Peter's, Giovanni Evangelista Cardinal Pallotta. One of the sarcophagi had the lettering Linus and was attributed to belong to St Linus (pope from AD 67-76).[1] However, later scholars have surmised that these were only a portion of a longer name, for example Aquilinus.[2] Vatican scholars of the time sought physical evidence that the papacy was linked to St Peter's since the first century.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le sacre Grotte Vaticane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=v9EAAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"Historia del Martirio di S Teodoro Soldato seguito en la citta d'Amasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=beJoAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"Theodore Tiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Tiron"},{"link_name":"Amasya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasya"},{"link_name":"I sacri trofei romani del trionfante prencipe degli apostoli san Pietro gloriosissimo.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Z0zlBq60XNwC"},{"link_name":"Historica narratione della chiesa parocchiale, et archiconfraternità del santissimo corpo di Christo posto in S. Giacomo apostolo in Borgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sfU6VM9MlRgC"},{"link_name":"Historia della veneranda immagine di Maria Vergine posta nella chiesa del monastero delle RR. monache di Santi Sisto, e Domenico di Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LTDxpmiWt7AC"},{"link_name":"Santi Domenico e Sisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santi_Domenico_e_Sisto"}],"text":"The publications of Torrigio, include:Torriggio, Francesco Maria (1618). Le sacre Grotte Vaticane. Viterbo.\nTorriggio, Francesco Maria (1643). Historia del Martirio di S Teodoro Soldato seguito en la citta d'Amasia. Rome. Note: refers to Theodore Tiron of Amasya.\nTorriggio, Francesco Maria (1644). I sacri trofei romani del trionfante prencipe degli apostoli san Pietro gloriosissimo.. Rome. Note: overlaps with Le Sacre Grotte.\nTorriggio, Francesco Maria (1649). Historica narratione della chiesa parocchiale, et archiconfraternità del santissimo corpo di Christo posto in S. Giacomo apostolo in Borgo. Rome.\nTorriggio, Francesco Maria (1641). Historia della veneranda immagine di Maria Vergine posta nella chiesa del monastero delle RR. monache di Santi Sisto, e Domenico di Roma. Rome. Note: refers to icon in Santi Domenico e Sisto.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Pope St. Linus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_St._Linus"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23956341#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000107770612"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/9962858"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4GbCRdWbjJk8YrtkqwC"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12555785p"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12555785p"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/138544409"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV065644"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2018027141"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2012722139&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record214776"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p165759186"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/239493"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/234407"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/068528418"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Pope St. Linus\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\nFerrua, Antonio (1975). \"Iscrizioni antiche viste dal Torrigio\" [Ancient inscriptions seen by Torrigio]. Rivista storica dell'Antichità. 5: 161–171.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nGreece\nNetherlands\nPortugal\nVatican\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Torriggio, Francesco Maria (1618). Le sacre Grotte Vaticane. Viterbo.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v9EAAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Le sacre Grotte Vaticane"}]},{"reference":"Torriggio, Francesco Maria (1643). Historia del Martirio di S Teodoro Soldato seguito en la citta d'Amasia. Rome.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=beJoAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Historia del Martirio di S Teodoro Soldato seguito en la citta d'Amasia"}]},{"reference":"Torriggio, Francesco Maria (1644). I sacri trofei romani del trionfante prencipe degli apostoli san Pietro gloriosissimo.. Rome.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0zlBq60XNwC","url_text":"I sacri trofei romani del trionfante prencipe degli apostoli san Pietro gloriosissimo."}]},{"reference":"Torriggio, Francesco Maria (1649). Historica narratione della chiesa parocchiale, et archiconfraternità del santissimo corpo di Christo posto in S. Giacomo apostolo in Borgo. Rome.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sfU6VM9MlRgC","url_text":"Historica narratione della chiesa parocchiale, et archiconfraternità del santissimo corpo di Christo posto in S. Giacomo apostolo in Borgo"}]},{"reference":"Torriggio, Francesco Maria (1641). Historia della veneranda immagine di Maria Vergine posta nella chiesa del monastero delle RR. monache di Santi Sisto, e Domenico di Roma. Rome.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LTDxpmiWt7AC","url_text":"Historia della veneranda immagine di Maria Vergine posta nella chiesa del monastero delle RR. monache di Santi Sisto, e Domenico di Roma"}]},{"reference":"Scifoni, Felice (1849). Dizionario biografico universale. Vol. 5. Florence: Davide Passagli. p. 376.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hg5BAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Dizionario biografico universale"}]},{"reference":"Cossio, Alvigi (1913). The Tomb of St Peter and his Artistic Representation in Christian Art. Città di Castello. pp. 147–148.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fhItAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Tomb of St Peter and his Artistic Representation in Christian Art"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Pope St. Linus\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_St._Linus","url_text":"Pope St. Linus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Ferrua, Antonio (1975). \"Iscrizioni antiche viste dal Torrigio\" [Ancient inscriptions seen by Torrigio]. Rivista storica dell'Antichità. 5: 161–171.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v9EAAAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"Le sacre Grotte Vaticane"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=beJoAAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"Historia del Martirio di S Teodoro Soldato seguito en la citta d'Amasia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0zlBq60XNwC","external_links_name":"I sacri trofei romani del trionfante prencipe degli apostoli san Pietro gloriosissimo."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sfU6VM9MlRgC","external_links_name":"Historica narratione della chiesa parocchiale, et archiconfraternità del santissimo corpo di Christo posto in S. Giacomo apostolo in Borgo"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LTDxpmiWt7AC","external_links_name":"Historia della veneranda immagine di Maria Vergine posta nella chiesa del monastero delle RR. monache di Santi Sisto, e Domenico di Roma"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hg5BAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Dizionario biografico universale"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fhItAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Tomb of St Peter and his Artistic Representation in Christian Art"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107770612","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9962858","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4GbCRdWbjJk8YrtkqwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12555785p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12555785p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/138544409","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV065644","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2018027141","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2012722139&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record214776","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p165759186","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/239493","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/234407","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/068528418","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajar_Raissouni	Hajar Raissouni	["1 Early life and career","2 Arrest","3 Controversy","4 Pardon","5 Aftermath","6 References"]	Hajar RaissouniBorn1991 (age 32–33)MoroccoNationalityMoroccanOccupationIndependent journalistFamilyAhmad al-Raysuni (uncle)Soulaimane Raissouni (uncle) Moroccan journalist Hajar Raissouni (Arabic: هاجر الريسوني; born 1991) is an independent Moroccan journalist. In 2019, she was arrested and sentenced to a year in prison for allegedly having an illegal abortion and sex out of wedlock, though she was later pardoned by King Mohammed VI. Early life and career Hajar was born in 1991 in Larache, Morocco. She grew up in a conservative family. Her father was a farmer and her mother is a housewife. She received a traditional religious education and chose to wear the hijab as a teenager. After getting her baccalaureate, she moved to Salé in 2009 and enrolled at the Faculty of Sciences in Rabat. After a bachelor's degree in mathematics, she changed her path and choose to be a journalist. She enrolled in law school and then in political science while publishing her first articles in Al Ahdath Al Maghribia, a left-wing Arabic-language daily. At the time, Hajar was close to the Movement for Unity and Reform (MUR) created by her uncle Ahmad al-Raysuni. She was hired at Attajdid, the daily newspaper of the Justice and Development Party (PJD) where she worked for two years. During 2015, Hajar distanced herself from the movement and then left Attajdid in 2016. In Akhbar Al Yaoum, where she works with her uncle Soulaimane Raissouni, she writes as much on the demonstrations of unemployed graduates as on the crisis of medical students or the reform of national education. Recently, she was interested in street children and was preparing a survey on the Christian community resulting from sub-Saharan immigration in Morocco. Arrest On August 31, 2019, Raissouni was arrested while leaving a gynecologist's office in Rabat, along with her partner Rifaat Al Amine, her gynecologist Dr. Jamal Belkeziz, and another doctor and an office assistant at the clinic. The police had been investigating the clinic for abortions Hajar Raissouni and Dr. Jamal Belkeziz said she was there to receive treatment for internal bleeding. At the trial, Raissouni was able to prove scientifically that she had not had an abortion, but she was still found guilty. Raissouni and her partner Rifaat Al Amine were both sentenced to a year in prison, while the gynecologist, Dr. Jamal Belkeziz, was given 2 years in prison. Another doctor and an office assistant at the clinic were given suspended sentences. Controversy Raissouni's family and supporters believe the accusation and sentence were politically motivated. She works as a journalist for Akhbar Al Yaoum, an independent news outlet critical of the state. In her article in The New York Times, Aida Alami noted that "Reporters Without Borders ranks Morocco 135th in its annual press freedom index." Hajar Raissouni's uncle, Ahmad al-Raysuni, is a former leader of an Islamist group with significant political influence in Morocco, though he has spoken out in condemnation of the political campaign to change the laws that were used to condemn Hajar Raissouni. The case stirred significant controversy in Morocco. The Democratic League for Women's Rights (Arabic: فيدرالية رابطة حقوق النساء) organized protests in support of Raissouni, and many public figures, such as Ahmed Benchemsi, spoke out on her behalf. Pardon On October 17, 2019, King Muhammad VI gave Hajar Raissouni, her partner Rifaat Al Amine, her gynecologist Dr. Jamal Belkeziz, and the second doctor and the assistant from the clinic, a royal pardon. An official statement from the Moroccan Ministry of Justice explained: "In the context of His Majesty the King's compassion and mercy, His Majesty's sought to protect the future of the two fiancées that intend to start a family in accordance with the rule of law, in spite of the mistake that they may have made, which led to legal prosecution." The move was simultaneously welcomed and criticized by rights groups, including The Coalition For Women In Journalism which noted despite being great news for Hajar, the pardon did not do justice to the issues that women journalists are tackling in the country. "Hajar is only free because of the pardon and not because it was recognized that the state had no business sticking its nose into her personal life. Where she has been released because of the extreme backlash the country had to face, we have to think of situations where a journalist may not hold the same kind of attention in the news," the organization said. Aftermath Raissouni's case sparked the Kharija Ala L'Qanun (خارجة على القانون) or Outlaws campaign, an ongoing campaign for the legalization of abortion and sex outside marriage in Morocco. One of the campaign's aims is the reform of abortion laws in Morocco, which currently only permit an abortion if woman's life at risk. References ^ a b c Alami, Aida (2019-10-16). "Morocco's King Pardons Journalist Sentenced on Abortion Charge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-23. ^ Alami, Aida (2019-09-30). "Moroccan Journalist Sentenced to Prison for Abortion and Premarital Sex". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-23. ^ "المغرب: الملك محمد السادس يصدر عفوا عن الصحافية هاجر الريسوني المسجونة بسبب "الإجهاض"". فرانس 24 / France 24 (in Arabic). 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2019-10-25. ^ a b Dryef, Zineb (2019-09-23). "Au Maroc, Hajar Raissouni, journaliste discrète, devenue un symbole". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 2020-09-27. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Moroccan king pardons journalist jailed for having an abortion". France 24. 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2019-10-24. ^ "Moroccan journalist receives one-year prison sentence for 'illegal abortion'". France 24. 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-10-24. ^ Alami, Aida (2019-09-30). "Moroccan Journalist Sentenced to Prison for Abortion and Premarital Sex". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-29. ^ "Moroccan king pardons journalist jailed for having an abortion". France 24. 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2019-10-29. ^ "Moroccan court jails journalist on abortion charge that she denies". Reuters. 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-10-29. ^ Yabiladi.com. "After slamming individual freedoms defenders, Ahmed Raissouni defends his point of view". en.yabiladi.com. Retrieved 2019-10-29. ^ Benchemsi, Ahmed (October 2, 2019). "La journaliste Hajar Raissouni condamnée à un an de prison ferme au Maroc pour " avortement illégal "". L'Obs. ^ Michaelson, Ruth (2019-10-16). "Moroccan journalist jailed for 'illegal abortion' pardoned by king". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-06-28. ^ "المغرب: الملك محمد السادس يصدر عفوا عن الصحافية هاجر الريسوني المسجونة بسبب "الإجهاض"". فرانس 24 / France 24 (in Arabic). 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2019-10-29. ^ "We are delighted that Hajar Raissouni has been pardoned"". October 17, 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"sex out of wedlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornication"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mohammed VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Moroccan journalistHajar Raissouni (Arabic: هاجر الريسوني; born 1991) is an independent Moroccan journalist.[1] In 2019, she was arrested and sentenced to a year in prison for allegedly having an illegal abortion and sex out of wedlock,[2] though she was later pardoned by King Mohammed VI.[3]","title":"Hajar Raissouni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larache"},{"link_name":"Salé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Al Ahdath Al Maghribia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ahdath_Al_Maghribia"},{"link_name":"Movement for Unity and Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_for_Unity_and_Reform&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_de_l%27unicit%C3%A9_et_de_la_r%C3%A9forme"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Raysuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Raysuni"},{"link_name":"Attajdid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attajdid"},{"link_name":"Justice and Development Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Akhbar Al Yaoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akhbar_Al_Yaoum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soulaimane Raissouni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulaimane_Raissouni"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"Hajar was born in 1991 in Larache, Morocco. She grew up in a conservative family. Her father was a farmer and her mother is a housewife. She received a traditional religious education and chose to wear the hijab as a teenager. After getting her baccalaureate, she moved to Salé in 2009 and enrolled at the Faculty of Sciences in Rabat. After a bachelor's degree in mathematics, she changed her path and choose to be a journalist. She enrolled in law school and then in political science while publishing her first articles in Al Ahdath Al Maghribia, a left-wing Arabic-language daily. At the time, Hajar was close to the Movement for Unity and Reform [fr] (MUR) created by her uncle Ahmad al-Raysuni. She was hired at Attajdid, the daily newspaper of the Justice and Development Party (PJD) where she worked for two years.[4]During 2015, Hajar distanced herself from the movement and then left Attajdid in 2016. In Akhbar Al Yaoum, where she works with her uncle Soulaimane Raissouni, she writes as much on the demonstrations of unemployed graduates as on the crisis of medical students or the reform of national education. Recently, she was interested in street children and was preparing a survey on the Christian community resulting from sub-Saharan immigration in Morocco.[4]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On August 31, 2019, Raissouni was arrested while leaving a gynecologist's office in Rabat, along with her partner Rifaat Al Amine, her gynecologist Dr. Jamal Belkeziz, and another doctor and an office assistant at the clinic.[5] The police had been investigating the clinic for abortions[5] Hajar Raissouni and Dr. Jamal Belkeziz said she was there to receive treatment for internal bleeding.[5] At the trial, Raissouni was able to prove scientifically that she had not had an abortion, but she was still found guilty.[6]Raissouni and her partner Rifaat Al Amine were both sentenced to a year in prison,[5] while the gynecologist, Dr. Jamal Belkeziz, was given 2 years in prison.[1] Another doctor and an office assistant at the clinic were given suspended sentences.[7]","title":"Arrest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Akhbar Al Yaoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akhbar_Al_Yaoum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Reporters Without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Raysuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Raysuni"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Benchemsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Benchemsi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Raissouni's family and supporters believe the accusation and sentence were politically motivated.[5] She works as a journalist for Akhbar Al Yaoum, an independent news outlet critical of the state.[5] In her article in The New York Times, Aida Alami noted that \"Reporters Without Borders ranks Morocco 135th in its annual press freedom index.\"[1]Hajar Raissouni's uncle, Ahmad al-Raysuni, is a former leader of an Islamist group with significant political influence in Morocco,[8][9] though he has spoken out in condemnation of the political campaign to change the laws that were used to condemn Hajar Raissouni.[10]The case stirred significant controversy in Morocco. The Democratic League for Women's Rights (Arabic: فيدرالية رابطة حقوق النساء) organized protests in support of Raissouni,[5] and many public figures, such as Ahmed Benchemsi, spoke out on her behalf.[11]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Coalition For Women In Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coalition_For_Women_In_Journalism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On October 17, 2019, King Muhammad VI gave Hajar Raissouni, her partner Rifaat Al Amine, her gynecologist Dr. Jamal Belkeziz, and the second doctor and the assistant from the clinic, a royal pardon.[12] An official statement from the Moroccan Ministry of Justice explained: \"In the context of His Majesty the King's compassion and mercy, His Majesty's sought to protect the future of the two fiancées that intend to start a family in accordance with the rule of law, in spite of the mistake that they may have made, which led to legal prosecution.\"[13]The move was simultaneously welcomed and criticized by rights groups, including The Coalition For Women In Journalism which noted despite being great news for Hajar, the pardon did not do justice to the issues that women journalists are tackling in the country. \"Hajar is only free because of the pardon and not because it was recognized that the state had no business sticking its nose into her personal life. Where she has been released because of the extreme backlash the country had to face, we have to think of situations where a journalist may not hold the same kind of attention in the news,\" the organization said.[14]","title":"Pardon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kharija Ala L'Qanun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kharija_Ala_L%27Qanun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kharija_Ala_L%27Qanun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"Raissouni's case sparked the Kharija Ala L'Qanun (خارجة على القانون) or Outlaws campaign, an ongoing campaign for the legalization of abortion and sex outside marriage in Morocco.[5] One of the campaign's aims is the reform of abortion laws in Morocco, which currently only permit an abortion if woman's life at risk.[5]","title":"Aftermath"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Alami, Aida (2019-10-16). \"Morocco's King Pardons Journalist Sentenced on Abortion Charge\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/world/africa/morocco-pardon-journalist.html","url_text":"\"Morocco's King Pardons Journalist Sentenced on Abortion Charge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Alami, Aida (2019-09-30). \"Moroccan Journalist Sentenced to Prison for Abortion and Premarital Sex\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/world/africa/morocco-abortion-sex-hajar-raissouni.html","url_text":"\"Moroccan Journalist Sentenced to Prison for Abortion and Premarital Sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"المغرب: الملك محمد السادس يصدر عفوا عن الصحافية هاجر الريسوني المسجونة بسبب \"الإجهاض\"\". فرانس 24 / France 24 (in Arabic). 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2019-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/ar/20191016-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B6","url_text":"\"المغرب: الملك محمد السادس يصدر عفوا عن الصحافية هاجر الريسوني المسجونة بسبب \"الإجهاض\"\""}]},{"reference":"Dryef, Zineb (2019-09-23). \"Au Maroc, Hajar Raissouni, journaliste discrète, devenue un symbole\". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 2020-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/23/au-maroc-hajar-raissouni-journaliste-discrete-devenue-un-symbole_6012633_3212.html","url_text":"\"Au Maroc, Hajar Raissouni, journaliste discrète, devenue un symbole\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"}]},{"reference":"\"Moroccan king pardons journalist jailed for having an abortion\". France 24. 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2019-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/20191016-moroccan-king-pardons-journalist-jailed-for-having-an-abortion","url_text":"\"Moroccan king pardons journalist jailed for having an abortion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moroccan journalist receives one-year prison sentence for 'illegal abortion'\". France 24. 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/20190930-morocco-journalist-one-year-prison-sentence-abortion-laws-controversy","url_text":"\"Moroccan journalist receives one-year prison sentence for 'illegal abortion'\""}]},{"reference":"Alami, Aida (2019-09-30). \"Moroccan Journalist Sentenced to Prison for Abortion and Premarital Sex\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/world/africa/morocco-abortion-sex-hajar-raissouni.html","url_text":"\"Moroccan Journalist Sentenced to Prison for Abortion and Premarital Sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Moroccan king pardons journalist jailed for having an abortion\". France 24. 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2019-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/20191016-moroccan-king-pardons-journalist-jailed-for-having-an-abortion","url_text":"\"Moroccan king pardons journalist jailed for having an abortion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moroccan court jails journalist on abortion charge that she denies\". Reuters. 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-trial-idUSKBN1WF22T","url_text":"\"Moroccan court jails journalist on abortion charge that she denies\""}]},{"reference":"Yabiladi.com. \"After slamming individual freedoms defenders, Ahmed Raissouni defends his point of view\". en.yabiladi.com. Retrieved 2019-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/84803/after-slamming-individual-freedoms-defenders.html","url_text":"\"After slamming individual freedoms defenders, Ahmed Raissouni defends his point of view\""}]},{"reference":"Benchemsi, Ahmed (October 2, 2019). \"La journaliste Hajar Raissouni condamnée à un an de prison ferme au Maroc pour \" avortement illégal \"\". L'Obs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20191002.OBS19232/la-journaliste-hajar-raissouni-condamnee-a-un-an-de-prison-ferme-au-maroc-pour-avortement-illegal.html","url_text":"\"La journaliste Hajar Raissouni condamnée à un an de prison ferme au Maroc pour \" avortement illégal \"\""}]},{"reference":"Michaelson, Ruth (2019-10-16). \"Moroccan journalist jailed for 'illegal abortion' pardoned by king\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/16/moroccan-journalist-hajar-raissouni-jailed-pardoned-abortion","url_text":"\"Moroccan journalist jailed for 'illegal abortion' pardoned by king\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"المغرب: الملك محمد السادس يصدر عفوا عن الصحافية هاجر الريسوني المسجونة بسبب \"الإجهاض\"\". فرانس 24 / France 24 (in Arabic). 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2019-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/ar/20191016-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B6","url_text":"\"المغرب: الملك محمد السادس يصدر عفوا عن الصحافية هاجر الريسوني المسجونة بسبب \"الإجهاض\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"We are delighted that Hajar Raissouni has been pardoned\"\". October 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/the-coalition-for-women-in-journalism/we-are-delighted-that-hajar-raissouni-has-been-pardoned-a20d214aab1f","url_text":"\"We are delighted that Hajar Raissouni has been pardoned\"\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/world/africa/morocco-pardon-journalist.html","external_links_name":"\"Morocco's King Pardons Journalist Sentenced on Abortion Charge\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/world/africa/morocco-abortion-sex-hajar-raissouni.html","external_links_name":"\"Moroccan Journalist Sentenced to Prison for Abortion and Premarital Sex\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/ar/20191016-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B6","external_links_name":"\"المغرب: الملك محمد السادس يصدر عفوا عن الصحافية هاجر الريسوني المسجونة بسبب \"الإجهاض\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/23/au-maroc-hajar-raissouni-journaliste-discrete-devenue-un-symbole_6012633_3212.html","external_links_name":"\"Au Maroc, Hajar Raissouni, journaliste discrète, devenue un symbole\""},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/20191016-moroccan-king-pardons-journalist-jailed-for-having-an-abortion","external_links_name":"\"Moroccan king pardons journalist jailed for having an abortion\""},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/20190930-morocco-journalist-one-year-prison-sentence-abortion-laws-controversy","external_links_name":"\"Moroccan journalist receives one-year prison sentence for 'illegal abortion'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/world/africa/morocco-abortion-sex-hajar-raissouni.html","external_links_name":"\"Moroccan Journalist Sentenced to Prison for Abortion and Premarital Sex\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/20191016-moroccan-king-pardons-journalist-jailed-for-having-an-abortion","external_links_name":"\"Moroccan king pardons journalist jailed for having an abortion\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-trial-idUSKBN1WF22T","external_links_name":"\"Moroccan court jails journalist on abortion charge that she denies\""},{"Link":"https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/84803/after-slamming-individual-freedoms-defenders.html","external_links_name":"\"After slamming individual freedoms defenders, Ahmed Raissouni defends his point of view\""},{"Link":"https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20191002.OBS19232/la-journaliste-hajar-raissouni-condamnee-a-un-an-de-prison-ferme-au-maroc-pour-avortement-illegal.html","external_links_name":"\"La journaliste Hajar Raissouni condamnée à un an de prison ferme au Maroc pour \" avortement illégal \"\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/16/moroccan-journalist-hajar-raissouni-jailed-pardoned-abortion","external_links_name":"\"Moroccan journalist jailed for 'illegal abortion' pardoned by king\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/ar/20191016-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B6","external_links_name":"\"المغرب: الملك محمد السادس يصدر عفوا عن الصحافية هاجر الريسوني المسجونة بسبب \"الإجهاض\"\""},{"Link":"https://medium.com/the-coalition-for-women-in-journalism/we-are-delighted-that-hajar-raissouni-has-been-pardoned-a20d214aab1f","external_links_name":"\"We are delighted that Hajar Raissouni has been pardoned\"\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_persons_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_field	List of people considered father or mother of a field	["1 Fine art","2 Games","3 Humanities","4 Military","5 Nations","6 Natural and social sciences","7 Sports","8 Technology","8.1 Fields","8.2 Computing","8.3 Inventions","9 Transport","10 See also","11 References"]	See also: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of people considered father or mother of a field" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Often, discoveries and innovations are the work of multiple people, resulting from continual improvements over time. However, certain individuals are remembered for making significant contributions to the birth or development of a field or technology. These individuals may often be described as the "father" or "mother" of a particular field or invention. Fine art Subject Father/mother Reason Cowboy sculpture Frederic Remington Created first bronze cowboy sculpture in 1895 Japanese Manga (comics) and Anime (animation) Osamu Tezuka Creator of Manga (Japanese comics) and Anime (Japanese Animation) Games Subject Father/mother Reason Collectible card game Richard Garfield Creator of Magic: The Gathering Miniature wargaming H. G. Wells Publication of Little Wars Modern video game Ralph H. Baer Nolan Bushnell Magnavox Odyssey, Pong Role-playing game Gary Gygax Creator of Dungeons & Dragons Stealth game Hideo Kojima Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games Video game Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. Inventor of the first video game Video game industry Ralph H. Baer Creator of the Magnavox Odyssey; inventor of the first home video game console Wargaming Charles S. Roberts Designer of Tactics Humanities Main article: List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field Military Subject Father/mother Reason Atomic bomb Enrico FermiRobert OppenheimerLeó Szilárd Blitzkrieg Heinz Guderian Hydrogen bomb Edward Teller Member of the Manhattan Project in the 1940s Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy" Hyman G. Rickover Fourth Generation Warfare William S. Lind The Soviet Union's Hydrogen Bomb Andrei Sakharov Tank Ernest Swinton (British), Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne (French) The need for armored and armed tracked vehicals to break the stalemate of trench warfare in WWI was noticed early on in the war by Winston Churchill and the British Landship Committee with Ernest Swinton working on British development and Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne credited for coming up with the French version Nations Main articles: Father of the Nation, Mother of the Nation, and List of national founders Natural and social sciences Main article: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field Sports Subject Father/mother Reason 1:8 radio-controlled off-road buggy Yuichi Kanai (godfather) Kyosho's lead designer and lifelong employee; best known for the Inferno series of cars, credited for redefining the class from being unreliable and fragile to being tough and user friendlier that helped his employer to lead the 1/8 buggy renaissance from the 1990s, becoming one of the most dominant cars of all time. American football Walter Camp Established the snap, the line of scrimmage, eleven-player teams, and the concept of downs American motocross Edison Dye Introduced motorcross to American riders American road racing Cameron Argetsinger Introduced the first US auto race that was dedicated to road courses at Watkins Glen American sports car Fred Tone Fred Tone was the engineer who designed the first sports car known as the American Underslung American soccer Steve Ross (godfather) Created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US Angling Izaak Walton Author of The Compleat Angler Argentine football Alexander Watson Hutton Argentine professional golf José Jurado Argentine winter sports Otto Meiling Association football Ebenezer Cobb Morley Australian rules football Tom Wills H. C. A. Harrison Baseball Henry Chadwick Taekwondo in India Puran Andrew Gurung Basketball James Naismith Created basketball Black basketball Edwin Henderson Introduced the sport to the black community of Washington, D.C. in the first decade of the 20th century, and organized many early competitions for African Americans BMX Scot Breithaupt Brahma bull riding Earl W. Bascom Brazilian football Charles William Miller Camel Lights Jim Downing Built a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in 1985 Canadian rodeo O. Raymond Knight Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902 Modern chess Wilhelm Steinitz First official world chess champion Drag racing Wally Parks Founder of the NHRA and organized the first legitimate drag race Don Garlits Innovator of drag racing safety Eddie Hill Regarded as the "Four Father" of drag racing for being the first to break the 5-second barrier. AKA "First in the Fours". Drifting Kunimitsu Takahashi Introduced an aggressive high speed cornering technique that became widely used for illicit purposes, which eventually became a sport East Coast skateboarding Vinny Raffa (godfather) Florida skateboarding Bruce Walker (godfather) Modern football Ebenezer Cobb Morley Freestyle BMX Bob Haro Freestyle Motocross Mike Metzger (godfather) Funny Car Dick Landy Modern gymnastic Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Modern Handball Karl Schelenz Ice hockey James Creighton Captained one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on 3 March 1875 in Montreal Import drag racing Frank Choi Hosted one of the first events specifically for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category Italian football James Richardson Spensley Associated with Genoa CFC; contributed to the modern day-variation of the game in Italy William Garbutt Laid the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football Japanese baseball Horace Wilson Credited with introducing baseball in Japan Hiroshi Hiraoka Credited with establishing the first baseball team Jogging Jim Fixx Founding father Kart racing Art Ingels Developed the world's first kart (1956) Kenyan running Colm O'Connell Founded the first running camp in Kenya Lacrosse William George Beers Codified the sport from its original Indigenous American formation Mexican taekwondo Dai-won Moon Credited with introducing the sport to Mexico; founded school that has trained tens of thousands in the sport Mississippi rodeo Earl W. Bascom Weldon Bascom Produced the first rodeo in Columbia, Mississippi in 1935 Mixed martial arts Edward William Barton-Wright Experimented 1898–1902 with Shinden Fudo Ryu jujutsu, Kodokan judo, British boxing, Swiss schwingen, French savate and a defensive la canne (stick fighting) style that had been developed by Pierre Vigny of Switzerland, which led to the invention of Bartitsu Model aviation Joseph S. Ott Chicago Tribune, in an obituary, referred him as the father mainly for his designs of thousands of model aircraft spanning from the 1920s up to his death in 1986. Modern bodybuilding Eugen Sandow Harold Zinkin Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004; inventor of modern exercise machines Modern boxing James Figg James J.Corbett The Father of Modern American Scientific Boxing Modern figure skating Jackson Haines "Jackson Haines — The Father of Figure Skating", according to Roy Blakey Modern football in Japan Dettmar Cramer Modern rodeo Earl W. Bascom Inventor of rodeo gear and equipment that made rodeo into a modern international sport Modern tennis Jack Kramer Creator of the "Open"-era tournaments and the Association of Tennis Professionals Puroresu Rikidōzan Para-equestrian dressage Lee Pearson (godfather) Most decorated para-equestrian rider of all time Organized radio controlled racing Ted Longshaw Regarded as a grandfather of the sport; founded an organization for racing in the United Kingdom (1971); founded governing bodies for organized racing in Europe (1973), the far east (1980) and worldwide (1979) Roger Curtis Co-founder of Associated Electrics, one of the most significant R/C car brands; contributed to racing Modern sabre fencing Italo Santelli Modern surfing Duke Kahanamoku Rodeo bareback bronc riding Earl W. Bascom Designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924 Rugby union A. G. Guillemard William Webb Ellis "Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game". Scuba diving Jacques Cousteau Developed the aqua-lung jointly with Émile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality Skateboarding Skip Engblom (godfather) Tony Hawk (godfather) Rodney Mullen (godfather) Snooker Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain Adopted the name and framed the rules in Ooty, India Snowboarding Jake Burton Carpenter Stock car racing Bill France Sr. Founded the sanctioning body for stock car racing Supercross Mike Goodwin Organized the first supercross race Telemark skiing Sondre Norheim Televised golf Frank Chirkinian Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting Technology Fields Subject Father/mother Reason Aerodynamics (modern) Sir George Cayley Founding father of modern aerodynamics; first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust; modern airplane design is based on those discoveries American manufacture Samuel Slater described by Andrew Jackson American landscape architecture Frederick Law Olmsted Olmsted designed Central Park in New York City Architecture Imhotep Built the first pyramid Astronautics Konstantin TsiolkovskySergei KorolevRobert H. GoddardHermann Oberth Aviation Father Francesco Lana-Terzi and Abbas ibn Firnas Ibn Firnas built the first human carrying glider and is reputed to have attempted two successful flights. Wrote Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670); first to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel Bionanotechnology Carlo Montemagno The development of biomolecular motors for powering inorganic nanodevices while at Cornell and muscle-driven self-assembled nanodevices while at UCLA. British watchmaking Thomas Tompion Clinical trials James Lind Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747 Computing Charles Babbage Inventor of the analytical engine, which was never constructed in his lifetime Cybernetics Norbert Wiener Gastrointestinal physiology William Beaumont Genetics Gregor Johann Mendel Founder of genetics. Green Revolution Norman Borlaug Microscopy Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Information theory Claude Shannon Modern bladesmithing William F. Moran Founder of the American Bladesmith Society Modern kinematics Ferdinand Freudenstein Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms Modern Knifemaking Bob Loveless Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild Nanotechnology Richard Smalley Nobel Prize Biography Photography Louis DaguerreNicéphore NiépceWilliam Henry Fox TalbotThomas Wedgwood Robotics Ismail al-JazariBanū Mūsā brothers Ismail al-Jazari Invented the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206The Bānu Musā brothers invented an automatic flute which may have been the first programmable machine Western fiction novels Owen Wister Wister wrote the first fictional western novel The Virginian in 1902 Computing Subject Father/mother Reason C (programming language) Dennis Ritchie Assembler Nathaniel Rochester Concurrent computing/Concurrent programming Edsger W. Dijkstra In his 2004 memoir, "A Programmer's Story: The Life of a Computer Pioneer", Per Brinch Hansen wrote that he used "Cooperating Sequential Processes" to guide his work implementing multiprogramming on the RC 4000, and described it saying, "One of the great works in computer programming, this masterpiece laid the conceptual foundation for concurrent programming." Compiler John Backus Credited as having introduced the first complete compiler in 1957, although rudimental compilers (linker) were created by Grace Hopper in 1952 and by J. Halcombe Laning and Neal Zerlier (Laning and Zierler system) in 1954. Computer Charles Babbage The concepts he pioneered in his analytical engine later formed the basis of modern computers. Alan Turing Secret code breaker during WWII; invented the Turing machine (1936) John V. Atanasoff Invented the digital computer in the 1930s Konrad Zuse Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer John von Neumann Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. John von Neumann is also considered to be the inventor of flowchart. John W. MauchlyJ.Presper Eckert Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. Computer program Ada Lovelace Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never completed. Internet Vint Cerf Bob Kahn Developed the Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) during 1973-81, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite. There were many other Internet pioneers involved in the creation of the Internet. Logo (programming language) Seymour Papert Microprocessor Federico Faggin Marcian Hoff Stanley MazorMasatoshi Shima Designers of the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004. Packet switching Paul Baran Donald Davies Recognized by historians and the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet. Baran published a series of briefings and papers about dividing information into "message blocks" and sending it over distributed networks between 1960 and 1964. Davies conceived of and named the concept of packet switching in data communication networks in 1965. Many of the wide-area packet-switched networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Davies' original 1965 design. Larry Roberts learned about Davies' and Baran's work at the inaugural Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in October 1967. He and Leonard Kleinrock subsequently worked on the ARPANET, but their claims to have originated the concept of packet switching are disputed by other Internet pioneers, including by Robert Taylor, Paul Baran, and Donald Davies. Pentium microprocessor Vinod Dham The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386, and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU. Dham was general manager of the P5 group. Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium". Personal computer Chuck Peddle Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts André Truong Trong Thi Programmable logic controller Dick Morley Python (programming language) Guido van Rossum Search engine Alan Emtage Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines SGML Charles Goldfarb Spreadsheet Dan Bricklin Invented the VisiCalc spreadsheet program, which was the killer application of the Apple II. VisiCalc is considered the first killer app in computer history. Self-stabilization (Self-stabilizing distributed systems) Edsger W. Dijkstra Structured programming Edsger W. Dijkstra World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Visual Basic Alan Cooper XML Jon Bosak Wi-Fi Vic Hayes Inventions Subject Father/mother Reason AC induction motor Nikola Tesla Inventor of the AC induction motor, the foundation of the electric power grids worldwide for the transmission and distribution of electric power. Airplane Wright brothers Invented the first successful powered fixed-wing aircraft, upon which further aircraft designs, methods of flight, and aircraft control systems were based. Air conditioning Willis Carrier Battery Alessandro Volta Invented the first electrical battery, the Voltaic pile. Canning Nicolas Appert Chronograph George Graham Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book The Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism Color photography Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky A Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in color photography of early 20th-century Russia. Compact Disc Kees Immink Ekranoplan Rostislav Alexeev Alexeyev revolutionised the shipbuilding industry (though in secrecy) by inventing craft that use ground effect, whereby a wing traveling close to the ground is provided with a better lift-drag ratio - thereby enabling a combination of greater aircraft weight for less power and/or enhanced fuel economy. Electric generator Michael Faraday Discoverer of electromagnetism. Inventor of the Faraday disk, the first electric generator and the Faraday cage. Modern firearms John Moses Browning Browning revolutionized the firearm industry with his automatic rifles that were manufactured by Winchester, Colt, Remington and Savage Glow plug engine Ray Arden Invented the first glow plug for model engines Helicopter Igor Sikorsky Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based. Instant noodle Momofuku Ando Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them. Japanese television Kenjiro Takayanagi Jet engine Frank Whittle Hans von Ohain Von Ohain´s design, an axial-flow engine, as opposed to Whittle's centrifugal flow engine, was eventually adopted by most manufacturers by the 1950s. Karaoke Daisuke Inoue Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up. Laser Charles Hard Townes Lightning prediction system Alexander Stepanovich Popov The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov. Marine chronometer John Harrison Mobile phone Martin Cooper Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, arranged the elements in an order that we would now recognise. He realised that the physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic mass in a 'periodic' way, and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table. Plastics Leo Baekeland Baekeland was responsible for the creation of Bakelite, an early marketable plastic, in 1907. Printing press Johannes Gutenberg Inventor of the movable type printing press, which led to a sharp worldwide increase in literacy, education and mass communication. It also led to the spread and sharing of knowledge. Radio (radio communication) Guglielmo Marconi Developed the first form of radio wireless telegraphy Radio (Radio broadcasting) Reginald Fessenden David Sarnoff Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915. Radio (FM radio) Edwin H. Armstrong Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939) Radiotelephony Reginald Fessenden Spread spectrum Paul Beard Inventor of the spread spectrum, created Spektrum to promote its use. Telephone Johann Philipp Reis Antonio Meucci Alexander Graham Bell See Invention of the telephone Television Paul Gottlieb Nipkow Philo T. Farnsworth Vladimir Zworykin John Logie Baird Co-inventors of the electronic television, Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system. Fundamental to Baird's system was the Nipkow disk, invented by Paul Gotlieb Nipkow. Tokamak Lev Artsimovich Tube structure Fazlur Rahman Khan One of the greatest engineers of the 20th century. Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower. Video game console Ralph H. Baer Creator of the Magnavox Odyssey; inventor of the first video game console Transport Subject Father/mother Reason Automotive industry Carl Benz His Benz Patent Motorcar from 1885 is considered the first practical modern automobile and first car put into series production. 20th century American car industry Henry Ford Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses. American Interstate Highway System Dwight D. Eisenhower Proposed and signed the act which created the System. Automatic transmission Oscar Banker Bicycle industry James Starley Developed the differential gear and the bicycle chain. Erie Canal De Witt Clinton Electric traction Frank J. Sprague Developed electric elevator, electric railway and electric motor. Flight simulator Edwin Albert Link Developed the Link Trainer. Full-suspension mountain bike Jon Whyte Used his suspension design expertise at Benetton Formula to design the first full-suspension mountain bike for Marin Bikes. Gasoline Automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen) Carl Benz Gasoline Omnibus Carl Benz Gasoline Motorcycle (Daimler Reitwagen) Gottlieb Daimler/Wilhelm Maybach Gasoline Truck Gottlieb Daimler (DMG Lastkraftwagen)/Carl Benz High-performance VW industry Gene Berg Hot rod Ed Winfield Import car culture RJ DeVera Influential for popularizing the import car scene in the mid-1990s. Kustom Kulture Von Dutch Maglev Hermann Kemper, Eric Laithwaite German engineer Hermann Kemper built a working model linear induction motor in 1935. In the late 1940s, professor Eric Laithwaite of Imperial College in London developed the first full-size working model, an important and necessary precursor to maglev trains. Monster truck Bob Chandler Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history. Mountain bike Gary Fisher Railways George Stephenson Pioneered rail transport, steam locomotives and invented standard-gauge railway track gauge. Rock Crawling Marlin Czajkowski In 1994, Marlin made final drive ratios of 200:1 and lower possible in typical off road vehicles (primarily Toyota Hilux trucks) and changed the way people access remote off-roading destinations. Rotary engine Felix Wankel Route 66 Cyrus Avery Tailfin Harley Earl Tunneling (Modern) Alan Muir Wood Involved in the Channel Tunnel and Jubilee line extension. Traffic safety William Phelps Eno Trolleybus Ernst Werner von Siemens Built the Electromote in 1882. Turbocharged engine Paul Rosche A lifetime employee of BMW, he evolutionized the turbocharged engine into automobile use. He also developed the first European turbocharged car, the racing 1969 BMW 2002 TiK that evolved into the production 1972 2002 Turbo. Vehicular cycling John Forester Effective cycling founder Yellow school bus Frank W. Cyr See also List of inventors List of pioneers in computer science Father of medicare Founders of statistics Father of the House Father (honorific) References ^ a b Lienhard, John H. (2008-06-30). How Invention Begins: Echoes of Old Voices in the Rise of New Machines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195341201. ^ "First Rodeo Cowboy in Canada's Sports Hall of Fame". Eliteequestrian.us. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ The Miniatures Page. The World of Miniatures - An Overview. ^ Rausch, Allen (2004-08-15). "Gary Gygax Interview - Part I". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2005-01-03. ^ "Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4". 1UP.com. 2009-03-26. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2010-04-01. ^ "Alanemrich.com". Alanemrich.com. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. ^ Lichello, R. (1971). Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb. SamHar Press. ISBN 978-0-87157-011-6. ^ Jennifer Rosenberg. "J Robert Oppenheimer Biography of Manhattan Project Director". About.com Education. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p. 5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hungarian émigré scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb." ^ Chris Trueman. "Heinz Guderian". Retrieved 2009-05-26. ^ Chris Shimp (2001-03-01). "General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg". Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-05-26. ^ "'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." The New York Times, 1965-12-31, p. 19. Story opens: "Albany, December 30—Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'" ^ Jeffries, John (2001). Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Fordham Univ Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8232-2110-3. 'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.' ^ "Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," The New York Times, 1957-12-06, p. 33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..." ^ Galantin, I. J. (1997). Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06675-7., p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'" ^ "Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights". Center for the History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 2015-12-29. Retrieved 2007-03-03. ^ Harold S. Sharp, Handbook of Pseudonyms and Personal Nicknames Supplement · Volumes 1-2, Scarecrow Press - 1975, Page 440 ^ Mark Adkin, The Western Front Companion · Pen & Sword Books - 2017 ^ John Masefield, The Old Front Line, Pen & Sword Books Limited - 2006, pages 59-60 ^ "Worlds '12 Feature: Who's Here". NeoBuggy.net. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ "Behind the Scenes with Kyosho's Yuichi Kanai". NeoBuggy.net. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ Walter Camp at the College Football Hall of Fame ^ "Motorcycle Hall of Fame: Edison Dye". Archived from the original on 2005-07-06. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "Wheels.ca - Final laps for some of racing's greats - Canada's Most Trusted Auto Resource". Archived from the original on 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2009-11-11. ^ "Bonhams : The F.C. Deemer, Honeymoon Roadster, ex-Dick Teague and W.K. Haines1907 American Underslung 50hp Roadster Engine no. 1402". ^ "ESPN.com - E-Ticket: When Soccer Ruled The USA". Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ New International Encyclopedia. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company. 1914. pp. Fathers. ^ "32". International Federation of Football History & Statistics. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Arnoldo Pencliffe Watson Hutton (20.8.1886–29.7.1951), popularly known as "El Fantástico", was the son of Scotsman Alexander (Alejandro) Watson Hutton, who was a football pioneer and is considered the father of Argentine football. ^ "Pro Shop & Clubhouse". Algodon Wine Estates. InvestProperty Group, LLC. Archived from the original on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Only at our pro shop can you find unique AWE merchandise, as well as memorabilia of the legends who inspire us; José Jurado, "The Father of Argentine Professional Golf", and José Luis Clerc ("Batata"), one of the most important Argentine tennis players in history. ^ Mirodan, Seamus (2004-02-14). "Nazis' Argentine village hide-out pulls in tourists". The Sunday Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Across the road from Priebke's delicatessen is the Club Andino Bariloche, a mountaineering association set up in 1931 by Otto Meiling, the father of Argentine winter sports and a former member of the Hitler Youth. ^ "Soccer History". Archived from the original on 2009-05-21. Retrieved 2009-06-19. ^ "Henry Chadwick, Chad, The Father of Base Ball "; National Baseball Hall of Fame bio,"Henry Chadwick \| National Baseball Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on 2006-04-21. Retrieved 2006-04-20.. Not a player, but a journalist and organizer, the Hall of Fame credits him as "inventor of the box score" and "author of the first rule-book." ^ Spalding's Baseball Guide and Official League Book for 1889, ed. Henry Chadwick at Project Gutenberg: "Henry Chadwick, the veteran journalist, upon whom the honored sobriquet of 'Father of Base Ball' rests so happily and well, appears in portraiture, and so well preserved in his physical manhood that his sixty-three years rest lightly upon his well timed life." ^ "Matty" at Harvard; The New York Times, 1909-02-16, p. 7: "Charles H. Ebbets, Chairman of the Chadwick Monument Committee, has announced that the contract has been awarded for a suitable monument to be placed on the plot in Greenwood Cemetery where the remains of the late Henry Chadwick, 'the Father of Baseball,' repose." ^ Collins, Glen (2004): "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown," The New York Times, 2004-04-01. (Article on baseball notables interred in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn) "Among the nearly 600,000 people buried there are no less than four pioneers who were accorded the title 'Father of Baseball' in the popular press: Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William Tucker and William Wheaton....The memorial for Henry Chadwick bears a 'Father of Base Ball' inscription.... Curry, first president of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, is immortalized with a monument that proudly dubs him 'Father of Baseball' because he headed the club that scholars say first codified many of the game's rules...." ^ "Soccer History". Archived from the original on 2009-05-21. Retrieved 2009-06-19. ^ "Edwin Bancroft Henderson". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2013-09-09. ^ BMXUltra.com (2007-08-06). "Scot Breithaupt, Founding Father of BMX". Citra Cycling Club. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ "Saddlebag Dispatches—Autumn/Winter 2018". 2018-12-28. ^ Hamilton, Aidan (1998). An Entirely Different Game, The British Influence on Brazilian Football. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84018-041-1. ^ Goudinoff, Connie (1992). Mazda Motorsports: 20 Victorious Years in America. Motorbooks International. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-87938-582-8. ^ Hicken, J.O. Ed. "Raymond Roundup 1902–1967". Lethbridge, Alberta Canada: The Lethbridge Herald Company, Ltd., 1967. pp. 243, 519. ^ "Parks, Wally - Drag Racing - 1993". Mshf.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Drag racing legend back at Kingdon". Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "Denver Eddie Hill Sunday Report". Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "The History of Drifting". 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "Skateboarding Video and Skateboarding Movies - Skate DVD and Skateboard Video Downloads". Boarding.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ "Bruce Walker - the Godfather of Florida Skateboarding". Archived from the original on 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2009-07-21. ^ "Welcome - Bondholders - Marketing The Humber" (PDF). Hull.co.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ "Haro signs Cody Warren and Kyle Strait". Pinkbike. 2003-04-09. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "* HARO BMX COMPANY @ 23MAG BMX". 23mag.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Top 3 Freestyle Motocross Riders". Archived from the original on 2011-03-03. Retrieved 2011-05-09. ^ "Mopar - MoLIFE - Legends of Mopar". Archived from the original on 2009-09-24. Retrieved 2009-10-08. ^ "Frank Choi, the father of import drag racing, has done it again..." "Battle in Virginia \| Honda Civic Enthusiast at Automotive.com". Archived from the original on 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2009-09-27. ^ "English Players in Italy". RSSSF.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "Target : Expect More. Pay Less". Target.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "The Social Impact of Japanese Baseball". Archived from the original on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ Klein, Christopher (2006-10-01). "A passion for the Sox in Kyoto's Fenway Park". The Boston Globe. ^ "Fathers (and mothers) of invention: ultimate victims of their own success". The Independent. London. 2004-02-12. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2010-05-08. ^ "Art Ingels". Vintagekarts.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ Finn, Adharanand (2012-08-08). "Kenya's David Rudisha is favourite for 800m, thanks to an Irish Brother". The Guardian. London. ^ "STX - Home". Archived from the original on 2008-04-06. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Contact Support". Archived from the original on 2002-02-23. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ "The Rules of Lacrosse. History And Origins Of Lacrosse". Collegesportsscholarships.com. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Aboriginal Innovations in Arts, Science and Technology Handbook". Lakehead University. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2016-01-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Moon Dai-won: father of Mexican taekwondo". Korea Times. 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2014-10-19. ^ Wil Nunnery (2014-09-24). "On this day in history - September 24th, 1935". Toledonewsnow.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ The Bartitsu Compendium Volumes 1 and 2 ^ "Joseph Ott, Designer Of Model Planes". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. 1986-07-04. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "MusclePowerShop: Eugene Sandow Father of Bodybuilding". Archived from the original on 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2009-06-19. ^ "Governor Schwarzenegger Issues Statement on Death of Harold Zinkin, Father of Modern Bodybuilding - Press Release by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger". Archived from the original on 2008-10-26. ^ "James Figg: Father of Modern Boxing". Archived from the original on 2012-08-02. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating". Roy Blakey's Icestage Archive. Archived from the original on 2014-11-10. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "The football professor: a profile of Dettmar Cramer". World Soccer. 2011-10-19. Archived from the original on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Cowboy legend Earl Bascom was a rodeo pioneer and Western artist". Sbsun.com. 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ J. A. Allen. "King of the Court "Jack" Kramer: The Father of Modern Tennis". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ Jacob Waring. "Puroresu: Why I Believe It's the Best Pro-Wrestling Style Internationally". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ Ollie Williams and Olivia Yasukawa (2015-06-30). "Lee Pearson: Out of two closets, into Paralympic glory". CNN. Retrieved 2016-09-14. ^ "Detail News". News.efra.ws. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "RC Car Action honors Roger Curtis with RC Hall of Fame Induction". RC Car Action. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ Santelli bio including several references backing up the statement, including a quote from Dr. William Gaugler December 1997: "I am, in fact, only two generations removed from the 'father of modern sabre' ". ^ "Duke Kahanamoku--The Father of Surfing". Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2009-02-04. ^ Elgin, Fran, et al. Editors. "Mohahve VI, A Collection of Histories", Hesperia, California, USA: Mohahve Historical Society, 2011. pp. 77. ^ "The Father of Bareback Riding". ^ "Blogger". Basicbloganomics.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-20. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ File:WWEplaque 700.jpg ^ "Diving Almanac & Book of Records --> Hall of Fame for Divers with Disabilities". Archived from the original on 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2011-10-02. ^ "The Godfather of skateboarding". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ http://www.danshamptons.com/content/hamptonstyle/2008/july_11/11.html ^ "History of Snooker including how snooker was invented, how snooker was named and how snooker has developed over the years". Snookerclubs.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ "NESCAFÉ 3in1 & Burton in an expectedly good snowboard combination". Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "The Hall dinner and ceremony that also would include induction of William H.G. France, the father of stock car racing" "Books : The Wildest Ride : Excerpts". Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2011-12-16. ^ "Times Daily - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ "Driving Today: Who Killed Mickey Thompson?". Drivingtoday.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ Rolf Bryhn (2018-06-29). "Sondre Norheim". SNL.no (in Norwegian). ^ Dolch, Craig (2011-03-04). "Chirkinian's impact on televised golf can't be overstated". PGATOUR.com. Archived from the original on 2011-03-06. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Bringing sounds to golf is just part of the reason why Chirkinian — who is considered "the father of televised golf" — was elected February 9 into the World Golf Hall of Fame on an emergency vote. ^ Goldstein, Richard (2011-03-05). "Frank Chirkinian, the Father of Televised Golf, Dies at 84". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Frank is universally regarded as the father of golf television," Jim Nantz, CBS's longtime lead golf announcer, told the PGA Tour Web site this year. "He invented it. He took a sport that no one knew how to televise and made it interesting. He brought the Masters tournament to life. ^ "Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-26. English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. ^ "The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling". Retrieved 2009-07-26. Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust—and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider. ^ Cameron, Edward Hugh (1960). Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures. B. Wheelright Company. ^ "Frederick Law Olmstead National Historic Site--Massachusetts Conservation: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". Archived from the original on 2015-05-02. ^ Albert Gallatin Mackey, The Builder Magazine, December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI. ^ "Tsiolkovskiy". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-06-18. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Korolev". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-07-01. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Goddard". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-11-08. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Oberth". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ Woods, Thomas. How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, p. 36. (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005); ISBN 0-89526-038-7. ^ Marshall Cavendish Reference. Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Marshall Cavendish, 2010 ISBN 9780761479291 p. 106. ^ Sustainable Aviation by T. Hikmet Karakoc, C. Ozgur Colpan, Onder Altuntas, Yasin Sohret ^ John H. Lienhard (2004). "'Abbas Ibn Firnas". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episode 1910. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston. Transcript. ^ Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", Technology and Culture 2 (2), p. 97–111 ^ Montemagno, Carlo D.; Craighead, Harold G.; Olkhovets, Anatoli G.; Neves, Hercules P.; Bachand, George D.; Soong, Ricky K. (2000-11-24). "Powering an Inorganic Nanodevice with a Biomolecular Motor". Science. 290 (5496): 1555–1558. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1555S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5496.1555. PMID 11090349. ^ Xi, Jianzhong; Schmidt, Jacob J.; Montemagno, Carlo D. (2005-02-01). "Self-assembled microdevices driven by muscle". Nature Materials. 4 (2): 180–184. Bibcode:2005NatMa...4..180X. doi:10.1038/nmat1308. PMID 15654345. S2CID 25628241. ^ a b "The Man Behind the Brand: George Graham". Retrieved 2013-08-20. ^ Twyman, Richard (2004-09-22). "A brief history of clinical trials". The Human Genome. Wellcome Trust. Archived from the original on 2009-12-15. Retrieved 2010-08-29. ^ Lee, J.A.N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-884964-47-3. ^ Belzer, Belzer (1977). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development... Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-262-73009-9., p. 55: "It is probably not an accident that the 'father of cybernetics,' Norbert Wiener, …" ^ Wiener, Norbert (1965) . Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-2257-9. (Wiener is credited with coining the term in its common modern usage) ^ "William Beaumont Papers". oculus.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-26. ^ Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23693-6. ^ Lane, Nick (6 March 2015). "The Unseen World: Reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) 'Concerning Little Animal'." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015 Apr; 370 (1666): doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0344 ^ Collins, Graham P. "Claude E. Shannon: Founder of Information Theory". Scientific American. Retrieved 2020-01-23. ^ Roth, Bernard (2007). "Ferdinand Freudenstein (1926–2006)". Life and career of Ferdinand Freudenstein. History of Mechanism and Machine Science. Vol. 1. pp. 151–181. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6366-4_7. ISBN 978-1-4020-6365-7. ^ "Richard E. Smalley - Biographical". Retrieved 2014-06-12. ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8018-6458-2. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre... ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8018-6458-2. Retrieved 2013-08-21. The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce.... ^ Ellis, Roger (2001). Who's Who in Victorian Britain. Stackpole Books. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8117-1640-6. Retrieved 2013-08-21. cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965" ^ Booth, Martin (1999). Opium: A History. St. Martin's Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-312-20667-3. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted , as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography. ^ Marco Ceccarelli, ed. (2009). Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2. Springer. p. 13. ISBN 9789048123452. Retrieved 2013-08-20. Other chapters of al-Jazari's work describe fountains and musical automata which are of interest mainly because the flow of water in them alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half-hourly intervals. Several ingenious devices for hydraulic switching were used to achieve this operation (Rosheim 1994). These revolutionary machines owed him the title of the father of robotics (Chapius and Droz 1958; Nocks 2007). ^ Diana Darke (2010). Syria, 2nd. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 98. ISBN 9781841623146. Retrieved 2013-08-21. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind was the crankshaft, invented by the Muslim engineer Al-Jazari. He devised it to raise water for irrigation. He also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, and was the father of robotics. ^ Koetsier, Teun (2001), "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators", Mechanism and Machine Theory, Elsevier, 36 (5): 589–603, doi:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 ^ Marco Ceccarelli, ed. (2009). "Al-Jazari". Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 9789048123452. Retrieved 2013-08-20. Others gave amusement and aesthetic pleasure to the members of royal circles, which led him to invent the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206. Al-Jazari's robot was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties (Margaret 2006; Franchi and Güzeldere 2005). ^ Pigott, Diarmuid (1995), Nathaniel Rochester, data from IEEE Transactions August 1964, Special Issure on Computer Languages ^ BPB Publications. My Big Book of Computers 6. Ratna Sagar. p. 7. ISBN 9788170708827. Retrieved 2012-07-04. Charles Babbage is called the Father of Computers, because the concepts he pioneered in his engine later formed the basis of modern computers. ^ Gray, Paul (1999-03-29). "Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century". Time. Archived from the original on 2000-07-09. Retrieved 2009-06-13. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine ^ 'Father of the computer' honoured - BBC News, Monday, 7 June 2004 ^ Bruner, Jeffrey. "Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91". Rebuilding the ABC. Ames Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2006-07-28. ^ Konrad Zuse's versus John von Neumann's Computer Concepts Archived 2007-11-04 at the Wayback Machine. ^ The Modern History of Computing - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ^ "Inventor Profile: John Mauchly". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. 2004-03-29. Archived from the original on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. 2004-03-29. Archived from the original on 2013-08-05. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ Making Televised Emergency Information Accessible Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine from the Gallaudet University website ^ Although it's a title he objects to (see Interview with Vinton Cerf Archived 2007-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn in particularly as being someone with whom he should share that title. ^ Kahn do, No (2007-01-18). "Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", The Register ^ "Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973". The Great Idea Finder. Archived from the original on 2010-09-24. Retrieved 2010-09-23. ^ "Logo and Learning". el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/. Logo Foundation. Retrieved 2021-06-30. ^ "RPI Alumni Hall of Fame: Marcian E. Hoff". Rpi.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ "Kosaku Inagaki's Home Page". Kyoto University. Archived from the original on 2011-02-03. Retrieved 2010-04-01. ^ "Inductee Details - Paul Baran". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2017-09-06. ^ "Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2017-09-06. ^ "The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable". Washington Post. 2015-05-30. Archived from the original on 2015-05-30. Retrieved 2020-02-18. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran ^ Baran, Paul (2002). "The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts" (PDF). IEEE Communications Magazine. 40 (7): 42–48. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006. ISSN 0163-6804. Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960. ^ Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. "Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet". www.rand.org. Retrieved 2020-02-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2017-09-05. Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system; Roberts, Lawrence G. (May 1995). "The ARPANET & Computer Networks". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-04-13. Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network. ^ Donald Davies (2001), "A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching", Computer Journal, British Computer Society ^ Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching" (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2017-09-10. In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today. ^ Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon & Schuster. p. 245. ISBN 9781476708690. This led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching ^ Alex McKenzie (2009), Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be "the Father of Modern Data Networking", retrieved 2015-04-23 "... there is nothing in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or alludes to the idea of packetization." ^ Trevor Harris, University of Wales (2009). "Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies". Variety in Mass Communication Research. Archived from the original on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2020-01-23. Dr Willis H. Ware, Senior Computer Scientist and Research at the RAND Corporation, notes that Davies (and others) were troubled by what they regarded as in appropriate claims on the invention of packet switching ^ Robert Taylor (2001-11-22), "Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim", New York Times, Authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed. ^ Katie Hafner (2001-11-08), "A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers", New York Times, The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an aberration. ^ Donald Davies (2001), "A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching", Computer Journal, British Computer Society, 44 (3): 152–162, doi:10.1093/comjnl/44.3.152, I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching. ^ Scantlebury, Roger (2013-06-25). "Internet pioneers airbrushed from history". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-09-10. ^ The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati. ^ Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay. Rediff.com. ^ p. 54, "Intel Turns 35: Now What?", David L. Margulius, InfoWorld, 2003-07-21, ISSN 0199-6649. ^ p. 21, "Architecture of the Pentium microprocessor", D. Alpert and D. Avnon, IEEE Micro, 13 (3) (June 1993), pp. 11–21, doi:10.1109/40.216745. ^ p. 90, "Inside Intel", Business Week, (3268), 1992-06-01. ^ "commodore.ca - History - Chuck Peddle Inventor of the Personal Computer". Commodore.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-01-27. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'". BBC News. 2010-04-02. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ A Talk with the Father of Computing Archived 2010-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, Wired Magazine ^ "The Fathers of Computing". Eweek.com. 2012-05-28. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ "History of the Internet". Computerhope.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ Casmer, Jeff. "History of the Search Engine - What Came Before Google?". Evancarmichael.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ "XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I". 2007-09-27. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ D. J. Power, A Brief History of Spreadsheets, DSSResources.COM, v3.6, 2004-08-30 ^ Three loud cheers for the father of the web, 2005-01-28, Telegraph.co.uk ^ Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" Archived 1996-11-01 at the Wayback Machine "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography." ^ Edd Dumbill (2000-02-29). "XML.com". Xml.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2019-03-12. ^ Mary Ann. Johnson (2001-09-28). "Following the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories Symposium Papers". Following in the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories. Archived from the original on 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2019-03-12. ^ "Flying through the ages". BBC News. 1999-03-19. Archived from the original on 2014-10-21. Retrieved 2019-03-12. ^ "The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning". About.com Inventors. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799". Ieeeghn.org. IEEE Global History Network. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "thetimetv.com - Brawn GP Announces New Team Partnership with Graham-London". Thetimetv.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Photographer to the Tsar - The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Exhibitions - Library of Congress". Loc.gov. 2001-04-17. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ http://www.surroundmusic.net/articles/dvdbesound.htm ^ "In search of the Caspian Sea Monster". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Gun designer John Browning is born - Jan 21, 1855". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ "Model Engine Builders—Ray Arden". Craftsmanshipmuseum.com/. Archived from the original on 2015-12-24. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based, an article from inventors.About.com by Mary Bellis ^ "News Vault: The Father of Instant Noodles". Archived from the original on 2009-12-28. Retrieved 2009-10-09. ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television". NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2006-12-09. ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)". New York Times. 1990-07-25. Retrieved 2006-12-09. ^ "Sculpture to jet engine inventor". BBC News. 2005-10-20. Retrieved 2010-05-08. ^ "AIRCRAFT ENGINE". Thaitechnics.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain - German designer". britannica.com. 2023-12-10. ^ Foderaro, Lisa W. (1996-08-10). "Frank Whittle, 89, Dies; His Jet Engine Propelled Progress". The New York Times. ^ Greimel, Hans (2003-01-19). "In Missing a Beat, Father of Karaoke Lost Out on Fortune". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "John Harrison (1693-1776)". Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "Meet the man who invented the mobile phone". BBC News. 2010-04-23. Retrieved 2010-05-08. ^ "Mendeleev's periodic table". BBC - GCSE Bitesize. Retrieved 2012-06-22. ^ Sungook Hong, Wireless, From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press, 2001, pp. x–xii ^ McLuhan, Marshall; Barrington Nevitt (1972). Take Today; the Executive as Dropout. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-187830-7. "Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading) ^ Zuill, William S. (2001): The Forgotten Father of Radio", American Heritage of Science and Technology, 17 (1) 40–47, as cited in Silverman, Steve (2003). Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-3340-6. p. 160 ^ "Untitled Page" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ Van Meggelen, Jim; Jared Smith; Leif Madsen (2005). Asterisk: The Future of Telephony. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00962-5., p. 190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines." ^ "Beim Vater des Fernsehens—Was der siebzigjährige Paul Nipkow erzählt". Neues Wiener Journal. 23 August 1930. ^ Verstappen, Maria (2019-06-03). "Terugspoelen naar de begindagen van de televisie in Neerkant". Eindhovens Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-03-22. ^ "Philo Farnsworth". Society of Television Engineers. Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit??? ^ "Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network". Retrieved 2008-03-03. the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin ^ "Zworykin at Museum.TV". Retrieved 2008-03-03. inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television". ^ "John Logie Baird: TV Inventor". Retrieved 2009-07-26. John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system. ^ "The World's First High Definition Color Television System". Retrieved 2009-07-26. ^ "Nipkow-Scheibe". DPMA.de (in German). 2019-08-02. Archived from the original on 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2023-03-22. ^ Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7844-0801-8. ^ "Carl Benz: Know all about the man regarded as 'father of automobile industry'". 2022-04-05. ^ Carl Benz: Father of the Automobile Industry Fanning, Leonard M. Published by MERCER PUBLISHING, NEW YORK, 1955 ^ "Der Streit um den "Geburtstag" des modernen Automobils" (in German). German Patent and Trade Mark Office. 2014-12-22. Archived from the original on 2017-01-02. ^ "Henry Ford: Father of 20th century American industry". Trendsupdates.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2016-01-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "Oscar H. Banker Asadour Sarafian" (PDF). Armenian Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-02-27. ^ Mouradian, George (1995). Armenian infotext (1st ed.). Southgate, Mich.: Bookshelf Publishers. ISBN 9780963450920. ^ "James Starley \| British inventor \| Britannica". www.britannica.com. ^ "Enterprising Waters: New York's Erie Canal Press Kit \| The New York State Museum". www.nysm.nysed.gov. ^ "Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with Sprague Electric plates". ^ "Binghamton University - Flight and Ground Vehicle Simulation Update at Binghamton University". Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-04-27. ^ "Jon Whyte leaves ATB Sales - Bike Magic". Bikemagic.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12. ^ VW Trends - TEN: The Enthusiast Network (2009-03-26). "Who's Who of Volkswagen". VW Trends. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Ed Winfield". Hemmings.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "About Us : Versus Motorsport Store". Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-09-27. ^ "A Tribute to a Founding Father of Kustom Kulture". Hot Rod. 2000-12-01. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ Wilson, Cornell. "Maglev: Magnetic Levitating Trains \| Electrical and Computer Engineering Design Handbook". ^ "Maglevs: The Future of Flying Trains – USC Viterbi School of Engineering". ^ "CEM - Fall/Winter 1997 Issue - Germany's Transrapid". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-08-24. ^ ^ "Gary Fisher's busy day". Archived from the original on 2008-12-23. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ "George Stephenson, the Father of Railways". The New York Times. 1872-11-21. ^ "About". Marlincrawler.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2016-01-10. ^ "Irishcar.com - Mazda and the Wankel Engine". irishcar.com. Archived from the original on 2003-10-12. Retrieved 2022-01-11. ^ "We wouldn't be here if it weren't for Felix \| Rotorhead". Archived from the original on 2010-10-23. Retrieved 2010-09-01. ^ Steil, Tim (2000). Route 66. MBI Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7603-0747-2. Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year. ^ Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France. Univ of North Carolina Press. 2010. p. 360. ISBN 9780807895726. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ McCosh, Dan (2003-03-07). "DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay". The New York Times. ^ "This website is currently unavailable". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-12-28. ^ "Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87". Department of Engineering. 2009-03-02. ^ "Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87". New Civil Engineer. 2009-02-04. ^ "Sir Alan Muir Wood: the father of modern tunnelling". ^ "William Phelps Eno". Eno Transportation Foundation. Retrieved 2013-08-21. ^ Keskin, Ali Ümit (2017-05-03). Electrical Circuits in Biomedical Engineering: Problems with Solutions. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-55101-2. ^ Gupta, S. V. (2009-11-03). Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-00738-5. ^ "BMW congratulates Paul Rosche: The "father" of the Formula One World Championship engine turns 80 today". BMW Group. Retrieved 2016-01-03. ^ Aschwanden, Christie (2009-11-02). "Bikes and cars: Can we share the road?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2014-07-22. Forester is the father of the "vehicular cycling" movement -- a philosophy that views the bicycle as a form of transportation that belongs on the streets alongside cars. ^ Watson, Rollin J. (2002). The School As a Safe Haven. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-89789-900-0. The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism. vteLists of people considered founders by specific groupsBy fields Humanities Nations (List) Science Non-profit organizations English schools and colleges Religious traditions EntrepreneursSpecific groups Eponymous corporations Female Internet-based Social Nationality Brazil India Indonesia Japan Nigeria Sweden Turkey Zambia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lienhard-How-1"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines"},{"link_name":"invention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention"}],"text":"See also: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific fieldOften, discoveries and innovations are the work of multiple people, resulting from continual improvements over time. However, certain individuals are remembered for making significant contributions to the birth or development of a field or technology.[1] These individuals may often be described as the \"father\" or \"mother\" of a particular field or invention.","title":"List of people considered father or mother of a field"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fine art"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Humanities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Military"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Natural and social sciences"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fields","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Computing","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Inventions","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of inventors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inventors"},{"title":"List of pioneers in computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science"},{"title":"Father of medicare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_medicare"},{"title":"Founders of statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_of_statistics"},{"title":"Father of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_House"},{"title":"Father (honorific)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_(honorific)"}]	[{"reference":"Lienhard, John H. (2008-06-30). How Invention Begins: Echoes of Old Voices in the Rise of New Machines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195341201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Lienhard","url_text":"Lienhard, John H."},{"url":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/how-invention-begins-9780195341201","url_text":"How Invention Begins: Echoes of Old Voices in the Rise of New Machines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195341201","url_text":"9780195341201"}]},{"reference":"\"First Rodeo Cowboy in Canada's Sports Hall of Fame\". Eliteequestrian.us. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://eliteequestrian.us/first-rodeo-cowboy-in-canadas-sports-hall-of-fame/","url_text":"\"First Rodeo Cowboy in Canada's Sports Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"Rausch, Allen (2004-08-15). \"Gary Gygax Interview - Part I\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2005-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080917213140/http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html","url_text":"\"Gary Gygax Interview - Part I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4\". 1UP.com. 2009-03-26. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2010-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120712012022/http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/24175","url_text":"\"Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1UP.com","url_text":"1UP.com"},{"url":"http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/24175","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alanemrich.com\". Alanemrich.com. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070607125435/http://www.alanemrich.com/CSR_pages/CSRfoundingfather.htm","url_text":"\"Alanemrich.com\""},{"url":"http://www.alanemrich.com/CSR_pages/CSRfoundingfather.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lichello, R. (1971). Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb. SamHar Press. ISBN 978-0-87157-011-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh8eKgAACAAJ&q=Lichello","url_text":"Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87157-011-6","url_text":"978-0-87157-011-6"}]},{"reference":"Jennifer Rosenberg. \"J Robert Oppenheimer Biography of Manhattan Project Director\". About.com Education. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927050454/http://history1900s.about.com/cs/robertoppenheimer/p/oppenheimer.htm","url_text":"\"J Robert Oppenheimer Biography of Manhattan Project Director\""},{"url":"http://history1900s.about.com/cs/robertoppenheimer/p/oppenheimer.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chris Trueman. \"Heinz Guderian\". Retrieved 2009-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/heinz_guderian.htm","url_text":"\"Heinz Guderian\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Shimp (2001-03-01). \"General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081012074616/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/st/~cshimp/guderian.htm","url_text":"\"General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg\""},{"url":"http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/st/~cshimp/guderian.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jeffries, John (2001). Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Fordham Univ Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8232-2110-3. 'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '\"father of the atomic submarine\", is a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2110-3","url_text":"978-0-8232-2110-3"}]},{"reference":"Galantin, I. J. (1997). Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06675-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06675-7","url_text":"978-0-252-06675-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights\". Center for the History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 2015-12-29. Retrieved 2007-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151229021107/https://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/","url_text":"\"Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights\""},{"url":"http://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Worlds '12 Feature: Who's Here\". NeoBuggy.net. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neobuggy.net/2012/12/10/worlds-12-feature-whos-here/","url_text":"\"Worlds '12 Feature: Who's Here\""}]},{"reference":"\"Behind the Scenes with Kyosho's Yuichi Kanai\". NeoBuggy.net. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013005259/https://www.neobuggy.net/2014/08/13/behind-the-scenes-with-kyoshos-yuichi-kanai/","url_text":"\"Behind the Scenes with Kyosho's Yuichi Kanai\""},{"url":"https://www.neobuggy.net/2014/08/13/behind-the-scenes-with-kyoshos-yuichi-kanai/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Motorcycle Hall of Fame: Edison Dye\". Archived from the original on 2005-07-06. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050706074647/http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=163","url_text":"\"Motorcycle Hall of Fame: Edison Dye\""},{"url":"http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=163","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wheels.ca - Final laps for some of racing's greats - Canada's Most Trusted Auto Resource\". Archived from the original on 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2009-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090109231918/http://www.wheels.ca/newsFeatures/article/485678","url_text":"\"Wheels.ca - Final laps for some of racing's greats - Canada's Most Trusted Auto Resource\""},{"url":"http://www.wheels.ca/newsFeatures/article/485678","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bonhams : The F.C. Deemer, Honeymoon Roadster, ex-Dick Teague and W.K. Haines1907 American Underslung 50hp Roadster Engine no. 1402\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/21929/lot/341/","url_text":"\"Bonhams : The F.C. Deemer, Honeymoon Roadster, ex-Dick Teague and W.K. Haines1907 American Underslung 50hp Roadster Engine no. 1402\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESPN.com - E-Ticket: When Soccer Ruled The USA\". Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/eticket/story?page=cosmos","url_text":"\"ESPN.com - E-Ticket: When Soccer Ruled The USA\""}]},{"reference":"New International Encyclopedia. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company. 1914. pp. Fathers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd,_Mead_and_Company","url_text":"Dodd, Mead and Company"}]},{"reference":"\"32\". International Federation of Football History & Statistics. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Arnoldo Pencliffe Watson Hutton (20.8.1886–29.7.1951), popularly known as \"El Fantástico\", was the son of Scotsman Alexander (Alejandro) Watson Hutton, who was a football pioneer and is considered the father of Argentine football.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iffhs.de/?29dad5a85ad4a91b972b9815e85fdcdc3bfcdc0aec28d6eda0a70c","url_text":"\"32\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pro Shop & Clubhouse\". Algodon Wine Estates. InvestProperty Group, LLC. Archived from the original on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Only at our pro shop can you find unique AWE merchandise, as well as memorabilia of the legends who inspire us; José Jurado, \"The Father of Argentine Professional Golf\", and José Luis Clerc (\"Batata\"), one of the most important Argentine tennis players in history.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130824020735/http://www.algodonwineestates.com/en_US/tourism/golf/proshop/_view/lang%3Den_US","url_text":"\"Pro Shop & Clubhouse\""},{"url":"http://www.algodonwineestates.com/en_US/tourism/golf/proshop/_view/lang=en_US","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mirodan, Seamus (2004-02-14). \"Nazis' Argentine village hide-out pulls in tourists\". The Sunday Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Across the road from Priebke's delicatessen is the Club Andino Bariloche, a mountaineering association set up in 1931 by Otto Meiling, the father of Argentine winter sports and a former member of the Hitler Youth.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/1454352/Nazis-Argentine-village-hide-out-pulls-in-tourists.html","url_text":"\"Nazis' Argentine village hide-out pulls in tourists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soccer History\". Archived from the original on 2009-05-21. Retrieved 2009-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090521074341/http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html","url_text":"\"Soccer History\""},{"url":"http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Chadwick \| National Baseball Hall of Fame\". Archived from the original on 2006-04-21. Retrieved 2006-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060421220423/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/hofer_bios/Chadwick_Henry.htm","url_text":"\"Henry Chadwick \| National Baseball Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers%5Fand%5Fhonorees/hofer%5Fbios/chadwick%5Fhenry.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Soccer History\". Archived from the original on 2009-05-21. Retrieved 2009-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090521074341/http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html","url_text":"\"Soccer History\""},{"url":"http://www.lacancha.com/jimmy2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Edwin Bancroft Henderson\". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2013-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140113205217/http://www.hoophall.com/hall-of-famers/tag/eb-henderson","url_text":"\"Edwin Bancroft Henderson\""},{"url":"http://www.hoophall.com/hall-of-famers/tag/eb-henderson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"BMXUltra.com (2007-08-06). \"Scot Breithaupt, Founding Father of BMX\". Citra Cycling Club. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2017-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714131655/http://citracycling.multiply.com/journal/item/27","url_text":"\"Scot Breithaupt, Founding Father of BMX\""},{"url":"http://citracycling.multiply.com/journal/item/27","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saddlebag Dispatches—Autumn/Winter 2018\". 2018-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/oghmacreative/docs/saddlebag_winter_18_digital_final","url_text":"\"Saddlebag Dispatches—Autumn/Winter 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Aidan (1998). An Entirely Different Game, The British Influence on Brazilian Football. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84018-041-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-041-1","url_text":"978-1-84018-041-1"}]},{"reference":"Goudinoff, Connie (1992). Mazda Motorsports: 20 Victorious Years in America. Motorbooks International. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-87938-582-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87938-582-8","url_text":"978-0-87938-582-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Parks, Wally - Drag Racing - 1993\". Mshf.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mshf.com/hof/parks_wally.htm","url_text":"\"Parks, Wally - Drag Racing - 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drag racing legend back at Kingdon\". Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091003/A_SPORTS/910030344#STS=g0jw5l2c.1e6j","url_text":"\"Drag racing legend back at Kingdon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Denver Eddie Hill Sunday Report\". Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorsport.com/nhra/news/denver-eddie-hill-sunday-report/","url_text":"\"Denver Eddie Hill Sunday Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Drifting\". 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/the-history-of-drifting-ar111147.html","url_text":"\"The History of Drifting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skateboarding Video and Skateboarding Movies - Skate DVD and Skateboard Video Downloads\". Boarding.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://boarding.com/skate/video/totalvid/2/7.html","url_text":"\"Skateboarding Video and Skateboarding Movies - Skate DVD and Skateboard Video Downloads\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bruce Walker - the Godfather of Florida Skateboarding\". Archived from the original on 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2009-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090925012536/http://www.skaterlegends.com/skaters/bruce_walker.htm","url_text":"\"Bruce Walker - the Godfather of Florida Skateboarding\""},{"url":"http://www.skaterlegends.com/skaters/bruce_walker.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome - Bondholders - Marketing The Humber\" (PDF). Hull.co.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231317/http://www.hull.co.uk/websitefiles/did%20you%20know.pdf","url_text":"\"Welcome - Bondholders - Marketing The Humber\""},{"url":"http://www.hull.co.uk/websitefiles/Did%20You%20Know.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Haro signs Cody Warren and Kyle Strait\". Pinkbike. 2003-04-09. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkbike.com/news/article1273.html","url_text":"\"Haro signs Cody Warren and Kyle Strait\""}]},{"reference":"\"* HARO BMX COMPANY @ 23MAG BMX\". 23mag.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.23mag.com/com/haro/haro.htm","url_text":"\"* HARO BMX COMPANY @ 23MAG BMX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 3 Freestyle Motocross Riders\". Archived from the original on 2011-03-03. Retrieved 2011-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110303025950/http://www.freestyle-motocross.co.uk/top3-freestyle-motocross-riders","url_text":"\"Top 3 Freestyle Motocross Riders\""},{"url":"http://www.freestyle-motocross.co.uk/top3-freestyle-motocross-riders","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mopar - MoLIFE - Legends of Mopar\". Archived from the original on 2009-09-24. Retrieved 2009-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090924034053/http://www.mopar.com/life/legends/dicklandy.html","url_text":"\"Mopar - MoLIFE - Legends of Mopar\""},{"url":"http://www.mopar.com/life/legends/dicklandy.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle in Virginia \| Honda Civic Enthusiast at Automotive.com\". Archived from the original on 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2009-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100130095505/http://turbohightechperformance.automotive.com/65970/turp-0311-battle-in-virginia-drag-race/index.html","url_text":"\"Battle in Virginia \| Honda Civic Enthusiast at Automotive.com\""},{"url":"http://turbohightechperformance.automotive.com/65970/turp-0311-battle-in-virginia-drag-race/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"English Players in Italy\". RSSSF.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/eng-players-in-it.html","url_text":"\"English Players in Italy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070921040533/http://www.rsssf.com/players/eng-players-in-it.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Target : Expect More. Pay Less\". Target.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111103115610/http://www.target.com/William-Garbutt-Father-Italian-Football/dp/1899807829","url_text":"\"Target : Expect More. Pay Less\""},{"url":"https://www.target.com/William-Garbutt-Father-Italian-Football/dp/1899807829","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Social Impact of Japanese Baseball\". Archived from the original on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130824110024/http://voices.yahoo.com/the-social-impact-japanese-baseball-13410.html?cat=9","url_text":"\"The Social Impact of Japanese Baseball\""},{"url":"http://voices.yahoo.com/the-social-impact-japanese-baseball-13410.html?cat=9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Christopher (2006-10-01). \"A passion for the Sox in Kyoto's Fenway Park\". The Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/travel/articles/2006/10/01/a_passion_for_the_sox_in_kyotos_fenway_park/?page=2","url_text":"\"A passion for the Sox in Kyoto's Fenway Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fathers (and mothers) of invention: ultimate victims of their own success\". The Independent. London. 2004-02-12. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2010-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221151623/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fathers-and-mothers-of-invention-ultimate-victims-of-their-own-success-569681.html","url_text":"\"Fathers (and mothers) of invention: ultimate victims of their own success\""},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fathers-and-mothers-of-invention-ultimate-victims-of-their-own-success-569681.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Art Ingels\". Vintagekarts.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vintagekarts.com/ingels.htm","url_text":"\"Art Ingels\""}]},{"reference":"Finn, Adharanand (2012-08-08). \"Kenya's David Rudisha is favourite for 800m, thanks to an Irish Brother\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/08/david-rudisha-colm-oconnell-kenya","url_text":"\"Kenya's David Rudisha is favourite for 800m, thanks to an Irish Brother\""}]},{"reference":"\"STX - Home\". Archived from the original on 2008-04-06. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011926/http://www.stxlacrosse.com/theculture/history.cfm","url_text":"\"STX - Home\""},{"url":"http://www.stxlacrosse.com/theculture/history.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Contact Support\". Archived from the original on 2002-02-23. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020223060749/http://www.hickoksports.com/history/lacrosse.shtml","url_text":"\"Contact Support\""},{"url":"http://www.hickoksports.com/history/lacrosse.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rules of Lacrosse. History And Origins Of Lacrosse\". Collegesportsscholarships.com. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/history-lacrosse.htm","url_text":"\"The Rules of Lacrosse. History And Origins Of Lacrosse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal Innovations in Arts, Science and Technology Handbook\". Lakehead University. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070513180718/http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html","url_text":"\"Aboriginal Innovations in Arts, Science and Technology Handbook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moon Dai-won: father of Mexican taekwondo\". Korea Times. 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2014-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/sports/2013/07/600_139580.html","url_text":"\"Moon Dai-won: father of Mexican taekwondo\""}]},{"reference":"Wil Nunnery (2014-09-24). \"On this day in history - September 24th, 1935\". Toledonewsnow.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724114744/http://www.toledonewsnow.com/story/26613349/on-this-day-in-history-september-24th-1935","url_text":"\"On this day in history - September 24th, 1935\""},{"url":"http://www.toledonewsnow.com/story/26613349/on-this-day-in-history-september-24th-1935","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph Ott, Designer Of Model Planes\". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. 1986-07-04. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-07-04/news/8602170707_1_model-airplanes-mr-ott-joseph-ott","url_text":"\"Joseph Ott, Designer Of Model Planes\""}]},{"reference":"\"MusclePowerShop: Eugene Sandow Father of Bodybuilding\". Archived from the original on 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2009-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225402/http://www.musclepowershop.com/2009/04/eugene-sandow-father-of-bodybuilding.html","url_text":"\"MusclePowerShop: Eugene Sandow Father of Bodybuilding\""},{"url":"http://www.musclepowershop.com/2009/04/eugene-sandow-father-of-bodybuilding.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Governor Schwarzenegger Issues Statement on Death of Harold Zinkin, Father of Modern Bodybuilding - Press Release by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081026121506/http://www.gov.ca.gov/press-release/2761/","url_text":"\"Governor Schwarzenegger Issues Statement on Death of Harold Zinkin, Father of Modern Bodybuilding - Press Release by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger\""},{"url":"http://www.gov.ca.gov/press-release/2761/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"James Figg: Father of Modern Boxing\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-02. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120802191321/http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=4864&more=1","url_text":"\"James Figg: Father of Modern Boxing\""},{"url":"http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=4864&more=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating\". Roy Blakey's Icestage Archive. Archived from the original on 2014-11-10. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141110081656/http://icestagearchive.com/haines.html","url_text":"\"Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating\""},{"url":"http://www.icestagearchive.com/haines.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The football professor: a profile of Dettmar Cramer\". World Soccer. 2011-10-19. Archived from the original on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120527165429/http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/the-football-professor-a-profile-of-dettmar-cramer","url_text":"\"The football professor: a profile of Dettmar Cramer\""},{"url":"http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/the-football-professor-a-profile-of-dettmar-cramer","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cowboy legend Earl Bascom was a rodeo pioneer and Western artist\". Sbsun.com. 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sbsun.com/general-news/20130722/cowboy-legend-earl-bascom-was-a-rodeo-pioneer-and-western-artist","url_text":"\"Cowboy legend Earl Bascom was a rodeo pioneer and Western artist\""}]},{"reference":"J. A. Allen. \"King of the Court \"Jack\" Kramer: The Father of Modern Tennis\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/478127-king-of-the-court-jack-kramer-the-father-of-modern-tennis","url_text":"\"King of the Court \"Jack\" Kramer: The Father of Modern Tennis\""}]},{"reference":"Jacob Waring. \"Puroresu: Why I Believe It's the Best Pro-Wrestling Style Internationally\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/754426-puroresu-why-i-believe-its-the-best-pro-wrestling-style-internationally","url_text":"\"Puroresu: Why I Believe It's the Best Pro-Wrestling Style Internationally\""}]},{"reference":"Ollie Williams and Olivia Yasukawa (2015-06-30). \"Lee Pearson: Out of two closets, into Paralympic glory\". CNN. Retrieved 2016-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/30/sport/lee-pearson-dressage-rio-2016-equestrian/index.html","url_text":"\"Lee Pearson: Out of two closets, into Paralympic glory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Detail News\". News.efra.ws. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160121143459/http://news.efra.ws/index.php?id=388&newsid=956&frompageid=354&start=0&p_f=25&e=0&c=0&s=0&y=2011-01-01","url_text":"\"Detail News\""},{"url":"http://news.efra.ws/index.php?id=388&newsid=956&frompageid=354&start=0&p_f=25&e=0&c=0&s=0&y=2011-01-01","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RC Car Action honors Roger Curtis with RC Hall of Fame Induction\". RC Car Action. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170107004708/http://www.rccaraction.com/blog/2013/06/06/rc-car-action-honors-roger-curtis-with-rc-hall-of-fame-induction/","url_text":"\"RC Car Action honors Roger Curtis with RC Hall of Fame Induction\""},{"url":"http://www.rccaraction.com/blog/2013/06/06/rc-car-action-honors-roger-curtis-with-rc-hall-of-fame-induction/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Duke Kahanamoku--The Father of Surfing\". Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2009-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211121953/http://www.surfingmuseum.org/collection/duke/duke.html","url_text":"\"Duke Kahanamoku--The Father of Surfing\""},{"url":"http://www.surfingmuseum.org/collection/duke/duke.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Father of Bareback Riding\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aginfo.net/report/18045/Land-Livestock-Report/The-Father-of-Bareback-Riding","url_text":"\"The Father of Bareback Riding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blogger\". Basicbloganomics.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-20. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120520154640/http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2009/03/first-fa-cup-final-on-march-16-1872.html","url_text":"\"Blogger\""},{"url":"http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2009/03/first-fa-cup-final-on-march-16-1872.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Diving Almanac & Book of Records --> Hall of Fame for Divers with Disabilities\". Archived from the original on 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2011-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120404010404/http://www.divingalmanac.com/article.php?article_id=3053&PHPSESSID=c017e3b7c4eb770b978b9ff0900b5ba2","url_text":"\"Diving Almanac & Book of Records --> Hall of Fame for Divers with Disabilities\""},{"url":"http://www.divingalmanac.com/article.php?article_id=3053&PHPSESSID=c017e3b7c4eb770b978b9ff0900b5ba2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Godfather of skateboarding\". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201032059/http://www.kontinent.se/slideshow.php?story=70","url_text":"\"The Godfather of skateboarding\""},{"url":"http://www.kontinent.se/slideshow.php?story=70","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Snooker including how snooker was invented, how snooker was named and how snooker has developed over the years\". Snookerclubs.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snookerclubs.com/history-of-snooker.htm","url_text":"\"History of Snooker including how snooker was invented, how snooker was named and how snooker has developed over the years\""}]},{"reference":"\"NESCAFÉ 3in1 & Burton in an expectedly good snowboard combination\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110824012855/http://www.nestle.bg/news.details.asp?lang=1&nid=48&page=1","url_text":"\"NESCAFÉ 3in1 & Burton in an expectedly good snowboard combination\""},{"url":"http://www.nestle.bg/news.details.asp?lang=1&nid=48&page=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Books : The Wildest Ride : Excerpts\". Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2011-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121114043826/http://books.simonandschuster.com/Wildest-Ride/Joe-Menzer/9780743226257/excerpt_with_id/14145","url_text":"\"Books : The Wildest Ride : Excerpts\""},{"url":"http://books.simonandschuster.com/Wildest-Ride/Joe-Menzer/9780743226257/excerpt_with_id/14145","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Times Daily - Google News Archive Search\". news.google.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19920609&id=KFAeAAAAIBAJ&pg=1892,1191270","url_text":"\"Times Daily - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Driving Today: Who Killed Mickey Thompson?\". Drivingtoday.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527122954/http://www.drivingtoday.com/wcco/features/archive/thompson/index.html","url_text":"\"Driving Today: Who Killed Mickey Thompson?\""},{"url":"http://www.drivingtoday.com/wcco/features/archive/thompson/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rolf Bryhn (2018-06-29). \"Sondre Norheim\". SNL.no (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Sondre_Norheim","url_text":"\"Sondre Norheim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"SNL.no"}]},{"reference":"Dolch, Craig (2011-03-04). \"Chirkinian's impact on televised golf can't be overstated\". PGATOUR.com. Archived from the original on 2011-03-06. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Bringing sounds to golf is just part of the reason why Chirkinian — who is considered \"the father of televised golf\" — was elected February 9 into the World Golf Hall of Fame on an emergency vote.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110306140017/http://www.pgatour.com/2011/r/03/04/dolch-column-chirkinian/index.html","url_text":"\"Chirkinian's impact on televised golf can't be overstated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour","url_text":"PGATOUR.com"},{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/2011/r/03/04/dolch-column-chirkinian/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Richard (2011-03-05). \"Frank Chirkinian, the Father of Televised Golf, Dies at 84\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Frank is universally regarded as the father of golf television,\" Jim Nantz, CBS's longtime lead golf announcer, told the PGA Tour Web site this year. \"He invented it. He took a sport that no one knew how to televise and made it interesting. He brought the Masters tournament to life.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/sports/golf/06chirkinian.html","url_text":"\"Frank Chirkinian, the Father of Televised Golf, Dies at 84\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Nantz","url_text":"Jim Nantz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament","url_text":"the Masters tournament"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)\". Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-26. English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet","url_text":"\"Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling\". Retrieved 2009-07-26. Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust—and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/cayley.html","url_text":"\"The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling\""}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Edward Hugh (1960). Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures. B. Wheelright Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Samuel_Slater_Father_of_American_Manufac/RlbcAAAAMAAJ?hl=en","url_text":"Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures"}]},{"reference":"\"Frederick Law Olmstead National Historic Site--Massachusetts Conservation: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary\". Archived from the original on 2015-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150502015240/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/massachusetts_conservation/frederick_law_olmsted.html","url_text":"\"Frederick Law Olmstead National Historic Site--Massachusetts Conservation: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary\""},{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/massachusetts_conservation/frederick_law_olmsted.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tsiolkovskiy\". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-06-18. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020618154124/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/tsivskiy.htm","url_text":"\"Tsiolkovskiy\""},{"url":"http://astronautix.com/astros/tsivskiy.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Korolev\". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-07-01. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020701161450/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/korolev.htm","url_text":"\"Korolev\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/astros/korolev.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Goddard\". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-11-08. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021108195321/http://astronautix.com/astros/goddard.htm","url_text":"\"Goddard\""},{"url":"http://astronautix.com/astros/goddard.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oberth\". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020617053834/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/oberth.htm","url_text":"\"Oberth\""},{"url":"http://astronautix.com/astros/oberth.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John H. Lienhard (2004). \"'Abbas Ibn Firnas\". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episode 1910. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston. Transcript.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engines_of_Our_Ingenuity","url_text":"The Engines of Our Ingenuity"},{"url":"http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1910.htm","url_text":"Transcript"}]},{"reference":"Montemagno, Carlo D.; Craighead, Harold G.; Olkhovets, Anatoli G.; Neves, Hercules P.; Bachand, George D.; Soong, Ricky K. (2000-11-24). \"Powering an Inorganic Nanodevice with a Biomolecular Motor\". Science. 290 (5496): 1555–1558. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1555S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5496.1555. PMID 11090349.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...290.1555S","url_text":"2000Sci...290.1555S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.290.5496.1555","url_text":"10.1126/science.290.5496.1555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11090349","url_text":"11090349"}]},{"reference":"Xi, Jianzhong; Schmidt, Jacob J.; Montemagno, Carlo D. (2005-02-01). \"Self-assembled microdevices driven by muscle\". Nature Materials. 4 (2): 180–184. Bibcode:2005NatMa...4..180X. doi:10.1038/nmat1308. PMID 15654345. S2CID 25628241.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005NatMa...4..180X","url_text":"2005NatMa...4..180X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmat1308","url_text":"10.1038/nmat1308"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15654345","url_text":"15654345"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25628241","url_text":"25628241"}]},{"reference":"\"The Man Behind the Brand: George Graham\". Retrieved 2013-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.watchtime.com/2010/03/the-man-behind-the-brand-george-graham/","url_text":"\"The Man Behind the Brand: George Graham\""}]},{"reference":"Twyman, Richard (2004-09-22). \"A brief history of clinical trials\". The Human Genome. Wellcome Trust. Archived from the original on 2009-12-15. Retrieved 2010-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091215042751/http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020948.html","url_text":"\"A brief history of clinical trials\""},{"url":"http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020948.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, J.A.N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-884964-47-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/internationalbio00john","url_text":"International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-47-3","url_text":"978-1-884964-47-3"}]},{"reference":"Belzer, Belzer (1977). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development... Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-262-73009-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-73009-9","url_text":"978-0-262-73009-9"}]},{"reference":"Wiener, Norbert (1965) [1948]. Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-2257-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2257-9","url_text":"978-0-8247-2257-9"}]},{"reference":"\"William Beaumont Papers\". oculus.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=nlmfindaid;cc=nlmfindaid;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=beaumont131","url_text":"\"William Beaumont Papers\""}]},{"reference":"Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23693-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8","url_text":"Evolution: the history of an idea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23693-6","url_text":"978-0-520-23693-6"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Graham P. \"Claude E. Shannon: Founder of Information Theory\". Scientific American. Retrieved 2020-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/claude-e-shannon-founder/","url_text":"\"Claude E. Shannon: Founder of Information Theory\""}]},{"reference":"Roth, Bernard (2007). \"Ferdinand Freudenstein (1926–2006)\". Life and career of Ferdinand Freudenstein. History of Mechanism and Machine Science. Vol. 1. pp. 151–181. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6366-4_7. ISBN 978-1-4020-6365-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6366-4_7","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4020-6366-4_7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6365-7","url_text":"978-1-4020-6365-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Richard E. Smalley - Biographical\". Retrieved 2014-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/smalley-bio.html","url_text":"\"Richard E. Smalley - Biographical\""}]},{"reference":"Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8018-6458-2. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FLTyvuWX6MMC&pg=PA20","url_text":"The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6458-2","url_text":"978-0-8018-6458-2"}]},{"reference":"Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8018-6458-2. Retrieved 2013-08-21. The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce....","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FLTyvuWX6MMC&pg=PA17","url_text":"The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6458-2","url_text":"978-0-8018-6458-2"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Roger (2001). Who's Who in Victorian Britain. Stackpole Books. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8117-1640-6. Retrieved 2013-08-21. cites book title: \"A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965\"","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V433uVHqzDcC&q=%22father+of+photography%22&pg=PA118","url_text":"Who's Who in Victorian Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1640-6","url_text":"978-0-8117-1640-6"}]},{"reference":"Booth, Martin (1999). Opium: A History. St. Martin's Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-312-20667-3. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot","url_text":"Opium: A History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot/page/30","url_text":"30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-20667-3","url_text":"978-0-312-20667-3"}]},{"reference":"Marco Ceccarelli, ed. (2009). Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2. Springer. p. 13. ISBN 9789048123452. Retrieved 2013-08-20. Other chapters of al-Jazari's work describe fountains and musical automata which are of interest mainly because the flow of water in them alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half-hourly intervals. Several ingenious devices for hydraulic switching were used to achieve this operation (Rosheim 1994). These revolutionary machines owed him the title of the father of robotics (Chapius and Droz 1958; Nocks 2007).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abebooks.com/9789048123452/9048123453/plp","url_text":"Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048123452","url_text":"9789048123452"}]},{"reference":"Diana Darke (2010). Syria, 2nd. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 98. ISBN 9781841623146. Retrieved 2013-08-21. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind was the crankshaft, invented by the Muslim engineer Al-Jazari. He devised it to raise water for irrigation. He also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, and was the father of robotics.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abebooks.com/9781841623146/Bradt-Travel-Guide-Syria-Darke-1841623148/plp","url_text":"Syria, 2nd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841623146","url_text":"9781841623146"}]},{"reference":"Marco Ceccarelli, ed. (2009). \"Al-Jazari\". Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 9789048123452. Retrieved 2013-08-20. Others gave amusement and aesthetic pleasure to the members of royal circles, which led him to invent the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206. Al-Jazari's robot was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties (Margaret 2006; Franchi and Güzeldere 2005).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abebooks.com/9789048123452/9048123453/plp","url_text":"\"Al-Jazari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048123452","url_text":"9789048123452"}]},{"reference":"Pigott, Diarmuid (1995), Nathaniel Rochester, data from IEEE Transactions August 1964, Special Issure on Computer Languages","urls":[{"url":"http://hopl.info/showperson.prx?peopleid=654&which=ByPerson","url_text":"Nathaniel Rochester, data from IEEE Transactions August 1964, Special Issure on Computer Languages"}]},{"reference":"BPB Publications. My Big Book of Computers 6. Ratna Sagar. p. 7. ISBN 9788170708827. Retrieved 2012-07-04. Charles Babbage is called the Father of Computers, because the concepts he pioneered in his engine later formed the basis of modern computers.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XPQkgaAd-LQC&q=My+Big+Book+of+Computers+6&pg=PA102","url_text":"My Big Book of Computers 6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170708827","url_text":"9788170708827"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Paul (1999-03-29). \"Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century\". Time. Archived from the original on 2000-07-09. Retrieved 2009-06-13. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000709152445/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html","url_text":"\"Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bruner, Jeffrey. \"Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91\". Rebuilding the ABC. Ames Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2006-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060828012547/http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html","url_text":"\"Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91\""},{"url":"http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Inventor Profile: John Mauchly\". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. 2004-03-29. Archived from the original on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130824135331/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/182.html","url_text":"\"Inventor Profile: John Mauchly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"National Inventors Hall of Fame"},{"url":"http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/182.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert\". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. 2004-03-29. Archived from the original on 2013-08-05. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130805075654/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/181.html","url_text":"\"Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"National Inventors Hall of Fame"},{"url":"http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/181.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973\". The Great Idea Finder. Archived from the original on 2010-09-24. Retrieved 2010-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100924095721/http://ideafinder.com/history/inventions/internet.htm","url_text":"\"Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973\""},{"url":"http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/internet.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Logo and Learning\". el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/. Logo Foundation. Retrieved 2021-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/what_is_logo/logo_and_learning.html","url_text":"\"Logo and Learning\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPI Alumni Hall of Fame: Marcian E. Hoff\". Rpi.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rpi.edu/about/alumni/inductees/hoff.html","url_text":"\"RPI Alumni Hall of Fame: Marcian E. Hoff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kosaku Inagaki's Home Page\". Kyoto University. Archived from the original on 2011-02-03. Retrieved 2010-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110203043622/http://inagaki.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/","url_text":"\"Kosaku Inagaki's Home Page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_University","url_text":"Kyoto University"},{"url":"http://inagaki.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Inductee Details - Paul Baran\". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2017-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091231/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316","url_text":"\"Inductee Details - Paul Baran\""},{"url":"http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies\". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2017-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091936/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328","url_text":"\"Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies\""},{"url":"http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable\". Washington Post. 2015-05-30. Archived from the original on 2015-05-30. Retrieved 2020-02-18. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150530231409/http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/","url_text":"\"The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable\""},{"url":"http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baran, Paul (2002). \"The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts\" (PDF). IEEE Communications Magazine. 40 (7): 42–48. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006. ISSN 0163-6804. Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/Baran2002.pdf","url_text":"\"The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2002.1018006","url_text":"10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0163-6804","url_text":"0163-6804"}]},{"reference":"Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. \"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet\". www.rand.org. Retrieved 2020-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html","url_text":"\"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). \"The Evolution of Packet Switching\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2017-09-05. Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324033133/http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html","url_text":"\"The Evolution of Packet Switching\""},{"url":"http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Lawrence G. (May 1995). \"The ARPANET & Computer Networks\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-04-13. Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, \"Proposal for a Digital Communication Network\" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an \"Interface computer\" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html","url_text":"\"The ARPANET & Computer Networks\""},{"url":"http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Donald Davies (2001), \"A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching\", Computer Journal, British Computer Society","urls":[{"url":"http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/152.extract","url_text":"\"A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). \"The Evolution of Packet Switching\" (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2017-09-10. In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092936/http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf","url_text":"\"The Evolution of Packet Switching\""},{"url":"http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon & Schuster. p. 245. ISBN 9781476708690. This led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA245","url_text":"The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476708690","url_text":"9781476708690"}]},{"reference":"Alex McKenzie (2009), Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be \"the Father of Modern Data Networking\", retrieved 2015-04-23","urls":[{"url":"http://alexmckenzie.weebly.com/comments-on-kleinrocks-claims.html","url_text":"Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be \"the Father of Modern Data Networking\""}]},{"reference":"Trevor Harris, University of Wales (2009). \"Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies\". Variety in Mass Communication Research. Archived from the original on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2020-01-23. Dr Willis H. Ware, Senior Computer Scientist and Research at the RAND Corporation, notes that Davies (and others) were troubled by what they regarded as in appropriate claims on the invention of packet switching","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211010001438/https://www.academia.edu/378261","url_text":"\"Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies\""},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/378261","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robert Taylor (2001-11-22), \"Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim\", New York Times, Authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)","url_text":"Robert Taylor"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/22/technology/l-birthing-the-internet-letters-from-the-delivery-room-disputing-a-claim-325210.html","url_text":"\"Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim\""}]},{"reference":"Katie Hafner (2001-11-08), \"A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers\", New York Times, The Internet is really the work of a thousand people,\" Mr. Baran said. \"And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an aberration.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/08/technology/a-paternity-dispute-divides-net-pioneers.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers\""}]},{"reference":"Donald Davies (2001), \"A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching\", Computer Journal, British Computer Society, 44 (3): 152–162, doi:10.1093/comjnl/44.3.152, I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching.","urls":[{"url":"http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/152.extract","url_text":"\"A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F44.3.152","url_text":"10.1093/comjnl/44.3.152"}]},{"reference":"Scantlebury, Roger (2013-06-25). \"Internet pioneers airbrushed from history\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/25/internet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history","url_text":"\"Internet pioneers airbrushed from history\""}]},{"reference":"\"commodore.ca - History - Chuck Peddle Inventor of the Personal Computer\". Commodore.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-01-27. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160127142536/http://www.commodore.ca/history/people/chuck_peddle/chuck_peddle.htm","url_text":"\"commodore.ca - History - Chuck Peddle Inventor of the Personal Computer\""},{"url":"http://www.commodore.ca/history/people/chuck_peddle/chuck_peddle.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'\". BBC News. 2010-04-02. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm","url_text":"\"Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fathers of Computing\". Eweek.com. 2012-05-28. Retrieved 2017-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Infrastructure/The-Fathers-of-Computing/15/","url_text":"\"The Fathers of Computing\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Internet\". Computerhope.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerhope.com/history/internet.htm","url_text":"\"History of the Internet\""}]},{"reference":"Casmer, Jeff. \"History of the Search Engine - What Came Before Google?\". Evancarmichael.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2017-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110818052842/http://www.evancarmichael.com/Home-Based-Business/3010/History-of-the-Search-Engine--What-Came-Before-Google.html","url_text":"\"History of the Search Engine - What Came Before Google?\""},{"url":"http://www.evancarmichael.com/Home-Based-Business/3010/History-of-the-Search-Engine--What-Came-Before-Google.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I\". 2007-09-27. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2017-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004047/http://www.idealliance.org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/03-01-01/03-01-01.html","url_text":"\"XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I\""},{"url":"http://www.idealliance.org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/03-01-01/03-01-01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edd Dumbill (2000-02-29). \"XML.com\". Xml.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2000/02/xtech/bosak.html","url_text":"\"XML.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age\". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2019-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasm.si.edu/wrightbrothers/","url_text":"\"The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150813220152/http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mary Ann. Johnson (2001-09-28). \"Following the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories Symposium Papers\". Following in the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories. Archived from the original on 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2019-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/following/symposium/program/3/","url_text":"\"Following the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories Symposium Papers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619100928/http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/following/symposium/program/3/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Flying through the ages\". BBC News. 1999-03-19. Archived from the original on 2014-10-21. Retrieved 2019-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/11/98/great_balloon_challenge/299568.stm","url_text":"\"Flying through the ages\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141021044458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/11/98/great_balloon_challenge/299568.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning\". About.com Inventors. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120709075915/http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa081797.htm","url_text":"\"The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning\""},{"url":"http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa081797.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799\". Ieeeghn.org. IEEE Global History Network. Retrieved 2015-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Volta%27s_Electrical_Battery_Invention,_1799","url_text":"\"Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799\""}]},{"reference":"\"thetimetv.com - Brawn GP Announces New Team Partnership with Graham-London\". Thetimetv.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160121143459/http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133","url_text":"\"thetimetv.com - Brawn GP Announces New Team Partnership with Graham-London\""},{"url":"http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Photographer to the Tsar - The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Exhibitions - Library of Congress\". Loc.gov. 2001-04-17. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/gorskii.html","url_text":"\"Photographer to the Tsar - The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Exhibitions - Library of Congress\""}]},{"reference":"\"In search of the Caspian Sea Monster\". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/22/caspian_sea_monster/","url_text":"\"In search of the Caspian Sea Monster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gun designer John Browning is born - Jan 21, 1855\". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/gun-designer-john-browning-is-born","url_text":"\"Gun designer John Browning is born - Jan 21, 1855\""}]},{"reference":"\"Model Engine Builders—Ray Arden\". Craftsmanshipmuseum.com/. Archived from the original on 2015-12-24. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151224201840/http://www.craftsmanshipmuseum.com/Arden.htm","url_text":"\"Model Engine Builders—Ray Arden\""},{"url":"http://www.craftsmanshipmuseum.com/arden.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News Vault: The Father of Instant Noodles\". Archived from the original on 2009-12-28. Retrieved 2009-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091228051002/http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html","url_text":"\"News Vault: The Father of Instant Noodles\""},{"url":"http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television\". NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2006-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160101180643/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/","url_text":"\"Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television\""},{"url":"http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)\". New York Times. 1990-07-25. Retrieved 2006-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6D61231F936A15754C0A966958260","url_text":"\"Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sculpture to jet engine inventor\". BBC News. 2005-10-20. Retrieved 2010-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/coventry_warwickshire/4362374.stm","url_text":"\"Sculpture to jet engine inventor\""}]},{"reference":"\"AIRCRAFT ENGINE\". Thaitechnics.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thaitechnics.com/engine/engine_intro.html","url_text":"\"AIRCRAFT ENGINE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain - German designer\". britannica.com. 2023-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/425933/Hans-Joachim-Pabst-von-Ohain","url_text":"\"Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain - German designer\""}]},{"reference":"Foderaro, Lisa W. (1996-08-10). \"Frank Whittle, 89, Dies; His Jet Engine Propelled Progress\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/10/world/frank-whittle-89-dies-his-jet-engine-propelled-progress.html","url_text":"\"Frank Whittle, 89, Dies; His Jet Engine Propelled Progress\""}]},{"reference":"Greimel, Hans (2003-01-19). \"In Missing a Beat, Father of Karaoke Lost Out on Fortune\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106074449/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234142.html","url_text":"\"In Missing a Beat, Father of Karaoke Lost Out on Fortune\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234142.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Harrison (1693-1776)\". Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022211857/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm","url_text":"\"John Harrison (1693-1776)\""},{"url":"http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the man who invented the mobile phone\". BBC News. 2010-04-23. Retrieved 2010-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/8639590.stm","url_text":"\"Meet the man who invented the mobile phone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mendeleev's periodic table\". BBC - GCSE Bitesize. Retrieved 2012-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/atomic_structure/periodictablerev1.shtml","url_text":"\"Mendeleev's periodic table\""}]},{"reference":"McLuhan, Marshall; Barrington Nevitt (1972). Take Today; the Executive as Dropout. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-187830-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/taketodayexecuti00mars","url_text":"Take Today; the Executive as Dropout"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-187830-7","url_text":"978-0-15-187830-7"}]},{"reference":"Silverman, Steve (2003). Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-3340-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7407-3340-6","url_text":"978-0-7407-3340-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Untitled Page\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151220182902/https://www.modelaircraft.org/files/BeardPaul.pdf","url_text":"\"Untitled Page\""},{"url":"https://www.modelaircraft.org/files/BeardPaul.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van Meggelen, Jim; Jared Smith; Leif Madsen (2005). Asterisk: The Future of Telephony. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00962-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780596009625","url_text":"Asterisk: The Future of Telephony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00962-5","url_text":"978-0-596-00962-5"}]},{"reference":"Verstappen, Maria (2019-06-03). \"Terugspoelen naar de begindagen van de televisie in Neerkant\". Eindhovens Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ed.nl/de-peel/terugspoelen-naar-de-begindagen-van-de-televisie-in-neerkant~aa47c35c/","url_text":"\"Terugspoelen naar de begindagen van de televisie in Neerkant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philo Farnsworth\". Society of Television Engineers. Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2013-08-21. Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit???","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070713085015/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm","url_text":"\"Philo Farnsworth\""},{"url":"http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network\". Retrieved 2008-03-03. the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Vladimir_Zworykin","url_text":"\"Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zworykin at Museum.TV\". Retrieved 2008-03-03. inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as \"the father of television\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/Z/htmlZ/zworykinvla/zworykinvla.htm","url_text":"\"Zworykin at Museum.TV\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Logie Baird: TV Inventor\". Retrieved 2009-07-26. John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sydenham.org.uk/john_logie_baird.html","url_text":"\"John Logie Baird: TV Inventor\""}]},{"reference":"\"The World's First High Definition Color Television System\". Retrieved 2009-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html","url_text":"\"The World's First High Definition Color Television System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nipkow-Scheibe\". DPMA.de (in German). 2019-08-02. Archived from the original on 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2023-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190803104047/https://www.dpma.de/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/meilensteine/tempo90/nipkow/index.html","url_text":"\"Nipkow-Scheibe\""},{"url":"https://www.dpma.de/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/meilensteine/tempo90/nipkow/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7844-0801-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers","url_text":"ASCE Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0801-8","url_text":"978-0-7844-0801-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Benz: Know all about the man regarded as 'father of automobile industry'\". 2022-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/carl-benz-know-all-about-the-man-regarded-as-father-of-automobile-industry-162969","url_text":"\"Carl Benz: Know all about the man regarded as 'father of automobile industry'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Der Streit um den \"Geburtstag\" des modernen Automobils\" [The fight over the birth of the modern automobile] (in German). German Patent and Trade Mark Office. 2014-12-22. Archived from the original on 2017-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082130/https://www.dpma.de/service/klassifikationen/ipc/ipcprojekt/einekurzegeschichtedesautomobils/geburtstagdesautos/index.html","url_text":"\"Der Streit um den \"Geburtstag\" des modernen Automobils\""},{"url":"https://www.dpma.de/service/klassifikationen/ipc/ipcprojekt/einekurzegeschichtedesautomobils/geburtstagdesautos/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Ford: Father of 20th century American industry\". Trendsupdates.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101215175919/http://trendsupdates.com/henry-ford-father-of-20th-century-american-industry/","url_text":"\"Henry Ford: Father of 20th century American industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/faq.htm","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oscar H. Banker Asadour Sarafian\" (PDF). Armenian Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723093717/http://armenianarts.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Armenian-Arts-January-2012.pdf","url_text":"\"Oscar H. Banker Asadour Sarafian\""},{"url":"http://armenianarts.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Armenian-Arts-January-2012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mouradian, George (1995). Armenian infotext (1st ed.). Southgate, Mich.: Bookshelf Publishers. ISBN 9780963450920.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963450920","url_text":"9780963450920"}]},{"reference":"\"James Starley \| British inventor \| Britannica\". www.britannica.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Starley","url_text":"\"James Starley \| British inventor \| Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enterprising Waters: New York's Erie Canal Press Kit \| The New York State Museum\". www.nysm.nysed.gov.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/about/press/kits/erie-canal-exhibition","url_text":"\"Enterprising Waters: New York's Erie Canal Press Kit \| The New York State Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with Sprague Electric plates\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/electrical-engineering-biographies/frank-j-sprague","url_text":"\"Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with Sprague Electric plates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Binghamton University - Flight and Ground Vehicle Simulation Update at Binghamton University\". Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130507222300/http://www.binghamton.edu/watson/professional-development/programs/flight-simulation/","url_text":"\"Binghamton University - Flight and Ground Vehicle Simulation Update at Binghamton University\""},{"url":"http://www.binghamton.edu/watson/professional-development/programs/flight-simulation/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jon Whyte leaves ATB Sales - Bike Magic\". Bikemagic.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://bikemagic.com/news/jon-whyte-leaves-atb-sales.html","url_text":"\"Jon Whyte leaves ATB Sales - Bike Magic\""}]},{"reference":"VW Trends - TEN: The Enthusiast Network (2009-03-26). \"Who's Who of Volkswagen\". VW Trends. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014439/http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0106vwt_people/index.html","url_text":"\"Who's Who of Volkswagen\""},{"url":"http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0106vwt_people/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ed Winfield\". Hemmings.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2008/02/01/hmn_feature17.html","url_text":"\"Ed Winfield\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us : Versus Motorsport Store\". Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090603104831/http://www.versusmotorsport.com/about_us.php","url_text":"\"About Us : Versus Motorsport Store\""},{"url":"http://www.versusmotorsport.com/about_us.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Tribute to a Founding Father of Kustom Kulture\". Hot Rod. 2000-12-01. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotrod.com/eventcoverage/kustom_kulture_tribute/index.html","url_text":"\"A Tribute to a Founding Father of Kustom Kulture\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Cornell. \"Maglev: Magnetic Levitating Trains \| Electrical and Computer Engineering Design Handbook\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.tufts.edu/eeseniordesignhandbook/2015/maglev-magnetic-levitating-trains/","url_text":"\"Maglev: Magnetic Levitating Trains \| Electrical and Computer Engineering Design Handbook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maglevs: The Future of Flying Trains – USC Viterbi School of Engineering\".","urls":[{"url":"https://illumin.usc.edu/maglevs-the-future-of-flying-trains/","url_text":"\"Maglevs: The Future of Flying Trains – USC Viterbi School of Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"CEM - Fall/Winter 1997 Issue - Germany's Transrapid\". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928000224/http://cem.colorado.edu/archives/fl1997/thor.html","url_text":"\"CEM - Fall/Winter 1997 Issue - Germany's Transrapid\""},{"url":"http://cem.colorado.edu/archives/fl1997/thor.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gary Fisher's busy day\". Archived from the original on 2008-12-23. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081223160833/http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP-7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0","url_text":"\"Gary Fisher's busy day\""},{"url":"http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP-7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"George Stephenson, the Father of Railways\". The New York Times. 1872-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1872/11/21/archives/george-stephenson-the-father-of-railways.html","url_text":"\"George Stephenson, the Father of Railways\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Marlincrawler.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2016-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130128082819/http://www.marlincrawler.com/about#passion","url_text":"\"About\""},{"url":"http://www.marlincrawler.com/about#passion","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Irishcar.com - Mazda and the Wankel Engine\". irishcar.com. Archived from the original on 2003-10-12. Retrieved 2022-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031012203809/http://irishcar.com/wankelge.htm","url_text":"\"Irishcar.com - Mazda and the Wankel Engine\""},{"url":"http://irishcar.com/wankelge.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"We wouldn't be here if it weren't for Felix \| Rotorhead\". Archived from the original on 2010-10-23. Retrieved 2010-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101023180558/http://www.rotorhead.ca/articles/2002/12/22/felix-wankel-bio/","url_text":"\"We wouldn't be here if it weren't for Felix \| Rotorhead\""},{"url":"http://www.rotorhead.ca/articles/2002/12/22/felix-wankel-bio/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steil, Tim (2000). Route 66. MBI Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7603-0747-2. Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0747-2","url_text":"978-0-7603-0747-2"}]},{"reference":"Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France. Univ of North Carolina Press. 2010. p. 360. ISBN 9780807895726. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X91l3wqJnikC&q=%22father+of+the+tail+fin%22&pg=PA179","url_text":"Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807895726","url_text":"9780807895726"}]},{"reference":"McCosh, Dan (2003-03-07). \"DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/07/travel/driving-most-cars-are-born-as-models-of-clay.html?src=pm","url_text":"\"DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay\""}]},{"reference":"\"This website is currently unavailable\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727070510/http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/","url_text":"\"This website is currently unavailable\""},{"url":"http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87\". Department of Engineering. 2009-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/news/father-modern-tunnelling-sir-alan-muir-wood-dies-87","url_text":"\"Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87\""}]},{"reference":"\"Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87\". New Civil Engineer. 2009-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/father-of-modern-tunnelling-sir-alan-muir-wood-dies-at-87-04-02-2009/","url_text":"\"Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Alan Muir Wood: the father of modern tunnelling\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sir-alan-muir-wood-the-father-of-modern-tunnelling-rlllmv3kqnb","url_text":"\"Sir Alan Muir Wood: the father of modern tunnelling\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Phelps Eno\". Eno Transportation Foundation. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.enotrans.com/WhoWeAre_EnoBio.htm","url_text":"\"William Phelps Eno\""}]},{"reference":"Keskin, Ali Ümit (2017-05-03). Electrical Circuits in Biomedical Engineering: Problems with Solutions. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-55101-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BlTJDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22father+of+the+trolleybus%22&pg=PA793","url_text":"Electrical Circuits in Biomedical Engineering: Problems with Solutions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-55101-2","url_text":"978-3-319-55101-2"}]},{"reference":"Gupta, S. V. (2009-11-03). Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-00738-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&dq=%22father+of+the+trolleybus%22&pg=PA149","url_text":"Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-00738-5","url_text":"978-3-642-00738-5"}]},{"reference":"\"BMW congratulates Paul Rosche: The \"father\" of the Formula One World Championship engine turns 80 today\". BMW Group. Retrieved 2016-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/pressDetail.html?title=bmw-congratulates-paul-rosche-the-father-of-the-formula-one-world-championship-engine-turns-80-today&outputChannelId=6&id=T0175547EN&left_menu_item=node__5249","url_text":"\"BMW congratulates Paul Rosche: The \"father\" of the Formula One World Championship engine turns 80 today\""}]},{"reference":"Aschwanden, Christie (2009-11-02). \"Bikes and cars: Can we share the road?\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2014-07-22. Forester is the father of the \"vehicular cycling\" movement -- a philosophy that views the bicycle as a form of transportation that belongs on the streets alongside cars.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Aschwanden","url_text":"Aschwanden, Christie"},{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-biking2-2009nov02,0,2055848.story","url_text":"\"Bikes and cars: Can we share the road?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121111004437/http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-biking2-2009nov02%2C0%2C668242%2Cfull.story","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Rollin J. (2002). The School As a Safe Haven. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-89789-900-0. The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uNbd6oIXm0MC&pg=PA30","url_text":"The School As a Safe Haven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-900-0","url_text":"978-0-89789-900-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+people+considered+father+or+mother+of+a+field%22","external_links_name":"\"List of people considered father or mother of a field\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+people+considered+father+or+mother+of+a+field%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+people+considered+father+or+mother+of+a+field%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+people+considered+father+or+mother+of+a+field%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+people+considered+father+or+mother+of+a+field%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+people+considered+father+or+mother+of+a+field%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/how-invention-begins-9780195341201","external_links_name":"How Invention Begins: Echoes of Old Voices in the Rise of New Machines"},{"Link":"http://eliteequestrian.us/first-rodeo-cowboy-in-canadas-sports-hall-of-fame/","external_links_name":"\"First Rodeo Cowboy in Canada's Sports Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"http://theminiaturespage.com/ref/minigide.html","external_links_name":"The Miniatures Page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080917213140/http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html","external_links_name":"\"Gary Gygax Interview - Part I\""},{"Link":"http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120712012022/http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/24175","external_links_name":"\"Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4\""},{"Link":"http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/24175","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070607125435/http://www.alanemrich.com/CSR_pages/CSRfoundingfather.htm","external_links_name":"\"Alanemrich.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.alanemrich.com/CSR_pages/CSRfoundingfather.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh8eKgAACAAJ&q=Lichello","external_links_name":"Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927050454/http://history1900s.about.com/cs/robertoppenheimer/p/oppenheimer.htm","external_links_name":"\"J Robert Oppenheimer Biography of Manhattan Project Director\""},{"Link":"http://history1900s.about.com/cs/robertoppenheimer/p/oppenheimer.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/heinz_guderian.htm","external_links_name":"\"Heinz Guderian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081012074616/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/st/~cshimp/guderian.htm","external_links_name":"\"General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg\""},{"Link":"http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/st/~cshimp/guderian.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151229021107/https://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/","external_links_name":"\"Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights\""},{"Link":"http://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Western_Front_Companion/J2LNDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22father+of+the+tank%22&pg=PT812&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Mark Adkin, The Western Front Companion · Pen & Sword Books - 2017"},{"Link":"http://www.neobuggy.net/2012/12/10/worlds-12-feature-whos-here/","external_links_name":"\"Worlds '12 Feature: Who's Here\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013005259/https://www.neobuggy.net/2014/08/13/behind-the-scenes-with-kyoshos-yuichi-kanai/","external_links_name":"\"Behind the Scenes with Kyosho's Yuichi Kanai\""},{"Link":"https://www.neobuggy.net/2014/08/13/behind-the-scenes-with-kyoshos-yuichi-kanai/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=2080","external_links_name":"Walter Camp"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050706074647/http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=163","external_links_name":"\"Motorcycle Hall of Fame: Edison Dye\""},{"Link":"http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=163","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090109231918/http://www.wheels.ca/newsFeatures/article/485678","external_links_name":"\"Wheels.ca - Final laps for some of racing's greats - Canada's Most Trusted Auto Resource\""},{"Link":"http://www.wheels.ca/newsFeatures/article/485678","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/21929/lot/341/","external_links_name":"\"Bonhams : The F.C. Deemer, Honeymoon Roadster, ex-Dick Teague and W.K. Haines1907 American Underslung 50hp Roadster Engine no. 1402\""},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/eticket/story?page=cosmos","external_links_name":"\"ESPN.com - E-Ticket: When Soccer Ruled The USA\""},{"Link":"http://www.iffhs.de/?29dad5a85ad4a91b972b9815e85fdcdc3bfcdc0aec28d6eda0a70c","external_links_name":"\"32\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130824020735/http://www.algodonwineestates.com/en_US/tourism/golf/proshop/_view/lang%3Den_US","external_links_name":"\"Pro Shop & Clubhouse\""},{"Link":"http://www.algodonwineestates.com/en_US/tourism/golf/proshop/_view/lang=en_US","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/1454352/Nazis-Argentine-village-hide-out-pulls-in-tourists.html","external_links_name":"\"Nazis' Argentine village hide-out pulls in tourists\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090521074341/http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html","external_links_name":"\"Soccer History\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060421220423/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/hofer_bios/Chadwick_Henry.htm","external_links_name":"\"Henry Chadwick \| National Baseball Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers%5Fand%5Fhonorees/hofer%5Fbios/chadwick%5Fhenry.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/9477"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/9477","external_links_name":"Spalding's Baseball Guide and Official League Book for 1889, ed. Henry Chadwick"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090521074341/http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html","external_links_name":"\"Soccer History\""},{"Link":"http://www.lacancha.com/jimmy2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140113205217/http://www.hoophall.com/hall-of-famers/tag/eb-henderson","external_links_name":"\"Edwin Bancroft Henderson\""},{"Link":"http://www.hoophall.com/hall-of-famers/tag/eb-henderson","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714131655/http://citracycling.multiply.com/journal/item/27","external_links_name":"\"Scot Breithaupt, Founding Father of BMX\""},{"Link":"http://citracycling.multiply.com/journal/item/27","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/oghmacreative/docs/saddlebag_winter_18_digital_final","external_links_name":"\"Saddlebag Dispatches—Autumn/Winter 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.mshf.com/hof/parks_wally.htm","external_links_name":"\"Parks, Wally - Drag Racing - 1993\""},{"Link":"http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091003/A_SPORTS/910030344#STS=g0jw5l2c.1e6j","external_links_name":"\"Drag racing legend back at Kingdon\""},{"Link":"http://www.motorsport.com/nhra/news/denver-eddie-hill-sunday-report/","external_links_name":"\"Denver Eddie Hill Sunday Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/the-history-of-drifting-ar111147.html","external_links_name":"\"The History of Drifting\""},{"Link":"http://boarding.com/skate/video/totalvid/2/7.html","external_links_name":"\"Skateboarding Video and Skateboarding Movies - Skate DVD and Skateboard Video Downloads\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090925012536/http://www.skaterlegends.com/skaters/bruce_walker.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bruce Walker - the Godfather of Florida Skateboarding\""},{"Link":"http://www.skaterlegends.com/skaters/bruce_walker.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231317/http://www.hull.co.uk/websitefiles/did%20you%20know.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Welcome - Bondholders - Marketing The Humber\""},{"Link":"http://www.hull.co.uk/websitefiles/Did%20You%20Know.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pinkbike.com/news/article1273.html","external_links_name":"\"Haro signs Cody Warren and Kyle Strait\""},{"Link":"http://www.23mag.com/com/haro/haro.htm","external_links_name":"\"* HARO BMX COMPANY @ 23MAG BMX\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110303025950/http://www.freestyle-motocross.co.uk/top3-freestyle-motocross-riders","external_links_name":"\"Top 3 Freestyle Motocross Riders\""},{"Link":"http://www.freestyle-motocross.co.uk/top3-freestyle-motocross-riders","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090924034053/http://www.mopar.com/life/legends/dicklandy.html","external_links_name":"\"Mopar - MoLIFE - Legends of Mopar\""},{"Link":"http://www.mopar.com/life/legends/dicklandy.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100130095505/http://turbohightechperformance.automotive.com/65970/turp-0311-battle-in-virginia-drag-race/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Battle in Virginia \| Honda Civic Enthusiast at Automotive.com\""},{"Link":"http://turbohightechperformance.automotive.com/65970/turp-0311-battle-in-virginia-drag-race/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/eng-players-in-it.html","external_links_name":"\"English Players in Italy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070921040533/http://www.rsssf.com/players/eng-players-in-it.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111103115610/http://www.target.com/William-Garbutt-Father-Italian-Football/dp/1899807829","external_links_name":"\"Target : Expect More. Pay Less\""},{"Link":"https://www.target.com/William-Garbutt-Father-Italian-Football/dp/1899807829","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130824110024/http://voices.yahoo.com/the-social-impact-japanese-baseball-13410.html?cat=9","external_links_name":"\"The Social Impact of Japanese Baseball\""},{"Link":"http://voices.yahoo.com/the-social-impact-japanese-baseball-13410.html?cat=9","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/travel/articles/2006/10/01/a_passion_for_the_sox_in_kyotos_fenway_park/?page=2","external_links_name":"\"A passion for the Sox in Kyoto's Fenway Park\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221151623/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fathers-and-mothers-of-invention-ultimate-victims-of-their-own-success-569681.html","external_links_name":"\"Fathers (and mothers) of invention: ultimate victims of their own success\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fathers-and-mothers-of-invention-ultimate-victims-of-their-own-success-569681.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vintagekarts.com/ingels.htm","external_links_name":"\"Art Ingels\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/08/david-rudisha-colm-oconnell-kenya","external_links_name":"\"Kenya's David Rudisha is favourite for 800m, thanks to an Irish Brother\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011926/http://www.stxlacrosse.com/theculture/history.cfm","external_links_name":"\"STX - Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.stxlacrosse.com/theculture/history.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020223060749/http://www.hickoksports.com/history/lacrosse.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Contact Support\""},{"Link":"http://www.hickoksports.com/history/lacrosse.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/history-lacrosse.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Rules of Lacrosse. History And Origins Of Lacrosse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070513180718/http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal Innovations in Arts, Science and Technology Handbook\""},{"Link":"https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/sports/2013/07/600_139580.html","external_links_name":"\"Moon Dai-won: father of Mexican taekwondo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724114744/http://www.toledonewsnow.com/story/26613349/on-this-day-in-history-september-24th-1935","external_links_name":"\"On this day in history - September 24th, 1935\""},{"Link":"http://www.toledonewsnow.com/story/26613349/on-this-day-in-history-september-24th-1935","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-07-04/news/8602170707_1_model-airplanes-mr-ott-joseph-ott","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Ott, Designer Of Model Planes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225402/http://www.musclepowershop.com/2009/04/eugene-sandow-father-of-bodybuilding.html","external_links_name":"\"MusclePowerShop: Eugene Sandow Father of Bodybuilding\""},{"Link":"http://www.musclepowershop.com/2009/04/eugene-sandow-father-of-bodybuilding.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081026121506/http://www.gov.ca.gov/press-release/2761/","external_links_name":"\"Governor Schwarzenegger Issues Statement on Death of Harold Zinkin, Father of Modern Bodybuilding - Press Release by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger\""},{"Link":"http://www.gov.ca.gov/press-release/2761/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120802191321/http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=4864&more=1","external_links_name":"\"James Figg: Father of Modern Boxing\""},{"Link":"http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=4864&more=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141110081656/http://icestagearchive.com/haines.html","external_links_name":"\"Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating\""},{"Link":"http://www.icestagearchive.com/haines.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120527165429/http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/the-football-professor-a-profile-of-dettmar-cramer","external_links_name":"\"The football professor: a profile of Dettmar Cramer\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/the-football-professor-a-profile-of-dettmar-cramer","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sbsun.com/general-news/20130722/cowboy-legend-earl-bascom-was-a-rodeo-pioneer-and-western-artist","external_links_name":"\"Cowboy legend Earl Bascom was a rodeo pioneer and Western artist\""},{"Link":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/478127-king-of-the-court-jack-kramer-the-father-of-modern-tennis","external_links_name":"\"King of the Court \"Jack\" Kramer: The Father of Modern Tennis\""},{"Link":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/754426-puroresu-why-i-believe-its-the-best-pro-wrestling-style-internationally","external_links_name":"\"Puroresu: Why I Believe It's the Best Pro-Wrestling Style Internationally\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/30/sport/lee-pearson-dressage-rio-2016-equestrian/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Lee Pearson: Out of two closets, into Paralympic glory\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160121143459/http://news.efra.ws/index.php?id=388&newsid=956&frompageid=354&start=0&p_f=25&e=0&c=0&s=0&y=2011-01-01","external_links_name":"\"Detail News\""},{"Link":"http://news.efra.ws/index.php?id=388&newsid=956&frompageid=354&start=0&p_f=25&e=0&c=0&s=0&y=2011-01-01","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170107004708/http://www.rccaraction.com/blog/2013/06/06/rc-car-action-honors-roger-curtis-with-rc-hall-of-fame-induction/","external_links_name":"\"RC Car Action honors Roger Curtis with RC Hall of Fame Induction\""},{"Link":"http://www.rccaraction.com/blog/2013/06/06/rc-car-action-honors-roger-curtis-with-rc-hall-of-fame-induction/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027082814/http://geocities.com/giorgio_santelli_csaba_elthes/Italo_Santelli.htm","external_links_name":"Santelli bio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211121953/http://www.surfingmuseum.org/collection/duke/duke.html","external_links_name":"\"Duke Kahanamoku--The Father of Surfing\""},{"Link":"http://www.surfingmuseum.org/collection/duke/duke.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aginfo.net/report/18045/Land-Livestock-Report/The-Father-of-Bareback-Riding","external_links_name":"\"The Father of Bareback Riding\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120520154640/http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2009/03/first-fa-cup-final-on-march-16-1872.html","external_links_name":"\"Blogger\""},{"Link":"http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2009/03/first-fa-cup-final-on-march-16-1872.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120404010404/http://www.divingalmanac.com/article.php?article_id=3053&PHPSESSID=c017e3b7c4eb770b978b9ff0900b5ba2","external_links_name":"\"Diving Almanac & Book of Records --> Hall of Fame for Divers with Disabilities\""},{"Link":"http://www.divingalmanac.com/article.php?article_id=3053&PHPSESSID=c017e3b7c4eb770b978b9ff0900b5ba2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201032059/http://www.kontinent.se/slideshow.php?story=70","external_links_name":"\"The Godfather of skateboarding\""},{"Link":"http://www.kontinent.se/slideshow.php?story=70","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.danshamptons.com/content/hamptonstyle/2008/july_11/11.html","external_links_name":"http://www.danshamptons.com/content/hamptonstyle/2008/july_11/11.html"},{"Link":"http://www.snookerclubs.com/history-of-snooker.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of Snooker including how snooker was invented, how snooker was named and how snooker has developed over the years\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110824012855/http://www.nestle.bg/news.details.asp?lang=1&nid=48&page=1","external_links_name":"\"NESCAFÉ 3in1 & Burton in an expectedly good snowboard combination\""},{"Link":"http://www.nestle.bg/news.details.asp?lang=1&nid=48&page=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121114043826/http://books.simonandschuster.com/Wildest-Ride/Joe-Menzer/9780743226257/excerpt_with_id/14145","external_links_name":"\"Books : The Wildest Ride : Excerpts\""},{"Link":"http://books.simonandschuster.com/Wildest-Ride/Joe-Menzer/9780743226257/excerpt_with_id/14145","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19920609&id=KFAeAAAAIBAJ&pg=1892,1191270","external_links_name":"\"Times Daily - Google News Archive Search\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527122954/http://www.drivingtoday.com/wcco/features/archive/thompson/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Driving Today: Who Killed Mickey Thompson?\""},{"Link":"http://www.drivingtoday.com/wcco/features/archive/thompson/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://snl.no/Sondre_Norheim","external_links_name":"\"Sondre Norheim\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110306140017/http://www.pgatour.com/2011/r/03/04/dolch-column-chirkinian/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Chirkinian's impact on televised golf can't be overstated\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/2011/r/03/04/dolch-column-chirkinian/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/sports/golf/06chirkinian.html","external_links_name":"\"Frank Chirkinian, the Father of Televised Golf, Dies at 84\""},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet","external_links_name":"\"Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/cayley.html","external_links_name":"\"The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Samuel_Slater_Father_of_American_Manufac/RlbcAAAAMAAJ?hl=en","external_links_name":"Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150502015240/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/massachusetts_conservation/frederick_law_olmsted.html","external_links_name":"\"Frederick Law Olmstead National Historic Site--Massachusetts Conservation: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/massachusetts_conservation/frederick_law_olmsted.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020618154124/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/tsivskiy.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tsiolkovskiy\""},{"Link":"http://astronautix.com/astros/tsivskiy.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020701161450/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/korolev.htm","external_links_name":"\"Korolev\""},{"Link":"http://www.astronautix.com/astros/korolev.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021108195321/http://astronautix.com/astros/goddard.htm","external_links_name":"\"Goddard\""},{"Link":"http://astronautix.com/astros/goddard.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020617053834/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/oberth.htm","external_links_name":"\"Oberth\""},{"Link":"http://astronautix.com/astros/oberth.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1910.htm","external_links_name":"Transcript"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...290.1555S","external_links_name":"2000Sci...290.1555S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.290.5496.1555","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.290.5496.1555"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11090349","external_links_name":"11090349"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005NatMa...4..180X","external_links_name":"2005NatMa...4..180X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmat1308","external_links_name":"10.1038/nmat1308"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15654345","external_links_name":"15654345"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25628241","external_links_name":"25628241"},{"Link":"http://www.watchtime.com/2010/03/the-man-behind-the-brand-george-graham/","external_links_name":"\"The Man Behind the Brand: George Graham\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091215042751/http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020948.html","external_links_name":"\"A brief history of clinical trials\""},{"Link":"http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020948.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/internationalbio00john","external_links_name":"International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers"},{"Link":"https://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=nlmfindaid;cc=nlmfindaid;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=beaumont131","external_links_name":"\"William Beaumont Papers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8","external_links_name":"Evolution: the history of an idea"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2014.0344","external_links_name":"10.1098/rstb.2014.0344"},{"Link":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/claude-e-shannon-founder/","external_links_name":"\"Claude E. Shannon: Founder of Information Theory\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6366-4_7","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-4020-6366-4_7"},{"Link":"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/smalley-bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Richard E. Smalley - Biographical\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FLTyvuWX6MMC&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FLTyvuWX6MMC&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V433uVHqzDcC&q=%22father+of+photography%22&pg=PA118","external_links_name":"Who's Who in Victorian Britain"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot","external_links_name":"Opium: A History"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/opiumhistory00boot/page/30","external_links_name":"30"},{"Link":"http://www.abebooks.com/9789048123452/9048123453/plp","external_links_name":"Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2"},{"Link":"http://www.abebooks.com/9781841623146/Bradt-Travel-Guide-Syria-Darke-1841623148/plp","external_links_name":"Syria, 2nd"},{"Link":"http://www.abebooks.com/9789048123452/9048123453/plp","external_links_name":"\"Al-Jazari\""},{"Link":"http://hopl.info/showperson.prx?peopleid=654&which=ByPerson","external_links_name":"Nathaniel Rochester, data from IEEE Transactions August 1964, Special Issure on Computer Languages"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XPQkgaAd-LQC&q=My+Big+Book+of+Computers+6&pg=PA102","external_links_name":"My Big Book of Computers 6"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000709152445/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html","external_links_name":"\"Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/3781481.stm","external_links_name":"'Father of the computer' honoured"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060828012547/http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html","external_links_name":"\"Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91\""},{"Link":"http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/Konrad_Zuse/Neumann_vs_Zuse.html","external_links_name":"Konrad Zuse's versus John von Neumann's Computer Concepts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071104145032/http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/Konrad_Zuse/Neumann_vs_Zuse.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/","external_links_name":"The Modern History of Computing"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130824135331/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/182.html","external_links_name":"\"Inventor Profile: John Mauchly\""},{"Link":"http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/182.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130805075654/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/181.html","external_links_name":"\"Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert\""},{"Link":"http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/181.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://tap.gallaudet.edu/emergency/nov05conference/Remarks/Goldberg.asp","external_links_name":"Making Televised Emergency Information Accessible"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090113081620/http://tap.gallaudet.edu/emergency/nov05conference/Remarks/Goldberg.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gcn.com/print/25_2/38005-1.html?topic=interview","external_links_name":"Interview with Vinton Cerf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070609092123/http://www.gcn.com/print/25_2/38005-1.html?topic=interview","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.theregister.com/2007/01/18/kahn_net_neutrality_warning/","external_links_name":"Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100924095721/http://ideafinder.com/history/inventions/internet.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973\""},{"Link":"http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/internet.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/what_is_logo/logo_and_learning.html","external_links_name":"\"Logo and Learning\""},{"Link":"http://www.rpi.edu/about/alumni/inductees/hoff.html","external_links_name":"\"RPI Alumni Hall of Fame: Marcian E. Hoff\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110203043622/http://inagaki.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/","external_links_name":"\"Kosaku Inagaki's Home Page\""},{"Link":"http://inagaki.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091231/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316","external_links_name":"\"Inductee Details - Paul Baran\""},{"Link":"http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091936/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328","external_links_name":"\"Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies\""},{"Link":"http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150530231409/http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/","external_links_name":"\"The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable\""},{"Link":"http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/Baran2002.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2002.1018006","external_links_name":"10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0163-6804","external_links_name":"0163-6804"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html","external_links_name":"\"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324033133/http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html","external_links_name":"\"The Evolution of Packet Switching\""},{"Link":"http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html","external_links_name":"\"The ARPANET & Computer Networks\""},{"Link":"http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/152.extract","external_links_name":"\"A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092936/http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Evolution of Packet Switching\""},{"Link":"http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA245","external_links_name":"The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution"},{"Link":"http://alexmckenzie.weebly.com/comments-on-kleinrocks-claims.html","external_links_name":"Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be \"the Father of Modern Data Networking\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211010001438/https://www.academia.edu/378261","external_links_name":"\"Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/378261","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/22/technology/l-birthing-the-internet-letters-from-the-delivery-room-disputing-a-claim-325210.html","external_links_name":"\"Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/08/technology/a-paternity-dispute-divides-net-pioneers.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers\""},{"Link":"http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/152.extract","external_links_name":"\"A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F44.3.152","external_links_name":"10.1093/comjnl/44.3.152"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/25/internet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history","external_links_name":"\"Internet pioneers airbrushed from history\""},{"Link":"http://www.magazine.uc.edu/1000/dham.htm","external_links_name":"The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham"},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/computer/1999/jan/30tf.htm","external_links_name":"Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay"},{"Link":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=216745","external_links_name":"Architecture of the Pentium microprocessor"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F40.216745","external_links_name":"10.1109/40.216745"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160127142536/http://www.commodore.ca/history/people/chuck_peddle/chuck_peddle.htm","external_links_name":"\"commodore.ca - History - Chuck Peddle Inventor of the Personal Computer\""},{"Link":"http://www.commodore.ca/history/people/chuck_peddle/chuck_peddle.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1997/09/6850","external_links_name":"A Talk with the Father of Computing"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100317012805/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1997/09/6850","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Infrastructure/The-Fathers-of-Computing/15/","external_links_name":"\"The Fathers of Computing\""},{"Link":"http://www.computerhope.com/history/internet.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of the Internet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110818052842/http://www.evancarmichael.com/Home-Based-Business/3010/History-of-the-Search-Engine--What-Came-Before-Google.html","external_links_name":"\"History of the Search Engine - What Came Before Google?\""},{"Link":"http://www.evancarmichael.com/Home-Based-Business/3010/History-of-the-Search-Engine--What-Came-Before-Google.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004047/http://www.idealliance.org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/03-01-01/03-01-01.html","external_links_name":"\"XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I\""},{"Link":"http://www.idealliance.org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/03-01-01/03-01-01.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dssresources.com/history/sshistory.html","external_links_name":"A Brief History of Spreadsheets"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050323231844/http://telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/01/28/nweb228.xml","external_links_name":"Three loud cheers for the father of the web"},{"Link":"http://www.cooper.com/alan/father_of_vb.html","external_links_name":"Why I am called \"the Father of Visual Basic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961101084552/http://www.cooper.com/alan/father_of_vb.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2000/02/xtech/bosak.html","external_links_name":"\"XML.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasm.si.edu/wrightbrothers/","external_links_name":"\"The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150813220152/http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/following/symposium/program/3/","external_links_name":"\"Following the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories Symposium Papers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619100928/http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/following/symposium/program/3/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/11/98/great_balloon_challenge/299568.stm","external_links_name":"\"Flying through the ages\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141021044458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/11/98/great_balloon_challenge/299568.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120709075915/http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa081797.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning\""},{"Link":"http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa081797.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Volta%27s_Electrical_Battery_Invention,_1799","external_links_name":"\"Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160121143459/http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133","external_links_name":"\"thetimetv.com - Brawn GP Announces New Team Partnership with Graham-London\""},{"Link":"http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/gorskii.html","external_links_name":"\"Photographer to the Tsar - The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Exhibitions - Library of Congress\""},{"Link":"http://www.surroundmusic.net/articles/dvdbesound.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.surroundmusic.net/articles/dvdbesound.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/22/caspian_sea_monster/","external_links_name":"\"In search of the Caspian Sea Monster\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/gun-designer-john-browning-is-born","external_links_name":"\"Gun designer John Browning is born - Jan 21, 1855\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151224201840/http://www.craftsmanshipmuseum.com/Arden.htm","external_links_name":"\"Model Engine Builders—Ray Arden\""},{"Link":"http://www.craftsmanshipmuseum.com/arden.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120713195052/http://inventors.about.com/od/hstartinventions/a/helicopter.htm","external_links_name":"Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the \"father\" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091228051002/http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html","external_links_name":"\"News Vault: The Father of Instant Noodles\""},{"Link":"http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160101180643/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/","external_links_name":"\"Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6D61231F936A15754C0A966958260","external_links_name":"\"Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/coventry_warwickshire/4362374.stm","external_links_name":"\"Sculpture to jet engine inventor\""},{"Link":"http://www.thaitechnics.com/engine/engine_intro.html","external_links_name":"\"AIRCRAFT ENGINE\""},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/425933/Hans-Joachim-Pabst-von-Ohain","external_links_name":"\"Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain - German designer\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/10/world/frank-whittle-89-dies-his-jet-engine-propelled-progress.html","external_links_name":"\"Frank Whittle, 89, Dies; His Jet Engine Propelled Progress\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106074449/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234142.html","external_links_name":"\"In Missing a Beat, Father of Karaoke Lost Out on Fortune\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234142.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022211857/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"John Harrison (1693-1776)\""},{"Link":"http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/8639590.stm","external_links_name":"\"Meet the man who invented the mobile phone\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/atomic_structure/periodictablerev1.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Mendeleev's periodic table\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/taketodayexecuti00mars","external_links_name":"Take Today; the Executive as Dropout"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nID6mwAvEiwC&q=fessenden+%22father+of%22","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151220182902/https://www.modelaircraft.org/files/BeardPaul.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Untitled Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.modelaircraft.org/files/BeardPaul.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780596009625","external_links_name":"Asterisk: The Future of Telephony"},{"Link":"https://www.ed.nl/de-peel/terugspoelen-naar-de-begindagen-van-de-televisie-in-neerkant~aa47c35c/","external_links_name":"\"Terugspoelen naar de begindagen van de televisie in Neerkant\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070713085015/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm","external_links_name":"\"Philo Farnsworth\""},{"Link":"http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Vladimir_Zworykin","external_links_name":"\"Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network\""},{"Link":"http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/Z/htmlZ/zworykinvla/zworykinvla.htm","external_links_name":"\"Zworykin at Museum.TV\""},{"Link":"http://www.sydenham.org.uk/john_logie_baird.html","external_links_name":"\"John Logie Baird: TV Inventor\""},{"Link":"http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html","external_links_name":"\"The World's First High Definition Color Television System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190803104047/https://www.dpma.de/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/meilensteine/tempo90/nipkow/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Nipkow-Scheibe\""},{"Link":"https://www.dpma.de/dpma/veroeffentlichungen/meilensteine/tempo90/nipkow/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/carl-benz-know-all-about-the-man-regarded-as-father-of-automobile-industry-162969","external_links_name":"\"Carl Benz: Know all about the man regarded as 'father of automobile industry'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082130/https://www.dpma.de/service/klassifikationen/ipc/ipcprojekt/einekurzegeschichtedesautomobils/geburtstagdesautos/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Der Streit um den \"Geburtstag\" des modernen Automobils\""},{"Link":"https://www.dpma.de/service/klassifikationen/ipc/ipcprojekt/einekurzegeschichtedesautomobils/geburtstagdesautos/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101215175919/http://trendsupdates.com/henry-ford-father-of-20th-century-american-industry/","external_links_name":"\"Henry Ford: Father of 20th century American industry\""},{"Link":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/faq.htm","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723093717/http://armenianarts.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Armenian-Arts-January-2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Oscar H. Banker Asadour Sarafian\""},{"Link":"http://armenianarts.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Armenian-Arts-January-2012.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Starley","external_links_name":"\"James Starley \| British inventor \| Britannica\""},{"Link":"http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/about/press/kits/erie-canal-exhibition","external_links_name":"\"Enterprising Waters: New York's Erie Canal Press Kit \| The New York State Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/electrical-engineering-biographies/frank-j-sprague","external_links_name":"\"Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with Sprague Electric plates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130507222300/http://www.binghamton.edu/watson/professional-development/programs/flight-simulation/","external_links_name":"\"Binghamton University - Flight and Ground Vehicle Simulation Update at Binghamton University\""},{"Link":"http://www.binghamton.edu/watson/professional-development/programs/flight-simulation/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bikemagic.com/news/jon-whyte-leaves-atb-sales.html","external_links_name":"\"Jon Whyte leaves ATB Sales - Bike Magic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014439/http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0106vwt_people/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Who's Who of Volkswagen\""},{"Link":"http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0106vwt_people/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2008/02/01/hmn_feature17.html","external_links_name":"\"Ed Winfield\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090603104831/http://www.versusmotorsport.com/about_us.php","external_links_name":"\"About Us : Versus Motorsport Store\""},{"Link":"http://www.versusmotorsport.com/about_us.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hotrod.com/eventcoverage/kustom_kulture_tribute/index.html","external_links_name":"\"A Tribute to a Founding Father of Kustom Kulture\""},{"Link":"https://sites.tufts.edu/eeseniordesignhandbook/2015/maglev-magnetic-levitating-trains/","external_links_name":"\"Maglev: Magnetic Levitating Trains \| Electrical and Computer Engineering Design Handbook\""},{"Link":"https://illumin.usc.edu/maglevs-the-future-of-flying-trains/","external_links_name":"\"Maglevs: The Future of Flying Trains – USC Viterbi School of Engineering\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928000224/http://cem.colorado.edu/archives/fl1997/thor.html","external_links_name":"\"CEM - Fall/Winter 1997 Issue - Germany's Transrapid\""},{"Link":"http://cem.colorado.edu/archives/fl1997/thor.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://mthof.angelfire.com/CLASS2008.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081223160833/http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP-7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0","external_links_name":"\"Gary Fisher's busy day\""},{"Link":"http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP-7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1872/11/21/archives/george-stephenson-the-father-of-railways.html","external_links_name":"\"George Stephenson, the Father of Railways\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130128082819/http://www.marlincrawler.com/about#passion","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"http://www.marlincrawler.com/about#passion","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031012203809/http://irishcar.com/wankelge.htm","external_links_name":"\"Irishcar.com - Mazda and the Wankel Engine\""},{"Link":"http://irishcar.com/wankelge.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101023180558/http://www.rotorhead.ca/articles/2002/12/22/felix-wankel-bio/","external_links_name":"\"We wouldn't be here if it weren't for Felix \| Rotorhead\""},{"Link":"http://www.rotorhead.ca/articles/2002/12/22/felix-wankel-bio/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X91l3wqJnikC&q=%22father+of+the+tail+fin%22&pg=PA179","external_links_name":"Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/07/travel/driving-most-cars-are-born-as-models-of-clay.html?src=pm","external_links_name":"\"DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727070510/http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/","external_links_name":"\"This website is currently unavailable\""},{"Link":"http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/news/father-modern-tunnelling-sir-alan-muir-wood-dies-87","external_links_name":"\"Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87\""},{"Link":"https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/father-of-modern-tunnelling-sir-alan-muir-wood-dies-at-87-04-02-2009/","external_links_name":"\"Father of modern tunnelling Sir Alan Muir Wood dies at 87\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sir-alan-muir-wood-the-father-of-modern-tunnelling-rlllmv3kqnb","external_links_name":"\"Sir Alan Muir Wood: the father of modern tunnelling\""},{"Link":"http://www.enotrans.com/WhoWeAre_EnoBio.htm","external_links_name":"\"William Phelps Eno\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BlTJDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22father+of+the+trolleybus%22&pg=PA793","external_links_name":"Electrical Circuits in Biomedical Engineering: Problems with Solutions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&dq=%22father+of+the+trolleybus%22&pg=PA149","external_links_name":"Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units"},{"Link":"https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/pressDetail.html?title=bmw-congratulates-paul-rosche-the-father-of-the-formula-one-world-championship-engine-turns-80-today&outputChannelId=6&id=T0175547EN&left_menu_item=node__5249","external_links_name":"\"BMW congratulates Paul Rosche: The \"father\" of the Formula One World Championship engine turns 80 today\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-biking2-2009nov02,0,2055848.story","external_links_name":"\"Bikes and cars: Can we share the road?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121111004437/http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-biking2-2009nov02%2C0%2C668242%2Cfull.story","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uNbd6oIXm0MC&pg=PA30","external_links_name":"The School As a Safe Haven"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrente%E2%80%93Galician_Democratic_Left	Abrente–Galician Democratic Left	["1 References","2 External links"]	Political party in Spain Abrente–Galician Democratic Left Abrente–Esquerda Democrática GalegaLeaderCarlos AymerichFounded2012 (2012)IdeologyGalician nationalismSocial democracyPolitical positionCentre-left to Left-wingNational affiliationBNGTrade union affiliationConfederación Intersindical GalegaWebsiteabrente-edg.orgPolitics of GaliciaPolitical parties Abrente–Galician Democratic Left (Abrente, Abrente–Esquerda Democrática Galega in Galician language) is a Galician political party formed in June 2012 as an internal current of the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) with a Galician nationalist and social democratic ideology. Its executive secretary is Carlos Aymerica. Among the members of this movement are former members of the Socialist Collective, Galician Unity and Inzar; as Ana Luisa Bouza, Camilo Nogueira, Xesús Veiga Buxán and the BNG mayors of municipalities like Bueu, Tomiño or Rianxo. Abrente is generally considered the more moderate BNG sector, both in national and social issues. In the European elections of 2014 Abrente supported the option of a joint list with Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood and Compromiso por Galicia. Finally, only 5.8% of the BNG members supported the proposal of the common Galician nationalist candidacy, compared with the 85.4% who voted to concur with EH Bildu and 8.4% who voted in favor of a coalition with ERC. References ^ Confidencial, Galicia (20 April 2021). "Abrente ou Nós-UP, o dilema da UPG". Galicia Confidencial (in Galician). Retrieved 20 April 2021. ^ Confidencial, Galicia (20 April 2021). "Abrente aposta por cambios de discurso no BNG". Galicia Confidencial (in Galician). Retrieved 20 April 2021. ^ "Aymerich emula el pasado y crea una alternativa para luchar contra la UPG". abc. 1 June 2012. ^ Abrente means dawn or sunrise in Galician language. ^ a b "Abrente constitúese como corrente no BNG para achegar "outro xeito de entender o nacionalismo" - Política - Sermos Galiza - A Información precisa". Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-11. ^ "GC : Política : Abrente aplaude o diálogo de Vence con CXG e Anova". Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014. ^ "Abrente ou Nós-UP, o dilema da UPG". Galicia Confidencial. ^ "GC : Política : A posición da UPG de ir con EH-Bildu arrasa no BNG". Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014. External links Abrente official website Abrente official Facebook vteGalician nationalismPolitical partiesCurrent Bloque Nacionalista Galego (Unión do Povo Galego, Galician Movement for Socialism, Abrente-EDG and Galician Workers Front) Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood (Galician People's Front and Encontro Irmandiño) En Marea (Cerna) Commitment to Galicia (Máis Galiza, PNG-PG, Acción Galega, Partido Galeguista Demócrata) Converxencia XXI Terra Galega Agora Galiza (Primeira Linha) Land Party New Galician Left Espazo Ecosocialista Galego Causa Galiza Galician Convergence Communist Party of the Galician People Until 1950 Galicianist Party Irmandades da Fala Galician Socialist Union Dereita Galeguista Autonomous Galician Republican Organization Republican Nationalist Party of Ourense CRAG Galician Nationalist Vanguard Galician League (A Coruña) Galician League (Santiago de Compostela) Galician Solidarity Galician Regionalist Association Acción Gallega Xeración Nós Since 1950 BN-PG AN-PG PSG-EG Galician Left Galician Coalition PSG Galician Unity Galician Socialist Space Galicianist Party (1978) Partido Galeguista (Nationalist) Galician People's Party Galician Workers' Party Galician Unity (1991) Galiza Ceibe-OLN Assembleia do Povo Unido Galician Party of the Proletariat UPG-lp Galician People's Assembly PGSD PCLN Inzar Galicia Socialista Nationalist Left Galician Socialist Space Galician Nationalist Convergence Socialist Collective Communist Movement of Galicia Movemento pola Base Nós-Unidade Popular UnionsCurrent CIG CUT SLG-CCLL FRUGA STEG Former INTG CXTG CTC ING SOG Armed organizations Resistência Galega Exército Guerrilheiro do Povo Galego Ceive Liga Armada Galega Loita Armada Revolucionaria Student and youth groupsCurrent Galiza Nova (Union of the Galician Youth) Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza Isca! Xeira BRIGA MNG Terra Former ERGA Galician Student League Comités AGIR AMI Federación de Mocedades Galeguistas FER Independentist Students Adiante-Galician Revolutionary Youth MEU AEGA CAE CAF Nationalist Left – Youth Galician Socialist Youth Mocidades Galeguistas Federación de Mocedades Galeguistas Social movements and other organizations Nunca Máis Galician Association of Language Queremos Galego A Mesa pola Normalización Lingüística ADEGA Galician Ecologist Federation Verdegaia Reintegrationism Fala Ceibe Galiza non se vende Siareiras Galegas Movimento Defesa da Língua Galiza for Palestine Mar de Lumes AGARB-Bolivariana JUGA Ceivar-OPAR Que voltem à casa CAR Ultreya	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Galician language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiza"},{"link_name":"Galician Nationalist Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Galician nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_nationalism"},{"link_name":"social democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"Carlos Aymerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Aymerica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dupeRefA-5"},{"link_name":"Socialist Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Collective"},{"link_name":"Galician Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_Unity"},{"link_name":"Inzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzar"},{"link_name":"Ana Luisa Bouza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ana_Luisa_Bouza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camilo Nogueira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Nogueira"},{"link_name":"Xesús Veiga Buxán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xes%C3%BAs_Veiga_Bux%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Bueu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bueu"},{"link_name":"Tomiño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomi%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Rianxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rianxo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dupeRefA-5"},{"link_name":"BNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc"},{"link_name":"national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_liberation"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"European elections of 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anova-Nationalist_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Compromiso por Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromiso_por_Galicia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"BNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Galician nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_nationalism"},{"link_name":"EH Bildu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EH_Bildu"},{"link_name":"ERC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Political party in SpainAbrente[4]–Galician Democratic Left (Abrente, Abrente–Esquerda Democrática Galega in Galician language) is a Galician political party formed in June 2012 as an internal current of the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) with a Galician nationalist and social democratic ideology.Its executive secretary is Carlos Aymerica.[5] Among the members of this movement are former members of the Socialist Collective, Galician Unity and Inzar; as Ana Luisa Bouza, Camilo Nogueira, Xesús Veiga Buxán and the BNG mayors of municipalities like Bueu, Tomiño or Rianxo.[5]Abrente is generally considered the more moderate BNG sector, both in national and social issues. In the European elections of 2014 Abrente supported the option of a joint list with Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood and Compromiso por Galicia.[6][7] Finally, only 5.8% of the BNG members supported the proposal of the common Galician nationalist candidacy, compared with the 85.4% who voted to concur with EH Bildu and 8.4% who voted in favor of a coalition with ERC.[8]","title":"Abrente–Galician Democratic Left"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Confidencial, Galicia (20 April 2021). \"Abrente ou Nós-UP, o dilema da UPG\". Galicia Confidencial (in Galician). Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/noticia/13278-abrente-ou-up-dilema-upg","url_text":"\"Abrente ou Nós-UP, o dilema da UPG\""}]},{"reference":"Confidencial, Galicia (20 April 2021). \"Abrente aposta por cambios de discurso no BNG\". Galicia Confidencial (in Galician). Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/noticia/11975-abrente-aposta-cambios-discurso-bng","url_text":"\"Abrente aposta por cambios de discurso no BNG\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aymerich emula el pasado y crea una alternativa para luchar contra la UPG\". abc. 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.es/espana/galicia/abcp-aymerich-emula-pasado-crea-201206010000_noticia.html","url_text":"\"Aymerich emula el pasado y crea una alternativa para luchar contra la UPG\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abrente constitúese como corrente no BNG para achegar \"outro xeito de entender o nacionalismo\" - Política - Sermos Galiza - A Información precisa\". Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027150922/http://www.sermosgaliza.gal/artigo/politica/abrente-constituese-como-corrente-no-bng-para-achegar-outro-xeito-de-entender-o-nacionalismo/20120609205121002173.html","url_text":"\"Abrente constitúese como corrente no BNG para achegar \"outro xeito de entender o nacionalismo\" - Política - Sermos Galiza - A Información precisa\""},{"url":"http://www.sermosgaliza.gal/artigo/politica/abrente-constituese-como-corrente-no-bng-para-achegar-outro-xeito-de-entender-o-nacionalismo/20120609205121002173.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GC : Política : Abrente aplaude o diálogo de Vence con CXG e Anova\". Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016073615/http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/nova/14239.html","url_text":"\"GC : Política : Abrente aplaude o diálogo de Vence con CXG e Anova\""},{"url":"http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/nova/14239.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Abrente ou Nós-UP, o dilema da UPG\". Galicia Confidencial.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/noticia/13278-abrente-ou-up-dilema-upg","url_text":"\"Abrente ou Nós-UP, o dilema da UPG\""}]},{"reference":"\"GC : Política : A posición da UPG de ir con EH-Bildu arrasa no BNG\". Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016073610/http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/nova/17842.html","url_text":"\"GC : Política : A posición da UPG de ir con EH-Bildu arrasa no BNG\""},{"url":"http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/nova/17842.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.abrente-edg.org/","external_links_name":"abrente-edg.org"},{"Link":"http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/noticia/13278-abrente-ou-up-dilema-upg","external_links_name":"\"Abrente ou Nós-UP, o dilema da UPG\""},{"Link":"http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/noticia/11975-abrente-aposta-cambios-discurso-bng","external_links_name":"\"Abrente aposta por cambios de discurso no BNG\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.es/espana/galicia/abcp-aymerich-emula-pasado-crea-201206010000_noticia.html","external_links_name":"\"Aymerich emula el pasado y crea una alternativa para luchar contra la UPG\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027150922/http://www.sermosgaliza.gal/artigo/politica/abrente-constituese-como-corrente-no-bng-para-achegar-outro-xeito-de-entender-o-nacionalismo/20120609205121002173.html","external_links_name":"\"Abrente constitúese como corrente no BNG para achegar \"outro xeito de entender o nacionalismo\" - Política - Sermos Galiza - A Información precisa\""},{"Link":"http://www.sermosgaliza.gal/artigo/politica/abrente-constituese-como-corrente-no-bng-para-achegar-outro-xeito-de-entender-o-nacionalismo/20120609205121002173.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016073615/http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/nova/14239.html","external_links_name":"\"GC : Política : Abrente aplaude o diálogo de Vence con CXG e Anova\""},{"Link":"http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/nova/14239.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/noticia/13278-abrente-ou-up-dilema-upg","external_links_name":"\"Abrente ou Nós-UP, o dilema da UPG\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016073610/http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/nova/17842.html","external_links_name":"\"GC : Política : A posición da UPG de ir con EH-Bildu arrasa no BNG\""},{"Link":"http://www.galiciaconfidencial.com/nova/17842.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141216182234/http://abrente-edg.org/","external_links_name":"Abrente official website"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Abrente-Esquerda-Democr%C3%A1tica-Galega/381487838637405","external_links_name":"Abrente official Facebook"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Side_of_the_Water	One Side of the Water	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 Reception","5 References"]	Taiwanese TV series or program One Side of the WaterVietnamese video cover artAlso known asThe Unforgettable CharacterSimplified Chinese在水一方Hanyu PinyinZài Shuǐ Yī Fāng Developed byTsou Mien-wenScreenplay byLin Chiu-yuStory byChiung YaoDirected byLiu Li-liStarringChin HanLeanne LiuLin Tzay-peirChao Yung-hsinHsu Kuei-yingLee Tien-chuOpening theme"Yiran Zai Shui Yi Fang" (依然在水一方) performed by Chiang Shu-naEnding theme"Yi Ren Zai Shui Yi Fang" (伊人在水一方) performed by Hung Jung-hungCountry of originTaiwanOriginal languagesMandarinsome Taiwanese HokkienNo. of episodes40ProductionExecutive producersHuang Pao-chungChen Chung-weiProducerPing Hsin-taoCinematographyHu Hai-shanEditorTseng Jung-linRunning time45 minutesProduction companiesYi Ren Communications Ltd.Crown MagazineOriginal releaseNetworkChinese Television SystemReleaseJanuary 11 (1988-01-11) –March 29, 1988 (1988-03-29) One Side of the Water is a 1988 Taiwanese television drama series produced by Ping Hsin-tao, based on the 1975 film The Unforgettable Character and its associated 1976 novel, both written by his wife Chiung Yao. The series stars Chiung Yao regulars Chin Han (who portrayed a different character in the 1975 film) and Leanne Liu in the leading roles. Plot The story is set in the 1980s, instead of the 1970s as in The Unforgettable Character. When Chu Chih-keng brings orphaned girl Tu Hsiao-shuang to his family, everyone welcomes her with open arms—except Chu Chih-keng's wife Lee Hsin-pei, since only she knows that Chu Chih-keng has loved Tu Hsiao-shuang's late mother Kao Hsu-pai. Chu Chih-keng's son Chu Shih-yao takes an immediate interest in the hard-working, forbearing and considerate Tu Hsiao-shuang, and Tu Hsiao-shuang also develops feelings for him. The problem is Chu Shih-yao is too hesitant to break up with the sweet Tso Chiao-jou who is crazy about him. In fact Chu Shih-yao has never loved Tso Chiao-jou romantically, rather he treats her like a younger sister, because the Chus and Tsos have been close for several decades. He and Tso Chiao-jou are involved in an accident: he becomes crippled for life while she suffers a major head injury. Meanwhile, Lee Hsin-pei blames everything on Tu Hsiao-shuang and drives her out. Given Tso Chiao-jou's severe injury, Tu Hsiao-shuang and Chu Shih-yao both realize their romance is forbidden, so Tu Hsiao-shuang marries the aspiring writer Lu Yu-wen while Chu Shih-yao marries the aphasic Tso Chiao-jou. Despite their bet efforts, their marriages prove much more difficult than they have ever imagined. Chu Shih-yao's marriage falls apart when Tso Chiao-jou realizes that he still loves Tu Hsiao-shuang, while Lu Yu-wen's immaturity, tantrums, and gambling habits also destroy his union with Tu Hsiao-shuang. Cast Leanne Liu as Tu Hsiao-shuang, the female protagonist Chu family Jin Chao-chun as Chu Chih-keng, the breadwinner of the family Tang Chi as Chu Chih-keng's mother Lee Lee-fong as Lee Hsin-pei, Chu Chih-keng's wife Chin Han as Chu Shih-yao, Chu Chih-keng's oldest child Liu Fang-ying as Chu Shih-ching, Chu Chih-keng's second child Chao Yung-hsin as Chu Shih-hui, Chu Chih-keng's youngest child Tso family Fan Hung-hsuan as Tso Ssu-hsien, the breadwinner of the family Ma Hui-chen as Lin Ya-hung, Tso Ssu-hsien's wife Lee Tien-chu as Tso Yu-nung, Tso Ssu-hsien's oldest child Hsu Kuei-ying as Tso Chiao-jou, Tso Ssu-hsien's second child Lee Kuo-chao as Tso Chao-nan, Tso Ssu-hsien's youngest child Others Ku Yin as Kao Hsu-pai, Tu Hsiao-shuang's mother Liang Fu-lung as Lee Chien, Chu Shih-ching's boyfriend Lin Tzay-peir as Lu Yu-wen, Tso Yu-nung's pal Hsu Nai-lin as Lei Hsing-chien, Tso Chiao-jou's speech therapist Tsou Lin-lin as Yang Man-ling, a girl who befriends Tso Chao-nan Lee Yu-lin as Liao Chi-feng, Lu Yu-wen's former roommate Tu Ching-yi as Pin-pin, Tu Hsiao-shuang's daughter (last 2 episodes) Lee Pi-hua as herself (singer) Soundtrack # Title Singer Lyricist Composer Notes 1 "Yiran Zai Shui Yi Fang" (依然在水一方)(translation: Still On One Side of the Water) Chiang Shu-na Chiung Yao Shih Chun-peng Opening song 2 "Yi Ren Zai Shui Yi Fang" (伊人在水一方)(translation: The Lover Is on One Side of the Water) Hung Jung-hung Liu Chia-chang Ending song 3 "Zai Shui Yi Fang" (在水一方)(translation: On One Side of the Water) Lee Pi-hua Lin Chia-ching 4 "Liu Meng Ci" (留夢詞)(translation: Words to Retain a Dream) Chen Hsin-yi 5 "Ai de Bei Ge" (愛的悲歌)(translation: Sad Song of Love) Chen Yang 6 "Ni Wo de Jiaoyin" (你我的腳印)(translation: Footprints of You and Me) Chiang Shu-na Yu Chung-min insert song Lee Pi-hua actually appears as herself in episodes 19–21 singing Track 3, which was the theme song of The Unforgettable Character (in the film it was sung by Chiang Lei and Frankie Kao respectively). Reception The drama's ratings were not as good as expected, in part because of Chiang Ching-kuo's sudden death in January 1988. References ^ (in Chinese) 源流雜誌, Issues 15-16, 源流雜誌社, 1990. vteAdaptations of works by Chiung YaoWan-chun's Three Loves Four Loves (1965) Wan-chun (1990) Ya Qi The Silent Wife (1965) Mute Wife (1990) Fire and Rain The Rain of Sorrow (1965) Lovers Under the Rain (1986) Romance in the Rain (2001) Ting Yuan Shen Shen You Can't Tell Him (1971) Deep Garden (1987) Zai Shui Yi Fang The Unforgettable Character (1975) One Side of the Water (1988) Huan Zhu Ge Ge (characters) My Fair Princess (1998–99) My Fair Princess III (2003) New My Fair Princess (2011) Other works Outside the Window (1973) The Young Ones (1973) The Wild Goose on the Wing (1979) My Cape of Many Dreams (1981) Green Green Grass By The River (1992) Flowers in Fog (2013) Dreams Link (2007)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ping Hsin-tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_Hsin-tao"},{"link_name":"The Unforgettable Character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unforgettable_Character"},{"link_name":"Chiung Yao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiung_Yao"},{"link_name":"Chin Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Han_(actor,_born_1946)"},{"link_name":"Leanne Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanne_Liu"}],"text":"One Side of the Water is a 1988 Taiwanese television drama series produced by Ping Hsin-tao, based on the 1975 film The Unforgettable Character and its associated 1976 novel, both written by his wife Chiung Yao. The series stars Chiung Yao regulars Chin Han (who portrayed a different character in the 1975 film) and Leanne Liu in the leading roles.","title":"One Side of the Water"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Unforgettable Character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unforgettable_Character"},{"link_name":"aphasic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia"}],"text":"The story is set in the 1980s, instead of the 1970s as in The Unforgettable Character. When Chu Chih-keng brings orphaned girl Tu Hsiao-shuang to his family, everyone welcomes her with open arms—except Chu Chih-keng's wife Lee Hsin-pei, since only she knows that Chu Chih-keng has loved Tu Hsiao-shuang's late mother Kao Hsu-pai. Chu Chih-keng's son Chu Shih-yao takes an immediate interest in the hard-working, forbearing and considerate Tu Hsiao-shuang, and Tu Hsiao-shuang also develops feelings for him. The problem is Chu Shih-yao is too hesitant to break up with the sweet Tso Chiao-jou who is crazy about him. In fact Chu Shih-yao has never loved Tso Chiao-jou romantically, rather he treats her like a younger sister, because the Chus and Tsos have been close for several decades. He and Tso Chiao-jou are involved in an accident: he becomes crippled for life while she suffers a major head injury. Meanwhile, Lee Hsin-pei blames everything on Tu Hsiao-shuang and drives her out.Given Tso Chiao-jou's severe injury, Tu Hsiao-shuang and Chu Shih-yao both realize their romance is forbidden, so Tu Hsiao-shuang marries the aspiring writer Lu Yu-wen while Chu Shih-yao marries the aphasic Tso Chiao-jou. Despite their bet efforts, their marriages prove much more difficult than they have ever imagined. Chu Shih-yao's marriage falls apart when Tso Chiao-jou realizes that he still loves Tu Hsiao-shuang, while Lu Yu-wen's immaturity, tantrums, and gambling habits also destroy his union with Tu Hsiao-shuang.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leanne Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanne_Liu"},{"link_name":"Jin Chao-chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Chao-chun"},{"link_name":"Chin Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Han_(actor,_born_1946)"},{"link_name":"Fan Hung-hsuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Hung-hsuan"},{"link_name":"Lee Tien-chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tien-chu"},{"link_name":"Lin Tzay-peir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Tzay-peir"},{"link_name":"Hsu Nai-lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsu_Nai-lin"}],"text":"Leanne Liu as Tu Hsiao-shuang, the female protagonistChu familyJin Chao-chun as Chu Chih-keng, the breadwinner of the family\nTang Chi as Chu Chih-keng's mother\nLee Lee-fong as Lee Hsin-pei, Chu Chih-keng's wife\nChin Han as Chu Shih-yao, Chu Chih-keng's oldest child\nLiu Fang-ying as Chu Shih-ching, Chu Chih-keng's second child\nChao Yung-hsin as Chu Shih-hui, Chu Chih-keng's youngest childTso familyFan Hung-hsuan as Tso Ssu-hsien, the breadwinner of the family\nMa Hui-chen as Lin Ya-hung, Tso Ssu-hsien's wife\nLee Tien-chu as Tso Yu-nung, Tso Ssu-hsien's oldest child\nHsu Kuei-ying as Tso Chiao-jou, Tso Ssu-hsien's second child\nLee Kuo-chao as Tso Chao-nan, Tso Ssu-hsien's youngest childOthersKu Yin as Kao Hsu-pai, Tu Hsiao-shuang's mother\nLiang Fu-lung as Lee Chien, Chu Shih-ching's boyfriend\nLin Tzay-peir as Lu Yu-wen, Tso Yu-nung's pal\nHsu Nai-lin as Lei Hsing-chien, Tso Chiao-jou's speech therapist\nTsou Lin-lin as Yang Man-ling, a girl who befriends Tso Chao-nan\nLee Yu-lin as Liao Chi-feng, Lu Yu-wen's former roommate\nTu Ching-yi as Pin-pin, Tu Hsiao-shuang's daughter (last 2 episodes)\nLee Pi-hua as herself (singer)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Unforgettable Character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unforgettable_Character"},{"link_name":"Frankie Kao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Kao"}],"text":"Lee Pi-hua actually appears as herself in episodes 19–21 singing Track 3, which was the theme song of The Unforgettable Character (in the film it was sung by Chiang Lei and Frankie Kao respectively).","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chiang Ching-kuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The drama's ratings were not as good as expected, in part because of Chiang Ching-kuo's sudden death in January 1988.[1]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Kirkpatrick	Helen Kirkpatrick	["1 Early life and career pre-World War II","2 Second World War","3 Post-war career","4 Personal life and death","5 Honors","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Sources"]	American war correspondent (1909–1997) Helen KirkpatrickKirkpatrick in 1944BornOctober 18, 1909 (1909-10-18)Rochester, New York, U.S.DiedDecember 29, 1997 (1997-12-30) (aged 88)Williamsburg, Virginia, U.S.Alma materSmith CollegeOccupationJournalistSpouses Victor H. Polacheck Jr. (m. 1934⁠–⁠1936) Robbins Milbank (m. 1954⁠–⁠1985) Helen Kirkpatrick (October 18, 1909 – December 29, 1997) was an American war correspondent during the Second World War. Early life and career pre-World War II Born in Rochester, New York, she graduated from The Masters School in Dobbs Ferry, New York and Smith College in 1931 and also obtained a degree in International Law from the University of Geneva and the Graduate Institute of International Studies. Returning to New York she worked at Macy's where she met her first husband, Victor H. Polacheck, Jr. In 1935 she returned to Europe working as a reporter for New York Herald Tribune in France; and after moving to the United Kingdom in 1937, worked as a freelance reporter for a number of newspapers including The Manchester Guardian, The Daily Telegraph as well as the New York Herald Tribune. During the Munich Crisis she was temporarily a diplomatic correspondent for the Sunday Times. During her period in London, Kirkpatrick, along with two other journalists — Victor Gordon-Lennox and Graham Hutton — published a weekly newspaper The Whitehall News which was staunchly anti-appeasement and in opposition to the dictatorships in Germany and Italy. Among the politicians who read The Whitehall News were the then British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden (later to resign over the British government's attitude to appeasement) and Winston Churchill. Kirkpatrick expanded upon her anti-appeasement views in two books published in 1938 and 1939 — This Terrible Peace and Under the British Umbrella: What the English are and how they go to war. Second World War In 1939 Kirkpatrick applied to become a reporter on the staff of the Chicago Daily News. The proprietor of the paper, Frank Knox, told her "We don't have women on the staff" to which Kirkpatrick replied "I can't change my sex. But you can change your policy." Knox hired her. Her first assignment for the paper was to interview the Duke of Windsor, well known for not giving interviews. Kirkpatrick managed to arrange a meeting with the Duke who explained to her that he did not give interviews but had no objection to him interviewing her. This resulted in the first piece under her byline being an interview of her by the Duke of Windsor. Kirkpatrick remained with the Chicago Daily News throughout the war. She was based in London and reported on the London Blitz and in 1943 accompanied the US Army to Algeria and the Mediterranean theater. Returning to England she accompanied the American forces during the Invasion of Normandy in June 1944 before becoming attached to the Free French Forces, the first war correspondent to be so assigned. In August 1944 she rode with the tanks of General Leclerc's 2nd Armored Division as the division liberated Paris. Afterwards, she becane the Daily News' Paris Bureau Chief and a short time later, went on to report from Germany. Her final wartime assignment was to visit Berchtesgaden — Hitler's mountain retreat in Bavaria where it is reported that she stole a frying pan from the kitchen. Post-war career By 1946 Kirkpatrick had left the Chicago Daily News and joined the New York Post for which paper she covered the Nuremberg Trials and secured one of the first interviews with Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. Leaving journalism to work as an information officer for the Marshall Plan before returning to Washington, D.C. to work for an Advisor to Secretaty of State Dean Acheson in the European Bureau of the State Department between 1949 and 1953, Kirkpatrick then finally became secretary to the President of Smith College, her alma mater. After retirement she was engaged in a number of civic activities, many of which were on behalf of the Democratic Party. Personal life and death Kirkpatrick divorced her first husband, Victor Polacheck, in 1936 and in 1954 married Robbins Milbank, a trustee of Smith College. She remained married to Milbank until his death in 1985. Between 1983 and 1993, Kirkpatrick began gifting her papers to the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections. After retirement to Williamsburg, Virginia, Kirkpatrick died on December 29, 1997. Honors For her wartime services, Kirkpatrick was awarded the Medal of Freedom, the French Legion of Honour and the Médaille de la Reconnaissance française and in later life the Rockefeller Public Service Award for her work for the US Government. References Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i Miall 1998. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sophia Smith Collection. ^ Jack Leib (cameraman) (1976). D-Day to Germany. 25 minutes in. ^ "Reporting World War II \| C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Retrieved January 21, 2023. ^ "Collection: Helen Paull Kirkpatrick papers \| Smith College Finding Aids". findingaids.smith.edu. Retrieved May 2, 2023. Sources Miall, Leonard (January 8, 1998). "Obituary: Helen Kirkpatrick Milbank". The Independent. "Helen Paull Kirkpatrick Papers, 1930–1998: Biographical Note". Sophia Smith Collection. Five College Archives & Manuscript Collections. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war correspondent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_correspondent"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"American war correspondent (1909–1997)Helen Kirkpatrick (October 18, 1909 – December 29, 1997) was an American war correspondent during the Second World War.","title":"Helen Kirkpatrick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rochester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"The Masters School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masters_School"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Smith College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College"},{"link_name":"University of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Graduate Institute of International Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_Studies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiall1998-1"},{"link_name":"Macy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophia_Smith_Collection-2"},{"link_name":"New York Herald Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"freelance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelance"},{"link_name":"The Manchester Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophia_Smith_Collection-2"},{"link_name":"Munich Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophia_Smith_Collection-2"},{"link_name":"Victor Gordon-Lennox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Gordon-Lennox&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Graham Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hutton"},{"link_name":"anti-appeasement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeasement"},{"link_name":"Foreign Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Anthony Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiall1998-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiall1998-1"}],"text":"Born in Rochester, New York, she graduated from The Masters School in Dobbs Ferry, New York[citation needed] and Smith College in 1931 and also obtained a degree in International Law from the University of Geneva and the Graduate Institute of International Studies.[1] Returning to New York she worked at Macy's where she met her first husband, Victor H. Polacheck, Jr.[2] In 1935 she returned to Europe working as a reporter for New York Herald Tribune in France; and after moving to the United Kingdom in 1937, worked as a freelance reporter for a number of newspapers including The Manchester Guardian, The Daily Telegraph as well as the New York Herald Tribune.[2] During the Munich Crisis she was temporarily a diplomatic correspondent for the Sunday Times.[2]During her period in London, Kirkpatrick, along with two other journalists — Victor Gordon-Lennox and Graham Hutton — published a weekly newspaper The Whitehall News which was staunchly anti-appeasement and in opposition to the dictatorships in Germany and Italy. Among the politicians who read The Whitehall News were the then British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden (later to resign over the British government's attitude to appeasement) and Winston Churchill.[1] Kirkpatrick expanded upon her anti-appeasement views in two books published in 1938 and 1939 — This Terrible Peace and Under the British Umbrella: What the English are and how they go to war.[1]","title":"Early life and career pre-World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Frank Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Knox"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiall1998-1"},{"link_name":"Duke of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"byline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byline"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiall1998-1"},{"link_name":"London Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Blitz"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophia_Smith_Collection-2"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Free French Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Forces"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leclerc's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque"},{"link_name":"2nd Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(France)"},{"link_name":"liberated Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophia_Smith_Collection-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Berchtesgaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden"},{"link_name":"frying pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frying_pan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiall1998-1"}],"text":"In 1939 Kirkpatrick applied to become a reporter on the staff of the Chicago Daily News. The proprietor of the paper, Frank Knox, told her \"We don't have women on the staff\" to which Kirkpatrick replied \"I can't change my sex. But you can change your policy.\" Knox hired her.[1] Her first assignment for the paper was to interview the Duke of Windsor, well known for not giving interviews. Kirkpatrick managed to arrange a meeting with the Duke who explained to her that he did not give interviews but had no objection to him interviewing her. This resulted in the first piece under her byline being an interview of her by the Duke of Windsor.[1]Kirkpatrick remained with the Chicago Daily News throughout the war. She was based in London and reported on the London Blitz and in 1943 accompanied the US Army to Algeria and the Mediterranean theater.[2] Returning to England she accompanied the American forces during the Invasion of Normandy in June 1944 before becoming attached to the Free French Forces, the first war correspondent to be so assigned.[3] In August 1944 she rode with the tanks of General Leclerc's 2nd Armored Division as the division liberated Paris.[2] Afterwards, she becane the Daily News' Paris Bureau Chief and a short time later, went on to report from Germany.[4]Her final wartime assignment was to visit Berchtesgaden — Hitler's mountain retreat in Bavaria where it is reported that she stole a frying pan from the kitchen.[1]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiall1998-1"},{"link_name":"Marshall Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Dean Acheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Acheson"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Department"},{"link_name":"alma mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiall1998-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophia_Smith_Collection-2"}],"text":"By 1946 Kirkpatrick had left the Chicago Daily News and joined the New York Post for which paper she covered the Nuremberg Trials and secured one of the first interviews with Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India.[1]Leaving journalism to work as an information officer for the Marshall Plan before returning to Washington, D.C. to work for an Advisor to Secretaty of State Dean Acheson in the European Bureau of the State Department between 1949 and 1953, Kirkpatrick then finally became secretary to the President of Smith College, her alma mater.[1]After retirement she was engaged in a number of civic activities, many of which were on behalf of the Democratic Party.[2]","title":"Post-war career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophia_Smith_Collection-2"},{"link_name":"Sophia Smith Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Smith_Collection"},{"link_name":"Smith College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiall1998-1"}],"text":"Kirkpatrick divorced her first husband, Victor Polacheck, in 1936 and in 1954 married Robbins Milbank, a trustee of Smith College. She remained married to Milbank until his death in 1985.[2] Between 1983 and 1993, Kirkpatrick began gifting her papers to the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections.[5]After retirement to Williamsburg, Virginia, Kirkpatrick died on December 29, 1997.[1]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medal of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Médaille de la Reconnaissance française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_de_la_Reconnaissance_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophia_Smith_Collection-2"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Public Service Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rockefeller_Public_Service_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophia_Smith_Collection-2"}],"text":"For her wartime services, Kirkpatrick was awarded the Medal of Freedom, the French Legion of Honour and the Médaille de la Reconnaissance française[2] and in later life the Rockefeller Public Service Award for her work for the US Government.[2]","title":"Honors"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jack Leib (cameraman) (1976). D-Day to Germany. 25 minutes in.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4kmRTZrgMQ","url_text":"D-Day to Germany"}]},{"reference":"\"Reporting World War II \| C-SPAN.org\". www.c-span.org. Retrieved January 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?67090-1/reporting-world-war-ii","url_text":"\"Reporting World War II \| C-SPAN.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collection: Helen Paull Kirkpatrick papers \| Smith College Finding Aids\". findingaids.smith.edu. Retrieved May 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/753","url_text":"\"Collection: Helen Paull Kirkpatrick papers \| Smith College Finding Aids\""}]},{"reference":"Miall, Leonard (January 8, 1998). \"Obituary: Helen Kirkpatrick Milbank\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-helen-kirkpatrick-milbank-1137424.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Helen Kirkpatrick Milbank\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Helen Paull Kirkpatrick Papers, 1930–1998: Biographical Note\". Sophia Smith Collection. Five College Archives & Manuscript Collections. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190609141351/http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss36_bioghist.html","url_text":"\"Helen Paull Kirkpatrick Papers, 1930–1998: Biographical Note\""},{"url":"http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss36_bioghist.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4kmRTZrgMQ","external_links_name":"D-Day to Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?67090-1/reporting-world-war-ii","external_links_name":"\"Reporting World War II \| C-SPAN.org\""},{"Link":"https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/753","external_links_name":"\"Collection: Helen Paull Kirkpatrick papers \| Smith College Finding Aids\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-helen-kirkpatrick-milbank-1137424.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Helen Kirkpatrick Milbank\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190609141351/http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss36_bioghist.html","external_links_name":"\"Helen Paull Kirkpatrick Papers, 1930–1998: Biographical Note\""},{"Link":"http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss36_bioghist.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1731554/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/29104098","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxMgyqD8txcQjbWyp9VYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010831822605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no93010941","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse20231181725&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamborito	Tamborito	["1 History","2 Musical composition","3 Tamborito dance","4 Tamborito attire","5 In popular culture","6 References"]	Genre of Panamanian folk music and dance El Tamborito, literally translated to "the Little Drum", is a genre of Panamanian folkloric music and dance dating back as early as the 17th century. Likewise, it is the typical genre of the north coast of the Colombian Pacific, in the area of Chocó Department. The Tamborito is the national song and dance of Panama. The dance is a romantic, couple's dance, often involving a small percussion ensemble, and in all versions; a female chorus. The Tamborito is performed in formal costumes in front of large, interactive crowds that form a large circle around the performers. The members of such crowds often participate in the percussion of the song as well as the actual dance itself. The Tamborito is most commonly performed during Panamanian festivals, and in particular, the Panama Carnival. History The Tamborito is a derivative of mestizo dance and folkloric music, with the melody tracing its roots as far back as the seventeenth century. This genre of folkloric music is a hybrid-mix of the Spanish, Amerindian and African cultures. The rhythm of the Tamborito is of African influence, lyrics tend to be repetitive and, as in West African vocal music, also incorporate popular commentary. Panama's most famous Tamborito was written in 1918 by Juan Pastor Peredes, put to music by Carmen Lagnon, entitled El tambor de la alegria. Musical composition The Tamborito is musically performed to the beat of drums, the stomping of feet, the clapping of hands, and the chanting of harmonic poems, called coplas. Vocally, the Tamborito is led by a female singer, the cantalante, who sings of the lust, frustration, and sexual tension and attraction felt between the men and women at carnival. The onlooking spectators and awaiting group of performers, known as the estribillio, respond to the cantalante's song by clapping twice to a measure and by the singing of the copla. Coplas are Spanish poems, which are sung lyrically, and comprise four line stanzas. The percussion involved in the Tamborito consists of three drums in the center of the circle created by the estribillio. There are three drums, native to Panama, used in the performance of the Tamborito: the "Caja", the "Repujador" and the "Repicador". All of these drums are from the hollowing of local, Panamanian, trees, with the heads constructed from tanned cowhide. The drums represent the three primary aspects of the Tamborito. The Caja is the smallest of the drums used in the Tamborito. The Caja is a short, wide drum used to create staccato tones, much like those created by the estribillio. The Repujador is the masculine aspect of the Tamborito, as this drum creates the base. The Repujador is a long, slender drum. The Repicador is the final, feminine, aspect of the Tamborito. The Repicador is similar in shape to the Repujador, however the Repicador creates high-pitched notes that are scaled to fit the rhythm. Tamborito dance The dance of the Tamborito is one between a man and a woman couple. The dance is of a sexual nature, often referred to as a courtship dance, and begins with the clapping of the crowd and the playing of the percussion band. As the female and male dancers take their places within the circle the Repicador drummer will give a signal to the dancers in the form of three knocks. In response, the female dancer will give the percussion band three curtseys, known as quiebres, the last of which results in a twirling of the dancers body. The male dancer will kneel three times, known as the golpes magistrales, thus beginning the Tamborito dance. The dance is a series of shuffling steps, with the woman maneuvering her skirt in a provocative fashion and the man positioning his arms in a protecting fashion. At the conclusion of the dance, the Repicador drummer again gives three knocks, the male and female dancers curtsey once more and the crowd gives their approval of the dance in the form of a "Vivas" chant. Tamborito attire The attire worn by the performers during the Tamborito is quite elegant and flashy. The women wear an embroidered gown known as La Pollera, and the men wear a costume called El Montuno. The Pollera is a gown only worn on festival occasions and consists of two ruffles, embroidered with colors and intricate designs, two pom-poms are fastened to the front and rear of the woman's chest with lace gracefully draped from handmade thread lace insertion at the neckline. The stitching and thread used to detail the Pollera must be the same color as the velvet, heel-less shoes. The women's outfit is completed with gold hairpins and a flashy headpiece, which is supposed to resemble a crown. The headpiece is commonly made of shell. The Montuno worn by the male performers is much less intricate than the Pollera worn by the female performers. The Montuno generally consists of long sleeved, white collared shirt, which fits loosely on the performer. The trousers worn by the male are made of black, navy or white cotton and come to knee length. The outfit is completed with a shallow straw hat and canvas or leather shoes. In popular culture Besides being the national song and dance of Panama, the Tamborito is important to Panamanian culture because folkloric music plays a continuous role in Panama's contemporary music. The Tamborito genre of music competes for radio and record sales with the other popular music of Panama, and has created such Panamanian celebrities as Sammy and Sandra Sandoval. References ^ Análisis social y musical del tamborito chocoano ^ El tamborito chocoano ^ Zapata Olivella, Manuel, Los pasos del folclor colombiano. El Tamborito y la Mejorana. Boletín cultural y bibliográfico (august 10, 1961) vol.4, n.8, pages 764-765. ^ a b c Hirons, Virginia (29 March 2010). "El Tamborito". CZAngelsSpace. ^ Graham, Omega; Coburn, Mildred & Tamburini, Dorothy. "Tamborito (Panama)" (PDF). Folk Dance Federation of California Research Committee. ^ a b Soley, La Verne M. Seales (2009). Culture and Customs of Panama. Westport, CN: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-31305-636-9. ^ Greenhouse, Paulette (18 May 2008). "Las Bellezas Panameñas troupe to bring Tamborito dance to Carnaval". Bay Voices. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. ^ a b c "Cultura: Panama's Folklore". El Tamborito. 2004. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. ^ "La Pollera, Panama's national dress". The Balboa Inn, Panama. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. ^ Ouyang, Caroline (April 2003). "Old Fashions, New Twist – Panamanian Clothing". The Worldly. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panamanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"folkloric music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_dance"},{"link_name":"Colombian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Chocó Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"costumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angelfire-4"}],"text":"El Tamborito, literally translated to \"the Little Drum\", is a genre of Panamanian folkloric music and dance dating back as early as the 17th century. Likewise, it is the typical genre of the north coast of the Colombian Pacific, in the area of Chocó Department.[1][2][3] The Tamborito is the national song and dance of Panama. The dance is a romantic, couple's dance, often involving a small percussion ensemble, and in all versions; a female chorus. The Tamborito is performed in formal costumes in front of large, interactive crowds that form a large circle around the performers. The members of such crowds often participate in the percussion of the song as well as the actual dance itself.[4] The Tamborito is most commonly performed during Panamanian festivals, and in particular, the Panama Carnival.","title":"Tamborito"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mestizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo"},{"link_name":"melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"Amerindian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"West African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_music"},{"link_name":"vocal music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.ca-6"}],"text":"The Tamborito is a derivative of mestizo dance and folkloric music, with the melody tracing its roots as far back as the seventeenth century. This genre of folkloric music is a hybrid-mix of the Spanish, Amerindian and African cultures. The rhythm of the Tamborito is of African influence, lyrics tend to be repetitive and, as in West African vocal music, also incorporate popular commentary.[5] Panama's most famous Tamborito was written in 1918 by Juan Pastor Peredes, put to music by Carmen Lagnon, entitled El tambor de la alegria.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coplas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copla_(meter)"},{"link_name":"lust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust"},{"link_name":"sexual tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_tension"},{"link_name":"carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"stanzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanza"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"cowhide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowhide"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eltamborito.com-8"},{"link_name":"staccato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staccato"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eltamborito.com-8"}],"text":"The Tamborito is musically performed to the beat of drums, the stomping of feet, the clapping of hands, and the chanting of harmonic poems, called coplas. Vocally, the Tamborito is led by a female singer, the cantalante, who sings of the lust, frustration, and sexual tension and attraction felt between the men and women at carnival. The onlooking spectators and awaiting group of performers, known as the estribillio, respond to the cantalante's song by clapping twice to a measure and by the singing of the copla. Coplas are Spanish poems, which are sung lyrically, and comprise four line stanzas.[7]The percussion involved in the Tamborito consists of three drums in the center of the circle created by the estribillio. There are three drums, native to Panama, used in the performance of the Tamborito: the \"Caja\", the \"Repujador\" and the \"Repicador\". All of these drums are from the hollowing of local, Panamanian, trees, with the heads constructed from tanned cowhide.[8]The drums represent the three primary aspects of the Tamborito. The Caja is the smallest of the drums used in the Tamborito. The Caja is a short, wide drum used to create staccato tones, much like those created by the estribillio. The Repujador is the masculine aspect of the Tamborito, as this drum creates the base. The Repujador is a long, slender drum. The Repicador is the final, feminine, aspect of the Tamborito. The Repicador is similar in shape to the Repujador, however the Repicador creates high-pitched notes that are scaled to fit the rhythm.[8]","title":"Musical composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"courtship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtship"},{"link_name":"curtseys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtsey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angelfire-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angelfire-4"}],"text":"The dance of the Tamborito is one between a man and a woman couple. The dance is of a sexual nature, often referred to as a courtship dance, and begins with the clapping of the crowd and the playing of the percussion band.As the female and male dancers take their places within the circle the Repicador drummer will give a signal to the dancers in the form of three knocks. In response, the female dancer will give the percussion band three curtseys, known as quiebres, the last of which results in a twirling of the dancers body. The male dancer will kneel three times, known as the golpes magistrales, thus beginning the Tamborito dance.[4]The dance is a series of shuffling steps, with the woman maneuvering her skirt in a provocative fashion and the man positioning his arms in a protecting fashion. At the conclusion of the dance, the Repicador drummer again gives three knocks, the male and female dancers curtsey once more and the crowd gives their approval of the dance in the form of a \"Vivas\" chant.[4]","title":"Tamborito dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gown"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eltamborito.com-8"},{"link_name":"ruffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace"},{"link_name":"velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet"},{"link_name":"hairpins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairpin_(fashion)"},{"link_name":"headpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headpiece"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The attire worn by the performers during the Tamborito is quite elegant and flashy. The women wear an embroidered gown known as La Pollera, and the men wear a costume called El Montuno.[8]The Pollera is a gown only worn on festival occasions and consists of two ruffles, embroidered with colors and intricate designs, two pom-poms are fastened to the front and rear of the woman's chest with lace gracefully draped from handmade thread lace insertion at the neckline. The stitching and thread used to detail the Pollera must be the same color as the velvet, heel-less shoes. The women's outfit is completed with gold hairpins and a flashy headpiece, which is supposed to resemble a crown. The headpiece is commonly made of shell.[9]The Montuno worn by the male performers is much less intricate than the Pollera worn by the female performers. The Montuno generally consists of long sleeved, white collared shirt, which fits loosely on the performer. The trousers worn by the male are made of black, navy or white cotton and come to knee length. The outfit is completed with a shallow straw hat and canvas or leather shoes.[10]","title":"Tamborito attire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contemporary music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_music"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.ca-6"}],"text":"Besides being the national song and dance of Panama, the Tamborito is important to Panamanian culture because folkloric music plays a continuous role in Panama's contemporary music. The Tamborito genre of music competes for radio and record sales with the other popular music of Panama, and has created such Panamanian celebrities as Sammy and Sandra Sandoval.[6]","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hirons, Virginia (29 March 2010). \"El Tamborito\". CZAngelsSpace.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.angelfire.com/tx/CZAngelsSpace/Tamborito.html","url_text":"\"El Tamborito\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Omega; Coburn, Mildred & Tamburini, Dorothy. \"Tamborito (Panama)\" (PDF). Folk Dance Federation of California Research Committee.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.folkdance.com/federation/dances/tamborito.pdf","url_text":"\"Tamborito (Panama)\""}]},{"reference":"Soley, La Verne M. Seales (2009). Culture and Customs of Panama. Westport, CN: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-31305-636-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cNEcEyZs254C&dq=Tamborito&pg=PA98","url_text":"Culture and Customs of Panama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31305-636-9","url_text":"978-0-31305-636-9"}]},{"reference":"Greenhouse, Paulette (18 May 2008). \"Las Bellezas Panameñas troupe to bring Tamborito dance to Carnaval\". Bay Voices. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152912/http://xpress.sfsu.edu/bayvoices/2008/05/las-bellezas-panamenas-to-brin.html","url_text":"\"Las Bellezas Panameñas troupe to bring Tamborito dance to Carnaval\""},{"url":"http://xpress.sfsu.edu/bayvoices/2008/05/las-bellezas-panamenas-to-brin.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cultura: Panama's Folklore\". El Tamborito. 2004. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070502144339/http://eltamborito.com/cultura.html","url_text":"\"Cultura: Panama's Folklore\""},{"url":"http://eltamborito.com/cultura.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La Pollera, Panama's national dress\". The Balboa Inn, Panama. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110101062434/http://www.thebalboainn.com/about-panama/panama-cultural/la-pollera-panamas-national-dress/","url_text":"\"La Pollera, Panama's national dress\""},{"url":"http://www.thebalboainn.com/about-panama/panama-cultural/la-pollera-panamas-national-dress/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ouyang, Caroline (April 2003). \"Old Fashions, New Twist – Panamanian Clothing\". The Worldly. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071025233438/http://www.theworldly.org/ArticlesPages/Articles2003/April03Articles/Fashion-Panamanian.html","url_text":"\"Old Fashions, New Twist – Panamanian Clothing\""},{"url":"http://www.theworldly.org/ArticlesPages/Articles2003/April03Articles/Fashion-Panamanian.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://musicosdelchoco.blogspot.com/2007/06/anlisis-social-y-musical-del-tamborito.html","external_links_name":"Análisis social y musical del tamborito chocoano"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110410054607/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/antropologia/memoria/memo13b.htm","external_links_name":"El tamborito chocoano"},{"Link":"https://cupdf.com/document/el-tamborito-y-la-mejorana.html","external_links_name":"Los pasos del folclor colombiano. El Tamborito y la Mejorana."},{"Link":"https://www.angelfire.com/tx/CZAngelsSpace/Tamborito.html","external_links_name":"\"El Tamborito\""},{"Link":"http://www.folkdance.com/federation/dances/tamborito.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tamborito (Panama)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cNEcEyZs254C&dq=Tamborito&pg=PA98","external_links_name":"Culture and Customs of Panama"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152912/http://xpress.sfsu.edu/bayvoices/2008/05/las-bellezas-panamenas-to-brin.html","external_links_name":"\"Las Bellezas Panameñas troupe to bring Tamborito dance to Carnaval\""},{"Link":"http://xpress.sfsu.edu/bayvoices/2008/05/las-bellezas-panamenas-to-brin.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070502144339/http://eltamborito.com/cultura.html","external_links_name":"\"Cultura: Panama's Folklore\""},{"Link":"http://eltamborito.com/cultura.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110101062434/http://www.thebalboainn.com/about-panama/panama-cultural/la-pollera-panamas-national-dress/","external_links_name":"\"La Pollera, Panama's national dress\""},{"Link":"http://www.thebalboainn.com/about-panama/panama-cultural/la-pollera-panamas-national-dress/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071025233438/http://www.theworldly.org/ArticlesPages/Articles2003/April03Articles/Fashion-Panamanian.html","external_links_name":"\"Old Fashions, New Twist – Panamanian Clothing\""},{"Link":"http://www.theworldly.org/ArticlesPages/Articles2003/April03Articles/Fashion-Panamanian.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goewin	Goewin	["1 Narrative","2 References"]	Welsh mythological figure Goewin (Welsh pronunciation: ) is a figure in Welsh mythology, where she has a small but crucial role in the Math fab Mathonwy, one of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi. Narrative At the beginning of the tale, the eponymous Math fab Mathonwy will die if his feet are not always held in the lap of a virgin or he is at war; Goewin is the virgin who performs this duty until Math is tricked into going to war by his nephews Gwydion and Gilfaethwy, who proceed to rape Goewin. Once Math returns, Goewin reveals the crime and Math punishes the two by transforming them into a series of animals. He then marries Goewin, giving her power over his kingdom, in order to make amends. References ^ Jones, Gwyn and Jones, Thomas. The Mabinogion. Everyman's Library, 1949; revised in 1989. ^ Emma Restall Orr. "Goewin". Druidnetwork.org. This article relating to a European folklore is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈɡɔɨwɪn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh"},{"link_name":"Welsh mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_mythology"},{"link_name":"Math fab Mathonwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_fab_Mathonwy_(branch)"},{"link_name":"Four Branches of the Mabinogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Goewin (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈɡɔɨwɪn]) is a figure in Welsh mythology, where she has a small but crucial role in the Math fab Mathonwy, one of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi.[1]","title":"Goewin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Math fab Mathonwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_fab_Mathonwy"},{"link_name":"Gwydion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwydion"},{"link_name":"Gilfaethwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilfaethwy"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undefined-2"}],"text":"At the beginning of the tale, the eponymous Math fab Mathonwy will die if his feet are not always held in the lap of a virgin or he is at war; Goewin is the virgin who performs this duty until Math is tricked into going to war by his nephews Gwydion and Gilfaethwy, who proceed to rape Goewin. Once Math returns, Goewin reveals the crime and Math punishes the two by transforming them into a series of animals. He then marries Goewin, giving her power over his kingdom, in order to make amends.[2]","title":"Narrative"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Emma Restall Orr. \"Goewin\".","urls":[{"url":"https://druidnetwork.org/what-is-druidry/deity-and-mythology/mythology/welsh-mythology/goewin","url_text":"\"Goewin\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://druidnetwork.org/what-is-druidry/deity-and-mythology/mythology/welsh-mythology/goewin","external_links_name":"\"Goewin\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goewin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_Sgt._Pepper%3F	Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?	["1 Recording","2 Personnel","3 Content","4 Release","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","6.1 Weekly charts","7 References"]	2010 studio album by The Brian Jonestown MassacreWho Killed Sgt. Pepper?Studio album by The Brian Jonestown MassacreReleasedFebruary 23, 2010 (2010-02-23)Recorded2009Genre Neo-psychedelia electronic Length71.36 LanguageEnglish, Icelandic, RussianLabelAThe Brian Jonestown Massacre chronology My Bloody Underground(2008) Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?(2010) Aufheben(2012) Singles from Who Killed Sgt. Pepper? "The One"Released: 23 November 2009 Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic61/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicClash7/10Consequence of SoundBDrowned in Sound7/10musicOMHNMEPitchfork5.7/10The SkinnyTiny Mix TapesUnder the Radar Who Killed Sgt. Pepper? is the eleventh studio album by American psychedelic rock band The Brian Jonestown Massacre. It was released in February 2010 on band leader Anton Newcombe's A Records. Recording The album was recorded in Iceland and at Studio East in Berlin. Personnel The album guest features, among a variety of international musicians, Spacemen 3 bassist Will Carruthers and vocalists Unnur Andrea Einarsdottir and Felix Bondareff. Content The album's title refers to The Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Release The album was available for free streaming prior to release, and like My Bloody Underground, music videos were made for each of the album's songs. Track listing "Tempo 116.7 (Reaching for Dangerous Levels of Sobriety)" - 5:35 "Þungur hnífur" (Icelandic for "A Heavy Knife") - 4:11 "Lets Go Fucking Mental" - 4:43 "White Music" - 3:31 "This Is the First of Your Last Warnings" (Icelandic version) - 6:15 "This Is the One Thing We Did Not Want to Have Happen" - 8:05 "The One" - 4:11 "Someplace Else Unknown" - 6:26 "Detka! Detka! Detka!" (Russian for "Baby") - 5:25 "Super Fucked" - 6:36 "Our Time" - 3:03 "Feel It (Of Course We Fucking Do)" - 6:33 "Felt Tipped-Pen Pictures of UFOs" - 9:56 Personnel Anton Newcombe - Vocals, guitar, electronics Will Carruthers - Bass, vocals (tracks 3,6) Matt Hollywood - Guitar Unnur Andrea Einarsdottir - Vocals (tracks 5,7) Felix Bondareff - Vocals (tracks 2,9) Jón Sæmundur - Guitar Henrik Baldvin Bjornsson – Guitar Constantine Karlis – Drums Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Who Killed Sgt.Pepper? Chart (2010) Peakposition French Albums (SNEP) 199 References ^ a b "Allmusic review". ^ "Who Killed Sgt. Pepper? – The Brian Jonestown Massacre". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ Annan, Nick (February 12, 2010). "The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt Pepper?". Clash. Music Republic Ltd. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ Maider, Ted (February 22, 2010). "The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ "Drowned in Sound review". Archived from the original on 2010-02-21. Retrieved 2010-02-18. ^ Cole, Jenni (February 22, 2010). "The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt Pepper?". musicOMH. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ "NME review". NME. 22 February 2010. ^ "Pitchfork Media review". Pitchfork. ^ Shukla, Mark (February 1, 2010). "Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?". The Skinny. Radge Media. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ Vodicka, Gabe. "Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?". Tiny Mix Tapes. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ Valish, Frank (February 18, 2010). "Brian Jonestown Massacre: Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?". Under the Radar. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ ""Brian Jonestown Massacre ask "Who Killed Sgt Pepper?" on new album"". snobsmusic.net. Retrieved 2010-01-09. ^ "The Brian Jonestown Massacre official website". The Brian Jonestown Massacre. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2008-01-04. ^ ""Brian Jonestown Massacre ask "Who Killed Sgt Pepper?" on new album"". antimusic.com. Retrieved 2010-01-09. ^ "Lescharts.com – Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt.Pepper?". Hung Medien. Retrieved 10 March 2020. vteThe Brian Jonestown Massacre Anton Newcombe Ryan Van Kriedt Ricky Maymi Dan Allaire Rob Campanella Collin Hegna Joel Gion Matt Hollywood Peter Hayes Jeffrey Davies Frankie "Teardrop" Emerson Dave Koenig Miranda Lee Richards Bobby Hecksher Dean Taylor Brian Glaze Adam Hamilton Studio albums Methodrone Spacegirl and Other Favorites Take It from the Man! Their Satanic Majesties' Second Request Thank God for Mental Illness Give It Back! Strung Out in Heaven Bravery, Repetition and Noise ...And This Is Our Music My Bloody Underground Who Killed Sgt. Pepper? Aufheben Revelation Musique de Film Imaginé Third World Pyramid Don't Get Lost Something Else The Brian Jonestown Massacre The Future Is Your Past EPs Bringing It All Back Home – Again We Are the Radio Mini Album Thingy Wingy Compilation albums Tepid Peppermint Wonderland: A Retrospective Related articles Discography Band members Dig! The Dandy Warhols Black Rebel Motorcycle Club The Dilettantes The Out Crowd The Lovetones Dead Skeletons Spindrift (band) Dead Meadow The Warlocks Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 2010s alternative rock album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychedelic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock"},{"link_name":"The Brian Jonestown Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Anton Newcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Newcombe"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Who Killed Sgt. Pepper? is the eleventh studio album by American psychedelic rock band The Brian Jonestown Massacre. It was \nreleased in February 2010[12] on band leader Anton Newcombe's A Records.[13]","title":"Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The album was recorded in Iceland and at Studio East in Berlin.","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spacemen 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacemen_3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The album guest features, among a variety of international musicians, Spacemen 3 bassist Will Carruthers and vocalists Unnur Andrea Einarsdottir and Felix Bondareff.[14]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band"}],"text":"The album's title refers to The Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My Bloody Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Bloody_Underground"}],"text":"The album was available for free streaming prior to release, and like My Bloody Underground, music videos were made for each of the album's songs.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Tempo 116.7 (Reaching for Dangerous Levels of Sobriety)\" - 5:35\n\"Þungur hnífur\" (Icelandic for \"A Heavy Knife\") - 4:11\n\"Lets Go Fucking Mental\" - 4:43\n\"White Music\" - 3:31\n\"This Is the First of Your Last Warnings\" (Icelandic version) - 6:15\n\"This Is the One Thing We Did Not Want to Have Happen\" - 8:05\n\"The One\" - 4:11\n\"Someplace Else Unknown\" - 6:26\n\"Detka! Detka! Detka!\" (Russian for \"Baby\") - 5:25\n\"Super Fucked\" - 6:36\n\"Our Time\" - 3:03\n\"Feel It (Of Course We Fucking Do)\" - 6:33\n\"Felt Tipped-Pen Pictures of UFOs\" - 9:56","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anton Newcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Newcombe"},{"link_name":"Will Carruthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Carruthers"},{"link_name":"Matt Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hollywood"}],"text":"Anton Newcombe - Vocals, guitar, electronics\nWill Carruthers - Bass, vocals (tracks 3,6)\nMatt Hollywood - Guitar\nUnnur Andrea Einarsdottir - Vocals (tracks 5,7)\nFelix Bondareff - Vocals (tracks 2,9)\nJón Sæmundur - Guitar\nHenrik Baldvin Bjornsson – Guitar\nConstantine Karlis – Drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Allmusic review\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1702307","url_text":"\"Allmusic review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who Killed Sgt. Pepper? – The Brian Jonestown Massacre\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/who-killed-sgt-pepper/the-brian-jonestown-massacre","url_text":"\"Who Killed Sgt. Pepper? – The Brian Jonestown Massacre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"Annan, Nick (February 12, 2010). \"The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\". Clash. Music Republic Ltd. Retrieved November 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/the-brian-jonestown-massacre-who-killed-sgt-pepper","url_text":"\"The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)","url_text":"Clash"}]},{"reference":"Maider, Ted (February 22, 2010). \"The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved November 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2010/02/album-review-the-brian-jonestown-massacre-who-killed-sgt-pepper/","url_text":"\"The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound","url_text":"Consequence of Sound"}]},{"reference":"\"Drowned in Sound review\". Archived from the original on 2010-02-21. Retrieved 2010-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221172031/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/15011/reviews/4139089","url_text":"\"Drowned in Sound review\""},{"url":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/15011/reviews/4139089","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cole, Jenni (February 22, 2010). \"The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\". musicOMH. Retrieved November 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/the-brian-jonestown-massacre-who-killed-sgt-pepper","url_text":"\"The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicOMH","url_text":"musicOMH"}]},{"reference":"\"NME review\". NME. 22 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/brian-jonestown-massacre/11068","url_text":"\"NME review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitchfork Media review\". Pitchfork.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/14009-who-killed-sgt-pepper/","url_text":"\"Pitchfork Media review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Shukla, Mark (February 1, 2010). \"Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\". The Skinny. Radge Media. Retrieved November 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/reviews/albums/98368-brian_jonestown_massacre_who_killed_sgt_pepper","url_text":"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skinny_(magazine)","url_text":"The Skinny"}]},{"reference":"Vodicka, Gabe. \"Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\". Tiny Mix Tapes. Retrieved November 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/Brian-Jonestown-Massacre-Who-Killed-Sgt-Pepper","url_text":"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Mix_Tapes","url_text":"Tiny Mix Tapes"}]},{"reference":"Valish, Frank (February 18, 2010). \"Brian Jonestown Massacre: Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\". Under the Radar. Retrieved November 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.undertheradarmag.com/reviews/who_killed_sgt._pepper/","url_text":"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre: Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Radar_(magazine)","url_text":"Under the Radar"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre ask \"Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\" on new album\"\". snobsmusic.net. Retrieved 2010-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snobsmusic.net/2010/01/brian-jonestown-massacre-ask-who-killed.html","url_text":"\"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre ask \"Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\" on new album\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Brian Jonestown Massacre official website\". The Brian Jonestown Massacre. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2008-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071022153929/http://www.brianjonestownmassacre.com/bandinfo.html","url_text":"\"The Brian Jonestown Massacre official website\""},{"url":"http://www.brianjonestownmassacre.com/bandinfo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre ask \"Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\" on new album\"\". antimusic.com. Retrieved 2010-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antimusic.com/news/10/jan/08The_Brian_Jonstown_Massace_Asks_Who_Killed_Sgt._Pepper.shtml","url_text":"\"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre ask \"Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\" on new album\"\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1702307","external_links_name":"\"Allmusic review\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/who-killed-sgt-pepper/the-brian-jonestown-massacre","external_links_name":"\"Who Killed Sgt. Pepper? – The Brian Jonestown Massacre\""},{"Link":"http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/the-brian-jonestown-massacre-who-killed-sgt-pepper","external_links_name":"\"The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\""},{"Link":"https://consequence.net/2010/02/album-review-the-brian-jonestown-massacre-who-killed-sgt-pepper/","external_links_name":"\"The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221172031/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/15011/reviews/4139089","external_links_name":"\"Drowned in Sound review\""},{"Link":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/15011/reviews/4139089","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/the-brian-jonestown-massacre-who-killed-sgt-pepper","external_links_name":"\"The Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/brian-jonestown-massacre/11068","external_links_name":"\"NME review\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/14009-who-killed-sgt-pepper/","external_links_name":"\"Pitchfork Media review\""},{"Link":"http://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/reviews/albums/98368-brian_jonestown_massacre_who_killed_sgt_pepper","external_links_name":"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\""},{"Link":"http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/Brian-Jonestown-Massacre-Who-Killed-Sgt-Pepper","external_links_name":"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\""},{"Link":"http://www.undertheradarmag.com/reviews/who_killed_sgt._pepper/","external_links_name":"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre: Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?\""},{"Link":"http://www.snobsmusic.net/2010/01/brian-jonestown-massacre-ask-who-killed.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre ask \"Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\" on new album\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071022153929/http://www.brianjonestownmassacre.com/bandinfo.html","external_links_name":"\"The Brian Jonestown Massacre official website\""},{"Link":"http://www.brianjonestownmassacre.com/bandinfo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.antimusic.com/news/10/jan/08The_Brian_Jonstown_Massace_Asks_Who_Killed_Sgt._Pepper.shtml","external_links_name":"\"\"Brian Jonestown Massacre ask \"Who Killed Sgt Pepper?\" on new album\"\""},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Brian+Jonestown+Massacre&titel=Who+Killed+Sgt.Pepper?&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Lescharts.com – Brian Jonestown Massacre – Who Killed Sgt.Pepper?\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e1c38732-d34f-4619-a1b2-3e07d0cf9234","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Killed_Sgt._Pepper%3F&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eun%C3%ADcio_Oliveira	Eunício Oliveira	["1 References"]	Brazilian politician and businessman You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (February 2018) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|pt\|Eunício Oliveira}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Eunício OliveiraMember of the Chamber of DeputiesIncumbentAssumed office 1 February 2023ConstituencyCearáIn office14 July 2005 – 1 February 2011ConstituencyCearáIn office1 February 1999 – 23 January 2004ConstituencyCearáPresident of the Federal SenateIn office1 February 2017 – 1 February 2019Preceded byRenan CalheirosSucceeded byDavi AlcolumbreSenator for CearáIn office1 February 2011 – 1 February 2019Preceded byTasso JereissatiSucceeded byCid GomesMinister of CommunicationsIn office23 January 2004 – 14 July 2005PresidentLuiz Inácio Lula da SilvaPreceded byMiro TeixeiraSucceeded byHélio Costa Personal detailsBorn (1952-09-30) 30 September 1952 (age 71)Lavras da Mangabeira, Ceará, BrazilPolitical partyMDB (1972–present)ProfessionBusinessmanSignature Eunício Lopes de Oliveira (born 30 September 1952) is a Brazilian politician and businessman. He represent Ceará in the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil since February 2023. Previously, he was a federal congressman representing Ceará from 1999 to 2011 and Federal Senator representing the state from 2011 to 2019, becoming president of the Senate of Brazil from 1 February 2017 to 2019. He is a member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement. He was candidate running for Governor of Ceará in 2014. He is mentioned in 2017 among the beneficiaries of bribes from the multinational JBS.. In a plea bargain, Eunício was accused of having received two million reais in bribes from the Odebrecht Organization (now Novonor). References ^ "Eunício Oliveira é eleito presidente do Senado para os próximos dois anos". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017. ^ "Senador Eunício Oliveira". Federal Senate. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014. ^ "Eunício recebeu R$ 5 milhões por MP e depois traiu JBS, diz delator". O Globo. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2024. ^ "Delação da Odebrecht: Eunício é suspeito de receber R$ 2 milhões da construtora". G1. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2024. Political offices Preceded byMiro Teixeira Minister of Communications 2004–2005 Succeeded byHélio Costa Preceded byRenan Calheiros President of the Federal Senate 2017–2019 Succeeded byDavi Alcolumbre vtePresidents of the Senate of Brazil José Fragelli Humberto Lucena Nelson Carneiro Mauro Benevides Humberto Lucena José Sarney Antônio Carlos Magalhães Jáder Barbalho Edison Lobão Ramez Tebet José Sarney Renan Calheiros Garibaldi Alves Filho José Sarney Renan Calheiros Eunício Oliveira Davi Alcolumbre Rodrigo Pacheco Authority control databases VIAF This article about a Brazilian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ceará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cear%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Federal Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Democratic Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Governor of Ceará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Cear%C3%A1_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"JBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JBS_S.A."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Odebrecht Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odebrecht"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Eunício Lopes de Oliveira (born 30 September 1952) is a Brazilian politician and businessman. He represent Ceará in the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil since February 2023. Previously, he was a federal congressman representing Ceará from 1999 to 2011 and Federal Senator representing the state from 2011 to 2019, becoming president of the Senate of Brazil from 1 February 2017 to 2019.[1]He is a member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement.[2] He was candidate running for Governor of Ceará in 2014.He is mentioned in 2017 among the beneficiaries of bribes from the multinational JBS.[citation needed].[3] In a plea bargain, Eunício was accused of having received two million reais in bribes from the Odebrecht Organization (now Novonor).[4]","title":"Eunício Oliveira"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Eunício Oliveira é eleito presidente do Senado para os próximos dois anos\". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/eunicio-oliveira-e-eleito-presidente-do-senado-para-os-proximos-dois-anos.ghtml","url_text":"\"Eunício Oliveira é eleito presidente do Senado para os próximos dois anos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170201230414/http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/eunicio-oliveira-e-eleito-presidente-do-senado-para-os-proximos-dois-anos.ghtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Senador Eunício Oliveira\". Federal Senate. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senado.gov.br/senadores/dinamico/paginst/senador612a.asp","url_text":"\"Senador Eunício Oliveira\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Senate","url_text":"Federal Senate"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140330045649/http://www.senado.gov.br/senadores/dinamico/paginst/senador612a.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eunício recebeu R$ 5 milhões por MP e depois traiu JBS, diz delator\". O Globo. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/eunicio-recebeu-5-milhoes-por-mp-depois-traiu-jbs-diz-delator-21365242","url_text":"\"Eunício recebeu R$ 5 milhões por MP e depois traiu JBS, diz delator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Delação da Odebrecht: Eunício é suspeito de receber R$ 2 milhões da construtora\". G1. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/eunicio-recebeu-5-milhoes-por-mp-depois-traiu-jbs-diz-delator-21365242","url_text":"\"Delação da Odebrecht: Eunício é suspeito de receber R$ 2 milhões da construtora\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/eunicio-oliveira-e-eleito-presidente-do-senado-para-os-proximos-dois-anos.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Eunício Oliveira é eleito presidente do Senado para os próximos dois anos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170201230414/http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/eunicio-oliveira-e-eleito-presidente-do-senado-para-os-proximos-dois-anos.ghtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.senado.gov.br/senadores/dinamico/paginst/senador612a.asp","external_links_name":"\"Senador Eunício Oliveira\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140330045649/http://www.senado.gov.br/senadores/dinamico/paginst/senador612a.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/eunicio-recebeu-5-milhoes-por-mp-depois-traiu-jbs-diz-delator-21365242","external_links_name":"\"Eunício recebeu R$ 5 milhões por MP e depois traiu JBS, diz delator\""},{"Link":"https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/eunicio-recebeu-5-milhoes-por-mp-depois-traiu-jbs-diz-delator-21365242","external_links_name":"\"Delação da Odebrecht: Eunício é suspeito de receber R$ 2 milhões da construtora\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5501150325586810090003","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eun%C3%ADcio_Oliveira&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_Just_Another_Day	Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)	[]	Not to be confused with Just Another Day (Jon Secada song). 1983 single by Madness This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tomorrow's" Just Another Day – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) "Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)"Single by Madnessfrom the album The Rise & Fall B-side"Madness (Is All in the Mind)"Released1 February 1983Recorded1982GenreSka, new waveLength3:10LabelStiff RecordsComposer(s)Mike BarsonLyricist(s)Carl SmythProducer(s)Clive LangerAlan WinstanleyMadness singles chronology "Our House" (1982) "Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)" / "Madness (Is All in the Mind)" (1983) "Wings of a Dove" (1983) "Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)" is a song by British band Madness from their fourth album The Rise & Fall. It spent 9 weeks in the UK charts, peaking at # 8 in February 1983. It was released as a double A-side with the Chris Foreman composition, "Madness (Is All in the Mind)". The single version is a slight remix of the album track. A slower, blues-style version of the song, with Elvis Costello on vocals, was included as a bonus track on the 12" single. The latter version was later included as a bonus track on the 2004 2-disc reissue of Costello's Goodbye Cruel World album. vteMadness Chris Foreman Mike Barson Lee Thompson Suggs Dan Woodgate Mark Bedford Chas Smash Studio albums One Step Beyond... Absolutely 7 The Rise & Fall Keep Moving Mad Not Mad The Madness Wonderful The Dangermen Sessions Vol. 1 The Liberty of Norton Folgate Oui Oui, Si Si, Ja Ja, Da Da Can't Touch Us Now Theatre of the Absurd Presents C'est la Vie Compilation albums Complete Madness Madness Utter Madness It's... Madness It's... Madness Too Divine Madness The Business Total Madness (1997) Our House Total Madness (2009) Ultimate Madness A Guided Tour of Madness Forever Young: The Ska Collection Live albums Madstock! Universal Madness Madness Live: To the Edge of the Universe and Beyond Box sets The Business A Guided Tour of Madness Extended plays Work Rest and Play The Peel Sessions Singles "The Prince" "One Step Beyond" "My Girl" "Night Boat to Cairo" (Work Rest and Play EP) "Baggy Trousers" "Embarrassment" "The Return of the Los Palmas 7" "Grey Day" "Shut Up" "It Must Be Love" "Cardiac Arrest" "House of Fun" "Driving in My Car" "Our House" "Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)" / "Madness (Is All in the Mind)" "Wings of a Dove" "The Sun and the Rain" "Michael Caine" "One Better Day" "Yesterday's Men" "Uncle Sam" "Sweetest Girl" "(Waiting For) The Ghost Train" "The Harder They Come" "Night Boat to Cairo" "Lovestruck" "Johnny the Horse" "Drip Fed Fred" "Shame and Scandal in the Family" "Girl Why Don't You" "Sorry" "NW5" "Dust Devil" "Sugar and Spice" "Forever Young" Related articles Discography Lucky 7 Records Dikran Tulaine Our House the Musical 2 tone Zarjazz Records "Starvation/Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie" The Madness Take It or Leave It The Lee Thompson Ska Orchestra Boring (The Young Ones) Sick (The Young Ones) Unreleased album	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Just Another Day (Jon Secada song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Another_Day_(Jon_Secada_song)"},{"link_name":"Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Rise & Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_%26_Fall_(album)"},{"link_name":"double A-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_A-side"},{"link_name":"Chris Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Foreman"},{"link_name":"Madness (Is All in the Mind)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_(Is_All_in_the_Mind)"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Cruel World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Cruel_World_(Elvis_Costello_album)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Madness"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Madness"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Madness"},{"link_name":"Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chris Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Foreman"},{"link_name":"Mike Barson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Barson"},{"link_name":"Lee Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Thompson_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Suggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggs"},{"link_name":"Dan Woodgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Woodgate"},{"link_name":"Mark Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bedford"},{"link_name":"Chas Smash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chas_Smash"},{"link_name":"Studio albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_discography#Studio_albums"},{"link_name":"One Step Beyond...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Step_Beyond..."},{"link_name":"Absolutely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutely_(Madness_album)"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_(Madness_album)"},{"link_name":"The Rise & Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_%26_Fall"},{"link_name":"Keep Moving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_Moving_(Madness_album)"},{"link_name":"Mad Not Mad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Not_Mad"},{"link_name":"The Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Madness_(The_Madness_album)"},{"link_name":"Wonderful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful_(Madness_album)"},{"link_name":"The Dangermen Sessions Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dangermen_Sessions_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"The Liberty of Norton Folgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberty_of_Norton_Folgate"},{"link_name":"Oui Oui, Si Si, Ja Ja, Da Da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oui_Oui,_Si_Si,_Ja_Ja,_Da_Da"},{"link_name":"Can't Touch Us Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Touch_Us_Now"},{"link_name":"Theatre of the Absurd Presents C'est la Vie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd_Presents_C%27est_la_Vie"},{"link_name":"Compilation albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_discography#Compilation_albums"},{"link_name":"Complete Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Madness"},{"link_name":"Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_(Madness_album)"},{"link_name":"Utter Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utter_Madness"},{"link_name":"It's... Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s..._Madness"},{"link_name":"It's... Madness Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s..._Madness_Too"},{"link_name":"Divine Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Madness_(Madness_album)"},{"link_name":"The Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Business_%E2%80%93_the_Definitive_Singles_Collection"},{"link_name":"Total Madness (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Madness_%E2%80%93_The_Very_Best_of_Madness"},{"link_name":"Our House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_House:_The_Original_Songs"},{"link_name":"Total Madness (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Madness"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Madness"},{"link_name":"A Guided Tour of Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guided_Tour_of_Madness"},{"link_name":"Forever Young: The Ska Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_Young:_The_Ska_Collection"},{"link_name":"Live albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_discography#Live_albums"},{"link_name":"Madstock!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madstock!"},{"link_name":"Universal Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Madness"},{"link_name":"Madness Live: To the Edge of the Universe and Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_Live:_To_the_Edge_of_the_Universe_and_Beyond"},{"link_name":"Box sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_discography#Box_sets"},{"link_name":"The Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Business_%E2%80%93_the_Definitive_Singles_Collection"},{"link_name":"A Guided Tour of Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guided_Tour_of_Madness"},{"link_name":"Extended plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_discography#Extended_plays"},{"link_name":"Work Rest and Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_Rest_and_Play"},{"link_name":"The Peel Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peel_Sessions_(Madness)"},{"link_name":"Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_discography#Singles"},{"link_name":"The Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_(song)"},{"link_name":"One Step Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Step_Beyond_(song)"},{"link_name":"My Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Girl_(Madness_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Night Boat to Cairo\" (Work Rest and Play EP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Boat_to_Cairo"},{"link_name":"Baggy Trousers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggy_Trousers"},{"link_name":"Embarrassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarrassment_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Return of the Los Palmas 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Los_Palmas_7"},{"link_name":"Grey Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Day"},{"link_name":"Shut Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shut_Up_(Madness_song)"},{"link_name":"It Must Be Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Must_Be_Love_(Labi_Siffre_song)#Madness_version"},{"link_name":"Cardiac Arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_Arrest_(Madness_song)"},{"link_name":"House of Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Fun"},{"link_name":"Driving in My Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_in_My_Car"},{"link_name":"Our House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_House_(Madness_song)"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Madness (Is All in the Mind)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_(Is_All_in_the_Mind)"},{"link_name":"Wings of a Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_of_a_Dove_(Madness_song)"},{"link_name":"The Sun and the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_and_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"Michael Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caine_(song)"},{"link_name":"One Better Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Better_Day"},{"link_name":"Yesterday's Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday%27s_Men"},{"link_name":"Uncle Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Sam_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sweetest Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_%22Sweetest_Girl%22"},{"link_name":"(Waiting For) The Ghost Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Waiting_For)_The_Ghost_Train"},{"link_name":"The Harder They Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harder_They_Come_(song)#Madness_version"},{"link_name":"Night Boat to Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Boat_to_Cairo"},{"link_name":"Lovestruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestruck_(Madness_song)"},{"link_name":"Johnny the Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_the_Horse"},{"link_name":"Drip Fed Fred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drip_Fed_Fred"},{"link_name":"Shame and Scandal in the Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shame_and_Scandal_in_the_Family"},{"link_name":"Girl Why Don't You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Why_Don%27t_You"},{"link_name":"Sorry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry_(Madness_song)"},{"link_name":"NW5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NW5"},{"link_name":"Dust Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Devil_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sugar and Spice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_and_Spice_(Madness_song)"},{"link_name":"Forever Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_Young_(Madness_song)"},{"link_name":"Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_discography"},{"link_name":"Lucky 7 Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_7_Records"},{"link_name":"Dikran Tulaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikran_Tulaine"},{"link_name":"Our House the Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_House_(musical)"},{"link_name":"2 tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_tone_(music_genre)"},{"link_name":"Zarjazz Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarjazz"},{"link_name":"Starvation/Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation/Tam_Tam_Pour_L%27Ethiopie"},{"link_name":"The Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Madness_(The_Madness_album)"},{"link_name":"Take It or Leave It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_It_or_Leave_It_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"The Lee Thompson Ska Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lee_Thompson_Ska_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Boring (The Young Ones)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring_(The_Young_Ones)"},{"link_name":"Sick (The Young Ones)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_(The_Young_Ones)"},{"link_name":"Unreleased album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreleased_Madness_album"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Just Another Day (Jon Secada song).1983 single by Madness\"Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)\" is a song by British band Madness from their fourth album The Rise & Fall. It spent 9 weeks in the UK charts, peaking at # 8 in February 1983. It was released as a double A-side with the Chris Foreman composition, \"Madness (Is All in the Mind)\".The single version is a slight remix of the album track. A slower, blues-style version of the song, with Elvis Costello on vocals, was included as a bonus track on the 12\" single. The latter version was later included as a bonus track on the 2004 2-disc reissue of Costello's Goodbye Cruel World album.vteMadness\nChris Foreman\nMike Barson\nLee Thompson\nSuggs\nDan Woodgate\nMark Bedford\nChas Smash\nStudio albums\nOne Step Beyond...\nAbsolutely\n7\nThe Rise & Fall\nKeep Moving\nMad Not Mad\nThe Madness\nWonderful\nThe Dangermen Sessions Vol. 1\nThe Liberty of Norton Folgate\nOui Oui, Si Si, Ja Ja, Da Da\nCan't Touch Us Now\nTheatre of the Absurd Presents C'est la Vie\nCompilation albums\nComplete Madness\nMadness\nUtter Madness\nIt's... Madness\nIt's... Madness Too\nDivine Madness\nThe Business\nTotal Madness (1997)\nOur House\nTotal Madness (2009)\nUltimate Madness\nA Guided Tour of Madness\nForever Young: The Ska Collection\nLive albums\nMadstock!\nUniversal Madness\nMadness Live: To the Edge of the Universe and Beyond\nBox sets\nThe Business\nA Guided Tour of Madness\nExtended plays\nWork Rest and Play\nThe Peel Sessions\nSingles\n\"The Prince\"\n\"One Step Beyond\"\n\"My Girl\"\n\"Night Boat to Cairo\" (Work Rest and Play EP)\n\"Baggy Trousers\"\n\"Embarrassment\"\n\"The Return of the Los Palmas 7\"\n\"Grey Day\"\n\"Shut Up\"\n\"It Must Be Love\"\n\"Cardiac Arrest\"\n\"House of Fun\"\n\"Driving in My Car\"\n\"Our House\"\n\"Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)\" / \"Madness (Is All in the Mind)\"\n\"Wings of a Dove\"\n\"The Sun and the Rain\"\n\"Michael Caine\"\n\"One Better Day\"\n\"Yesterday's Men\"\n\"Uncle Sam\"\n\"Sweetest Girl\"\n\"(Waiting For) The Ghost Train\"\n\"The Harder They Come\"\n\"Night Boat to Cairo\"\n\"Lovestruck\"\n\"Johnny the Horse\"\n\"Drip Fed Fred\"\n\"Shame and Scandal in the Family\"\n\"Girl Why Don't You\"\n\"Sorry\"\n\"NW5\"\n\"Dust Devil\"\n\"Sugar and Spice\"\n\"Forever Young\"\nRelated articles\nDiscography\nLucky 7 Records\nDikran Tulaine\nOur House the Musical\n2 tone\nZarjazz Records\n\"Starvation/Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie\"\nThe Madness\nTake It or Leave It\nThe Lee Thompson Ska Orchestra\nBoring (The Young Ones)\nSick (The Young Ones)\nUnreleased album","title":"Tomorrow's (Just Another Day)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tomorrow%27s%22+Just+Another+Day","external_links_name":"\"Tomorrow's\" Just Another Day"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tomorrow%27s%22+Just+Another+Day+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tomorrow%27s%22+Just+Another+Day&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tomorrow%27s%22+Just+Another+Day+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tomorrow%27s%22+Just+Another+Day","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tomorrow%27s%22+Just+Another+Day&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Capp	Andy Capp	["1 Characters and story","2 Continuation","2.1 Animated appearances","3 Awards","4 Book collections and reprints","4.1 United Kingdom","4.2 Australia","5 Adaptations","5.1 Stage","5.2 Television","5.3 Computer game","5.4 Snack food","5.5 Around the world","6 Appearances in Other Media","7 Related comics","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	British comic strip This article is about the comic strip. For other uses, see Andy Capp (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Andy Capp" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Andy CappAndy and FloAuthor(s)Reg SmytheWebsite mirror.co.uk/andy-capp creators.com/andy-capp Current status/scheduleRunningLaunch date5 August 1957Syndicate(s)Publishers-Hall Syndicate (1957–1975)Field Newspaper Syndicate / News America Syndicate (1975–c. 1987)Creators Syndicate (c. 1987–present)Publisher(s)Daily MirrorGenre(s)Humour slapstick Andy Capp is a British comic strip created by cartoonist Reg Smythe, seen in the Daily Mirror and the Sunday Mirror newspapers since 5 August 1957. Originally a single-panel cartoon, it was later expanded to four panels. The strip is syndicated internationally by Creators Syndicate. The character is also licensed as the mascot for a line of snack foods (Andy Capp's fries). Characters and story This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Andy (short for Andrew) Capp Florrie "Flo" Capp (named after Florence Nightingale) Chalkie White Ruby "Rube" White Percy Ritson, the rent collector Jackie the barman The Vicar Flo's Mum (never seen) Minor recurring characters include various constables, barmaids, barmen, referees, footballers, pub locals, door-to-door salesmen, debt collectors, job centre employees, and Guitar Bob. Andy is a working-class figure who never actually works, living in Hartlepool, a harbour town in County Durham, in North East England. The title of the strip is a pun on the local pronunciation of "handicap"; and the surname Capp signifies how Andy's cap always covered his eyes along with, metaphorically, his vision in life. Handicap racing and handicapping, in sport and games, is part of betting, a favourite activity of Andy Capp. Andy's hobbies and activities include pigeon racing, darts, snooker (his cue's name is Delilah), playing football (which always involves fights with the other players, and frequently ends with Andy being sent off), occasional cricket and rugby, betting on horses (and usually losing badly), getting drunk in the local pub (often falling into the canal and being fished out by a constable, and usually arriving home late as a result), ending up in the local gaol, fishing (and not catching anything bigger than a goldfish), unsuccessfully mooching money from everyone for beer, unsuccessfully flirting with barmaids (also yelling at them when he is not served), attempting to pick up bargirls (and usually being rejected, although sometimes he is actually successful), loafing and napping on the sofa, playing poker (and usually cheating with hidden cards, although plainly seen by the readers), and fighting with his long-suffering wife Florrie (also known as "Flo"), as well as being served burnt food by her. Andy's iconic checked flat cap is always pulled down over his eyes, even when he is napping or bathing. He is often unshaven, frequently intoxicated (indicated by a prominent red nose and dishevelled clothing), lazy, freeloading, belligerent, and confrontational, but just as frequently lovable (he always refers to Flo as "pet", and will instantly "bop" anyone who dares to be rude to her). Until the 1980s he was often seen with a cigarette dangling from his lip. When Andy gave up smoking in 1983 some readers blamed political correctness. However, Fergus McKenna, head of syndication at Trinity Mirror which publishes the Daily Mirror, denied that the newspaper had put pressure on Smythe to change Andy's habits, saying: "The truth is that Reg himself gave up smoking and he said there was no way Andy was going to carry on enjoying cigarettes when Reg couldn't". Andy and Florrie now attend marriage counselling. Andy and Florrie are always on the verge of poverty. Although Flo works regularly as a charwoman, Andy is unemployed and lacks motivation. Rent on their terraced house and its contents is constantly in arrears, and the rent collector, Percy Ritson, despairs of ever being paid. He, as well as several others, always nag Andy to get himself a job, which is usually met with him clobbering them. Percy is also always confronting Andy on the way he treats Flo. It's obvious Percy has a crush on Flo and believes he would treat her far better than Andy does. This has led the two men to fight. Their furniture has been repossessed on several occasions. Somehow they always manage to retrieve it, and Andy is always able to afford beer and gambling money, usually by borrowing from Florrie. Almost all the characters occasionally "break the fourth wall" by delivering asides directly to the reader, or even as a very terse 'thought bubble', usually referring to Andy's low character, but more regularly by a character simply cutting their eyes to the reader in the final panel whenever something is said or done by Andy that the character finds unbelievable. The 24 October 1972 strip revealed that Andy once worked as a sign painter, but had not worked at that trade (or any other) for many years. Should anyone suggest he get a job, his response is often very terse and along the lines of 'Don't be so ridiculous!' and sometimes leads to fisticuffs. He occasionally visits the Job Centre (Labour Exchange) and is sometimes shown finding excuses why he cannot take a job that seems suitable for him, preferring instead to collect his "dole money" (government unemployment assistance). On more than one occasion, it is mentioned that Andy had been in the army (with the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, Reg Smythe's regiment) and was a World War II veteran of the North African campaign. According to Don Markstein, Early on, the Andy Capp strip was accused of perpetuating stereotypes about Britain's Northerners, who are seen in other parts of England as chronically unemployed, dividing their time between the living room couch and the neighbourhood pub, with a few hours set aside for fistfights at football games ... But Smythe, himself a native of that region, had nothing but affection for his good-for-nothing protagonist, which showed in his work. Since the very beginning, Andy has been immensely popular among the people he supposedly skewers. The strip takes place almost exclusively in one of three locations: the pub, the street, or inside the Capps' residence at 37 Durham Street (generally with Andy on the couch and Florrie yelling from the next room). Less-frequently visited places include the racetrack (although Andy frequently bets by listening to the radio, thus saving him the trip), the marriage counsellor, and the football pitch (where Andy is either fighting, quarrelling, being sent off, or carried off on a stretcher). Andy's and Flo's best friends are their neighbours Chalkie and Rube White. Chalkie is a hard-drinking working-class type like Andy, who can often be seen sharing a pint with him at the corner pub, but Chalkie seems mellower than Andy, and more tolerant of his wife. Rube is Flo's confidante, and the two often trade gossip over the clothesline about their husbands' latest escapades. The local vicar is also often seen. Andy despairs of his holier-than-thou attitude, as he is constantly criticising Andy for his many bad habits and vice-ridden lifestyle. He often lets his opinion be known to Flo, who agrees with his low assessment of Andy's character. At times, Flo will forcibly remove Andy from the pub when she feels he has been there for far too long (even at times, missing his tea meal). When he comes home, especially in the earlier strips, Flo often confronted him about his doings, sometimes striking him with either her fist or anything she could grab, for example a rolling pin, cricket bat or something similar with the intent to clobber him. However, Flo is not without her own vices. She (along with Rube) will go to bingo with the same frequency as Andy goes to the pub. Whenever this happened (also mainly in the earlier strips), the roles are then reversed, with Andy usually confronting Flo for being late from going to bingo and sometimes striking her with either his fist or chasing her out the door with a push broom or a chair with the intent to clobber her with said object. She had also lost cleaning jobs due to her love of bingo. Flo is also not a very good cook, regularly burning the meals with her lack of cooking skills. This often sends Andy into a rage and off to the nearest café for a meal. Flo was Smythe's favourite character and shares the name with his real-life mother. "She should have been included in the title, but I wanted a single name and the pun on "handicap" was irresistible." Flo's mother, an unseen character whose dialogue appears from out of frame, often chimes into the conversation, mostly with sarcastic criticism of her son-in-law (her feet and legs appear in one panel where she has passed out after Andy offers her too much to drink). Flo's "mam", whom Andy addresses only as "Missus", is often the subject of Andy's pointed barbs about her weight and less-than-sunny disposition, but she has been known to give as good as she gets. Andy's mother was similarly mentioned and also delivered dialogue from offstage, but her "appearances" were cut back significantly as the years passed. Andy's father has also been mentioned. Flo has an older sister named Polly who is seen once, and a never-seen brother. Andy had a pet whippet, Nancy, and has always kept pigeons. Two of the constables who observe Andy's drunken behaviour are named Alan and Trevor. Continuation Reg Smythe died on 13 June 1998, but the original strip has continued. For some time, the writer and artist were uncredited, but in November 2004 the strip began to carry a credit for Roger Mahoney (artist) and Roger Kettle (writer). Circa 2011, Kettle discontinued his work on the strip and was replaced by Lawrence Goldsmith and Sean Garnett, while Mahoney continued to draw. The appearance of the characters did not change perceptibly. Towards the end of 2020, Mahoney's credit began to be left off strips with a subtle but noticeably different style in both lettering and art. This led to at least one industry source inferring that Mahoney, at 87 years of age, and 65 years of cartooning, had retired. Mahoney died at 89, on 29 November 2022. Strips into 2021 and beyond only show credits for writers Goldsmith and Garnett and continue the subtly different style. Animated appearances In May 2012, Andy Capp (as well as Flo, Chalkie White, the Vicar, and Jackie the Barman) appeared as an animated series for the first time in promotional material for The Trinity Mirror-owned MirrorBingo.com website. The animation was created by Teesside-born Chris Hunneysett, who drew from his own background to place Andy Capp in Middlesbrough. Andy Capp had previously appeared in animated form in television adverts for the Post Office (1986) and Kit Kat (1993). Awards Statue in Hartlepool, England Smythe received the National Cartoonists Society's Humor Comic Strip Award for the strip in 1974. A statue of Andy Capp was erected in Hartlepool on 28 June 2007. It was sculpted by Jane Robbins. Book collections and reprints United Kingdom (All titles by Reg Smythe. Published by Daily Mirror Books/Mirror Group Publishers unless otherwise noted) The Andy Capp Book (No. 1) (1958) Andy Capp Spring Tonic (No. 2) (1959) Life with Andy Capp (No. 3) (1959) The Andy Capp Spring Collection (No. 4) (1960) The Best of Andy Capp (No. 5) (1960) Laugh with Andy Capp (No. 6) (1961) The World of Andy Capp (No. 7) (1961) More Andy Capp (No. 8) (1962) Andy Capp (No. 9) Andy Capp Picks His Favourites (No. 10) (1963) Happy Days with Andy Capp (No. 11) (1963) Laugh at Life with Andy Capp (No. 12) (1964) Andy Capp and Florrie (No. 13) (1964) All the Best from Andy Capp (No. 14) (1965) Andy Capp (Nos. 15–20) (1965–1968) The Cream of Andy Capp (1965) First hardcover collection Andy Capp: His 21st Book (1968) Andy Capp (Nos. 22–46) (1969–1982) Laugh Again with Andy Capp – 23 volumes (1968–1980) The World of Andy Capp – 16 volumes (1981–1995) The World of Andy Capp (1990) Titan Andy Capp in Colour: After a Few (1992) Ravette Andy Capp in Colour: Don’t Wait Up (1992) Ravette Andy Capp in Colour: On Cue (1993) Ravette Andy Capp in Colour: A Barrel of Laughs (1993) Ravette Andy Capp Through the Ages: 1957–2000 (2000) Syndication International The New Andy Capp Collection Number 1 (2004) David and Charles Books The New Andy Capp Collection Number 2 (2005) David and Charles Books Andy Capp at 50 (2006) David and Charles Books Andy Capp Annual 2011 (2010) Titan Australia Andy Capp, Man of the Moment! (1977) Mirror Books Down the Hatch, Andy Capp! (1977) Mirror Books Who's Buying, Andy Capp? (1977) Mirror Books You’re a Winner, Andy Capp! (1977) Mirror Books Lots More Andy Capp (1980) Castle Books Amazing Andy Capp (1981) Castle Everlovin' Andy Capp (1981) Castle This Is Your Life, Andy Capp! (1981) Castle Leave 'Em Laughing, Andy Capp (1982) Castle Flo & Andy at It Again (1982) Castle You Little Beauty, Andy Capp (1982) Castle The Incredible Andy Capp (1982) Castle We Still Luv You, Andy Capp (1982) Castle Howzat! Andy Capp (1983) Castle Laugh at Life with Andy Capp (1983) Castle Big Mouth Andy Capp (1983) Castle Summer Fun with Andy Capp (1983) Castle Amorous Andy Capp (1983) Castle Good Sport Andy Capp (1983) Castle Raging Andy Capp (1984) Castle I Can’t Stand Andy Capp! (1984) Castle It's a Hard Life, Andy Capp (1984) Castle Romantic Andy Capp (1984) Horwitz Grahame Books Strike Again, Andy Capp! (1984) HGB The New Image Andy Capp (1984) HGB Nobody's Perfect, Andy Capp (1985) HGB Down Another, Andy Capp (1986) HGB The Laid Back Andy Capp (1986) HGB The Andy and Flo Show (1987) HGB Educating Andy Capp (1987) HGB The Liberated Andy Capp (1985) HGB You’re Fine 'n Dandy, Andy Capp (1987) Budget Books Sporting Life of Andy Capp (1987) Budget Books Up the Pub with Andy Capp (1987) Budget Books Andy Capp: After Hours (1987) Budget Books Andy Capp: Home Sweet Home (1987) Budget Books Andy Capp: A Look Inside (1987) Budget Books Outrageous Andy Capp (1987) HGB The Return of Andy Capp (1988) HGB The Trivial Pursuit of Andy Capp (1988) HGB Good Morning, Andy Capp (1988) HGB Trouble in Paradise with Andy Capp (1988) HGB On the Run with Andy Capp (1989) HGB Taking It Easy with Andy Capp (1989) HGB Late Again, Andy Capp (1989) HGB Bounce Back with Andy Capp (1990) HGB Help Yourself, Andy Capp (1990) HGB Adaptations Stage In 1981 a stage musical based on the strip had a short run at London's Aldwych Theatre, with songs by Alan Price and Trevor Peacock, starring Tom Courtenay as Andy and Val McLane as Florrie. The stage show also produced an original West End cast recording, released on LP record by Key Records in 1982. The musical was reprised in 2016 at the Finborough Theatre in London, with Roger Alborough portraying Andy. Television Main article: Andy Capp (TV series) An attempt to transfer Andy Capp to television in 1988 met with little success. The well-known British character actor James Bolam played Andy on ITV. The Thames Television series consisted of six episodes that were shown once and have never been repeated. The series was poorly received and attracted some criticism for the way it played up to supposed stereotypes of Northern working-class men. In 2012 the series was released on DVD (Region 2) in the UK, licensed by Fremantle Media Ltd to the Network Label (VFD64669 / Network 7953656). Computer game Main article: Andy Capp: The Game In 1987, a computer game based on Andy Capp, entitled Andy Capp: The Game, was released for the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC in Europe and North America. Players had to borrow money in order to replenish Andy's alcohol supply while avoiding fights with his wife Flo and the police. Snack food In 1971, the American company Goodmark Foods licensed the character in the form of “Andy Capp's”, a fried snack food made to resemble french fries. Around the world A Konkani language adaptation of the comic strip, known as Anton Chepekar (आंंतोन चेपेंकार) used to feature in the Konkani daily Sunaparant. Appearances in Other Media Andy Capp appeared twice in Family Guy. In the first appearance, he and Peter are playing darts at a bar and, when an angry Flo appears, she and Andy have a comic-strip style fight, into which Quagmire is unwittingly drawn. The second appearance is when he performs a version of a pap smeer, referred to as a "Capp" smeer, on Lois. Related comics This section includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main article: Buster Capp When the children's comic Buster was launched in 1960, its masthead character was entitled "Buster: Son of Andy Capp". Buster wore a cloth cap similar to Andy's until 1992, but the connection was not recognised in the parent strip and had limited development in the children's comic. Buster often referred to his father, and Andy was seen in the comic attempting to find a gas leak in three frames of the 18 June 1960 strip. He was also shown in two drawn photographs in the 2 July 1960 issue, the first of which was displayed by Buster's mum with the pronouncement: "It's a photo of Buster taken with Andy! You can see he's got his dad's fine straight nose". Buster's mum was often referred to by name and was consistently drawn to resemble Andy's wife Flo. See also The Lockhorns The Better Half References ^ Maley, Don. "Super Roads to Riches are Paved with Comics", Editor & Publisher (30 November 1968). Archived at The Internet Archive. Accessed 12 November 2018. ^ Storch, Charles. "Hearst To Buy Murdoch Syndicate", Chicago Tribune (25 December 1986). ^ Victor E. Neuburg (1983). The Popular Press Companion to Popular Literature. Popular Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-87972-233-3. ^ "July 6, 2014 strip". Retrieved 6 July 2014. ^ Andy Capp free online comic strip library at gocomics.com, Retrieved on 23 June 2016. ^ "September 8, 2002 strip". Retrieved 3 March 2024. ^ "September 15, 2002 strip". Retrieved 3 March 2024. ^ a b Leatherdale, Duncan (23 March 2016). "The mirth and misogyny of Andy Capp". BBC Online. Retrieved 23 March 2016. ^ see: Andy Capp Sounds Off, Fawcett, 1966, where the back of the book advert reads: "Sound Off! Beat Your Wife! Drink Up! But First Buy The Book!" ^ On November 29, 2016 while at the Labour Exchange Andy is overjoyed when he finally found and signed up for his dream occupation-Sample beer taster of ales at local brewery; unfortunately for Andy the Brewery makes non-alcoholic ales! ^ Andy Capp at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. ^ Smythe, Reg. Prologue, "The Cream of Andy Capp," Daily Mirror; First Edition (Jan. 1 1965). ^ "September 7, 2016 strip". Retrieved 7 September 2016. ^ "Andy Capp: Creative Shuffle as Mahoney Retires". Daily Cartoonist. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2022. ^ "Tributes pour in for legendary Andy Capp cartoonist who has died aged 89". Daily Mirror. 29 November 2022. ^ Blystone, Richard (3 April 1977). "Cartoon Famous, Creator Isn't". The Evening News. Newburgh, New York. Associated Press. p. B1. Retrieved 24 March 2012. ^ "Home town gains Andy Capp statue". BBC News. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2016. ^ Andy Capp Gallery at TonyStrading.co.uk ^ Shenton, Mark (9 February 2016). "Andy Capp the Musical review at Finborough Theatre, London – 'utterly charming'". The Stage. London. Retrieved 23 March 2016. External links Andy Capp, British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent Daily Andy Capp comics at Creators Syndicate Daily Andy Capp comics at GoComics Andy's Facebook Page vteReg Smythe's Andy CappAdaptations and spinoffs Andy Capp (TV series) Andy Capp: The Game (computer game) Andy Capp's (snacks) Buster Capp Related Daily Mirror Sunday Mirror vteCreators Syndicate ComicsCurrently syndicated Agnes Andy Capp Archie B.C. The Barn Daddy's Home Diamond Lil Dog Eat Doug Dogs of C-Kennel Doodles Flo & Friends For Heaven's Sake Free Range Heathcliff Herb and Jamaal Liberty Meadows Long Story Short MazeToons The Meaning of Lila Momma Nest Heads One Big Happy The Other Coast Rubes Rugrats Scary Gary Spectickles Speed Bump Strange Brew Wee Pals The Wizard of Id Working it Out Zack Hill Historical Ask Shagg Ballard Street Cafe con Leche Chuckle Bros The Dinette Set Donald Duck Flare Flight Deck Girls & Sports Home Office Hope & Death Mickey Mouse Natural Selection Off Center On a Claire Day Pokémon The Quigmans Recess State of the Union Thin Lines Winnie the Pooh	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andy Capp (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Capp_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Reg Smythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Smythe"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Sunday Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Mirror"},{"link_name":"single-panel cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Creators Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creators_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"mascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot"},{"link_name":"Andy Capp's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Capp%27s"}],"text":"This article is about the comic strip. For other uses, see Andy Capp (disambiguation).Andy Capp is a British comic strip created by cartoonist Reg Smythe, seen in the Daily Mirror and the Sunday Mirror newspapers since 5 August 1957. Originally a single-panel cartoon, it was later expanded to four panels.[3]The strip is syndicated internationally by Creators Syndicate. The character is also licensed as the mascot for a line of snack foods (Andy Capp's fries).","title":"Andy Capp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"North East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"},{"link_name":"Handicap racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicap_(horse_racing)"},{"link_name":"handicapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicapping"},{"link_name":"sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport"},{"link_name":"games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game"},{"link_name":"betting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting"},{"link_name":"pigeon racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_racing"},{"link_name":"darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darts"},{"link_name":"snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"sent off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misconduct_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaol"},{"link_name":"goldfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfish"},{"link_name":"mooching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"flat cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_cap"},{"link_name":"political correctness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Online_23_March_2016-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"marriage counselling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_counselling"},{"link_name":"charwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charwoman"},{"link_name":"unemployed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment"},{"link_name":"terraced house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraced_house"},{"link_name":"break the fourth wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"},{"link_name":"sign painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_painting"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Northumberland Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Northumberland_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"North African campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign"},{"link_name":"Don Markstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Markstein%27s_Toonopedia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_(Anglicanism)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"whippet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whippet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Andy (short for Andrew) Capp\nFlorrie \"Flo\" Capp (named after Florence Nightingale)[4]\nChalkie White\nRuby \"Rube\" White\nPercy Ritson, the rent collector\nJackie the barman\nThe Vicar\nFlo's Mum (never seen)\nMinor recurring characters include various constables, barmaids, barmen, referees, footballers, pub locals, door-to-door salesmen, debt collectors, job centre employees, and Guitar Bob.Andy is a working-class figure who never actually works, living in Hartlepool, a harbour town in County Durham, in North East England. The title of the strip is a pun on the local pronunciation of \"handicap\"; and the surname Capp signifies how Andy's cap always covered his eyes along with, metaphorically, his vision in life. Handicap racing and handicapping, in sport and games, is part of betting, a favourite activity of Andy Capp.Andy's hobbies and activities include pigeon racing, darts, snooker (his cue's name is Delilah[5]), playing football (which always involves fights with the other players, and frequently ends with Andy being sent off), occasional cricket and rugby, betting on horses (and usually losing badly), getting drunk in the local pub (often falling into the canal and being fished out by a constable, and usually arriving home late as a result), ending up in the local gaol, fishing (and not catching anything bigger than a goldfish), unsuccessfully mooching money from everyone for beer, unsuccessfully flirting with barmaids (also yelling at them when he is not served), attempting to pick up bargirls (and usually being rejected,[6] although sometimes he is actually successful[7]), loafing and napping on the sofa, playing poker (and usually cheating with hidden cards, although plainly seen by the readers), and fighting with his long-suffering wife Florrie (also known as \"Flo\"), as well as being served burnt food by her.Andy's iconic checked flat cap is always pulled down over his eyes, even when he is napping or bathing. He is often unshaven, frequently intoxicated (indicated by a prominent red nose and dishevelled clothing), lazy, freeloading, belligerent, and confrontational, but just as frequently lovable (he always refers to Flo as \"pet\", and will instantly \"bop\" anyone who dares to be rude to her). Until the 1980s he was often seen with a cigarette dangling from his lip. When Andy gave up smoking in 1983 some readers blamed political correctness. However, Fergus McKenna, head of syndication at Trinity Mirror which publishes the Daily Mirror, denied that the newspaper had put pressure on Smythe to change Andy's habits, saying: \"The truth is that Reg himself gave up smoking and he said there was no way Andy was going to carry on enjoying cigarettes when Reg couldn't\".[8][9] Andy and Florrie now attend marriage counselling.Andy and Florrie are always on the verge of poverty. Although Flo works regularly as a charwoman, Andy is unemployed and lacks motivation. Rent on their terraced house and its contents is constantly in arrears, and the rent collector, Percy Ritson, despairs of ever being paid. He, as well as several others, always nag Andy to get himself a job, which is usually met with him clobbering them.Percy is also always confronting Andy on the way he treats Flo. It's obvious Percy has a crush on Flo and believes he would treat her far better than Andy does. This has led the two men to fight.Their furniture has been repossessed on several occasions. Somehow they always manage to retrieve it, and Andy is always able to afford beer and gambling money, usually by borrowing from Florrie.Almost all the characters occasionally \"break the fourth wall\" by delivering asides directly to the reader, or even as a very terse 'thought bubble', usually referring to Andy's low character, but more regularly by a character simply cutting their eyes to the reader in the final panel whenever something is said or done by Andy that the character finds unbelievable. The 24 October 1972 strip revealed that Andy once worked as a sign painter, but had not worked at that trade (or any other) for many years. Should anyone suggest he get a job, his response is often very terse and along the lines of 'Don't be so ridiculous!' and sometimes leads to fisticuffs.He occasionally visits the Job Centre (Labour Exchange) and is sometimes shown finding excuses why he cannot take a job that seems suitable for him, preferring instead to collect his \"dole money\" (government unemployment assistance).[10] On more than one occasion, it is mentioned that Andy had been in the army (with the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, Reg Smythe's regiment) and was a World War II veteran of the North African campaign. According to Don Markstein,Early on, the Andy Capp strip was accused of perpetuating stereotypes about Britain's Northerners, who are seen in other parts of England as chronically unemployed, dividing their time between the living room couch and the neighbourhood pub, with a few hours set aside for fistfights at football games ... But Smythe, himself a native of that region, had nothing but affection for his good-for-nothing protagonist, which showed in his work. Since the very beginning, Andy has been immensely popular among the people he supposedly skewers.[11]The strip takes place almost exclusively in one of three locations: the pub, the street, or inside the Capps' residence at 37 Durham Street (generally with Andy on the couch and Florrie yelling from the next room). Less-frequently visited places include the racetrack (although Andy frequently bets by listening to the radio, thus saving him the trip), the marriage counsellor, and the football pitch (where Andy is either fighting, quarrelling, being sent off, or carried off on a stretcher).Andy's and Flo's best friends are their neighbours Chalkie and Rube White. Chalkie is a hard-drinking working-class type like Andy, who can often be seen sharing a pint with him at the corner pub, but Chalkie seems mellower than Andy, and more tolerant of his wife. Rube is Flo's confidante, and the two often trade gossip over the clothesline about their husbands' latest escapades. The local vicar is also often seen. Andy despairs of his holier-than-thou attitude, as he is constantly criticising Andy for his many bad habits and vice-ridden lifestyle. He often lets his opinion be known to Flo, who agrees with his low assessment of Andy's character.At times, Flo will forcibly remove Andy from the pub when she feels he has been there for far too long (even at times, missing his tea meal). When he comes home, especially in the earlier strips, Flo often confronted him about his doings, sometimes striking him with either her fist or anything she could grab, for example a rolling pin, cricket bat or something similar with the intent to clobber him. However, Flo is not without her own vices. She (along with Rube) will go to bingo with the same frequency as Andy goes to the pub.Whenever this happened (also mainly in the earlier strips), the roles are then reversed, with Andy usually confronting Flo for being late from going to bingo and sometimes striking her with either his fist or chasing her out the door with a push broom or a chair with the intent to clobber her with said object.She had also lost cleaning jobs due to her love of bingo.Flo is also not a very good cook, regularly burning the meals with her lack of cooking skills. This often sends Andy into a rage and off to the nearest café for a meal.Flo was Smythe's favourite character and shares the name with his real-life mother. \"She should have been included in the title, but I wanted a single name and the pun on \"handicap\" was irresistible.\"[12]Flo's mother, an unseen character whose dialogue appears from out of frame, often chimes into the conversation, mostly with sarcastic criticism of her son-in-law (her feet and legs appear in one panel where she has passed out after Andy offers her too much to drink). Flo's \"mam\", whom Andy addresses only as \"Missus\", is often the subject of Andy's pointed barbs about her weight and less-than-sunny disposition, but she has been known to give as good as she gets. Andy's mother was similarly mentioned and also delivered dialogue from offstage, but her \"appearances\" were cut back significantly as the years passed. Andy's father has also been mentioned. Flo has an older sister named Polly who is seen once, and a never-seen brother. Andy had a pet whippet, Nancy, and has always kept pigeons.Two of the constables who observe Andy's drunken behaviour are named Alan and Trevor.[13]","title":"Characters and story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"original strip has continued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_strip"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Reg Smythe died on 13 June 1998, but the original strip has continued. For some time, the writer and artist were uncredited, but in November 2004 the strip began to carry a credit for Roger Mahoney (artist) and Roger Kettle (writer). Circa 2011, Kettle discontinued his work on the strip and was replaced by Lawrence Goldsmith and Sean Garnett, while Mahoney continued to draw. The appearance of the characters did not change perceptibly.Towards the end of 2020, Mahoney's credit began to be left off strips with a subtle but noticeably different style in both lettering and art. This led to at least one industry source inferring that Mahoney, at 87 years of age, and 65 years of cartooning, had retired.[14] Mahoney died at 89, on 29 November 2022.[15]Strips into 2021 and beyond only show credits for writers Goldsmith and Garnett and continue the subtly different style.","title":"Continuation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Kit Kat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Kat"}],"sub_title":"Animated appearances","text":"In May 2012, Andy Capp (as well as Flo, Chalkie White, the Vicar, and Jackie the Barman) appeared as an animated series for the first time in promotional material for The Trinity Mirror-owned MirrorBingo.com website. The animation was created by Teesside-born Chris Hunneysett, who drew from his own background to place Andy Capp in Middlesbrough. Andy Capp had previously appeared in animated form in television adverts for the Post Office (1986) and Kit Kat (1993).","title":"Continuation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andy_Capp_Statue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_700196.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Cartoonists Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Statue in Hartlepool, EnglandSmythe received the National Cartoonists Society's Humor Comic Strip Award for the strip in 1974.[16]A statue of Andy Capp was erected in Hartlepool on 28 June 2007. It was sculpted by Jane Robbins.[17]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Book collections and reprints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"(All titles by Reg Smythe. Published by Daily Mirror Books/Mirror Group Publishers unless otherwise noted[18])The Andy Capp Book (No. 1) (1958)\nAndy Capp Spring Tonic (No. 2) (1959)\nLife with Andy Capp (No. 3) (1959)\nThe Andy Capp Spring Collection (No. 4) (1960)\nThe Best of Andy Capp (No. 5) (1960)\nLaugh with Andy Capp (No. 6) (1961)\nThe World of Andy Capp (No. 7) (1961)\nMore Andy Capp (No. 8) (1962)\nAndy Capp (No. 9)\nAndy Capp Picks His Favourites (No. 10) (1963)\nHappy Days with Andy Capp (No. 11) (1963)\nLaugh at Life with Andy Capp (No. 12) (1964)\nAndy Capp and Florrie (No. 13) (1964)\nAll the Best from Andy Capp (No. 14) (1965)\nAndy Capp (Nos. 15–20) (1965–1968)\nThe Cream of Andy Capp (1965) First hardcover collection\nAndy Capp: His 21st Book (1968)\nAndy Capp (Nos. 22–46) (1969–1982)\nLaugh Again with Andy Capp – 23 volumes (1968–1980)\nThe World of Andy Capp – 16 volumes (1981–1995)\nThe World of Andy Capp (1990) Titan\nAndy Capp in Colour: After a Few (1992) Ravette\nAndy Capp in Colour: Don’t Wait Up (1992) Ravette\nAndy Capp in Colour: On Cue (1993) Ravette\nAndy Capp in Colour: A Barrel of Laughs (1993) Ravette\nAndy Capp Through the Ages: 1957–2000 (2000) Syndication International\nThe New Andy Capp Collection Number 1 (2004) David and Charles Books\nThe New Andy Capp Collection Number 2 (2005) David and Charles Books\nAndy Capp at 50 (2006) David and Charles Books\nAndy Capp Annual 2011 (2010) Titan","title":"Book collections and reprints"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Andy Capp, Man of the Moment! (1977) Mirror Books\nDown the Hatch, Andy Capp! (1977) Mirror Books\nWho's Buying, Andy Capp? (1977) Mirror Books\nYou’re a Winner, Andy Capp! (1977) Mirror Books\nLots More Andy Capp (1980) Castle Books\nAmazing Andy Capp (1981) Castle\nEverlovin' Andy Capp (1981) Castle\nThis Is Your Life, Andy Capp! (1981) Castle\nLeave 'Em Laughing, Andy Capp (1982) Castle\nFlo & Andy at It Again (1982) Castle\nYou Little Beauty, Andy Capp (1982) Castle\nThe Incredible Andy Capp (1982) Castle\nWe Still Luv You, Andy Capp (1982) Castle\nHowzat! Andy Capp (1983) Castle\nLaugh at Life with Andy Capp (1983) Castle\nBig Mouth Andy Capp (1983) Castle\nSummer Fun with Andy Capp (1983) Castle\nAmorous Andy Capp (1983) Castle\nGood Sport Andy Capp (1983) Castle\nRaging Andy Capp (1984) Castle\nI Can’t Stand Andy Capp! (1984) Castle\nIt's a Hard Life, Andy Capp (1984) Castle\nRomantic Andy Capp (1984) Horwitz Grahame Books\nStrike Again, Andy Capp! (1984) HGB\nThe New Image Andy Capp (1984) HGB\nNobody's Perfect, Andy Capp (1985) HGB\nDown Another, Andy Capp (1986) HGB\nThe Laid Back Andy Capp (1986) HGB\nThe Andy and Flo Show (1987) HGB\nEducating Andy Capp (1987) HGB\nThe Liberated Andy Capp (1985) HGB\nYou’re Fine 'n Dandy, Andy Capp (1987) Budget Books\nSporting Life of Andy Capp (1987) Budget Books\nUp the Pub with Andy Capp (1987) Budget Books\nAndy Capp: After Hours (1987) Budget Books\nAndy Capp: Home Sweet Home (1987) Budget Books\nAndy Capp: A Look Inside (1987) Budget Books\nOutrageous Andy Capp (1987) HGB\nThe Return of Andy Capp (1988) HGB\nThe Trivial Pursuit of Andy Capp (1988) HGB\nGood Morning, Andy Capp (1988) HGB\nTrouble in Paradise with Andy Capp (1988) HGB\nOn the Run with Andy Capp (1989) HGB\nTaking It Easy with Andy Capp (1989) HGB\nLate Again, Andy Capp (1989) HGB\nBounce Back with Andy Capp (1990) HGB\nHelp Yourself, Andy Capp (1990) HGB","title":"Book collections and reprints"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldwych Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Alan Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Price"},{"link_name":"Trevor Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Peacock"},{"link_name":"Tom Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Online_23_March_2016-8"},{"link_name":"Val McLane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_McLane"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"LP record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"Finborough Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finborough_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Roger Alborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Alborough"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Stage_9_February_2016-19"}],"sub_title":"Stage","text":"In 1981 a stage musical based on the strip had a short run at London's Aldwych Theatre, with songs by Alan Price and Trevor Peacock, starring Tom Courtenay as Andy[8] and Val McLane as Florrie. The stage show also produced an original West End cast recording, released on LP record by Key Records in 1982. The musical was reprised in 2016 at the Finborough Theatre in London, with Roger Alborough portraying Andy.[19]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Bolam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bolam"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Thames Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Television"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Media Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Media"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"An attempt to transfer Andy Capp to television in 1988 met with little success. The well-known British character actor James Bolam played Andy on ITV. The Thames Television series consisted of six episodes that were shown once and have never been repeated. The series was poorly received and attracted some criticism for the way it played up to supposed stereotypes of Northern working-class men. In 2012 the series was released on DVD (Region 2) in the UK, licensed by Fremantle Media Ltd to the Network Label (VFD64669 / Network 7953656).","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_game"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"}],"sub_title":"Computer game","text":"In 1987, a computer game based on Andy Capp, entitled Andy Capp: The Game, was released for the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC in Europe and North America. Players had to borrow money in order to replenish Andy's alcohol supply while avoiding fights with his wife Flo and the police.","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andy Capp's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Capp%27s"}],"sub_title":"Snack food","text":"In 1971, the American company Goodmark Foods licensed the character in the form of “Andy Capp's”, a fried snack food made to resemble french fries.","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konkani language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language"},{"link_name":"Sunaparant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunaparant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Around the world","text":"A Konkani language adaptation of the comic strip, known as Anton Chepekar (आंंतोन चेपेंकार) used to feature in the Konkani daily Sunaparant.[citation needed]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Family Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy"}],"text":"Andy Capp appeared twice in Family Guy. In the first appearance, he and Peter are playing darts at a bar and, when an angry Flo appears, she and Andy have a comic-strip style fight, into which Quagmire is unwittingly drawn. The second appearance is when he performs a version of a pap smeer, referred to as a \"Capp\" smeer, on Lois.","title":"Appearances in Other Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Buster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Capp"}],"text":"When the children's comic Buster was launched in 1960, its masthead character was entitled \"Buster: Son of Andy Capp\". Buster wore a cloth cap similar to Andy's until 1992, but the connection was not recognised in the parent strip and had limited development in the children's comic. Buster often referred to his father, and Andy was seen in the comic attempting to find a gas leak in three frames of the 18 June 1960 strip. He was also shown in two drawn photographs in the 2 July 1960 issue, the first of which was displayed by Buster's mum with the pronouncement: \"It's a photo of Buster taken with Andy! You can see he's got his dad's fine straight nose\". Buster's mum was often referred to by name and was consistently drawn to resemble Andy's wife Flo.","title":"Related comics"}]	[{"image_text":"Statue in Hartlepool, England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Andy_Capp_Statue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_700196.jpg/220px-Andy_Capp_Statue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_700196.jpg"}]	[{"title":"The Lockhorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lockhorns"},{"title":"The Better Half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Better_Half"}]	[{"reference":"Victor E. Neuburg (1983). The Popular Press Companion to Popular Literature. Popular Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-87972-233-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/popularpresscomp00neub","url_text":"The Popular Press Companion to Popular Literature"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/popularpresscomp00neub/page/20","url_text":"20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-233-3","url_text":"978-0-87972-233-3"}]},{"reference":"\"July 6, 2014 strip\". Retrieved 6 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gocomics.com/andycapp/2014/07/06","url_text":"\"July 6, 2014 strip\""}]},{"reference":"\"September 8, 2002 strip\". Retrieved 3 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gocomics.com/andycapp/2002/09/08","url_text":"\"September 8, 2002 strip\""}]},{"reference":"\"September 15, 2002 strip\". Retrieved 3 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gocomics.com/andycapp/2002/09/15","url_text":"\"September 15, 2002 strip\""}]},{"reference":"Leatherdale, Duncan (23 March 2016). \"The mirth and misogyny of Andy Capp\". BBC Online. Retrieved 23 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-35802880","url_text":"\"The mirth and misogyny of Andy Capp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online","url_text":"BBC Online"}]},{"reference":"\"September 7, 2016 strip\". Retrieved 7 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gocomics.com/andycapp/2016/09/07","url_text":"\"September 7, 2016 strip\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andy Capp: Creative Shuffle as Mahoney Retires\". Daily Cartoonist. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2020/11/18/andy-capp-creative-shuffle-as-mahoney-retires/","url_text":"\"Andy Capp: Creative Shuffle as Mahoney Retires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tributes pour in for legendary Andy Capp cartoonist who has died aged 89\". Daily Mirror. 29 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/tributes-pour-legendary-andy-capp-28614075","url_text":"\"Tributes pour in for legendary Andy Capp cartoonist who has died aged 89\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"}]},{"reference":"Blystone, Richard (3 April 1977). \"Cartoon Famous, Creator Isn't\". The Evening News. Newburgh, New York. Associated Press. p. B1. Retrieved 24 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7B1gAAAAIBAJ&dq=fish%20vigoda&pg=6557%2C369804","url_text":"\"Cartoon Famous, Creator Isn't\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Home town gains Andy Capp statue\". BBC News. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tees/6248444.stm","url_text":"\"Home town gains Andy Capp statue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Shenton, Mark (9 February 2016). \"Andy Capp the Musical review at Finborough Theatre, London – 'utterly charming'\". The Stage. London. Retrieved 23 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/2016/andy-capp-the-musical-review-at-finborough-theatre-london-utterly-charming/","url_text":"\"Andy Capp the Musical review at Finborough Theatre, London – 'utterly charming'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stage","url_text":"The Stage"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Andy+Capp%22","external_links_name":"\"Andy Capp\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Andy+Capp%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Andy+Capp%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Andy+Capp%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Andy+Capp%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Andy+Capp%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/cartoons/andy-capp/","external_links_name":"mirror.co.uk/andy-capp"},{"Link":"http://www.creators.com/comics/andy-capp.html","external_links_name":"creators.com/andy-capp"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sim_editor-publisher_1968-11-30_101_48/page/8/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Archived at The Internet Archive"},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-12-25/business/8604060301_1_america-syndicate-field-newspaper-syndicate-murdoch","external_links_name":"\"Hearst To Buy Murdoch Syndicate\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/popularpresscomp00neub","external_links_name":"The Popular Press Companion to Popular Literature"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/popularpresscomp00neub/page/20","external_links_name":"20"},{"Link":"http://www.gocomics.com/andycapp/2014/07/06","external_links_name":"\"July 6, 2014 strip\""},{"Link":"http://www.gocomics.com/andycapp/2009/05/20","external_links_name":"Andy Capp"},{"Link":"https://www.gocomics.com/andycapp/2002/09/08","external_links_name":"\"September 8, 2002 strip\""},{"Link":"https://www.gocomics.com/andycapp/2002/09/15","external_links_name":"\"September 15, 2002 strip\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-35802880","external_links_name":"\"The mirth and misogyny of Andy Capp\""},{"Link":"http://www.toonopedia.com/andycapp.htm","external_links_name":"Andy Capp"},{"Link":"https://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091016111337/http://www.toonopedia.com/andycapp.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gocomics.com/andycapp/2016/09/07","external_links_name":"\"September 7, 2016 strip\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2020/11/18/andy-capp-creative-shuffle-as-mahoney-retires/","external_links_name":"\"Andy Capp: Creative Shuffle as Mahoney Retires\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/tributes-pour-legendary-andy-capp-28614075","external_links_name":"\"Tributes pour in for legendary Andy Capp cartoonist who has died aged 89\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7B1gAAAAIBAJ&dq=fish%20vigoda&pg=6557%2C369804","external_links_name":"\"Cartoon Famous, Creator Isn't\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tees/6248444.stm","external_links_name":"\"Home town gains Andy Capp statue\""},{"Link":"http://www.tonystrading.co.uk/galleries/comicstrips/andycapp-uk.htm","external_links_name":"Andy Capp Gallery at TonyStrading.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/2016/andy-capp-the-musical-review-at-finborough-theatre-london-utterly-charming/","external_links_name":"\"Andy Capp the Musical review at Finborough Theatre, London – 'utterly charming'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071024064123/http://opal.ukc.ac.uk/cartoonx-cgi/ccc.py?mode=summary&search=Andy+Capp","external_links_name":"Andy Capp"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130211181422/http://www.creators.com/comics/andy-capp.html","external_links_name":"Daily Andy Capp comics"},{"Link":"http://www.gocomics.com/andycapp","external_links_name":"Daily Andy Capp comics"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/home.php#/pages/Andy-Capp/31411402618?ref=ts","external_links_name":"Andy's Facebook Page"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_for_Peace_Monument	Hope for Peace Monument	["1 Construction","2 References"]	Coordinates: 33°50′23″N 35°33′28″E / 33.83973°N 35.55775°E / 33.83973; 35.55775This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hope for Peace Monument" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Hope for Peace (Espoir de Paix) Monument is a monument in Yarze, Lebanon, made to celebrate the end of the Lebanese Civil War in 1990. It was designed by the French-born American artist Armand Fernandez. It is located near the Ministry of National Defence. It was built in 1995. It is the official monument to commemorate the end of the civil war in Lebanon. The monument is unusual in that it contains 78 military vehicles, from a range of eras and nations. The monument resembles a bombed-out building, with the vehicles positioned in it. The guns of the tanks and military vehicles stick out of it, mostly pointing in one direction. Construction The various tanks and military vehicles were donated for the project by the Lebanese government. In the building of the monument, the former military hardware were welded to a large metal frame-structure. Large sandbags and concrete were combined together and then poured into the tall frame to create the overall appearance of the monument. It is constructed from 5,000 tons of concrete and stands 30 metres high. The tall memorial's range of decommissioned military vehicles comprises armoured personnel carriers (APCs), tanks, gun-trucks and self-propelled gun (SPG) vehicles, including Charioteer tank destroyers, Sherman Firefly, M-50 and M-51 Super Sherman, T-55 and M47 Patton tanks, as well as Saladin armoured cars, a BTR-152 wheeled APC, a Panhard armoured car, an AMX-13 tank and a Ferret armoured car. References ^ "hope-for-peace-monument-in-yarze-lebanon" http://www.amusingplanet.com/2015/08/hope-for-peace-monument-in-yarze-lebanon.html ^ 时英伦. "In pics: Hope for Peace Monument in Yarzeh, Lebanon - Xinhua \| English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-11. ^ Tribute To Peace Or Plain Tank Sandwich 33°50′23″N 35°33′28″E / 33.83973°N 35.55775°E / 33.83973; 35.55775This article about a building or structure in Lebanon is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lebanon_tank_monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yarze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarze"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Armand Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of National Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Hope for Peace (Espoir de Paix) Monument is a monument in Yarze, Lebanon, made to celebrate the end of the Lebanese Civil War in 1990. It was designed by the French-born American artist Armand Fernandez.[1] It is located near the Ministry of National Defence. It was built in 1995. It is the official monument to commemorate the end of the civil war in Lebanon. [2]The monument is unusual in that it contains 78 military vehicles, from a range of eras and nations. The monument resembles a bombed-out building, with the vehicles positioned in it. The guns of the tanks and military vehicles stick out of it, mostly pointing in one direction.[3]","title":"Hope for Peace Monument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charioteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charioteer_(tank)"},{"link_name":"Sherman Firefly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Firefly"},{"link_name":"T-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-54/T-55"},{"link_name":"M47 Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M47_Patton"},{"link_name":"Saladin armoured cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvis_Saladin"},{"link_name":"BTR-152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR-152"},{"link_name":"Panhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhard"},{"link_name":"AMX-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX13"},{"link_name":"Ferret armoured car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferret_armoured_car"}],"text":"The various tanks and military vehicles were donated for the project by the Lebanese government. In the building of the monument, the former military hardware were welded to a large metal frame-structure. Large sandbags and concrete were combined together and then poured into the tall frame to create the overall appearance of the monument. It is constructed from 5,000 tons of concrete and stands 30 metres high.The tall memorial's range of decommissioned military vehicles comprises armoured personnel carriers (APCs), tanks, gun-trucks and self-propelled gun (SPG) vehicles, including Charioteer tank destroyers, Sherman Firefly, M-50 and M-51 Super Sherman, T-55 and M47 Patton tanks, as well as Saladin armoured cars, a BTR-152 wheeled APC, a Panhard armoured car, an AMX-13 tank and a Ferret armoured car.","title":"Construction"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lebanon_tank_monument.jpg/220px-Lebanon_tank_monument.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"时英伦. \"In pics: Hope for Peace Monument in Yarzeh, Lebanon - Xinhua \| English.news.cn\". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200712022159/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/14/c_138390361.htm","url_text":"\"In pics: Hope for Peace Monument in Yarzeh, Lebanon - Xinhua \| English.news.cn\""},{"url":"http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/14/c_138390361.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hope_for_Peace_Monument&params=33.83973_N_35.55775_E_type:landmark_region:LB","external_links_name":"33°50′23″N 35°33′28″E / 33.83973°N 35.55775°E / 33.83973; 35.55775"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hope+for+Peace+Monument%22","external_links_name":"\"Hope for Peace Monument\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hope+for+Peace+Monument%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hope+for+Peace+Monument%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hope+for+Peace+Monument%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hope+for+Peace+Monument%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hope+for+Peace+Monument%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.amusingplanet.com/2015/08/hope-for-peace-monument-in-yarze-lebanon.html","external_links_name":"http://www.amusingplanet.com/2015/08/hope-for-peace-monument-in-yarze-lebanon.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200712022159/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/14/c_138390361.htm","external_links_name":"\"In pics: Hope for Peace Monument in Yarzeh, Lebanon - Xinhua \| English.news.cn\""},{"Link":"http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/14/c_138390361.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/tribute-to-peace-or-plain-tank-sandwich-1594198.html","external_links_name":"Tribute To Peace Or Plain Tank Sandwich"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hope_for_Peace_Monument&params=33.83973_N_35.55775_E_type:landmark_region:LB","external_links_name":"33°50′23″N 35°33′28″E / 33.83973°N 35.55775°E / 33.83973; 35.55775"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hope_for_Peace_Monument&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera_Farnese	Hera Farnese	["1 Notes","2 External links"]	The Hera Farnese The Hera Farnese is a type of sculpture of Hera. Its main example is a 63 cm high Roman marble copy of the 1st century AD of a Greek original of the second half of the 5th century BC, now in the Naples National Archaeological Museum. It was part of a colossal acrolithic statue, and shows the goddess with a central parting and wearing a diadem. It was named Hera by the first archaeologists to see it, due to its severe style and unsmiling expression, and they also interpreted these features as making it a Roman copy of an original by Polycleitus. As part of the Farnese collection it was brought to Naples in 1844 by German archaeologist Heinrich Brunn. Hera Ludovisi See also giant statue Hera Ludovisi (portrait of Antonia Minor) in Palazzo Altemps , Rome. Notes ^ Emerson, Alfred. Heinrich von Brunn. Vol. 9, No. 3 (Jul., 1894). The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts. p. 370. Skulpturhalle Basel External links Media related to Diadumenos at Wikimedia Commons This article about a sculpture in Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Naples National Archaeological Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum"},{"link_name":"acrolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrolith"},{"link_name":"diadem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadem"},{"link_name":"Polycleitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykleitos"},{"link_name":"Farnese collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnese_collection"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Brunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Brunn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hera_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8631.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hera Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"Antonia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Altemps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Altemps"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Altemps"}],"text":"The Hera Farnese is a type of sculpture of Hera.Its main example is a 63 cm high Roman marble copy of the 1st century AD of a Greek original of the second half of the 5th century BC, now in the Naples National Archaeological Museum. It was part of a colossal acrolithic statue, and shows the goddess with a central parting and wearing a diadem. It was named Hera by the first archaeologists to see it, due to its severe style and unsmiling expression, and they also interpreted these features as making it a Roman copy of an original by Polycleitus.As part of the Farnese collection it was brought to Naples in 1844 by German archaeologist Heinrich Brunn.[1]Hera LudovisiSee also giant statue Hera Ludovisi (portrait of Antonia Minor) in Palazzo Altemps [it], Rome.","title":"Hera Farnese"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Skulpturhalle Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070927003003/http://www.skulpturhalle.ch/sammlung/highlights/2003/05/hera.html"}],"text":"^ Emerson, Alfred. Heinrich von Brunn. Vol. 9, No. 3 (Jul., 1894). The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts. p. 370.Skulpturhalle Basel","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The Hera Farnese","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Artemis_Ariccia_MAN_Napoli_Inv6005.jpg/220px-Artemis_Ariccia_MAN_Napoli_Inv6005.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Emerson, Alfred. Heinrich von Brunn. Vol. 9, No. 3 (Jul., 1894). The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts. p. 370.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003003/http://www.skulpturhalle.ch/sammlung/highlights/2003/05/hera.html","external_links_name":"Skulpturhalle Basel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hera_Farnese&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Gaillard_Hunt	Theodore G. Hunt	["1 Biography","1.1 Civil War","1.2 Death","2 References","3 External links"]	American politician Theodore Gaillard HuntMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Louisiana's 2nd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855Preceded byJoseph Aristide LandrySucceeded byMiles TaylorMember of the Louisiana House of RepresentativesIn office1837-1853 Personal detailsBorn(1805-10-23)October 23, 1805Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.DiedNovember 15, 1893(1893-11-15) (aged 88)New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.Political partyWhigKnow Nothing Theodore Gaillard Hunt (October 23, 1805 – November 15, 1893) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a member of the U. S. House of Representatives representing the state of Louisiana. From 1853 to 1855, he served one term as a Whig. In 1854, he ran for re-election and lost as a candidate of the American (Know-Nothing) Party. Biography Hunt was born in Charleston, South Carolina. In addition to being a member of Congress, Hunt was district attorney for New Orleans, member of the state House of Representative for sixteen years, and later a judge. During his tenure in congress he is notable as one of the few Southerners to have opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Civil War During the American Civil War, Hunt was the colonel of the rebel 5th Louisiana Infantry in 1861-62 and later a brigadier general in the Louisiana militia. After New Orleans fell into Union hands, Hunt, who had opposed secession, resigned from the Confederate Army and became Adjutant General of Union Louisiana. Death He died on November 15, 1893, at the age of 88. References ^ "Louisiana Election". The New York Times. 1855. ^ "Louisiana's Military Heritage: Adjutants General of the Louisiana National Guard". Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. External links United States Congress. "Theodore G. Hunt (id: H000977)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Theodore Gaillard Hunt entry at The Political Graveyard Theodore G. Hunt at Find a Grave U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byJoseph Aristide Landry Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana's 2nd congressional district March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855 Succeeded byMiles Taylor vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana1st district E. Livingston White H. Johnson White Slidell La Sére St. Martin Dunbar Eustis Bouligny Sypher Lawrence Gibson Hunt St. Martin Wilkinson Meyer Estopinal O'Connor Fernández Hébert Tonry B. Livingston Vitter Jindal Scalise 2nd district Gurley Thomas Ripley Chinn Dawson la Branche Thibodeaux Conrad Bullard J. A. Landry Hunt Taylor Mann Sheldon Ellis Hahn Wallace Lagan Coleman Lagan Davey Buck Davey Gilmore Dupré Spearing Maloney H. Boggs Maloney H. Boggs L. Boggs Jefferson Cao Richmond Carter 3rd district Brent Overton Bullard Garland J. Moore Dawson Harmanson Penn Perkins Davidson Newsham Darrall Acklen Darrall Kellogg Gay Price Broussard Martin Montet Mouton Domengeaux Willis Caffery Treen Tauzin Melançon J. M. Landry Boustany Higgins 4th district Bossier Morse J. Moore Jones Sandidge Landrum Vidal Newsham McCleery Boarman Smith Levy Elam Blanchard Ogden Breazeale Watkins Sandlin Brooks Waggonner Leach Roemer McCrery Fields McCrery Fleming M. Johnson 5th district Blackburn Morey Spencer Leonard Young King Newton Boatner Baird Ransdell Elder Wilson Mills McKenzie Passman Huckaby McCrery Cooksey Alexander McAllister Abraham Letlow 6th district Nash E. Robertson Lewis Irion E. Robertson S. Robertson Favrot Wickliffe Morgan Sanders Sr. Favrot Kemp Sanders Jr. Griffith Sanders Jr. Morrison Rarick H. Moore Baker Cazayoux Cassidy Graves 7th district Pujo Lazaro De Rouen Plauché Larcade Thompson Edwards Breaux Hayes John Boustany 8th district Aswell Overton Dear Allen G. S. "Doc" Long McSween G. W. Long S. Long G. W. Long C. Long Holloway At-large Robertson Butler Johnston Sheridan Territory Clark Poydras This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People US Congress Other SNAC This article about a Louisiana politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a person of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U. S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._S._state"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"one term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"American (Know-Nothing) Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Nothing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Theodore Gaillard Hunt (October 23, 1805 – November 15, 1893) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a member of the U. S. House of Representatives representing the state of Louisiana. From 1853 to 1855, he served one term as a Whig.In 1854, he ran for re-election and lost as a candidate of the American (Know-Nothing) Party.[1]","title":"Theodore G. Hunt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"state House of Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hunt was born in Charleston, South Carolina. In addition to being a member of Congress, Hunt was district attorney for New Orleans, member of the state House of Representative for sixteen years, and later a judge. During his tenure in congress he is notable as one of the few Southerners to have opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Civil War","text":"During the American Civil War, Hunt was the colonel of the rebel 5th Louisiana Infantry in 1861-62 and later a brigadier general in the Louisiana militia. After New Orleans fell into Union hands, Hunt, who had opposed secession, resigned from the Confederate Army and became Adjutant General of Union Louisiana.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Death","text":"He died on November 15, 1893, at the age of 88.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Louisiana Election\". The New York Times. 1855.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1855/11/12/archives/louisiana-election.html","url_text":"\"Louisiana Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana's Military Heritage: Adjutants General of the Louisiana National Guard\". Archived from the original on 2008-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120010818/http://www.usskidd.com/heritage-nationalguard.html","url_text":"\"Louisiana's Military Heritage: Adjutants General of the Louisiana National Guard\""},{"url":"http://www.usskidd.com/heritage-nationalguard.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Theodore G. Hunt (id: H000977)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000977","url_text":"\"Theodore G. Hunt (id: H000977)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1855/11/12/archives/louisiana-election.html","external_links_name":"\"Louisiana Election\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120010818/http://www.usskidd.com/heritage-nationalguard.html","external_links_name":"\"Louisiana's Military Heritage: Adjutants General of the Louisiana National Guard\""},{"Link":"http://www.usskidd.com/heritage-nationalguard.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000977","external_links_name":"\"Theodore G. Hunt (id: H000977)\""},{"Link":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hunt.html#669.18.10","external_links_name":"Theodore Gaillard Hunt entry"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7204987","external_links_name":"Theodore G. Hunt"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/","external_links_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9716288","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVQWbjR3wyKVFtmdBMfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1221111345","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93016092","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000977","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n89nz9","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_G._Hunt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_G._Hunt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_Doxey_(disambiguation)	Senator Doxey (disambiguation)	[]	Wall Doxey (1892–1962) was a U.S. Senator from Mississippi from 1941 to 1943. Senator Doxey may also refer to: Charles T. Doxey (1841–1898), Indiana State Senate Ralph H. Doxey (born 1950), Mississippi State Senate Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Senator Doxey.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles T. Doxey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_T._Doxey"},{"link_name":"Ralph H. Doxey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_H._Doxey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Senator_Doxey_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Charles T. Doxey (1841–1898), Indiana State Senate\nRalph H. Doxey (born 1950), Mississippi State SenateTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Senator Doxey.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Senator Doxey (disambiguation)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Senator_Doxey_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_for_the_Silver_Lining	Look for the Silver Lining	["1 Background","2 Notable recordings","3 See also","4 References"]	1919 popular song For the film, see Look for the Silver Lining (film). 1920 sheet music cover Judy Garland as Marilyn Miller performing the song in Till the Clouds Roll By (1946), a biographical film loosely based on the life and work of Jerome Kern "Look for the Silver Lining" is a 1919 popular song with music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by B.G. DeSylva. Background The song was written in 1919 for the unsuccessful musical Zip, Goes a Million. In 1920, it was published and reused in the musical Sally whence it was popularized by Marilyn Miller. Among others, it was later covered several times by Judy Garland, whose version also became, and remains, well-known. A 1949 biopic was released with the same title as the song is about Marilyn Miller. Marion Harris' recording of the song is (anachronistically) featured in a memorable dance scene between Lady Mary and Matthew Crawley in the popular Masterpiece Classic series Downton Abbey. The scene can be viewed in Episode 8 of Series 2 where the plot-line reached early-to-mid 1919; however, the recording was not made until 29 December 1920. The song was used as the opening theme of CBS Radio's The Billie Burke Show (1943–1946). The strikingly similar "Look for the Union Label" seems based on the song. Celeste Holm, portraying Florence Harding, sang a portion of the song in "Backstairs at the White House." Notable recordings Steve Conway (Columbia UK single, 1950). Chet Baker – Chet Baker Sings (1954). For several years a clip of Baker's rendition accompanied a bumper for Turner Classic Movies' morning programming block, titled "Sunny Side of Life" and featuring animation inspired by the paintings of Edward Hopper. Roberta Sherwood – Look for the Silver Lining (1959). Andy Williams – The Village of St. Bernadette (1959). Margaret Whiting – Margaret Whiting Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook (1960). Aretha Franklin – The Tender, the Moving, the Swinging Aretha Franklin (1962). Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album On the Sentimental Side (1962). Les & Larry Elgart - Girl Watchers (1966). Susannah McCorkle – From Broken Hearts to Blue Skies (1998), Most Requested Songs (1999). Leslie Odom Jr. – Leslie Odom Jr. (2014). Brad Mehldau – Suite: April 2020 (2020). See also Silver lining (idiom) References ^ Suskin, Steven. Show Tunes: The Songs, Shows, and Careers of Broadway's Major Composers. Oxford University Press: 2000. ^ Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 2019-09-21. ^ https://everything2.com/title/Look+for+the+Union+Label ^ Andrews, Frank; Hayes, Jim; Smith, Michael (2010). Columbia Graphophone Company Ltd., 'DB' prefixed catalogue series. and 'LB' clef series. of 10 inch 78 rpm records. City Of London Phonograph and Gramophone Society. ^ "www.allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved June 7, 2024. ^ "www.allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved June 7, 2024. Authority control databases MusicBrainz work This pop standards-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Look for the Silver Lining (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_for_the_Silver_Lining_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Look_for_the_Silver_Lining_cover.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Till_the_clouds_roll_by-judy_garland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Judy Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Garland"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Miller"},{"link_name":"Till the Clouds Roll By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_the_Clouds_Roll_By"},{"link_name":"Jerome Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kern"},{"link_name":"popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"Jerome Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kern"},{"link_name":"B.G. DeSylva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.G._DeSylva"}],"text":"For the film, see Look for the Silver Lining (film).1920 sheet music coverJudy Garland as Marilyn Miller performing the song in Till the Clouds Roll By (1946), a biographical film loosely based on the life and work of Jerome Kern\"Look for the Silver Lining\" is a 1919 popular song with music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by B.G. DeSylva.","title":"Look for the Silver Lining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_in_music"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_in_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Miller"},{"link_name":"Judy Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Garland"},{"link_name":"biopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_for_the_Silver_Lining_(film)"},{"link_name":"Marion Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Harris"},{"link_name":"Masterpiece Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Downton Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"The Billie Burke Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billie_Burke_Show"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningota-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Celeste Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeste_Holm"},{"link_name":"Backstairs at the White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House"}],"text":"The song was written in 1919 for the unsuccessful musical Zip, Goes a Million. In 1920, it was published[1] and reused in the musical Sally whence it was popularized by Marilyn Miller. Among others, it was later covered several times by Judy Garland, whose version also became, and remains, well-known.A 1949 biopic was released with the same title as the song is about Marilyn Miller.Marion Harris' recording of the song is (anachronistically) featured in a memorable dance scene between Lady Mary and Matthew Crawley in the popular Masterpiece Classic series Downton Abbey. The scene can be viewed in Episode 8 of Series 2 where the plot-line reached early-to-mid 1919; however, the recording was not made until 29 December 1920.The song was used as the opening theme of CBS Radio's The Billie Burke Show (1943–1946).[2]The strikingly similar \"Look for the Union Label\" seems based on the song.[3]Celeste Holm, portraying Florence Harding, sang a portion of the song in \"Backstairs at the White House.\"","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Conway_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Columbia UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-4"},{"link_name":"Chet Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Baker"},{"link_name":"Chet Baker Sings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Baker_Sings"},{"link_name":"bumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"Turner Classic Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies"},{"link_name":"Edward Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hopper"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Roberta Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Sherwood"},{"link_name":"Andy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Williams"},{"link_name":"The Village of St. Bernadette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_of_St._Bernadette"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Margaret Whiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Whiting"},{"link_name":"Margaret Whiting Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Whiting_Sings_the_Jerome_Kern_Songbook"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"The Tender, the Moving, the Swinging Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tender,_the_Moving,_the_Swinging_Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"On the Sentimental Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Sentimental_Side"},{"link_name":"Les & Larry Elgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Elgart"},{"link_name":"Susannah McCorkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_McCorkle"},{"link_name":"From Broken Hearts to Blue Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Broken_Hearts_to_Blue_Skies"},{"link_name":"Leslie Odom Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Odom_Jr."},{"link_name":"Leslie Odom Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Odom_Jr."},{"link_name":"Brad Mehldau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Mehldau"},{"link_name":"Suite: April 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite:_April_2020"}],"text":"Steve Conway (Columbia UK single, 1950).[4]\nChet Baker – Chet Baker Sings (1954). For several years a clip of Baker's rendition accompanied a bumper for Turner Classic Movies' morning programming block, titled \"Sunny Side of Life\" and featuring animation inspired by the paintings of Edward Hopper.[citation needed]\nRoberta Sherwood – Look for the Silver Lining (1959).\nAndy Williams – The Village of St. Bernadette (1959).[5]\nMargaret Whiting – Margaret Whiting Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook (1960).\nAretha Franklin – The Tender, the Moving, the Swinging Aretha Franklin (1962).[6]\nBing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album On the Sentimental Side (1962).\nLes & Larry Elgart - Girl Watchers (1966).\nSusannah McCorkle – From Broken Hearts to Blue Skies (1998), Most Requested Songs (1999).\nLeslie Odom Jr. – Leslie Odom Jr. (2014).\nBrad Mehldau – Suite: April 2020 (2020).","title":"Notable recordings"}]	[{"image_text":"1920 sheet music cover","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Look_for_the_Silver_Lining_cover.jpg/220px-Look_for_the_Silver_Lining_cover.jpg"},{"image_text":"Judy Garland as Marilyn Miller performing the song in Till the Clouds Roll By (1946), a biographical film loosely based on the life and work of Jerome Kern ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Till_the_clouds_roll_by-judy_garland.jpg/220px-Till_the_clouds_roll_by-judy_garland.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Silver lining (idiom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_lining_(idiom)"}]	[{"reference":"Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 2019-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dunning_(detective_fiction_author)","url_text":"Dunning, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EwtRbXNca0oC&dq=%22The+Billie+Burke+Show,+situation%22+%22Look+for+the+Silver+Lining%22&pg=PA89","url_text":"On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507678-3","url_text":"978-0-19-507678-3"}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Frank; Hayes, Jim; Smith, Michael (2010). Columbia Graphophone Company Ltd., 'DB' prefixed catalogue series. and 'LB' clef series. of 10 inch 78 rpm records. City Of London Phonograph and Gramophone Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_Of_London_Phonograph_and_Gramophone_Society","url_text":"City Of London Phonograph and Gramophone Society"}]},{"reference":"\"www.allmusic.com\". allmusic.com. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-village-of-st-bernadette-mw0000967390","url_text":"\"www.allmusic.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"www.allmusic.com\". allmusic.com. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-tender-the-moving-the-swinging-aretha-franklin-mw0000849065","url_text":"\"www.allmusic.com\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EwtRbXNca0oC&dq=%22The+Billie+Burke+Show,+situation%22+%22Look+for+the+Silver+Lining%22&pg=PA89","external_links_name":"On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio"},{"Link":"https://everything2.com/title/Look+for+the+Union+Label","external_links_name":"https://everything2.com/title/Look+for+the+Union+Label"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-village-of-st-bernadette-mw0000967390","external_links_name":"\"www.allmusic.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-tender-the-moving-the-swinging-aretha-franklin-mw0000849065","external_links_name":"\"www.allmusic.com\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/c7ff39d3-72c1-4905-a3e3-b28f396c0c6d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Look_for_the_Silver_Lining&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Vasconcelos	Naná Vasconcelos	["1 Biography","2 Instruments","3 Discography","3.1 As leader","3.2 As sideman","4 With others","5 References","6 External links"]	Naná VasconcelosVasconcelos performing in Brazil, 2005Background informationBirth nameJuvenal de Holanda VasconcelosBorn(1944-08-02)2 August 1944Recife, BrazilDied9 March 2016(2016-03-09) (aged 71)Recife, BrazilGenresBrazilian, jazz, worldOccupation(s)Musician, singer, songwriterInstrument(s)Percussion, berimbau, vocalsYears active1973–2016Musical artist Juvenal de Holanda Vasconcelos, known as Naná Vasconcelos (2 August 1944 – 9 March 2016), was a Brazilian percussionist, vocalist and berimbau player, notable for his work as a solo artist on over two dozen albums, and as a backing musician with Pat Metheny, Don Cherry, Jan Garbarek, Egberto Gismonti, Gato Barbieri, and Milton Nascimento. Biography Vasconcelos was born in Recife, Brazil. Beginning from 1967 he joined many artists' works as a percussionist. Among his many collaborations, he contributed to four Jon Hassell albums from 1976 to 1980 (including Possible Musics by Brian Eno and Hassell), and later to several Pat Metheny Group works and Jan Garbarek concerts from early 1980s to early 1990s. In 1984 he appeared on the Pierre Favre album Singing Drums along with Paul Motian. He also appears on Arild Andersen's album If You Look Far Enough with Ralph Towner. He formed a group named Codona with Don Cherry and Collin Walcott, which released three albums in 1978, 1980 and 1982. Between 1984 and 1989, he was the Honorary President of the first samba school in the UK, the London School of Samba. In 1981 he performed at the Woodstock Jazz Festival, held in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Creative Music Studio. In 1998, Vasconcelos contributed "Luz de Candeeiro" to the AIDS benefit compilation album Onda Sonora: Red Hot + Lisbon produced by the Red Hot Organization. Vasconcelos was awarded the Best Percussionist Of The Year by the Down Beat Critics Poll for seven consecutive years, from 1984 to 1990. He was also honored with eight Grammy Awards. Vasconcelos was diagnosed with lung cancer in mid 2015. He died from the disease on 9 March 2016, in Recife. Instruments Vasconcelos played congas, berimbau, gourd, triangle, drums, cymbals, repique, tambourine, gong, caxixi, talking drum, cuica, shaker, palmas, pandeiro, zabumba, udu, cabasa, prato, tambor, hi-hats, bells, water drum, vibraphone, güiro, ganza, cowbell, tabla, xequere, Turkish drum, repique, surdo, shells, African bells, agogo bells, clay pot, timpani, snare drum, flexatone, Tibetan gong and other assorted percussion. Discography As leader El Increible Nana Con Agustin Pereyra Lucena (Tonodisc, 1971) Amazonas (Philips, 1973) Nana, Nelson Angelo, Novelli (Saravah, 1975) Saudades (ECM, 1980) Zumbi (Europa, 1983) Lester (Soul Note, 1987) Bush Dance (Antilles, 1987) Rain Dance (Antilles, 1989) Storytelling (Hemisphere, 1995) Fragments Modern Tradition (Tzadik, 1997) Contaminacao (M. Officer Estudio 1999) Minha Loa (Net, 2001) Chegada (Azul Music, 2005) Trilhas (Azul Music, 2006) Sinfonia & Batuques (Azul Music, 2011) 4 Elementos (Pernambuco, 2013) As sideman With Ambitious Lovers Greed (Virgin, 1988) Love Overlap (Virgin, 1988) Lust (Elektra, 1991) With Arild Andersen Sagn (Kirkelig Kulturverksted, 1990) If You Look Far Enough (ECM, 1993) Arv (Kirkelig Kulturverksted, 1994) With Gato Barbieri Fenix (Flying Dutchman, 1971) El Pampero (Flying Dutchman, 1972) Live in Buenos Ayres 1971 (Oxford, 1976) Bolivia (RCA, 1985) With Don Cherry Organic Music Society (Caprice, 1973) Multikuti (A&M, 1990) Live at the Bracknell Jazz Festival, 1986 (BBC, 2002) Om Shanti Om (Black Sweat, 2020 With Codona Codona (ECM, 1979) Codona 2 (ECM, 1981) Codona 3 (ECM, 1983) With Pino Daniele Musicante (EMI/Bagaria, 1984) Scio (Atlantic, 1984) Iguana Cafe (RCA/Sony BMG, 2005) With Eliane Elias Eliane Elias Plays Jobim (Blue Note, 1990) Fantasia (Blue Note, 1992) Paulistana (Blue Note, 1993) With Jan Garbarek Eventyr (ECM, 1981) Legend of the Seven Dreams (ECM, 1988) I Took Up the Runes (ECM, 1990) With Egberto Gismonti Danca das Cabecas (ECM, 1977) Sol do Meio Dia (ECM, 1978) Duas Vozes (ECM, 1984) Trem Caipira (EMI, 1985) With Jon Hassell Earthquake Island (Tomato, 1978) Vernal Equinox (Lovely Music, 1978) Fourth World, Vol. 1: Possible Musics (Editions EG/Polydor, 1980) Sulla Strada (Materiali Sonori, 1995) With Arto Lindsay Subtle Body (ArsNova, 1996) Reentry (Gut for Life, 1997) Noon Chill (Bar/None, 1998) With Pat Metheny As Falls Wichita, So Falls Wichita Falls (ECM, 1981) Offramp (ECM, 1982) Travels (ECM, 1983) Secret Story (Geffen, 1992) With Milton Nascimento Milagre dos peixes (Odeon, 1973) Geraes (EMI, 1976) Journey to Dawn (A&M, 1979) Miltons (CBS, 1988) Angelus (Warner 1993) Milton (EMI, 1995) Maria Maria/Ultimo Trem (Warner 2002) Maria Maria (Far Out, 2019) With Caetano Veloso Estrangeiro (Philips, 1989) Circuladô (Philips, 1991) Antologia 67/03 (Universal, 2003) With others Pierre Akendengue, Nandipo (Saravah, 1974) Herb Alpert, You Smile – The Song Begins (1974) Laurie Anderson, Strange Angels (Warner Bros., 1989) Badi Assad, Verde (Edge Music, 2004) Aztec Camera, Dreamland (Edsel, 1993) Ginger Baker, Horses & Trees (Celluloid, 1986) Zeca Baleiro, Cafe No Bule (Selo, 2015) Harry Belafonte, Turn the World Around (CBS, 1977) Walter Bishop Jr., Illumination (1977) Luiz Bonfa, The New Face of Bonfa (RCA, 2003) Safy Boutella, Mejnoun (Indigo, 1992) Jonathan Butler, Head to Head (Mercury, 1993) Vinicius Cantuaria, Tucuma (Verve, 1998) Carminho, Canto (Warner/Parlophone, 2014) Baikida Carroll, Orange Fish Tears (Palm, 1974) Ron Carter, Patrão (Milestone, 1981) Jean-Roger Caussimon, Jean-Roger Caussimon (Saravah, 1974) Gal Costa, Legal (Philips, 1970) Beverley Craven, Love Scenes (550 Music/Epic, 1993) Eduardo De Crescenzo, Cante Jondo (Ricordi, 1991) Jack DeJohnette, Irresistible Forces (MCA Impulse! 1987) Joao Donato, Quem e Quem (Odeon, 1973) Luiz Eca, La Nueva Onda De Brasil (Lazarus, 2004) Pierre Favre, Singing Drums (ECM, 1984) Cordel do Fogo Encantado, Cordel do Fogo Encantado (Rec-Beat, 2001) Michael Franks, Passionfruit (Warner Bros., 1983) Chico Freeman, The Search (India Navigation, 1983) Gipsy Kings, Love and Liberté (CBS/Sony, 1993) Danny Gottlieb, Whirlwind (Atlantic, 1989) Trilok Gurtu, Living Magic (CMP, 1991) Jay Hoggard, Days Like These (Arista GRP, 1979) Rolf Kuhn, The Day After (MPS, 1972) Sergio Mendes, Brasil '88 (RCA, 2002) Shigeharu Mukai, Pleasure (Better Days, 1980) Mark Helias, The Current Set (Enja, 1987) Terumasa Hino, City Connection (Flying Disk, 1979) Terumasa Hino, Daydream (JVC, 1990) Bendik Hofseth, Itaka (Grappa, 2005) Toninho Horta, Moonstone (PolyMedia, 1989) Joyce, Visions of Dawn (Far Out, 2009) Nigel Kennedy, Kafka (EMI, 1996) Chaka Khan, Naughty (Warner Bros., 1980) B.B. King, Now Appearing at Ole Miss (MCA, 1980) B.B. King, King of the Blues (MCA, 1992) Joachim Kuhn, Hip Elegy (MPS/BASF, 1976) Jon Lucien, Romantico (Zemajo, 1980) John Lurie, Down by Law (Made to Measure/Crammed Discs, 1987) Lyle Mays, Lyle Mays (Geffen, 1986) Lloyd McNeill, Tori (Baobab, 1978) Lloyd McNeill, Elegia (Baobab, 1980) Sérgio Mendes, Brasil '88 (1986) Marisa Monte, Mais (EMI, 1991) Marisa Monte, Green, Blue, Yellow, Rose and Charcoal (Metro Blue/EMI, 1994) Bob Moses, When Elephants Dream of Music (Gramavision, 1983) Mundo Livre S/A, Samba Esquema Noise (Banguela, 1994) Oliver Nelson, Swiss Suite (Philips, 1972) Os Mutantes, A Divina Comédia ou Ando Meio Desligado (1970) Penguin Cafe Orchestra, Union Cafe (Zopf, 1993) Jim Pepper, Comin' and Goin' (Antilles, 1983) Ivo Perelman, Man of the Forest (GM, 1994) Jean-Luc Ponty, Live at Montreux 72 (Pierre Cardin/Disc'Az 1972) Enrico Rava, String Band (Soul Note, 1984) Claudio Roditi, Red, On (Red/CTI, 1984) Orphy Robinson, The Funky End of Things (Blue Note, 1994) Orphy Robinson, The Vibes Describes (Blue Note, 1994) Perry Robinson, Nana Vasconcelos, Badal Roy, Kundalini (Improvising Artists, 1978) Badal Roy, Asian Journal (Music of the World, 1994) Ryuichi Sakamoto, Beauty (Virgin, 1989) Monica Salmaso, Trampolim (Discmedi Blau, 1998) David Sanborn, Upfront (Elektra, 1992) Masahiko Satoh, Randooga (Epic, 1990) Zbigniew Seifert, Passion (Capitol, 1979) Woody Shaw, For Sure! (Columbia, 1980) Woody Shaw, Rosewood (Columbia, 1998) Andy Sheppard, Inclassificable (Label Bleu, 1994) Robertinho Silva, Robertinho Silva (Philips, 1981) Carly Simon, Have You Seen Me Lately? (Arista, 1990) Paul Simon, The Rhythm of the Saints (Warner Bros., 1990) U. Srinivas, Dream (Real World/Virgin, 1995) Jeremy Steig, Rain Forest (CMP, 1980) Fredy Studer, Seven Songs (veraBra, 1991) Andy Summers, World Gone Strange (Private Music, 1991) Talking Heads, Little Creatures (Sire, 1985) Gary Thomas, By Any Means Necessary (JMT, 1989) Leon Thomas, Gold Sunrise on Magic Mountain (Mega/Flying Dutchman, 1971) Trio da Paz, Black Orpheus (Kokopelli, 1994) Akiko Yano, Love Life (Nonesuch, 1993) Yellowjackets, Like a River (GRP, 1993) References ^ a b "Lenda da percussão brasileira, Naná Vasconcelos morre aos 71 anos – Últimas Notícias – UOL Música". UOL Música (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 9 March 2016. ^ "If You Look Far Enough: Arild Andersen, Ralph Towner, Nana Vasconcelos". ECM Records. Retrieved 5 April 2021. ^ Michael G. Nastos. "Codona \| Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ Palmer, Robert (28 June 1982). "Jazz Festival – A Study Of Folk-Jazz Fusion". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ Palmer, Robert (3 September 1987). "Jazz – Don Cherry". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "Home - London School of Samba". London School of Samba. Retrieved 29 September 2017. ^ "Various Artists: Onda Sonora: Red Hot & Lisbon: Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 April 2021. ^ "Various Artists: Onda Sonora: Red Hot & Lisbon". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 April 2021. ^ "DownBeat Magazine". Downbeat.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "Entertainment News, Celebrity and Pop Culture – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "Percussionist Naná Vasconcelos dies". Jazz FM. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "Naná Vasconcelos - Credits - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 September 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naná Vasconcelos. Nana Vasconcelos official website A fan site with a complete discography vteOrder of Cultural Merit (Brazil)1995 Antônio Carlos Magalhães Celso Furtado Fernanda Montenegro Joãosinho Trinta Jorge Amado José Mindlin José Sarney Nascimento Brito Nise da Silveira Pietro Maria Bardi Ricardo Gribel Roberto Marinho 1996 Athos Bulcão Bibi Ferreira Carybé Carlos Eduardo Moreira Ferreira Edemar Cid Ferreira Francisco Brennand Franco Montoro Jens Olesen Joel Mendes Rennó Max Justo Guedes Mestre Didi Nélida Piñon Olavo Setúbal Padre Vaz Sérgio Motta Walter Salles 1997 Adélia Prado Antônio Poteiro Antônio Salgado Braguinha David Assayag Diogo Pacheco Dona Lenoca Fayga Ostrower Gilberto Chateaubriand Gilberto Ferrez Helena Severo Hilda Hilst Jorge da Cunha Lima Jorge Gerdau José Ermírio de Moraes José Safra Lúcio Costa Luís Carlos Barreto Mãe Olga do Alaketu Marcos Vilaça Maria Clara Machado Robert Broughton Ubiratan Aguiar Wladimir Murtinho 1998 Abram Szajman Altamiro Carrilho Antônio Britto Ariano Suassuna Carlos Diegues Décio de Almeida Prado Franz Weissmann João Carlos Martins José Hugo Celidônio Lily Marinho Mãe Cleusa Millet Milu Villela Miguel Jorge Dona Neuma Octavio Frias Olavo Monteiro de Carvalho Paulo Autran Paulo César Ximenes Roseana Sarney Ruth Rocha Ruy Mesquita Sebastião Salgado Walter Hugo Khouri Zenildo Gonzaga Zoroastro de Lucena 1999 Abraham Koogan Almir Gabriel Aloysio Faria Ana Maria Diniz Angel Vianna Antônio Houaiss Beatriz Pimenta Camargo Ecyla Brandão Enrique Iglesias Esther Bertoletti Hélio Jaguaribe Hermínio Bello de Carvalho J. Borges João Antunes Mãe Stella de Oxóssi Maria Cecília Geyer Maria Delith Balaban Mário Covas Paixão Côrtes Paulo Fontainha Geyer Romero Magalhães Washington Novaes 2000 Ana Maria Machado Angela Gutierrez Dom Geraldo Dalal Achcar Edino Krieger Elizabeth D'Angelo Serra Firmino Ferreira Sampaio Neto Siron Franco Gianfrancesco Guarnieri Gilberto Gil José Alves Antunes Filho Luiz Henrique da Silveira Luiz Sponchiato Maria João Bustorff Mário Miguel Nicola Garófalo Martinho da Vila Nelson José Pinto Freire Paulo Tarso Flecha de Lima Plínio Pacheco Rodrigo Pederneiras Barbosa Ruth Escobar Sabine Lovatelli Sérgio Paulo Rouanet Sérgio Amaral Thomaz Farkas Tizuka Yamasaki Zezé Motta 2001 Arthur Moreira Lima Catherine Tasca Célia Procópio de Araújo Carvalho Euclides Menezes Ferreira Dona Zica Fernando Faro G.R.E.S. Império Serrano G.R.E.S. Portela G.R.E.S. Vila Isabel G.R.E.S. Mangueira Haroldo Costa Hermínio Bello de Carvalho Henri Philippe Reichstul Hildmar Diniz Ivo Abrahão Nesralla Jamelão João Câmara Filho Luciana Stegagno Picchio Luís Antônio Viana Lygia Fagundes Telles Manuel Salustiano Soares Milton Gonçalves Milton Nascimento Paulinho da Viola Pilar del Castillo Purificación Carpinteyro Calderón Sari Bermúdez Sheila Copps Synésio Scofano Fernandes Thiago de Mello Yvonne Lara da Costa 2002 Alberto Alves da Silva Ana Botafogo Candace Slater Carlos Roberto Faccina Centro Cultural Pró-Música Dalva Lazaroni Dominguinhos Dona Lucinha EDUSP Eduardo Baptista Vianna Frances Marinho George Savalla Gomes Guillermo O'Donnell G.R.E.S. Camisa Verde e Branco G.R.E.S. Vai Vai Henry Sobel Jack Leon Terpins João Filgueiras Jon M. Tolman Júlio Neves Julio Landmann Kabengele Munanga Lima Duarte Maria Della Costa Marlui Miranda Mestre Juca Niède Guidon Paulo Evaristo Arns Renato Borghetti Roberto Carlos Roberto DaMatta Sergio Kobayashi Silvio Barbato SBB Tania Mariza Kuchenbecker Rösing Vitae – Apoio à Cultura, Educação e Promoção Social 2003 Afro Reggae Agostinho da Silva Aloísio Magalhães Antônio Nóbrega Ary Barroso ABC-SERRA Bené Fonteles Benedito Nunes Boi Caprichoso Boi Garantido Candido Portinari Carmen Costa Casseta & Planeta Chico Buarque de Holanda Coral dos Guarani Dorival Caymmi Eduardo Bueno Gilberto Mendes Grupo Ponto de Partida e o coro Meninos de Araçuaí Haroldo de Campos Herbert Vianna João Pequeno Jongo da Serrinha Jorge Mautner Maria Judith Zuzarte Cortesão Luiz Costa Lima Mangueira do Amanhã Manoel de Barros Marília Pêra Milton Santos Moacyr Scliar Nelson Pereira dos Santos Projeto Axé Projeto Guri Rita Lee Roberto Farias Rogério Sganzerla Rubinho do Vale Velha Guarda da Portela Zezé Di Camargo & Luciano 2004 Alberto da Costa e Silva Angeli Arnaldo Carrilho Caetano Veloso Candombe do Açude Companhia Barrica Cordão da Bola Preta Danilo Miranda Fernando Sabino Frans Krajcberg Franco Fontana Fundação Casa Grande Geraldo Sarno Inezita Barroso João Donato José Júlio Pereira Cordeiro Blanco Lia de Itamaracá Liz Calder Márcia Haydée Mauricio de Sousa Movimento Arte contra a Barbárie Odete Lara Olga Praguer Coelho Orlando Villas-Bôas Ozualdo Candeias Paulo José Paulo Mendes da Rocha Pelé Povo Panará, Mato Grosso e Pará Pracatum Projeto Dança Comunidade Pulsar Companhia de Dança Rachel de Queiroz Renato Russo As Ceguinhas de Campina Grande Teatro Oficina Violeta Arraes Vó Maria Walter Firmo Waly Salomão 2005 Alfredo Bosi Ana das Carrancas Antonio Jerônimo de Meneses Neto Antonio Manuel Lima Dias Augusto Boal Augusto Carlos da Silva Teles Pinduca Ballet Stagium Carlos Lopes CUCA/UNE Cleyde Yáconis Clóvis Moura Darcy Ribeiro Eduardo Coutinho Egberto Gismonti Eliane Lage Grupo Bandolins de Oeiras Henri Salvador Isabel Mendes da Cunha João Gilberto José Antônio de Almeida Prado José Mojica Marins Lino Rojas Manuel dos Reis Machado Maria Bethânia Mario Augusto de Berredo Carneiro Maurice Capovilla Dona Militana Movimento Manguebeat Museu Casa do Pontal Nei Lopes Nino Fernandes Olivério Ferreira Paulo Linhares Roger Avanzi Ruth de Souza Silviano Santiago Vicente Joaquim Ferreira Pastinha Ziraldo 2006 Amir Haddad Banda de Pífanos de Caruaru Berthold Zilly Casa de Cultura Tainã CEASM Conselho Internacional de Museus Cora Coralina Curt Meyer-Clason Daniel Munduruku Dino Garcia Carrera Dona Teté Cacuriá Emmanuel Nassar Escola de Museologia da UniRio Feira do Livro de Porto Alegre Fernando Birri Grupo Corpo Henry Thorau Intrépida Trupe Johannes Odenthal José Mindlin Josué de Castro Júlio Bressane Laura Cardoso Lauro César Muniz Lygia Martins Costa Luiz Phelipe de Carvalho Castro Andrés Mário Cravo Neto Mário de Andrade Mário Pedrosa Mestre Eugênio Mestre Verequete Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte Moacir Santos MAX Paulo César Saraceni Pompeu Christovam de Pina Racionais MC's Ray-Güde Mertin Rodrigo Melo Franco Sábato Magaldi Santos Dumont Sivuca Tânia Andrade Lima Teodoro Freire Tomie Ohtake Vladimir Carvalho 2007 Abdias Nascimento Álvaro Siza Vieira Antônio Carlos Jobim Associação Cultural Cachuera Banda Cabaçal dos Irmãos Aniceto Bárbara Heliodora Cacique Raoni Cartola Celine Imbert Cildo Meireles Castelo Rá-Tim-Bum Claude Lévi-Strauss Clube do Choro de Brasília Dodô e Osmar Escola de Circo Picolino Glauber Rocha Grande Otelo Grupo Nós do Morro Hermilo Borba Filho Lina Bo Bardi Lia Robatto Luiz Gonzaga Luiz Otavio Souza Santos Luiz Mott José Aparecido de Oliveira Jean-Claude Bernardet Jorge Benjor Judith Malina Kanuá Kamayurá Marcelo Grassmann Moniz Bandeira Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Orides Fontela Oscar Niemeyer Ronaldo Fraga Selma do Coco Sérgio Britto Solano Trindade Tônia Carrero Tostão Vânia Toledo Walter Smetak 2008 Ailton Krenak Altemar Dutra Anselmo Duarte Athos Bulcão Benedito Ruy Barbosa Bule-Bule Carlos Lyra Claudia Andujar Dulcina de Moraes Edu Lobo Efigênia Ramos Rolim Eva Todor Goiandira do Couto Guimarães Rosa Hans-Joachim Koellreutter João Candido Portinari Johnny Alf Leonardo Villar Maria Bonomi Marlene Mercedes Sosa Milton Hatoum Nelson Triunfo Marcantônio Vilaça Otávio Afonso Orlando Miranda Paulo Emílio Sales Gomes Paulo Moura Pixinguinha Roberto Corrêa Ruy Guerra Sérgio Ricardo Tatiana Belinky Teresa Aguiar Vicente Salles Zabé da Loca Apiwtxa ABGLT ABI Associação Comunidade Yuba Centro Cultural Piollin Coletivo Nacional de Cultura do MST Giramundo Teatro de Bonecos Instituto Baccarelli Mestres da Guitarrada Música no Museu Quasar Cia de Dança 2009 Aderbal Freire Filho Afoxé Filhos de Gandhy Alexandre Wollner Ângela Maria Ataulfo Alves Balé Popular do Recife Beatriz Sarlo Bispo do Rosário Boaventura de Sousa Santos Carlos Manga Carmen Miranda Chico Anysio Deborah Colker Davi Kopenawa Yanomami Elifas Andreato Fernanda Abreu Fernando Peixoto Fundação Iberê Camargo Gerson King Combo Gilvan Samico Heleny Guariba Instituto Olga Kos de Inclusão Cultural Ivaldo Bertazzo José Eduardo Agualusa José Miguel Wisnik Laerte Coutinho Luiz Olimecha Lydia Hortélio Mamulengo Só-Riso Manoel de Oliveira Maria Lúcia Godoy Maracatu Estrela de Ouro de Aliança Mestre Vitalino Mia Couto Miguel Rio Branco Nathalia Timberg Ney Matogrosso Noca da Portela Os Gêmeos Patativa do Assaré Paulo Vanzolini Paulo Bruscky Raul Seixas Roberto Burle Marx Sérgio Rodrigues Teatro Vila Velha ONG Video nas Aldeias Walmor Chagas Zeca Pagodinho 2010 Andrea Tonacci Anna Bella Geiger Armando Nogueira Azelene Kaingang Cândido Mendes de Almeida Carlos Drummond de Andrade Carlota Albuquerque Cazuza Cesária Évora Companhia de Danças Folclóricas Aruanda Demônios da Garoa Denise Stoklos Época de Ouro Escuela Internacional de Cine y Televisión Gal Costa Glória Pires Hermeto Pascoal Ilo Krugli Ismael Ivo Ítalo Rossi Jaguar João Cabral de Melo Neto João Carlos de Souza Gomes Joaquim Nabuco Joênia Wapixana Lavadeiras de Almenara Leon Cakoff Leonardo Boff Lira Ceciliana Maracatu Estrela Brilhante de Igarassú Mário Gruber Correia Maureen Bisilliat Maurício Segall Mestre Alberto da Paz Moacir Werneck de Castro Nelson Rodrigues Pedro Casaldáliga Rogério Duarte Tonico Vinicius de Moraes 2011 Academia Brasileira de Letras Adriana Varejão Afonso Borges Ana Montenegro Antônio Nóbrega Antônio Pitanga Apolônio Melônio Associação Capão Cidadão Associação dos Artesãos de Santana do Araçuaí Beth Carvalho Campos de Carvalho Capiba Casa de Produtos Indígenas Wariró Central Única das Favelas Clarice Lispector Claudett de Jesus Ribeiro Dançando para não dançar Dzi Croquettes Espedito Seleiro Evando dos Santos Festival de Dança de Joinville Festival Santista de Teatro Glênio Bianchetti Grupo Galpão Gustavo Dahl Héctor Babenco Helena Kolody Herbert de Sousa Ítala Nandi Jair Rodrigues João do Vale João das Neves José Renato Pécora Leila Diniz Lélia Abramo Luiz Melodia Lygia Bojunga Nunes Maracatu Estrela de Tracunhaém Mário Lago Memorial Jesuíta Unisinos Nelson Cavaquinho Paulo Freire Paulo Gracindo Quinteto Violado Samba de Cumbuca Teatro Tablado Tereza Costa Rêgo Vik Muniz Valdemar de Oliveira Zuzu Angel 2012 Abelardo da Hora Aguinaldo Silva Alceu Valença Almir Narayamoga Suruí Amácio Mazzaropi Anna Muylaert Associação Carnavalesca Bloco Afro Olodum Autran Dourado Breno Silveira Carlos Alberto Cerqueira Lemos Cleodes Maria Piazza Julio Ribeiro Dener Pamplona de Abreu Elba Ramalho Fafá de Belém Felipe Schaedler Hebe Camargo Herivelto Martins Humberto Piva Campana and Fernando Piva Campana Escola de Dança e Integração Social Para Criança e Adolescente Fundação Municipal de Artes de Montenegro Ifigênia Rosa de Oliveira Isay Weinfeld Ismail Xavier Jorge Amado José Sarney Marieta Severo Mário Schenberg Martha Medeiros Miguel Chikaoka Milton Guran Movimento Gay de Minas Museu de Valores do Banco Central Museu Histórico Nacional Orquestra Popular da Bomba do Hemetério Orlando Orfei Paulo Goulart Plínio Marcos Raquel Trindade Regina Casé Rose Marie Muraro Senor Abravanel 2013 Antônio Abujamra Antônio Fagundes Antunes Filho Associação de Sambadores e Sambadeiras do Estado da Bahia Bárbara Paz Carlos Diegues Daniel Munduruku Dona Zica Eleazar de Carvalho Erasmo Carlos Grupo de Dança Primeiro Ato Grupo Gay da Bahia Hélio Cabral Henfil Ilê ayê Ivan Lins Laerte Coutinho Lucy Barreto Maracambuco Maria Adelaide Amaral Maria Cândido Marlos Nobre Maurice Capovilla Mira Haar Naná Vasconcelos Nilcemar Nogueira Paulo Archias Mendes da Rocha Paulo Borges Roberto Pires Ronaldo Correia de Brito Rosa Maria dos Santos Alves Rubem Braga Sérgio Mamberti Sociedade Junina Bumba Meu Boi da Liberdade Tomie Ohtake Walda Marques Walter Pinto 2014 Alex Atala Alexandre Herchcovitch Bernardo Paz Bruno e Marrone Celso Frateschi Chico de Assis Eliane Potiguara Henricredo Coelho Hermano Vianna Jenner Augusto José Carlos Meirelles Júlio Medaglia Mano Brown Marisa Monte Matheus Nachtergaele Ogã Bangbala Orlando Senna Oskar Metsavaht Patrícia Pillar Paulo Martins Tião Oleiro Vange Leonel 2015 Adylson Godoy Ailton Krenak Aldyr Schlee Antônio Araújo Arnaldo Antunes As Ceguinhas de Campina Grande Augusto de Campos Casa de Cinema de Porto Alegre Centro de Memória do Circo Cesare La Rocca Comissão Guarani Yvyrupa Daniela Mercury Davi Kopenawa Yanomami Eva Schul Humberto Teixeira Italo Campofiorito Mestre João Grande José Mourão Luís Humberto Mãe Beth de Oxum Marcelo Yuka Niède Guidon Paulo Herkenhoff Rolando Boldrin Ruy Cezar Sociedade Musical Curica Sônia Guajajara Tribo de Atuadores Uruhu Mehinako Vanisa Santiago Vera Tostes Walter Carvalho 2016 Abel Gomes Alcymar Monteiro Ana Mae Barbosa Andrucha Waddington Beatriz Milhazes Carlinhos de Jesus Carlos Alberto Serpa de Oliveira Carlos Vereza Clementina de Jesus Dona Ivone Lara Donga Fernando Meirelles Ferreira Gullar Focus Cia. De Dança Fred Gelli Fundação Darcy Ribeiro Grupo Teatro da Laje Instituto Ricardo Brennand Isaurinha Garcia Ismael Silva Jorge Aragão Jovelina Pérola Negra Maracatu Feminino Coração Nazareno Marcus Faustini Mauro Mendonça Museu do Samba Neguinho da Beija-Flor Nelson Sargento Noel Rosa Papete Ricardo Cravo Albin Rildo Hora Rosa Magalhães Rosa Maria Araújo Silas de Oliveira Vik Muniz 2017 Afonso Oliveira Ana Maria Nobrega Miranda Augusto Marzagão Beto Kelner Boni Carla Camurati Carlos Tufvesson Cláudia Costin Domingo Alzugaray Dona Onete Eduardo Portella Eduardo Saron Nunes Fernando Alterio Galo da Madrugada Genival Lacerda Ivo Barroso Jair de Souza Luciane Gorgulho Luis Severiano Ribeiro Luiz Calainho Marcelo Bertini Marcelo Bratke Marcelo Dantas Maria Ignez Mantovani Moeller & Botelho Produções Artísticas Mãe Neide Oyá D´Oxum Paulo Cruz Pierre André Mantovani Renato Aragão Ricardo Amaral Roberto Minczuk Roberto Santucci 2018 Abelardo Barbosa Antonio Mazzafera Biblioteca Oliveira Lima Bruno Wainer Carlos Saldanha Carlos Vereza Dedé Santana Eva Sopher Eva Wilma Festival Villa Mix Guilherme Fiuza Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro Jorge Caldeira José Bonifácio Kati Almeida Braga King's Brazil Institute Luiz Oscar Niemeyer Marcelo Castello Branco Marcio Fraccaroli Martim Vasques da Cunha Milton Gonçalves Monah Delacy Museu de Arte de São Paulo Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo Museu da Gente Sergipana Orquestra Filarmônica de Minas Gerais Roberto Teixeira da Costa Saulo Ferreira Sérgio Mendes Sérgio Mielniczenko Thiago Soares Trio Roraimeira Vó Mera Wanda Sá Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"percussionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"berimbau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berimbau"},{"link_name":"Pat Metheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Metheny"},{"link_name":"Don Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cherry_(trumpeter)"},{"link_name":"Jan Garbarek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Garbarek"},{"link_name":"Egberto Gismonti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egberto_Gismonti"},{"link_name":"Gato Barbieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gato_Barbieri"},{"link_name":"Milton Nascimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Nascimento"}],"text":"Musical artistJuvenal de Holanda Vasconcelos, known as Naná Vasconcelos (2 August 1944 – 9 March 2016),[1] was a Brazilian percussionist, vocalist and berimbau player, notable for his work as a solo artist on over two dozen albums, and as a backing musician with Pat Metheny, Don Cherry, Jan Garbarek, Egberto Gismonti, Gato Barbieri, and Milton Nascimento.","title":"Naná Vasconcelos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"Jon Hassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hassell"},{"link_name":"Possible Musics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_World,_Vol._1:_Possible_Musics"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"Pat Metheny Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Metheny_Group"},{"link_name":"Jan Garbarek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Garbarek"},{"link_name":"Pierre Favre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Favre_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Paul Motian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Motian"},{"link_name":"Arild Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arild_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Ralph Towner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Towner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Codona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codona"},{"link_name":"Don Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cherry_(trumpeter)"},{"link_name":"Collin Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_Walcott"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALLMUSIC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Woodstock Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Creative Music Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Music_Studio"},{"link_name":"Onda Sonora: Red Hot + Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_Sonora:_Red_Hot_%2B_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Organization"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Down Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Beat"},{"link_name":"Critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics"},{"link_name":"Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_poll"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Vasconcelos was born in Recife, Brazil. Beginning from 1967 he joined many artists' works as a percussionist. Among his many collaborations, he contributed to four Jon Hassell albums from 1976 to 1980 (including Possible Musics by Brian Eno and Hassell), and later to several Pat Metheny Group works and Jan Garbarek concerts from early 1980s to early 1990s. In 1984 he appeared on the Pierre Favre album Singing Drums along with Paul Motian. He also appears on Arild Andersen's album If You Look Far Enough with Ralph Towner.[2]He formed a group named Codona with Don Cherry and Collin Walcott, which released three albums in 1978, 1980 and 1982.[3][4][5]Between 1984 and 1989, he was the Honorary President of the first samba school in the UK, the London School of Samba.[6]In 1981 he performed at the Woodstock Jazz Festival, held in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Creative Music Studio. In 1998, Vasconcelos contributed \"Luz de Candeeiro\" to the AIDS benefit compilation album Onda Sonora: Red Hot + Lisbon produced by the Red Hot Organization.[7][8]Vasconcelos was awarded the Best Percussionist Of The Year by the Down Beat Critics Poll for seven consecutive years, from 1984 to 1990.[9] He was also honored with eight Grammy Awards.[10]Vasconcelos was diagnosed with lung cancer in mid 2015.[11] He died from the disease on 9 March 2016, in Recife.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"congas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congas"},{"link_name":"berimbau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berimbau"},{"link_name":"gourd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourd"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"cymbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbals"},{"link_name":"repique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repique"},{"link_name":"tambourine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambourine"},{"link_name":"gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong"},{"link_name":"caxixi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxixi"},{"link_name":"talking drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum"},{"link_name":"cuica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuica"},{"link_name":"shaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaker_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"pandeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeiro"},{"link_name":"udu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udu"},{"link_name":"cabasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabasa"},{"link_name":"hi-hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-hat"},{"link_name":"bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"water drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_drum"},{"link_name":"vibraphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraphone"},{"link_name":"güiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCiro"},{"link_name":"ganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganza"},{"link_name":"cowbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"tabla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla"},{"link_name":"repique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repique"},{"link_name":"surdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surdo"},{"link_name":"agogo bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agogo_bells"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"snare drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snare_drum"},{"link_name":"flexatone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexatone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Vasconcelos played congas, berimbau, gourd, triangle, drums, cymbals, repique, tambourine, gong, caxixi, talking drum, cuica, shaker, palmas, pandeiro, zabumba, udu, cabasa, prato, tambor, hi-hats, bells, water drum, vibraphone, güiro, ganza, cowbell, tabla, xequere, Turkish drum, repique, surdo, shells, African bells, agogo bells, clay pot, timpani, snare drum, flexatone, Tibetan gong and other assorted percussion.[12]","title":"Instruments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudades_(Nan%C3%A1_Vasconcelos_album)"},{"link_name":"Storytelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling_(Nan%C3%A1_Vasconcelos_album)"}],"sub_title":"As leader","text":"El Increible Nana Con Agustin Pereyra Lucena (Tonodisc, 1971)\nAmazonas (Philips, 1973)\nNana, Nelson Angelo, Novelli (Saravah, 1975)\nSaudades (ECM, 1980)\nZumbi (Europa, 1983)\nLester (Soul Note, 1987)\nBush Dance (Antilles, 1987)\nRain Dance (Antilles, 1989)\nStorytelling (Hemisphere, 1995)\nFragments Modern Tradition (Tzadik, 1997)\nContaminacao (M. Officer Estudio 1999)\nMinha Loa (Net, 2001)\nChegada (Azul Music, 2005)\nTrilhas (Azul Music, 2006)\nSinfonia & Batuques (Azul Music, 2011)\n4 Elementos (Pernambuco, 2013)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambitious Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambitious_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Greed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greed_(Ambitious_Lovers_album)"},{"link_name":"Lust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust_(Ambitious_Lovers_album)"},{"link_name":"Arild Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arild_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Gato Barbieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gato_Barbieri"},{"link_name":"Fenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenix_(album)"},{"link_name":"El Pampero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pampero"},{"link_name":"Don Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cherry_(trumpeter)"},{"link_name":"Organic Music Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Music_Society"},{"link_name":"Multikuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulti_(album)"},{"link_name":"Live at the Bracknell Jazz Festival, 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Bracknell_Jazz_Festival,_1986"},{"link_name":"Om Shanti Om","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Shanti_Om_(album)"},{"link_name":"Codona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codona"},{"link_name":"Codona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codona_(album)"},{"link_name":"Codona 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codona_2"},{"link_name":"Codona 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codona_3"},{"link_name":"Pino Daniele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pino_Daniele"},{"link_name":"Eliane Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliane_Elias"},{"link_name":"Eliane Elias Plays Jobim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliane_Elias_Plays_Jobim"},{"link_name":"Fantasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_(Eliane_Elias_album)"},{"link_name":"Paulistana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulistana_(album)"},{"link_name":"Jan Garbarek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Garbarek"},{"link_name":"Eventyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventyr"},{"link_name":"Legend of the Seven Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_the_Seven_Dreams"},{"link_name":"I Took Up the Runes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Took_Up_the_Runes"},{"link_name":"Egberto Gismonti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egberto_Gismonti"},{"link_name":"Danca das Cabecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danca_das_Cabecas"},{"link_name":"Sol do Meio Dia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_do_Meio_Dia"},{"link_name":"Duas Vozes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duas_Vozes"},{"link_name":"Jon Hassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hassell"},{"link_name":"Vernal Equinox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernal_Equinox_(album)"},{"link_name":"Fourth World, Vol. 1: Possible Musics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_World,_Vol._1:_Possible_Musics"},{"link_name":"Arto Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Subtle Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtle_Body"},{"link_name":"Noon Chill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noon_Chill"},{"link_name":"Pat Metheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Metheny"},{"link_name":"As Falls Wichita, So Falls Wichita Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Falls_Wichita,_So_Falls_Wichita_Falls"},{"link_name":"Offramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offramp_(album)"},{"link_name":"Travels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travels_(Pat_Metheny_Group_album)"},{"link_name":"Secret Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Story_(album)"},{"link_name":"Milton Nascimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Nascimento"},{"link_name":"Milagre dos peixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milagre_dos_peixes"},{"link_name":"Caetano Veloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso"},{"link_name":"Estrangeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrangeiro"},{"link_name":"Circuladô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulad%C3%B4"}],"sub_title":"As sideman","text":"With Ambitious LoversGreed (Virgin, 1988)\nLove Overlap (Virgin, 1988)\nLust (Elektra, 1991)With Arild AndersenSagn (Kirkelig Kulturverksted, 1990)\nIf You Look Far Enough (ECM, 1993)\nArv (Kirkelig Kulturverksted, 1994)With Gato BarbieriFenix (Flying Dutchman, 1971)\nEl Pampero (Flying Dutchman, 1972)\nLive in Buenos Ayres 1971 (Oxford, 1976)\nBolivia (RCA, 1985)With Don CherryOrganic Music Society (Caprice, 1973)\nMultikuti (A&M, 1990)\nLive at the Bracknell Jazz Festival, 1986 (BBC, 2002)\nOm Shanti Om (Black Sweat, 2020With CodonaCodona (ECM, 1979)\nCodona 2 (ECM, 1981)\nCodona 3 (ECM, 1983)With Pino DanieleMusicante (EMI/Bagaria, 1984)\nScio (Atlantic, 1984)\nIguana Cafe (RCA/Sony BMG, 2005)With Eliane EliasEliane Elias Plays Jobim (Blue Note, 1990)\nFantasia (Blue Note, 1992)\nPaulistana (Blue Note, 1993)With Jan GarbarekEventyr (ECM, 1981)\nLegend of the Seven Dreams (ECM, 1988)\nI Took Up the Runes (ECM, 1990)With Egberto GismontiDanca das Cabecas (ECM, 1977)\nSol do Meio Dia (ECM, 1978)\nDuas Vozes (ECM, 1984)\nTrem Caipira (EMI, 1985)With Jon HassellEarthquake Island (Tomato, 1978)\nVernal Equinox (Lovely Music, 1978)\nFourth World, Vol. 1: Possible Musics (Editions EG/Polydor, 1980)\nSulla Strada (Materiali Sonori, 1995)With Arto LindsaySubtle Body (ArsNova, 1996)\nReentry (Gut for Life, 1997)\nNoon Chill (Bar/None, 1998)With Pat MethenyAs Falls Wichita, So Falls Wichita Falls (ECM, 1981)\nOfframp (ECM, 1982)\nTravels (ECM, 1983)\nSecret Story (Geffen, 1992)With Milton NascimentoMilagre dos peixes (Odeon, 1973)\nGeraes (EMI, 1976)\nJourney to Dawn (A&M, 1979)\nMiltons (CBS, 1988)\nAngelus (Warner 1993)\nMilton (EMI, 1995)\nMaria Maria/Ultimo Trem (Warner 2002)\nMaria Maria (Far Out, 2019)With Caetano VelosoEstrangeiro (Philips, 1989)\nCirculadô (Philips, 1991)\nAntologia 67/03 (Universal, 2003)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Akendengue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Akendengue"},{"link_name":"Herb Alpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Alpert"},{"link_name":"You Smile – The Song Begins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Smile_%E2%80%93_The_Song_Begins"},{"link_name":"Laurie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Strange Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Angels_(Laurie_Anderson_album)"},{"link_name":"Badi Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badi_Assad"},{"link_name":"Aztec Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Camera"},{"link_name":"Dreamland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamland_(Aztec_Camera_album)"},{"link_name":"Ginger Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Baker"},{"link_name":"Horses & Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_%26_Trees"},{"link_name":"Zeca Baleiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeca_Baleiro"},{"link_name":"Harry Belafonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Belafonte"},{"link_name":"Turn the World Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_the_World_Around"},{"link_name":"Walter Bishop Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bishop_Jr."},{"link_name":"Illumination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumination_(Walter_Davis,_Jr._album)"},{"link_name":"Luiz Bonfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Bonfa"},{"link_name":"Safy Boutella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safy_Boutella"},{"link_name":"Mejnoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mejnoun"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Butler"},{"link_name":"Vinicius Cantuaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinicius_Cantuaria"},{"link_name":"Carminho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carminho"},{"link_name":"Canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto_(Carminho_album)"},{"link_name":"Baikida Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikida_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Orange Fish Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Fish_Tears"},{"link_name":"Ron Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Carter"},{"link_name":"Patrão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patr%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Jean-Roger Caussimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Roger_Caussimon"},{"link_name":"Gal Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal_Costa"},{"link_name":"Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_(Gal_Costa_album)"},{"link_name":"Beverley Craven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Craven"},{"link_name":"Love Scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Scenes_(Beverley_Craven_album)"},{"link_name":"Eduardo De Crescenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_De_Crescenzo"},{"link_name":"Jack DeJohnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_DeJohnette"},{"link_name":"Irresistible Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irresistible_Forces"},{"link_name":"Joao Donato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joao_Donato"},{"link_name":"Luiz Eca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Eca"},{"link_name":"Pierre Favre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Favre_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Singing Drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_Drums"},{"link_name":"Cordel do Fogo Encantado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordel_do_Fogo_Encantado"},{"link_name":"Michael Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Franks_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Passionfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionfruit_(album)"},{"link_name":"Chico Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Gipsy Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsy_Kings"},{"link_name":"Love and Liberté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Libert%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Danny Gottlieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Gottlieb"},{"link_name":"Trilok Gurtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilok_Gurtu"},{"link_name":"Jay Hoggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Hoggard"},{"link_name":"Rolf Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"Sergio Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Brasil '88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_%2788"},{"link_name":"Shigeharu Mukai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeharu_Mukai"},{"link_name":"Mark Helias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Helias"},{"link_name":"Terumasa Hino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terumasa_Hino"},{"link_name":"Bendik Hofseth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendik_Hofseth"},{"link_name":"Toninho Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toninho_Horta"},{"link_name":"Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Nigel Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Chaka Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaka_Khan"},{"link_name":"Naughty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_(Chaka_Khan_album)"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Now Appearing at Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_Appearing_at_Ole_Miss"},{"link_name":"Joachim Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"Jon Lucien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Lucien"},{"link_name":"John Lurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lurie"},{"link_name":"Lyle Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Mays"},{"link_name":"Lyle Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Mays_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lloyd McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_McNeill"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Brasil '88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_%2788"},{"link_name":"Marisa Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisa_Monte"},{"link_name":"Mais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bob Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Moses_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mundo Livre S/A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_Livre_S/A"},{"link_name":"Oliver Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Swiss Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Suite"},{"link_name":"Os Mutantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_Mutantes"},{"link_name":"A Divina Comédia ou Ando Meio Desligado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Divina_Com%C3%A9dia_ou_Ando_Meio_Desligado"},{"link_name":"Penguin Cafe Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Cafe_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Union Cafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cafe"},{"link_name":"Jim Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Pepper"},{"link_name":"Comin' and Goin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comin%27_and_Goin%27"},{"link_name":"Ivo Perelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Perelman"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Ponty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Ponty"},{"link_name":"Enrico Rava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Rava"},{"link_name":"Claudio Roditi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Roditi"},{"link_name":"Orphy Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphy_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Perry Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Badal Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badal_Roy"},{"link_name":"Ryuichi Sakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto"},{"link_name":"Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_(Ryuichi_Sakamoto_album)"},{"link_name":"Monica Salmaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Salmaso"},{"link_name":"David Sanborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sanborn"},{"link_name":"Upfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upfront_(David_Sanborn_album)"},{"link_name":"Masahiko Satoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Satoh"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Seifert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Seifert"},{"link_name":"Woody Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Shaw"},{"link_name":"For Sure!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Sure!_(Woody_Shaw_album)"},{"link_name":"Rosewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewood_(album)"},{"link_name":"Andy Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Sheppard"},{"link_name":"Robertinho Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertinho_Silva"},{"link_name":"Carly Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Simon"},{"link_name":"Have You Seen Me Lately?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_You_Seen_Me_Lately%3F"},{"link_name":"Paul Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simon"},{"link_name":"The Rhythm of the Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rhythm_of_the_Saints"},{"link_name":"U. Srinivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._Srinivas"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Steig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Steig"},{"link_name":"Rain Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_Forest_(Jeremy_Steig_and_Eddie_G%C3%B3mez_album)"},{"link_name":"Fredy Studer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredy_Studer"},{"link_name":"Andy Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Summers"},{"link_name":"World Gone Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Gone_Strange"},{"link_name":"Talking Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Heads"},{"link_name":"Little Creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Creatures"},{"link_name":"Gary Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Thomas_(musician)"},{"link_name":"By Any Means Necessary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_Any_Means_Necessary_(Gary_Thomas_album)"},{"link_name":"JMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMT_Records"},{"link_name":"Leon Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Gold Sunrise on Magic Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Sunrise_on_Magic_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Mega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Records"},{"link_name":"Trio da Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trio_da_Paz"},{"link_name":"Akiko Yano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko_Yano"},{"link_name":"Yellowjackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjackets_(band)"},{"link_name":"Like a River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_a_River"}],"text":"Pierre Akendengue, Nandipo (Saravah, 1974)\nHerb Alpert, You Smile – The Song Begins (1974)\nLaurie Anderson, Strange Angels (Warner Bros., 1989)\nBadi Assad, Verde (Edge Music, 2004)\nAztec Camera, Dreamland (Edsel, 1993)\nGinger Baker, Horses & Trees (Celluloid, 1986)\nZeca Baleiro, Cafe No Bule (Selo, 2015)\nHarry Belafonte, Turn the World Around (CBS, 1977)\nWalter Bishop Jr., Illumination (1977)\nLuiz Bonfa, The New Face of Bonfa (RCA, 2003)\nSafy Boutella, Mejnoun (Indigo, 1992)\nJonathan Butler, Head to Head (Mercury, 1993)\nVinicius Cantuaria, Tucuma (Verve, 1998)\nCarminho, Canto (Warner/Parlophone, 2014)\nBaikida Carroll, Orange Fish Tears (Palm, 1974)\nRon Carter, Patrão (Milestone, 1981)\nJean-Roger Caussimon, Jean-Roger Caussimon (Saravah, 1974)\nGal Costa, Legal (Philips, 1970)\nBeverley Craven, Love Scenes (550 Music/Epic, 1993)\nEduardo De Crescenzo, Cante Jondo (Ricordi, 1991)\nJack DeJohnette, Irresistible Forces (MCA Impulse! 1987)\nJoao Donato, Quem e Quem (Odeon, 1973)\nLuiz Eca, La Nueva Onda De Brasil (Lazarus, 2004)\nPierre Favre, Singing Drums (ECM, 1984)\nCordel do Fogo Encantado, Cordel do Fogo Encantado (Rec-Beat, 2001)\nMichael Franks, Passionfruit (Warner Bros., 1983)\nChico Freeman, The Search (India Navigation, 1983)\nGipsy Kings, Love and Liberté (CBS/Sony, 1993)\nDanny Gottlieb, Whirlwind (Atlantic, 1989)\nTrilok Gurtu, Living Magic (CMP, 1991)\nJay Hoggard, Days Like These (Arista GRP, 1979)\nRolf Kuhn, The Day After (MPS, 1972)\nSergio Mendes, Brasil '88 (RCA, 2002)\nShigeharu Mukai, Pleasure (Better Days, 1980)\nMark Helias, The Current Set (Enja, 1987)\nTerumasa Hino, City Connection (Flying Disk, 1979)\nTerumasa Hino, Daydream (JVC, 1990)\nBendik Hofseth, Itaka (Grappa, 2005)\nToninho Horta, Moonstone (PolyMedia, 1989)\nJoyce, Visions of Dawn (Far Out, 2009)\nNigel Kennedy, Kafka (EMI, 1996)\nChaka Khan, Naughty (Warner Bros., 1980)\nB.B. King, Now Appearing at Ole Miss (MCA, 1980)\nB.B. King, King of the Blues (MCA, 1992)\nJoachim Kuhn, Hip Elegy (MPS/BASF, 1976)\nJon Lucien, Romantico (Zemajo, 1980)\nJohn Lurie, Down by Law (Made to Measure/Crammed Discs, 1987)\nLyle Mays, Lyle Mays (Geffen, 1986)\nLloyd McNeill, Tori (Baobab, 1978)\nLloyd McNeill, Elegia (Baobab, 1980)\nSérgio Mendes, Brasil '88 (1986)\nMarisa Monte, Mais (EMI, 1991)\nMarisa Monte, Green, Blue, Yellow, Rose and Charcoal (Metro Blue/EMI, 1994)\nBob Moses, When Elephants Dream of Music (Gramavision, 1983)\nMundo Livre S/A, Samba Esquema Noise (Banguela, 1994)\nOliver Nelson, Swiss Suite (Philips, 1972)\nOs Mutantes, A Divina Comédia ou Ando Meio Desligado (1970)\nPenguin Cafe Orchestra, Union Cafe (Zopf, 1993)\nJim Pepper, Comin' and Goin' (Antilles, 1983)\nIvo Perelman, Man of the Forest (GM, 1994)\nJean-Luc Ponty, Live at Montreux 72 (Pierre Cardin/Disc'Az 1972)\nEnrico Rava, String Band (Soul Note, 1984)\nClaudio Roditi, Red, On (Red/CTI, 1984)\nOrphy Robinson, The Funky End of Things (Blue Note, 1994)\nOrphy Robinson, The Vibes Describes (Blue Note, 1994)\nPerry Robinson, Nana Vasconcelos, Badal Roy, Kundalini (Improvising Artists, 1978)\nBadal Roy, Asian Journal (Music of the World, 1994)\nRyuichi Sakamoto, Beauty (Virgin, 1989)\nMonica Salmaso, Trampolim (Discmedi Blau, 1998)\nDavid Sanborn, Upfront (Elektra, 1992)\nMasahiko Satoh, Randooga (Epic, 1990)\nZbigniew Seifert, Passion (Capitol, 1979)\nWoody Shaw, For Sure! (Columbia, 1980)\nWoody Shaw, Rosewood (Columbia, 1998)\nAndy Sheppard, Inclassificable (Label Bleu, 1994)\nRobertinho Silva, Robertinho Silva (Philips, 1981)\nCarly Simon, Have You Seen Me Lately? (Arista, 1990)\nPaul Simon, The Rhythm of the Saints (Warner Bros., 1990)\nU. Srinivas, Dream (Real World/Virgin, 1995)\nJeremy Steig, Rain Forest (CMP, 1980)\nFredy Studer, Seven Songs (veraBra, 1991)\nAndy Summers, World Gone Strange (Private Music, 1991)\nTalking Heads, Little Creatures (Sire, 1985)\nGary Thomas, By Any Means Necessary (JMT, 1989)\nLeon Thomas, Gold Sunrise on Magic Mountain (Mega/Flying Dutchman, 1971)\nTrio da Paz, Black Orpheus (Kokopelli, 1994)\nAkiko Yano, Love Life (Nonesuch, 1993)\nYellowjackets, Like a River (GRP, 1993)","title":"With others"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Lenda da percussão brasileira, Naná Vasconcelos morre aos 71 anos – Últimas Notícias – UOL Música\". UOL Música (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 9 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://musica.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2016/03/09/morre-o-musico-nana-vasconcelos-aos-71-anos.htm","url_text":"\"Lenda da percussão brasileira, Naná Vasconcelos morre aos 71 anos – Últimas Notícias – UOL Música\""}]},{"reference":"\"If You Look Far Enough: Arild Andersen, Ralph Towner, Nana Vasconcelos\". ECM Records. Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecmrecords.com/catalogue/143038751454/if-you-look-far-enough-arild-andersen-ralph-towner-nana-vasoncelos","url_text":"\"If You Look Far Enough: Arild Andersen, Ralph Towner, Nana Vasconcelos\""}]},{"reference":"Michael G. Nastos. \"Codona \| Biography & History\". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/codona-mn0002133815/biography","url_text":"\"Codona \| Biography & History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Robert (28 June 1982). \"Jazz Festival – A Study Of Folk-Jazz Fusion\". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01E6DF123BF93BA15755C0A964948260","url_text":"\"Jazz Festival – A Study Of Folk-Jazz Fusion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Robert (3 September 1987). \"Jazz – Don Cherry\". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7D71538F930A3575AC0A961948260","url_text":"\"Jazz – Don Cherry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Home - London School of Samba\". London School of Samba. Retrieved 29 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://londonschoolofsamba.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Home - London School of Samba\""}]},{"reference":"\"Various Artists: Onda Sonora: Red Hot & Lisbon: Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/onda-sonora-red-hot-lisbon-mw0000242701/credits","url_text":"\"Various Artists: Onda Sonora: Red Hot & Lisbon: Credits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Various Artists: Onda Sonora: Red Hot & Lisbon\". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/onda-sonora-red-hot-lisbon-mw0000242701","url_text":"\"Various Artists: Onda Sonora: Red Hot & Lisbon\""}]},{"reference":"\"DownBeat Magazine\". Downbeat.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429031700/http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=news&subsect=news_detail&nid=3062","url_text":"\"DownBeat Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=news&subsect=news_detail&nid=3062","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Entertainment News, Celebrity and Pop Culture – ABC News\". Abcnews.go.com. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/brazilian-percussionist-nana-vasconcelos-dies-age-71-37531871","url_text":"\"Entertainment News, Celebrity and Pop Culture – ABC News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Percussionist Naná Vasconcelos dies\". Jazz FM. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jazzfm.com/news/music-news/percussionist-nana-vasconcelos-dies/","url_text":"\"Percussionist Naná Vasconcelos dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_FM_(UK)","url_text":"Jazz FM"}]},{"reference":"\"Naná Vasconcelos - Credits - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/nan%C3%A1-vasconcelos-mn0000857574/credits","url_text":"\"Naná Vasconcelos - Credits - AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://musica.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2016/03/09/morre-o-musico-nana-vasconcelos-aos-71-anos.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lenda da percussão brasileira, Naná Vasconcelos morre aos 71 anos – Últimas Notícias – UOL Música\""},{"Link":"https://www.ecmrecords.com/catalogue/143038751454/if-you-look-far-enough-arild-andersen-ralph-towner-nana-vasoncelos","external_links_name":"\"If You Look Far Enough: Arild Andersen, Ralph Towner, Nana Vasconcelos\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/codona-mn0002133815/biography","external_links_name":"\"Codona \| Biography & History\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01E6DF123BF93BA15755C0A964948260","external_links_name":"\"Jazz Festival – A Study Of Folk-Jazz Fusion\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7D71538F930A3575AC0A961948260","external_links_name":"\"Jazz – Don Cherry\""},{"Link":"http://londonschoolofsamba.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Home - London School of Samba\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/onda-sonora-red-hot-lisbon-mw0000242701/credits","external_links_name":"\"Various Artists: Onda Sonora: Red Hot & Lisbon: Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/onda-sonora-red-hot-lisbon-mw0000242701","external_links_name":"\"Various Artists: Onda Sonora: Red Hot & Lisbon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429031700/http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=news&subsect=news_detail&nid=3062","external_links_name":"\"DownBeat Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=news&subsect=news_detail&nid=3062","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/brazilian-percussionist-nana-vasconcelos-dies-age-71-37531871","external_links_name":"\"Entertainment News, Celebrity and Pop Culture – ABC News\""},{"Link":"http://www.jazzfm.com/news/music-news/percussionist-nana-vasconcelos-dies/","external_links_name":"\"Percussionist Naná Vasconcelos dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/nan%C3%A1-vasconcelos-mn0000857574/credits","external_links_name":"\"Naná Vasconcelos - Credits - AllMusic\""},{"Link":"http://www.nanavasconcelos.com.br/","external_links_name":"Nana Vasconcelos official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011109083857/http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/Quarter/7055/Nana/index.htm","external_links_name":"A fan site with a complete discography"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121416994","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/84195105","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfX6qj7yJjYJfCyv7bcfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98080209","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4751088","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139007691","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139007691","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134545753","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MODV148983","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007333141505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80086879","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/42gks7bn104lb8k","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2008406998&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071131175","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810647659905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e64fe830-fb77-462d-85d2-1d3265ae6ade","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/087886340","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conlan_Press	Conlan Press	["1 Clients","1.1 Artists","1.2 Authors and author/artists","2 References","3 External links"]	American publishing company The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Conlan Press" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2021) Conlan PressFounded2005; 19 years ago (2005)FounderConnor Freff CochranCountry of originUnited StatesHeadquarters locationBellingham, WashingtonPublication typesBooks, Graphic novelsOfficial websiteconlanpress.com Conlan Press is an American publishing company that markets a variety of fantasy books, art books, and graphic novels. The company was formed in 2005 by Connor Freff Cochran to promote the works of Peter Beagle, author of the 1968 book The Last Unicorn, which was adapted into a popular 1982 animated film of the same title. In 2014, Conlan enlisted the services of Public Relations professional Reece Mack to assist with the public perception of The Last Unicorn movie and Conlan itself. Reece resigned after Conlan refused to resolve complaints and upon Beagle filing his lawsuit. Clients Artists Mark Badger John Howe Authors and author/artists Peter S. Beagle Connor Cochran References ^ Reid, Calvin (2 September 2011). "Beyond Peter Beagle: Conlan Press Expands". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ a b c d "Conlan Press Publishing \| About Our Creators \| The Last Unicorn Movie and Book". conlanpress.com. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-06-28. Retrieved 2017-07-07. External links Conlan Press Official Website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"Connor Freff Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connor_Freff_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Peter Beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_S._Beagle"},{"link_name":"The Last Unicorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Unicorn"},{"link_name":"1982 animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Unicorn_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW090211-1"},{"link_name":"Public Relations professional Reece Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rebeladvertising.ca/reece-mack-vancouver-thought-leadership-consultant/"},{"link_name":"The Last Unicorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Unicorn"},{"link_name":"Conlan refused to resolve complaints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fansagainstfraud.com/conlan-press-crisis-manager/"}],"text":"Conlan Press is an American publishing company that markets a variety of fantasy books, art books, and graphic novels. The company was formed in 2005 by Connor Freff Cochran to promote the works of Peter Beagle, author of the 1968 book The Last Unicorn, which was adapted into a popular 1982 animated film of the same title.[1] In 2014, Conlan enlisted the services of Public Relations professional Reece Mack to assist with the public perception of The Last Unicorn movie and Conlan itself. Reece resigned after Conlan refused to resolve complaints and upon Beagle filing his lawsuit.","title":"Conlan Press"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Badger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Badger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creators-2"},{"link_name":"John Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creators-2"}],"sub_title":"Artists","text":"Mark Badger[2]\nJohn Howe[2]","title":"Clients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter S. Beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_S._Beagle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creators-2"},{"link_name":"Connor Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connor_Freff_Cochran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creators-2"}],"sub_title":"Authors and author/artists","text":"Peter S. Beagle[2]\nConnor Cochran[2]","title":"Clients"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Reid, Calvin (2 September 2011). \"Beyond Peter Beagle: Conlan Press Expands\". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 13 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/48568-beyond-peter-beagle-conlan-press-expands.html","url_text":"\"Beyond Peter Beagle: Conlan Press Expands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly","url_text":"Publishers Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Conlan Press Publishing \| About Our Creators \| The Last Unicorn Movie and Book\". conlanpress.com. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-06-28. Retrieved 2017-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170628045030/http://conlanpress.com/creators/","url_text":"\"Conlan Press Publishing \| About Our Creators \| The Last Unicorn Movie and Book\""},{"url":"http://conlanpress.com/creators/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Conlan+Press%22","external_links_name":"\"Conlan Press\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Conlan+Press%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Conlan+Press%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Conlan+Press%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Conlan+Press%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Conlan+Press%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://conlanpress.com/","external_links_name":"conlanpress.com"},{"Link":"http://www.rebeladvertising.ca/reece-mack-vancouver-thought-leadership-consultant/","external_links_name":"Public Relations professional Reece Mack"},{"Link":"http://fansagainstfraud.com/conlan-press-crisis-manager/","external_links_name":"Conlan refused to resolve complaints"},{"Link":"http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/48568-beyond-peter-beagle-conlan-press-expands.html","external_links_name":"\"Beyond Peter Beagle: Conlan Press Expands\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170628045030/http://conlanpress.com/creators/","external_links_name":"\"Conlan Press Publishing \| About Our Creators \| The Last Unicorn Movie and Book\""},{"Link":"http://conlanpress.com/creators/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160102015351/http://conlanpress.com/","external_links_name":"Conlan Press Official Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photidae	Photidae	["1 References"]	Family of crustaceans Photidae Gammaropsis nitida Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Malacostraca Order: Amphipoda Superfamily: Photoidea Family: PhotidaeBoeck, 1871 Photidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans, containing the following genera: Ampelisciphotis Pirlot, 1938 Audulla Chevreux, 1901 Corogammaropsis Tzvetkova, 1990 Dodophotis G. Karaman, 1985 Falcigammaropsis Myers, 1995 Gammaropsis Liljeborg, 1855 Graciliphotis Myers, 2009 Latigammaropsis Myers, 2009 Megamphopus Norman, 1869 Microphotis Ruffo, 1952 Papuaphotis Myers, 1995 Paranaenia Chilton, 1884 Photis Krøyer, 1842 Podoceropsis Boeck, 1861 Posophotis J. L. Barnard, 1979 Rocasphotis Souza-Filho & Serejo, 2010 Viragammaropsis Myers, 2009 References ^ Claude De Broyer (2011). Lowry J (ed.). "Photidae". World Amphipoda database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved January 13, 2012. Taxon identifiersPhotidae Wikidata: Q7187602 Wikispecies: Photidae AFD: Photidae BOLD: 84206 CoL: 7NKFS GBIF: 4304312 iNaturalist: 245460 IRMNG: 109342 ITIS: 94058 NBN: NHMSYS0021050161 NCBI: 1732295 Open Tree of Life: 5504723 WoRMS: 148558 Authority control databases: National Israel This amphipod article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"amphipod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipoda"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ampelisciphotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampelisciphotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Audulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audulla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corogammaropsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corogammaropsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dodophotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodophotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Falcigammaropsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falcigammaropsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gammaropsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gammaropsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Graciliphotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graciliphotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Latigammaropsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latigammaropsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Megamphopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megamphopus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Microphotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microphotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Papuaphotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papuaphotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paranaenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paranaenia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Photis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photis"},{"link_name":"Podoceropsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podoceropsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Posophotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Posophotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rocasphotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocasphotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Viragammaropsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viragammaropsis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Photidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans, containing the following genera:[1]Ampelisciphotis Pirlot, 1938\nAudulla Chevreux, 1901\nCorogammaropsis Tzvetkova, 1990\nDodophotis G. Karaman, 1985\nFalcigammaropsis Myers, 1995\nGammaropsis Liljeborg, 1855\nGraciliphotis Myers, 2009\nLatigammaropsis Myers, 2009\nMegamphopus Norman, 1869\nMicrophotis Ruffo, 1952\nPapuaphotis Myers, 1995\nParanaenia Chilton, 1884\nPhotis Krøyer, 1842\nPodoceropsis Boeck, 1861\nPosophotis J. L. Barnard, 1979\nRocasphotis Souza-Filho & Serejo, 2010\nViragammaropsis Myers, 2009","title":"Photidae"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Claude De Broyer (2011). Lowry J (ed.). \"Photidae\". World Amphipoda database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved January 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=148558","url_text":"\"Photidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=148558","external_links_name":"\"Photidae\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Photidae","external_links_name":"Photidae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=84206","external_links_name":"84206"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NKFS","external_links_name":"7NKFS"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4304312","external_links_name":"4304312"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/245460","external_links_name":"245460"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109342","external_links_name":"109342"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=94058","external_links_name":"94058"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021050161","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021050161"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1732295","external_links_name":"1732295"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5504723","external_links_name":"5504723"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=148558","external_links_name":"148558"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546432305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photidae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Canadian_dollar	Banknotes of the Canadian dollar	["1 Currently produced series","2 Production","3 Counterfeiting","4 History","4.1 Chartered banks","4.2 Colonial governments","4.3 Government of Canada","4.4 Other public issuers","4.5 Bank of Canada","4.6 Withdrawn denominations","5 List of Bank of Canada banknote series","5.1 1935","5.2 1937","5.3 1954 Canadian Landscape","5.4 1969 Scenes of Canada","5.5 1986 Birds of Canada","5.6 2001 Canadian Journey","5.7 2011 Frontier","5.8 2018 Vertical","5.9 Commemorative issues","6 Myths","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]	Overview of banknotes issued by Canada Obverse of the 2011 Frontier series depicting portraits of Wilfrid Laurier ($5), John A. Macdonald ($10), Queen Elizabeth II ($20), William Lyon Mackenzie King ($50), and Robert Borden ($100) Banknotes of the Canadian dollar are the banknotes or bills (in common lexicon) of Canada, denominated in Canadian dollars (CAD, C$, or $ locally). Currently, they are issued in $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100 denominations. All current notes are issued by the Bank of Canada, which released its first series of notes in 1935. The Bank of Canada has contracted the Canadian Bank Note Company to produce the Canadian notes since then. The current series of polymer banknotes were introduced into circulation between November 2011 and November 2013. Banknotes issued in Canada can be viewed at the Bank of Canada Museum in Ottawa. Currently produced series The currently produced banknote series of the Canadian dollar both consist of polymer banknotes: the 7th series (Frontier), which was launched in 2011, and the 8th series (Vertical), which was launched in 2018. Value Main colour Obverse portrait Reverse design Series year Issued 8th (Vertical) banknote series $10 Purple Viola Desmond Canadian Museum for Human Rights 2018 19 November 2018 7th (Frontier) banknote series $5 Blue Wilfrid Laurier Canadarm2 and Dextre 2013 7 November 2013 $10 Purple John A. Macdonald The Canadian passenger train 2013 7 November 2013 $20 Green Queen Elizabeth II Canadian National Vimy Memorial and poppies 2012 7 November 2012 $50 Red William Lyon Mackenzie King CCGS Amundsen in arctic waters, a map of Canada's North, and the word arctic in Inuktitut (ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᖅ, 'ukiuqtaqtuq') 2012 26 March 2012 $100 Brown Robert Borden Medical research, invention of the pacemaker, a DNA double helix, and a vial of insulin 2011 14 November 2011 On 6 May 2023, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the $20 bill would be updated to feature the new king, Charles III. Production Notes are issued by the Bank of Canada, but the actual production of the banknotes is outsourced to the Canadian Bank Note Company in accordance with the specifications and requirements of the Bank of Canada. All wording on the notes appears in both of Canada's official languages, English and French. Banknotes were printed on paper composed of pure cotton. Cotton fibre was discontinued and replaced by a synthetic polymer starting in 2011, with the last of the paper banknotes being made available in November 2013. Counterfeiting Efforts to reduce counterfeiting in recent years have sharply reduced the number of counterfeit notes in circulation. The number of counterfeit notes passed annually in Canada peaked in 2004, when 553,000 counterfeit notes were passed. Counterfeiting has decreased annually since that peak, with only 53,536 notes passed in 2010. The new Frontier series of banknotes significantly improves security primarily by using a polymer substrate to make up the note instead of the previously used fabric. Even as Canada's counterfeiting problem escalated, the shift to polymer was viewed as too expensive. A polymer note costs 19 cents to produce, compared to 9 cents for a typical cotton-paper note. All older cotton-paper banknotes prior to the 2013 polymer series are now considered unfit for circulation due to their lacking of modern security features, such as a metallic stripe. Financial institutions must return the banknotes to the Bank of Canada, which will destroy them. Individuals may keep the banknotes indefinitely. Counterfeiting is measured using a system borrowed from chemistry known as parts per million (PPM). Normally used to judge the potency of molecules in a solution, PPM in the counterfeit sense refers to the number of fake banknotes found in circulation for every one million genuine notes. In 1990, Canada's counterfeit ratio was just 4 PPM, ranking its currency among the most secure in the world. By the late 1990s, the rise of powerful and affordable home computers, store-bought graphics software, easy-to-use scanners and colour ink-jet printers were breeding a new generation of counterfeiters. The number of fake Canadian bills rose as high as 117 PPM by 1997. In 2004 Canada's counterfeit rate had ballooned to 470 PPM. In 2012, the counterfeiting rate had fallen to its lowest point, at 28 PPM. It has since started modestly rising to 36 PPM in 2014. The Bank of Canada's medium-term planning target is to stay below 30 PPM. Most G20 nations used 50 PPM as their benchmark to stay below. History See also: History of the Canadian dollar The first paper money issued in Canada denominated in dollars were British Army notes, issued between 1813 and 1815 in denominations between $1 and $400. These were emergency issues due to the War of 1812. The first banknotes were issued in 1817 by the Montreal Bank. Chartered banks Main article: Canadian chartered bank notes See also: Early Canadian banking system $1 banknote of the Colonial Bank of Canada issued in 1859 Large numbers of chartered banks were founded in the 1830s, 1850s, 1860s and 1870s, although many issued paper money for only a short time. Others, including the Montreal Bank (later called the Bank of Montreal), issued notes for several decades. Until 1858, many notes were issued denominated in both shillings/pounds and dollars (5 shillings = $1 therefore 1 pound = $4). A large number of different denominations were issued, including $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $10, $20, $25, $40, $50, $100, $500, $750 and $1,000. After 1858, only dollar denominations were used. The Bank Act of 1871 limited the smallest denomination the chartered banks could issue to $4, increased to $5 in 1880. To facilitate purchases below $5 without using Dominion notes, some charted banks issued notes in unusually domesticated denominations, such as the $6 and $7 notes issued by the Molsons Bank in 1871. After Confederation, chartered banks were permitted to continue issuing notes until 1944. Colonial governments $1 Dominion of Newfoundland note issued in 1920 Before Canadian Confederation, dollar-denominated notes were issued by the governments of the Colony of British Columbia, the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Of these, the Province of Canada, established in 1841, was the most prolific issuer of paper money. Notes were produced for the government by the Bank of Montreal between 1842 and 1862, in denominations of $4, $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. In 1866, the Province of Canada began issuing its own paper money, in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 and $500. The Dominion of Newfoundland issued notes denominated in Newfoundland dollars from 1901 until it joined Confederation in 1949. Government of Canada 25-cent Dominion of Canada note issued in 1900 $1 Dominion of Canada note issued in 1898 For a temporary period following Confederation in 1867, Province of Canada notes served as the Dominion of Canada's first national currency, and notes were dispatched from Ontario and Quebec to the other provinces. In 1870, the first Dominion of Canada notes were issued in denominations of 25¢, $1, $2, $500 and $1,000. $50 and $100 notes followed in 1872. The bulk of later government note production was of $1 and $2 notes, with a $4 denomination added in 1882. Notes of $5 were issued starting in 1912. The last 25¢ notes, known as shinplasters due to their small size, were dated 1923. Special notes called Bank Legals were issued by the Dominion of Canada only to banks for transferring large sums of money in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, and $50,000. Issuance of all Dominion notes ceased in 1935, after the establishment of the Bank of Canada. Other public issuers Some municipalities also issued dollar-denominated notes. This was most prevalent in the 1930s, when depression scrip was issued in an attempt to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression on local citizens. The province of Alberta also launched its own scheme in 1936 by issuing prosperity certificates. Bank of Canada $1 Bank of Canada note issued in 1935In 1934, with only ten chartered banks still issuing notes, the Bank of Canada was founded and began issuing notes in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $25, $50, $100, $500 and $1000. In 1944, the chartered banks were prohibited from issuing their own currency, with the Royal Bank of Canada and the Bank of Montreal among the last to issue notes. Since then, the Bank of Canada has been the sole issuer of banknotes denominated in Canadian dollars. A liability of more than $12 million remains on the Bank of Canada's books up to the present day, representing the face value of Dominion of Canada, provincial, and chartered bank notes still outstanding. Withdrawn denominations Main article: Withdrawn Canadian banknotes The 1935 series was the only series to have included $25 and $500 denominations. Both denominations were short lived. The $25 note was withdrawn on 18 May 1937. Stacks of unissued 1935 $500 notes were destroyed in February 1938, and issued $500 notes were recalled and withdrawn from circulation five months later. Some of the most significant recent developments in Canadian currency were the withdrawal of the $1, $2, and $1,000 notes in 1989, 1996, and 2000 respectively. The $1 and $2 denominations have been replaced with coins, colloquially referred to as the "loonie" and "toonie" respectively, with the loonie simultaneously replacing the $1 bill as well as the preceding Voyageur dollar coin, the latter of which remains legal tender. In 2000, the $1,000 note was removed at the request of the Solicitor General of Canada and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as it was reported that they were largely being used for money laundering and organized crime. List of Bank of Canada banknote series 1935 Main article: 1935 Canadian banknote series The Bank of Canada was created in 1934 and given responsibility, through an Act of Parliament, to regulate the country's money supply and to "promote the economic and financial welfare of Canada." Accordingly, it was given the exclusive right to issue bank notes in Canada. On 11 March 1935, the Bank of Canada issued its first series of bank notes. 1937 Main article: 1937 Canadian banknote series The creation of a second series of bank notes, only two years after the first issue, was prompted by changes in Canadian government legislation requiring the Bank of Canada to produce bilingual bank notes. Another contributing factor was the death of King George V on 20 January 1936, and the subsequent abdication of Edward VIII. 1954 Canadian Landscape Main article: Canadian Landscape The third series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada was the Canadian Landscape series. The banknotes were designed in 1952 following the accession of Elizabeth II to the throne after the death of her father George VI. Her portrait appeared on all denominations in the series. The banknote designs differed significantly from the 1937 series, though the denomination colours and bilingual printing were retained. The design changes were made to portray themes more typical of Canada. This was the first series to include the Canadian coat of arms, which appeared centrally in the background of the obverse. The banknote series became known as the "Devil's Head" series, because the hair behind the Queen's head looked somewhat like a grinning demon. This led to design modifications for all denominations. The second variant of the series was issued in 1956. 1969 Scenes of Canada Main article: Scenes of Canada Because of a growing concern over counterfeiting, the Bank of Canada began to release a new series of bank notes in 1969. This series represented another complete departure in design from earlier issues: colourful, wavy patterns were introduced; a new series of Canadian scenic vignettes was created; portraits of former Canadian prime ministers were re-introduced. Both Laurier and Macdonald were on the 1935 and 1937 series, but now joined by King and Borden. This was the last series to feature a $1 banknote, with the banknote replaced by a dollar coin – known as a loonie for its design of a loon on the obverse – in 1987; printing of the $1 banknote ceased in 1989. However, there was a 21-month period where both the $1 bill and coin were produced concurrently, from June 1987 to April 1989. 1986 Birds of Canada Main article: Birds of Canada (banknotes) In 1986 the Bank of Canada introduced new banknotes called the Birds of Canada series. The design on the back of each note features a bird indigenous to Canada with a background representing the typical landscape for that bird. The portraits on the front of the note were made larger than those of previous series, and a metallic patch was introduced on the larger notes. Each banknote weighs 1 gram (0.035 oz). This series was the first to include a bar code with the serial number. This allows the visually impaired to distinguish notes with the use of a hand-held device that tells the note's denomination. This was also the last series that the $2 and $1,000 notes were issued. The $2 note was withdrawn in 1996 and replaced by the $2 coin, known as the toonie. The $1,000 note was withdrawn by the Bank of Canada on 12 May 2000, at the request of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) as part of a program to reduce organized crime. At the time, 2,827,702 of the $1,000 bills were in circulation; by 2011, fewer than 1 million were in circulation, most held by organized crime. 2001 Canadian Journey Main article: Canadian Journey Beginning in 2001, the Bank of Canada introduced a new series of notes called "Canadian Journey", featuring images of Canadian heritage and excerpts from Canadian literature. The $10 was first issued on 17 January 2001; the $5 on 27 March 2002; the $100 note on 17 March 2004, the $20 on 29 September 2004, and the $50 on 17 November 2004. The $20, $50, and $100 notes introduce watermark security features for the first time on Canadian currency since the four-dollar Dominion notes; they also boast significantly expanded holographic security features. Also among the new features are a windowed colour-shifting thread woven into the paper, a see-through number, and enhanced fluorescence under ultraviolet lighting. These features are designed to help Canadians protect themselves by detecting counterfeit notes. All post-2001 series notes also include the EURion constellation, on both sides of the note. The new notes have a tactile feature, which is a series of raised dots (but not Braille) in the upper left corner on the face of each note to aid the visually impaired in identifying currency denominations. The newer security features on the $20, $50, and $100 notes were added to an updated version of the $10 note released on 18 May 2005, and the Bank of Canada began issuing a $5 note with upgraded security features on 15 November 2006, as part of its ongoing effort to improve the security of Canadian bank notes. The illustrations on the front and back of the upgraded notes are the same as those on the $5 and $10 notes issued in 2001 and 2002. The "Canadian Journey" literary excerpts are printed in English and French, with the English versions being: $5: The winters of my childhood were long, long seasons. We lived in three places—the school, the church, and the skating-rink—but our real life was on the skating-rink. (Roch Carrier (born 1937) from his short story Le chandail de hockey (The Hockey Sweater)) $10: In Flanders Fields the poppies blow / Between the crosses, row on row, / That mark our place, and in the sky / The larks, still bravely singing, fly / Scarce heard amid the guns below. (John McCrae (1872–1918), from his poem In Flanders Fields) $20: Could we ever know each other in the slightest without the arts? (Gabrielle Roy (1909–1983) from her novel La Montagne secrète (The Hidden Mountain)) $50: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights (from Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948) $100: Do we ever remember that somewhere above the sky in some child's dream perhaps Jacques Cartier is still sailing, always on his way always about to discover a new Canada? (Miriam Waddington (1917–2004) from her poem Jacques Cartier in Toronto) Canadian Journey banknotes (2004 style) incorporates background colour and consists of series years 2001, 2003, 2003A, 2004, 2004A and 2006. All the notes except the $100 note have additional series years 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2009A (some banknotes only). The $100 2009 series began issuing to the public in early 2010 and was printed in 2009 before they were issued. The 2004 to 2009 series of the $100 note was withdrawn from the circulation in November 2011. The $50 note was withdrawn on 26 March 2012, and $5–$20 notes would be withdrawn in the next 2 years before it will be officially announced. 2011 Frontier Main article: Frontier (banknotes) Beginning in 2011, the Bank of Canada introduced a new series of polymer banknotes. The $100 note was issued on 14 November 2011; the $50 was issued on 26 March 2012; the $20 banknote was issued on 7 November 2012, and the $10 and $5 denominations were issued on 7 November 2013. These are the first Canadian notes produced on polymer. In place of a watermark are two visual features: a translucent maple leaf and a transparent window. The leaf includes a security feature that, when viewed close to the eye with a single-point light source behind, produces a circular image displaying the note's denomination. The window is fringed by maple leaves; at its top is a smaller version of the portrait, and at its bottom a light-refracting metallic likeness of an architectural feature from the parliament buildings. The portraits on the face are more centred on the note. The backs of the notes introduce new cultural and thematic imagery, but the literary quotation is not continued. The polymer notes continue the tactile feature, from the Canadian Journey series. 2018 Vertical Main article: Vertical (banknotes) On International Women's Day 2016, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that an "iconic" Canadian woman would be featured on one of the upcoming notes. On 8 December 2016, the Government of Canada and the Bank of Canada announced that civil rights activist Viola Desmond would replace John A. Macdonald (who had been on the face of the $10 note since 1971) as the first non-royal woman to appear alone on a regularly circulated Bank of Canada note. This note was released to the public on 19 November 2018. Beginning in 2018, newly designed Canadian banknotes (initially the $10 note) were vertical in orientation. Commemorative issues Main article: Commemorative banknotes of the Canadian dollar Commemorative issues Value Main colour Description Date of Front Back Printing Issue $25‡ Purple King George V and Queen Mary Windsor Castle 6 May 1935 $1‡ Dark Green Elizabeth II Old parliament buildings in Ottawa – destroyed by fire in 1916 1967 3 January 1967+ $20 Green Elizabeth II Canadian National Vimy Memorial 2015 9 September 2015 $10 Purple John A. Macdonald, George-Étienne Cartier, Agnes Macphail, James Gladstone Variety of Canadian vistas 2017 1 June 2017 ‡ Withdrawn from circulation. Most currency withdrawn from circulation is still legal tender. As of 1 January 2021, the $1, $2, $25, $500 and $1,000 bills from every Bank of Canada series are no longer legal tender. Despite the introduction of new notes, older notes are still in use. + Two varieties were printed, the first with conventional serial numbers, the second with the double date "1867–1967" appearing twice instead. Neither type is scarce. Both varieties also have on the obverse a stylized maple leaf with the double date below it. All notes of the 1954 series or later measure 152.4 millimetres (6.00 in) by 69.85 millimetres (2.750 in). See also Withdrawn Canadian banknotes. Myths A number of myths have circulated regarding Canadian banknotes. An American flag is flying over the Parliament Buildings on Canadian paper money. This is not the case. The Birds series notes depict a Union Flag flying over Parliament on the $100; a Canadian Red Ensign (a former Canadian flag) on the $5, $10, and $50; and the modern maple-leaf flag was on the $2 notes. (The $20 depicts the Library of Parliament, with no flag visible.) Those fooled by the rumour were likely fooled by the notes with the Red Ensign, as the flags are very small and not shown in full colour, and the Ensign with its contrasting canton somewhat resembles the American flag. When a note depicts a past prime minister, the Parliament Buildings behind him are flying whichever flag Canada was using at the time of his tenure. The face of the Birds series featured images of prime ministers (or the Queen) and the Parliament Buildings. As noted above, however, the $10 note featured the Canadian Red Ensign alongside Sir John A. Macdonald, who became prime minister 25 years before the Canadian Red Ensign was approved for use by the Merchant Navy and more than 50 years before it was used on government buildings. Also, the Union Flag is on the $100 with Sir Robert Borden, who came after Laurier who appears with the Canadian Red Ensign. This is sometimes explained by the fact that Borden governed during World War I. The views of the Parliament Buildings on the current Canadian Journey series do not feature any flag. The Canadian Journey series $10 note is being recalled because there is a misprint in the poem In Flanders Fields. The first line as printed, "In Flanders fields the poppies blow," startled many people, who believed the last word should be "grow". John McCrae wrote two versions which were both published, but his original manuscript, the one used by the government and widely used for Remembrance Day ceremonies, reads "blow". (The last two lines are "We shall not sleep, though poppies grow/In Flanders fields.") The Canadian $20, $50, and $100 bills have a Norway maple leaf rather than the native maple leaf. The 2011 to present $100 bill was rumoured to be maple scented, although the Bank of Canada denies this. Notes ^ "King Charles will replace Queen Elizabeth on Canada's coins, $20 bills". Global News. 6 May 2023. ^ Pulfer 2010. ^ Bank of Canada 2013. ^ Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2010. ^ a b "Unfit Bank Notes" (PDF). bankofcanada.ca. Bank of Canada. October 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2020. ^ CBC News 2000. ^ Patterson, Lynn (24 November 2015). "Promoting Canada's economic and financial well-being – Remarks to the Department of Economics, University of Regina" (PDF). Bank of Canada. ^ Robertson 2011. ^ See An Act to amend the Bank Act, Statutes of Canada, 1944, chapter 30, section 61. ^ Canadian Paper Money. ^ Statistics Canada 2009. ^ Bank of Canada Museum. "1954 Landscape series". Bank of Canada Museum. Bank of Canada Museum. Retrieved 25 December 2019. ^ a b c Collections Canada. ^ Montreal Gazette 1953, p. 13. ^ Bank of Canada values and prices of 1954 with the devil's face banknotes ^ "Last Canadian $1 bills roll off the presses in 1989". cbc.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2020. On April 20, 1989, the last $1 bills roll off the press at Ottawa's Canadian Bank Note Company. Dollar bills will soon be pulled from circulation, leaving Canadians no choice but to embrace the loonie, the new $1 coin that began circulating in 1987. ^ a b c Humphreys 2012. ^ Bank of Canada 2011b. ^ "Trudeau says new bank note will feature an iconic Canadian woman". CTV News. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016. ^ "Civil rights pioneer Viola Desmond will appear on new Canadian $10 bill". Toronto Star. ^ Media event to launch the new $10 bank note ^ "The next bank NOTE-able Canadian". Bank of Canada. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ "About legal tender". Bank of Canada. Retrieved 18 August 2021. ^ Bank of Canada values and prices of 1967 banknotes ^ Snopes: Red Ensign Scare 2011. ^ Canadian Paper Money Forum 2007. ^ Canadian Paper Money Forum 2007b. ^ GuelphArts. ^ Snopes: In Flanders Fields 2011. ^ Canada put "wrong" maple leaf on new Canadian dollar 20 bill: expert ^ Beeby, Dean (26 May 2013). "Do Canada's new plastic bills smell like maple syrup?". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved 5 March 2018. References Cross, W.K., ed. (1997). The Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Government Paper Money (10th ed.). Toronto: The Charlton Press. ISBN 0889681902. Graham, R.J. (July 2008). Canadian Bank Notes (6th ed.). Charlton Press. Humphreys, Adrian (15 November 2012). "The hunt for Canada's $1,000 bills: There are nearly a million left, most in the hands of criminal elites". National Post. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 1 March 2014. Pulfer, Jamie (5 March 2010). "Canadian paper money going plastic". CFTR-AM Radio. 680News.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011. Robertson, Grant (3 December 2011). "Funny money: How counterfeiting led to a major overhaul of Canada's money". The Globe and Mail. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 24 November 2013. "Bank notes". Bank of Canada. "Bank of Canada Issues $100 Bill – First Canadian Polymer Bank Note" (Press release). Bank of Canada. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011. "Bank of Canada Unveils Polymer Bank Note Series: Celebrating Canada's Achievements at the Frontiers of Innovation" (Press release). Bank of Canada. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011. "2012 Annual Report" (PDF). Bank of Canada. 2012. Bank legals, Canadian Paper Money, retrieved 4 March 2014 "The Flag on the $10". Canadian Paper Money Forum. 2 June 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011. "The Flag on the $100". Canadian Paper Money Forum. 2 June 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011. "1954 Series". Bank Note Series, 1935 to present. Bank of Canada (archived at Collections Canada). Retrieved 4 March 2014. "In Flanders Fields — The Poem". GuelphArts.ca. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011. "Canadian scenes to be portrayed for banknotes". Montreal Gazette. 22 April 1953. "Currency Counterfeiting Statistics (2010)". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. 20 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011. "In Flanders Fields". Snopes.com. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011. "Red Ensign Scare". Snopes.com. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011. "Bank of Canada note liabilites". Statistics Canada. 11 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011. Bank of Canada (7 November 2013). "Bank of Canada Issues $5 and $10 Polymer Bank Notes". Bank of Canada. Retrieved 20 December 2016. "Bank of Canada kills $1000 bill". CBC News. 26 September 2000. Retrieved 2 March 2014. External links Canada portalMoney portalNumismatics portal Canadian Bank Notes Price Guide Canadian Paper Money Canadian Currency (in French) The Online Canadian Paper Money Museum The Where's Willy? Currency Tracking Project Bank of Canada Currency Museum vteCanadian banknotes and coinsCoinage 1¢ (penny) 5¢ (nickel) 10¢ (dime) 25¢ (quarter) 50¢ $1 (Voyageur dollar) $1 (loonie) $2 (toonie) Commemorative coins Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins (1900–1999) Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins (2000s) Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins (2010s) Royal Canadian Mint ice hockey coins Royal Canadian Mint Olympic coins Royal Canadian Mint RCMP coins Silver dollar Gold Maple Leaf Silver Maple Leaf Platinum Maple Leaf Palladium Maple Leaf Big Maple Leaf Ottawa Mint sovereign $5 gold piece $10 gold piece 20¢ Banknotes $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 Commemorative banknotes Withdrawn banknotes Chartered banknotes Banknote series 1935 series 1937 series Canadian Landscape Scenes of Canada Birds of Canada Canadian Journey Frontier 2018 series Historical currencies New France livre Canadian pound New Brunswick pound Newfoundland pound Nova Scotian pound Prince Edward Island pound British Columbia dollar New Brunswick dollar Nova Scotian dollar Prince Edward Island dollar Newfoundland dollar Early Canadian banking system Pre-confederationtokens Blacksmith token Bouquet sou Bust and harp tokens Habitant token Hudson's Bay tokens Magdalen Island penny token Montreal and Lachine Railroad Tokens Vexator Canadiensis tokens Newfoundland dollar 1¢ 5¢ 10¢ 20¢ 25¢ 50¢ $2 Coins of the Newfoundland dollar Organizationsand institutions Bank of Canada Canadian Bank Note Company Royal Canadian Numismatic Association Royal Canadian Numismatic Association medals and awards Canadian Paper Money Society Bank of Canada Museum Royal Canadian Mint Community currencies Calgary dollar (Calgary) Toronto dollar (Toronto) Canadian Tire money Salt Spring dollar (Salt Spring Island) Pioneer Bonus Bucks Other Canadian dollar History of the Canadian dollar List of people on coins of Canada List of foreign countries with coinage struck at the Royal Canadian Mint Royal Canadian Mint tokens and medallions	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_Frontier_Banknotes_faces.png"},{"link_name":"Obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"Frontier series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_(banknotes)"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Laurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier"},{"link_name":"John A. Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"William Lyon Mackenzie King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King"},{"link_name":"Robert Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden"},{"link_name":"banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$"},{"link_name":"Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Bank Note Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Bank_Note_Company"},{"link_name":"polymer banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_banknote"},{"link_name":"Bank of Canada Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"}],"text":"Obverse of the 2011 Frontier series depicting portraits of Wilfrid Laurier ($5), John A. Macdonald ($10), Queen Elizabeth II ($20), William Lyon Mackenzie King ($50), and Robert Borden ($100)Banknotes of the Canadian dollar are the banknotes or bills (in common lexicon) of Canada, denominated in Canadian dollars (CAD, C$, or $ locally). Currently, they are issued in $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100 denominations. All current notes are issued by the Bank of Canada, which released its first series of notes in 1935. The Bank of Canada has contracted the Canadian Bank Note Company to produce the Canadian notes since then. The current series of polymer banknotes were introduced into circulation between November 2011 and November 2013. Banknotes issued in Canada can be viewed at the Bank of Canada Museum in Ottawa.","title":"Banknotes of the Canadian dollar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"polymer banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_banknote"},{"link_name":"Justin Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The currently produced banknote series of the Canadian dollar both consist of polymer banknotes: the 7th series (Frontier), which was launched in 2011, and the 8th series (Vertical), which was launched in 2018.On 6 May 2023, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the $20 bill would be updated to feature the new king, Charles III.[1]","title":"Currently produced series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Bank Note Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Bank_Note_Company"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulfer2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada2013-3"}],"text":"Notes are issued by the Bank of Canada, but the actual production of the banknotes is outsourced to the Canadian Bank Note Company in accordance with the specifications and requirements of the Bank of Canada. All wording on the notes appears in both of Canada's official languages, English and French. Banknotes were printed on paper composed of pure cotton. Cotton fibre was discontinued and replaced by a synthetic polymer starting in 2011, with the last of the paper banknotes being made available in November 2013.[2][3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"counterfeiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeiting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal_Canadian_Mounted_Police2010-4"},{"link_name":"Frontier series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unfit-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unfit-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECBC_News2000-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2011-8"}],"text":"Efforts to reduce counterfeiting in recent years have sharply reduced the number of counterfeit notes in circulation. The number of counterfeit notes passed annually in Canada peaked in 2004, when 553,000 counterfeit notes were passed. Counterfeiting has decreased annually since that peak, with only 53,536 notes passed in 2010.[4] The new Frontier series of banknotes significantly improves security primarily by using a polymer substrate to make up the note instead of the previously used fabric. Even as Canada's counterfeiting problem escalated, the shift to polymer was viewed as too expensive. A polymer note costs 19 cents to produce, compared to 9 cents for a typical cotton-paper note. All older cotton-paper banknotes prior to the 2013 polymer series are now considered unfit for circulation due to their lacking of modern security features, such as a metallic stripe.[5] Financial institutions must return the banknotes to the Bank of Canada, which will destroy them.[5] Individuals may keep the banknotes indefinitely.[6]Counterfeiting is measured using a system borrowed from chemistry known as parts per million (PPM). Normally used to judge the potency of molecules in a solution, PPM in the counterfeit sense refers to the number of fake banknotes found in circulation for every one million genuine notes. In 1990, Canada's counterfeit ratio was just 4 PPM, ranking its currency among the most secure in the world. By the late 1990s, the rise of powerful and affordable home computers, store-bought graphics software, easy-to-use scanners and colour ink-jet printers were breeding a new generation of counterfeiters. The number of fake Canadian bills rose as high as 117 PPM by 1997. In 2004 Canada's counterfeit rate had ballooned to 470 PPM. In 2012, the counterfeiting rate had fallen to its lowest point, at 28 PPM. It has since started modestly rising to 36 PPM in 2014. The Bank of Canada's medium-term planning target is to stay below 30 PPM.[7] Most G20 nations used 50 PPM as their benchmark to stay below.[8]","title":"Counterfeiting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the Canadian dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"}],"text":"See also: History of the Canadian dollarThe first paper money issued in Canada denominated in dollars were British Army notes, issued between 1813 and 1815 in denominations between $1 and $400. These were emergency issues due to the War of 1812. The first banknotes were issued in 1817 by the Montreal Bank.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Early Canadian banking system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Canadian_banking_system"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banknote_of_the_Colonial_Bank_of_Canada.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bank of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_pound"},{"link_name":"Molsons Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molsons_Bank"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Chartered banks","text":"See also: Early Canadian banking system$1 banknote of the Colonial Bank of Canada issued in 1859Large numbers of chartered banks were founded in the 1830s, 1850s, 1860s and 1870s, although many issued paper money for only a short time. Others, including the Montreal Bank (later called the Bank of Montreal), issued notes for several decades. Until 1858, many notes were issued denominated in both shillings/pounds and dollars (5 shillings = $1 therefore 1 pound = $4). A large number of different denominations were issued, including $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $10, $20, $25, $40, $50, $100, $500, $750 and $1,000. After 1858, only dollar denominations were used. The Bank Act of 1871 limited the smallest denomination the chartered banks could issue to $4, increased to $5 in 1880. To facilitate purchases below $5 without using Dominion notes, some charted banks issued notes in unusually domesticated denominations, such as the $6 and $7 notes issued by the Molsons Bank in 1871. After Confederation, chartered banks were permitted to continue issuing notes until 1944.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NFLD_dollar_bill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canadian Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Colony of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)"},{"link_name":"Province of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Dominion of Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_dollar"}],"sub_title":"Colonial governments","text":"$1 Dominion of Newfoundland note issued in 1920Before Canadian Confederation, dollar-denominated notes were issued by the governments of the Colony of British Columbia, the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Of these, the Province of Canada, established in 1841, was the most prolific issuer of paper money. Notes were produced for the government by the Bank of Montreal between 1842 and 1862, in denominations of $4, $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. In 1866, the Province of Canada began issuing its own paper money, in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 and $500. The Dominion of Newfoundland issued notes denominated in Newfoundland dollars from 1901 until it joined Confederation in 1949.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:25cents_canada1900.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dominion_of_Canada_one_Dollar_banknote_of_1898.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"shinplasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinplasters"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Paper_Money-10"},{"link_name":"Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada"}],"sub_title":"Government of Canada","text":"25-cent Dominion of Canada note issued in 1900$1 Dominion of Canada note issued in 1898For a temporary period following Confederation in 1867, Province of Canada notes served as the Dominion of Canada's first national currency, and notes were dispatched from Ontario and Quebec to the other provinces. In 1870, the first Dominion of Canada notes were issued in denominations of 25¢, $1, $2, $500 and $1,000. $50 and $100 notes followed in 1872. The bulk of later government note production was of $1 and $2 notes, with a $4 denomination added in 1882. Notes of $5 were issued starting in 1912. The last 25¢ notes, known as shinplasters due to their small size, were dated 1923. Special notes called Bank Legals were issued by the Dominion of Canada only to banks for transferring large sums of money in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, and $50,000.[10] Issuance of all Dominion notes ceased in 1935, after the establishment of the Bank of Canada.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"prosperity certificates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_certificates"}],"sub_title":"Other public issuers","text":"Some municipalities also issued dollar-denominated notes. This was most prevalent in the 1930s, when depression scrip was issued in an attempt to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression on local citizens. The province of Alberta also launched its own scheme in 1936 by issuing prosperity certificates.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_of_Canada_one_dollar_note,_1935.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatistics_Canada2009-11"}],"sub_title":"Bank of Canada","text":"$1 Bank of Canada note issued in 1935In 1934, with only ten chartered banks still issuing notes, the Bank of Canada was founded and began issuing notes in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $25, $50, $100, $500 and $1000. In 1944, the chartered banks were prohibited from issuing their own currency, with the Royal Bank of Canada and the Bank of Montreal among the last to issue notes. Since then, the Bank of Canada has been the sole issuer of banknotes denominated in Canadian dollars. A liability of more than $12 million remains on the Bank of Canada's books up to the present day, representing the face value of Dominion of Canada, provincial, and chartered bank notes still outstanding.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loonie"},{"link_name":"toonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toonie"},{"link_name":"Voyageur dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyageur_dollar"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"organized crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"}],"sub_title":"Withdrawn denominations","text":"The 1935 series was the only series to have included $25 and $500 denominations. Both denominations were short lived. The $25 note was withdrawn on 18 May 1937. Stacks of unissued 1935 $500 notes were destroyed in February 1938, and issued $500 notes were recalled and withdrawn from circulation five months later.Some of the most significant recent developments in Canadian currency were the withdrawal of the $1, $2, and $1,000 notes in 1989, 1996, and 2000 respectively. The $1 and $2 denominations have been replaced with coins, colloquially referred to as the \"loonie\" and \"toonie\" respectively, with the loonie simultaneously replacing the $1 bill as well as the preceding Voyageur dollar coin, the latter of which remains legal tender. In 2000, the $1,000 note was removed at the request of the Solicitor General of Canada and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as it was reported that they were largely being used for money laundering and organized crime.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Bank of Canada banknote series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada"}],"sub_title":"1935","text":"The Bank of Canada was created in 1934 and given responsibility, through an Act of Parliament, to regulate the country's money supply and to \"promote the economic and financial welfare of Canada.\" Accordingly, it was given the exclusive right to issue bank notes in Canada. On 11 March 1935, the Bank of Canada issued its first series of bank notes.","title":"List of Bank of Canada banknote series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"1937","text":"The creation of a second series of bank notes, only two years after the first issue, was prompted by changes in Canadian government legislation requiring the Bank of Canada to produce bilingual bank notes. Another contributing factor was the death of King George V on 20 January 1936, and the subsequent abdication of Edward VIII.","title":"List of Bank of Canada banknote series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"accession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollections_Canada-13"},{"link_name":"bilingual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollections_Canada-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontreal_Gazette195313-14"},{"link_name":"Canadian coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollections_Canada-13"}],"sub_title":"1954 Canadian Landscape","text":"The third series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada was the Canadian Landscape series.[12] The banknotes were designed in 1952 following the accession of Elizabeth II to the throne after the death of her father George VI.[13] Her portrait appeared on all denominations in the series. The banknote designs differed significantly from the 1937 series, though the denomination colours and bilingual printing were retained.[13] The design changes were made to portray themes more typical of Canada.[14] This was the first series to include the Canadian coat of arms, which appeared centrally in the background of the obverse.The banknote series became known as the \"Devil's Head\" series, because the hair behind the Queen's head looked somewhat like a grinning demon.[15] This led to design modifications for all denominations. The second variant of the series was issued in 1956.[13]","title":"List of Bank of Canada banknote series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian prime ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King"},{"link_name":"Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden"},{"link_name":"loonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loonie"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"1969 Scenes of Canada","text":"Because of a growing concern over counterfeiting, the Bank of Canada began to release a new series of bank notes in 1969.This series represented another complete departure in design from earlier issues:colourful, wavy patterns were introduced;\na new series of Canadian scenic vignettes was created;\nportraits of former Canadian prime ministers were re-introduced. Both Laurier and Macdonald were on the 1935 and 1937 series, but now joined by King and Borden.This was the last series to feature a $1 banknote, with the banknote replaced by a dollar coin – known as a loonie for its design of a loon on the obverse – in 1987; printing of the $1 banknote ceased in 1989. However, there was a 21-month period where both the $1 bill and coin were produced concurrently, from June 1987 to April 1989.[16]","title":"List of Bank of Canada banknote series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2012-17"},{"link_name":"toonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toonie"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2012-17"},{"link_name":"circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_(currency)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2012-17"}],"sub_title":"1986 Birds of Canada","text":"In 1986 the Bank of Canada introduced new banknotes called the Birds of Canada series. The design on the back of each note features a bird indigenous to Canada with a background representing the typical landscape for that bird. The portraits on the front of the note were made larger than those of previous series, and a metallic patch was introduced on the larger notes. Each banknote weighs 1 gram (0.035 oz).[17] This series was the first to include a bar code with the serial number. This allows the visually impaired to distinguish notes with the use of a hand-held device that tells the note's denomination.This was also the last series that the $2 and $1,000 notes were issued. The $2 note was withdrawn in 1996 and replaced by the $2 coin, known as the toonie. The $1,000 note was withdrawn by the Bank of Canada on 12 May 2000, at the request of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) as part of a program to reduce organized crime.[17] At the time, 2,827,702 of the $1,000 bills were in circulation; by 2011, fewer than 1 million were in circulation, most held by organized crime.[17]","title":"List of Bank of Canada banknote series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_literature"},{"link_name":"watermark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermark"},{"link_name":"holographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hologram"},{"link_name":"EURion constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EURion_constellation"},{"link_name":"tactile feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature"},{"link_name":"Braille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille"},{"link_name":"Roch Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch_Carrier"},{"link_name":"The Hockey Sweater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Sweater"},{"link_name":"John McCrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae"},{"link_name":"In Flanders Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Roy"},{"link_name":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Jacques Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cartier"},{"link_name":"Miriam Waddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Waddington"},{"link_name":"Jacques Cartier in Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Cartier_in_Toronto&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"2001 Canadian Journey","text":"Beginning in 2001, the Bank of Canada introduced a new series of notes called \"Canadian Journey\", featuring images of Canadian heritage and excerpts from Canadian literature. The $10 was first issued on 17 January 2001; the $5 on 27 March 2002; the $100 note on 17 March 2004, the $20 on 29 September 2004, and the $50 on 17 November 2004.The $20, $50, and $100 notes introduce watermark security features for the first time on Canadian currency since the four-dollar Dominion notes; they also boast significantly expanded holographic security features. Also among the new features are a windowed colour-shifting thread woven into the paper, a see-through number, and enhanced fluorescence under ultraviolet lighting. These features are designed to help Canadians protect themselves by detecting counterfeit notes. All post-2001 series notes also include the EURion constellation, on both sides of the note. The new notes have a tactile feature, which is a series of raised dots (but not Braille) in the upper left corner on the face of each note to aid the visually impaired in identifying currency denominations.The newer security features on the $20, $50, and $100 notes were added to an updated version of the $10 note released on 18 May 2005, and the Bank of Canada began issuing a $5 note with upgraded security features on 15 November 2006, as part of its ongoing effort to improve the security of Canadian bank notes. The illustrations on the front and back of the upgraded notes are the same as those on the $5 and $10 notes issued in 2001 and 2002.The \"Canadian Journey\" literary excerpts are printed in English and French, with the English versions being:$5: The winters of my childhood were long, long seasons. We lived in three places—the school, the church, and the skating-rink—but our real life was on the skating-rink. (Roch Carrier (born 1937) from his short story Le chandail de hockey (The Hockey Sweater))\n$10: In Flanders Fields the poppies blow / Between the crosses, row on row, / That mark our place, and in the sky / The larks, still bravely singing, fly / Scarce heard amid the guns below. (John McCrae (1872–1918), from his poem In Flanders Fields)\n$20: Could we ever know each other in the slightest without the arts? (Gabrielle Roy (1909–1983) from her novel La Montagne secrète (The Hidden Mountain))\n$50: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights (from Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948)\n$100: Do we ever remember that somewhere above the sky in some child's dream perhaps Jacques Cartier is still sailing, always on his way always about to discover a new Canada? (Miriam Waddington (1917–2004) from her poem Jacques Cartier in Toronto)Canadian Journey banknotes (2004 style) incorporates background colour and consists of series years 2001, 2003, 2003A, 2004, 2004A and 2006. All the notes except the $100 note have additional series years 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2009A (some banknotes only). The $100 2009 series began issuing to the public in early 2010 and was printed in 2009 before they were issued. The 2004 to 2009 series of the $100 note was withdrawn from the circulation in November 2011. The $50 note was withdrawn on 26 March 2012, and $5–$20 notes would be withdrawn in the next 2 years before it will be officially announced.","title":"List of Bank of Canada banknote series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polymer banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_banknote"},{"link_name":"tactile feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada2011b-18"}],"sub_title":"2011 Frontier","text":"Beginning in 2011, the Bank of Canada introduced a new series of polymer banknotes. The $100 note was issued on 14 November 2011; the $50 was issued on 26 March 2012; the $20 banknote was issued on 7 November 2012, and the $10 and $5 denominations were issued on 7 November 2013.These are the first Canadian notes produced on polymer. In place of a watermark are two visual features: a translucent maple leaf and a transparent window. The leaf includes a security feature that, when viewed close to the eye with a single-point light source behind, produces a circular image displaying the note's denomination. The window is fringed by maple leaves; at its top is a smaller version of the portrait, and at its bottom a light-refracting metallic likeness of an architectural feature from the parliament buildings. The portraits on the face are more centred on the note. The backs of the notes introduce new cultural and thematic imagery, but the literary quotation is not continued. The polymer notes continue the tactile feature, from the Canadian Journey series.[18]","title":"List of Bank of Canada banknote series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Women's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Justin Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Viola Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Desmond"},{"link_name":"John A. Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"vertical in orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote#Vertical_orientation"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2018 Vertical","text":"On International Women's Day 2016, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that an \"iconic\" Canadian woman would be featured on one of the upcoming notes.[19]On 8 December 2016, the Government of Canada and the Bank of Canada announced that civil rights activist Viola Desmond would replace John A. Macdonald (who had been on the face of the $10 note since 1971) as the first non-royal woman to appear alone on a regularly circulated Bank of Canada note.[20] This note was released to the public on 19 November 2018.[21]Beginning in 2018, newly designed Canadian banknotes (initially the $10 note) were vertical in orientation.[22]","title":"List of Bank of Canada banknote series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legal tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tender"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"serial numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_number"},{"link_name":"maple leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_leaf"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Withdrawn Canadian banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawn_Canadian_banknotes"}],"sub_title":"Commemorative issues","text":"‡ Withdrawn from circulation. Most currency withdrawn from circulation is still legal tender. As of 1 January 2021, the $1, $2, $25, $500 and $1,000 bills from every Bank of Canada series are no longer legal tender.[23] Despite the introduction of new notes, older notes are still in use.+ Two varieties were printed, the first with conventional serial numbers, the second with the double date \"1867–1967\" appearing twice instead. Neither type is scarce. Both varieties also have on the obverse a stylized maple leaf with the double date below it.[24]All notes of the 1954 series or later measure 152.4 millimetres (6.00 in) by 69.85 millimetres (2.750 in).See also Withdrawn Canadian banknotes.","title":"List of Bank of Canada banknote series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Union Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flag"},{"link_name":"Canadian Red Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Red_Ensign"},{"link_name":"maple-leaf flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_terminology#Description_of_standard_flag_parts_and_terms"},{"link_name":"American flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_flag"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnopes:_Red_Ensign_Scare2011-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Paper_Money_Forum2007-26"},{"link_name":"Robert Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Paper_Money_Forum2007b-27"},{"link_name":"In Flanders Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelphArts-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnopes:_In_Flanders_Fields2011-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"A number of myths have circulated regarding Canadian banknotes.An American flag is flying over the Parliament Buildings on Canadian paper money. This is not the case. The Birds series notes depict a Union Flag flying over Parliament on the $100; a Canadian Red Ensign (a former Canadian flag) on the $5, $10, and $50; and the modern maple-leaf flag was on the $2 notes. (The $20 depicts the Library of Parliament, with no flag visible.) Those fooled by the rumour were likely fooled by the notes with the Red Ensign, as the flags are very small and not shown in full colour, and the Ensign with its contrasting canton somewhat resembles the American flag.[25]\nWhen a note depicts a past prime minister, the Parliament Buildings behind him are flying whichever flag Canada was using at the time of his tenure. The face of the Birds series featured images of prime ministers (or the Queen) and the Parliament Buildings. As noted above, however, the $10 note featured the Canadian Red Ensign alongside Sir John A. Macdonald, who became prime minister 25 years before the Canadian Red Ensign was approved for use by the Merchant Navy and more than 50 years before it was used on government buildings.[26] Also, the Union Flag is on the $100 with Sir Robert Borden, who came after Laurier who appears with the Canadian Red Ensign. This is sometimes explained by the fact that Borden governed during World War I.[27] The views of the Parliament Buildings on the current Canadian Journey series do not feature any flag.\nThe Canadian Journey series $10 note is being recalled because there is a misprint in the poem In Flanders Fields. The first line as printed, \"In Flanders fields the poppies blow,\" startled many people, who believed the last word should be \"grow\". John McCrae wrote two versions which were both published, but his original manuscript, the one used by the government and widely used for Remembrance Day ceremonies, reads \"blow\". (The last two lines are \"We shall not sleep, though poppies grow/In Flanders fields.\")[28][29]\nThe Canadian $20, $50, and $100 bills have a Norway maple leaf rather than the native maple leaf.[30]\nThe 2011 to present $100 bill was rumoured to be maple scented, although the Bank of Canada denies this.[31]","title":"Myths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"King Charles will replace Queen Elizabeth on Canada's coins, $20 bills\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//globalnews.ca/news/9679468/king-charles-canada-coins-bills/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulfer2010_2-0"},{"link_name":"Pulfer 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPulfer2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada2013_3-0"},{"link_name":"Bank of Canada 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBank_of_Canada2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal_Canadian_Mounted_Police2010_4-0"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoyal_Canadian_Mounted_Police2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unfit_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unfit_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"Unfit Bank Notes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/unfit_notes_poster.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECBC_News2000_6-0"},{"link_name":"CBC News 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCBC_News2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Promoting Canada's economic and financial well-being – Remarks to the Department of Economics, University of Regina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/presentation-241115.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2011_8-0"},{"link_name":"Robertson 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRobertson2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Paper_Money_10-0"},{"link_name":"Canadian Paper Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCanadian_Paper_Money"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStatistics_Canada2009_11-0"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStatistics_Canada2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"1954 Landscape series\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bankofcanadamuseum.ca/complete-bank-note-series/1954-canadian-landscape-series/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollections_Canada_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollections_Canada_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollections_Canada_13-2"},{"link_name":"Collections Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCollections_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontreal_Gazette195313_14-0"},{"link_name":"Montreal Gazette 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMontreal_Gazette1953"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Bank of Canada values and prices of 1954 with the devil's face banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.coinsandcanada.com/banknotes-prices.php?banknotes=Canadian_banknotes_of_1954_with_the_devil%27s_face&id_cat=21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Last Canadian $1 bills roll off the presses in 1989\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cbc.ca/archives/last-canadian-1-bills-roll-off-the-presses-in-1989-1.4672628"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2012_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2012_17-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2012_17-2"},{"link_name":"Humphreys 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreys2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada2011b_18-0"},{"link_name":"Bank of Canada 2011b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBank_of_Canada2011b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Trudeau says new bank note will feature an iconic Canadian woman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ctvnews.ca/business/trudeau-says-new-bank-note-will-feature-an-iconic-canadian-woman-1.2809003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Civil rights pioneer Viola Desmond will appear on new Canadian $10 bill\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/12/08/new-female-face-of-canadian-money-to-be-announced.html"},{"link_name":"Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Media event to launch the new $10 bank note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bankofcanada.ca/press/upcoming-events/?date=2018-11-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"The next bank NOTE-able Canadian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/banknoteable-5/"},{"link_name":"Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"About legal tender\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/about-legal-tender/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Bank of Canada values and prices of 1967 banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.coinsandcanada.com/banknotes-prices.php?banknotes=Canadian_1_dollar_banknote_of_1967&id_cat=16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnopes:_Red_Ensign_Scare2011_25-0"},{"link_name":"Snopes: Red Ensign Scare 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSnopes:_Red_Ensign_Scare2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Paper_Money_Forum2007_26-0"},{"link_name":"Canadian Paper Money Forum 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCanadian_Paper_Money_Forum2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Paper_Money_Forum2007b_27-0"},{"link_name":"Canadian Paper Money Forum 2007b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCanadian_Paper_Money_Forum2007b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuelphArts_28-0"},{"link_name":"GuelphArts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGuelphArts"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnopes:_In_Flanders_Fields2011_29-0"},{"link_name":"Snopes: In Flanders Fields 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSnopes:_In_Flanders_Fields2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Canada put \"wrong\" maple leaf on new Canadian dollar 20 bill: expert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.reuters.com/article/us-maple-idUSBRE90H16S20130118"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Do Canada's new plastic bills smell like maple syrup?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thestar.com/business/2013/05/26/do_canadas_new_plastic_bills_smell_like_maple_syrup.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0319-0781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0319-0781"}],"text":"^ \"King Charles will replace Queen Elizabeth on Canada's coins, $20 bills\". Global News. 6 May 2023.\n\n^ Pulfer 2010.\n\n^ Bank of Canada 2013.\n\n^ Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2010.\n\n^ a b \"Unfit Bank Notes\" (PDF). bankofcanada.ca. Bank of Canada. October 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2020.\n\n^ CBC News 2000.\n\n^ Patterson, Lynn (24 November 2015). \"Promoting Canada's economic and financial well-being – Remarks to the Department of Economics, University of Regina\" (PDF). Bank of Canada.\n\n^ Robertson 2011.\n\n^ See An Act to amend the Bank Act, Statutes of Canada, 1944, chapter 30, section 61. \n\n^ Canadian Paper Money.\n\n^ Statistics Canada 2009.\n\n^ Bank of Canada Museum. \"1954 Landscape series\". Bank of Canada Museum. Bank of Canada Museum. Retrieved 25 December 2019.\n\n^ a b c Collections Canada.\n\n^ Montreal Gazette 1953, p. 13.\n\n^ Bank of Canada values and prices of 1954 with the devil's face banknotes\n\n^ \"Last Canadian $1 bills roll off the presses in 1989\". cbc.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2020. On April 20, 1989, the last $1 bills roll off the press at Ottawa's Canadian Bank Note Company. Dollar bills will soon be pulled from circulation, leaving Canadians no choice but to embrace the loonie, the new $1 coin that began circulating in 1987.\n\n^ a b c Humphreys 2012.\n\n^ Bank of Canada 2011b.\n\n^ \"Trudeau says new bank note will feature an iconic Canadian woman\". CTV News. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.\n\n^ \"Civil rights pioneer Viola Desmond will appear on new Canadian $10 bill\". Toronto Star.\n\n^ Media event to launch the new $10 bank note\n\n^ \"The next bank NOTE-able Canadian\". Bank of Canada. Retrieved 3 May 2022.\n\n^ \"About legal tender\". Bank of Canada. Retrieved 18 August 2021.\n\n^ Bank of Canada values and prices of 1967 banknotes\n\n^ Snopes: Red Ensign Scare 2011.\n\n^ Canadian Paper Money Forum 2007.\n\n^ Canadian Paper Money Forum 2007b.\n\n^ GuelphArts.\n\n^ Snopes: In Flanders Fields 2011.\n\n^ Canada put \"wrong\" maple leaf on new Canadian dollar 20 bill: expert\n\n^ Beeby, Dean (26 May 2013). \"Do Canada's new plastic bills smell like maple syrup?\". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved 5 March 2018.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Obverse of the 2011 Frontier series depicting portraits of Wilfrid Laurier ($5), John A. Macdonald ($10), Queen Elizabeth II ($20), William Lyon Mackenzie King ($50), and Robert Borden ($100)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/92/Canadian_Frontier_Banknotes_faces.png"},{"image_text":"$1 banknote of the Colonial Bank of Canada issued in 1859","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Banknote_of_the_Colonial_Bank_of_Canada.jpg/220px-Banknote_of_the_Colonial_Bank_of_Canada.jpg"},{"image_text":"$1 Dominion of Newfoundland note issued in 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NFLD_dollar_bill.jpg/220px-NFLD_dollar_bill.jpg"},{"image_text":"25-cent Dominion of Canada note issued in 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/25cents_canada1900.jpg/220px-25cents_canada1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"$1 Dominion of Canada note issued in 1898","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dominion_of_Canada_one_Dollar_banknote_of_1898.jpg/220px-Dominion_of_Canada_one_Dollar_banknote_of_1898.jpg"},{"image_text":"$1 Bank of Canada note issued in 1935","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bank_of_Canada_one_dollar_note%2C_1935.jpg/220px-Bank_of_Canada_one_dollar_note%2C_1935.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"King Charles will replace Queen Elizabeth on Canada's coins, $20 bills\". Global News. 6 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/9679468/king-charles-canada-coins-bills/","url_text":"\"King Charles will replace Queen Elizabeth on Canada's coins, $20 bills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unfit Bank Notes\" (PDF). bankofcanada.ca. Bank of Canada. October 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/unfit_notes_poster.pdf","url_text":"\"Unfit Bank Notes\""}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Lynn (24 November 2015). \"Promoting Canada's economic and financial well-being – Remarks to the Department of Economics, University of Regina\" (PDF). Bank of Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/presentation-241115.pdf","url_text":"\"Promoting Canada's economic and financial well-being – Remarks to the Department of Economics, University of Regina\""}]},{"reference":"Bank of Canada Museum. \"1954 Landscape series\". Bank of Canada Museum. Bank of Canada Museum. Retrieved 25 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bankofcanadamuseum.ca/complete-bank-note-series/1954-canadian-landscape-series/","url_text":"\"1954 Landscape series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Last Canadian $1 bills roll off the presses in 1989\". cbc.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2020. On April 20, 1989, the last $1 bills roll off the press at Ottawa's Canadian Bank Note Company. Dollar bills will soon be pulled from circulation, leaving Canadians no choice but to embrace the loonie, the new $1 coin that began circulating in 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/archives/last-canadian-1-bills-roll-off-the-presses-in-1989-1.4672628","url_text":"\"Last Canadian $1 bills roll off the presses in 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trudeau says new bank note will feature an iconic Canadian woman\". CTV News. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/trudeau-says-new-bank-note-will-feature-an-iconic-canadian-woman-1.2809003","url_text":"\"Trudeau says new bank note will feature an iconic Canadian woman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Civil rights pioneer Viola Desmond will appear on new Canadian $10 bill\". Toronto Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/12/08/new-female-face-of-canadian-money-to-be-announced.html","url_text":"\"Civil rights pioneer Viola Desmond will appear on new Canadian $10 bill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"\"The next bank NOTE-able Canadian\". Bank of Canada. Retrieved 3 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/banknoteable-5/","url_text":"\"The next bank NOTE-able Canadian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada","url_text":"Bank of Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"About legal tender\". Bank of Canada. Retrieved 18 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/about-legal-tender/","url_text":"\"About legal tender\""}]},{"reference":"Beeby, Dean (26 May 2013). \"Do Canada's new plastic bills smell like maple syrup?\". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved 5 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/business/2013/05/26/do_canadas_new_plastic_bills_smell_like_maple_syrup.html","url_text":"\"Do Canada's new plastic bills smell like maple syrup?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0319-0781","url_text":"0319-0781"}]},{"reference":"Cross, W.K., ed. (1997). The Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Government Paper Money (10th ed.). Toronto: The Charlton Press. ISBN 0889681902.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/charltonstandard0000unse_y6i0","url_text":"The Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Government Paper Money"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto","url_text":"Toronto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0889681902","url_text":"0889681902"}]},{"reference":"Graham, R.J. (July 2008). Canadian Bank Notes (6th ed.). Charlton Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Humphreys, Adrian (15 November 2012). \"The hunt for Canada's $1,000 bills: There are nearly a million left, most in the hands of criminal elites\". National Post. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 1 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/11/15/the-hunt-for-canadas-1000-bills-there-are-nearly-a-million-left-most-in-the-hands-of-criminal-elites/","url_text":"\"The hunt for Canada's $1,000 bills: There are nearly a million left, most in the hands of criminal elites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post","url_text":"National Post"}]},{"reference":"Pulfer, Jamie (5 March 2010). \"Canadian paper money going plastic\". CFTR-AM Radio. 680News.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927185240/http://www.680news.com/news/national/article/32514--canadian-paper-money-going-plastic","url_text":"\"Canadian paper money going plastic\""},{"url":"http://www.680news.com/news/national/article/32514--canadian-paper-money-going-plastic","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Grant (3 December 2011). \"Funny money: How counterfeiting led to a major overhaul of Canada's money\". The Globe and Mail. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 24 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/currencies/funny-money-how-counterfeiting-led-to-a-major-overhaul-of-canadas-money/article554632/?page=all","url_text":"\"Funny money: How counterfeiting led to a major overhaul of Canada's money\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"\"Bank notes\". Bank of Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/","url_text":"\"Bank notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada","url_text":"Bank of Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Bank of Canada Issues $100 Bill – First Canadian Polymer Bank Note\" (Press release). Bank of Canada. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/11/press-releases/bank-canada-issues-100-bill-first-canadian-polymer-bank-note/","url_text":"\"Bank of Canada Issues $100 Bill – First Canadian Polymer Bank Note\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bank of Canada Unveils Polymer Bank Note Series: Celebrating Canada's Achievements at the Frontiers of Innovation\" (Press release). Bank of Canada. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/06/press-releases/bank-of-canada-unveils-polymer/","url_text":"\"Bank of Canada Unveils Polymer Bank Note Series: Celebrating Canada's Achievements at the Frontiers of Innovation\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Annual Report\" (PDF). Bank of Canada. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/annualreport2012.pdf","url_text":"\"2012 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"Bank legals, Canadian Paper Money, retrieved 4 March 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/English/DoC/bank_legals.htm","url_text":"Bank legals"}]},{"reference":"\"The Flag on the $10\". Canadian Paper Money Forum. 2 June 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111021200744/http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/English/BoC/Flag0010.htm","url_text":"\"The Flag on the $10\""},{"url":"http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/English/BoC/Flag0010.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Flag on the $100\". Canadian Paper Money Forum. 2 June 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111021201817/http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/English/BoC/Flag0100.htm","url_text":"\"The Flag on the $100\""},{"url":"http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/English/BoC/Flag0100.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1954 Series\". Bank Note Series, 1935 to present. Bank of Canada (archived at Collections Canada). Retrieved 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-archive/100/201/301/bank_can_review/2006/spring/cover/en/banknotes/general/character/1954.html","url_text":"\"1954 Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collections_Canada","url_text":"Collections Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"In Flanders Fields — The Poem\". GuelphArts.ca. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120220141945/http://guelpharts.ca/mccraehouse/section.php?sid=164","url_text":"\"In Flanders Fields — The Poem\""},{"url":"http://guelpharts.ca/mccraehouse/section.php?sid=164","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian scenes to be portrayed for banknotes\". Montreal Gazette. 22 April 1953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Currency Counterfeiting Statistics (2010)\". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. 20 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104074837/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/count-contre/cur-mon-2010-eng.htm","url_text":"\"Currency Counterfeiting Statistics (2010)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police","url_text":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police"},{"url":"http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/count-contre/cur-mon-2010-eng.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In Flanders Fields\". Snopes.com. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snopes.com/business/money/flanders.asp","url_text":"\"In Flanders Fields\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Ensign Scare\". Snopes.com. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snopes.com/business/money/redensign.asp","url_text":"\"Red Ensign Scare\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bank of Canada note liabilites\". Statistics Canada. 11 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120203192234/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/fin04-eng.htm","url_text":"\"Bank of Canada note liabilites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"},{"url":"http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/fin04-eng.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bank of Canada (7 November 2013). \"Bank of Canada Issues $5 and $10 Polymer Bank Notes\". Bank of Canada. Retrieved 20 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada","url_text":"Bank of Canada"},{"url":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2013/11/bank-canada-issues-5-and-10-polymer-bank-notes/","url_text":"\"Bank of Canada Issues $5 and $10 Polymer Bank Notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Canada","url_text":"Bank of Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Bank of Canada kills $1000 bill\". CBC News. 26 September 2000. Retrieved 2 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/bank-of-canada-kills-1000-bill-1.235393","url_text":"\"Bank of Canada kills $1000 bill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/9679468/king-charles-canada-coins-bills/","external_links_name":"\"King Charles will replace Queen Elizabeth on Canada's coins, $20 bills\""},{"Link":"https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/unfit_notes_poster.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Unfit Bank Notes\""},{"Link":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/presentation-241115.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Promoting Canada's economic and financial well-being – Remarks to the Department of Economics, University of Regina\""},{"Link":"https://www.bankofcanadamuseum.ca/complete-bank-note-series/1954-canadian-landscape-series/","external_links_name":"\"1954 Landscape series\""},{"Link":"http://www.coinsandcanada.com/banknotes-prices.php?banknotes=Canadian_banknotes_of_1954_with_the_devil%27s_face&id_cat=21","external_links_name":"Bank of Canada values and prices of 1954 with the devil's face banknotes"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/archives/last-canadian-1-bills-roll-off-the-presses-in-1989-1.4672628","external_links_name":"\"Last Canadian $1 bills roll off the presses in 1989\""},{"Link":"http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/trudeau-says-new-bank-note-will-feature-an-iconic-canadian-woman-1.2809003","external_links_name":"\"Trudeau says new bank note will feature an iconic Canadian woman\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/12/08/new-female-face-of-canadian-money-to-be-announced.html","external_links_name":"\"Civil rights pioneer Viola Desmond will appear on new Canadian $10 bill\""},{"Link":"https://www.bankofcanada.ca/press/upcoming-events/?date=2018-11-19","external_links_name":"Media event to launch the new $10 bank note"},{"Link":"https://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/banknoteable-5/","external_links_name":"\"The next bank NOTE-able Canadian\""},{"Link":"https://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/about-legal-tender/","external_links_name":"\"About legal tender\""},{"Link":"http://www.coinsandcanada.com/banknotes-prices.php?banknotes=Canadian_1_dollar_banknote_of_1967&id_cat=16","external_links_name":"Bank of Canada values and prices of 1967 banknotes"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-maple-idUSBRE90H16S20130118","external_links_name":"Canada put \"wrong\" maple leaf on new Canadian dollar 20 bill: expert"},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/business/2013/05/26/do_canadas_new_plastic_bills_smell_like_maple_syrup.html","external_links_name":"\"Do Canada's new plastic bills smell like maple syrup?\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0319-0781","external_links_name":"0319-0781"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/charltonstandard0000unse_y6i0","external_links_name":"The Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Government Paper Money"},{"Link":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/11/15/the-hunt-for-canadas-1000-bills-there-are-nearly-a-million-left-most-in-the-hands-of-criminal-elites/","external_links_name":"\"The hunt for Canada's $1,000 bills: There are nearly a million left, most in the hands of criminal elites\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927185240/http://www.680news.com/news/national/article/32514--canadian-paper-money-going-plastic","external_links_name":"\"Canadian paper money going plastic\""},{"Link":"http://www.680news.com/news/national/article/32514--canadian-paper-money-going-plastic","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/currencies/funny-money-how-counterfeiting-led-to-a-major-overhaul-of-canadas-money/article554632/?page=all","external_links_name":"\"Funny money: How counterfeiting led to a major overhaul of Canada's money\""},{"Link":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/","external_links_name":"\"Bank notes\""},{"Link":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/11/press-releases/bank-canada-issues-100-bill-first-canadian-polymer-bank-note/","external_links_name":"\"Bank of Canada Issues $100 Bill – First Canadian Polymer Bank Note\""},{"Link":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/06/press-releases/bank-of-canada-unveils-polymer/","external_links_name":"\"Bank of Canada Unveils Polymer Bank Note Series: Celebrating Canada's Achievements at the Frontiers of Innovation\""},{"Link":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/annualreport2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2012 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/English/DoC/bank_legals.htm","external_links_name":"Bank legals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111021200744/http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/English/BoC/Flag0010.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Flag on the $10\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/English/BoC/Flag0010.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111021201817/http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/English/BoC/Flag0100.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Flag on the $100\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/English/BoC/Flag0100.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-archive/100/201/301/bank_can_review/2006/spring/cover/en/banknotes/general/character/1954.html","external_links_name":"\"1954 Series\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120220141945/http://guelpharts.ca/mccraehouse/section.php?sid=164","external_links_name":"\"In Flanders Fields — The Poem\""},{"Link":"http://guelpharts.ca/mccraehouse/section.php?sid=164","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104074837/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/count-contre/cur-mon-2010-eng.htm","external_links_name":"\"Currency Counterfeiting Statistics (2010)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/count-contre/cur-mon-2010-eng.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.snopes.com/business/money/flanders.asp","external_links_name":"\"In Flanders Fields\""},{"Link":"http://www.snopes.com/business/money/redensign.asp","external_links_name":"\"Red Ensign Scare\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120203192234/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/fin04-eng.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bank of Canada note liabilites\""},{"Link":"http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/fin04-eng.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2013/11/bank-canada-issues-5-and-10-polymer-bank-notes/","external_links_name":"\"Bank of Canada Issues $5 and $10 Polymer Bank Notes\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/bank-of-canada-kills-1000-bill-1.235393","external_links_name":"\"Bank of Canada kills $1000 bill\""},{"Link":"http://www.coinsandcanada.com/banknotes-prices.php","external_links_name":"Canadian Bank Notes Price Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/","external_links_name":"Canadian Paper Money"},{"Link":"http://www.numicanada.com/","external_links_name":"Canadian Currency"},{"Link":"http://www.moneymuseum.ca/","external_links_name":"The Online Canadian Paper Money Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.whereswilly.com/","external_links_name":"The Where's Willy? Currency Tracking Project"},{"Link":"http://currencymuseum.ca/","external_links_name":"Bank of Canada Currency Museum"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muara_Takus	Muara Takus	["1 History","2 Design and decoration","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]	Buddhist temple complex in Riau, Indonesia Muara Takus Temple CompoundThe Muara Takus temple compound viewed from southwestLocation within SumatraShow map of SumatraMuara Takus (Indonesia)Show map of IndonesiaGeneral informationArchitectural styleBuddhist candiTown or cityMuara Takus Village, Koto Kampar XIII District, Kampar Regency, RiauCountryIndonesiaCoordinates0°20′11″N 100°38′29″E / 0.3364°N 100.6415°E / 0.3364; 100.6415Completedcirca 12th centuryClientSrivijaya Muara Takus (Indonesian: Candi Muara Takus) is a Buddhist temple complex, thought to belong to the Srivijaya empire. It is situated in Kampar Regency in Riau province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Its surviving temples and other archaeological remains are thought to date to the 11th and 12th century AD. It is one of the largest and best-preserved ancient temple complexes in Sumatra. History The ruin of Muara Takus stupa in 1933 Candi Muara Takus was constructed by the maritime-based Srivijaya Empire in the eleventh century. The architecture and design of the temples clearly indicate their Mahayana Buddhist origin. It has been suggested by Schnitger that the major temples at Muara Takus may have undergone major renovations in the twelfth century. It is thought that the area was used as both a religious and trade centre by Srivijaya. The site was abandoned for many centuries before it was rediscovered by Cornet De Groot in 1860. The site was explored and surveyed by W.P Groenveld in 1880 and excavations have been conducted periodically since. The research on the Muara Takus archaeological site was carried out in 1983 and it resulted in mapping of the ancient embankment remnants, the Mahligai Temple compound, and other ancient structures. The site is now protected as a national monument. Design and decoration The temple complex of Candi Muara Takus is surrounded by a 1 metre tall stone perimeter wall that measures 74 x 74 metres. The outer wall is penetrated by a gateway on the northern side. Within the walls are the remains of four substantial Buddhist temples (candi). The most unusual of these is Candi Mahligai. This lotus-shaped Buddhist stupa is unique in Indonesia though there are numerous similar ancient structures in Thailand and Myanmar. This structure is founded on an octagonal base and reaches a height of 14.30 metres. The uppermost level of the stupa is decorated with lion figures that are barely discernible from below. On the east side of Candi Mahligai is the base of Candi Palangka. It is constructed from red stone and now only reaches a height of 1.45 metres. It was reportedly much taller at the time of the earliest colonial expeditions to the site but the upper terraces have long since collapsed. A third structure within the complex is Candi Bungsu. The most striking thing about this temple is that it was built from two very different kinds of stone. One part is built from red stone and the other section from sandstone. This temple now reaches a height of 6.20 metres. The largest structure at Candi Muara Takus is Candi Tua. Its base measures 32.80 metres x 21.80 metres and it reaches a height of 8.50 metres. This temple is terraced and it bears some resemblance in its design to the much larger stupa, Candi Borobudur, in Java. Like all the temples at Candi Muara Takus, Candi Tua features only minimal decoration. The most notable decorative feature are the seated lion figures on the upper terraces. Candi Tua, the main temple is a stepped stupa Candi Mahligai, the tallest stupa Candi Bungsu Candi Palangka See also Indonesia portal Buddhism in Indonesia Candi of Indonesia Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism Indonesian architecture Bujang Valley, Malaysia References ^ "Candi Muara Takus, Jejak Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Provinsi Riau". www.jpnn.com (in Indonesian). 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2019-01-08. ^ a b "Muara Takus Compound Site". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2019-01-08. ^ a b "Candi Muara Takus (Sumatra) - Kepustakaan Candi". candi.perpusnas.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2019-01-08. ^ Farhan, Afif. "Candi Muara Takus, Warisan dari Kerajaan Sriwijaya". detikTravel (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2019-01-08. Bibliography Gugusan Dan Sejarah Candi Muara Takus (in Indonesian). Department of Education and Culture, Riau Province. November 1992. Schnitger, F M (1989). Forgotten Kingdoms in Sumatra. Oxford University Press. External links Muara Takus Compound Site - UNESCO world heritage tentative list vteBuddhist temples in Indonesia Candi of Indonesia Bahal Batujaya Banyunibo Borobudur Bubrah Gana Jabung Jawi Lumbung Mendut Muaro Jambi Muara Takus Ngawen Kalasan Pawon Plaosan Sari Sewu Sajiwan Singhasari Sumberawan Taman Alam Lumbini vteIndonesia articlesHistory Timeline Prehistoric Hinduism-Buddhism era Spread of Islam Portuguese era (1512–1605) VOC era (1603–1800) French and British era (1806–1816) Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) Japanese occupation (1942–45) National Revolution (1945–49) Liberal democracy era (1950–59) Guided Democracy (1959–65) Transitional period (1965–66) New Order (1966–98) Reformasi (since 1998) Geography Borders Cities Climate Climate change Conservation Biosphere reserves National parks Deforestation Earthquakes Environmental issues Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Provincial highest points Natural history Fauna Flora Regions Rivers Volcanoes Politics Administrative divisions Historical Provinces Regencies & Cities Districts Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Refugees Law Censorship Enforcement Military (Babinsa) National capital Pancasila People's Consultative Assembly Police Political parties President (List) Wawasan Nusantara Economy Agriculture Automotive Aviation Banks Energy History Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Water supply and sanitation Society Abortion Crime Human trafficking Piracy Prostitution Smoking Culture Architecture Candi Colonial Mosques Rumah adat Art Cinema Costume Cuisine Dance Festivals Legends Literature Martial arts Media Music Mythology National heroes Painting Properties Public holidays Sport Theatre Video games Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Healthcare Homelessness Languages Religion Refugees Women LGBT rights Symbols Anthem Costume Emblem Historical Subdivision Faunal emblems Flag Subdivision Floral emblems Motto Nusantara Personification Songs OutlineIndex Category Portal Gallery Atlas vteTopics in Buddhism Outline Glossary Index Foundations Four Noble Truths Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Eight Great Events Great Renunciation Physical characteristics Life of Buddha in art Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna (father) Māyā (mother) Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother) Yaśodharā (wife) Rāhula (son) Ānanda (cousin) Devadatta (cousin) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Mañjuśrī Mahāsthāmaprāpta Ākāśagarbha Kṣitigarbha Samantabhadra Vajrapāṇi Skanda Tārā Metteyya/Maitreya Disciples Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Ānanda Mahākassapa Aṅgulimāla Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhūti Punna Upāli Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Key concepts Avidyā (Ignorance) Bardo Bodhicitta Buddha-nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mental factors Mindstream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā (Craving) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Anicca Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva realm Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Naraka Three planes of existence Branches Mahayana Zen Chinese Chan Japanese Zen Korean Seon Vietnamese Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Huayan Risshū Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Vajrayana Tibetan Buddhism Chinese Esoteric Buddhism Shingon Dzogchen Theravada Navayana Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiṣeka Dāna Devotion Deity yoga Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā (Vipassana movement) Shikantaza Zazen Koan Ganana Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Mindful Yoga Satipatthana Nekkhamma Nianfo Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Sādhu Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five precepts Eight precepts Bodhisattva vow Pratimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of awakening Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhunī Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagārika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Western tulku Kappiya Donchee Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Achar Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Nagasena Aśvaghoṣa Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Kumārajīva Buddhaghosa Buddhapālita Dignāga Bodhidharma Zhiyi Emperor Wen of Sui Songtsen Gampo Xuanzang Shandao Padmasambhāva Saraha Atiśa Naropa Karmapa Hōnen Shinran Dōgen Nichiren Shamarpa Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Ajahn Mun B. R. Ambedkar Ajahn Chah Thích Nhất Hạnh Texts Early Buddhist Texts Tripiṭaka Mahayana sutras Pāli Canon Chinese Buddhist canon Tibetan Buddhist canon Dhammapada Sutra Vinaya Madhyamakālaṃkāra Abhidharmadīpa Countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Russia Buryatia Kalmykia Tuva (ru) Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Africa Central Asia Middle East Iran Western countries Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Mexico United Kingdom United States Venezuela History Timeline Ashoka Kanishka Buddhist councils History of Buddhism in India Decline of Buddhism in India Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution Greco-Buddhism Menander I Buddhism and the Roman world Buddhism in the West Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Persecution of Buddhists Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal Buddhist crisis Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism Buddhist modernism Vipassana movement 969 Movement Women in Buddhism Philosophy Abhidharma Atomism Buddhology Creator Buddhism and democracy Economics Eight Consciousnesses Engaged Buddhism Eschatology Ethics Evolution Humanism Logic Reality Secular Buddhism Socialism The unanswered questions Culture Architecture Temple Vihāra Kyaung Wat Ordination hall Stupa Pagoda Burmese pagoda Candi Dzong architecture List of Buddhist architecture in China Japanese Buddhist architecture Korean Buddhist temples Thai temple art and architecture Tibetan Buddhist architecture Art Greco-Buddhist Bodhi Tree Budai Buddha in art Calendar Cuisine Funeral Holidays Vesak Uposatha Māgha Pūjā Asalha Puja Vassa Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Kasaya Mahabodhi Temple Mantra Om mani padme hum Mudra Music Pilgrimage Lumbini Maya Devi Temple Bodh Gaya Sarnath Kushinagar Poetry Prayer beads Hama Yumi Prayer wheel Symbolism Dharmachakra Flag Bhavacakra Swastika Thangka Temple of the Tooth Vegetarianism Miscellaneous Abhijñā Amitābha Brahmā Dharma talk Hinayana Kalpa Koliya Lineage Māra Ṛddhi Siddhi Sacred languages Pāḷi Sanskrit Comparison Baháʼí Faith Christianity Influences Comparison East Asian religions Gnosticism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Psychology Science Theosophy Violence Western philosophy Lists Bodhisattvas Buddhas Buddhists Suttas Sutras Temples Festivals Category Religion portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kampar Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampar_Regency"},{"link_name":"Riau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-MuaraTakus-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perpusnas-MuaraTakus-3"}],"text":"Muara Takus (Indonesian: Candi Muara Takus) is a Buddhist temple complex, thought to belong to the Srivijaya empire.[1] It is situated in Kampar Regency in Riau province, Sumatra, Indonesia.[2] Its surviving temples and other archaeological remains are thought to date to the 11th and 12th century AD. It is one of the largest and best-preserved ancient temple complexes in Sumatra.[3]","title":"Muara Takus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stoepa_te_Moeara_TMnr_10021947.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mahayana Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perpusnas-MuaraTakus-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-MuaraTakus-2"}],"text":"The ruin of Muara Takus stupa in 1933Candi Muara Takus was constructed by the maritime-based Srivijaya Empire in the eleventh century. The architecture and design of the temples clearly indicate their Mahayana Buddhist origin. It has been suggested by Schnitger that the major temples at Muara Takus may have undergone major renovations in the twelfth century. It is thought that the area was used as both a religious and trade centre by Srivijaya.[4]The site was abandoned for many centuries before it was rediscovered by Cornet De Groot in 1860.[3] The site was explored and surveyed by W.P Groenveld in 1880 and excavations have been conducted periodically since. The research on the Muara Takus archaeological site was carried out in 1983 and it resulted in mapping of the ancient embankment remnants, the Mahligai Temple compound, and other ancient structures.[2] The site is now protected as a national monument.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhist temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_temples"},{"link_name":"candi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitya"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Borobudur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:007_Candi_Tua_from_East,_Main_Entrance_(38244913275).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:012_Candi_Mahligai_from_North_(27349653009).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:016_Candi_Bungsu_(27349644819).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:018_Candi_Palangka_from_North_(25260236438).jpg"}],"text":"The temple complex of Candi Muara Takus is surrounded by a 1 metre tall stone perimeter wall that measures 74 x 74 metres. The outer wall is penetrated by a gateway on the northern side. Within the walls are the remains of four substantial Buddhist temples (candi).\nThe most unusual of these is Candi Mahligai. This lotus-shaped Buddhist stupa is unique in Indonesia though there are numerous similar ancient structures in Thailand and Myanmar. This structure is founded on an octagonal base and reaches a height of 14.30 metres. The uppermost level of the stupa is decorated with lion figures that are barely discernible from below.On the east side of Candi Mahligai is the base of Candi Palangka. It is constructed from red stone and now only reaches a height of 1.45 metres. It was reportedly much taller at the time of the earliest colonial expeditions to the site but the upper terraces have long since collapsed.\nA third structure within the complex is Candi Bungsu. The most striking thing about this temple is that it was built from two very different kinds of stone. One part is built from red stone and the other section from sandstone. This temple now reaches a height of 6.20 metres.\nThe largest structure at Candi Muara Takus is Candi Tua. Its base measures 32.80 metres x 21.80 metres and it reaches a height of 8.50 metres. This temple is terraced and it bears some resemblance in its design to the much larger stupa, Candi Borobudur, in Java. Like all the temples at Candi Muara Takus, Candi Tua features only minimal decoration. The most notable decorative feature are the seated lion figures on the upper terraces.Candi Tua, the main temple is a stepped stupa \n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t Candi Mahligai, the tallest stupa \n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t Candi Bungsu \n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t Candi Palangka","title":"Design and decoration"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gugusan Dan Sejarah Candi Muara Takus (in Indonesian). Department of Education and Culture, Riau Province. November 1992.\nSchnitger, F M (1989). Forgotten Kingdoms in Sumatra. Oxford University Press.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"The ruin of Muara Takus stupa in 1933","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stoepa_te_Moeara_TMnr_10021947.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stoepa_te_Moeara_TMnr_10021947.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Indonesia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"title":"Buddhism in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia"},{"title":"Candi of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism"},{"title":"Indonesian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_architecture"},{"title":"Bujang Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujang_Valley"}]	[{"reference":"\"Candi Muara Takus, Jejak Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Provinsi Riau\". www.jpnn.com (in Indonesian). 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2019-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpnn.com/news/candi-muara-takus-jejak-kerajaan-sriwijaya-di-provinsi-riau","url_text":"\"Candi Muara Takus, Jejak Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Provinsi Riau\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muara Takus Compound Site\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2019-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5464/","url_text":"\"Muara Takus Compound Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Candi Muara Takus (Sumatra) - Kepustakaan Candi\". candi.perpusnas.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2019-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://candi.perpusnas.go.id/temples/deskripsi-sumatra-candi_muara_takus","url_text":"\"Candi Muara Takus (Sumatra) - Kepustakaan Candi\""}]},{"reference":"Farhan, Afif. \"Candi Muara Takus, Warisan dari Kerajaan Sriwijaya\". detikTravel (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2019-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://travel.detik.com/dtravelers_stories/u-1923549/candi-muara-takus-warisan-dari-kerajaan-sriwijaya","url_text":"\"Candi Muara Takus, Warisan dari Kerajaan Sriwijaya\""}]},{"reference":"Gugusan Dan Sejarah Candi Muara Takus (in Indonesian). Department of Education and Culture, Riau Province. November 1992.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schnitger, F M (1989). Forgotten Kingdoms in Sumatra. Oxford University Press.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muara_Takus&params=0.3364_N_100.6415_E_type:landmark_region:ID","external_links_name":"0°20′11″N 100°38′29″E / 0.3364°N 100.6415°E / 0.3364; 100.6415"},{"Link":"https://www.jpnn.com/news/candi-muara-takus-jejak-kerajaan-sriwijaya-di-provinsi-riau","external_links_name":"\"Candi Muara Takus, Jejak Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Provinsi Riau\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5464/","external_links_name":"\"Muara Takus Compound Site\""},{"Link":"http://candi.perpusnas.go.id/temples/deskripsi-sumatra-candi_muara_takus","external_links_name":"\"Candi Muara Takus (Sumatra) - Kepustakaan Candi\""},{"Link":"https://travel.detik.com/dtravelers_stories/u-1923549/candi-muara-takus-warisan-dari-kerajaan-sriwijaya","external_links_name":"\"Candi Muara Takus, Warisan dari Kerajaan Sriwijaya\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5464/.htm","external_links_name":"Muara Takus Compound Site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Jesus_(album)	My Jesus (album)	["1 Background","2 Music and lyrics","3 Release and promotion","3.1 Singles","3.2 Promotional singles","3.3 Other songs","4 Reception","4.1 Critical response","4.2 Accolades","5 Commercial performance","6 Track listing","7 Personnel","8 Charts","8.1 Weekly charts","8.2 Year-end charts","9 Release history","10 References"]	2022 studio album by Anne Wilson My JesusStudio album by Anne WilsonReleasedApril 22, 2022 (2022-04-22)Recorded2021Genre CCM Christian country Length50:08Label Sparrow Capitol CMG Producer Jonathan Smith Avery Wright Matt Podesla Jeff Pardo Jeff Sojka Ben Glover Bryan Fowler Micah Kuiper Colby Wedgeworth Bernie Herms Anne Wilson chronology My Jesus (Live in Nashville)(2021) My Jesus(2022) Rebel(2024) Singles from My Jesus "My Jesus"Released: April 16, 2021 "Sunday Sermons"Released: January 14, 2022 "Hey Girl"Released: September 16, 2022 My Jesus is the debut studio album by American contemporary Christian music singer Anne Wilson, which was released via Capitol Christian Music Group on April 22, 2022. The album features guest appearances by Hillary Scott and Crowder. The album was supported by the release of "My Jesus," "Sunday Sermons," and "Hey Girl" as singles. The title track reached number one on the US Hot Christian Songs chart, and the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. "Sunday Sermons" peaked at number five on the Hot Christian Songs chart. "Hey Girl" peaked at number 26 on the Hot Christian Songs chart. "God Thing" was released as a promotional single. The album garnered positive reviews from critics who commended Wilson for successfully blending CCM and country genres in a way that appeals to listeners across the genres. The album was a commercial success upon its release, debuting at number one on Billboard's Top Christian Albums chart in the United States. At the 2022 GMA Dove Awards, My Jesus was nominated for the GMA Dove Award for Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year, while the title track was nominated for Song of the Year and won Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year, and "Mamas" got nominated for Bluegrass/Country/Roots Recorded Song of the Year. The title track was also nominated for the Billboard Music Award for Top Christian Song at the 2022 Billboard Music Awards. The album received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards. Background Anne Wilson initially attracted publicity, with the release of her cover of "What a Beautiful Name" by Hillsong Worship on YouTube, catching the attention of label executives which resulted in the signing of a record deal with Capitol Christian Music Group toward the end of 2019. Wilson then released her debut single "My Jesus" on April 16, 2021. "My Jesus" became a record-breaking hit for Wilson, marking the largest new artist debut single launch for Capitol Christian Music Group in ten years, and Wilson becoming the first female solo artist to top the Billboard Christian Airplay chart since the chart's launch in 2003. On August 6, 2021, Wilson released her first extended play, My Jesus (Live in Nashville). The EP peaked at number 12 on the Top Christian Albums chart in the United States. On March 2, 2022, Wilson announced that she will be releasing her debut studio album, My Jesus, on April 22, 2022. Wilson collaborated with songwriters such as Matthew West, Mia Fieldes, Jonathan Smith, Jeff Pardo, Emily Weisband, and Ben Glover among others. Anne Wilson shared the story behind the album, saying: This record was written over the last two years of my life and is a collection of songs that each mean different things to me. Every song is a different side of me as an artist – country, worship, and radio – songs that speak to the masses and songs that speak to specific people or seasons. I feel like God placed this calling over my life to minister to those who've lost someone and are hurting. With these songs, I want to speak life and joy to people walking through pain and loss. My Jesus was released on April 22, 2022, with Wilson also announcing the My Jesus Album Launch Livestream Event, slated for April 27, where Wilson would perform songs from the album and discuss the process behind making the record. Music and lyrics Wilson and Matthew West, along with Jeff Pardo, collaborated on the album's songs. Musically, Jonathan Andre of 365 Days of Inspiring Media said the album was an attempt to "try and marry both CCM and country together," comparing it to Chris Tomlin's 2020 album Chris Tomlin & Friends. Andre said the album contains "songs of hope, joy and peace." Christopher Wegner of CNTRY classified the album as "country music with a Christian message," while calling Wilson "the female equivalent of Christian superstar Zach Williams," and comparing her voice to Maren Morris. Kelly Meade of Today's Christian Entertainment described the album's sound as a blend of country, gospel and bluegrass. Jesus Freak Hideout's Josh Balogh said the album contains "a veritable smorgasbord of styles with the country genre as its anchor," further explaining that "There's a strong current of gothic country, with a smattering of modern country and radio-ready pop ballads to keep things fresh." Timothy Yap of JubileeCast said the songs were embedded "with a modern country backing that Morgan Wallen or Chris Stapleton would be proud of." Lyrically, Yap observed that the songs were "situated within narrative contexts of Wilson's upbringing and life in Lexington, Kentucky," further adding that "she brings three-dimensional situations, people, and feelings to her songs." CMT described the album as "A rootsy-country collection that displays Wilson's self-discovery while coping with a devastating loss." The album begins with "Prelude (Scatter)" which sets the tone with a build-up into the second track "Scatter." "Scatter" is a "a country-rock head banger," as the lyrics "tell of shouting praises to the Lord until the enemy turns to run at the sound." The third song is the title track, which is "a gospel-infused celebration of the power, love and grace found in Jesus," and "offers heartfelt sentiments to the weary." It is followed by "Devil" which has a "defiant gothic-country sound," as the lyrics "remind us of the limited power the devil actually has." "Sunday Sermons" that exhibits a "grandiose country pop" sound, while it also "transports us into the church as Wilson reminds us how God can utilize an average pastor's message for his glory." "Hey Girl" is "a playful earworm calling women to see themselves as God does." It is succeeded by "This House" which "shows us of the essential nature of the foundation of the word of the Lord." "Mansions" is a track which "celebrates eternal life and what Jesus has instore for those who are part of his kingdom." "Mamas" is a "shuffle-step song," which details "the reasons why we need our mama's in our lives." "No Place Like Home" is a "stripped-down acoustic guitar backed track; this ballad presents many heart-warming vignettes of the times Wilson spent with her sister." "God Thing" is an upbeat song that "moments that cannot be explained by mere reason, but some thing that God intervenes (or even uses) for His glory and our good." "That's What We Need" is a track that points out how "instead of just going through the motions of empty faith, we need to be living out our belief in Jesus and doing what the Bible says." "Something About That Name" serves as a reminder of "how there's something about the power of Jesus's name, that the God we serve and the name of Him we declare from our mouths, has the power to do things we may not perceive possible." "Closer to God" showcases "the trembling vocals of Wilson," as she asserts that "in every circumstance, triumph and even tragedy, God uses to bring us closer to Himself, even if we don't see it in the moment." The album ends with a duet version of the title track featuring Crowder, highlighting their complementary styles. Release and promotion Singles "My Jesus" was released as a multi-track single containing the title track, "Devil" and "Something About That Name," on April 16, 2021, accompanied with the music video for "My Jesus". "My Jesus" impacted Christian radio in the United States on May 21, 2021. Anne Wilson released a duet version of the song featuring Crowder on October 22, 2021. "My Jesus" peaked at number one on the US Hot Christian Songs chart, the Christian Airplay chart, and the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. "My Jesus" was nominated for the Billboard Music Award for Top Christian Song at the 2022 Billboard Music Awards. "My Jesus" received two GMA Dove Award nominations for Song of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year at the 2022 GMA Dove Awards. ultimately winning the Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year award. "Sunday Sermons" was released as the second single from the album on January 14, 2022, accompanied with a lyric video of the song. "Sunday Sermons" impacted Christian radio in the United States on February 4, 2022. On March 4, 2022, Anne Wilson released the music video for "Sunday Sermons". "Sunday Sermons" peaked at number five on the Hot Christian Songs chart. "Hey Girl" impacted Christian radio in the United States on September 16, 2022, becoming the third single from the album. "Hey Girl" peaked at number 26 on the Hot Christian Songs chart. Promotional singles "Hey Girl" was released as the first promotional single from the album on March 4, 2022, concurrently launching the album's pre-order. "God Thing" was released as the final promotional single from the album on April 4, 2022. Other songs On May 4, 2022, Anne Wilson released the music video for "Mamas" with Hillary Scott. "Mamas" peaked at number 15 on the Hot Christian Songs chart. "Mamas" received a GMA Dove Award nomination for Bluegrass/Country/Roots Recorded Song of the Year at the 2022 GMA Dove Awards. Reception Critical response Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRating365 Days of Inspiring Media4.5/5AllMusicJesus Freak HideoutJubileeCast4/5Today's Christian Entertainment Jonathan Andre in his 365 Days of Inspiring Media review opined that My Jesus is "any artist's dream start to a hopefully long career, inspiring and encouraging people with Christian country music, a 'genre' that is rare, but nevertheless growing. Well done Anne for this stellar album." CMT said of the album: "The soul-touching record proves that Wilson wears her heart on her sleeve and is truly a crossover artist in the making." Neil Z. Young of AllMusic wrote a positive review of the album, saying, "My Jesus packs substance and an inspirational message into a surprisingly effective and catchy mainstream collection of anthems, an impressive debut from a young artist with plenty of promise." Christopher Wegner, reviewing for CNTRY, said the album contains "consistently catchy and successful songs," and concluded "On My Jesus Anne Wilson shows how really good country music with a Christian message should sound. Her message is never too intrusive, she rather puts the inspiration in the foreground. You will probably hear a lot more from her in the future." Jesus Freak Hideout's Josh Balogh wrote a favourable review of the album, saying "Anne Wilson has the sound, aesthetic, and hit song in "My Jesus," now the only question is, "how high can she fly" moving forward? By all accounts, this reviewer says the sky's the limit, and the future of Christian/Country music looks bright." JubileeCast's Timothy Yap said "this is a fine debut album with attention paid to make you feel like you can be part of the songs' stories." Kelly Meade: indicated in a review at Today's Christian Entertainment: "As a whole, My Jesus is a solid debut. The blend of country, gospel and bluegrass stands out from a lot of mainstream Christian music while the messages within the songs will resonate with listeners beyond the genre. With a firm focus on being real in your faith and the nearness of our Savior, this album will be a welcome addition to many collections." Accolades Awards Year Organization Award Result Ref 2022 GMA Dove Awards Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year Nominated 2023 Grammy Awards Best Contemporary Christian Music Album Nominated Year-end lists Publication Accolade Rank Ref. Jesus Freak Hideout 2022 Staff Picks: Alex Caldwell's Album Picks 10 NewReleaseToday Best of 2022: Top 10 Albums of the Year — Commercial performance In the United States, My Jesus debuted at number one on the Top Christian Albums chart in the United States dated May 7, 2022, earning a total of 13,000 equivalent album units in sales in its first week. The album concurrently registered on the mainstream Billboard 200 chart at number 68. Track listing My Jesus track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Prelude (Scatter)"Anne WilsonJonathan SmithMia FieldesJonathan SmithAvery WrightMatt Podesla0:582."Scatter"WilsonSmithFieldesJonathan Smith3:143."My Jesus"WilsonJeff PardoMatthew WestJonathan Smith3:374."Devil"WilsonPardoJeff Pardo3:245."Sunday Sermons"WilsonJeff SojkaBen GloverJeff SojkaBen Glover3:206."Hey Girl"WilsonPardoWestJeff Pardo3:087."This House"WilsonBryan FowlerMicah KuiperBryan FowlerMicah Kuiper3:388."Mansions"WilsonPardoWestPaul DuncanBen GloverJeff Sojka3:079."Mamas" (with Hillary Scott)WilsonPardoWestBen GloverJeff Sojka3:2410."No Place Like Home"WilsonPardoWestJeff Pardo4:3111."God Thing"WilsonGloverSojkaBen GloverJeff Sojka3:1912."That's What We Need"WilsonFowlerKuiperBryan FowlerMicah Kuiper3:3713."Something About That Name"WilsonColby WedgeworthEthan HulseColby Wedgeworth3:3214."Closer to God"WilsonBernie HermsEmily WeisbandBernie Herms3:3315."My Jesus" (featuring Crowder)WilsonPardoWestJonathan Smith3:37Total length:50:08 Personnel Adapted from AllMusic. Jacob Arnold — drums, programmer Josh Bailey — A&R Joshua Bailey — A&R Dallan Beck — editing, sound editing Chris Bevins — editing, programming Jesse Brock — mixing, mixing assistant Chad Carouthers — electric guitar Dave Clauss — Mixing Court Clement — acoustic guitar, banjo, bass, Dobro, electric guitar, guitar Courtlan Clement — electric guitar Nickie Conley — background vocals David Cook — editing David Cook — editing Crowder — primary Artist, vocals Warren David — mixing assistant Alex Dobbert — mastering engineer Nathan Dugger — acoustic guitar, Lap Steel Guitar Jason Eskridge — background vocals, choir arrangement, vocal arrangement Bryan Fowler — background vocals, bass, producer Luke Fredrickson — acoustic guitar, electric guitar Tim Galloway — banjo, guitar, mandolin Ben Glover — acoustic guitar, background vocals, electric guitar, engineer, keyboards, piano, producer, programmer, programming, vocals Lindsay Glover — background vocals, vocals Bernie Herms — piano, producer, programming Mark Hill — bass Ethan Hulse — acoustic guitar, background vocals Willie Johnson — background vocals Micah Kuiper — background vocals, producer Joe LaPorta — mastering engineer Todd Lombardo — acoustic guitar Tony Lucido — bass Jamie MacDonald — background vocals Jerry McPherson — electric guitar Wil Merrell — background vocals Scott Mills — electric guitar Sean Moffitt — mixing Gordon Mote — Hammond B3, piano Jeff Pardo — background vocals, Hammond B3, Hammond organ, keyboards, piano, producer, programmer, vocal producer Kiley Phillips — background vocals Matt Podesla — producer Sarah Lindsay Pogue — A&R Randy Poole — engineer Colton Price — editing, programmer, programming Danny Rader — acoustic guitar, electric guitar Jerry Roe — drums Hillary Scott — primary artist Jonathan Smith — acoustic guitar, background vocals, electric guitar, banjo, Hammond B3, keyboards, mandolin, organ, piano, producer, programmer, programming, vocals Jeff Sojka — background vocals, drums, engineer, keyboards, piano, producer, programmer, programming, vocals Aaron Sterling — drums Demaryius Thomas — African percussion Matt Ulrich — organ, piano Colby Wedgeworth — producer, programmer Matthew West — background vocals Fred Williams — programming Anne Wilson — background vocals, primary artist, vocals Avery Wright — producer Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for My Jesus Chart (2022) Peakposition US Billboard 200 68 US Christian Albums (Billboard) 1 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for My Jesus Chart (2022) Position US Christian Albums (Billboard) 23 Chart (2023) Position US Christian Albums (Billboard) 6 Release history Release dates and formats for My Jesus Region Date Format Label Ref. Various April 22, 2022 CDDigital downloadstreaming Sparrow RecordsCapitol Christian Music Group USA July 15, 2022 Vinyl References ^ a b Cluver, Ross (April 22, 2022). "Breakout Artist Anne Wilson Releases Debut Album 'My Jesus' \| CCM Magazine". CCM Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ "Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson - My Jesus". Louder Than The Music. April 22, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ a b Asker, Jim (August 10, 2021). "Anne Wilson's Debut Single 'My Jesus' Hits No. 1 on Hot Christian Songs Chart - Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ a b "Bubbling Under Hot 100 - Billboard". Billboard. Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group. August 24, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ a b "Hot Christian Songs - Billboard". Billboard. June 1, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2022. ^ a b "Hot Christian Songs - Billboard". Billboard. November 29, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ Major, Michael (May 3, 2022). "Anne Wilson's Debut Album Tops the Billboard Charts". Broadway World. Retrieved May 4, 2022. ^ Longs, Herb (August 10, 2022). "Watch: Nominations For 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards Announced - TCB". The Christian Beat. Retrieved October 9, 2022. ^ a b Nicholson, Jessica (October 21, 2022). "2022 GMA Dove Awards Winners: CeCe Winans & Anne Wilson Lead – Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved October 22, 2022. ^ Clarks, Jessie (April 8, 2022). "Billboard Music Awards Announces 2022 Finalists - TCB". The Christian Beat. Retrieved April 9, 2022. ^ Longs, Herb (November 15, 2022). "Nominations For 65th Annual GRAMMY Awards Unveiled Including CCM & Gospel Categories - TCB". The Christian Beat. Retrieved November 26, 2022. ^ Yap, Timothy (April 22, 2021). "Anne Wilson's Amazing Story: From Aspiring to Be an Astronaut to Singing for Jesus : News : JubileeCast". JubileeCast. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Hollabaugh, Lorie (April 22, 2021). "Anne Wilson Unveils Capitol Christian Debut 'My Jesus' - MusicRow.com". MusicRow.com. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ "Capitol CMG Artist Anne Wilson Is Biggest New Artist Launch In Nearly 10 Years". AllAccess.com. June 18, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Clarks, Jessie (August 31, 2021). "Anne Wilson Has Unprecedented Success With Historic No. 1 Song "My Jesus" - TCB". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Cluver, Ross (August 6, 2021). "Anne Wilson Releases 'My Jesus (Live In Nashville)' EP \| CCM Magazine". CCM Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ "Top Christian Albums Chart \| Billboard". Billboard. Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group. October 12, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Clarks, Jessie (March 2, 2022). "Anne Wilson Set To Release Full-Length Debut On April 22 - TCB". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ "Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson Set To Release Full-Length Debut 'My Jesus'". Louder Than The Music. March 4, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Hollabaugh, Lorie (March 3, 2022). "Anne Wilson Slates Full-Length Debut 'My Jesus' For April - MusicRow.com". MusicRow.com. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ "Breakout Singer-Songwriter Anne Wilson Releases Her Debut Album My Jesus Available Now - Guitar Girl Magazine". Guitar Girl Magazine. April 22, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Andre, Jonathan (April 26, 2022). "Anne Wilson – My Jesus \| 365 Days of Inspiring Media". 365 Days of Inspiring Media. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ a b c Wegner, Christopher (April 24, 2022). "Anne Wilson - My Jesus (Album-Review) - CNTRY". CNTRY (in German). Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h Baracskai-Thigpen, Abby (April 24, 2022). "Anne Wilson 'My Jesus' – Today's Christian Entertainment". Today's Christian Entertainment. Avada. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h Balogh, Josh (April 20, 2022). "Jesusfreakhideout.com: Anne Wilson, "My Jesus" Review". Jesusfreakhideout.com. Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g Yap, Timothy (April 22, 2022). "Anne Wilson "My Jesus" Album Review : Exclusives : JubileeCast". JubileeCast. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ a b "CMT Roundup: New Music From Brett Eldredge, Tenille Townes and Travis Denning \| CMT". CMT. April 22, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022. ^ Cluver, Ross (April 16, 2021). "Anne Wilson Releases Debut Project 'My Jesus' \| CCM Magazine". CCM Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Clarks, Jessie (April 16, 2021). "Anne Wilson Releases "My Jesus" - TCB". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ "Capitol CMG Radio on Instagram: "Debut add date for Anne Wilson! 👏🏻Thank you so much to everyone showing love to her first ever radio single - "My Jesus"! 💛 IMPACTING NOW"". May 21, 2021. Capitol CMG Radio page. Archived from the original on December 26, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022 – via Instagram. ^ "JFH News: Anne Wilson Releases "My Jesus" Version Featuring CROWDER". Jesus Freak Hideout. October 22, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Asker, Jim (August 25, 2021). "Anne Wilson Tops Christian Airplay With 'My Jesus' - Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Clarks, Jessie (April 8, 2022). "Billboard Music Awards Announces 2022 Finalists - TCB". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ a b Yap, Timothy (August 10, 2022). "Matthew West, Maverick City Music, Anne Wilson, FOR KING + COUNTRY, Phil Wickham Lead Artist Nominations for 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards : News : JubileeCast". JubileeCast. Retrieved October 9, 2022. ^ "Billboard Chartbreaker Anne Wilson releases 'Sunday Sermons'". Niagara Frontier Publications. January 14, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ "Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson Releases New Song 'Sunday Sermons'". Louder Than The Music. January 16, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ "Capitol CMG Radio on Instagram: "TODAY is the day that Anne Wilson's "Sunday Sermons" officially goes for adds!! 🎉⛪️🙌🏻"". Instagram. February 4, 2022. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Clarks, Jessie (March 4, 2022). "Anne Wilson "Sunday Sermons" Music Video - TCB". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 1, 2022. ^ "Future Releases for Christian Radio Stations \| Free New Songs from Music Artists". AllAccess.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022. ^ Yap, Timothy (March 3, 2022). "What We Know About Anne Wilson's Full-Length Debut Album "My Jesus" : News : JubileeCast". JubileeCast. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Tomeo, Marissa (April 1, 2022). "Singer-Songwriter Anne Wilson Releases Latest Track, 'God Thing'". Broadway World. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ Clarks, Jessie (May 4, 2022). "Anne Wilson & Hillary Scott Celebrate Mother's Day With "Mamas" Music Video - TCB". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ "Hot Christian Songs - Billboard". Billboard. May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ a b Young, Neil Z. "Anne Wilson - My Jesus \| Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved October 17, 2022. ^ "2022 Winners \| The 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards". GMA Dove Awards. August 10, 2022. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2022. ^ Atkinson, Katie (November 15, 2022). "Grammy Nominations 2023: The Full List – Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved November 26, 2022. ^ "JesusfreakHideout.com 2022 Staff Picks". Jesus Freak Hideout. December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2022. ^ Davis, Kevin (December 15, 2022). "Best of 2022: Top 10 Albums of the Year \| NRT LISTS \| NewReleaseToday". NewReleaseToday. NRT Media, Inc. Retrieved December 27, 2022. ^ Asker, Jim (May 5, 2022). "Anne Wilson's 'My Jesus' Debuts at No. 1 on Top Christian Albums Chart – Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ "Billboard 200 – Billboard". Billboard. May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ "My Jesus – Anne Wilson \| Credits \| AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved October 17, 2022. ^ "Billboard 200 – Billboard". Billboard. May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022. ^ "Top Christian Albums – Billboard". Billboard. May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022. ^ "Top Christian Albums – Billboard". Billboard. Year-End Chart. Retrieved December 4, 2022. ^ "Top Christian Albums – Billboard". Billboard. Year-End Chart. Retrieved February 11, 2024. ^ "My Jesus by Anne Wilson on Amazon Music". Amazon.com. April 22, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ "My Jesus by Anne Wilson on Amazon Music". Amazon.com. July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022. vteAnne WilsonStudio albums My Jesus Rebel EPs My Jesus (Live in Nashville) Singles "My Jesus" "I Still Believe in Christmas" "Sunday Sermons" "Hey Girl" Featured singles "Behold" Other songs "Mamas" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Anne Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Wilson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Capitol Christian Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Christian_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cluver-1"},{"link_name":"Hillary Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Scott"},{"link_name":"Crowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowder_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"My Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Jesus_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sunday Sermons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Sermons"},{"link_name":"Hey Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Girl_(Anne_Wilson_song)"},{"link_name":"Hot Christian Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Christian_Songs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MJ_Hot_Christian_Peak-3"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MJ_Bubbling_Peak-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_Hot_Christian_Peak-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG_Hot_Christian_Peak-6"},{"link_name":"CCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Top Christian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Christian_Albums"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2022 GMA Dove Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_GMA_Dove_Awards"},{"link_name":"Mamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamas_(song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_Dove_Awards_Results-9"},{"link_name":"Billboard Music Award for Top Christian Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Music_Award_for_Top_Christian_Song"},{"link_name":"2022 Billboard Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_Christian_Music_Album"},{"link_name":"2023 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"My Jesus is the debut studio album by American contemporary Christian music singer Anne Wilson, which was released via Capitol Christian Music Group on April 22, 2022.[1] The album features guest appearances by Hillary Scott and Crowder.[2]The album was supported by the release of \"My Jesus,\" \"Sunday Sermons,\" and \"Hey Girl\" as singles. The title track reached number one on the US Hot Christian Songs chart,[3] and the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart.[4] \"Sunday Sermons\" peaked at number five on the Hot Christian Songs chart.[5] \"Hey Girl\" peaked at number 26 on the Hot Christian Songs chart.[6] \"God Thing\" was released as a promotional single.The album garnered positive reviews from critics who commended Wilson for successfully blending CCM and country genres in a way that appeals to listeners across the genres. The album was a commercial success upon its release, debuting at number one on Billboard's Top Christian Albums chart in the United States.[7] At the 2022 GMA Dove Awards, My Jesus was nominated for the GMA Dove Award for Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year, while the title track was nominated for Song of the Year and won Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year, and \"Mamas\" got nominated for Bluegrass/Country/Roots Recorded Song of the Year.[8][9] The title track was also nominated for the Billboard Music Award for Top Christian Song at the 2022 Billboard Music Awards.[10] The album received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album at the 2023 Grammy Awards.[11]","title":"My Jesus (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"What a Beautiful Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_a_Beautiful_Name"},{"link_name":"Hillsong Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsong_Worship"},{"link_name":"Capitol Christian Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Christian_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"My Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Jesus_(song)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Christian Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"My Jesus (Live in Nashville)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Jesus_(Live_in_Nashville)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Top Christian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Christian_Albums"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Matthew West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_West"},{"link_name":"Mia Fieldes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Fieldes"},{"link_name":"Jeff Pardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Pardo"},{"link_name":"Ben Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Glover"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cluver-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Anne Wilson initially attracted publicity, with the release of her cover of \"What a Beautiful Name\" by Hillsong Worship on YouTube, catching the attention of label executives which resulted in the signing of a record deal with Capitol Christian Music Group toward the end of 2019.[12] Wilson then released her debut single \"My Jesus\" on April 16, 2021.[13] \"My Jesus\" became a record-breaking hit for Wilson, marking the largest new artist debut single launch for Capitol Christian Music Group in ten years,[14] and Wilson becoming the first female solo artist to top the Billboard Christian Airplay chart since the chart's launch in 2003.[15] On August 6, 2021, Wilson released her first extended play, My Jesus (Live in Nashville).[16] The EP peaked at number 12 on the Top Christian Albums chart in the United States.[17]On March 2, 2022, Wilson announced that she will be releasing her debut studio album, My Jesus, on April 22, 2022.[18] Wilson collaborated with songwriters such as Matthew West, Mia Fieldes, Jonathan Smith, Jeff Pardo, Emily Weisband, and Ben Glover among others.[19] Anne Wilson shared the story behind the album,[20] saying:This record was written over the last two years of my life and is a collection of songs that each mean different things to me. Every song is a different side of me as an artist – country, worship, and radio – songs that speak to the masses and songs that speak to specific people or seasons. I feel like God placed this calling over my life to minister to those who've lost someone and are hurting. With these songs, I want to speak life and joy to people walking through pain and loss.My Jesus was released on April 22, 2022,[1] with Wilson also announcing the My Jesus Album Launch Livestream Event, slated for April 27, where Wilson would perform songs from the album and discuss the process behind making the record.[21]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anne_Wilson_at_the_Prudential_Center_in_New_Jersey_in_2022.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matthew_West_Live_at_the_Grand_Ole_Opry_December_13,_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matthew West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_West"},{"link_name":"CCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Chris Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Chris Tomlin & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tomlin_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365_Review-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365_Review-22"},{"link_name":"Zach Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Williams_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Maren Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maren_Morris"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNTRY_Review-23"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCE_Review-24"},{"link_name":"gothic country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_country"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JFH_Review-25"},{"link_name":"Morgan Wallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Wallen"},{"link_name":"Chris Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stapleton"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JubileeCast_Review-26"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JubileeCast_Review-26"},{"link_name":"CMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMT_Roundup-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCE_Review-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365_Review-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCE_Review-24"},{"link_name":"title track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Jesus_(song)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCE_Review-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JFH_Review-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JFH_Review-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365_Review-22"},{"link_name":"Sunday Sermons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Sermons"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNTRY_Review-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JubileeCast_Review-26"},{"link_name":"Hey Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Girl_(Anne_Wilson_song)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JFH_Review-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365_Review-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JubileeCast_Review-26"},{"link_name":"Mamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamas_(song)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JFH_Review-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365_Review-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JubileeCast_Review-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365_Review-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCE_Review-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365_Review-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JFH_Review-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365_Review-22"},{"link_name":"Crowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowder_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCE_Review-24"}],"text":"Wilson and Matthew West, along with Jeff Pardo, collaborated on the album's songs.Musically, Jonathan Andre of 365 Days of Inspiring Media said the album was an attempt to \"try and marry both CCM and country together,\" comparing it to Chris Tomlin's 2020 album Chris Tomlin & Friends.[22] Andre said the album contains \"songs of hope, joy and peace.\"[22] Christopher Wegner of CNTRY classified the album as \"country music with a Christian message,\" while calling Wilson \"the female equivalent of Christian superstar Zach Williams,\" and comparing her voice to Maren Morris.[23] Kelly Meade of Today's Christian Entertainment described the album's sound as a blend of country, gospel and bluegrass.[24] Jesus Freak Hideout's Josh Balogh said the album contains \"a veritable smorgasbord of styles with the country genre as its anchor,\" further explaining that \"There's a strong current of gothic country, with a smattering of modern country and radio-ready pop ballads to keep things fresh.\"[25] Timothy Yap of JubileeCast said the songs were embedded \"with a modern country backing that Morgan Wallen or Chris Stapleton would be proud of.\"[26] Lyrically, Yap observed that the songs were \"situated within narrative contexts of Wilson's upbringing and life in Lexington, Kentucky,\" further adding that \"she brings three-dimensional situations, people, and feelings to her songs.\"[26] CMT described the album as \"A rootsy-country collection that displays Wilson's self-discovery while coping with a devastating loss.\"[27]The album begins with \"Prelude (Scatter)\" which sets the tone with a build-up into the second track \"Scatter.\"[24] \"Scatter\" is a \"a country-rock head banger,\"[22] as the lyrics \"tell of shouting praises to the Lord until the enemy turns to run at the sound.\"[24] The third song is the title track, which is \"a gospel-infused celebration of the power, love and grace found in Jesus,\"[24] and \"offers heartfelt sentiments to the weary.\"[25] It is followed by \"Devil\" which has a \"defiant gothic-country sound,\"[25] as the lyrics \"remind us of the limited power the devil actually has.\"[22] \"Sunday Sermons\" that exhibits a \"grandiose country pop\" sound,[23] while it also \"transports us into the church as Wilson reminds us how God can utilize an average pastor's message for his glory.\"[26] \"Hey Girl\" is \"a playful earworm calling women to see themselves as God does.[25]\" It is succeeded by \"This House\" which \"shows us of the essential nature of the foundation of the word of the Lord.\"[22] \"Mansions\" is a track which \"celebrates eternal life and what Jesus has instore for those who are part of his kingdom.\"[26] \"Mamas\" is a \"shuffle-step song,\"[25] which details \"the reasons why we need our mama's in our lives.\"[22] \"No Place Like Home\" is a \"stripped-down acoustic guitar backed track; this ballad presents many heart-warming vignettes of the times Wilson spent with her sister.\"[26] \"God Thing\" is an upbeat song that \"moments that cannot be explained by mere reason, but some thing that God intervenes (or even uses) for His glory and our good.\"[22] \"That's What We Need\" is a track that points out how \"instead of just going through the motions of empty faith, we need to be living out our belief in Jesus and doing what the Bible says.\"[24] \"Something About That Name\" serves as a reminder of \"how there's something about the power of Jesus's name, that the God we serve and the name of Him we declare from our mouths, has the power to do things we may not perceive possible.\"[22] \"Closer to God\" showcases \"the trembling vocals of Wilson,\"[25] as she asserts that \"in every circumstance, triumph and even tragedy, God uses to bring us closer to Himself, even if we don't see it in the moment.\"[22] The album ends with a duet version of the title track featuring Crowder, highlighting their complementary styles.[24]","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Jesus_(song)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Christian radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_radio"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Crowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowder_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Hot Christian Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Christian_Songs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MJ_Hot_Christian_Peak-3"},{"link_name":"Christian Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MJ_Bubbling_Peak-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard Music Award for Top Christian Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Music_Award_for_Top_Christian_Song"},{"link_name":"2022 Billboard Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"GMA Dove Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Dove_Award"},{"link_name":"2022 GMA Dove Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_GMA_Dove_Awards"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_GMA_Dove_Nominations-34"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_Dove_Awards_Results-9"},{"link_name":"Sunday Sermons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Sermons"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_Hot_Christian_Peak-5"},{"link_name":"Hey Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Girl_(Anne_Wilson_song)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG_Hot_Christian_Peak-6"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"My Jesus\" was released as a multi-track single containing the title track, \"Devil\" and \"Something About That Name,\" on April 16, 2021,[28] accompanied with the music video for \"My Jesus\".[29] \"My Jesus\" impacted Christian radio in the United States on May 21, 2021.[30] Anne Wilson released a duet version of the song featuring Crowder on October 22, 2021.[31] \"My Jesus\" peaked at number one on the US Hot Christian Songs chart,[3] the Christian Airplay chart,[32] and the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart.[4] \"My Jesus\" was nominated for the Billboard Music Award for Top Christian Song at the 2022 Billboard Music Awards.[33] \"My Jesus\" received two GMA Dove Award nominations for Song of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year at the 2022 GMA Dove Awards.[34] ultimately winning the Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year award.[9]\"Sunday Sermons\" was released as the second single from the album on January 14, 2022,[35] accompanied with a lyric video of the song.[36] \"Sunday Sermons\" impacted Christian radio in the United States on February 4, 2022.[37] On March 4, 2022, Anne Wilson released the music video for \"Sunday Sermons\".[38] \"Sunday Sermons\" peaked at number five on the Hot Christian Songs chart.[5]\"Hey Girl\" impacted Christian radio in the United States on September 16, 2022, becoming the third single from the album.[39] \"Hey Girl\" peaked at number 26 on the Hot Christian Songs chart.[6]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Promotional singles","text":"\"Hey Girl\" was released as the first promotional single from the album on March 4, 2022, concurrently launching the album's pre-order.[40] \"God Thing\" was released as the final promotional single from the album on April 4, 2022.[41]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamas_(song)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mamas_Hot_Christian-43"},{"link_name":"2022 GMA Dove Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_GMA_Dove_Awards"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_GMA_Dove_Nominations-34"}],"sub_title":"Other songs","text":"On May 4, 2022, Anne Wilson released the music video for \"Mamas\" with Hillary Scott.[42] \"Mamas\" peaked at number 15 on the Hot Christian Songs chart.[43] \"Mamas\" received a GMA Dove Award nomination for Bluegrass/Country/Roots Recorded Song of the Year at the 2022 GMA Dove Awards.[34]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_country_music"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365_Review-22"},{"link_name":"CMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMT_Roundup-27"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic_Review-44"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNTRY_Review-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JFH_Review-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JubileeCast_Review-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCE_Review-24"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Jonathan Andre in his 365 Days of Inspiring Media review opined that My Jesus is \"any artist's dream start to a hopefully long career, inspiring and encouraging people with Christian country music, a 'genre' that is rare, but nevertheless growing. Well done Anne for this stellar album.\"[22] CMT said of the album: \"The soul-touching record proves that Wilson wears her heart on her sleeve and is truly a crossover artist in the making.\"[27] Neil Z. Young of AllMusic wrote a positive review of the album, saying, \"My Jesus packs substance and an inspirational message into a surprisingly effective and catchy mainstream collection of anthems, an impressive debut from a young artist with plenty of promise.\"[44] Christopher Wegner, reviewing for CNTRY, said the album contains \"consistently catchy and successful songs,\" and concluded \"On My Jesus Anne Wilson shows how really good country music with a Christian message should sound. Her message is never too intrusive, she rather puts the inspiration in the foreground. You will probably hear a lot more from her in the future.\"[23] Jesus Freak Hideout's Josh Balogh wrote a favourable review of the album, saying \"Anne Wilson has the sound, aesthetic, and hit song in \"My Jesus,\" now the only question is, \"how high can she fly\" moving forward? By all accounts, this reviewer says the sky's the limit, and the future of Christian/Country music looks bright.\"[25] JubileeCast's Timothy Yap said \"this is a fine debut album with attention paid to make you feel like you can be part of the songs' stories.\"[26] Kelly Meade: indicated in a review at Today's Christian Entertainment: \"As a whole, My Jesus is a solid debut. The blend of country, gospel and bluegrass stands out from a lot of mainstream Christian music while the messages within the songs will resonate with listeners beyond the genre. With a firm focus on being real in your faith and the nearness of our Savior, this album will be a welcome addition to many collections.\"[24]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top Christian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Christian_Albums"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"In the United States, My Jesus debuted at number one on the Top Christian Albums chart in the United States dated May 7, 2022, earning a total of 13,000 equivalent album units in sales in its first week.[49] The album concurrently registered on the mainstream Billboard 200 chart at number 68.[50]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mia Fieldes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Fieldes"},{"link_name":"My Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Jesus_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Pardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Pardo"},{"link_name":"Matthew West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_West"},{"link_name":"Sunday Sermons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Sermons"},{"link_name":"Ben Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Glover"},{"link_name":"Hey Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Girl_(Anne_Wilson_song)"},{"link_name":"Mamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamas_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hillary Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Scott"},{"link_name":"Colby Wedgeworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colby_Wedgeworth"},{"link_name":"Bernie Herms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Herms"},{"link_name":"Crowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowder_(musician)"}],"text":"My Jesus track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Prelude (Scatter)\"Anne WilsonJonathan SmithMia FieldesJonathan SmithAvery WrightMatt Podesla0:582.\"Scatter\"WilsonSmithFieldesJonathan Smith3:143.\"My Jesus\"WilsonJeff PardoMatthew WestJonathan Smith3:374.\"Devil\"WilsonPardoJeff Pardo3:245.\"Sunday Sermons\"WilsonJeff SojkaBen GloverJeff SojkaBen Glover3:206.\"Hey Girl\"WilsonPardoWestJeff Pardo3:087.\"This House\"WilsonBryan FowlerMicah KuiperBryan FowlerMicah Kuiper3:388.\"Mansions\"WilsonPardoWestPaul DuncanBen GloverJeff Sojka3:079.\"Mamas\" (with Hillary Scott)WilsonPardoWestBen GloverJeff Sojka3:2410.\"No Place Like Home\"WilsonPardoWestJeff Pardo4:3111.\"God Thing\"WilsonGloverSojkaBen GloverJeff Sojka3:1912.\"That's What We Need\"WilsonFowlerKuiperBryan FowlerMicah Kuiper3:3713.\"Something About That Name\"WilsonColby WedgeworthEthan HulseColby Wedgeworth3:3214.\"Closer to God\"WilsonBernie HermsEmily WeisbandBernie Herms3:3315.\"My Jesus\" (featuring Crowder)WilsonPardoWestJonathan Smith3:37Total length:50:08","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic_Credits-51"},{"link_name":"Ben Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Glover"},{"link_name":"Bernie Herms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Herms"},{"link_name":"Jeff Pardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Pardo"},{"link_name":"Hillary Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Scott"},{"link_name":"Colby Wedgeworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colby_Wedgeworth"}],"text":"Adapted from AllMusic.[51]Jacob Arnold — drums, programmer\nJosh Bailey — A&R\nJoshua Bailey — A&R\nDallan Beck — editing, sound editing\nChris Bevins — editing, programming\nJesse Brock — mixing, mixing assistant\nChad Carouthers — electric guitar\nDave Clauss — Mixing\nCourt Clement — acoustic guitar, banjo, bass, Dobro, electric guitar, guitar\nCourtlan Clement — electric guitar\nNickie Conley — background vocals\nDavid Cook — editing\nDavid Cook — editing\nCrowder — primary Artist, vocals\nWarren David — mixing assistant\nAlex Dobbert — mastering engineer\nNathan Dugger — acoustic guitar, Lap Steel Guitar\nJason Eskridge — background vocals, choir arrangement, vocal arrangement\nBryan Fowler — background vocals, bass, producer\nLuke Fredrickson — acoustic guitar, electric guitar\nTim Galloway — banjo, guitar, mandolin\nBen Glover — acoustic guitar, background vocals, electric guitar, engineer, keyboards, piano, producer, programmer, programming, vocals\nLindsay Glover — background vocals, vocals\nBernie Herms — piano, producer, programming\nMark Hill — bass\nEthan Hulse — acoustic guitar, background vocals\nWillie Johnson — background vocals\nMicah Kuiper — background vocals, producer\nJoe LaPorta — mastering engineer\nTodd Lombardo — acoustic guitar\nTony Lucido — bass\nJamie MacDonald — background vocals\nJerry McPherson — electric guitar\nWil Merrell — background vocals\nScott Mills — electric guitar\nSean Moffitt — mixing\nGordon Mote — Hammond B3, piano\nJeff Pardo — background vocals, Hammond B3, Hammond organ, keyboards, piano, producer, programmer, vocal producer\nKiley Phillips — background vocals\nMatt Podesla — producer\nSarah Lindsay Pogue — A&R\nRandy Poole — engineer\nColton Price — editing, programmer, programming\nDanny Rader — acoustic guitar, electric guitar\nJerry Roe — drums\nHillary Scott — primary artist\nJonathan Smith — acoustic guitar, background vocals, electric guitar, banjo, Hammond B3, keyboards, mandolin, organ, piano, producer, programmer, programming, vocals\nJeff Sojka — background vocals, drums, engineer, keyboards, piano, producer, programmer, programming, vocals\nAaron Sterling — drums\nDemaryius Thomas — African percussion\nMatt Ulrich — organ, piano\nColby Wedgeworth — producer, programmer\nMatthew West — background vocals\nFred Williams — programming\nAnne Wilson — background vocals, primary artist, vocals\nAvery Wright — producer","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Jesus_(album)&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Christian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Jesus_(album)&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for My Jesus\n\n\nChart (2022)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[52]\n\n68\n\n\nUS Christian Albums (Billboard)[53]\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for My Jesus\n\n\nChart (2022)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Christian Albums (Billboard)[54]\n\n23\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Christian Albums (Billboard)[55]\n\n6","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cluver, Ross (April 22, 2022). \"Breakout Artist Anne Wilson Releases Debut Album 'My Jesus' \| CCM Magazine\". CCM Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/breakout-artist-anne-wilson-releases-debut-album-my-jesus/","url_text":"\"Breakout Artist Anne Wilson Releases Debut Album 'My Jesus' \| CCM Magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine","url_text":"CCM Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson - My Jesus\". Louder Than The Music. April 22, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.louderthanthemusic.com/product.php?id=7040","url_text":"\"Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson - My Jesus\""}]},{"reference":"Asker, Jim (August 10, 2021). \"Anne Wilson's Debut Single 'My Jesus' Hits No. 1 on Hot Christian Songs Chart - Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/amp/articles/business/chart-beat/9613071/anne-wilson-my-jesus-hot-christian-songs-chart","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson's Debut Single 'My Jesus' Hits No. 1 on Hot Christian Songs Chart - Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubbling Under Hot 100 - Billboard\". Billboard. Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group. August 24, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/bubbling-under-hot-100-singles/2021-08-28","url_text":"\"Bubbling Under Hot 100 - Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Christian Songs - Billboard\". Billboard. June 1, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-songs/2022-06-04","url_text":"\"Hot Christian Songs - Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Christian Songs - Billboard\". Billboard. November 29, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-songs/2022-12-03","url_text":"\"Hot Christian Songs - Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Major, Michael (May 3, 2022). \"Anne Wilson's Debut Album Tops the Billboard Charts\". Broadway World. Retrieved May 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Anne-Wilsons-Debut-Album-Tops-the-Billboard-Charts-20220503","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson's Debut Album Tops the Billboard Charts\""}]},{"reference":"Longs, Herb (August 10, 2022). \"Watch: Nominations For 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards Announced - TCB\". The Christian Beat. Retrieved October 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/watch-nominations-for-53rd-annual-gma-dove-awards-announced/","url_text":"\"Watch: Nominations For 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards Announced - TCB\""}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, Jessica (October 21, 2022). \"2022 GMA Dove Awards Winners: CeCe Winans & Anne Wilson Lead – Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved October 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/gma-dove-awards-cece-winans-anne-wilson-1235159610/","url_text":"\"2022 GMA Dove Awards Winners: CeCe Winans & Anne Wilson Lead – Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Clarks, Jessie (April 8, 2022). \"Billboard Music Awards Announces 2022 Finalists - TCB\". The Christian Beat. Retrieved April 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/billboard-music-awards-announces-2022-finalists/","url_text":"\"Billboard Music Awards Announces 2022 Finalists - TCB\""}]},{"reference":"Longs, Herb (November 15, 2022). \"Nominations For 65th Annual GRAMMY Awards Unveiled Including CCM & Gospel Categories - TCB\". The Christian Beat. Retrieved November 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/nominations-for-65th-annual-grammy-awards-unveiled-including-ccm-gospel-categories/","url_text":"\"Nominations For 65th Annual GRAMMY Awards Unveiled Including CCM & Gospel Categories - TCB\""}]},{"reference":"Yap, Timothy (April 22, 2021). \"Anne Wilson's Amazing Story: From Aspiring to Be an Astronaut to Singing for Jesus : News : JubileeCast\". JubileeCast. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jubileecast.com/articles/26239/20210422/anne-wilsons-amazing-story-from-aspiring-to-be-an-astronaut-to-singing-for-jesus.htm","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson's Amazing Story: From Aspiring to Be an Astronaut to Singing for Jesus : News : JubileeCast\""}]},{"reference":"Hollabaugh, Lorie (April 22, 2021). \"Anne Wilson Unveils Capitol Christian Debut 'My Jesus' - MusicRow.com\". MusicRow.com. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicrow.com/2021/04/anne-wilson-unveils-capitol-christian-debut-my-jesus/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson Unveils Capitol Christian Debut 'My Jesus' - MusicRow.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capitol CMG Artist Anne Wilson Is Biggest New Artist Launch In Nearly 10 Years\". AllAccess.com. June 18, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/208561/capitol-cmg-artist-anne-wilson-is-biggest-new-arti","url_text":"\"Capitol CMG Artist Anne Wilson Is Biggest New Artist Launch In Nearly 10 Years\""}]},{"reference":"Clarks, Jessie (August 31, 2021). \"Anne Wilson Has Unprecedented Success With Historic No. 1 Song \"My Jesus\" - TCB\". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/anne-wilson-has-unprecedented-success-with-historic-no-1-song-my-jesus/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson Has Unprecedented Success With Historic No. 1 Song \"My Jesus\" - TCB\""}]},{"reference":"Cluver, Ross (August 6, 2021). \"Anne Wilson Releases 'My Jesus (Live In Nashville)' EP \| CCM Magazine\". CCM Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/anne-wilson-releases-my-jesus-live-in-nashville-ep/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson Releases 'My Jesus (Live In Nashville)' EP \| CCM Magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine","url_text":"CCM Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Christian Albums Chart \| Billboard\". Billboard. Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group. October 12, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-albums/2021-10-16/","url_text":"\"Top Christian Albums Chart \| Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Clarks, Jessie (March 2, 2022). \"Anne Wilson Set To Release Full-Length Debut On April 22 - TCB\". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/anne-wilson-set-to-release-full-length-debut-on-april-22/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson Set To Release Full-Length Debut On April 22 - TCB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson Set To Release Full-Length Debut 'My Jesus'\". Louder Than The Music. March 4, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.louderthanthemusic.com/document.php?id=12031","url_text":"\"Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson Set To Release Full-Length Debut 'My Jesus'\""}]},{"reference":"Hollabaugh, Lorie (March 3, 2022). \"Anne Wilson Slates Full-Length Debut 'My Jesus' For April - MusicRow.com\". MusicRow.com. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicrow.com/2022/03/anne-wilson-slates-full-length-debut-my-jesus-for-april/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson Slates Full-Length Debut 'My Jesus' For April - MusicRow.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breakout Singer-Songwriter Anne Wilson Releases Her Debut Album My Jesus Available Now - Guitar Girl Magazine\". Guitar Girl Magazine. April 22, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://guitargirlmag.com/news/music-news/breakout-singer-songwriter-anne-wilson-releases-her-debut-album-my-jesus-available-now/","url_text":"\"Breakout Singer-Songwriter Anne Wilson Releases Her Debut Album My Jesus Available Now - Guitar Girl Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"Andre, Jonathan (April 26, 2022). \"Anne Wilson – My Jesus \| 365 Days of Inspiring Media\". 365 Days of Inspiring Media. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.365daysofinspiringmedia.com/reviews/anne-wilson-my-jesus/#more-15381","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson – My Jesus \| 365 Days of Inspiring Media\""}]},{"reference":"Wegner, Christopher (April 24, 2022). \"Anne Wilson - My Jesus (Album-Review) - CNTRY\". CNTRY (in German). Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://todayschristianent.com/anne-wilson-my-jesus/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson - My Jesus (Album-Review) - CNTRY\""}]},{"reference":"Baracskai-Thigpen, Abby (April 24, 2022). \"Anne Wilson 'My Jesus' – Today's Christian Entertainment\". Today's Christian Entertainment. Avada. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://todayschristianent.com/anne-wilson-my-jesus/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson 'My Jesus' – Today's Christian Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"Balogh, Josh (April 20, 2022). \"Jesusfreakhideout.com: Anne Wilson, \"My Jesus\" Review\". Jesusfreakhideout.com. Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/MyJesus.asp","url_text":"\"Jesusfreakhideout.com: Anne Wilson, \"My Jesus\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"Yap, Timothy (April 22, 2022). \"Anne Wilson \"My Jesus\" Album Review : Exclusives : JubileeCast\". JubileeCast. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jubileecast.com/articles/27658/20220422/anne-wilson-my-jesus-album-review.htm","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson \"My Jesus\" Album Review : Exclusives : JubileeCast\""}]},{"reference":"\"CMT Roundup: New Music From Brett Eldredge, Tenille Townes and Travis Denning \| CMT\". CMT. April 22, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/news/1844616/cmt-roundup-new-music-from-brett-eldredge-tenille-townes-and-travis-denning/","url_text":"\"CMT Roundup: New Music From Brett Eldredge, Tenille Townes and Travis Denning \| CMT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)","url_text":"CMT"}]},{"reference":"Cluver, Ross (April 16, 2021). \"Anne Wilson Releases Debut Project 'My Jesus' \| CCM Magazine\". CCM Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/anne-wilson-releases-debut-project-my-jesus/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson Releases Debut Project 'My Jesus' \| CCM Magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine","url_text":"CCM Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Clarks, Jessie (April 16, 2021). \"Anne Wilson Releases \"My Jesus\" - TCB\". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/anne-wilson-releases-my-jesus/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson Releases \"My Jesus\" - TCB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capitol CMG Radio on Instagram: \"Debut add date for Anne Wilson! 👏🏻Thank you so much to everyone showing love to her first ever radio single - \"My Jesus\"! 💛 IMPACTING NOW\"\". May 21, 2021. Capitol CMG Radio page. Archived from the original on December 26, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/capitolcmgradio/2578686755213889149","url_text":"\"Capitol CMG Radio on Instagram: \"Debut add date for Anne Wilson! 👏🏻Thank you so much to everyone showing love to her first ever radio single - \"My Jesus\"! 💛 IMPACTING NOW\"\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CPJVfD_h059/","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"\"JFH News: Anne Wilson Releases \"My Jesus\" Version Featuring CROWDER\". Jesus Freak Hideout. October 22, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/news/2021/10/22.AnneWilsonReleasesMyJesusVersionFeaturingCROWDER.asp","url_text":"\"JFH News: Anne Wilson Releases \"My Jesus\" Version Featuring CROWDER\""}]},{"reference":"Asker, Jim (August 25, 2021). \"Anne Wilson Tops Christian Airplay With 'My Jesus' - Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9620113/anne-wilson-tops-christian-airplay-my-jesus/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson Tops Christian Airplay With 'My Jesus' - Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Clarks, Jessie (April 8, 2022). \"Billboard Music Awards Announces 2022 Finalists - TCB\". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/billboard-music-awards-announces-2022-finalists/","url_text":"\"Billboard Music Awards Announces 2022 Finalists - TCB\""}]},{"reference":"Yap, Timothy (August 10, 2022). \"Matthew West, Maverick City Music, Anne Wilson, FOR KING + COUNTRY, Phil Wickham Lead Artist Nominations for 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards : News : JubileeCast\". JubileeCast. Retrieved October 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jubileecast.com/articles/28111/20220810/matthew-west-maverick-city-music-anne-wilson-for-king-country-phil-wickham-lead-artist-nominations-for-53rd-annual-gma-dove-awards.htm","url_text":"\"Matthew West, Maverick City Music, Anne Wilson, FOR KING + COUNTRY, Phil Wickham Lead Artist Nominations for 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards : News : JubileeCast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Chartbreaker Anne Wilson releases 'Sunday Sermons'\". Niagara Frontier Publications. January 14, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wnypapers.com/news/article/current/2022/01/14/149382/billboard-chartbreaker-anne-wilson-releases-sunday-sermons","url_text":"\"Billboard Chartbreaker Anne Wilson releases 'Sunday Sermons'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson Releases New Song 'Sunday Sermons'\". Louder Than The Music. January 16, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.louderthanthemusic.com/document.php?id=11864","url_text":"\"Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson Releases New Song 'Sunday Sermons'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capitol CMG Radio on Instagram: \"TODAY is the day that Anne Wilson's \"Sunday Sermons\" officially goes for adds!! 🎉⛪️🙌🏻\"\". Instagram. February 4, 2022. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CZkCiNcu982/","url_text":"\"Capitol CMG Radio on Instagram: \"TODAY is the day that Anne Wilson's \"Sunday Sermons\" officially goes for adds!! 🎉⛪️🙌🏻\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/capitolcmgradio/2766347218108276534","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clarks, Jessie (March 4, 2022). \"Anne Wilson \"Sunday Sermons\" Music Video - TCB\". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/anne-wilson-sunday-sermons-music-video/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson \"Sunday Sermons\" Music Video - TCB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Future Releases for Christian Radio Stations \| Free New Songs from Music Artists\". AllAccess.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220811071142/https://www.allaccess.com/christian/future-releases","url_text":"\"Future Releases for Christian Radio Stations \| Free New Songs from Music Artists\""},{"url":"https://www.allaccess.com/christian/future-releases","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yap, Timothy (March 3, 2022). \"What We Know About Anne Wilson's Full-Length Debut Album \"My Jesus\" : News : JubileeCast\". JubileeCast. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jubileecast.com/articles/27451/20220303/what-we-know-about-anne-wilsons-full-length-debut-album-my-jesus.htm","url_text":"\"What We Know About Anne Wilson's Full-Length Debut Album \"My Jesus\" : News : JubileeCast\""}]},{"reference":"Tomeo, Marissa (April 1, 2022). \"Singer-Songwriter Anne Wilson Releases Latest Track, 'God Thing'\". Broadway World. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Singer-Songwriter-Anne-Wilson-Releases-Latest-Track-God-Thing-20220401","url_text":"\"Singer-Songwriter Anne Wilson Releases Latest Track, 'God Thing'\""}]},{"reference":"Clarks, Jessie (May 4, 2022). \"Anne Wilson & Hillary Scott Celebrate Mother's Day With \"Mamas\" Music Video - TCB\". The Christian Beat. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/anne-wilson-mamas-with-hillary-scott-music-video/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson & Hillary Scott Celebrate Mother's Day With \"Mamas\" Music Video - TCB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Christian Songs - Billboard\". Billboard. May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-songs/2022-05-21","url_text":"\"Hot Christian Songs - Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Young, Neil Z. \"Anne Wilson - My Jesus \| Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/my-jesus-mw0003713266","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson - My Jesus \| Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Winners \| The 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards\". GMA Dove Awards. August 10, 2022. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://doveawards.com/2022-nominees/","url_text":"\"2022 Winners \| The 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Dove_Awards","url_text":"GMA Dove Awards"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220811072953/https://doveawards.com/2022-nominees/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Atkinson, Katie (November 15, 2022). \"Grammy Nominations 2023: The Full List – Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved November 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/grammy-nominations-2023-full-list-1235171242/","url_text":"\"Grammy Nominations 2023: The Full List – Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"JesusfreakHideout.com 2022 Staff Picks\". Jesus Freak Hideout. December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/features/staffpicks2022.asp","url_text":"\"JesusfreakHideout.com 2022 Staff Picks\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, Kevin (December 15, 2022). \"Best of 2022: Top 10 Albums of the Year \| NRT LISTS \| NewReleaseToday\". NewReleaseToday. NRT Media, Inc. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newreleasetoday.com/article.php?article_id=3711","url_text":"\"Best of 2022: Top 10 Albums of the Year \| NRT LISTS \| NewReleaseToday\""}]},{"reference":"Asker, Jim (May 5, 2022). \"Anne Wilson's 'My Jesus' Debuts at No. 1 on Top Christian Albums Chart – Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/anne-wilson-my-jesus-top-christian-albums-chart/","url_text":"\"Anne Wilson's 'My Jesus' Debuts at No. 1 on Top Christian Albums Chart – Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard 200 – Billboard\". Billboard. May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/the-billboard-200/2022-05-07","url_text":"\"Billboard 200 – Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"My Jesus – Anne Wilson \| Credits \| AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/my-jesus-mw0003713266/credits","url_text":"\"My Jesus – Anne Wilson \| Credits \| AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard 200 – Billboard\". Billboard. May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-albums/2022-05-07","url_text":"\"Billboard 200 – Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Christian Albums – Billboard\". Billboard. May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-albums/2022-05-07","url_text":"\"Top Christian Albums – Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Christian Albums – Billboard\". Billboard. Year-End Chart. Retrieved December 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2022/christian-albums","url_text":"\"Top Christian Albums – Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Christian Albums – Billboard\". Billboard. Year-End Chart. Retrieved February 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2023/christian-albums","url_text":"\"Top Christian Albums – Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"My Jesus by Anne Wilson on Amazon Music\". Amazon.com. April 22, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/My-Jesus-Anne-Wilson/dp/B09SVT63K4","url_text":"\"My Jesus by Anne Wilson on Amazon Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com","url_text":"Amazon.com"}]},{"reference":"\"My Jesus [2 LP] by Anne Wilson on Amazon Music\". Amazon.com. July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Anne-Wilson/dp/B09Z6VCT9S","url_text":"\"My Jesus [2 LP] by Anne Wilson on Amazon Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com","url_text":"Amazon.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/breakout-artist-anne-wilson-releases-debut-album-my-jesus/","external_links_name":"\"Breakout Artist Anne Wilson Releases Debut Album 'My Jesus' \| CCM Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.louderthanthemusic.com/product.php?id=7040","external_links_name":"\"Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson - My Jesus\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/amp/articles/business/chart-beat/9613071/anne-wilson-my-jesus-hot-christian-songs-chart","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson's Debut Single 'My Jesus' Hits No. 1 on Hot Christian Songs Chart - Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/bubbling-under-hot-100-singles/2021-08-28","external_links_name":"\"Bubbling Under Hot 100 - Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-songs/2022-06-04","external_links_name":"\"Hot Christian Songs - Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-songs/2022-12-03","external_links_name":"\"Hot Christian Songs - Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Anne-Wilsons-Debut-Album-Tops-the-Billboard-Charts-20220503","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson's Debut Album Tops the Billboard Charts\""},{"Link":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/watch-nominations-for-53rd-annual-gma-dove-awards-announced/","external_links_name":"\"Watch: Nominations For 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards Announced - TCB\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/gma-dove-awards-cece-winans-anne-wilson-1235159610/","external_links_name":"\"2022 GMA Dove Awards Winners: CeCe Winans & Anne Wilson Lead – Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/billboard-music-awards-announces-2022-finalists/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Music Awards Announces 2022 Finalists - TCB\""},{"Link":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/nominations-for-65th-annual-grammy-awards-unveiled-including-ccm-gospel-categories/","external_links_name":"\"Nominations For 65th Annual GRAMMY Awards Unveiled Including CCM & Gospel Categories - TCB\""},{"Link":"https://jubileecast.com/articles/26239/20210422/anne-wilsons-amazing-story-from-aspiring-to-be-an-astronaut-to-singing-for-jesus.htm","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson's Amazing Story: From Aspiring to Be an Astronaut to Singing for Jesus : News : JubileeCast\""},{"Link":"https://musicrow.com/2021/04/anne-wilson-unveils-capitol-christian-debut-my-jesus/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson Unveils Capitol Christian Debut 'My Jesus' - MusicRow.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/208561/capitol-cmg-artist-anne-wilson-is-biggest-new-arti","external_links_name":"\"Capitol CMG Artist Anne Wilson Is Biggest New Artist Launch In Nearly 10 Years\""},{"Link":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/anne-wilson-has-unprecedented-success-with-historic-no-1-song-my-jesus/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson Has Unprecedented Success With Historic No. 1 Song \"My Jesus\" - TCB\""},{"Link":"https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/anne-wilson-releases-my-jesus-live-in-nashville-ep/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson Releases 'My Jesus (Live In Nashville)' EP \| CCM Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-albums/2021-10-16/","external_links_name":"\"Top Christian Albums Chart \| Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/anne-wilson-set-to-release-full-length-debut-on-april-22/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson Set To Release Full-Length Debut On April 22 - TCB\""},{"Link":"https://www.louderthanthemusic.com/document.php?id=12031","external_links_name":"\"Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson Set To Release Full-Length Debut 'My Jesus'\""},{"Link":"https://musicrow.com/2022/03/anne-wilson-slates-full-length-debut-my-jesus-for-april/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson Slates Full-Length Debut 'My Jesus' For April - MusicRow.com\""},{"Link":"https://guitargirlmag.com/news/music-news/breakout-singer-songwriter-anne-wilson-releases-her-debut-album-my-jesus-available-now/","external_links_name":"\"Breakout Singer-Songwriter Anne Wilson Releases Her Debut Album My Jesus Available Now - Guitar Girl Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.365daysofinspiringmedia.com/reviews/anne-wilson-my-jesus/#more-15381","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson – My Jesus \| 365 Days of Inspiring Media\""},{"Link":"https://todayschristianent.com/anne-wilson-my-jesus/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson - My Jesus (Album-Review) - CNTRY\""},{"Link":"https://todayschristianent.com/anne-wilson-my-jesus/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson 'My Jesus' – Today's Christian Entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/MyJesus.asp","external_links_name":"\"Jesusfreakhideout.com: Anne Wilson, \"My Jesus\" Review\""},{"Link":"https://jubileecast.com/articles/27658/20220422/anne-wilson-my-jesus-album-review.htm","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson \"My Jesus\" Album Review : Exclusives : JubileeCast\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmt.com/news/1844616/cmt-roundup-new-music-from-brett-eldredge-tenille-townes-and-travis-denning/","external_links_name":"\"CMT Roundup: New Music From Brett Eldredge, Tenille Townes and Travis Denning \| CMT\""},{"Link":"https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/anne-wilson-releases-debut-project-my-jesus/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson Releases Debut Project 'My Jesus' \| CCM Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/anne-wilson-releases-my-jesus/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson Releases \"My Jesus\" - TCB\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/capitolcmgradio/2578686755213889149","external_links_name":"\"Capitol CMG Radio on Instagram: \"Debut add date for Anne Wilson! 👏🏻Thank you so much to everyone showing love to her first ever radio single - \"My Jesus\"! 💛 IMPACTING NOW\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CPJVfD_h059/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/news/2021/10/22.AnneWilsonReleasesMyJesusVersionFeaturingCROWDER.asp","external_links_name":"\"JFH News: Anne Wilson Releases \"My Jesus\" Version Featuring CROWDER\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9620113/anne-wilson-tops-christian-airplay-my-jesus/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson Tops Christian Airplay With 'My Jesus' - Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/billboard-music-awards-announces-2022-finalists/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Music Awards Announces 2022 Finalists - TCB\""},{"Link":"https://jubileecast.com/articles/28111/20220810/matthew-west-maverick-city-music-anne-wilson-for-king-country-phil-wickham-lead-artist-nominations-for-53rd-annual-gma-dove-awards.htm","external_links_name":"\"Matthew West, Maverick City Music, Anne Wilson, FOR KING + COUNTRY, Phil Wickham Lead Artist Nominations for 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards : News : JubileeCast\""},{"Link":"https://www.wnypapers.com/news/article/current/2022/01/14/149382/billboard-chartbreaker-anne-wilson-releases-sunday-sermons","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Chartbreaker Anne Wilson releases 'Sunday Sermons'\""},{"Link":"https://www.louderthanthemusic.com/document.php?id=11864","external_links_name":"\"Louder Than The Music - Anne Wilson Releases New Song 'Sunday Sermons'\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CZkCiNcu982/","external_links_name":"\"Capitol CMG Radio on Instagram: \"TODAY is the day that Anne Wilson's \"Sunday Sermons\" officially goes for adds!! 🎉⛪️🙌🏻\"\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/capitolcmgradio/2766347218108276534","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/anne-wilson-sunday-sermons-music-video/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson \"Sunday Sermons\" Music Video - TCB\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220811071142/https://www.allaccess.com/christian/future-releases","external_links_name":"\"Future Releases for Christian Radio Stations \| Free New Songs from Music Artists\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaccess.com/christian/future-releases","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://jubileecast.com/articles/27451/20220303/what-we-know-about-anne-wilsons-full-length-debut-album-my-jesus.htm","external_links_name":"\"What We Know About Anne Wilson's Full-Length Debut Album \"My Jesus\" : News : JubileeCast\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Singer-Songwriter-Anne-Wilson-Releases-Latest-Track-God-Thing-20220401","external_links_name":"\"Singer-Songwriter Anne Wilson Releases Latest Track, 'God Thing'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thechristianbeat.org/anne-wilson-mamas-with-hillary-scott-music-video/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson & Hillary Scott Celebrate Mother's Day With \"Mamas\" Music Video - TCB\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-songs/2022-05-21","external_links_name":"\"Hot Christian Songs - Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/my-jesus-mw0003713266","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson - My Jesus \| Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://doveawards.com/2022-nominees/","external_links_name":"\"2022 Winners \| The 53rd Annual GMA Dove Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220811072953/https://doveawards.com/2022-nominees/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/grammy-nominations-2023-full-list-1235171242/","external_links_name":"\"Grammy Nominations 2023: The Full List – Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/features/staffpicks2022.asp","external_links_name":"\"JesusfreakHideout.com 2022 Staff Picks\""},{"Link":"https://www.newreleasetoday.com/article.php?article_id=3711","external_links_name":"\"Best of 2022: Top 10 Albums of the Year \| NRT LISTS \| NewReleaseToday\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/anne-wilson-my-jesus-top-christian-albums-chart/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Wilson's 'My Jesus' Debuts at No. 1 on Top Christian Albums Chart – Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/the-billboard-200/2022-05-07","external_links_name":"\"Billboard 200 – Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/my-jesus-mw0003713266/credits","external_links_name":"\"My Jesus – Anne Wilson \| Credits \| AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-albums/2022-05-07","external_links_name":"\"Billboard 200 – Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/christian-albums/2022-05-07","external_links_name":"\"Top Christian Albums – Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2022/christian-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Christian Albums – Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2023/christian-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Christian Albums – Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/My-Jesus-Anne-Wilson/dp/B09SVT63K4","external_links_name":"\"My Jesus by Anne Wilson on Amazon Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Anne-Wilson/dp/B09Z6VCT9S","external_links_name":"\"My Jesus [2 LP] by Anne Wilson on Amazon Music\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/4cb138f4-9a93-4741-b01c-721694499a17","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Costello	Thomas Joseph Costello	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	American Roman Catholic prelate (1929–2019) His Excellency, The Most ReverendThomas Joseph CostelloAuxiliary Bishop of SyracuseTitular Bishop of PerdicesArchdioceseNew YorkDioceseSyracuseAppointedJanuary 2, 1978InstalledMarch 18, 1978Term endedMarch 23, 2004Other post(s)Titular Bishop of PerdicesOrdersOrdinationJune 5, 1954ConsecrationMarch 18, 1978by Francis James Harrison, David Frederick Cunningham, and Francis MugaveroPersonal detailsBorn(1929-02-23)February 23, 1929Camden, New YorkDiedFebruary 15, 2019(2019-02-15) (aged 89) Styles ofThomas Joseph CostelloReference style His Excellency The Most Reverend Spoken styleYour ExcellencyReligious styleBishop Thomas Joseph Costello (February 23, 1929 – February 15, 2019) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church who served as an auxiliary bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Syracuse. Born in Camden, New York, Costello was ordained to the priesthood on June 5, 1954, at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception and served as a priest for 24 years before being consecrated a bishop on March 13, 1978. In addition to serving as auxiliary bishop of Syracuse, he was also named Titular Bishop of Perdices. In the years before being elevated to bishop, Costello received the title of monsignor from Pope Paul VI in 1965. He retired on March 23, 2004. He died on February 15, 2019. See also Portals: Biography Catholicism New York (state) Catholic Church hierarchy Catholic Church in the United States Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States List of Catholic bishops of the United States Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops References ^ Thomas Joseph Costello External links Roman Catholic Diocese of Syracuse Official Site Catholic Church titles Preceded by- Auxiliary Bishop of Syracuse 1978-2004 Succeeded by- vteRoman Catholic Diocese of SyracuseOrdinaries Bishops Patrick Anthony Ludden John Grimes Daniel Joseph Curley John A. Duffy Walter Andrew Foery David Frederick Cunningham Francis James Harrison Joseph Thomas O'Keefe James Michael Moynihan Robert J. Cunningham Douglas Lucia Auxiliary bishops Thomas Joseph Costello Churches Cathedral Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Syracuse Basilica Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Syracuse Parishes St. John the Baptist Greek Catholic Church, Syracuse St. Joseph's Church, Utica Former parish St. Peter's Italian Church, Syracuse Education High schools Bishop Grimes Junior/Senior High School, East Syracuse Bishop Ludden Junior/Senior High School, Syracuse Notre Dame Junior Senior High School, Utica Seton Catholic Central High School, Binghamton Independent high schools Christian Brothers Academy, Syracuse Holy Cross Academy, Oneida Catholicism portal Authority control databases VIAF This article about an American Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Syracuse"},{"link_name":"Camden, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Syracuse"},{"link_name":"Perdices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Thomas Joseph Costello (February 23, 1929 – February 15, 2019) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church who served as an auxiliary bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Syracuse.Born in Camden, New York, Costello was ordained to the priesthood on June 5, 1954, at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception and served as a priest for 24 years before being consecrated a bishop on March 13, 1978. In addition to serving as auxiliary bishop of Syracuse, he was also named Titular Bishop of Perdices.In the years before being elevated to bishop, Costello received the title of monsignor from Pope Paul VI in 1965.He retired on March 23, 2004.[1] He died on February 15, 2019.","title":"Thomas Joseph Costello"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/CoA_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Syracuse.svg/80px-CoA_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Syracuse.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"title":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"title":"New York (state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)"},{"title":"Catholic Church hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_hierarchy"},{"title":"Catholic Church in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_list_of_the_Catholic_bishops_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of Catholic bishops of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_bishops_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_patriarchs,_archbishops,_and_bishops"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcostello.html","external_links_name":"Thomas Joseph Costello"},{"Link":"http://www.syrdio.org/","external_links_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Syracuse Official Site"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/73438730","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Joseph_Costello&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Cup_(United_States)	Atlantic Cup (Major League Soccer)	["1 The rivalry","1.1 Origins","1.2 Arrival of the formal cup","1.3 Early club connections","1.4 Red Bull controversy","1.5 Recent years","2 Supporters","3 Players and transfers","3.1 D.C., then New York","3.2 New York, then D.C.","4 Honors","5 All-time game results","6 Statistics","6.1 Eastern Conference standings finishes","7 Winners by year","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References"]	"Atlantic Cup (United States)" redirects here. For the Atlantic Cup in rugby league, see Rugby League Atlantic Cup. This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2021) Atlantic Cup D.C. United New York Red Bulls Other namesI-95 DerbyLocationMid-AtlanticFirst meetingMay 12, 1996MLS regular seasonDC 1–2 NY/NJ MetroStarsLatest meetingMay 15, 2024MLS regular seasonDC 1–4 NY Red BullsNext meetingJune 29, 2024MLS regular seasonNY Red Bulls v DCStatisticsMeetings total107Most winsD.C. United (46 wins)All-time seriesDC 46–19–42 NY Red BullsRegular season seriesMLS: DC 37–16–35 NY Red BullsOpen Cup: DC 2–0–3 NY Red BullsPostseason resultsDC 7–2–4 NY Red BullsLargest victoryNY/NJ MetroStars 0–5 DCMajor League Soccer(September 16, 1998) The Atlantic Cup is both the name of the rivalry, as well as the trophy awarded to the winner of the regular season series between D.C. United, and the New York Red Bulls. The series occurs twice a year, with each team hosting one match. Although the Atlantic Cup is just one of the now many "I-95 Derbies" it is still considered by many Major League Soccer fans and pundits to be the original derby of the East Coast. Inaugurated in 2002, the Atlantic Cup has become one of the most bitter rivalries in Major League Soccer and in American soccer. The origins of the rivalry are unknown, but some claim that it developed due to the cities' relative proximity to each other, and the frequency with which the two clubs play one another in league, playoff, and Open Cup play. New York City and Washington, D.C. have had rivalries based on various other sports, such as American football (Commanders–Giants rivalry) and ice hockey (Capitals–Rangers rivalry), so can also be argued that the rivalry that already existed between the two cities ended up being also transplanted for soccer. For United, the Red Bulls are the only opponent they have competed against in more than six occasions in both the U.S. Open Cup and the MLS Cup Playoffs. Initially, the rivalry has been in favor of D.C. United, in terms of silverware collected and matches won. Over both clubs' histories, United has won a dozen major titles, while New York was the last original MLS franchise to win its first major title (in 2013). However, while the Atlantic Cup was dominated by D.C. United during a majority of the 2000s, New York dominated the series during a majority of the 2010s. As of August 6, 2022, the two sides have met 103 times across all competitions, 86 of them were in the MLS regular season, 13 in MLS Cup playoffs, and 4 in U.S. Open Cup. The New York Red Bulls are the current titleholders of the Atlantic Cup. The rivalry Origins The two teams first met on May 12, 1996; when the New York Red Bulls were branded as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars. The game was played at RFK Stadium in front of a crowd of 14,722, and ended 1–1 in regulation time. In regulation time, United's John Harkes scored United's first ever goal against the MetroStars off an assist from Tony Sanneh in the 11th minute. The MetroStars' Giovanni Savarese drew the match level in the 62nd minute. At the time, if Major League Soccer ended drawn at the end of regulation time, it entered the 35-yard shootout. In the shootout, the MetroStars won the first match of the series 2–1. During the inaugural regular season, the two sides would meet each other three more times, with the two sides sharing spoils. The 1996 season ended gridlocked with each club winning two matches apiece, winning one match in their home stadium, and another on the road. However, on aggregate goals, United outscored the MetroStars 6–4. The two sides met again in the Conference Semifinals 1996 MLS Cup Playoffs, where United defeated the MetroStars 2–1 in a best-of-three series. The first game of the post-season series, played on September 24, 1996, ended in the MetroStars' favor, as NY/NJ posted a victory in the shootout following a 2–2 tie after regulation. Three days later, United earned a 1–0 regulation victory at home, tying the series at 1–1, before culminating the series with a 2–1 victory, thanks to an 89th-minute penalty kick from Raul Diaz Arce. In the 1996 MLS Cup Playoffs, United would eventually go on to win the inaugural MLS Cup, defeating the Los Angeles Galaxy, 3–2. By next year, the two franchises took opposite routes in MLS' sophomore campaign, with D.C. United eventually going on to win their second MLS Cup championship, while the NY/NJ MetroStars failed to qualify for the 1997 MLS Cup Playoffs altogether. Despite the poorer form from the MetroStars, the club won the regular season series against United, through the virtue of more aggregate goals. The two sides faced off four times during the season, with United winning the first two outings, while the MetroStars won the final two meetings. In the final regular season matchup, held on September 27, 1997; United lost at home by a 3–1 scoreline against the MetroStars, ultimately failing to win the series. Arrival of the formal cup At the start of the 2002 Major League Soccer season, a formal trophy was incarnated by the administrators of D.C. United and the MetroStars, which was titled the "Atlantic Cup". In the 2002 series, United earned the trophy, winning two of the three regular season outings against the MetroStars. Despite the success, neither team qualified for the 2002 MLS Cup Playoffs, being the only two teams in the league not to qualify that season. During the 2003 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, the MetroStars and United both enjoyed successful Open Cup campaigns, meeting each other in the semifinal round of the Open Cup, marking the first time the two rivals met in the domestic tournament. In the quarterfinals, the MetroStars enjoyed a golden goal victory from an Amado Guevara goal in the 116th minute, defeating fellow MLS side, the New England Revolution, in the process. United faced USISL Pro League side (third division), Wilmington Hammerheads. The match, played in Wilmington, North Carolina, saw United emerge victorious 1–0 off a Ronald Cerritos goal in the 30th minute. The October 1, 2003 Open Cup semifinal affair was hosted by the MetroStars and played on at Yurcak Field in Piscataway, New Jersey, marking the first time in Atlantic Cup history the two sides met at Yurcak. In the outing, United got the go-ahead goal in the 18th minute of play off a strike from Galin Ivanov. Honduran international, Amado Guevara, netted two unanswered goals for the MetroStars in the 20th and 43rd minutes of play, giving the MetroStars a 2–1 lead going into the break. With less than 15 minutes remaining in regulation, United's Cerritos netted the equalizer, only before longtime MetroStars striker, John Wolyniec netted the match-winner, sending the MetroStars to their first ever championship of a major tournament. Early club connections In addition, early in the history of the league, there were personality clashes between members of the two teams. For example, MetroStars players Tony Meola and Tab Ramos were long time acquaintances of D.C. United's captain John Harkes. All three players were natives of New Jersey and had played together and against each other most of their lives. DC fans especially singled out Meola (who was briefly an actor and who had tried out to be the placekicker for the New York Jets) for scorn. In response, MetroStars supporters tended to reserve most of their scorn for Richie Williams. Ironically, former D.C. assistant coach Bob Bradley would coach the MetroStars, and the Red Bulls coaching staff was also headed by former D.C. coach Bruce Arena until the end of the 2007 season, assisted by Harkes and Williams. Red Bull controversy The rivalry became even greater when the two met at Giants Stadium on April 22, 2006 as Alecko Eskandarian scored the first goal of a 4–1 D.C. United victory. After the goal he took a sip of Red Bull energy drink and then spit it on the ground as an intentional slight on the recently renamed New York Red Bulls. MLS fined Eskandarian $250 for his actions. Recent years Thierry Henry was one of several high-profile acquisitions by New York in 2010. Throughout the 2010 season, D.C. United hit an all-time nadir record wise, whereas the New York Red Bulls were making several high-profile acquisitions, causing some to believe that New York was becoming the more dominant Atlantic Cup team. On May 1, 2010; while United had lost their first four regular season matches, New York had won their first four matches. Attaining opposite records of 4–0–0 and 0–0–4, respectively, New York earned a 2–0 road win at RFK Stadium. The win was New York's first road win against D.C. since October 8, 2005 and their first win against United since 2008, as well as their first shutout against United since 2006. Subsequently, United drew 0–0 against New York in their first meeting in Red Bull Arena allowing the Red Bulls to win the Atlantic Cup derby for the first time since 2003, ending a six-year stretch of titles won by D.C. The rivalry intensified, mainly between United and Red Bulls supporters in April 2011, when New York visited D.C. At the time, New York had been on a two-game winning streak, and held by far the best Eastern Conference record. United, rebuilding from the prior year were much lower in the standings. Goals from Thierry Henry, Joel Lindpere and Juan Agudelo lead the Red Bulls to a commanding 4–0 victory over United, making it the worst loss United suffered at home since the 2005 MLS Cup Playoffs, and their worst loss ever to New York. However, in the return match, United earned a 1–0 away victory at Red Bull Arena, giving them some consolation over New York, but ultimately failing to win the Atlantic Cup for the second straight year. In spite of winning the Atlantic Cup for two-straight years, making it New York's first time since 2003, players expressed disinterest in the honor. On June 24, 2012, the two sides clashed again in the second of three legs of the series. The match ended in New York's advantage, earning a 3–2 victory over D.C. Ex-United midfielder Brandon Barklage netted two of the Red Bulls' three goals. United's Chris Pontius scored the fastest goal in franchise history, scoring 29 seconds after kickoff. The announced crowd of 25,187 was the largest in Red Bull Arena history, and the largest crowd to witness the rivalry since 2004. On January 18, 2022, the LA Galaxy announced that the Red Bulls and D.C. United will participate in the Coachella Valley Invitational. On April 21, 2022, the teams were drawn together for the Round of 32 in the U.S. Open Cup. The Red Bulls defeated D.C. United 3-0 on May 10, 2022 to advance to the Round of 16, with a first half goal in stoppage time by Luquinhas, and second half goals by John Tolkin and Zach Ryan. After adding up a few more wins, the Red Bulls would eventually fall to Orlando City SC in the Semifinals. Despite D.C. United taking advantage of the Red Bulls in the 2000s, New York has seized control of the rivalry in the late 2010s, as well as the early 2020s. The Bulls took the past 5 of 6 season series, cutting D.C. United's Atlantic Cup lead to just 14-13 heading into 2023. Supporters La Barra Brava and Screaming Eagles supporters groups at RFK Stadium. A majority of the Atlantic Cup derby is seen between the supporters groups of D.C. United and the New York Red Bulls. Two of the largest and oldest supporters clubs in Major League Soccer history, originate as supporters of United and Red Bull. The largest supporters groups of D.C. United, La Barra Brava, and the Screaming Eagles, formed in 1995, a year before the inaugural season of the league. Likewise, the first supporters group for New York, the Empire Supporters Club also formed in 1995, making the three fan clubs amongst the oldest in modern-day American soccer, the first version of super-fans seen in American soccer since the late 1970s/early 1980s during the North American Soccer League era. Over the years, several other supporters groups have sprouted to support D.C. United and the New York Red Bulls. Since 1996, La Norte and the District Ultras formed in support of D.C. United. Likewise the Garden State Ultras, a group of Red Bull fans based in New Jersey, and the Viking Army, named in tribute to former Red Bull coach, Hans Backe and his Scandinavian roots, have formed. La Norte is known for bringing a heavy Latin-American feel to RFK Stadium and its atmosphere, launching toilet paper, banners, and playing various instruments much like club teams in South America. The District Ultras are an ultras fan group that is known for its controversial stances in opposition to the league structure of MLS, and the way the league operates under its single entity structure. Throughout the first few years of existence, the Ultras have been known for very political signs denouncing the franchise set up existing in MLS and promoting a more independent club setup, commonly seen throughout the rest of the World and in the lower divisions of the American soccer pyramid. Because of the proximities of the New York City and Washington, D.C. metropolitan areas (about 228 miles, or 367 kilometers) matches between the two clubs have high levels of away supporters, average in the thousands for matches. Players and transfers D.C., then New York Name Pos D.C. New York Career Apps Goals Career Apps Goals Jeff Agoos DF 1999–2000 158 7 2005 28 0 Chris Albright DF 1996–2001 56 4 2010–2011 26 0 Brandon Barklage DF 2009–2011 11 0 2012–2013 51 2 Bobby Convey MF 2000–2004 89 8 2014 14 0 Brian Kamler DF 1996–1999, 2001 72 3 2002 8 1 Dema Kovalenko MF 2003–2005 82 12 2006–2007 36 2 Mark Lisi MF 2001–2002 31 4 2002–2006 89 3 Thiago Martins FW 2003 5 0 2006 1 0 Dax McCarty MF 2011 13 0 2011–2016 198 15 Jaime Moreno FW 1998–2002, 2004–2010 150 69 2003 12 2 Santino Quaranta MF 2001–2006, 2008–2011 159 25 2007 3 0 Eddie Pope DF 1996–2002 143 8 2003–2004 51 2 Carey Talley DF 1998–2001, 2010 124 10 2010 1 0 Richie Williams MF 1996–2000, 2002 169 8 2001, 2003 47 0 Craig Ziadie DF 2001–2002 19 0 2002–2004 57 1 New York, then D.C. Name Pos New York D.C. Career Apps Goals Career Apps Goals Mike Ammann GK 1999–2000 46 0 2001 19 0 Austin da Luz MF 2011 7 1 2011 14 0 Dwayne De Rosario MF 2011 13 2 2011–2013 68 23 Francis Doe FW 2007 8 2 2008–2009 14 2 Fabián Espíndola FW 2013 28 9 2014–2016 59 20 Ezra Hendrickson DF 1997 8 0 2004 12 0 Sébastien Le Toux FW 2012 14 1 2017 16 2 Felipe Martins MF 2015–2017 100 10 2019–2021 44 1 Jeff Parke DF 2004–2008 143 1 2014 13 0 Mike Petke DF 1998–2002, 2009–2010 197 7 2003–2005 58 5 Orlando Perez DF 2000–2002 41 0 2002 8 0 Lloyd Sam MF 2012–2016 106 20 2016–2017 43 5 Diego Soñora DF 1998 30 3 1999 27 1 Joe Vide MF 2006–2008 23 0 2009 8 1 Petter Villegas MF 1996, 1999–2002 91 13 2002 18 2 Zach Wells GK 2004–2005 19 0 2008 17 0 A. J. Wood FW 1996–1997 36 7 1998–2001 74 1 Henry Zambrano FW 1999 14 3 2002 5 1 Honors With 13 major honors, D.C. United have won more major competitions than any other Major League Soccer club, and are tied for the most of any North American soccer franchise ever. D.C. United won their first major title in 1996, winning the 1996 MLS Cup championship. Since then, they have claimed three additional MLS Cups (league championship), four Supporters' Shields (league premiership), three U.S. Open Cups (national championship) and one CONCACAF Champions Cup title (continental championship). In addition, United won the 1998 Copa Interamericana, an infrequently-held and now-defunct super cup between the champions of CONCACAF and CONMEBOL. Of the original MLS franchises, New York was the last to have won its first major honor, capturing their first Supporters' Shield in 2013. Table correct as of October 28, 2018 Team MLS Cup Supporters' Shield U.S. Open Cup CONCACAFChampions League Copa Interamericana Total D.C. United 4 4 3 1 1 13 New York Red Bulls 0 3 0 0 0 3 Combined 4 7 3 1 1 16 All-time game results The largest victory in the history between these sides was a 5–0 victory by D.C. United over the New York MetroStars at Giants Stadium. The match was played on September 16, 1998. The match remains United's largest away victory against New York in history. New York's largest victory came on April 21, 2011 when the Red Bulls posted a 4–0 victory over United. The largest crowd on hand to witness the Atlantic Cup was on April 17, 2004 when 72,312 witnessed New York post a 3–2 victory over D.C. United. New York wins United wins Draw # Date Competition Venue Home team Score Away team Goalscorers Attendance 1. May 12, 1996 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–1* Metrostars (H) Harkes (A) Savarese 14,722 2. May 30, 1996 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 1–2 D.C. United (H) Wood (A) Rammel, Sanneh 25,322 3. August 21, 1996 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 2–3 D.C. United (H) de Ávila (2) (A) Williams, Etcheverry, Díaz Arce 20,416 4. September 6, 1996 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–2 Metrostars (H) Sanneh (A) de Ávila, Joseph 8,053 5. September 24, 1996 MLS Playoffs Giants Stadium Metrostars 2–2* D.C. United (H) de Ávila, Savarese (A) Díaz Arce, Moreno 14,416 6. September 27, 1996 MLS Playoffs RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–0 Metrostars (H) Etcheverry (A) 21,442 7. October 2, 1996 MLS Playoffs RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–1 Metrostars (H) Rammel, Díaz Arce (A) de Ávila 20,423 8. April 5, 1997 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–1 Metrostars (H) Pope, Moreno (A) de Ávila 28,749 9. April 19, 1997 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 1–2 D.C. United (H) Savarese (A) Díaz Arce, Moreno 26,322 10. July 27, 1997 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 2–1 D.C. United (H) Savarese, de Ávila (A) Harkes 20,104 11. September 28, 1997 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–3 Metrostars (H) Moreno (A) Kelly, Savarese, Joseph 9,686 12. May 9, 1998 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–0 Metrostars (H) Etcheverry, Lassiter (A) 17,027 13. May 16, 1998 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 4–3 D.C. United (H) Savarese (2), Rooney, Hurtado (A) Sanneh, Lassiter, Moreno 15,322 14. August 22, 1998 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–1 Metrostars (H) Moreno, Etcheverry (A) Soñora 16,729 15. September 16, 1998 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 0–5 D.C. United (H) Lassiter, Moreno, Olsen, Harty (own goal), Wood (A) 14,117 16. April 3, 1999 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 0–1 D.C. United (H) (A) Lassiter 20,978 17. May 8, 1999 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–1 Metrostars (H) Lassiter, Moreno (A) Kalonji 15,499 18. August 11, 1999 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 1–4 D.C. United (H) Ćurčić (A) Talley, Moreno, Olsen , Wood 6,876 19. September 18, 1999 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–1* Metrostars (H) Moreno (A) Villegas 21,463 20. April 1, 2000 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 3–2 D.C. United (H) Comas, Kelly, Valencia (A) Moreno, Agoos 27,322 21. April 22, 2000 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–3 Metrostars (H) Perez (own goal), Etcheverry (A) Agoos (own goal), Villegas, Petke 14,985 22. June 21, 2000 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 2–2 D.C. United (H) Mathis, Ramos (A) Albright, Moreno 10,316 23. August 2, 2000 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 3–2 Metrostars (H) Díaz Arce, Moreno, Wood (A) Valencia, Walsh 13,801 24. May 5, 2001 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 2–1 D.C. United (H) Mathis, Faria, Villegas (A) Moreno (2) 20,877 25. June 13, 2001 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–1 Metrostars (H) Conteh, Moreno (A) Faria 11,581 26. July 21, 2001 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 2–1 D.C. United (H) Walsh, Talley (own goal) (A) Talley 32,723 27. August 15, 2001 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–2 Metrostars (H) Lisi (A) Faria, Chung 11,618 28. May 18, 2002 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 4–2 Metrostars (H) Moreno (2), Villegas, Etcheverry (A) Faria, Lisi 20,105 29. August 25, 2002 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 1–0 D.C. United (H) Mathis (A) 20,447 30. September 12, 2002 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 0–1 D.C. United (H) (A) Etcheverry 14,585 31. September 14, 2002 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–1 Metrostars (H) Convey, Curtis (A) Faria 17,677 32. May 10, 2003 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 1–0 D.C. United (H) Mathis (A) 17,934 33. July 5, 2003 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–3 Metrostars (H) Etcheverry, Kovalenko (A) Moreno, Clark, Gaven 13,715 34. September 25, 2003 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 0–2 D.C. United (H) (A) Olsen, Cerritos 8,077 35. September 28, 2003 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–1 Metrostars (H) Etcheverry (A) Magee 13,521 36. October 1, 2003 Open Cup Yurcak Field Metrostars 3–2 D.C. United (H) Guevara (2), Wolyniec (A) Ivanov, Cerritos 3,791 37. April 17, 2004 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 3–2 D.C. United (H) Taylor (2), Wolyniec (A) Olsen, Adu 31,419 38. July 3, 2004 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 6–2 Metrostars (H) Nelsen, Moreno, Eskandarian (2), Stewart, Olsen (A) Gaven, Taylor 16,177 39. October 2, 2004 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 0–1 D.C. United (H) (A) Adu 32,864 40. October 17, 2004 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 3–2 Metrostars (H) Gómez (2), Petke (A) Wolyniec, Clark 19,832 41. October 23, 2004 MLS Playoffs Giants Stadium Metrostars 0–2 D.C. United (H) (A) Stewart, Eskandarian 11,161 42. October 30, 2004 MLS Playoffs RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–0 Metrostars (H) Moreno, Namoff (A) 15,763 43. June 12, 2005 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 0–0 D.C. United (H) (A) 15,125 44. August 10, 2005 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 3–0 Metrostars (H) Boswell, Kovalenko, Gros (A) 11,883 45. October 1, 2005 MLS Giants Stadium Metrostars 1–4 D.C. United (H) Magee (A) Agoos (own goal), Olsen (2), Moreno 27,670 46. October 8, 2005 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–2 Metrostars (H) Moreno (A) Galván Rey, Djorkaeff 18,751 47. April 2, 2006 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–2 New York Red Bulls (H) Eskandarian, Erpen (A) Djorkaeff, Buddle 23,028 48. April 22, 2006 MLS Giants Stadium New York Red Bulls 1–4 D.C. United (H) Djorkaeff (A) Eskandarian (2), Erpen, Walker 8,475 49. August 12, 2006 MLS Giants Stadium New York Red Bulls 0–0 D.C. United (H) (A) 11,230 50. August 23, 2006 Open Cup RFK Stadium D.C. United 3–1 New York Red Bulls (H) Gros, Walker (A) Guevara 8,637 51. September 23, 2006 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 4–3 New York Red Bulls (H) Mendes (own goal), Gómez, Moreno, Donnet (A) Guevara (2), Altidore 21,727 52. October 21, 2006 MLS Playoffs Giants Stadium New York Red Bulls 0–1 D.C. United (H) (A) Gómez 8,630 53. October 29, 2006 MLS Playoffs RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–1 New York Red Bulls (H) Gómez (A) Altidore 21,455 54. June 10, 2007 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 4–2 New York Red Bulls (H) Olsen (3), Emílio (A) Kovalenko Ángel 18,066 55. July 22, 2007 MLS Giants Stadium New York Red Bulls 1–0 D.C. United (H) Wolyniec (A) 14,705 56. August 22, 2007 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 3–1 New York Red Bulls (H) Olsen, Gómez, Moreno (A) Ángel 18,748 57. June 14, 2008 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 4–1 New York Red Bulls (H) Emílio (3) Simms (A) van den Bergh 18,622 58. August 10, 2008 MLS Giants Stadium New York Red Bulls 4–1 D.C. United (H) Ángel (2), Magee, Ubiparipović (A) Moreno 15,038 59. August 30, 2008 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 0–0 New York Red Bulls (H) (A) 15,616 60. April 26, 2009 MLS Playoffs Giants Stadium New York Red Bulls 2–3 D.C. United (H) Ángel, Richards (A) Wallace, Emílio, Pontius 10,303 61. May 20, 2009 Open Cup RFK Stadium D.C. United 5–3 New York Red Bulls (H) Pontius (2), Khumalo, Barklage, Fred (A) Richards, Rojas (2) 5,056 62. June 4, 2009 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–0 New York Red Bulls (H) Quaranta, Moreno (A) 11,226 63. May 1, 2010 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 0–2 New York Red Bulls (H) (A) Ibrahim , Ángel 12,089 64. July 10, 2010 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 0–0 D.C. United (H) (A) 16,239 65. April 21, 2011 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 0–4 New York Red Bulls (H) (A) Henry (2), Lindpere, Agudelo 18,052 66. July 9, 2011 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 0–1 D.C. United (H) (A) De Rosario 22,200 67. April 22, 2012 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 4–1 New York Red Bulls (H) Pontius (3), DeLeon (A) Henry 13,262 68. June 24, 2012 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 3–2 D.C. United (H) Barklage (2), Solli (A) Pontius (2) 25,187 69. August 29, 2012 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–2 New York Red Bulls (H) DeLeon, De Rosario (A) Lindpere, Conde 10,303 70. November 3, 2012 MLS Playoffs RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–1 New York Red Bulls (H) Miller (own goal) (A) Hamid (own goal) 17,556 71. November 8, 2012 MLS Playoffs Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 0–1 D.C. United (H) (A) DeLeon 14,035 72. March 16, 2013 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 0–0 D.C. United (H) (A) 22,022 73. April 13, 2013 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 0–2 New York Red Bulls (H) (A) Henry, Olave 18,019 74. August 31, 2013 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 2–1 D.C. United (H) Sam, Cahill (A) DeLeon 17,372 75. April 12, 2014 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–0 New York Red Bulls (H) Arnaud (A) 12,364 76. August 31, 2014 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–0 New York Red Bulls (H) Silva, Johnson (A) 19,453 77. September 10, 2014 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 1–0 D.C. United (H) Sam (A) 14,953 78. November 2, 2014 MLS Playoffs Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 2–0 D.C. United (H) Wright-Phillips, Luyindula (A) 18,054 79. November 8, 2014 MLS Playoffs RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–1 New York Red Bulls (H) DeLeon, Franklin (A) Luyindula 20,187 80. March 22, 2015 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 2–0 D.C. United (H) Wright-Phillips, Sam (A) 21,036 81. April 11, 2015 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–2 New York Red Bulls (H) Kitchen (2) (A) Perrinelle, Sam 16,304 82. August 30, 2015 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 3–0 D.C. United (H) Wright-Phillips (2), Sam (A) 22,645 83. November 1, 2015 MLS Playoffs RFK Stadium D.C. United 0–1 New York Red Bulls (H) (A) McCarty 19,525 84. November 8, 2015 MLS Playoffs Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 1–0 D.C. United (H) Wright-Phillips (A) 25,219 85. May 13, 2016 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–0 New York Red Bulls (H) Saborio, Nyarko (A) 19,632 86. August 21, 2016 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 2–2 New York Red Bulls (H) Sarvas, Mullins (A) Wright-Phillips, Felipe 15,139 87. September 11, 2016 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 2–2 D.C. United (H) Verón, Wright-Phillips (A) Birnbaum, Neagle 20,086 88. April 15, 2017 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 2–0 D.C. United (H) Muyl, Wright-Phillips (A) 20,104 89. September 27, 2017 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 3–3 D.C. United (H) Adams (2), Verón (A) Stieber, Mullins, Escobar (own goal) 16,538 90. October 22, 2017 MLS RFK Stadium D.C. United 1–2 New York Red Bulls (H) Arriola (A) Murillo, Verón 41,418 91. July 25, 2018 MLS Audi Field D.C. United 0–1 New York Red Bulls (H) (A) Wright-Phillips 15,655 92. August 26, 2018 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 1–0 D.C. United (H) Kaku (A) 22,324 93. September 16, 2018 MLS Audi Field D.C. United 3–3 New York Red Bulls (H) Arriola, Rooney, Acosta (A) Wright-Phillips (3) 18,331 94. August 21, 2019 MLS Audi Field D.C. United 1–2 New York Red Bulls (H) Kamara (A) Kaku, Royer 18,302 95. September 29, 2019 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 0–0 D.C. United (H) (A) 20,118 96. September 2, 2020 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 0–1 D.C. United (H) (A) Sorga 0 97. September 12, 2020 MLS Audi Field D.C. United 0–2 New York Red Bulls (H) (A) Long, Royer 0 98. July 25, 2021 MLS Audi Field D.C. United 1–0 New York Red Bulls (H) Kamara(A) 15,912 99. September 11, 2021 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 1–1 D.C. United (H) Yearwood(A) Kamara 12,574 100. October 27, 2021 MLS Audi Field D.C. United 1–0 New York Red Bulls (H) Paredes(A) 14,109 101. May 10, 2022 Open Cup Audi Field D.C. United 0–3 New York Red Bulls (H)(A) Luquinhas, Tolkin, Ryan 8,920 102. May 28, 2022 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 4–1 D.C. United (H) Luquinhas (2), Morgan, Alfaro (own goal)(A) Kamara 13,678 103. August 6, 2022 MLS Audi Field D.C. United 0–0 New York Red Bulls (H)(A) 16,258 104. May 9, 2023 Open Cup MSU Soccer Park at Pittser Field New York Red Bulls 1–0 D.C. United (H) Fernandez(A) 2,396 105. August 20, 2023 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls 1–0 D.C. United (H) Tolkin(A) 17,872 106. September 23, 2023 MLS Audi Field D.C. United 3–5 New York Red Bulls (H) Benteke (3)(A) Fernandez (2), Harper, S. Nealis, Tolkin 12,591 107. May 15, 2024 MLS Audi Field D.C. United 1–4 New York Red Bulls (H) Bartlett(A) Elias, Harper, Morgan, Burke 17,417 108. June 29, 2024 MLS Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls D.C. United (H) (A) Statistics As of May 15, 2024, there have been a total of 107 competitive games between D.C. United and the New York Red Bulls. D.C. has won 46 of these outings, while New York has won 42. The remaining 19 matches ended as draws. Competition Matches DCU wins Draws RBNY wins DCU goals RBNY goals MLS regular season 89 37 17 35 138 120 MLS Cup Playoffs 13 7 2 4 15 9 U.S. Open Cup 5 2 0 3 10 11 Total 107 46 19 42 162 140 Eastern Conference standings finishes D.C. United New York Red Bulls P. 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 • Total: New York with 16 higher finishes, D.C. United with 12. Winners by year Notes:× Retroactive & unofficial+ Points based on regulation wins (3), ties (1), shoot-out wins (1), shoot-out losses (0) & regulation losses (0)Tiebreakers: 1) Goal differential, 2) Away goals for, 3) Previous year winner Year Winner Score 2023 N.Y. Red Bulls 6–3 2022 N.Y. Red Bulls 4–1 2021 D.C. United 7–1 2020 N.Y. Red Bulls 3–3 (goals agg. 2–1) 2019 N.Y. Red Bulls 4–1 2018 N.Y. Red Bulls 7–1 2017 N.Y. Red Bulls 7–1 2016 D.C. United 5–2 2015 N.Y. Red Bulls 7–1 2014 D.C. United 6–3 2013 N.Y. Red Bulls 7–1 2012 D.C. United 4–4 (goals agg. 8–6) 2011 N.Y. Red Bulls 3–3 (goals agg. 4–1) 2010 N.Y. Red Bulls 4–1 2009 D.C. United 6–0 2008 D.C. United 4–4 (goals agg. 5–5) (away goals 1–1) 2007 D.C. United 6–3 2006 D.C. United 8–2 2005 D.C. United 7–4 2004 D.C. United 9–3 2003 MetroStars 7–4 2002 D.C. United 9–3 2001 MetroStars 9–3 × 2000 MetroStars 7–4 × 1999 D.C. United 10–0 ×+ 1998 D.C. United 9–3 ×+ 1997 NY/NJ MetroStars 6–6 ×+ (goals agg. 7–6) 1996 D.C. United 6–4 ×+ See also MLS rivalry cups I-95 derbies Commanders–Giants rivalry Capitals–Rangers rivalry Capitals–Islanders rivalry Notes ^ a b Held behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 restrictions. References ^ "Preview: New York vs. D.C. United". MLSSoccer.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2011. ^ Clark, Travis (July 7, 2011). "Storied DC United-New York rivalry features new twist". MLSSoccer.com. Retrieved July 10, 2011. ^ Caulfield, Alex (April 18, 2011). "United ready for Atlantic Cup redemption". DCUnited.com. Retrieved January 12, 2012. ^ Giase, Frank (July 9, 2011). "Dwayne De Rosario carries D.C. United over Red Bulls, 1–0, beating former team with late goal". The Star–Ledger. NJ.com. Retrieved January 12, 2012. ^ a b "1997 Regular Season Schedule". DCUnited.com. Retrieved January 10, 2012. ^ Plenderleith, Ian (September 24, 2003). "DC v Metrostars Part 3: Open Cup Semi-Final Preview". DCUnited.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2003. Retrieved January 11, 2012. ^ In American soccer, a "major tournament" or "major honor" usually pertains to either the MLS Cup, Supporters' Shield, U.S. Open Cup or CONCACAF Champions League. ^ "LA Galaxy to host inaugural Coachella Valley Invitational Feb. 10-19 at Empire Polo Club". LA Galaxy. January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022. ^ "NY Red Bulls 3, DC United 0". mlssoccer.com. May 10, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022. ^ "From Washington, DC to New York, NY". Google Maps. ^ de los Rios, Gabriel (August 23, 2011). "Soccer Almanac: MLS Trophy Case (infographic)". MLS. MLSSoccer.com. Retrieved April 23, 2012. ^ "USA – List of Champions of US Pro Soccer League, Division I". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. RSSSF. December 12, 2011. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012. ^ "INFOGRAPHIC: New York vs. DC United by the numbers". MLSsoccer.com. Major League Soccer. June 23, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2012. ^ Metrofanatic.com ^ a b "D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2". RSSSF. ^ "Metrostars 1, D.C. United 2". RSSSF.com. ^ "Metrostars 2, D.C. United 3". RSSSF. ^ "Metrostars 2, D.C. United 2". RSSSF. ^ "D.C. United 1, Metrostars 0". RSSSF. ^ "D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1". RSSSF. ^ "D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1". BaltimoreSun.com. April 6, 1997. ^ "Metrostars 1, D.C. United 2". UPI.com. ^ Yannis, Alex (July 28, 1997). "Metrotars 2, D.C. United 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 1, Metrostars 3". HighBeam.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. ^ Dicker, Ron (May 10, 1998). "D.C. United 12, Metrostars 0". The New York Times. ^ Dicker, Ron (May 17, 1998). "Metrostars 4, D.C. United 3". The New York Times. ^ Bell, Jack (August 23, 1998). "D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1". The New York Times. ^ "Metrostars 0, D.C. United 5". SoccerTimes.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017. ^ "Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1". SoccerTimes.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2017. ^ "D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1". HighBeam.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. ^ "Metrostars 1, D.C. United 4". RSSSF.com. ^ Yannis, Alex (September 19, 1999). "D.C. United 1, Metrostars 1". The New York Times. ^ "Metrotars 3, D.C. United 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, Metrostars 3". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrotars 2, D.C. United 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 3, Metrostars 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrostars 2, D.C. United 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 4, Metrostars 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrostars 1, D.C. United 0". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrostars 1, D.C. United 0". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, Metrostars 3". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrostars 0, D.C. United 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 1, Metrostars 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 6, Metrostars 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 3, Metrostars 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrostars 0, D.C. United 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, Metrostars 0". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrotars 0, D.C. United 0". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 3, Metrostars 0". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "Metrostars 1, D.C. United 4". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 4". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 3". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 1". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 2". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 4, D.C. United 1". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 3". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 5, New York Red Bulls 3". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0". MetroFanatic.com. ^ "D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 2". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 4". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 1". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 2". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 1". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 2". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 1". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 1". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 1". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 2". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 3". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 2". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 1". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 3". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 2". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ Romero, Jose (September 2, 2020). "New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1 \| 2020 MLS Match Recap". MLSSoccer.com. ^ Butler, Dylan (September 12, 2020). "DC United 0, New York Red Bulls 2 \| 2020 MLS Match Recap". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 0". MLSSoccer.com. ^ "D.C. UNITED VS. NEW YORK RB 0 - 3". Soccerway.com. May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ "New York Red Bulls 4, D.C. United 1". mlssoccer.com. May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ "New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0". espn.com. August 6, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022. ^ "RBNYvsDC 05-09-2023". NewYorkRedBulls.com. May 9, 2023. Retrieved May 9, 2023. ^ "RBNYvsDC 08-20-2023". MLSsoccer.com. August 20, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2023. ^ "DCvsRBNY 09-23-2023". MLSsoccer.com. September 23, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023. ^ "DCvsRBNY 05-15-2024". MLSsoccer.com. May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024. vteSoccer rivalries in Canada and the United StatesMLS rivalry cups • NPSL rivalriesNational Canada–United States Mexico–United States Professional 905 Black Gold Brimstone California Clásico Canadian Classique Cascadia Portland–Seattle Portland–Vancouver Seattle–Vancouver Cavalry–Forge Coffee Pot Coastal El Tráfico Fort Lauderdale–Tampa Bay Hell Is Real Heritage I-95 Atlantic D.C. United–New England Hudson River James River Pioneer LIPAFC River Cities Rocky Mountain Salish Sea Silver State Sporting Kansas City–St. Louis City SC Southern Southwestern Showdown Texas Copa Tejas Dallas–Houston South Texas Trillium Former Al Classico Four Corners Kings' SuperClasico Volunteer Voyageurs Collegiate Army–Navy Big Bear Big 12 (UCF–West Virginia) Blue–Green Bronze Boot (Saint Louis–SIU Edwardsville) Dodge Street Harvard–Yale Indiana–Notre Dame Maryland–Virginia Milwaukee Mountain State Rowdies Seattle SEC UCLA–UCSB vteD.C. UnitedWashington, D.C.History History Draft picks Seasons Current season Overview Ownership and marketing Records and statistics Head-to-head record List of all honors and achievements Key personnel Owner D.C. United Holdings Jason Levien General Manager Ally Mackay Head coach Troy Lesesne Stadium and facilities RFK Stadium (1996–2017) Audi Field (2018–present) Reserve facilities Segra Field (Loudoun United FC) Rosters First team U-23 team Academy Affiliated clubs Loudoun United FC USLC Washington Spirit NWSL Culture Screaming Eagles La Barra Brava La Norte Hall of Tradition Rivalries Atlantic Cup (New York Red Bulls) Coffee Pot Cup (Charleston Battery) New England Revolution Other rivalries Major honors (13)MLS Cup (4) 1996 1997 1999 2004 Supporters' Shield (4) 1997 1999 2006 2007 U.S. Open Cup (3) 1996 2008 2013 CONCACAF Champions' Cup (1) 1998 Copa Interamericana (1) 1998 Major League SoccerSeasons (28) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Category Association football (soccer) portal Commons vteNew York Red BullsHarrison, New JerseyClub History Seasons Records Players Academy Stadiums Giants Stadium Red Bull Arena Personnel Owner Red Bull GmbH General Manager Marc de Grandpré Sporting Director Denis Hamlett Head Coach Troy Lesesne Rivalries Hudson River Derby Atlantic Cup Other rivalries Affiliated clubs New York Red Bulls II MLS Next Pro U-23 USL2 Culture and lore Empire Supporters Club Siete a Cero Major honors (3)Supporters' Shield (3) 2013 2015 2018 Major League SoccerSeasons (29) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 United Soccer League/USL ChampionshipSeasons (6) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby League Atlantic Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Atlantic_Cup"},{"link_name":"D.C. United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United"},{"link_name":"New York Red Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls"},{"link_name":"I-95 Derbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-95_soccer_rivalries"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_rosario-mccarty_trade-2"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Commanders–Giants rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanders%E2%80%93Giants_rivalry"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Capitals–Rangers rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitals%E2%80%93Rangers_rivalry"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"MLS Cup Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Cup_Playoffs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Atlantic Cup (United States)\" redirects here. For the Atlantic Cup in rugby league, see Rugby League Atlantic Cup.The Atlantic Cup is both the name of the rivalry, as well as the trophy awarded to the winner of the regular season series between D.C. United, and the New York Red Bulls. The series occurs twice a year, with each team hosting one match. Although the Atlantic Cup is just one of the now many \"I-95 Derbies\" it is still considered by many Major League Soccer fans and pundits to be the original derby of the East Coast.Inaugurated in 2002, the Atlantic Cup has become one of the most bitter rivalries in Major League Soccer and in American soccer.[1][2] The origins of the rivalry are unknown, but some claim that it developed due to the cities' relative proximity to each other, and the frequency with which the two clubs play one another in league, playoff, and Open Cup play. New York City and Washington, D.C. have had rivalries based on various other sports, such as American football (Commanders–Giants rivalry) and ice hockey (Capitals–Rangers rivalry), so can also be argued that the rivalry that already existed between the two cities ended up being also transplanted for soccer. For United, the Red Bulls are the only opponent they have competed against in more than six occasions in both the U.S. Open Cup and the MLS Cup Playoffs.Initially, the rivalry has been in favor of D.C. United, in terms of silverware collected and matches won.[3] Over both clubs' histories, United has won a dozen major titles, while New York was the last original MLS franchise to win its first major title (in 2013). However, while the Atlantic Cup was dominated by D.C. United during a majority of the 2000s, New York dominated the series during a majority of the 2010s.[4] As of August 6, 2022, the two sides have met 103 times across all competitions, 86 of them were in the MLS regular season, 13 in MLS Cup playoffs, and 4 in U.S. Open Cup.The New York Red Bulls are the current titleholders of the Atlantic Cup.","title":"Atlantic Cup (Major League Soccer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The rivalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Harkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harkes"},{"link_name":"Tony Sanneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Sanneh"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Savarese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Savarese"},{"link_name":"shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"inaugural regular season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Major_League_Soccer_season"},{"link_name":"Raul Diaz Arce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Diaz_Arce"},{"link_name":"inaugural MLS Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Cup_%2796"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"second MLS Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Cup_%2797"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_results-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_results-5"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The two teams first met on May 12, 1996; when the New York Red Bulls were branded as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars. The game was played at RFK Stadium in front of a crowd of 14,722, and ended 1–1 in regulation time. In regulation time, United's John Harkes scored United's first ever goal against the MetroStars off an assist from Tony Sanneh in the 11th minute. The MetroStars' Giovanni Savarese drew the match level in the 62nd minute. At the time, if Major League Soccer ended drawn at the end of regulation time, it entered the 35-yard shootout. In the shootout, the MetroStars won the first match of the series 2–1.During the inaugural regular season, the two sides would meet each other three more times, with the two sides sharing spoils. The 1996 season ended gridlocked with each club winning two matches apiece, winning one match in their home stadium, and another on the road. However, on aggregate goals, United outscored the MetroStars 6–4. The two sides met again in the Conference Semifinals 1996 MLS Cup Playoffs, where United defeated the MetroStars 2–1 in a best-of-three series. The first game of the post-season series, played on September 24, 1996, ended in the MetroStars' favor, as NY/NJ posted a victory in the shootout following a 2–2 tie after regulation. Three days later, United earned a 1–0 regulation victory at home, tying the series at 1–1, before culminating the series with a 2–1 victory, thanks to an 89th-minute penalty kick from Raul Diaz Arce. In the 1996 MLS Cup Playoffs, United would eventually go on to win the inaugural MLS Cup, defeating the Los Angeles Galaxy, 3–2.By next year, the two franchises took opposite routes in MLS' sophomore campaign, with D.C. United eventually going on to win their second MLS Cup championship, while the NY/NJ MetroStars failed to qualify for the 1997 MLS Cup Playoffs altogether. Despite the poorer form from the MetroStars, the club won the regular season series against United, through the virtue of more aggregate goals.[5] The two sides faced off four times during the season, with United winning the first two outings, while the MetroStars won the final two meetings. In the final regular season matchup, held on September 27, 1997; United lost at home by a 3–1 scoreline against the MetroStars, ultimately failing to win the series.[5]","title":"The rivalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2002 Major League Soccer season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Major_League_Soccer_season"},{"link_name":"2003 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Lamar_Hunt_U.S._Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"golden goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_goal"},{"link_name":"Amado Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Guevara"},{"link_name":"New England Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution"},{"link_name":"USISL Pro League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Wilmington Hammerheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Hammerheads"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ronald Cerritos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Cerritos"},{"link_name":"Yurcak Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurcak_Field"},{"link_name":"Piscataway, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscataway,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Galin Ivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galin_Ivanov_(footballer_born_1975)"},{"link_name":"Amado Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Guevara"},{"link_name":"John Wolyniec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wolyniec"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Arrival of the formal cup","text":"At the start of the 2002 Major League Soccer season, a formal trophy was incarnated by the administrators of D.C. United and the MetroStars, which was titled the \"Atlantic Cup\". In the 2002 series, United earned the trophy, winning two of the three regular season outings against the MetroStars. Despite the success, neither team qualified for the 2002 MLS Cup Playoffs, being the only two teams in the league not to qualify that season.During the 2003 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, the MetroStars and United both enjoyed successful Open Cup campaigns, meeting each other in the semifinal round of the Open Cup, marking the first time the two rivals met in the domestic tournament. In the quarterfinals, the MetroStars enjoyed a golden goal victory from an Amado Guevara goal in the 116th minute, defeating fellow MLS side, the New England Revolution, in the process. United faced USISL Pro League side (third division), Wilmington Hammerheads. The match, played in Wilmington, North Carolina, saw United emerge victorious 1–0 off a Ronald Cerritos goal in the 30th minute.The October 1, 2003 Open Cup semifinal affair was hosted by the MetroStars and played on at Yurcak Field in Piscataway, New Jersey, marking the first time in Atlantic Cup history the two sides met at Yurcak.[6] In the outing, United got the go-ahead goal in the 18th minute of play off a strike from Galin Ivanov. Honduran international, Amado Guevara, netted two unanswered goals for the MetroStars in the 20th and 43rd minutes of play, giving the MetroStars a 2–1 lead going into the break. With less than 15 minutes remaining in regulation, United's Cerritos netted the equalizer, only before longtime MetroStars striker, John Wolyniec netted the match-winner, sending the MetroStars to their first ever championship of a major tournament.[7]","title":"The rivalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Meola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Meola"},{"link_name":"Tab Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab_Ramos"},{"link_name":"John Harkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harkes"},{"link_name":"Richie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Bob Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Bradley"},{"link_name":"MetroStars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroStars"},{"link_name":"Red Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Bruce Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Arena"}],"sub_title":"Early club connections","text":"In addition, early in the history of the league, there were personality clashes between members of the two teams. For example, MetroStars players Tony Meola and Tab Ramos were long time acquaintances of D.C. United's captain John Harkes. All three players were natives of New Jersey and had played together and against each other most of their lives. DC fans especially singled out Meola (who was briefly an actor and who had tried out to be the placekicker for the New York Jets) for scorn. In response, MetroStars supporters tended to reserve most of their scorn for Richie Williams. Ironically, former D.C. assistant coach Bob Bradley would coach the MetroStars, and the Red Bulls coaching staff was also headed by former D.C. coach Bruce Arena until the end of the 2007 season, assisted by Harkes and Williams.","title":"The rivalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giants Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Alecko Eskandarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alecko_Eskandarian"},{"link_name":"Red Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Red Bull controversy","text":"The rivalry became even greater when the two met at Giants Stadium on April 22, 2006 as Alecko Eskandarian scored the first goal of a 4–1 D.C. United victory. After the goal he took a sip of Red Bull energy drink and then spit it on the ground as an intentional slight on the recently renamed New York Red Bulls. MLS fined Eskandarian $250 for his actions.[citation needed]","title":"The rivalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thierry_Henry_control_New_York_Red_Bulls_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thierry Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"link_name":"D.C. United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United"},{"link_name":"RFK Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFK_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Arena_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Thierry Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"link_name":"Joel Lindpere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Lindpere"},{"link_name":"Juan Agudelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Agudelo"},{"link_name":"2005 MLS Cup Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Major_League_Soccer_season#Conference_Semifinals"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brandon Barklage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Barklage"},{"link_name":"Chris Pontius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pontius_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Coachella Valley Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Invitational"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Luquinhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luquinhas"},{"link_name":"John Tolkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tolkin"},{"link_name":"Zach Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Orlando City SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_City_SC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Recent years","text":"Thierry Henry was one of several high-profile acquisitions by New York in 2010.Throughout the 2010 season, D.C. United hit an all-time nadir record wise, whereas the New York Red Bulls were making several high-profile acquisitions, causing some to believe that New York was becoming the more dominant Atlantic Cup team. On May 1, 2010; while United had lost their first four regular season matches, New York had won their first four matches. Attaining opposite records of 4–0–0 and 0–0–4, respectively, New York earned a 2–0 road win at RFK Stadium. The win was New York's first road win against D.C. since October 8, 2005 and their first win against United since 2008, as well as their first shutout against United since 2006. Subsequently, United drew 0–0 against New York in their first meeting in Red Bull Arena allowing the Red Bulls to win the Atlantic Cup derby for the first time since 2003, ending a six-year stretch of titles won by D.C.The rivalry intensified, mainly between United and Red Bulls supporters in April 2011, when New York visited D.C. At the time, New York had been on a two-game winning streak, and held by far the best Eastern Conference record. United, rebuilding from the prior year were much lower in the standings. Goals from Thierry Henry, Joel Lindpere and Juan Agudelo lead the Red Bulls to a commanding 4–0 victory over United, making it the worst loss United suffered at home since the 2005 MLS Cup Playoffs, and their worst loss ever to New York. However, in the return match, United earned a 1–0 away victory at Red Bull Arena, giving them some consolation over New York, but ultimately failing to win the Atlantic Cup for the second straight year. In spite of winning the Atlantic Cup for two-straight years, making it New York's first time since 2003, players expressed disinterest in the honor.[citation needed]On June 24, 2012, the two sides clashed again in the second of three legs of the series. The match ended in New York's advantage, earning a 3–2 victory over D.C. Ex-United midfielder Brandon Barklage netted two of the Red Bulls' three goals. United's Chris Pontius scored the fastest goal in franchise history, scoring 29 seconds after kickoff. The announced crowd of 25,187 was the largest in Red Bull Arena history, and the largest crowd to witness the rivalry since 2004.On January 18, 2022, the LA Galaxy announced that the Red Bulls and D.C. United will participate in the Coachella Valley Invitational.[8]On April 21, 2022, the teams were drawn together for the Round of 32 in the U.S. Open Cup. The Red Bulls defeated D.C. United 3-0 on May 10, 2022 to advance to the Round of 16, with a first half goal in stoppage time by Luquinhas, and second half goals by John Tolkin and Zach Ryan. After adding up a few more wins, the Red Bulls would eventually fall to Orlando City SC in the Semifinals. [9]Despite D.C. United taking advantage of the Red Bulls in the 2000s, New York has seized control of the rivalry in the late 2010s, as well as the early 2020s. The Bulls took the past 5 of 6 season series, cutting D.C. United's Atlantic Cup lead to just 14-13 heading into 2023.","title":"The rivalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Barra_Brava_flags.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Barra Brava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Barra_Brava"},{"link_name":"Screaming Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screaming_Eagles_(D.C._United)"},{"link_name":"inaugural season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Major_League_Soccer_season"},{"link_name":"Empire Supporters Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Supporters_Club"},{"link_name":"North American Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968%E2%80%931984)"},{"link_name":"La Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Norte"},{"link_name":"Hans Backe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Backe"},{"link_name":"ultras fan group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"La Barra Brava and Screaming Eagles supporters groups at RFK Stadium.A majority of the Atlantic Cup derby is seen between the supporters groups of D.C. United and the New York Red Bulls. Two of the largest and oldest supporters clubs in Major League Soccer history, originate as supporters of United and Red Bull. The largest supporters groups of D.C. United, La Barra Brava, and the Screaming Eagles, formed in 1995, a year before the inaugural season of the league. Likewise, the first supporters group for New York, the Empire Supporters Club also formed in 1995, making the three fan clubs amongst the oldest in modern-day American soccer, the first version of super-fans seen in American soccer since the late 1970s/early 1980s during the North American Soccer League era.Over the years, several other supporters groups have sprouted to support D.C. United and the New York Red Bulls. Since 1996, La Norte and the District Ultras formed in support of D.C. United. Likewise the Garden State Ultras, a group of Red Bull fans based in New Jersey, and the Viking Army, named in tribute to former Red Bull coach, Hans Backe and his Scandinavian roots, have formed. La Norte is known for bringing a heavy Latin-American feel to RFK Stadium and its atmosphere, launching toilet paper, banners, and playing various instruments much like club teams in South America. The District Ultras are an ultras fan group that is known for its controversial stances in opposition to the league structure of MLS, and the way the league operates under its single entity structure. Throughout the first few years of existence, the Ultras have been known for very political signs denouncing the franchise set up existing in MLS and promoting a more independent club setup, commonly seen throughout the rest of the World and in the lower divisions of the American soccer pyramid.Because of the proximities of the New York City and Washington, D.C. metropolitan areas (about 228 miles, or 367 kilometers)[10] matches between the two clubs have high levels of away supporters, average in the thousands for matches.","title":"Supporters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players and transfers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"D.C., then New York","title":"Players and transfers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New York, then D.C.","title":"Players and transfers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"major honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_and_Canadian_soccer_champions"},{"link_name":"D.C. United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1996 MLS Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Cup_%2796"},{"link_name":"Supporters' Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporters%27_Shield"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"1998 Copa Interamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Copa_Interamericana"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"With 13 major honors, D.C. United have won more major competitions than any other Major League Soccer club,[11] and are tied for the most of any North American soccer franchise ever.[12] D.C. United won their first major title in 1996, winning the 1996 MLS Cup championship. Since then, they have claimed three additional MLS Cups (league championship), four Supporters' Shields (league premiership), three U.S. Open Cups (national championship) and one CONCACAF Champions Cup title (continental championship). In addition, United won the 1998 Copa Interamericana, an infrequently-held and now-defunct super cup between the champions of CONCACAF and CONMEBOL. Of the original MLS franchises, New York was the last to have won its first major honor, capturing their first Supporters' Shield in 2013.[13]Table correct as of October 28, 2018","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giants Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_Stadium"}],"text":"The largest victory in the history between these sides was a 5–0 victory by D.C. United over the New York MetroStars at Giants Stadium. The match was played on September 16, 1998. The match remains United's largest away victory against New York in history. New York's largest victory came on April 21, 2011 when the Red Bulls posted a 4–0 victory over United. The largest crowd on hand to witness the Atlantic Cup was on April 17, 2004 when 72,312 witnessed New York post a 3–2 victory over D.C. United.New York wins\n United wins\n Draw","title":"All-time game results"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of May 15, 2024, there have been a total of 107 competitive games between D.C. United and the New York Red Bulls. D.C. has won 46 of these outings, while New York has won 42. The remaining 19 matches ended as draws.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Eastern Conference standings finishes","text":"D.C. United\n New York Red Bulls• Total: New York with 16 higher finishes, D.C. United with 12.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-COVID_110-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-COVID_110-1"},{"link_name":"Held behind closed doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"^ a b Held behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 restrictions.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Thierry Henry was one of several high-profile acquisitions by New York in 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thierry_Henry_control_New_York_Red_Bulls_2010.jpg/220px-Thierry_Henry_control_New_York_Red_Bulls_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"La Barra Brava and Screaming Eagles supporters groups at RFK Stadium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/La_Barra_Brava_flags.jpg/220px-La_Barra_Brava_flags.jpg"}]	[{"title":"MLS rivalry cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_rivalry_cups"},{"title":"I-95 derbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-95_derbies"},{"title":"Commanders–Giants rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanders%E2%80%93Giants_rivalry"},{"title":"Capitals–Rangers rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitals%E2%80%93Rangers_rivalry"},{"title":"Capitals–Islanders rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitals%E2%80%93Islanders_rivalry"}]	[{"reference":"\"Preview: New York vs. D.C. United\". MLSSoccer.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110712085718/http://www.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2011-07-09-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/preview","url_text":"\"Preview: New York vs. D.C. United\""},{"url":"http://www.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2011-07-09-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/preview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Travis (July 7, 2011). \"Storied DC United-New York rivalry features new twist\". MLSSoccer.com. Retrieved July 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2011/07/07/storied-dc-united-new-york-rivalry-features-new-twist","url_text":"\"Storied DC United-New York rivalry features new twist\""}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Alex (April 18, 2011). \"United ready for Atlantic Cup redemption\". DCUnited.com. Retrieved January 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dcunited.com/news/2011/04/united-ready-for-atlantic-cup-redemption","url_text":"\"United ready for Atlantic Cup redemption\""}]},{"reference":"Giase, Frank (July 9, 2011). \"Dwayne De Rosario carries D.C. United over Red Bulls, 1–0, beating former team with late goal\". The Star–Ledger. NJ.com. Retrieved January 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/redbulls/index.ssf/2011/07/dwayne_de_rosario_carries_united_over_red_bull_1-0_beating_former_team_with_late_goal.html","url_text":"\"Dwayne De Rosario carries D.C. United over Red Bulls, 1–0, beating former team with late goal\""}]},{"reference":"\"1997 Regular Season Schedule\". DCUnited.com. Retrieved January 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dcunited.com/schedule/reg/1997/all","url_text":"\"1997 Regular Season Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"Plenderleith, Ian (September 24, 2003). \"DC v Metrostars Part 3: Open Cup Semi-Final Preview\". DCUnited.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2003. Retrieved January 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031022223852/http://dcunited.com/index.cfm?section=main&cont_id=206982","url_text":"\"DC v Metrostars Part 3: Open Cup Semi-Final Preview\""},{"url":"http://www.dcunited.com/index.cfm?section=main&cont_id=206101","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LA Galaxy to host inaugural Coachella Valley Invitational Feb. 10-19 at Empire Polo Club\". LA Galaxy. January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lagalaxy.com/news/la-galaxy-to-host-inaugural-coachella-valley-invitational-feb-10-19-at-empire-po","url_text":"\"LA Galaxy to host inaugural Coachella Valley Invitational Feb. 10-19 at Empire Polo Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"NY Red Bulls 3, DC United 0\". mlssoccer.com. May 10, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mlssoccer.com/competitions/u-s-open-cup/2022/matches/dcvsrbny-05-10-2022/","url_text":"\"NY Red Bulls 3, DC United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"From Washington, DC to New York, NY\". Google Maps.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF-8&gl=us&daddr=New+York,+NY&saddr=Washington,+DC&panel=1&f=d&fb=1&dirflg=d&geocode=KVvk9lrexreJMSpdiNQiRVLC%3BKTsIP9OlT8KJMWL-d-EGjwvI&ei=zGBnUeeKCYbK9QTLg4HwDQ&ved=0CDIQ-A8wAA","url_text":"\"From Washington, DC to New York, NY\""}]},{"reference":"de los Rios, Gabriel (August 23, 2011). \"Soccer Almanac: MLS Trophy Case (infographic)\". MLS. MLSSoccer.com. Retrieved April 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlssoccer.com/soccer-almanac/news/article/2011/08/22/soccer-almanac-mls-trophy-case-infographic","url_text":"\"Soccer Almanac: MLS Trophy Case (infographic)\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA – List of Champions of US Pro Soccer League, Division I\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. RSSSF. December 12, 2011. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usachamp.html","url_text":"\"USA – List of Champions of US Pro Soccer League, Division I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.Sport.Soccer_Statistics_Foundation","url_text":"Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120206035654/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesu/usachamp.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"INFOGRAPHIC: New York vs. DC United by the numbers\". MLSsoccer.com. Major League Soccer. June 23, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2012/06/23/infographic-new-york-vs-dc-united-numbers","url_text":"\"INFOGRAPHIC: New York vs. DC United by the numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2\". RSSSF.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usa96.html","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 2\". RSSSF.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1778","url_text":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 2, D.C. United 3\". RSSSF.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usa96.html","url_text":"\"Metrostars 2, D.C. United 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 2, D.C. United 2\". RSSSF.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usa96.html","url_text":"\"Metrostars 2, D.C. United 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 0\". RSSSF.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usa96.html","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\". RSSSF.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usa96.html","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\". BaltimoreSun.com. April 6, 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1997-04-06/sports/1997096128_1_new-jersey-metrostars-united-new-york","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 2\". UPI.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.upi.com/Archives/1997/04/19/MLS-United-2-MetroStars-1/3414861422400/","url_text":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 2\""}]},{"reference":"Yannis, Alex (July 28, 1997). \"Metrotars 2, D.C. United 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/28/sports/metrostars-keep-hopes-for-post-season-alive.html","url_text":"\"Metrotars 2, D.C. United 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 3\". HighBeam.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170425114856/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-732643.html","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 3\""},{"url":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-732643.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dicker, Ron (May 10, 1998). \"D.C. United 12, Metrostars 0\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/10/sports/soccer-errors-doom-metrostars-to-a-loss.html","url_text":"\"D.C. United 12, Metrostars 0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Dicker, Ron (May 17, 1998). \"Metrostars 4, D.C. United 3\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/17/sports/soccer-savarese-scores-two-goals-to-help-defeat-dc-united.html","url_text":"\"Metrostars 4, D.C. United 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Jack (August 23, 1998). \"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/23/sports/soccer-it-s-same-old-refrain-yet-another-late-goal-trips-up-metrostars.html","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 5\". SoccerTimes.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174005/http://www.soccertimes.com/mls/1998/games/sep16.htm","url_text":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 5\""},{"url":"http://www.soccertimes.com/mls/1998/games/sep16.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1\". SoccerTimes.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160321223336/http://www.soccertimes.com/mls/1999/games/apr03a.htm","url_text":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1\""},{"url":"http://www.soccertimes.com/mls/1999/games/apr03a.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\". HighBeam.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174307/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-595962.html","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""},{"url":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-595962.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 4\". RSSSF.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/sports/metrostars-seal-loss-with-kiss-1.430809","url_text":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 4\""}]},{"reference":"Yannis, Alex (September 19, 1999). \"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 1\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/19/sports/soccer-it-s-official-metrostars-are-eliminated.html","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Metrotars 3, D.C. United 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2453","url_text":"\"Metrotars 3, D.C. United 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 3\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2457","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrotars 2, D.C. United 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2467","url_text":"\"Metrotars 2, D.C. United 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 3, Metrostars 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2476","url_text":"\"D.C. United 3, Metrostars 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=123","url_text":"\"Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=252","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 2, D.C. United 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=295","url_text":"\"Metrostars 2, D.C. United 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=329","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 4, Metrostars 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=693","url_text":"\"D.C. United 4, Metrostars 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 0\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=875","url_text":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=875","url_text":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=880","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 0\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1243","url_text":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 3\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1376","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1520","url_text":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1525","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1531","url_text":"\"Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1778","url_text":"\"Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 6, Metrostars 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1908","url_text":"\"D.C. United 6, Metrostars 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2057","url_text":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 3, Metrostars 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2072","url_text":"\"D.C. United 3, Metrostars 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2088","url_text":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 0\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2105","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrotars 0, D.C. United 0\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3819","url_text":"\"Metrotars 0, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 3, Metrostars 0\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2798","url_text":"\"D.C. United 3, Metrostars 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 4\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2898","url_text":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2935","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3398","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 4\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3501","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3819","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3844","url_text":"\"D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 3\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3930","url_text":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4004","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 1\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4020","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 2\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4488","url_text":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4561","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4626","url_text":"\"D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4866","url_text":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 4, D.C. United 1\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4920","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 4, D.C. United 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-04-11-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 3\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4937","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 5, New York Red Bulls 3\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=5156","url_text":"\"D.C. United 5, New York Red Bulls 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0\". MetroFanatic.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=5156","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 2\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2010/05/01/ibrahim-angel-power-red-bulls-past-united","url_text":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2010/07/11/amid-dp-hype-red-bulls-and-dc-united-cant-break-deadlock","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 4\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2011/04/22/red-hot-red-bulls-trample-dc-behind-henry-brace","url_text":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2011/07/10/recap-de-rosario-hero-dc-edge-past-red-bulls","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 1\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2012/04/23/recap-pontius-hits-hat-trick-united-thump-new-york","url_text":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 2\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2012/06/25/recap-nyrb-catch-dc-atop-east-pulsating-3-2-win","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2012/08/30/recap-conde-spoils-deros-100th-dc-rbny-draw-2-2","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 1\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2012/11/04/recap-own-goals-are-story-ny-tie-dc-wild-1st-leg","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2012/11/09/recap-deleon-dc-advance-past-red-bulls-wild-finish","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2016-09-11-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 2\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2013-04-13-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 1\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2013-08-31-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-04-12-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-08-31-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-09-10-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-11-02-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 1\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-11-08-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-03-22-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-04-11-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-08-30-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 1\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-11-01-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-11-08-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2016-05-13-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2016-09-11-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 2\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2016-09-11-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2017-04-15-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 3\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2017-09-27-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 2\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2017-10-22-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 1\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2018-07-25-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2018-08-26-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 3\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2018-09-16-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 2\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2019-08-21-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2019-09-29-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"Romero, Jose (September 2, 2020). \"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1 \| 2020 MLS Match Recap\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2020-09-02-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1 \| 2020 MLS Match Recap\""}]},{"reference":"Butler, Dylan (September 12, 2020). \"DC United 0, New York Red Bulls 2 \| 2020 MLS Match Recap\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2020-09-12-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","url_text":"\"DC United 0, New York Red Bulls 2 \| 2020 MLS Match Recap\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 0\". MLSSoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/competitions/mls-regular-season/2021/matches/dcvsrbny-07-25-2021/","url_text":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C. UNITED VS. NEW YORK RB 0 - 3\". Soccerway.com. May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2022/05/11/united-states/us-open-cup/washington-district-of-columbia-united/new-york-red-bulls/3782740/","url_text":"\"D.C. UNITED VS. NEW YORK RB 0 - 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 4, D.C. United 1\". mlssoccer.com. May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/competitions/mls-regular-season/2022/matches/rbnyvsdc-05-28-2022/","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 4, D.C. United 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\". espn.com. August 6, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/623493","url_text":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\""}]},{"reference":"\"RBNYvsDC 05-09-2023\". NewYorkRedBulls.com. May 9, 2023. Retrieved May 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorkredbulls.com/competitions/u-s-open-cup/2023/matches/rbnyvsdc-05-09-2023/","url_text":"\"RBNYvsDC 05-09-2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"RBNYvsDC 08-20-2023\". MLSsoccer.com. August 20, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/competitions/mls-regular-season/2023/matches/rbnyvsdc-08-20-2023/","url_text":"\"RBNYvsDC 08-20-2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"DCvsRBNY 09-23-2023\". MLSsoccer.com. September 23, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/competitions/mls-regular-season/2023/matches/dcvsrbny-09-23-2023/","url_text":"\"DCvsRBNY 09-23-2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"DCvsRBNY 05-15-2024\". MLSsoccer.com. May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/competitions/mls-regular-season/2024/matches/dcvsrbny-05-15-2024/","url_text":"\"DCvsRBNY 05-15-2024\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110712085718/http://www.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2011-07-09-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/preview","external_links_name":"\"Preview: New York vs. D.C. United\""},{"Link":"http://www.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2011-07-09-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/preview","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2011/07/07/storied-dc-united-new-york-rivalry-features-new-twist","external_links_name":"\"Storied DC United-New York rivalry features new twist\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcunited.com/news/2011/04/united-ready-for-atlantic-cup-redemption","external_links_name":"\"United ready for Atlantic Cup redemption\""},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/redbulls/index.ssf/2011/07/dwayne_de_rosario_carries_united_over_red_bull_1-0_beating_former_team_with_late_goal.html","external_links_name":"\"Dwayne De Rosario carries D.C. United over Red Bulls, 1–0, beating former team with late goal\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcunited.com/schedule/reg/1997/all","external_links_name":"\"1997 Regular Season Schedule\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031022223852/http://dcunited.com/index.cfm?section=main&cont_id=206982","external_links_name":"\"DC v Metrostars Part 3: Open Cup Semi-Final Preview\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcunited.com/index.cfm?section=main&cont_id=206101","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lagalaxy.com/news/la-galaxy-to-host-inaugural-coachella-valley-invitational-feb-10-19-at-empire-po","external_links_name":"\"LA Galaxy to host inaugural Coachella Valley Invitational Feb. 10-19 at Empire Polo Club\""},{"Link":"https://mlssoccer.com/competitions/u-s-open-cup/2022/matches/dcvsrbny-05-10-2022/","external_links_name":"\"NY Red Bulls 3, DC United 0\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF-8&gl=us&daddr=New+York,+NY&saddr=Washington,+DC&panel=1&f=d&fb=1&dirflg=d&geocode=KVvk9lrexreJMSpdiNQiRVLC%3BKTsIP9OlT8KJMWL-d-EGjwvI&ei=zGBnUeeKCYbK9QTLg4HwDQ&ved=0CDIQ-A8wAA","external_links_name":"\"From Washington, DC to New York, NY\""},{"Link":"http://www.mlssoccer.com/soccer-almanac/news/article/2011/08/22/soccer-almanac-mls-trophy-case-infographic","external_links_name":"\"Soccer Almanac: MLS Trophy Case (infographic)\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usachamp.html","external_links_name":"\"USA – List of Champions of US Pro Soccer League, Division I\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120206035654/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesu/usachamp.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2012/06/23/infographic-new-york-vs-dc-united-numbers","external_links_name":"\"INFOGRAPHIC: New York vs. DC United by the numbers\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/team/schedule.jsp?TEAM=DC%20United&YEAR=0","external_links_name":"Metrofanatic.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usa96.html","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1778","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usa96.html","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 2, D.C. United 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usa96.html","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 2, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usa96.html","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 0\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/usa96.html","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1997-04-06/sports/1997096128_1_new-jersey-metrostars-united-new-york","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.upi.com/Archives/1997/04/19/MLS-United-2-MetroStars-1/3414861422400/","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/28/sports/metrostars-keep-hopes-for-post-season-alive.html","external_links_name":"\"Metrotars 2, D.C. United 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170425114856/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-732643.html","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-732643.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/10/sports/soccer-errors-doom-metrostars-to-a-loss.html","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 12, Metrostars 0\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/17/sports/soccer-savarese-scores-two-goals-to-help-defeat-dc-united.html","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 4, D.C. United 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/23/sports/soccer-it-s-same-old-refrain-yet-another-late-goal-trips-up-metrostars.html","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174005/http://www.soccertimes.com/mls/1998/games/sep16.htm","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 5\""},{"Link":"http://www.soccertimes.com/mls/1998/games/sep16.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160321223336/http://www.soccertimes.com/mls/1999/games/apr03a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.soccertimes.com/mls/1999/games/apr03a.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174307/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-595962.html","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-595962.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.newsday.com/sports/metrostars-seal-loss-with-kiss-1.430809","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 4\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/19/sports/soccer-it-s-official-metrostars-are-eliminated.html","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2453","external_links_name":"\"Metrotars 3, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2457","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 3\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2467","external_links_name":"\"Metrotars 2, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2476","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 3, Metrostars 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=123","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=252","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=295","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 2, D.C. United 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=329","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=693","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 4, Metrostars 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=875","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=875","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=880","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1243","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1376","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 3\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1520","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1525","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1531","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1778","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 3, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=1908","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 6, Metrostars 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2057","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2072","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 3, Metrostars 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2088","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 0, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2105","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, Metrostars 0\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3819","external_links_name":"\"Metrotars 0, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2798","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 3, Metrostars 0\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2898","external_links_name":"\"Metrostars 1, D.C. United 4\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=2935","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, Metrostars 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3398","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3501","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 4\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3819","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3844","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=3930","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 3\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4004","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4020","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4488","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 2\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4561","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4626","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4866","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 1\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4920","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 4, D.C. United 1\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-04-11-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 0\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=4937","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 3\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=5156","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 5, New York Red Bulls 3\""},{"Link":"http://metrofanatic.com/story.jsp?ID=5156","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2010/05/01/ibrahim-angel-power-red-bulls-past-united","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2010/07/11/amid-dp-hype-red-bulls-and-dc-united-cant-break-deadlock","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2011/04/22/red-hot-red-bulls-trample-dc-behind-henry-brace","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 4\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2011/07/10/recap-de-rosario-hero-dc-edge-past-red-bulls","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2012/04/23/recap-pontius-hits-hat-trick-united-thump-new-york","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 4, New York Red Bulls 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2012/06/25/recap-nyrb-catch-dc-atop-east-pulsating-3-2-win","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2012/08/30/recap-conde-spoils-deros-100th-dc-rbny-draw-2-2","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2012/11/04/recap-own-goals-are-story-ny-tie-dc-wild-1st-leg","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2012/11/09/recap-deleon-dc-advance-past-red-bulls-wild-finish","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2016-09-11-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2013-04-13-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 2\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2013-08-31-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 1\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-04-12-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 0\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-08-31-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-09-10-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-11-02-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-11-08-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 1\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-03-22-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-04-11-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-08-30-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-11-01-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 1\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2015-11-08-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2016-05-13-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 0\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2016-09-11-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 2, New York Red Bulls 2\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2016-09-11-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 2\""},{"Link":"http://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2017-04-15-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 2, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2017-09-27-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 3, D.C. United 3\""},{"Link":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2017-10-22-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 2\""},{"Link":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2018-07-25-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 0, New York Red Bulls 1\""},{"Link":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2018-08-26-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 1, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2018-09-16-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 3, New York Red Bulls 3\""},{"Link":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2019-08-21-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 2\""},{"Link":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2019-09-29-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2020-09-02-new-york-red-bulls-vs-dc-united/recap","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 1 \| 2020 MLS Match Recap\""},{"Link":"https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2020-09-12-dc-united-vs-new-york-red-bulls/recap","external_links_name":"\"DC United 0, New York Red Bulls 2 \| 2020 MLS Match Recap\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/competitions/mls-regular-season/2021/matches/dcvsrbny-07-25-2021/","external_links_name":"\"D.C. United 1, New York Red Bulls 0\""},{"Link":"https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2022/05/11/united-states/us-open-cup/washington-district-of-columbia-united/new-york-red-bulls/3782740/","external_links_name":"\"D.C. UNITED VS. NEW YORK RB 0 - 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/competitions/mls-regular-season/2022/matches/rbnyvsdc-05-28-2022/","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 4, D.C. United 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/623493","external_links_name":"\"New York Red Bulls 0, D.C. United 0\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorkredbulls.com/competitions/u-s-open-cup/2023/matches/rbnyvsdc-05-09-2023/","external_links_name":"\"RBNYvsDC 05-09-2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/competitions/mls-regular-season/2023/matches/rbnyvsdc-08-20-2023/","external_links_name":"\"RBNYvsDC 08-20-2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/competitions/mls-regular-season/2023/matches/dcvsrbny-09-23-2023/","external_links_name":"\"DCvsRBNY 09-23-2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/competitions/mls-regular-season/2024/matches/dcvsrbny-05-15-2024/","external_links_name":"\"DCvsRBNY 05-15-2024\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structures_(John_Abercrombie_album)	Structures (John Abercrombie album)	["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References","5 External links"]	2006 studio album by John AbercrombieStructuresStudio album by John AbercrombieReleasedAugust 15, 2006RecordedMarch 6–7, 2006StudioSt. Peter's Episcopal Church, New York CityGenreJazzLength60:18LabelCheskyProducerCharles Carlini, David CheskyJohn Abercrombie chronology Class Trip(2004) Structures(2006) The Third Quartet(2007) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings Structures is a studio album by guitarist John Abercrombie with bassist Eddie Gómez and drummer Gene Jackson. The album was released on August 15, 2006 by Chesky Records as part of The New York Sessions series. Reception Ken Dryden of Allmusic wrote a positive review, stating that "This inspired trio session was recorded with the musicians sharing a single microphone, making for a particularly intimate listening experience. Guitarist John Abercrombie has never sounded better, displaying the subtle lyricism that is only one facet of his musical personality, while bassist Eddie Gómez is his usual fluid self and drummer Gene Jackson adds a soft touch, frequently sticking to brushes. Gómez opens the tasty "The Touch of Your Lips" with a warm arco solo, switching back to pizzicato as the trio gains steam. Their hushed interpretation of "Moon and Sand" is stunning, as is the understated bossa nova setting of Cole Porter's "Everything I Love." Their arrangement of Bill Evans' ballad "Turn Out the Stars" (which Gómez undoubtedly played hundreds of times during his 11-plus-year tenure with the pianist) is more straight-ahead and less dramatic than its composer's conception, though no less enticing. Originals by Abercrombie and Gómez also prove to be excellent vehicles for the trio's musical explorations. Highly recommended. Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Jazz Folk"John Abercrombie9:312."The Touch of Your Lips"Ray Noble4:553."Moon and Sand"Alec Wilder, Morty Palitz, William Engvick5:284."Walter Pigeon"Eddie Gomez5:185."Everything I Love"Cole Porter6:416."Embraceable You"George Gershwin / Ira Gershwin6:077."3 for Three"John Abercrombie6:158."Turn out the Stars"Bill Evans5:299."Missing You"Eddie Gomez4:4610."How Deep Is the Ocean"Irving Berlin5:48Total length:1:00:18 Personnel John Abercrombie – guitar Eddie Gómez – double bass Gene Jackson – drums References ^ Dryden, Ken. "John Abercrombie: Structures". Allmusic. allmusic.com. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008) The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th edition). Penguin. p. 5 ^ "John Abercrombie / Eddie Gomez With Gene Jackson – Structures". Discogs. discogs.com. Retrieved 6 April 2016. External links John Abercrombie - Structures (Full Album) on YouTube vteJohn AbercrombieYears listed represent year of recording(s), not initial release.Studio albums Timeless (1974) Sargasso Sea (with Ralph Towner, 1976) Characters (1977) Arcade (1978) Abercrombie Quartet (1979) Straight Flight (1979) M (1980) Five Years Later (1981) Upon a Time (1982) Solar (with John Scofield, 1983) Night (1984) Current Events (1985) Witchcraft (1986) Emerald City (with Richie Beirach, 1987) Getting There (1987) Animato (1989) Natural Living (with Andy LaVerne, 1989) Nosmo King (with Andy LaVerne, 1991) November (1992) While We're Young (1992) Now It Can Be Played (with Andy LaVerne, 1992) Speak of the Devil (1993) Open Land (1998) Cat 'n' Mouse (2000) Class Trip (2003) Structures (2006) The Third Quartet (2006) Wait Till You See Her (2008) Within a Song (2011) 39 Steps (2013) Up and Coming (2016) Live albums John Abercrombie / Marc Johnson / Peter Erskine (1988) Tactics (with Dan Wall and Adam Nussbaum, 1996) The Hudson Project (with Bob Mintzer, Peter Erskine, and John Patitucci, 1998) Related articles Stark Reality Dreams Gateway Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Abercrombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abercrombie_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_G%C3%B3mez"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chesky Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesky_Records"}],"text":"Structures is a studio album by guitarist John Abercrombie with bassist Eddie Gómez and drummer Gene Jackson.[3] The album was released on August 15, 2006 by Chesky Records as part of The New York Sessions series.","title":"Structures (John Abercrombie album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"}],"text":"Ken Dryden of Allmusic wrote a positive review, stating that \"This inspired trio session was recorded with the musicians sharing a single microphone, making for a particularly intimate listening experience. Guitarist John Abercrombie has never sounded better, displaying the subtle lyricism that is only one facet of his musical personality, while bassist Eddie Gómez is his usual fluid self and drummer Gene Jackson adds a soft touch, frequently sticking to brushes. Gómez opens the tasty \"The Touch of Your Lips\" with a warm arco solo, switching back to pizzicato as the trio gains steam. Their hushed interpretation of \"Moon and Sand\" is stunning, as is the understated bossa nova setting of Cole Porter's \"Everything I Love.\" Their arrangement of Bill Evans' ballad \"Turn Out the Stars\" (which Gómez undoubtedly played hundreds of times during his 11-plus-year tenure with the pianist) is more straight-ahead and less dramatic than its composer's conception, though no less enticing. Originals by Abercrombie and Gómez also prove to be excellent vehicles for the trio's musical explorations. Highly recommended.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Touch of Your Lips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Touch_of_Your_Lips"},{"link_name":"Ray Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Noble"},{"link_name":"Alec Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Wilder"},{"link_name":"William Engvick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Engvick"},{"link_name":"Cole Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter"},{"link_name":"Embraceable You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraceable_You"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Bill Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Evans"},{"link_name":"How Deep Is the Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Deep_Is_the_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Irving Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Jazz Folk\"John Abercrombie9:312.\"The Touch of Your Lips\"Ray Noble4:553.\"Moon and Sand\"Alec Wilder, Morty Palitz, William Engvick5:284.\"Walter Pigeon\"Eddie Gomez5:185.\"Everything I Love\"Cole Porter6:416.\"Embraceable You\"George Gershwin / Ira Gershwin6:077.\"3 for Three\"John Abercrombie6:158.\"Turn out the Stars\"Bill Evans5:299.\"Missing You\"Eddie Gomez4:4610.\"How Deep Is the Ocean\"Irving Berlin5:48Total length:1:00:18","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Abercrombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abercrombie_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"Eddie Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_G%C3%B3mez"},{"link_name":"double bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"John Abercrombie – guitar\nEddie Gómez – double bass\nGene Jackson – drums","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dryden, Ken. \"John Abercrombie: Structures\". Allmusic. allmusic.com. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/structures-mw0000582369","url_text":"\"John Abercrombie: Structures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"John Abercrombie / Eddie Gomez With Gene Jackson – Structures\". Discogs. discogs.com. Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/John-Abercrombie-Eddie-Gomez-With-Gene-Jackson-Structures/release/2005220","url_text":"\"John Abercrombie / Eddie Gomez With Gene Jackson – Structures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/structures-mw0000582369","external_links_name":"\"John Abercrombie: Structures\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/John-Abercrombie-Eddie-Gomez-With-Gene-Jackson-Structures/release/2005220","external_links_name":"\"John Abercrombie / Eddie Gomez With Gene Jackson – Structures\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59hWd4fDj2M","external_links_name":"John Abercrombie - Structures (Full Album)"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/517a2d09-c200-3729-9ab0-aff57a1f04fe","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Jesus_(novel)	King Jesus (novel)	["1 Synopsis","2 Editions","3 Reception","4 Later references","5 References","6 External links"]	1946 novel by Robert Graves First edition (publ. Cassell) King Jesus is a semi-historical novel by Robert Graves, first published in 1946. The novel treats the historical Jesus not as the Son of God, but rather as a philosopher with a legitimate claim to the Judaean throne through Herod the Great, as well as the Davidic monarchy; and treats numerous Biblical stories in a non-religious manner. Synopsis Graves wrote the story from the perspective of an official living in the time of Domitian. The novel opens with the statement, "I, AGABUS the Decapolitan, began this work at Alexandria in the ninth year of the Emperor Domitian and completed it at Rome in the thirteenth year of the same." The novel consists primarily of dialogues between the prophets and other people of the story told by the Roman hagiographer. It begins with the reign of Herod before Jesus is born and explains the dynastical, quasi-secular roots of Jesus both from his mother's and his father's side, establishing a temporal and historical right to the throne of Israel. The second part starts with the Nativity and Jesus's youth. Finally, the third part chronicles Jesus's work in adulthood as a prophet, his death on the cross, and his resurrection. In a "Historical Commentary" published at the end of the book Robert Graves remarks, concerning the book's historical basis, "A detailed commentary written to justify the unorthodox views contained in this book would be two or three times as long as the book itself, and would take years to complete; I beg to be excused the task ......I undertake to my readers that every important element in my story is based on some tradition, however tenuous, and that I have taken more than ordinary pains to verify my historical background". Editions The standard scholarly edition is the volume in the Collected Works of Robert Graves (Carcanet Press), edited by Robert A. Davis. Reception A 1946 review by Kirkus Reviews summarized the book with; "This is not reading for the easily shocked; it definitely presents Jesus as a sage and a poet, if not divine. It moves, as does all Mr. Graves' writing, at a brilliant fast pace, and with a tremendous style." In another contemporary book review by Commentary, Mordecai Chertoff wrote "the Jewish reviewer must protest and warn the reader of Graves’ total irresponsibility in his handling of Jewish religious tradition. It is obvious, however, that Graves’ intention in writing this "novel" was not to compose a historical pot-boiler. Influenced perhaps by depth psychology, he feels, apparently, that the issue between the "rule" of the father and that of the mother animated Jewish religion and political history in a preponderant way, and that the supremacy of the father was there established once and for all. There are certain risks, however, when such a serious thesis is dealt with by a novelist, even if he does not mean to be taken very earnestly. There is the danger that untutored people.. will take this invented lore for the real thing and read his fantasy for the sake of edification and erudition." Writing in 1981 for The New York Times, John Leonard describes the book's relation to Gnosticism and wrote, "Mr. Graves, in other words, is still pushing his White Goddess, the mother of all religions, and when we learn that one of Herod's grandsons was helpful to Claudius at a sticky moment, we understand why Mr. Graves involved himself in his farrago in the first place." Later references Herodian Messiah is a work of non-fiction that presents evidence and arguments in support of the central theory of King Jesus (i.e., that Jesus was the son of Antipater ben Herod and Mariamne bat Antigonus). References ^ St John's College Robert Graves Trust Archived 2006-10-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ First Sentence ^ King Jesus, 2nd edition (1947), London: Cassell, pp. 352-353 ^ "King Jesus". Kirkus Reviews. 15 June 1946. ^ Mordecai S. Chertoff (1 April 1947). "King Jesus, by Robert Graves". Commentary. ^ Leonard, John (25 December 1981). "Books of The Times". The New York Times. ^ Herodian Messiah: Case for Jesus As Grandson of Herod by Joseph Raymond (Tower Grove Publishing, 2010) ^ However, for Graves, Maria wasn't the daughter of King Antigonus (the last Hasmonean king executed by Marc Antony in 37 BCE), but Joaquim, a descendant of David. External links Old Heresy, New Version. Review of King Jesus from Time Magazine, Monday, September 30, 1946 vteRobert GravesFiction The Shout (1929) I, Claudius and Claudius the God (1934, 1935) Count Belisarius (1938) Sergeant Lamb novels (1940, 1941) The Story of Marie Powell: Wife to Mr. Milton (1943) King Jesus (1946) The Islands of Unwisdom (1949) Seven Days in New Crete (1949) Homer's Daughter (1955) Nonfiction Good-Bye to All That: An Autobiography (1929) The Long Week-End (1940) The Reader Over Your Shoulder (1943) The White Goddess (1948) The Greek Myths (1955) Family Nancy Nicholson (wife) Lucia Graves (daughter) Tomás Graves (son) Alfred Perceval Graves (father) Charles Patrick Graves (brother) Philip Graves (half-brother) Charles Graves (grandfather) Related Seizin Press The Laureate	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KingJesus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassell_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Robert Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves"},{"link_name":"historical Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Son of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Judaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"Herod the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical"}],"text":"First edition (publ. Cassell)King Jesus is a semi-historical novel by Robert Graves, first published in 1946. The novel treats the historical Jesus not as the Son of God, but rather as a philosopher with a legitimate claim to the Judaean throne through Herod the Great,[1] as well as the Davidic monarchy; and treats numerous Biblical stories in a non-religious manner.","title":"King Jesus (novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"hagiographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiographer"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Graves wrote the story from the perspective of an official living in the time of Domitian. The novel opens with the statement, \"I, AGABUS the Decapolitan, began this work at Alexandria in the ninth year of the Emperor Domitian and completed it at Rome in the thirteenth year of the same.\"[2] The novel consists primarily of dialogues between the prophets and other people of the story told by the Roman hagiographer. It begins with the reign of Herod before Jesus is born and explains the dynastical, quasi-secular roots of Jesus both from his mother's and his father's side, establishing a temporal and historical right to the throne of Israel. The second part starts with the Nativity and Jesus's youth. Finally, the third part chronicles Jesus's work in adulthood as a prophet, his death on the cross, and his resurrection.In a \"Historical Commentary\" published at the end of the book Robert Graves remarks, concerning the book's historical basis, \"A detailed commentary written to justify the unorthodox views contained in this book would be two or three times as long as the book itself, and would take years to complete; I beg to be excused the task ...[but]...I undertake to my readers that every important element in my story is based on some tradition, however tenuous, and that I have taken more than ordinary pains to verify my historical background\".[3]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carcanet Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcanet_Press"}],"text":"The standard scholarly edition is the volume in the Collected Works of Robert Graves (Carcanet Press), edited by Robert A. Davis.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Gnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-6"}],"text":"A 1946 review by Kirkus Reviews summarized the book with; \"This is not reading for the easily shocked; it definitely presents Jesus as a sage and a poet, if not divine. It moves, as does all Mr. Graves' writing, at a brilliant fast pace, and with a tremendous style.\"[4] In another contemporary book review by Commentary, Mordecai Chertoff wrote \"the Jewish reviewer must protest and warn the reader of Graves’ total irresponsibility in his handling of Jewish religious tradition. It is obvious, however, that Graves’ intention in writing this \"novel\" was not to compose a historical pot-boiler. Influenced perhaps by depth psychology, he feels, apparently, that the issue between the \"rule\" of the father and that of the mother animated Jewish religion and political history in a preponderant way, and that the supremacy of the father was there established once and for all. There are certain risks, however, when such a serious thesis is dealt with by a novelist, even if he does not mean to be taken very earnestly. There is the danger that untutored people.. will take this invented lore for the real thing and read his fantasy for the sake of edification and erudition.\"[5] Writing in 1981 for The New York Times, John Leonard describes the book's relation to Gnosticism and wrote, \"Mr. Graves, in other words, is still pushing his White Goddess, the mother of all religions, and when we learn that one of Herod's grandsons was helpful to Claudius at a sticky moment, we understand why Mr. Graves involved himself in his farrago in the first place.\"[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Antipater ben Herod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipater_(son_of_Herod_I)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Herodian Messiah[7] is a work of non-fiction that presents evidence and arguments in support of the central theory of King Jesus (i.e., that Jesus was the son of Antipater ben Herod and Mariamne bat Antigonus).[8]","title":"Later references"}]	[{"image_text":"First edition (publ. Cassell)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/KingJesus.jpg/220px-KingJesus.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"King Jesus\". Kirkus Reviews. 15 June 1946.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/robert-graves2/king-jesus/","url_text":"\"King Jesus\""}]},{"reference":"Mordecai S. Chertoff (1 April 1947). \"King Jesus, by Robert Graves\". Commentary.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/king-jesus-by-robert-graves/","url_text":"\"King Jesus, by Robert Graves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)","url_text":"Commentary"}]},{"reference":"Leonard, John (25 December 1981). \"Books of The Times\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/25/books/books-of-the-times-146565.html","url_text":"\"Books of The Times\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.robertgraves.org/bio.php","external_links_name":"St John's College Robert Graves Trust"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061019064431/http://www.robertgraves.org/bio.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/0374516642","external_links_name":"First Sentence"},{"Link":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/robert-graves2/king-jesus/","external_links_name":"\"King Jesus\""},{"Link":"https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/king-jesus-by-robert-graves/","external_links_name":"\"King Jesus, by Robert Graves\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/25/books/books-of-the-times-146565.html","external_links_name":"\"Books of The Times\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/0615355080","external_links_name":"Herodian Messiah: Case for Jesus As Grandson of Herod"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130204083858/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,887225,00.html","external_links_name":"Old Heresy, New Version. Review of King Jesus from Time Magazine, Monday, September 30, 1946"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpena_County_Regional_Airport	Alpena County Regional Airport	["1 History","2 Facilities and aircraft","3 Airlines and destinations","3.1 Passenger","3.2 Cargo","4 Ridership statistics","5 In Media","6 Accidents and incidents","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Notes","8.2 Citations","9 Other sources","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°04′41″N 083°33′37″W / 45.07806°N 83.56028°W / 45.07806; -83.56028Airport in Alpena County, Michigan, United States For the military use of this facility prior to 1957, see Alpena Air Force Station. Alpena County Regional AirportIATA: APNICAO: KAPNFAA LID: APNSummaryAirport typePublicOwnerCounty of AlpenaServesAlpena, MichiganLocationMaple Ridge Township/Wilson TownshipElevation AMSL690 ft / 210 mCoordinates45°04′41″N 083°33′37″W / 45.07806°N 83.56028°W / 45.07806; -83.56028WebsiteAlpenaAirport.comMapAPNLocation of airport in MichiganShow map of MichiganAPNAPN (the United States)Show map of the United StatesRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 01/19 9,001 2,744 Concrete 07/25 5,028 1,533 Concrete StatisticsAircraft operations (2021)5,252Based aircraft (2021)23Total passengers served (12 months ending January 2017)18,400Sources: Federal Aviation Administration, Michigan DOT Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Alpena County Regional Airport (IATA: APN, ICAO: KAPN, FAA LID: APN) is a county-owned, public-use, joint civil-military airport in Alpena County, Michigan, United States. The airport is located six nautical miles (7 mi, 11 km) west of the central business district of Alpena, off of M-32 . It straddles the boundary between Maple Ridge Township on the north and Wilson Township on the south. It is mostly used for general aviation, but is also served by one commercial airline, an affiliate of Delta Connection, with freight services provided by an affiliate of FedEx Feeder It is said to be the "Proud home of Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center," the host unit of the Michigan Air National Guard's Alpena Air National Guard Base. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 7,519 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 7,638 enplanements in 2009, and 8,737 in 2010. It is included in the FAA National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility. The airport regularly hosts airshows and aircraft displays of antique aircraft. Aircraft like the B-29 Superfortress and the B-24 Liberator have made stops at the airport for access by the public. History Alpena County Regional Airport was founded after World War 1. It was formally dedicated in 1931, and the US Army Air Corps used the airport for training purposes until 1947, at which time it was handed over to Alpena County. The airport has been assigned to the Air National Guard since 1952 and is used for training. The airport started updates to its passenger terminal in the 1990s. Great Lakes Airlines provided service to Chicago until 1997, when Northwest Airlines began flights to Detroit with regional partner Mesaba Airlines. In 1999, the airport became eligible for Federal Airport Improvement Funds, which currently serve as the primary funding source for airport development. SkyWest Airlines began servicing the airport in 2012 on behalf of Delta Connection. In 2020, the airport received $17 million as part of the federal CARES act to upgrade facilities and maintain operational levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. The airport has had increasing passenger numbers throughout its history. In 2021, the airport received a $1 million subsidy from the FAA after passing a 10,000 enplanement threshold that year. In 2015, the airport was the site of drone test flights in order for the FAA to develop standards for integrating drones into national airspace. In early 2022, Alpena County and the airport were sued by Huron Aviation, the fuel provider at the airport, over concerns that the airport was trying to break up Huron's business relationship with SkyWest and seize control of the airport's fuel farm, which Huron Aviation claims to have invested in to build. Huron Aviation said Alpena sought quotes from competitors AvFuel and Alpena Ground Services in hopes they would offer lower quotes that the county could offer SkyWest. If SkyWest took a competing offer, Huron says it would have breached its contract with the county, giving the county the right to seize the fuel farm and give it to another provider. The county denies the allegations. In 2022, SkyWest provided controversy when they cut direct flights at Alpena, instead operating tag flights between Delta hubs via, at different times, Sault Ste. Marie and Pellston. The company had wanted to add flights to Minneapolis as well as Detroit in the summer of 2022, but it failed to sustain the FAA approval to do so. Facilities and aircraft Alpena County Regional Airport covers an area of 3,084 acres (1,248 ha) at an elevation of 690 feet (210 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with concrete surfaces: 1/19 is 9,001 by 150 feet (2,744 × 46 m) and 7/25 is 5,028 by 100 feet (1,533 × 30 m). For the 12-month period ending August 31, 2021, the airport had 5,252 aircraft operations (down from 9,790 in 2010), or roughly 14 per day: 44% military, 40% general aviation, and 20% air taxi. For the same time period, there were 23 aircraft based at this airport: 23 single-engine and 4 multi-engine airplanes. The airport has an FBO offering fuel, courtesy cars, a crew lounge, and showers. Airlines and destinations Passenger This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) AirlinesDestinations Delta Connection Detroit Destinations map AlpenaDetroitclass=notpageimage\| Destinations from Alpena County Regional Airport Cargo AirlinesDestinations FedEx Feeder Flint Ridership statistics Busiest domestic routes out of APN(June 2020 - May 2021) Rank City Passengers Carriers 1 Detroit, Michigan 7,000 Delta In Media Several scenes of the film Die Hard 2 were shot there. The location was chosen in part because there was a need for snow, and the producers expected Alpena to produce. However, due to a lack of snowfall, artificial snow had to be used. Consequently, other filming was done at Kincheloe Air Force Base in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Accidents and incidents On August 12, 1984, a Piper PA-12 was involved in an accident at the airport. On March 13, 1986, an Embraer EMB-110P1 Bandeirante operated by Simmons Airlines crashed while attempting an ILS approach in bad weather. The aircraft was attempting a second approach after going around the first time. The probable cause was found to be the flight crew's continued descent below the glideslope and through the published decision height without obtaining visual references of the runway. Contributing to the accident was an insufficient weather dissemination system. Three of the nine occupants were killed. On March 13, 2006, a Saab 340B operated by Mesaba Airlines was substantially damaged on the ground before departing from the airport. After the engines were started for a flight to Detroit, it was found a stroller from an inbound passenger had not been offloaded. The pilots shut down the left engine to ease access. The agent retrieving the stroller lost their balance while exiting the aircraft; they dropped the stroller, which was subsequently blown under the fuselage by wind and into the aircraft's right main landing gear before impacting the right engine's propellers, which were spinning. Fragments from the stroller struck the fuselage after passing through the propeller, puncturing three holes and causing dents. The probable cause was found to be the station agent's inability to maintain control of the stroller when he lost his balance while exiting the cargo compartment. A contributing factor was high, gusting winds. See also List of airports in Michigan References Notes ^ Bruce Willis and the film crew of Die Hard 2 used Alpena's airport to shoot several scenes of the film. Although the location was selected because snow was expected to be integral to the movie (and was moved from Denver's Stapleton Airport which had no snow), a dearth of precipitation in Alpena necessitated the use of artificial snow. Citations ^ a b c d e FAA Airport Form 5010 for APN PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. effective May 25, 2017. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation. Measures of Michigan Air Carrier Demand Archived January 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Michigan.gov, Retrieved January 8, 2013 ^ "APN – Alpena Regional Airport". ^ "Enplanements for CY 2008" (PDF, 1.0 MB). CY 2008 Passenger Boarding and All-Cargo Data. Federal Aviation Administration. December 18, 2009. ^ "Enplanements for CY 2010 (PDF, 189 KB)" (PDF). CY 2010 Passenger Boarding and All-Cargo Data. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2011. ^ "List of NPIAS Airports" (PDF). FAA.gov. Federal Aviation Administration. October 21, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016. ^ Hodge, Kevin (2022-07-27). "World War II Planes Coming to Alpena – WBKB 11". WBKB-TV. Retrieved 2023-02-15. ^ "Airport History". Alpena County Regional Airport. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "Feds drop financial fuel to Michigan airports". Up North Live. MLive Media Group. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 2022-11-17. ^ "Alpena airport on brink of $1 million subsidy". The Alpena News. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "Alpena Airport Could Soon Start Testing Drones". 9 & 10 News. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "Lawsuit emails indicate county worked on Alpena County Regional Airport (KAPN) deal, Huron Aviation says". Kathryn's Report. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "Pellston Regional Airport adding tag flight in December". Up North Live. WGTU. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "Flight schedule changed again at Alpena airport". The Alpena News. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "AirNav: KAPN – Alpena County Regional Airport". AirNav.com. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "Great lakes Air". FlightAware. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ Alpena, MI: Alpena County Regional (APN) Scheduled Services except Freight/Mail, Retrieved March 2016 ^ "Ten famous films shot in Michigan". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Die Hard 2" (PDF). Michigan Business forums. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ Die Hard 2 at IMDb. ^ "What airport was Die Hard 2 filmed in? They say in the movie that it is Dulles, but I know Dulles and that isn't Dulles". Retrieved May 15, 2013. ^ Die Hard 2 movie credits ^ "N98967 accident description". Plane Crash Map. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "ASN". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "N421XJ accident description". Plane Crash Map. Retrieved 2022-11-16. Other sources Essential Air Service documents (Docket OST-2009-0160) from the U.S. Department of Transportation: Ninety-day notice (July 14, 2009): from Mesaba Aviation, Inc. of its intent to discontinue unsubsidized scheduled air service at the following communities, effective October 12, 2009: Paducah, KY; Alpena, MI; Muskegon, MI; Hancock, MI; Sault Ste. Marie, MI; International Falls, MN; Tupelo, MS and Eau Claire, WI. Essential Air Service documents (Docket OST-2009-0300) from the U.S. Department of Transportation: Memorandum (November 19, 2009): closing out docket DOT-2009-0160 and opening up eight new dockets for the various communities (Alpena, MI; Eau Claire, WI; Hancock/Houghton, MI; International Falls, MN; Muskegon, MI; Paducah, KY; Sault Ste. Marie, MI; Tupelo, MS). Order 2010-5-18 (May 13, 2010): setting final past-period subsidy rates for Mesaba Airlines, Inc., d/b/a Delta Connection, for its forced service at Alpena and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, International Falls, Minnesota, and Tupelo, Mississippi. Also selecting Mesaba to provide essential air service (EAS) at three of these four communities on a prospective basis. At the fourth community, Tupelo, we are tentatively selecting Mesaba to provide service based on a pro-rata application of the rate Mesaba agreed to which the staff applied to a reduced service level. Ninety Day Notice (July 15, 2011): from MESABA AVIATION, INC. and PINNACLE AIRLINES, INC. of termination of service at Alpena, MI. Order 2011-9-5 (September 13, 2011): prohibiting suspension of service and requesting proposals Order 2012-6-3 (June 6, 2012): extending the Essential Air Service obligation of the two wholly owned subsidiaries of Pinnacle Airlines Corporation—Mesaba Aviation, Inc. and Pinnacle Airlines, d/b/a Delta Connection at the eight communities listed below (Muscle Shoals, AL; Alpena, MI; Iron Mountain/Kingsford, MI; Brainerd, MN; International Falls, MN; Greenville, MS; Laurel/Hattiesburg, MS; Tupelo, MS) for 30 days, through, July 9, 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alpena County Regional Airport. Alpena County Regional Airport, official site Aerial image as of April 1998 from USGS The National Map FAA Terminal Procedures for APN, effective June 13, 2024 Resources for this airport: FAA airport information for APN AirNav airport information for KAPN ASN accident history for APN FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures vteAirports in MichiganPrimary Charlevoix Houghton County Detroit Metropolitan Bishop Gerald R. Ford Kalamazoo/Battle Creek Capital Region Sawyer Muskegon County Pellston MBS Chippewa County Cherry Capital Alpena County Delta County Ford Non-primary Gogebic–Iron County Manistee County Blacker Relief Canton–Plymouth Mettetal Grosse Ile Willow Run Livingston County–Hardy Oakland Southwest Oakland County St. Clair County Romeo Oakland–Troy General aviation Abrams Ann Arbor Antrim County Atlanta Barstow Beach Beaver Island Blanc Branch County Brooks Cheboygan County Clare Custer Clements Dalton Dowagiac Dow Drummond Island Dupont–Lapeer Evart Fremont Gaylord Grand Haven Grant Gratiot Grayling Greenville Harbor Springs Hastings Hillsdale Huron County Ionia County Jackson County Jewett Kellogg Kirsch Lakeview Lenawee County Luce County Mackinac County Mackinac Island Marlette Mason County Menominee–Marinette Twin County Miller–Sparta Mt. Pleasant Oceana County Ontonagon County Oscoda County Oscoda–Wurtsmith Owosso Padgham Presque Isle County Linden Price's Roben–Hood Roscommon County–Blodgett Sandusky Saginaw County–Browne Schoolcraft County South Haven Southwest Michigan Three Rivers–Haines Toledo West Branch West Michigan Wexford County White Cloud Tuscola Tyler Young Zettel Military Selfridge ANGB CGAS Traverse City Grayling AAF List of airports in Michigan List of airports in Michigan's Upper Peninsula	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpena Air Force Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpena_Air_Force_Station"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"},{"link_name":"Alpena County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpena_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Alpena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"M-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-32_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"Maple Ridge Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Ridge_Township,_Alpena_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Wilson Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Township,_Alpena_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"Delta Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Connection"},{"link_name":"FedEx Feeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Feeder"},{"link_name":"Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpena_Combat_Readiness_Training_Center"},{"link_name":"Michigan Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"calendar year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_year"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Plan_of_Integrated_Airport_Systems"},{"link_name":"categorized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA_airport_categories"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPIAS_Airports-6"},{"link_name":"B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"B-24 Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Airport in Alpena County, Michigan, United StatesFor the military use of this facility prior to 1957, see Alpena Air Force Station.Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)Alpena County Regional Airport (IATA: APN, ICAO: KAPN, FAA LID: APN) is a county-owned, public-use, joint civil-military airport in Alpena County, Michigan, United States.[1] The airport is located six nautical miles (7 mi, 11 km) west of the central business district of Alpena,[1] off of M-32 . It straddles the boundary between Maple Ridge Township on the north and Wilson Township on the south. It is mostly used for general aviation, but is also served by one commercial airline, an affiliate of Delta Connection, with freight services provided by an affiliate of FedEx FeederIt is said to be the \"Proud home of Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center,\" the host unit of the Michigan Air National Guard's Alpena Air National Guard Base.[3]As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 7,519 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008,[4] 7,638 enplanements in 2009, and 8,737 in 2010.[5] It is included in the FAA National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility.[6]The airport regularly hosts airshows and aircraft displays of antique aircraft. Aircraft like the B-29 Superfortress and the B-24 Liberator have made stops at the airport for access by the public.[7]","title":"Alpena County Regional Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Lakes Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Northwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Mesaba Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesaba_Airlines"},{"link_name":"SkyWest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyWest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Delta Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Connection"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"federal CARES act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARES_Act"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"AvFuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AvFuel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa_County_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Pellston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellston_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Alpena County Regional Airport was founded after World War 1. It was formally dedicated in 1931, and the US Army Air Corps used the airport for training purposes until 1947, at which time it was handed over to Alpena County. The airport has been assigned to the Air National Guard since 1952 and is used for training.The airport started updates to its passenger terminal in the 1990s. Great Lakes Airlines provided service to Chicago until 1997, when Northwest Airlines began flights to Detroit with regional partner Mesaba Airlines. In 1999, the airport became eligible for Federal Airport Improvement Funds, which currently serve as the primary funding source for airport development. SkyWest Airlines began servicing the airport in 2012 on behalf of Delta Connection.[8]In 2020, the airport received $17 million as part of the federal CARES act to upgrade facilities and maintain operational levels during the COVID-19 pandemic.[9]The airport has had increasing passenger numbers throughout its history. In 2021, the airport received a $1 million subsidy from the FAA after passing a 10,000 enplanement threshold that year.[10]In 2015, the airport was the site of drone test flights in order for the FAA to develop standards for integrating drones into national airspace.[11]In early 2022, Alpena County and the airport were sued by Huron Aviation, the fuel provider at the airport, over concerns that the airport was trying to break up Huron's business relationship with SkyWest and seize control of the airport's fuel farm, which Huron Aviation claims to have invested in to build. Huron Aviation said Alpena sought quotes from competitors AvFuel and Alpena Ground Services in hopes they would offer lower quotes that the county could offer SkyWest. If SkyWest took a competing offer, Huron says it would have breached its contract with the county, giving the county the right to seize the fuel farm and give it to another provider. The county denies the allegations.[12]In 2022, SkyWest provided controversy when they cut direct flights at Alpena, instead operating tag flights between Delta hubs via, at different times, Sault Ste. Marie and Pellston. The company had wanted to add flights to Minneapolis as well as Detroit in the summer of 2022, but it failed to sustain the FAA approval to do so.[13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"air taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_taxi"},{"link_name":"airplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"FBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-base_operator"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Alpena County Regional Airport covers an area of 3,084 acres (1,248 ha) at an elevation of 690 feet (210 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with concrete surfaces: 1/19 is 9,001 by 150 feet (2,744 × 46 m) and 7/25 is 5,028 by 100 feet (1,533 × 30 m).[1]For the 12-month period ending August 31, 2021, the airport had 5,252 aircraft operations (down from 9,790 in 2010), or roughly 14 per day: 44% military, 40% general aviation, and 20% air taxi. For the same time period, there were 23 aircraft based at this airport: 23 single-engine and 4 multi-engine airplanes.[1][15]The airport has an FBO offering fuel, courtesy cars, a crew lounge, and showers.[16]","title":"Facilities and aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Passenger","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cargo","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ridership statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Die Hard 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Hard_2"},{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Kincheloe Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincheloe_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Upper Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Several scenes of the film Die Hard 2 were shot there.[A] The location was chosen in part because there was a need for snow, and the producers expected Alpena to produce. However, due to a lack of snowfall, artificial snow had to be used.[20] Consequently, other filming was done at Kincheloe Air Force Base in Michigan's Upper Peninsula.[21][22]","title":"In Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piper PA-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_PA-12_Super_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Embraer EMB-110P1 Bandeirante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_EMB_110_Bandeirante"},{"link_name":"Simmons Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_Airlines"},{"link_name":"glideslope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glideslope"},{"link_name":"decision height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_height"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Saab 340B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_340"},{"link_name":"Mesaba Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesaba_Airlines"},{"link_name":"stroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroller"},{"link_name":"landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"On August 12, 1984, a Piper PA-12 was involved in an accident at the airport.[23]\nOn March 13, 1986, an Embraer EMB-110P1 Bandeirante operated by Simmons Airlines crashed while attempting an ILS approach in bad weather. The aircraft was attempting a second approach after going around the first time. The probable cause was found to be the flight crew's continued descent below the glideslope and through the published decision height without obtaining visual references of the runway. Contributing to the accident was an insufficient weather dissemination system. Three of the nine occupants were killed.[24]\nOn March 13, 2006, a Saab 340B operated by Mesaba Airlines was substantially damaged on the ground before departing from the airport. After the engines were started for a flight to Detroit, it was found a stroller from an inbound passenger had not been offloaded. The pilots shut down the left engine to ease access. The agent retrieving the stroller lost their balance while exiting the aircraft; they dropped the stroller, which was subsequently blown under the fuselage by wind and into the aircraft's right main landing gear before impacting the right engine's propellers, which were spinning. Fragments from the stroller struck the fuselage after passing through the propeller, puncturing three holes and causing dents. The probable cause was found to be the station agent's inability to maintain control of the stroller when he lost his balance while exiting the cargo compartment. A contributing factor was high, gusting winds.[25]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Docket OST-2009-0160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0160"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Ninety-day notice (July 14, 2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0160-0001"},{"link_name":"Docket OST-2009-0300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Memorandum (November 19, 2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300-0001"},{"link_name":"Order 2010-5-18 (May 13, 2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300-0020"},{"link_name":"Ninety Day Notice (July 15, 2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300-0026"},{"link_name":"Order 2011-9-5 (September 13, 2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300-0028"},{"link_name":"Order 2012-6-3 (June 6, 2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300-0098"}],"text":"Essential Air Service documents (Docket OST-2009-0160) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:\nNinety-day notice (July 14, 2009): from Mesaba Aviation, Inc. of its intent to discontinue unsubsidized scheduled air service at the following communities, effective October 12, 2009: Paducah, KY; Alpena, MI; Muskegon, MI; Hancock, MI; Sault Ste. Marie, MI; International Falls, MN; Tupelo, MS and Eau Claire, WI.\nEssential Air Service documents (Docket OST-2009-0300) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:\nMemorandum (November 19, 2009): closing out docket DOT-2009-0160 and opening up eight new dockets for the various communities (Alpena, MI; Eau Claire, WI; Hancock/Houghton, MI; International Falls, MN; Muskegon, MI; Paducah, KY; Sault Ste. Marie, MI; Tupelo, MS).\nOrder 2010-5-18 (May 13, 2010): setting final past-period subsidy rates for Mesaba Airlines, Inc., d/b/a Delta Connection, for its forced service at Alpena and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, International Falls, Minnesota, and Tupelo, Mississippi. Also selecting Mesaba to provide essential air service (EAS) at three of these four communities on a prospective basis. At the fourth community, Tupelo, we are tentatively selecting Mesaba to provide service based on a pro-rata application of the rate Mesaba agreed to which the staff applied to a reduced service level.\nNinety Day Notice (July 15, 2011): from MESABA AVIATION, INC. and PINNACLE AIRLINES, INC. of termination of service at Alpena, MI.\nOrder 2011-9-5 (September 13, 2011): prohibiting suspension of service and requesting proposals\nOrder 2012-6-3 (June 6, 2012): extending the Essential Air Service obligation of the two wholly owned subsidiaries of Pinnacle Airlines Corporation—Mesaba Aviation, Inc. and Pinnacle Airlines, d/b/a Delta Connection at the eight communities listed below (Muscle Shoals, AL; Alpena, MI; Iron Mountain/Kingsford, MI; Brainerd, MN; International Falls, MN; Greenville, MS; Laurel/Hattiesburg, MS; Tupelo, MS) for 30 days, through, July 9, 2012.","title":"Other sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of airports in Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Michigan"}]	[{"reference":"\"APN – Alpena Regional Airport\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alpenaairport.com/","url_text":"\"APN – Alpena Regional Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enplanements for CY 2008\" (PDF, 1.0 MB). CY 2008 Passenger Boarding and All-Cargo Data. Federal Aviation Administration. December 18, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/cy08_all_enplanements.pdf","url_text":"\"Enplanements for CY 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enplanements for CY 2010 (PDF, 189 KB)\" (PDF). CY 2010 Passenger Boarding and All-Cargo Data. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/cy10_all_enplanements.pdf","url_text":"\"Enplanements for CY 2010 (PDF, 189 KB)\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of NPIAS Airports\" (PDF). FAA.gov. Federal Aviation Administration. October 21, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/NPIAS-Report-2017-2021-Appendix-A.pdf","url_text":"\"List of NPIAS Airports\""}]},{"reference":"Hodge, Kevin (2022-07-27). \"World War II Planes Coming to Alpena – WBKB 11\". WBKB-TV. Retrieved 2023-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wbkb11.com/world-war-ii-planes-coming-to-alpena","url_text":"\"World War II Planes Coming to Alpena – WBKB 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"Airport History\". Alpena County Regional Airport. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://alpenaairport.com/alpena-county-airport-history/","url_text":"\"Airport History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feds drop financial fuel to Michigan airports\". Up North Live. MLive Media Group. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 2022-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://upnorthlive.com/news/local/feds-drop-financial-fuel-to-michigan-airports","url_text":"\"Feds drop financial fuel to Michigan airports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLive_Media_Group","url_text":"MLive Media Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Alpena airport on brink of $1 million subsidy\". The Alpena News. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thealpenanews.com/news/local-news/2021/11/alpena-airport-on-brink-of-1-million-subsidy/","url_text":"\"Alpena airport on brink of $1 million subsidy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alpena_News","url_text":"The Alpena News"}]},{"reference":"\"Alpena Airport Could Soon Start Testing Drones\". 9 & 10 News. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.9and10news.com/2015/02/12/alpena-airport-could-soon-start-testing-drones/","url_text":"\"Alpena Airport Could Soon Start Testing Drones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lawsuit emails indicate county worked on Alpena County Regional Airport (KAPN) deal, Huron Aviation says\". Kathryn's Report. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kathrynsreport.com/2022/04/lawsuit-emails-indicate-county-worked.html","url_text":"\"Lawsuit emails indicate county worked on Alpena County Regional Airport (KAPN) deal, Huron Aviation says\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pellston Regional Airport adding tag flight in December\". Up North Live. WGTU. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://upnorthlive.com/news/local/pellston-regional-airport-adding-tag-flight-in-december","url_text":"\"Pellston Regional Airport adding tag flight in December\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flight schedule changed again at Alpena airport\". The Alpena News. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thealpenanews.com/news/local-news/2022/08/flight-schedule-changed-again-at-alpena-airport/","url_text":"\"Flight schedule changed again at Alpena airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"AirNav: KAPN – Alpena County Regional Airport\". AirNav.com. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://airnav.com/airport/apn","url_text":"\"AirNav: KAPN – Alpena County Regional Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great lakes Air\". FlightAware. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://flightaware.com/resources/airport/KAPN/services/FBO/Great_lakes_Air","url_text":"\"Great lakes Air\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ten famous films shot in Michigan\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/media/8249245/Ten-famous-films-shot-in-Michigan.html?image=4","url_text":"\"Ten famous films shot in Michigan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Die Hard 2\" (PDF). Michigan Business forums. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.michiganbusiness.org/499486/globalassets/documents/film/die_hard_2_tour_2.pdf","url_text":"\"Die Hard 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"What airport was Die Hard 2 filmed in? They say in the movie that it is Dulles, but I know Dulles and that isn't Dulles\". Retrieved May 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.askville.amazon.com/airport-Die-Hard-filmed-movie-Dulles/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=2832998","url_text":"\"What airport was Die Hard 2 filmed in? They say in the movie that it is Dulles, but I know Dulles and that isn't Dulles\""}]},{"reference":"\"N98967 accident description\". Plane Crash Map. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://planecrashmap.com/plane/mi/N98967/","url_text":"\"N98967 accident description\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860313-0","url_text":"\"ASN\""}]},{"reference":"\"N421XJ accident description\". Plane Crash Map. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planecrashmap.com/plane/mi/N421XJ/","url_text":"\"N421XJ accident description\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport&params=45_04_41_N_083_33_37_W_region:US-MI_type:airport","external_links_name":"45°04′41″N 083°33′37″W / 45.07806°N 83.56028°W / 45.07806; -83.56028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport&params=45_04_41_N_083_33_37_W_region:US-MI_type:airport","external_links_name":"45°04′41″N 083°33′37″W / 45.07806°N 83.56028°W / 45.07806; -83.56028"},{"Link":"http://www.alpenaairport.com/","external_links_name":"AlpenaAirport.com"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Alpena_County_Regional_Airport","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://www.gcr1.com/5010ReportRouter/default.aspx?airportID=APN","external_links_name":"FAA Airport Form 5010 for APN"},{"Link":"http://mdotcf.state.mi.us/public/airportstats/","external_links_name":"Measures of Michigan Air Carrier Demand"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130129060528/http://mdotcf.state.mi.us/public/airportstats/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.alpenaairport.com/","external_links_name":"\"APN – Alpena Regional Airport\""},{"Link":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/cy08_all_enplanements.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Enplanements for CY 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/cy10_all_enplanements.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Enplanements for CY 2010 (PDF, 189 KB)\""},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/NPIAS-Report-2017-2021-Appendix-A.pdf","external_links_name":"\"List of NPIAS Airports\""},{"Link":"https://www.wbkb11.com/world-war-ii-planes-coming-to-alpena","external_links_name":"\"World War II Planes Coming to Alpena – WBKB 11\""},{"Link":"https://alpenaairport.com/alpena-county-airport-history/","external_links_name":"\"Airport History\""},{"Link":"https://upnorthlive.com/news/local/feds-drop-financial-fuel-to-michigan-airports","external_links_name":"\"Feds drop financial fuel to Michigan airports\""},{"Link":"https://www.thealpenanews.com/news/local-news/2021/11/alpena-airport-on-brink-of-1-million-subsidy/","external_links_name":"\"Alpena airport on brink of $1 million subsidy\""},{"Link":"https://www.9and10news.com/2015/02/12/alpena-airport-could-soon-start-testing-drones/","external_links_name":"\"Alpena Airport Could Soon Start Testing Drones\""},{"Link":"http://www.kathrynsreport.com/2022/04/lawsuit-emails-indicate-county-worked.html","external_links_name":"\"Lawsuit emails indicate county worked on Alpena County Regional Airport (KAPN) deal, Huron Aviation says\""},{"Link":"https://upnorthlive.com/news/local/pellston-regional-airport-adding-tag-flight-in-december","external_links_name":"\"Pellston Regional Airport adding tag flight in December\""},{"Link":"https://www.thealpenanews.com/news/local-news/2022/08/flight-schedule-changed-again-at-alpena-airport/","external_links_name":"\"Flight schedule changed again at Alpena airport\""},{"Link":"https://airnav.com/airport/apn","external_links_name":"\"AirNav: KAPN – Alpena County Regional Airport\""},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/resources/airport/KAPN/services/FBO/Great_lakes_Air","external_links_name":"\"Great lakes Air\""},{"Link":"http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1&Airport=APN&Airport_Name=Alpena,%20MI:%20Alpena%20County%20Regional&carrier=FACTS","external_links_name":"Alpena, MI: Alpena County Regional (APN) Scheduled Services except Freight/Mail"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/media/8249245/Ten-famous-films-shot-in-Michigan.html?image=4","external_links_name":"\"Ten famous films shot in Michigan\""},{"Link":"https://www.michiganbusiness.org/499486/globalassets/documents/film/die_hard_2_tour_2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Die Hard 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099423/trivia","external_links_name":"Die Hard 2"},{"Link":"http://www.askville.amazon.com/airport-Die-Hard-filmed-movie-Dulles/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=2832998","external_links_name":"\"What airport was Die Hard 2 filmed in? They say in the movie that it is Dulles, but I know Dulles and that isn't Dulles\""},{"Link":"https://planecrashmap.com/plane/mi/N98967/","external_links_name":"\"N98967 accident description\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860313-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN\""},{"Link":"https://www.planecrashmap.com/plane/mi/N421XJ/","external_links_name":"\"N421XJ accident description\""},{"Link":"https://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0160","external_links_name":"Docket OST-2009-0160"},{"Link":"https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0160-0001","external_links_name":"Ninety-day notice (July 14, 2009)"},{"Link":"https://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300","external_links_name":"Docket OST-2009-0300"},{"Link":"https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300-0001","external_links_name":"Memorandum (November 19, 2009)"},{"Link":"https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300-0020","external_links_name":"Order 2010-5-18 (May 13, 2010)"},{"Link":"https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300-0026","external_links_name":"Ninety Day Notice (July 15, 2011)"},{"Link":"https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300-0028","external_links_name":"Order 2011-9-5 (September 13, 2011)"},{"Link":"https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=DOT-OST-2009-0300-0098","external_links_name":"Order 2012-6-3 (June 6, 2012)"},{"Link":"http://www.alpenaairport.com/","external_links_name":"Alpena County Regional Airport"},{"Link":"http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=1&s=12&lat=45.0781&lon=-83.5603&w=600&h=900&lp=---+None+---","external_links_name":"Aerial image as of April 1998"},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dtpp/search/results/?cycle=2407&ident=APN","external_links_name":"FAA Terminal Procedures for APN"},{"Link":"https://nfdc.faa.gov/nfdcApps/services/ajv5/airportDisplay.jsp?airportId=APN","external_links_name":"airport information for APN"},{"Link":"http://www.airnav.com/airport/KAPN","external_links_name":"airport information for KAPN"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=APN","external_links_name":"accident history for APN"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/resources/airport/KAPN","external_links_name":"airport information"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/live/airport/KAPN","external_links_name":"live flight tracker"},{"Link":"https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/weather/current/KAPN.html","external_links_name":"current"},{"Link":"https://w1.weather.gov/data/obhistory/KAPN.html","external_links_name":"past three days"},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/?id=KAPN&zoom=2","external_links_name":"aeronautical chart"},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/airport/APN","external_links_name":"Terminal Procedures"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_2112	Mars 2112	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°45′43″N 73°59′2.6″W / 40.76194°N 73.984056°W / 40.76194; -73.984056Defunct theme restaurant in New York City Street-level sign for Mars 2112 near Times Square Mars 2112 (pronounced "Mars twenty-one twelve") was one of many tourist-targeted restaurants in the Times Square district of New York City, based on future space travel and accommodations. At 33,000 sq ft (3,100 m2), it was the largest such themed restaurant when it opened in November 1998. Businessmen and founders Paschal M. Phelan and Simon Deith claimed at its opening, "It's the fusion of fun and good food and fantasy." Flying saucer The restaurant was situated on a sunken courtyard in front of the Paramount Plaza building at Broadway and 51st Street. A UFO-like elevator took patrons to the dining tier, where the "Mars Bar" and "Space Arcade" were also located. Perhaps the most notable feature was Crystal Crater, which served as the dining area. It was three stories high, and decorated as an imaginary Mars underground landscape. Waiters dressed in futuristic costumes, and food and drink items had space-themed names. After dining, patrons passed through two doorways where a "teleporter" took them back to the main floor and the gift shop. The restaurant closed in January 2012. The restaurant was auctioned off by Eliot B. Millman and Michael Amodeo auction companies. It had previously filed for bankruptcy twice (once in 2002 and once in late 2007) before finally closing. A Mars 2112 restaurant opened at Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg, Illinois, on October 3, 2000. It closed in November 2001, for no publicly-stated reason. References ^ a b Marriott, Michel (February 18, 1999). "Mars 2112: A Space Odyssey". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2011. ^ Merwin, Hugh (January 3, 2012). "Signs of the Apocalypse: Mars 2112 Probably Closing". Grub Street. Archived from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2019. ^ Stoeffel, Kat (January 18, 2012). "Arcade Games Repossessed, Tourist Trap Turned Nightclub Mars 2112 Shutters". Observer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019. ^ Kummerer, Wendy (October 2, 2000). "Woodfield Adds Mars To Menu". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing Company. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2012. ^ Korecki, Natasha (November 8, 2001). "Mars 2112 temporarily closes; California Cafe gone for good". Daily Herald. Douglas K. Ray. Retrieved August 29, 2023 – via newspapers.com. External links Official website (archived December 5, 2011) 40°45′43″N 73°59′2.6″W / 40.76194°N 73.984056°W / 40.76194; -73.984056 vteRestaurants in the City of New YorkCurrent 15 East 54 Below 63 Clinton ABC Kitchen ABCV L'Abeille Ai Fiori Al Coro Atoboy Aquavit Asiate Atera Atlantic Grill Atomix B&H Dairy Babbo Baby Brasa Bad Roman Balthazar Bar Next Door at La Lanterna di Vittorio Barbetta Barbuto Barney Greengrass Betony Blue Hill Le Bernardin Bōm Burp Castle BurritoVille Butter Restaurant Café Boulud Café Carmellini Café China Caffe Reggio Caravaggio Carbone Carlyle Restaurant Casa Mono Caviar Russe Charles' Southern Style Kitchen Chef's Table at Brooklyn Fare CheLi Ci Siamo Cipriani S.A. Clinton Street Baking Company & Restaurant The Clocktower Crown Shy Cote Le Coucou Daniel Danji Defonte's Dimes Dirt Candy Don Angie Dorrian's Red Hand Restaurant Eleven Madison Park Ellen's Stardust Diner Essential by Christophe Estela Fanelli Cafe Foul Witch Foxface Natural Fraunces Tavern Frenchette Frevo Gabriel Kreuther Gallagher's Steakhouse Gotham Bar and Grill La Goulue Gramercy Tavern Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant Gray's Papaya La Grenouille The Halal Guys Hamburger America Hav & Mar H&H Bagels Hirohisa Hop Kee Houseman The Hungarian Pastry Shop Icca Ivan Ramen J.G. Melon Le Jardinier Jean-Georges Jeju Noodle Bar Joe Allen Joe's Shanghai Joomak Banjum Jua Jungsik Junoon Kanoyama Kappo Masa Restaurant Katz's Delicatessen Keens Steakhouse Kesté King King's Carriage House Kochi Koloman Kono Kosaka Kossar's Bialys Kurumazushi Lan Sheng Laut Lindy's Lombardi's Pizza Lord's Lucciola Lucien Lusardi's Mắm Marea Mari Masa Matsugen McSorley's Old Ale House The Meatball Shop Michael's Milk Bar Minetta Tavern Mischa Murray's Sturgeon Shop The Musket Room Naro Noda Nom Wah Tea Parlor Noz 17 Numero 28 Oceana Odo Oiji Mi Okdongsik Old Homestead Steakhouse One If By Land, Two If By Sea One White Street P. J. Clarke's The Palm Pastrami Queen Patsy's Patsy's Pizzeria Le Pavillon Per Se Perry Street Pete's Tavern Pommes Frites Rainbow Room Rao's Ray's Candy Store Red Paper Clip Rezdôra Rizzo's Fine Pizza Romany Marie Russian Tea Room Russ and Daughters Safari Saga Salumeria Biellese Salumeria Rosi Parmacotto Sardi's Sarge's Deli Sasabune Satsuki Second Avenue Deli Semma Serendipity 3 Sevilla Shopsin's Shun Lee Palace Le Soleil Somtum Der Sparks Steak House Strip House Sushi Amane Sushi Azabu Sushi Nakazawa Sushi Noz Sushi Seki Sushi Yasuda Sylvia's Restaurant of Harlem Tamarind Tribeca Tatiana by Kwame Onwuachi Tavern on the Green Tempura Matsui The Odeon Tom's Restaurant Torien Torishin Torrisi Les Trois Chevaux Tribeca Grill Tuome Una Pizza Napoletana Umbertos Clam House Union Square Cafe Upland Ushiwakamaru Le Veau d'Or Veniero's Veselka Vestry Wallsé The Water Club Wo Hop Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery Yoshino ZZ's Clam Bar Zabar's Defunct 21 Club A Voce Columbus Agern Aldea Alto Andanada Anthos Aquagrill Asti Aureole Bar Uchū Bâtard The Beatrice Inn Benno BiCE Ristorante BLT Fish Bouley Brasserie Julien Brasserie Les Halles Bridge Cafe Browne's Chop House Brushstroke Burger Heaven Cafe Chambord Café Clover Café des Artistes Café Gray Café Nicholson Cafe Rouge Cagen Candle Cafe La Caravelle Carnegie Deli Chanterelle Chelsea Place Chinese Tuxedo Christ Cella Le Cirque Cloud Club The Coffee Shop Convivio Cornelia Street Cafe Contra Corton La Côte Basque Cru Da Silvano Del Pezzo Restaurant Del Posto Delmonico's Devi Dovetail Dubrow's Cafeteria Eighty One Elaine's Etats-Unis Fashion Cafe Fiamma Osteria Fleur de Sel Florent FOOD Four Seasons Restaurant The Gaslight Cafe Hallo Berlin Harry & Ida's Meat and Supply Co. Heartbreak Horn & Hardart Ichimura at Brushstroke Jekyll & Hyde Club Jewel Bako Juni Kajitsu Kiev Restaurant Kyo Ya Lafayette Lanza's Lespinasse Lindy's Lobster Palace Longchamps Lüchow's Lutèce Manganaro's Mars 2112 Mas Maxwell's Plum Montrachet Moondance Diner Mori Munson Diner Nedick's Nix The NoMad O Ya Oak Room Okuda The Original Soupman Papaya King Le Pavillon Penny Cafeteria Piora Prime Burger The Quilted Giraffe Quo Vadis Ratner's Rebelle Reisenweber's Cafe Reuben's Restaurant Rocco Restaurant Rolfe's Chop House Rosanjin Rumpelmayer’s Sammy's Roumanian Steakhouse Lo Scalco La Sirena Shanley's Restaurants Sherry's The Sign of the Dove Soto The Spotted Pig Stage Deli Stock Exchange Luncheon Club Stork Club Teany Telepan Tetsu Toots Shor's Restaurant Tramezzini NYC La Tulipe Tulsi Ukiyo Uncle Boons Veritas The Village Den Vong wd~50 Windows on the World The World Related Chinatown, Manhattan Curry Row Little Brazil, Manhattan Little Italy, Manhattan Restaurant Row This New York City-based restaurant or restaurant chain article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mars-times.jpg"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"space travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2112-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2112-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mars_2112_jeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"Paramount Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Plaza"},{"link_name":"UFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object"},{"link_name":"teleporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleportation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Woodfield Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodfield_Mall"},{"link_name":"Schaumburg, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumburg,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Defunct theme restaurant in New York CityStreet-level sign for Mars 2112 near Times SquareMars 2112 (pronounced \"Mars twenty-one twelve\") was one of many tourist-targeted restaurants in the Times Square district of New York City, based on future space travel and accommodations. At 33,000 sq ft (3,100 m2), it was the largest such themed restaurant when it opened in November 1998.[1] \nBusinessmen and founders Paschal M. Phelan and Simon Deith claimed at its opening, \"It's the fusion of fun and good food and fantasy.\"[1]Flying saucerThe restaurant was situated on a sunken courtyard in front of the Paramount Plaza building at Broadway and 51st Street. A UFO-like elevator took patrons to the dining tier, where the \"Mars Bar\" and \"Space Arcade\" were also located. Perhaps the most notable feature was Crystal Crater, which served as the dining area. It was three stories high, and decorated as an imaginary Mars underground landscape. Waiters dressed in futuristic costumes, and food and drink items had space-themed names. After dining, patrons passed through two doorways where a \"teleporter\" took them back to the main floor and the gift shop. The restaurant closed in January 2012.[2] The restaurant was auctioned off by Eliot B. Millman and Michael Amodeo auction companies. It had previously filed for bankruptcy twice (once in 2002 and once in late 2007) before finally closing.[3]A Mars 2112 restaurant opened at Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg, Illinois, on October 3, 2000.[4] It closed in November 2001, for no publicly-stated reason.[5]","title":"Mars 2112"}]	[{"image_text":"Street-level sign for Mars 2112 near Times Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mars-times.jpg/220px-Mars-times.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flying saucer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mars_2112_jeh.JPG/220px-Mars_2112_jeh.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Marriott, Michel (February 18, 1999). \"Mars 2112: A Space Odyssey\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E1DE1E3AF93BA25751C0A96F958260","url_text":"\"Mars 2112: A Space Odyssey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230829221306/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/18/technology/mars-2112-a-space-odyssey.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Merwin, Hugh (January 3, 2012). \"Signs of the Apocalypse: Mars 2112 Probably Closing\". Grub Street. Archived from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://newyork.grubstreet.com/2012/01/mars-2112-closing-auction.html","url_text":"\"Signs of the Apocalypse: Mars 2112 Probably Closing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160302000120/http://newyork.grubstreet.com/2012/01/mars-2112-closing-auction.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stoeffel, Kat (January 18, 2012). \"Arcade Games Repossessed, Tourist Trap Turned Nightclub Mars 2112 Shutters\". Observer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://observer.com/2012/01/mars-2112-tourist-restaurant-turned-nightclub-closes-has-arcade-games-repossessed/","url_text":"\"Arcade Games Repossessed, Tourist Trap Turned Nightclub Mars 2112 Shutters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190714200613/https://observer.com/2012/01/mars-2112-tourist-restaurant-turned-nightclub-closes-has-arcade-games-repossessed/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kummerer, Wendy (October 2, 2000). \"Woodfield Adds Mars To Menu\". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing Company. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-10-02/news/0010020133_1_mars-diners-rainforest-cafe","url_text":"\"Woodfield Adds Mars To Menu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150110073323/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-10-02/news/0010020133_1_mars-diners-rainforest-cafe","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Korecki, Natasha (November 8, 2001). \"Mars 2112 temporarily closes; California Cafe gone for good\". Daily Herald. Douglas K. Ray. Retrieved August 29, 2023 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/130909829/the-daily-herald-mars-2112-temporarily-c/","url_text":"\"Mars 2112 temporarily closes; California Cafe gone for good\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Herald_(Arlington_Heights,_Illinois)","url_text":"Daily Herald"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mars_2112&params=40_45_43_N_73_59_2.6_W_","external_links_name":"40°45′43″N 73°59′2.6″W / 40.76194°N 73.984056°W / 40.76194; -73.984056"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E1DE1E3AF93BA25751C0A96F958260","external_links_name":"\"Mars 2112: A Space Odyssey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230829221306/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/18/technology/mars-2112-a-space-odyssey.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://newyork.grubstreet.com/2012/01/mars-2112-closing-auction.html","external_links_name":"\"Signs of the Apocalypse: Mars 2112 Probably Closing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160302000120/http://newyork.grubstreet.com/2012/01/mars-2112-closing-auction.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://observer.com/2012/01/mars-2112-tourist-restaurant-turned-nightclub-closes-has-arcade-games-repossessed/","external_links_name":"\"Arcade Games Repossessed, Tourist Trap Turned Nightclub Mars 2112 Shutters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190714200613/https://observer.com/2012/01/mars-2112-tourist-restaurant-turned-nightclub-closes-has-arcade-games-repossessed/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-10-02/news/0010020133_1_mars-diners-rainforest-cafe","external_links_name":"\"Woodfield Adds Mars To Menu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150110073323/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-10-02/news/0010020133_1_mars-diners-rainforest-cafe","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/130909829/the-daily-herald-mars-2112-temporarily-c/","external_links_name":"\"Mars 2112 temporarily closes; California Cafe gone for good\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111205020931/http://www.mars2112.com/","external_links_name":"Official website (archived December 5, 2011)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mars_2112&params=40_45_43_N_73_59_2.6_W_","external_links_name":"40°45′43″N 73°59′2.6″W / 40.76194°N 73.984056°W / 40.76194; -73.984056"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_2112&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Caffry	Anthony Caffry	["1 Biography","2 References"]	For the American lawyer, see Anthony F. Caffrey. The ReverendAnthony CaffryPersonal detailsBornIrelandDied1811Dublin, IrelandDenominationCatholic ChurchAlma materEsker Friary Sorbonne Anthony Caffry (died 1811), sometimes spelled Caffrey and recorded in Vatican documents as McCaffrey, was an Irish Catholic priest who was a friar in the Order of Preachers. He is best known for being the founder and first pastor of St. Patrick's Church, the first Catholic church in Washington, D.C. Biography He was born near Newport, County Mayo, Ireland, and entered the Dominican Order in Esker in County Galway in 1777. Following his ordination, Father Caffry received a Doctor of Divinity degree from the Sorbonne in Paris. In 1794, he traveled to the United States and was charged by Bishop John Carroll with erecting the first Catholic parish in the city of Washington. Caffry's decision to undertake this project was likely influenced by Irish architect James Hoban, who asked Caffry to consider the Irish who worked to build the new federal capital. He first began holding services in rented spaces in the beginning of the year, but later built a modest, one-and-a-half story wood-frame church with the meager funds the parish had. The land on which it was built was purchased by Caffry on April 17, 1794, as two lots (numbers 5 and 6) on block 376 of the original plan of the District of Columbia between 9th and 10th Streets and F and G Streets. For these two lots, he paid 80 pounds to its seller, the United States government. During its establishment, he insisted that Leonard Neale, the coadjutor bishop of Baltimore, order the entire City of Washington be included within the territory of the parish. For ten years, Caffry resided as pastor of St. Patrick's in Washington. He resigned in 1804 when the parish required construction of a larger church, and was succeeded by William Matthews. He was then reassigned to New York, staying only three years before returning to Ireland. In 1811, he died suddenly in Dublin. References ^ Shea, John Gilmary (1888). "St. Patrick's Church". Life and Times of the Most Rev. John Carroll, Bishop and First Archbishop of Baltimore: Embracing the History of the Catholic Church in the United States. 1763-1815. John Gilmary Shea. p. 515. ISBN 9780837058641. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018. ^ a b "St. Patrick's". When Washington was Irish. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018. ^ Diaz, Kevin (March 31, 2000). "God Is in the Real Estate". Washington City Paper. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018. ^ a b MacGregor, Morris J. (1994). A parish for the federal city : St. Patrick's in Washington, 1794-1994. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 0813208017. OCLC 29636010. ^ a b Warner, William W. (1994). "Part I: Georgetown and the Maryland Tradition". At Peace with All Their Neighbors: Catholics and Catholicism in the National Capital, 1787-1860. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 1589012437. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. ^ a b "The Archdiocese and Province of Baltimore". The Catholic Church in the United States of America: Undertaken to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of His Holiness, Pope Pius X. New York: Catholic Editing Company. 1914. p. 117. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018. ^ McGreal, Mary Nona (2001). "Chapter 2: Preachers in the Service of Bishop John Carroll" (PDF). The Order of Preachers in the United States: Dominicans at home in a young nation 1786-1865. Vol. 1: A Family History. Editions du Signe. ISBN 9782746805347. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Catholic Church titles New office 1st Pastor of St. Patrick's Church 1794—1804 Succeeded byWilliam Matthews vteRoman Catholic Archdiocese of WashingtonOrdinaries Archbishops Michael Joseph Curley Patrick O'Boyle William Wakefield Baum James Aloysius Hickey Theodore McCarrick Donald Wuerl Wilton Daniel Gregory Auxiliaries John Michael McNamara Patrick Joseph McCormick Philip Hannan William Joseph McDonald John Selby Spence Edward John Herrmann Thomas William Lyons Eugene Antonio Marino Thomas C. Kelly Álvaro Corrada del Río William G. Curlin Leonard Olivier William E. Lori Kevin Farrell Francisco González Valer, SF Martin Holley Barry C. Knestout Mario E. Dorsonville Roy Edward Campbell Michael William Fisher Juan Esposito-Garcia Evelio Menjivar-Ayala Churchesand parishes Cathedral Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle Parish churches Sacred Heart Church, Bowie St. Ambrose Church, Cheverly St. Francis Xavier Church, Compton St. Mary Church, Newport St. Ignatius Church, Oxon Hill St. Ignatius Church, Port Tobacco St. Mary Church, Rockville St. Ignatius Church, St. Inigoes Holy Trinity Church, Washington Immaculate Conception Church, Washington St. Aloysius Church, Washington St. Anthony of Padua Church, Washington St. Augustine Church, Washington St. Patrick's Church, Washington St. Peter's Church, Washington St. Stephen Martyr Church, Washington Our Lady Star of the Sea Church, Solomons St. John the Baptist, Silver Spring St. John the Evangelist, Silver Spring Our Lady, Queen of Poland and St. Maximilian Kolbe Parish Chapels and shrines Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception Pope John Paul II Shrine Shrine of the Sacred Heart Dahlgren Chapel of the Sacred Heart Catholiceducation Higher education Catholic University of America Dominican House of Studies Georgetown University John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family Trinity Washington University Washington Theological Union High schools Template:Washington Metro Area Catholic High Schools Academy of the Holy Cross Archbishop Carroll High School The Avalon School Bishop McNamara High School Brookewood School Connelly School of the Holy Child DeMatha Catholic High School Don Bosco Cristo Rey High School Elizabeth Seton High School Georgetown Preparatory School Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School Gonzaga College High School The Heights School Our Lady of Good Counsel High School St. Anselm's Abbey School St. John's College High School St. Mary's Ryken High School St. Vincent Pallotti High School Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart Priests Lorenzo Albacete Anthony Caffry William Matthews Miscellany Catholic Standard (newspaper) El Pregonero (newspaper) Mount St. Sepulchre Franciscan Monastery Mount Olivet Cemetery Holy Rood Cemetery Georgetown University Jesuit Community Cemetery The James Cardinal Gibbons Memorial Statue Saint Anselm's Abbey St. Clement's Island State Park Catholicism portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony F. Caffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_F._Caffrey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irish-2"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"friar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friar"},{"link_name":"Order of Preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Preachers"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Catholic_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."}],"text":"For the American lawyer, see Anthony F. Caffrey.Anthony Caffry (died 1811), sometimes spelled Caffrey[1] and recorded in Vatican documents as McCaffrey,[2] was an Irish Catholic priest who was a friar in the Order of Preachers. He is best known for being the founder and first pastor of St. Patrick's Church, the first Catholic church in Washington, D.C.","title":"Anthony Caffry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport, County Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-federalcity-4"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-federalcity-4"},{"link_name":"John Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carroll_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"city of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"James Hoban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hoban"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peace-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irish-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilee-6"},{"link_name":"Leonard Neale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Neale"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilee-6"},{"link_name":"William Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Matthews_(priest)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peace-5"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcgreal-7"}],"text":"He was born near Newport, County Mayo, Ireland,[3][4] and entered the Dominican Order in Esker in County Galway in 1777. Following his ordination, Father Caffry received a Doctor of Divinity degree from the Sorbonne in Paris.[4] In 1794, he traveled to the United States and was charged by Bishop John Carroll with erecting the first Catholic parish in the city of Washington. Caffry's decision to undertake this project was likely influenced by Irish architect James Hoban, who asked Caffry to consider the Irish who worked to build the new federal capital. He first began holding services in rented spaces in the beginning of the year,[5] but later built a modest, one-and-a-half story wood-frame church with the meager funds the parish had. The land on which it was built was purchased by Caffry on April 17, 1794, as two lots (numbers 5 and 6) on block 376 of the original plan of the District of Columbia between 9th and 10th Streets and F and G Streets.[2] For these two lots, he paid 80 pounds to its seller, the United States government.[6] During its establishment, he insisted that Leonard Neale, the coadjutor bishop of Baltimore, order the entire City of Washington be included within the territory of the parish. For ten years, Caffry resided as pastor of St. Patrick's in Washington. He resigned in 1804 when the parish required construction of a larger church,[6] and was succeeded by William Matthews.[5] He was then reassigned to New York, staying only three years before returning to Ireland. In 1811, he died suddenly in Dublin.[7]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Shea, John Gilmary (1888). \"St. Patrick's Church\". Life and Times of the Most Rev. John Carroll, Bishop and First Archbishop of Baltimore: Embracing the History of the Catholic Church in the United States. 1763-1815. John Gilmary Shea. p. 515. ISBN 9780837058641. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aJbbqTtNzVcC&q=anthony+caffry+st.+patrick&pg=PA515","url_text":"\"St. Patrick's Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837058641","url_text":"9780837058641"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180916195425/https://books.google.com/books?id=aJbbqTtNzVcC&pg=PA515&lpg=PA515&dq=anthony+caffry+st.+patrick&source=bl&ots=DkQxvmlrqX&sig=ARO1TxHnU11WXw0FjCI3djwIqWA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW89KwpsDdAhXCmOAKHYZQBGg4ChDoATACegQICBAB%23v=onepage&q=anthony%20caffry%20st.%20patrick&f=false#v=snippet&q=anthony%20caffry%20st.%20patrick&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Patrick's\". When Washington was Irish. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://whenwashingtonwasirish.blogspot.com/2010/10/st-patricks.html","url_text":"\"St. Patrick's\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180916193754/http://whenwashingtonwasirish.blogspot.com/2010/10/st-patricks.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Diaz, Kevin (March 31, 2000). \"God Is in the Real Estate\". Washington City Paper. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/article/13019730/god-is-in-the-real-estate","url_text":"\"God Is in the Real Estate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_City_Paper","url_text":"Washington City Paper"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180419043027/https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/article/13019730/god-is-in-the-real-estate","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"MacGregor, Morris J. (1994). A parish for the federal city : St. Patrick's in Washington, 1794-1994. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 0813208017. OCLC 29636010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parishforfederal0000macg","url_text":"A parish for the federal city : St. Patrick's in Washington, 1794-1994"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813208017","url_text":"0813208017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29636010","url_text":"29636010"}]},{"reference":"Warner, William W. (1994). \"Part I: Georgetown and the Maryland Tradition\". At Peace with All Their Neighbors: Catholics and Catholicism in the National Capital, 1787-1860. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 1589012437. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=La5qFU947j4C&q=anthony+caffry+dominican&pg=PA25","url_text":"\"Part I: Georgetown and the Maryland Tradition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press","url_text":"Georgetown University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1589012437","url_text":"1589012437"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180916193021/https://books.google.com/books?id=La5qFU947j4C&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=anthony+caffry+dominican&source=bl&ots=XBOB9gMnhQ&sig=f3BPVQDIWzBktB69ySDiaH0HpVg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0pKKQocDdAhWMdd8KHXxnCVsQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=anthony%20caffry%20dominican&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Archdiocese and Province of Baltimore\". The Catholic Church in the United States of America: Undertaken to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of His Holiness, Pope Pius X. New York: Catholic Editing Company. 1914. p. 117. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KL4YAAAAYAAJ&q=anthony+caffry+st.+patrick&pg=PA117","url_text":"\"The Archdiocese and Province of Baltimore\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180916194237/https://books.google.com/books?id=KL4YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=anthony+caffry+st.+patrick&source=bl&ots=ExLFvgsDaZ&sig=QS-z-k0-2pPCeP8E41eflP8N0rI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3-uruosDdAhUNm-AKHc4ZCnQQ6AEwC3oECAMQAQ%23v=onepage&q=anthony%20caffry%20st.%20patrick&f=false#v=snippet&q=anthony%20caffry%20st.%20patrick&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McGreal, Mary Nona (2001). \"Chapter 2: Preachers in the Service of Bishop John Carroll\" (PDF). The Order of Preachers in the United States: Dominicans at home in a young nation 1786-1865. Vol. 1: A Family History. Editions du Signe. ISBN 9782746805347. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.dom.edu/sites/default/files/center/mcgreal/files/DaHCHAP02.pdf","url_text":"\"Chapter 2: Preachers in the Service of Bishop John Carroll\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782746805347","url_text":"9782746805347"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923114824/http://www2.dom.edu/sites/default/files/center/mcgreal/files/DaHCHAP02.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aJbbqTtNzVcC&q=anthony+caffry+st.+patrick&pg=PA515","external_links_name":"\"St. Patrick's Church\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180916195425/https://books.google.com/books?id=aJbbqTtNzVcC&pg=PA515&lpg=PA515&dq=anthony+caffry+st.+patrick&source=bl&ots=DkQxvmlrqX&sig=ARO1TxHnU11WXw0FjCI3djwIqWA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW89KwpsDdAhXCmOAKHYZQBGg4ChDoATACegQICBAB%23v=onepage&q=anthony%20caffry%20st.%20patrick&f=false#v=snippet&q=anthony%20caffry%20st.%20patrick&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://whenwashingtonwasirish.blogspot.com/2010/10/st-patricks.html","external_links_name":"\"St. Patrick's\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180916193754/http://whenwashingtonwasirish.blogspot.com/2010/10/st-patricks.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/article/13019730/god-is-in-the-real-estate","external_links_name":"\"God Is in the Real Estate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180419043027/https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/article/13019730/god-is-in-the-real-estate","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/parishforfederal0000macg","external_links_name":"A parish for the federal city : St. Patrick's in Washington, 1794-1994"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29636010","external_links_name":"29636010"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=La5qFU947j4C&q=anthony+caffry+dominican&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"\"Part I: Georgetown and the Maryland Tradition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180916193021/https://books.google.com/books?id=La5qFU947j4C&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=anthony+caffry+dominican&source=bl&ots=XBOB9gMnhQ&sig=f3BPVQDIWzBktB69ySDiaH0HpVg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0pKKQocDdAhWMdd8KHXxnCVsQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=anthony%20caffry%20dominican&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KL4YAAAAYAAJ&q=anthony+caffry+st.+patrick&pg=PA117","external_links_name":"\"The Archdiocese and Province of Baltimore\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180916194237/https://books.google.com/books?id=KL4YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=anthony+caffry+st.+patrick&source=bl&ots=ExLFvgsDaZ&sig=QS-z-k0-2pPCeP8E41eflP8N0rI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3-uruosDdAhUNm-AKHc4ZCnQQ6AEwC3oECAMQAQ%23v=onepage&q=anthony%20caffry%20st.%20patrick&f=false#v=snippet&q=anthony%20caffry%20st.%20patrick&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www2.dom.edu/sites/default/files/center/mcgreal/files/DaHCHAP02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 2: Preachers in the Service of Bishop John Carroll\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923114824/http://www2.dom.edu/sites/default/files/center/mcgreal/files/DaHCHAP02.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Alimen	Henriette Alimen	["1 Education","2 Career","3 External links","4 References"]	French archaeologist and prehistorian Alimen (obscured by a camera) on an expedition in Mauritania. Marie-Henriette Alimen (22 June 1900 – 13 March 1996) was a French paleontologist and geologist. Alimen studied at École Normale Supérieure, later going on to teach at Musée de l'Homme, and serve as president of Société géologique de France. Alimen's career was mainly focused on Quaternary geology in France and Africa while working for Centre national de la recherche scientifique (French National Centre for Scientific Research, or CNRS). She later became a Knight of both the Legion of Honour and the Ordre des Palmes Académiques. Education Alimen studied at Ecole Normale Supérieure, earning a degree in Natural Sciences, and earned her doctorate in 1936. (one of the first women to submit a submit a thesis for a PhD in the field of prehistory), her thesis was titled Étude sur le Stampien du Bassin de Paris (A Study of Stampien from the Paris Basin). Her thesis wone the 1940 Prix Auguste Viquesnel from the Société géologique de France (Geological Society of France). Career Alimen later went on to teach Quaternary Geology at the Musée de l'Homme in Paris from 1946 to 1956. In 1948 Ailmen went to work for Centre national de la recherche scientifique, studying the Quaternary geology of the Pyrenees and the Sahara. She later managed the Laboritoire du Géologie Quaterniare for CNRS in Paris, which continued to study Quaternary geology in the two regions. Following her retirement from Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Alimen became President of the Société Géologique de France. Alimen also served as President of the Société Préhistorique Française (Prehistorical Society of France) in 1946 and again in 1960. Alimen published two books through the publisher Boubée, including Atlas de Préhistoire (1950), and La Préhistoire de l'Afrique (1955). For her contributions she was named a Knight of the Legion of Honour and named a Knight of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques. External links Media related to Henriette Alimen at Wikimedia Commons References ^ "Alimen, Henriette - Persée". ^ a b Díaz-Andreu, Magarita; Stig Sorensen, Marie Louise, eds. (11 August 2005). Excavating Women: A History of Women in European Archaeology. p. 71. ISBN 9780415157605. ^ a b c d Chavaillon, Jean (1996). "Henriette Alimen (1900-1996)". Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française. 94 (4). Société Préhistorique Française: 450–453. Retrieved 21 January 2016. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain 2 France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands 2 Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9odoreMonod1967.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"École Normale Supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"Musée de l'Homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Homme"},{"link_name":"Société géologique de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_g%C3%A9ologique_de_France"},{"link_name":"Centre national de la recherche scientifique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Ordre des Palmes Académiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Palmes_Acad%C3%A9miques"}],"text":"Alimen (obscured by a camera) on an expedition in Mauritania.Marie-Henriette Alimen (22 June 1900 – 13 March 1996) was a French paleontologist and geologist. Alimen studied at École Normale Supérieure, later going on to teach at Musée de l'Homme, and serve as president of Société géologique de France. Alimen's career was mainly focused on Quaternary geology in France and Africa while working for Centre national de la recherche scientifique (French National Centre for Scientific Research, or CNRS). She later became a Knight of both the Legion of Honour and the Ordre des Palmes Académiques.","title":"Henriette Alimen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ecole Normale Supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"prehistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWiEA-2"},{"link_name":"Paris Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Basin"},{"link_name":"Auguste Viquesnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Viquesnel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Viquesnel"},{"link_name":"Société géologique de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_g%C3%A9ologique_de_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Pr%C3%A9historique_Fran%C3%A7aise-3"}],"text":"Alimen studied at Ecole Normale Supérieure, earning a degree in Natural Sciences, and earned her doctorate in 1936.[1] (one of the first women to submit a submit a thesis for a PhD in the field of prehistory),[2] her thesis was titled Étude sur le Stampien du Bassin de Paris (A Study of Stampien from the Paris Basin). Her thesis wone the 1940 Prix Auguste Viquesnel [fr] from the Société géologique de France (Geological Society of France).[3]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Musée de l'Homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Homme"},{"link_name":"Centre national de la recherche scientifique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique"},{"link_name":"Quaternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary"},{"link_name":"Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Pr%C3%A9historique_Fran%C3%A7aise-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWiEA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Pr%C3%A9historique_Fran%C3%A7aise-3"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Ordre des Palmes Académiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Palmes_Acad%C3%A9miques"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Pr%C3%A9historique_Fran%C3%A7aise-3"}],"text":"Alimen later went on to teach Quaternary Geology at the Musée de l'Homme in Paris from 1946 to 1956. In 1948 Ailmen went to work for Centre national de la recherche scientifique, studying the Quaternary geology of the Pyrenees and the Sahara.[3] She later managed the Laboritoire du Géologie Quaterniare for CNRS[2] in Paris, which continued to study Quaternary geology in the two regions. Following her retirement from Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Alimen became President of the Société Géologique de France. Alimen also served as President of the Société Préhistorique Française (Prehistorical Society of France) in 1946 and again in 1960. Alimen published two books through the publisher Boubée, including Atlas de Préhistoire (1950), and La Préhistoire de l'Afrique (1955).[3]For her contributions she was named a Knight of the Legion of Honour and named a Knight of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques.[3]","title":"Career"}]	[{"image_text":"Alimen (obscured by a camera) on an expedition in Mauritania.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Th%C3%A9odoreMonod1967.jpg/220px-Th%C3%A9odoreMonod1967.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Alimen, Henriette - Persée\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/authority/77795","url_text":"\"Alimen, Henriette - Persée\""}]},{"reference":"Díaz-Andreu, Magarita; Stig Sorensen, Marie Louise, eds. (11 August 2005). Excavating Women: A History of Women in European Archaeology. p. 71. ISBN 9780415157605.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=brj2o4EF_EMC&q=Henriette+Alimen&pg=PA71","url_text":"Excavating Women: A History of Women in European Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415157605","url_text":"9780415157605"}]},{"reference":"Chavaillon, Jean (1996). \"Henriette Alimen (1900-1996)\". Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française. 94 (4). Société Préhistorique Française: 450–453. Retrieved 21 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_1996_num_93_4_10592","url_text":"\"Henriette Alimen (1900-1996)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/authority/77795","external_links_name":"\"Alimen, Henriette - Persée\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=brj2o4EF_EMC&q=Henriette+Alimen&pg=PA71","external_links_name":"Excavating Women: A History of Women in European Archaeology"},{"Link":"http://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_1996_num_93_4_10592","external_links_name":"\"Henriette Alimen (1900-1996)\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108893067","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/39372793","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcRXC7Cj3xyCpHvxpgKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1045160","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1155520","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1181062","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118884471","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118884471","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516533106706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135688795","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV051447","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007421522105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008163631","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2004212121&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35737597","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06919033X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074081950","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04875132?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd135688795.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1064529","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026681986","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.