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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_M._Smith	Otis M. Smith	["1 See also","2 Sources","3 Endnotes"]	American judge Otis M. Smith214th Regent of the University of MichiganIn officeMarch 7, 1967 – 1970Preceded byAllan R. Sorenson78th Justice of the Michigan Supreme CourtIn office1961 – December 31, 1966Appointed byJohn SwainsonPreceded byTalbot SmithSucceeded byThomas E. Brennan36th Michigan Auditor GeneralIn officeOctober 21, 1959 – October 9, 1961GovernorG. Mennen WilliamsJohn SwainsonPreceded byWilliam R. Hart (acting)Succeeded byWilliam A. Burgett (acting) Personal detailsBornOtis Milton Smith(1922-02-20)February 20, 1922Memphis, TennesseeDiedJune 29, 1994(1994-06-29) (aged 72)Detroit Otis Milton Smith (February 20, 1922 – June 29, 1994) was the first African American justice on the Michigan Supreme Court and the General Counsel for General Motors. Smith graduated from law school at The Catholic University of America in 1950, where he was a member of the first volume of the school's Law Review. He then went to Flint, Michigan, where he engaged in private practice until 1957. At that time he was appointed to the Michigan Public Service Commission. His reputation for fighting graft there earned him a nickname: "the man who shot Santa Claus." From 1959 until 1961 Smith served as Michigan Auditor General. He was appointed a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court in 1961 by Governor John Swainson He retained his seat in the 1962 election but lost re-election in 1966, and was then hired by General Motors. He would rise to become vice-president and General Counsel. In 1968, Smith served as a presidential elector. In 1983, his portrait was dedicated at the Michigan Supreme Court. A portrait also hangs in the admissions of The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law. A scholarship in his name is administered by the Community Foundation for Southeast Michigan. It is given to a single mother, and can be used for tuition at Wayne State University, any campus of the University of Michigan, or the law school at The Catholic University of America. See also List of African-American jurists Sources Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society Flint Public Library Michigan Bar Journal 1990 interview with Roger F. Lane Endnotes ^ The Political Graveyard: Smith, Otis Milton ^ He was the co-author of Illegal Delay and Confessions in State and Federal Courts - A Civilized Standard, 1 Cath. U. L. Rev. 1 (1950). The Catholic University Law Review gives an annual award in his honor to a staff member for excellence in contributing to the Law Review. ^ "MPSC - Past Commission Membership". Archived from the original on 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2008-03-09. ^ "Man who accounts for Michigan's millions: Auditor-general Otis M. Smith is first Negro elected to state-wide post since Reconstruction". Ebony. 1961. pp. 75–80. Retrieved December 22, 2021. Smith's work as chairman of the state Public Service Commission earned him state-wide support... did such a thorough job of setting fair utility rates and eliminating possible graft that he was known on Michigan's Capitol Hill as 'the man who shot Santa Claus.' ^ "Otis Smith". Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved 22 January 2021. ^ Stetson, Damon (8 November 1962). "Romney Victory Held Personal As Running-Mates Are Beaten". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 January 2021. ^ "Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society". Archived from the original on 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2008-03-09. ^ "Columbus School of Law". ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-19. Retrieved 2008-03-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Party political offices Preceded byFrank S. Szymanski Democratic nominee for Michigan Auditor General 1960 Succeeded byBillie S. Farnum Political offices Preceded byWilliam R. Hart Michigan Auditor General 1959–1961 Succeeded byWilliam A. Burgett Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other SNAC vteMichigan Auditors General Abbott Howard Hastings Felch Whipple Hammond Adam Bell Adam Swegles W. Jones Case Berry Anneke Humphrey Ely Latimer Stevens Aplin Stone Turner Dix Powers Bradley Fuller Stack O'Hara Gundry Brown Morrison Aten Martin Targonski Szymanski Hart Smith Burgett Farnum Green Lee Pinkelman C. S. Jones McTavish Ringler	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"General Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Counsel"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Catholic University of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Flint, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61Ebony-4"},{"link_name":"Michigan Auditor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Auditor_General"},{"link_name":"John Swainson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Swainson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"presidential elector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_elector"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Columbus School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Wayne State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Otis Milton Smith (February 20, 1922 – June 29, 1994) was the first African American justice on the Michigan Supreme Court and the General Counsel for General Motors.[1]Smith graduated from law school at The Catholic University of America in 1950, where he was a member of the first volume of the school's Law Review.[2]He then went to Flint, Michigan, where he engaged in private practice until 1957. At that time he was appointed to the Michigan Public Service Commission.[3] His reputation for fighting graft there earned him a nickname: \"the man who shot Santa Claus.\"[4]From 1959 until 1961 Smith served as Michigan Auditor General.He was appointed a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court in 1961 by Governor John Swainson[5] He retained his seat in the 1962 election[6] but lost re-election in 1966, and was then hired by General Motors. He would rise to become vice-president and General Counsel. In 1968, Smith served as a presidential elector. In 1983, his portrait was dedicated at the Michigan Supreme Court.[7] A portrait also hangs in the admissions of The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law.[8]A scholarship in his name is administered by the Community Foundation for Southeast Michigan. It is given to a single mother, and can be used for tuition at Wayne State University, any campus of the University of Michigan, or the law school at The Catholic University of America.[9]","title":"Otis M. Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.micourthistory.org/resources/omsmith.php"},{"link_name":"Flint Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flint.lib.mi.us/timeline/autohistory_0798/smithO.html"},{"link_name":"Michigan Bar Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.michbar.org/journal/pdf/pdf4article1016.pdf"},{"link_name":"1990 interview with Roger F. Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.lib.msu.edu/AFS/dmc/court/public/all/Smith/ASV.html?CFID=8432885&CFTOKEN=26612187"}],"text":"Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society\nFlint Public Library\nMichigan Bar Journal\n1990 interview with Roger F. Lane","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Political Graveyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Political_Graveyard"},{"link_name":"Smith, Otis Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//politicalgraveyard.com/bio/smith7.html#286.29.48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Catholic University Law Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"MPSC - Past Commission Membership\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071111151006/http://www.cis.state.mi.us/mpsc/about/chart.95.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cis.state.mi.us/mpsc/about/chart.95.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61Ebony_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Man who accounts for Michigan's millions: Auditor-general Otis M. 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Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney_Jones_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_L._Case&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langford_G._Berry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anneke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Anneke"},{"link_name":"Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Humphrey_(auditor_general)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Ely&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Latimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Irving_Latimer"},{"link_name":"Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Stevens_(Michigan_politician)"},{"link_name":"Aplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Aplin"},{"link_name":"Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_W._Stone_(Michigan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_W._Turner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_D._Dix"},{"link_name":"Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perry_F._Powers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Bradley"},{"link_name":"Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oramel_B._Fuller"},{"link_name":"Stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_K._Stack_Jr."},{"link_name":"O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Gundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_T._Gundry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_J._Brown"},{"link_name":"Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_D._Morrison&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murl_K._Aten"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B._Martin_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Targonski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Targonski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Szymanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_S._Szymanski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_R._Hart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Burgett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Burgett"},{"link_name":"Farnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_S._Farnum"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Green"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lee_(accountant)"},{"link_name":"Pinkelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_C._Pinkelman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. S. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_S._Jones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"McTavish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._McTavish"},{"link_name":"Ringler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_A._Ringler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Michigan.svg"}],"text":"^ The Political Graveyard: Smith, Otis Milton\n\n^ He was the co-author of Illegal Delay and Confessions in State and Federal Courts - A Civilized Standard, 1 Cath. U. L. Rev. 1 (1950). The Catholic University Law Review gives an annual award in his honor to a staff member for excellence in contributing to the Law Review.\n\n^ \"MPSC - Past Commission Membership\". Archived from the original on 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2008-03-09.\n\n^ \"Man who accounts for Michigan's millions: Auditor-general Otis M. Smith is first Negro elected to state-wide post since Reconstruction\". Ebony. 1961. pp. 75–80. Retrieved December 22, 2021. Smith's work as chairman of the state Public Service Commission earned him state-wide support...[He] did such a thorough job of setting fair utility rates and eliminating possible graft that he was known on Michigan's Capitol Hill as 'the man who shot Santa Claus.'\n\n^ \"Otis Smith\". Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n\n^ Stetson, Damon (8 November 1962). \"Romney Victory Held Personal As Running-Mates Are Beaten\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n\n^ \"Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2008-03-09.\n\n^ \"Columbus School of Law\".\n\n^ \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-19. Retrieved 2008-03-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nOther\nSNACvteMichigan Auditors General\nAbbott\nHoward\nHastings\nFelch\nWhipple\nHammond\nAdam\nBell\nAdam\nSwegles\nW. Jones\nCase\nBerry\nAnneke\nHumphrey\nEly\nLatimer\nStevens\nAplin\nStone\nTurner\nDix\nPowers\nBradley\nFuller\nStack\nO'Hara\nGundry\nBrown\nMorrison\nAten\nMartin\nTargonski\nSzymanski\nHart\nSmith\nBurgett\nFarnum\nGreen\nLee\nPinkelman\nC. S. Jones\nMcTavish\nRingler","title":"Endnotes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of African-American jurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists"}]	[{"reference":"\"MPSC - Past Commission Membership\". Archived from the original on 2007-11-11. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaramirim	Guaramirim	["1 Notable people","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 26°27′S 49°00′W / 26.450°S 49.000°W / -26.450; -49.000Municipality in South, BrazilGuaramirimMunicipality FlagSealCountry BrazilRegionSouthStateSanta CatarinaMesoregionNorte CatarinensePopulation (2020 ) • Total45,797Time zoneUTC -3Websitewww.guaramirim.sc.gov.br Guaramirim is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil. Notable people Julio Cesar Football player See also List of municipalities in Santa Catarina References ^ IBGE 2020 ^ "Divisão Territorial do Brasil" (in Portuguese). Divisão Territorial do Brasil e Limites Territoriais, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). July 1, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2009. ^ "Estimativas da população para 1º de julho de 2009" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Estimativas de População, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). August 14, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009. ^ "Ranking decrescente do IDH-M dos municípios do Brasil" (in Portuguese). Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano, Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). 2000. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009. ^ "Produto Interno Bruto dos Municípios 2002-2005" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). December 19, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2009. vte Municipalities of Santa CatarinaCapital: FlorianópolisGrande FlorianópolisFlorianópolis Antônio Carlos Biguaçu Florianópolis (State Capital) Governador Celso Ramos Palhoça Paulo Lopes Santo Amaro da Imperatriz São José São Pedro de Alcântara Tabuleiro Águas Mornas Alfredo Wagner Anitápolis Rancho Queimado São Bonifácio Tijucas Angelina Canelinha Leoberto Leal Major Gercino Nova Trento São João Batista Tijucas Norte CatarinenseCanoinhas Bela Vista do Toldo Canoinhas Irineópolis Itaiópolis Mafra Major Vieira Monte Castelo Papanduva Porto União Santa Terezinha Timbó Grande Três Barras Joinville Araquari Balneário Barra do Sul Corupá Garuva Guaramirim Itapoá Jaraguá do Sul Joinville Massaranduba São Francisco do Sul Schroeder São Bento do Sul Campo Alegre Rio Negrinho São Bento do Sul Oeste CatarinenseChapecó Águas de Chapecó Águas Frias Bom Jesus do Oeste Caibi Campo Erê Caxambu do Sul Chapecó Cordilheira Alta Coronel Freitas Cunha Porã Cunhataí Flor do Sertão Formosa do Sul Guatambu Iraceminha Irati Jardinópolis Maravilha Modelo Nova Erechim Nova Itaberaba Novo Horizonte Palmitos Pinhalzinho Planalto Alegre Quilombo Saltinho Santa Terezinha do Progresso Santiago do Sul São Bernardino São Carlos São Lourenço do Oeste São Miguel da Boa Vista Saudades Serra Alta Sul Brasil Tigrinhos União do Oeste Concórdia Alto Bela Vista Arabutã Arvoredo Concórdia Ipira Ipumirim Irani Itá Lindóia do Sul Paial Peritiba Piratuba Presidente Castelo Branco Seara Xavantina Joaçaba Água Doce Arroio Trinta Caçador Calmon Capinzal Catanduvas Erval Velho Fraiburgo Herval d'Oeste Ibiam Ibicaré Iomerê Jaborá Joaçaba Lacerdópolis Lebon Régis Luzerna Macieira Matos Costa Ouro Pinheiro Preto Rio das Antas Salto Veloso Tangará Treze Tílias Vargem Bonita Videira São Miguel d'Oeste Anchieta Bandeirante Barra Bonita Belmonte Descanso Dionísio Cerqueira Guaraciaba Guarujá do Sul Iporã do Oeste Itapiranga Mondaí Palma Sola Paraíso Princesa Riqueza Romelândia Santa Helena São João do Oeste São José do Cedro São Miguel do Oeste Tunápolis Xanxerê Abelardo Luz Bom Jesus Coronel Martins Entre Rios Faxinal dos Guedes Galvão Ipuaçu Jupiá Lajeado Grande Marema Ouro Verde Passos Maia Ponte Serrada São Domingos Vargeão Xanxerê Xaxim SerranaCampos de Lages Anita Garibaldi Bocaina do Sul Bom Jardim da Serra Bom Retiro Campo Belo do Sul Capão Alto Celso Ramos Cerro Negro Correia Pinto Lages Otacílio Costa Painel Palmeira Rio Rufino São Joaquim São José do Cerrito Urubici Urupema Curitibanos Abdon Batista Brunópolis Campos Novos Curitibanos Frei Rogério Monte Carlo Ponte Alta Ponte Alta do Norte Santa Cecília São Cristóvão do Sul Vargem Zortéa Sul CatarinenseAraranguá Araranguá Balneário Arroio do Silva Balneário Gaivota Ermo Jacinto Machado Maracajá Meleiro Morro Grande Passo de Torres Praia Grande Santa Rosa do Sul São João do Sul Sombrio Timbé do Sul Turvo Criciúma Balneário Rincão Cocal do Sul Criciúma Forquilhinha Içara Lauro Müller Morro da Fumaça Nova Veneza Siderópolis Treviso Urussanga Tubarão Armazém Braço do Norte Capivari de Baixo Garopaba Grão Pará Gravatal Imaruí Imbituba Jaguaruna Laguna Orleans Pedras Grandes Pescaria Brava Rio Fortuna Sangão Santa Rosa de Lima São Ludgero São Martinho Treze de Maio Tubarão Vale do ItajaiBlumenau Apiúna Ascurra Benedito Novo Blumenau Botuverá Brusque Doutor Pedrinho Gaspar Guabiruba Indaial Luiz Alves Pomerode Rio dos Cedros Rodeio Timbó Itajaí Balneário Camboriú Balneário Piçarras Barra Velha Bombinhas Camboriú Ilhota Itajaí Itapema Navegantes Penha Porto Belo São João do Itaperiú Ituporanga Agrolândia Atalanta Chapadão do Lageado Imbuia Ituporanga Petrolândia Vidal Ramos Rio do Sul Agronômica Aurora Braço do Trombudo Dona Emma Ibirama José Boiteux Laurentino Lontras Mirim Doce Pouso Redondo Presidente Getúlio Presidente Nereu Rio do Campo Rio do Oeste Rio do Sul Salete Taió Trombudo Central Vitor Meireles Witmarsum 26°27′S 49°00′W / 26.450°S 49.000°W / -26.450; -49.000 This Santa Catarina, Brazil location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Santa Catarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)"},{"link_name":"South region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBGE_DTB_2008-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBGE_Pop_2009-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNUD_IDH_2000-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBGE_PIB_2005-5"}],"text":"Municipality in South, BrazilGuaramirim is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.[2][3][4][5]","title":"Guaramirim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julio Cesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_C%C3%A9sar_(footballer,_born_1986)"}],"text":"Julio Cesar Football player","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of municipalities in Santa Catarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Santa_Catarina"}]	[{"reference":"\"Divisão Territorial do Brasil\" (in Portuguese). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnules	Leaflet (botany)	["1 See also","2 References"]	In botany, the ultimate unit of a compound leaf This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Leaflet" botany – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Palmately compound leaf of hemp A leaflet (occasionally called foliole) in botany is a leaf-like part of a compound leaf. Though it resembles an entire leaf, a leaflet is not borne on a main plant stem or branch, as a leaf is, but rather on a petiole or a branch of the leaf. Compound leaves are common in many plant families and they differ widely in morphology. The two main classes of compound leaf morphology are palmate and pinnate. For example, a hemp plant has palmate compound leaves, whereas some species of Acacia have pinnate leaves. The ultimate free division (or leaflet) of a compound leaf, or a pinnate subdivision of a multipinnate leaf is called a pinnule or pinnula. Pinnate leaf of a legume with 10 leaflets Mimosa pudica folding leaflets inward. See also Look up leaflet (botany) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Compound leaf References ^ Walters, Dirk R.; Keil, David J. (1996). Vascular Plant Taxonomy (4th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa, USA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7872-2108-9. ^ "Types of Leaf Forms". Biology LibreTexts. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021. ^ Koch, Garance; Rolland, Gaëlle; Dauzat, Myriam; Bédiée, Alexis; Baldazzi, Valentina; Bertin, Nadia; Guédon, Yann; Granier, Christine (2018). "Are compound leaves more complex than simple ones? A multi-scale analysis". Annals of Botany. 122 (7) (published December 2018): 1173–1185. doi:10.1093/aob/mcy116. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 6324747. PMID 29982438.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) This plant morphology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potleaf.jpg"},{"link_name":"hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"compound leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_leaf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaltersKeil1996-1"},{"link_name":"entire leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_leaf"},{"link_name":"plant stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"palmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shape"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnate"},{"link_name":"hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis"},{"link_name":"Acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_sensu_lato"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg"},{"link_name":"legume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mimosa_Pudica.gif"},{"link_name":"Mimosa pudica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa_pudica"}],"text":"Palmately compound leaf of hempA leaflet (occasionally called foliole) in botany is a leaf-like part of a compound leaf.[1] Though it resembles an entire leaf, a leaflet is not borne on a main plant stem or branch, as a leaf is, but rather on a petiole or a branch of the leaf.[2] Compound leaves are common in many plant families and they differ widely in morphology.[3] The two main classes of compound leaf morphology are palmate and pinnate.\nFor example, a hemp plant has palmate compound leaves, whereas some species of Acacia have pinnate leaves.The ultimate free division (or leaflet) of a compound leaf, or a pinnate subdivision of a multipinnate leaf is called a pinnule or pinnula.Pinnate leaf of a legume with 10 leaflets\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMimosa pudica folding leaflets inward.","title":"Leaflet (botany)"}]	[{"image_text":"Palmately compound leaf of hemp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Potleaf.jpg/220px-Potleaf.jpg"}]	[{"title":"leaflet (botany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/leaflet_(botany)"},{"title":"Compound leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_leaf"}]	[{"reference":"Walters, Dirk R.; Keil, David J. (1996). Vascular Plant Taxonomy (4th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa, USA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7872-2108-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/vascularplanttax00walt/page/33","url_text":"Vascular Plant Taxonomy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-2108-9","url_text":"978-0-7872-2108-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Types of Leaf Forms\". Biology LibreTexts. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/30%3A_Plant_Form_and_Physiology/30.4%3A_Leaves/30.4B%3A__Types_of_Leaf_Forms","url_text":"\"Types of Leaf Forms\""}]},{"reference":"Koch, Garance; Rolland, Gaëlle; Dauzat, Myriam; Bédiée, Alexis; Baldazzi, Valentina; Bertin, Nadia; Guédon, Yann; Granier, Christine (2018). \"Are compound leaves more complex than simple ones? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Tower_(Castel_Goffredo)	Civic Tower (Castel Goffredo)	["1 History","2 Structure","2.1 The Leaning Tower","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°17′54″N 10°28′29″E / 45.298248°N 10.474776°E / 45.298248; 10.474776Historic structure in Mantua, Italy Civic TowerTorre di CastelvecchioGeneral informationLocationPiazza MazziniTown or cityCastel GoffredoCountryItalyConstruction started13th centuryHeight27 metres (89 ft) Coat of arms with the Gonzaga weapon on the Civic Tower (16th century). Clock of the civic tower (1438). The Civic Tower (or Clock Tower, Torre di Castelvecchio) (Italian: Torre Civica) is a historic building in the town of Castel Goffredo, in the province of Mantua, Italy. The structure is located in Piazza Mazzini, in the historic city center, or in the part that bordered the ancient fortress of Castelvecchio (castellum vetus). On its right side was the Palazzo del Vicario, now incorporated into the Palazzo Gonzaga-Acerbi. Located on the left side of the Palazzo Gonzaga-Acerbi and the Palazzo della Ragione, it has witnessed for centuries the political center of the city and is popularly considered the symbol of Castel Goffredo. History Belonging to the first city walls of the city, it enclosed the medieval village of Castelvecchio in the southern part. Its foundation, perhaps on a pre-existing structure and with walls at the base of 1.30 meters thick, dates back to the 13th century and the public clock has been there since 1438. The civic tower was constructed in 1492, before the elevation. On the right is the Palazzo del Vicario. The Aloysian epigraph on the civic tower (16th century) states: NE' SUPERBIA IN LA PROSPERA NE VILTA' IN LA ADVERSA and ALOYSIVS RODVLPHI FILIVS. The marble coat of arms with the Gonzaga weapon is affixed to the passing arch of the tower, once equipped with a gate, and two inscriptions are placed on the sides by Aloisio Gonzaga in the first half of the sixteenth century. Structure Initially covered by a roof and about 20 meters high, it underwent expansion works that allowed it to reach the current 27 meters in height. It was equipped with an external staircase, on the east side, which connected the square with the interior of the tower, in which justice was administered from the fifteenth century and where there was also a torture chamber. In 1492 it was raised with a new belfry which still hosts the concert of eight bells, some of which date back to the 16th century, of the Prepositural Church of Sant'Erasmo. In 1925 the roof was removed and the Ghibelline battlements were built. The Leaning Tower The tower has for centuries shown a marked deviation from verticality, with out-of-plumb markings towards Piazza Mazzini. For this reason, in 2006, it was subjected to important static checks, since the out of plumb has increased in the last decades. References ^ (in Italian)Francesco Bonfiglio, Notizie storiche di Castelgoffredo, 2ª ed., Mantova, 2005. ^ (in Italian)Costante Berselli, Castelgoffredo nella storia, Mantova, 1978. ^ (in Italian) Touring Club Italiano, Lombardia, Milano, 1970. Bibliography (in Italian) Costante Berselli, Castelgoffredo nella storia, Mantova, 1978. (in Italian) Francesco Bonfiglio, Notizie storiche di Castelgoffredo, 2ª ed., Mantova, 2005. (in Italian) Carlo Gozzi, Raccolta di documenti per la storia patria od Effemeridi storiche patrie, Tomo II, Mantova, 2003. (in Italian) Touring Club Italiano, Lombardia, Milano, 1970. External links (in Italian) Lombardia Beni Culturali. Torre dell'orologio. 45°17′54″N 10°28′29″E / 45.298248°N 10.474776°E / 45.298248; 10.474776	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castel_Goffredo-Stemma_dei_Gonzaga2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Gonzaga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castel_Goffredo-Orologio_della_torre_civica.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Castel Goffredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Goffredo"},{"link_name":"province of Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Piazza Mazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Mazzini,_Castel_Goffredo"},{"link_name":"Castelvecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelvecchio_(Castel_Goffredo)"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Gonzaga-Acerbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Gonzaga-Acerbi"},{"link_name":"Palazzo della Ragione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Goffredo_Town_Hall"}],"text":"Historic structure in Mantua, ItalyCoat of arms with the Gonzaga weapon on the Civic Tower (16th century).Clock of the civic tower (1438).The Civic Tower (or Clock Tower, Torre di Castelvecchio) (Italian: Torre Civica) is a historic building in the town of Castel Goffredo, in the province of Mantua, Italy.The structure is located in Piazza Mazzini, in the historic city center, or in the part that bordered the ancient fortress of Castelvecchio (castellum vetus). On its right side was the Palazzo del Vicario, now incorporated into the Palazzo Gonzaga-Acerbi. Located on the left side of the Palazzo Gonzaga-Acerbi and the Palazzo della Ragione, it has witnessed for centuries the political center of the city and is popularly considered the symbol of Castel Goffredo.","title":"Civic Tower (Castel Goffredo)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aloisio Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloisio_Gonzaga"}],"text":"Belonging to the first city walls of the city, it enclosed the medieval village of Castelvecchio in the southern part.[1] Its foundation, perhaps on a pre-existing structure and with walls at the base of 1.30 meters thick, dates back to the 13th century and the public clock has been there since 1438. The civic tower was constructed in 1492, before the elevation. On the right is the Palazzo del Vicario. The Aloysian epigraph on the civic tower (16th century) states: NE' SUPERBIA IN LA PROSPERA NE VILTA' IN LA ADVERSA and ALOYSIVS RODVLPHI FILIVS.\nThe marble coat of arms with the Gonzaga weapon is affixed to the passing arch of the tower, once equipped with a gate, and two inscriptions are placed on the sides by Aloisio Gonzaga in the first half of the sixteenth century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ghibelline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghibelline"}],"text":"Initially covered by a roof and about 20 meters high, it underwent expansion works that allowed it to reach the current 27 meters in height. It was equipped with an external staircase, on the east side, which connected the square with the interior of the tower,[2] in which justice was administered from the fifteenth century and where there was also a torture chamber.In 1492 it was raised with a new belfry which still hosts the concert of eight bells, some of which date back to the 16th century, of the Prepositural Church of Sant'Erasmo.In 1925 the roof was removed and the Ghibelline battlements were built.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"The Leaning Tower","text":"The tower has for centuries shown a marked deviation from verticality,[3] with out-of-plumb markings towards Piazza Mazzini. For this reason, in 2006, it was subjected to important static checks, since the out of plumb has increased in the last decades.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(in Italian) Costante Berselli, Castelgoffredo nella storia, Mantova, 1978.\n(in Italian) Francesco Bonfiglio, Notizie storiche di Castelgoffredo, 2ª ed., Mantova, 2005.\n(in Italian) Carlo Gozzi, Raccolta di documenti per la storia patria od Effemeridi storiche patrie, Tomo II, Mantova, 2003.\n(in Italian) Touring Club Italiano, Lombardia, Milano, 1970.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Coat of arms with the Gonzaga weapon on the Civic Tower (16th century).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Castel_Goffredo-Stemma_dei_Gonzaga2.JPG/150px-Castel_Goffredo-Stemma_dei_Gonzaga2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Clock of the civic tower (1438).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Castel_Goffredo-Orologio_della_torre_civica.jpg/150px-Castel_Goffredo-Orologio_della_torre_civica.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Civic_Tower_(Castel_Goffredo)&params=45.298248_N_10.474776_E_","external_links_name":"45°17′54″N 10°28′29″E / 45.298248°N 10.474776°E / 45.298248; 10.474776"},{"Link":"http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/MN360-00305/?view=ricerca&offset=0","external_links_name":"Lombardia Beni Culturali. Torre dell'orologio."},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Civic_Tower_(Castel_Goffredo)&params=45.298248_N_10.474776_E_","external_links_name":"45°17′54″N 10°28′29″E / 45.298248°N 10.474776°E / 45.298248; 10.474776"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.G._van_de_Stadt	E. G. van de Stadt	["1 Yacht designer","2 Designs","3 References"]	Ericus (Ricus) Gerhardus van de Stadt (4 February 1910 – 7 September 1999) was a Dutch yacht designer. He was the founder of industrial yacht building in the Netherlands. Yacht designer E.G. van de Stadt went through the HTS (technical college), completing his training as a naval architect in 1932. With the help of family and friends, he started a shipyard in Zaandam and a ships wharf and design company for small wooden boats. In 1936, he went to the Olympic Games as a reserve for the Netherlands Olympic sailing team. In 1939, van de Stadt designed the Valk for the Bruynzeel company to demonstrate the possibilities of their new product "hechthout" (a type of plywood). The Valk has been a resounding success over many years. Adding the later polyester versions ("Polyvalk"), this boat is now probably the most popular open sailboat on the Dutch waters. Ricus van de Stadt later designed a seaworthy race version of the Valk for Kees Bruynzeel, the Zeevalk. In 1952 this boat would come first in her class and second overall in the Fastnet race. The Pioneer followed in 1958, a 9-metre-long sailboat with the then relative new material polyester. The design was a great success. The light boat won many international matches. The hull lines for the first maxi yacht came from Ricus van de Stadt's drawing board. The 70-foot ocean racer Stormvogel emerged in 1960. A few other boats that Ricus van de Stadt designed are the Voortrekker, Efsix, Stern (One Design dinghy class), Spanker (the name was used for both '19' and '42' -feet loa- designs), Randmeer and Wibo. From the open-decked Randmeer was to follow the Trotter the next year (in 1963; with a small cabin), and the Trotter-Pandora in 1967 (with more freeboard). In turn, this was to evolve to the Pandora (Mk1) in 1968, the Pandora International in 1973 and the Pandora 700 in 1976. The Prospect 900 was designed circa 1975, and many other yacht designs began on his drawing board. Key to the designs of Van de Stadt are their daring design, simplicity and good sailing. From 1973, the Van de Stadt company fully concentrated on design after it sold the yard to Dehler. The name was changed to EG van de Stadt & Partners. Ricus continued working there until 1978. The design team now works using the name Van De Stadt Design, and is still led by Cees van Tongeren who started working for Ricus in the late 1960s. Sailboatdata.com lists a total of 150 yachts designed by E.G. van de Stadt. Designs Alize 20 DB-1 DB-2 Dehler 22 Dehlya 22 Dehler 25 Dehlya 25 ETAP 20 ETAP 22 ETAP 28 Jeanneau Storm References ^ Articles from "de Waterkampioen" ("the Water Champion") -Archived copy, accessed 29 April 2018; originally at astolat.nl ^ Boten voor de gewone man (Boats for the common man), accessed 29 April 2018; originally at natrix.demon.nl, 22 September 2001 ^ a b c Autobiography Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine (Dutch) Retrieved 2 January 2017 ^ "Valk-Falcon". ^ Valk Zeilboot - Zeewolde, NL www.botentehuur.nl, accessed 11 November 2020 ^ Zeevalk in 'historic yachts' dated 2013/06, rnyc.org.uk Retrieved 9 January 2017 ^ Pioneer sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 1 January 2017 ^ Video: sailing on Stormvogel yachtingworld.com, Retrieved 9 January 2017 ^ Data on e-g-van-de-stadt-laurent-giles-and-john-Illingworth Stormvogel classicsailboats.org, Retrieved 9 January 2017 ^ Efsix sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 1 January 2017 ^ Stern One Design dinghy class mentioned at stadtdesign.com/pages/history, Retrieved 9 January 2017 ^ Spanker 19 sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 1 January 2017 ^ Spanker 42 sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 1 January 2017 ^ Randmeer sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 2 January 2017 ^ Wibo 990 sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 1 January 2017 ^ Sailboat specifications for Randmeer Archived 2017-01-10 at the Wayback Machine sailingjoy.com, Retrieved 9 January 2017 ^ Trotter sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 2 January 2017 ^ Trotter-Pandora sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 2 January 2017 ^ Pandora (Mk1) sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 2 January 2017 ^ Pandora International sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 2 January 2017 ^ Pandora 700 sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 2 January 2017 ^ Prospect 900 Archived 2016-10-24 at the Wayback Machine sailboatdata.com, Retrieved 1 January 2017 ^ a b Page for Van Der Stadt designs at sailboatdata.com Retrieved 1 January 2017 ^ Van De Stadt Design website Retrieved 2010-01-18. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists KulturNav RKD Artists People Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"E. G. van de Stadt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autobiog-3"},{"link_name":"Zaandam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaandam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autobiog-3"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autobiog-3"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"polyester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kees Bruynzeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Bruynzeel"},{"link_name":"Zeevalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeevalk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fastnet race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastnet_race"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_(yacht)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"maxi yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_yacht"},{"link_name":"Stormvogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stormvogel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Voortrekker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voortrekker_(yacht)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Prospect 900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_900"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGvdSatSBD-23"},{"link_name":"Dehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehler_Yachts"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Cees van Tongeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cees_van_Tongeren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGvdSatSBD-23"}],"text":"E.G. van de Stadt went through the HTS (technical college), completing his training as a naval architect in 1932.[3] With the help of family and friends, he started a shipyard in Zaandam and a ships wharf and design company for small wooden boats.[3] In 1936, he went to the Olympic Games as a reserve for the Netherlands Olympic sailing team.[3][clarification needed]In 1939, van de Stadt designed the Valk[4] for the Bruynzeel company to demonstrate the possibilities of their new product \"hechthout\" (a type of plywood). The Valk has been a resounding success over many years. Adding the later polyester versions (\"Polyvalk\"), this boat is now probably the most popular open sailboat on the Dutch waters.[5]Ricus van de Stadt later designed a seaworthy race version of the Valk for Kees Bruynzeel, the Zeevalk. In 1952 this boat would come first in her class and second overall in the Fastnet race.[6]The Pioneer followed in 1958, a 9-metre-long sailboat with the then relative new material polyester.[7] The design was a great success. The light boat won many international matches.The hull lines for the first maxi yacht came from Ricus van de Stadt's drawing board. The 70-foot ocean racer Stormvogel emerged in 1960.[8][9]A few other boats that Ricus van de Stadt designed are the Voortrekker, Efsix,[10] Stern (One Design dinghy class),[11] Spanker (the name was used for both '19'[12] and '42'[13] -feet loa- designs), Randmeer[14] and Wibo.[15] From the open-decked Randmeer[16] was to follow the Trotter the next year (in 1963; with a small cabin),[17] and the Trotter-Pandora in 1967 (with more freeboard).[18] In turn, this was to evolve to the Pandora (Mk1) in 1968,[19] the Pandora International in 1973[20] and the Pandora 700 in 1976.[21] The Prospect 900 was designed circa 1975,[22] and many other yacht designs began on his drawing board.[23] Key to the designs of Van de Stadt are their daring design, simplicity and good sailing.From 1973, the Van de Stadt company fully concentrated on design after it sold the yard to Dehler. The name was changed to EG van de Stadt & Partners. Ricus continued working there until 1978. The design team now works using the name Van De Stadt Design,[24] and is still led by Cees van Tongeren who started working for Ricus in the late 1960s.Sailboatdata.com lists a total of 150 yachts designed by E.G. van de Stadt.[23]","title":"Yacht designer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alize 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alize_20"},{"link_name":"DB-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB-1"},{"link_name":"DB-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB-2"},{"link_name":"Dehler 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehler_22"},{"link_name":"Dehlya 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehlya_22"},{"link_name":"Dehler 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehler_25"},{"link_name":"Dehlya 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehlya_25"},{"link_name":"ETAP 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETAP_20"},{"link_name":"ETAP 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETAP_22"},{"link_name":"ETAP 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETAP_28"},{"link_name":"Jeanneau Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanneau_Storm"}],"text":"Alize 20\nDB-1\nDB-2\nDehler 22\nDehlya 22\nDehler 25\nDehlya 25\nETAP 20\nETAP 22\nETAP 28\nJeanneau Storm","title":"Designs"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Valk-Falcon\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/valk-falcon/","url_text":"\"Valk-Falcon\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724144614/http://www.astolat.nl/Ricus/","external_links_name":"Articles from \"de Waterkampioen\" (\"the Water Champion\") -Archived copy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050409004544/http://www.natrix.demon.nl/bries/vdstadt.html","external_links_name":"Boten voor de gewone man (Boats for the common man)"},{"Link":"http://www.familievandestadt.nl/verhalenlang/ricuslang.html","external_links_name":"Autobiography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724152006/http://www.familievandestadt.nl/verhalenlang/ricuslang.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/valk-falcon/","external_links_name":"\"Valk-Falcon\""},{"Link":"https://www.botentehuur.nl/en/veluwemeer-wolderwijd/zeewolde/open-sailing-boat/boottogonl/valk-zeilboot","external_links_name":"Valk Zeilboot - Zeewolde, NL"},{"Link":"https://rnyc.org.uk/historic-yachts/2013/06/zeevalk/","external_links_name":"Zeevalk in 'historic yachts'"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=5688","external_links_name":"Pioneer"},{"Link":"http://www.yachtingworld.com/blogs/elaine-bunting/video-sailing-on-stormvogel-1103","external_links_name":"Video: sailing on Stormvogel"},{"Link":"http://classicsailboats.org/e-g-van-de-stadt-laurent-giles-and-john-illingworth-stormvogel/","external_links_name":"Data on e-g-van-de-stadt-laurent-giles-and-john-Illingworth Stormvogel"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=6607","external_links_name":"Efsix"},{"Link":"http://www.stadtdesign.com/pages/history","external_links_name":"Stern One Design dinghy class"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=5753","external_links_name":"Spanker 19"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=6826","external_links_name":"Spanker 42"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=5377","external_links_name":"Randmeer"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=8187","external_links_name":"Wibo 990"},{"Link":"http://www.sailingjoy.com/sailboat_specs/sailboat_specs/view/4918/randmeer","external_links_name":"Sailboat specifications for Randmeer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170110020054/http://www.sailingjoy.com/sailboat_specs/sailboat_specs/view/4918/randmeer","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=7411","external_links_name":"Trotter"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=7410","external_links_name":"Trotter-Pandora"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=3518","external_links_name":"Pandora (Mk1)"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=3519","external_links_name":"Pandora International"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=3520","external_links_name":"Pandora 700"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=3791","external_links_name":"Prospect 900"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161024085802/http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp?class_id=3791","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sailboatdata.com/view_designer.asp?designer_id=35","external_links_name":"Page for Van Der Stadt designs at sailboatdata.com"},{"Link":"http://www.stadtdesign.com/","external_links_name":"Van De Stadt Design website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/280169519","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/7e1c4d77-6f75-4096-9f7f-d9c7baf96d15","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/235364","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/74689916","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Green	Linda Green	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Renewal","4 External links"]	This article is about the British television series. For the American management scientist, see Linda V. Green. British TV series or programme Linda GreenGenreComedy dramaCreated byPaul AbbottWritten byDanny BrocklehurstPaul AbbottStarringLiza TarbuckSean GallagherClaire RushbrookDaniel RyanRachel DaviesDave HillCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series2No. of episodes20ProductionRunning time30 minutesProduction companyRed Production CompanyOriginal releaseNetworkBBC OneRelease30 October 2001 (2001-10-30) –17 December 2002 (2002-12-17) Linda Green is a British comedy-drama television series that aired on BBC One from 30 October 2001 to 17 December 2002. It was produced for the BBC by the independent Red Production Company. The series was created by Paul Abbott, and other writers to pen episodes included Sorted writer Danny Brocklehurst, Catherine Johnson and Russell T Davies. The producer was Phil Collinson. Plot The series focused on the life of the eponymous title character, a 30-something woman who works as a car saleswoman by day and sings in a club at night. It follows her various trials and tribulations in love and her relationships with her friends, in particular Jimmy McKenzie (Sean Gallagher), a mechanic at the car showroom where Linda works, and with whom she enjoys sexual relations when she feels like it, Michelle Fenton (Claire Rushbrook), a chiropodist, and Darren Alexander (Daniel Ryan), a kitchen-fitter. The latter two characters are a cohabiting couple with children, Jamie (Lee Shepherd) and Leanne (Jodie Hamblet), and, in series 2, a new baby, Eric. Despite the demands of parenthood, Michelle and Darren enjoy frequent nights out, usually at the club, with Linda and Jimmy. Linda's mother, Iris, who works as a clerk in the magistrates' court, is played by Rachel Davies, and her father, Frank, a deputy headteacher, by Dave Hill. Linda also has two siblings, both considerably younger than her: the very bright Katie (Jessica Harris), in whom Linda frequently confides, and the easy-going Philip, a.k.a. Fizz (Bruno Langley), who is hoping to join the Army, rather against his father's wishes. As well as being the eldest child, Linda is also her father's favourite, although he is always careful never to treat the other two less favourably. Both Frank and Iris are always ready to provide a shoulder to cry on when Linda is unhappy, usually as a result of a failed relationship. One of Linda's former boyfriends, the much younger Ricky Pinder (John Donnelly), becomes a semi-regular in the show when he becomes Katie's boyfriend. The other club singer, Coral (Jacinta Sloan) and the club comic (Danny De Bouy) also appear on a semi-regular basis. Cast Linda was played by Liza Tarbuck, who by then was best known as a television presenter, although she had originally trained as an actress and had had a starring role in ITV sitcom Watching for seven years from 1987. Individual episodes attracted well-known guest stars, such as Christopher Eccleston, David Morrissey, Simon Pegg, Pam Ferris, Anne Reid, Amelia Bullmore, George Costigan, Jamie Theakston, Martin Freeman, Peter Kay, Nicholas Gleaves, Maxine Peake, Meera Syal and Mark Benton. It also featured a guest appearance by Tarbuck's father Jimmy Tarbuck, who played her ex-Army paternal uncle, Vic Green. Up and coming stand-ups Sarah Darlington and Jolanta Migdalska also feature. In addition, Andy Devine appeared in one episode as Linda and Jimmy's abrasive and lecherous boss Syd Jenkins, a.k.a. 'Syd With the Wife'. Renewal Although quite popular in its first season, the series proved less so in its second, and it was not renewed again after the second run had come to an end. The second series has never been released on DVD. External links Linda Green at IMDb vtePaul AbbottTV series created by Children's Ward (1989–2000) Springhill (1996–1997) Reckless (1997) Touching Evil (1997–1999) Butterfly Collectors (1999) Clocking Off (2000–2003) Linda Green (2001–2002) State of Play (2003) Shameless (UK, 2004–2013) Exile (2011) Shameless (US remake, 2011–2021) Hit & Miss (2012) No Offence (2015–2018) Wolfe (2021) Films written Police 2020 (1997, TV pilot film) Reckless: The Sequel (1998, TV) Tomorrow La Scala! (2002) Twenty8k (2012) Related State of Play (2009)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linda V. Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_V._Green"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Red Production Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Productions"},{"link_name":"Paul Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Sorted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorted_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Danny Brocklehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Brocklehurst"},{"link_name":"Catherine Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Johnson_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Russell T Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_T_Davies"},{"link_name":"Phil Collinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Collinson"}],"text":"This article is about the British television series. For the American management scientist, see Linda V. Green.British TV series or programmeLinda Green is a British comedy-drama television series that aired on BBC One from 30 October 2001 to 17 December 2002. It was produced for the BBC by the independent Red Production Company. The series was created by Paul Abbott, and other writers to pen episodes included Sorted writer Danny Brocklehurst, Catherine Johnson and Russell T Davies. The producer was Phil Collinson.","title":"Linda Green"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sean Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Gallagher_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Claire Rushbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Rushbrook"},{"link_name":"Daniel Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ryan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jodie Hamblet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Hamblet"},{"link_name":"Rachel Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Davies"},{"link_name":"Dave Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hill_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jessica Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Harris_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Bruno Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Langley"}],"text":"The series focused on the life of the eponymous title character, a 30-something woman who works as a car saleswoman by day and sings in a club at night. It follows her various trials and tribulations in love and her relationships with her friends, in particular Jimmy McKenzie (Sean Gallagher), a mechanic at the car showroom where Linda works, and with whom she enjoys sexual relations when she feels like it, Michelle Fenton (Claire Rushbrook), a chiropodist, and Darren Alexander (Daniel Ryan), a kitchen-fitter. The latter two characters are a cohabiting couple with children, Jamie (Lee Shepherd) and Leanne (Jodie Hamblet), and, in series 2, a new baby, Eric. Despite the demands of parenthood, Michelle and Darren enjoy frequent nights out, usually at the club, with Linda and Jimmy. Linda's mother, Iris, who works as a clerk in the magistrates' court, is played by Rachel Davies, and her father, Frank, a deputy headteacher, by Dave Hill. Linda also has two siblings, both considerably younger than her: the very bright Katie (Jessica Harris), in whom Linda frequently confides, and the easy-going Philip, a.k.a. Fizz (Bruno Langley), who is hoping to join the Army, rather against his father's wishes. As well as being the eldest child, Linda is also her father's favourite, although he is always careful never to treat the other two less favourably. Both Frank and Iris are always ready to provide a shoulder to cry on when Linda is unhappy, usually as a result of a failed relationship. One of Linda's former boyfriends, the much younger Ricky Pinder (John Donnelly), becomes a semi-regular in the show when he becomes Katie's boyfriend. The other club singer, Coral (Jacinta Sloan) and the club comic (Danny De Bouy) also appear on a semi-regular basis.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liza Tarbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Tarbuck"},{"link_name":"television presenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_presenter"},{"link_name":"Watching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watching_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Eccleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Eccleston"},{"link_name":"David Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Simon Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Pegg"},{"link_name":"Pam Ferris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Ferris"},{"link_name":"Anne Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Reid"},{"link_name":"Amelia Bullmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Bullmore"},{"link_name":"George Costigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Costigan"},{"link_name":"Jamie Theakston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Theakston"},{"link_name":"Martin Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Peter Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kay"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Gleaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Gleaves"},{"link_name":"Maxine Peake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxine_Peake"},{"link_name":"Meera Syal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meera_Syal"},{"link_name":"Mark Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Benton"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Tarbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Tarbuck"},{"link_name":"Andy Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Devine"}],"text":"Linda was played by Liza Tarbuck, who by then was best known as a television presenter, although she had originally trained as an actress and had had a starring role in ITV sitcom Watching for seven years from 1987. Individual episodes attracted well-known guest stars, such as Christopher Eccleston, David Morrissey, Simon Pegg, Pam Ferris, Anne Reid, Amelia Bullmore, George Costigan, Jamie Theakston, Martin Freeman, Peter Kay, Nicholas Gleaves, Maxine Peake, Meera Syal and Mark Benton. It also featured a guest appearance by Tarbuck's father Jimmy Tarbuck, who played her ex-Army paternal uncle, Vic Green. Up and coming stand-ups Sarah Darlington and Jolanta Migdalska also feature. In addition, Andy Devine appeared in one episode as Linda and Jimmy's abrasive and lecherous boss Syd Jenkins, a.k.a. 'Syd With the Wife'.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"text":"Although quite popular in its first season, the series proved less so in its second, and it was not renewed again after the second run had come to an end. The second series has never been released on DVD.","title":"Renewal"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0298672/","external_links_name":"Linda Green"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHEIC	Public health emergency of international concern	["1 Background","2 Definition","3 Potential concern reporting","4 Emergency Committee","5 Declarations","5.1 Swine flu (2009–2010)","5.2 Polio (2014–present)","5.3 Ebola (2014–2016)","5.4 Zika virus (2016)","5.5 Kivu Ebola (2019–2020)","5.6 COVID-19 (2020–2023)","5.7 Mpox (2022–2023)","6 Response","7 Non-declarations","7.1 2013 MERS","8 Non-infectious events","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]	Formal declaration by the World Health Organization For other uses, see Public health emergency (disambiguation). Logo of the World Health Organization, the authority that declares PHEICs Map of WHO regional offices and their respective operating regions: Africa; HQ: Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo Americas; HQ: Washington, D.C., United States Eastern Mediterranean; HQ: Cairo, Egypt Europe; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi, India Western Pacific; HQ: Manila, Philippines A public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC /feɪk/ FAYK) is a formal declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) of "an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and to potentially require a coordinated international response", formulated when a situation arises that is "serious, sudden, unusual, or unexpected", which "carries implications for public health beyond the affected state's national border" and "may require immediate international action". Under the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR), states have a legal duty to respond promptly to a PHEIC. The declaration is publicized by an IHR Emergency Committee (EC) of international experts, which was developed following the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. From 2005 to the present, there have been seven PHEIC declarations: the 2009–2010 H1N1 (or swine flu) pandemic, the ongoing 2014 polio declaration, the 2013–2016 outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa, the 2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic, the 2018–2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic, the 2020–2023 declaration for the COVID-19 pandemic, and the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak. The recommendations are temporary and require reviews every three months. Automatically, SARS, smallpox, wild type poliomyelitis, and any new subtype of human influenza are considered as PHEICs and thus do not require an IHR decision to declare them as such. A PHEIC is not only confined to infectious diseases, and may cover an emergency caused by exposure to a chemical agent or radioactive material. It can be seen as an "alarm system", a "call to action", and "last resort" measure. Background Multiple surveillance and response systems exist worldwide for the early detection and effective response to contain the spread of disease. Time delays occur for two main reasons. The first is the delay between the first case and the confirmation of the outbreak by the healthcare system, allayed by good surveillance via data collection, evaluation, and organisation. The second is when there is a delay between the detection of the outbreak and widespread recognition and declaration of it as an international concern. The declaration is promulgated by an emergency committee (EC) made up of international experts operating under the IHR (2005), which was developed following the SARS outbreak of 2002–2003. Between 2009 and 2016, there were four PHEIC declarations. The fifth was the 2018–2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic, declared in July 2019 and ended in June 2020. The sixth was the COVID-19 pandemic, declared in January 2020 and ended in May 2023. The seventh was the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak, declared in July 2022 and ended in May 2023. Under the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR), states have a legal duty to respond promptly to a PHEIC. Definition PHEIC is defined as: an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and to potentially require a coordinated international response. This definition designates a public health crisis of potentially global reach and implies a situation that is "serious, sudden, unusual, or unexpected", which may necessitate immediate international action. It can be seen as an "alarm system", a "call to action" and "last resort" measure. Potential concern reporting WHO Member States have 24 hours within which to report potential PHEIC events to the WHO. It does not have to be a member state that reports a potential outbreak, hence reports to the WHO may also be received informally, by non-governmental sources. Under the IHR (2005), ways to detect, evaluate, notify, and report events were ascertained by all countries in order to avoid PHEICs. The response to public health risks also was decided. The IHR decision algorithm assists WHO Member States in deciding whether a potential PHEIC exists and whether the WHO should be notified. The WHO should be notified if any two of the four following questions are affirmed: Is the public health impact of the event serious? Is the event unusual or unexpected? Is there a significant risk for international spread? Is there a significant risk for international travel or trade restrictions? The PHEIC criteria include a list of diseases that are always notifiable. SARS, smallpox, wild type poliomyelitis, and any new subtype of human influenza are always a PHEIC and do not require an IHR decision to declare them as such. Large scale health emergencies that attract public attention do not necessarily fulfill the criteria to be a PHEIC. ECs were not convened for the cholera outbreak in Haiti, chemical weapons use in Syria, or the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, for example. Further assessment is required for diseases that are prone to becoming pandemics, including, but not limited to cholera, pneumonic plague, yellow fever, and viral hemorrhagic fevers. A declaration of a PHEIC may appear as an economic burden to the state facing the epidemic. Incentives to declare an epidemic are lacking and the PHEIC may be seen as placing limitations on trade in countries that already are struggling. Emergency Committee See also: International Health Regulations § IHR Emergency Committee In order to declare a PHEIC, the WHO Director-General is required to take into account factors that include the risk to human health and international spread as well as advice from an international committee of experts, the IHR Emergency Committee (EC), one of whom should be an expert nominated by the State within whose region the event arises. Rather than being a standing committee, the EC is created on an ad hoc basis. Until 2011, the names of IHR EC members were not publicly disclosed; in the wake of reforms, now they are. These members are selected according to the disease in question and the nature of the event. Names are taken from the IHR Experts Roster. The director-general takes the advice of the EC, following their technical assessment of the crisis using legal criteria and a predetermined algorithm after a review of all available data on the event. Upon declaration, the EC then makes recommendations on what actions the director-general and member states should take to address the crisis. The recommendations are temporary and require review every three months while in place. Declarations Summary of PHEIC declarations Swine flu (2009–2010) H1N1 influenza virus In the spring of 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged. It was detected first in Mexico, North America. It spread quickly across the United States and the world. On 26 April 2009, more than one month after its first emergence, the initial PHEIC was declared when the H1N1 (or swine flu) pandemic was still in phase three. Within three hours on the same day, the WHO web site received almost two million visits, necessitating a dedicated web site for the swine influenza pandemic. At the time that H1N1 had been declared a PHEIC, it had occurred in only three countries. Therefore, it was argued that the declaration of the H1N1 outbreak as a PHEIC, was fueling public fear. A 2013 study sponsored by the WHO estimated that, although similar in magnitude to seasonal influenza, it cost more life-years than seasonal flu, due to a shift toward mortality among persons less than 65 years of age. Polio (2014–present) The second PHEIC was the 2014 polio declaration, issued on 5 May 2014 with a rise in cases of wild polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. The status achieved, as global eradication, was deemed to be at risk by air travel and border crossing overland, with small numbers of cases in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria. In October 2019, continuing cases of wild polio in Pakistan and Afghanistan, in addition to new vaccine-derived cases in Africa and Asia, was reviewed and polio continued to be a PHEIC. As of November 2021, taking into account recent events in Afghanistan, a large number of unvaccinated children, increasing mobile people in Pakistan and the risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among others, polio remains a PHEIC. Ebola (2014–2016) Confirmed cases of Ebola were being reported in Guinea and Liberia in March 2014 and Sierra Leone by May 2014. On Friday, 8 August 2014, following the occurrence of Ebola in the United States and Europe and with the already intense transmission ongoing in three other countries for months, the WHO declared its third PHEIC in response to the outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa. Later, one review showed that a direct impact of this epidemic on America escalated a PHEIC declaration. It was the first PHEIC in a resource-poor setting. Zika virus (2016) On 1 February 2016, the WHO declared its fourth PHEIC in response to clusters of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome in the Americas, which at the time were suspected to be associated with the ongoing 2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic. Later research and evidence bore out these concerns; in April, the WHO stated that "there is scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome." This was the first time a PHEIC was declared for a mosquito‐borne disease. This declaration was lifted on 18 November 2016. Kivu Ebola (2019–2020) In October 2018 and then later in April 2019, the WHO did not consider the 2018–2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic to be a PHEIC. The decision was controversial, with Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) responding with disappointment and describing the situation as "an Ebola gas can sitting in DRC that's just waiting for a match to hit it", while the WHO panel were unanimous in their decision that declaring it a PHEIC would not give any added benefit. The advice against declaring a PHEIC in October 2018 and April 2019, despite the criteria for doing so appearing to be met on both occasions, has led to the transparency of the IHR EC coming into question. The language used in the statements for the Kivu Ebola epidemic has been noted to be different. In October 2018, the EC stated "a PHEIC should not be declared at this time". In the 13 previously declined proposals for declaring a PHEIC, the resultant statements quoted "the conditions for a PHEIC are not currently met" and "does not constitute a PHEIC". In April 2019, they stated that "there is no added benefit to declaring a PHEIC at this stage", a notion that is not part of the PHEIC criteria laid down in the IHR. After confirmed cases of Ebola in neighbouring Uganda in June 2019, Tedros Adhanom, the director-general of the WHO, announced that the third meeting of a group of experts would be held on 14 June 2019 to assess whether the Ebola spread had become a PHEIC. The conclusion was that while the outbreak was a health emergency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the region, it did not meet all the three criteria for a PHEIC. Despite the number of deaths reaching 1,405 by 11 June 2019 and 1,440 by 17 June 2019, the reason for not declaring a PHEIC was that the overall risk of international spread was deemed to be low, and the risk of damaging the economy of the DRC high. Adhanom also stated that declaring a PHEIC would be an inappropriate way to raise money for the epidemic. Following a visit to the DRC in July 2019, Rory Stewart, the UK's DfID minister, called for the WHO to declare it an emergency. Acknowledging a high risk of spread to the capital of North Kivu, Goma, a call for a PHEIC declaration was published on 10 July 2019 in The Washington Post by Daniel Lucey and Ron Klain (the former United States Ebola response coordinator). Their declaration stated that "in the absence of a trajectory toward extinguishing the outbreak, the opposite path—severe escalation—remains possible. The risk of the disease moving into nearby Goma, Congo—a city of 1 million residents with an international airport—or crossing into the massive refugee camps in South Sudan is mounting. With a limited number of vaccine doses remaining, either would be a catastrophe". Four days later, on 14 July 2019, a case of Ebola was confirmed in Goma, which has an international airport and a highly mobile population. Subsequently, the WHO announced a reconvening of a fourth EC meeting on 17 July 2019, when they officially announced it "a regional emergency, and by no means a global threat" and declared it as a PHEIC, without restrictions on trade or travel. In response to the declaration, the president of the DRC, together with an expert committee led by a virologist, took responsibility for directly supervising action, while in protest of the declaration, health minister, Oly Ilunga Kalenga resigned. A review of the PHEIC had been planned at a fifth meeting of the EC on 10 October 2019 and on 18 October 2019 it remained a PHEIC until 26 June 2020 when it was decided that the situation no longer constituted a PHEIC, as the outbreak was considered over. COVID-19 (2020–2023) Morphology of SARS-CoV-2 On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak of COVID-19, centered on Wuhan in central China, a PHEIC. On 5 May 2023, the WHO ended the PHEIC declaration for COVID-19. On the date of the declaration, there were 7,818 cases confirmed globally, affecting 19 countries in five of the six WHO regions. Previously, the WHO had held EC meetings on 22 and 23 January 2020 regarding the outbreak, but it was determined at that time that it was too early to declare a PHEIC, given the lack of necessary data and the then-scale of global impact. The WHO recognized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The emergency committee convened its third meeting on 30 April 2020, fourth on 31 July, fifth on 29 October, sixth on 14 January 2021, seventh on 15 April 2021, ninth in October 2021, tenth in January 2022, eleventh in April 2022, twelfth in July 2022, thirteenth in October 2022, fourteenth in January 2023, and fifteenth in May 2023. In September 2022, the Lancet commission on COVID-19 published a report, calling the response to the pandemic "a massive global failure on multiple levels". The WHO responded by noting "several key omissions and misinterpretations in the report, not least regarding the public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) and the speed and scope of WHO's actions." They stated that the report "offers the best opportunity to insist that the failures and lessons from the past 3 years are not wasted but are constructively used to build more resilient health systems and stronger political systems that support the health and wellbeing of people and planet during the 21st century." The formal end of the COVID-19 PHEIC is a matter of much nuance which carries its own risks, and as of March 2023, "WHO member states are negotiating amendments to the International Health Regulations as well as a new legally binding agreement (most likely a treaty) on pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. Proposals include the possibility of issuing intermediate public health alerts (short of PHEICs) and determining public health emergencies of regional concern. Notably, although COVID-19 is routinely referred to as a pandemic, this word is not used in the International Health Regulations." With the emergency phase of the pandemic being regarded as having ended, more subtle and robust institutional responses and protocols are in the works for further iterations of this pandemic as well as global pandemics of whatever etiology. Mpox (2022–2023) At the second IHR meeting for the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak on 21 July 2022, members of the emergency committee were divided about issuing a PHEIC, with six in favor and nine against. On 23 July 2022, the WHO director-general declared the outbreak a PHEIC. On 11 May 2023, the WHO ended the PHEIC declaration for Mpox, six days after doing so for COVID-19. On the date of the declaration, there were 17,186 cases reported globally, affecting 75 countries in all six WHO regions, with five deaths reported outside Africa and 72 deaths in African countries. The WHO had previously held an EC meeting on 23 June 2022 regarding the outbreak, which had more than 2,100 cases in over 42 countries at that point; it did not reach the criteria for a PHEIC alert at the time. Response In 2018, an examination of the first four declarations (2009–2016) showed that the WHO was noted to be more effective in responding to international health emergencies, and that the international system in dealing with these emergencies was "robust". Another review of the first four declarations, with the exception of wild polio, demonstrated that responses were varied. Severe outbreaks, or those that threatened larger numbers of people, did not receive a swift PHEIC declaration, and the study hypothesized that responses were quicker when American citizens were infected and when the emergencies did not coincide with holidays. Non-declarations 2013 MERS World MERS outbreak PHEIC was not invoked with the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in 2013. Originating in Saudi Arabia, MERS reached more than 24 countries and resulted in more than 580 deaths by 2015, although most cases were in hospital settings rather than sustained community spread. As a result, what constitutes a PHEIC has been unclear. As of May 2020, there had been 876 deaths. Non-infectious events PHEIC are not confined to only infectious diseases or biological ones. It may cover events caused by chemical agents or radioactive materials. Debate exists regarding whether the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance may constitute a PHEIC. See also Biosecurity Disease X Public health emergency (United States) State of emergency References ^ a b c d WHO Q&A (19 June 2019). "International Health Regulations and Emergency Committees". WHO. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019. ^ a b Eccleston-Turner, Mark; McArdle, Scarlett (2020). "The law of responsibility and the World Health Organisation: a case study on the West African ebola outbreak". In Eccleston-Turner, Mark; Brassington, Iain (eds.). Infectious Diseases in the New Millennium: Legal and Ethical Challenges. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 89–110. ISBN 978-3-030-39818-7. ^ a b "Strengthening health security by implementing the International Health Regulations (2005); About IHR". WHO. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2019. ^ a b c d e f g Hoffman, Steven J.; Silverberg, Sarah L. (18 January 2018). "Delays in Global Disease Outbreak Responses: Lessons from H1N1, Ebola, and Zika". American Journal of Public Health. 108 (3): 329–333. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304245. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 5803810. PMID 29345996. ^ a b Hunger, Iris (2018). Coping with Public Health Emergencies of International Concern. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198828945.003.0004. ISBN 978-0191867422. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. 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Health Care Law and Ethics (9th ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 908. ISBN 978-1-4548-8180-3. ^ a b c Wilder-Smith, Annelies; Osman, Sarah (8 December 2020). "Public health emergencies of international concern: a historic overview". Journal of Travel Medicine. 27 (8). doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa227. ISSN 1195-1982. PMC 7798963. PMID 33284964. ^ a b c d Gostin, Lawrence O.; Katz, Rebecca (2017). "6. The International Health Regulations: the governing framework for global health security". In Halabi, Sam F.; Crowley, Jeffrey S.; Gostin, Lawrence Ogalthorpe (eds.). Global Management of Infectious Disease After Ebola. Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0190604882. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ a b c d e f g Rull, Monica; Kickbusch, Ilona; Lauer, Helen (8 December 2015). "Policy Debate \| International Responses to Global Epidemics: Ebola and Beyond". International Development Policy. 6 (2). doi:10.4000/poldev.2178. 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PMID 27166578. ^ a b c Kamradt-Scott, Adam; Eccleston-Turner, Mark (1 April 2019). "Transparency in IHR emergency committee decision making: the case for reform". British Medical Journal Global Health. 4 (2): e001618. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001618. ISSN 2059-7908. PMC 6509695. PMID 31139463. ^ Sara E. Davies; Adam Kamradt-Scott; Simon Rushton (2015). Disease Diplomacy: International Norms and Global Health Security. JHU Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-4214-1648-9. ^ a b Director-General (2009). Implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005), Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (PDF). WHO. p. 118. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2019. ^ Renee Dopplick (29 April 2009). "Inside Justice \| Swine Flu: Legal Obligations and Consequences When the World Health Organization Declares a 'Public Health Emergency of International Concern'". 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Abdool; Aknin, Lara; Allen, Joseph; Brosbøl, Kirsten; Colombo, Francesca; Barron, Gabriela Cuevas; Espinosa, María Fernanda; Gaspar, Vitor; Gaviria, Alejandro; Haines, Andy; Hotez, Peter J.; Koundouri, Phoebe; Bascuñán, Felipe Larraín; Lee, Jong-Koo; Pate, Muhammad Ali; Ramos, Gabriela; Reddy, K. Srinath; Serageldin, Ismail; Thwaites, John; Vike-Freiberga, Vaira; Wang, Chen; Were, Miriam Khamadi; Xue, Lan; Bahadur, Chandrika; Bottazzi, Maria Elena; Bullen, Chris; Laryea-Adjei, George; Amor, Yanis Ben; Karadag, Ozge; Lafortune, Guillaume; Torres, Emma; Barredo, Lauren; Bartels, Juliana G. E.; Joshi, Neena; Hellard, Margaret; Huynh, Uyen Kim; Khandelwal, Shweta; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Michie, Susan (14 September 2022). "The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic". Lancet. 400 (10359): 1224–1280. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01585-9. ISSN 1474-547X. PMC 9539542. PMID 36115368. ^ "WHO responds to The Lancet COVID-19 Commission". www.who.int. WHO. 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"WHO Statement: Second Meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee concerning MERS-CoV – PHEIC Conditions Not Met \| global vaccine ethics and policy". Center for Vaccine Ethics and Policy. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014. ^ a b Mullen, Lucia; Potter, Christina; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Cicero, Anita; Nuzzo, Jennifer B. (1 June 2020). "An analysis of International Health Regulations Emergency Committees and Public Health Emergency of International Concern Designations" (PDF). BMJ Global Health. 5 (6): e002502. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002502. ISSN 2059-7908. PMC 7299007. PMID 32546587. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "WHO \| Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Saudi Arabia". WHO. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ "Can the International Health Regulations apply to antimicrobial resistance?". medicalxpress.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2019. ^ Wernli, Didier; Haustein, Thomas; Conly, John; Carmeli, Yehuda; Kickbusch, Ilona; Harbarth, Stephan (April 2011). "A call for action: the application of The International Health Regulations to the global threat of antimicrobial resistance". PLOS Medicine. 8 (4): e1001022. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001022. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 3079636. PMID 21526227. ^ Kamradt-Scott, Adam (19 April 2011). "A Public Health Emergency of International Concern? Response to a Proposal to Apply the International Health Regulations to Antimicrobial Resistance". PLOS Medicine. 8 (4): e1001021. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001021. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 3080965. PMID 21526165. Further reading Statement of the Twenty-Third IHR Emergency Committee Regarding the International Spread of Poliovirus. WHO, 7 January 2020 External links Look up PHEIC or PHEICs in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. International Health Regulations and Emergency Committees. www.who.int Portals: Politics Medicine Viruses COVID-19	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public health emergency (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_emergency_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Health_Organization_Logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Health_Organisation_regional_offices.svg"},{"link_name":"Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"/feɪk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"FAYK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOIHR1-1"},{"link_name":"International Health Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Health_Regulations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ecc2020-2"},{"link_name":"IHR Emergency Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Health_Regulations#IHR_Emergency_Committee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO-IHR2-3"},{"link_name":"2002–2004 SARS outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman2018-4"},{"link_name":"2009–2010 H1N1 (or swine flu) pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic"},{"link_name":"2014 polio declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_eradication#2011%E2%80%932015"},{"link_name":"2013–2016 outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic"},{"link_name":"2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Zika_virus_epidemic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunger2018-5"},{"link_name":"2018–2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu_Ebola_epidemic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO18Oct2019-6"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"2022–2023 mpox outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_mpox_outbreak"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO23July2022-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOIHR1-1"},{"link_name":"SARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"wild type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_type"},{"link_name":"poliomyelitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliomyelitis"},{"link_name":"human influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_influenza"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall2018-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wild2020-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halabi2017-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rull2015-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maxmen-13"}],"text":"For other uses, see Public health emergency (disambiguation).Logo of the World Health Organization, the authority that declares PHEICsMap of WHO regional offices and their respective operating regions: Africa; HQ: Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo Americas; HQ: Washington, D.C., United States Eastern Mediterranean; HQ: Cairo, Egypt Europe; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi, India Western Pacific; HQ: Manila, PhilippinesA public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC /feɪk/ FAYK) is a formal declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) of \"an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and to potentially require a coordinated international response\", formulated when a situation arises that is \"serious, sudden, unusual, or unexpected\", which \"carries implications for public health beyond the affected state's national border\" and \"may require immediate international action\".[1] Under the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR), states have a legal duty to respond promptly to a PHEIC.[2] The declaration is publicized by an IHR Emergency Committee (EC) of international experts,[3] which was developed following the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.[4]From 2005 to the present, there have been seven PHEIC declarations: the 2009–2010 H1N1 (or swine flu) pandemic, the ongoing 2014 polio declaration, the 2013–2016 outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa, the 2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic,[5] the 2018–2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic,[6] the 2020–2023 declaration for the COVID-19 pandemic,[7] and the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak.[8] The recommendations are temporary and require reviews every three months.[1]Automatically, SARS, smallpox, wild type poliomyelitis, and any new subtype of human influenza are considered as PHEICs and thus do not require an IHR decision to declare them as such.[9] A PHEIC is not only confined to infectious diseases, and may cover an emergency caused by exposure to a chemical agent or radioactive material.[10][11] It can be seen as an \"alarm system\", a \"call to action\", and \"last resort\" measure.[12][13]","title":"Public health emergency of international concern"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman2018-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO-IHR2-3"},{"link_name":"SARS outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS_outbreak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman2018-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashPost2016-14"},{"link_name":"2018–2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu_Ebola_epidemic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO18Oct2019-6"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOStatement30January2020-15"},{"link_name":"2022–2023 mpox outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_mpox_outbreak"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO23July2022-8"},{"link_name":"International Health Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Health_Regulations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ecc2020-2"}],"text":"Multiple surveillance and response systems exist worldwide for the early detection and effective response to contain the spread of disease. Time delays occur for two main reasons. The first is the delay between the first case and the confirmation of the outbreak by the healthcare system, allayed by good surveillance via data collection, evaluation, and organisation. The second is when there is a delay between the detection of the outbreak and widespread recognition and declaration of it as an international concern.[4] The declaration is promulgated by an emergency committee (EC) made up of international experts operating under the IHR (2005),[3] which was developed following the SARS outbreak of 2002–2003.[4] Between 2009 and 2016, there were four PHEIC declarations.[14] The fifth was the 2018–2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic, declared in July 2019 and ended in June 2020.[6] The sixth was the COVID-19 pandemic, declared in January 2020 and ended in May 2023.[15] The seventh was the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak, declared in July 2022 and ended in May 2023.[8] Under the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR), states have a legal duty to respond promptly to a PHEIC.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2016-16"},{"link_name":"public health crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_crisis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2016-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exter2015-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rull2015-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maxmen-13"}],"text":"PHEIC is defined as:an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and to potentially require a coordinated international response.[16]This definition designates a public health crisis of potentially global reach and implies a situation that is \"serious, sudden, unusual, or unexpected\", which may necessitate immediate international action.[16][17]It can be seen as an \"alarm system\", a \"call to action\" and \"last resort\" measure.[12][13]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall2018-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies2015-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lencucha2021-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rull2015-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall2018-9"},{"link_name":"notifiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notifiable_disease"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies2015-18"},{"link_name":"SARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"wild type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_type"},{"link_name":"poliomyelitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliomyelitis"},{"link_name":"human influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_influenza"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2016-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rull2015-12"},{"link_name":"cholera outbreak in Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak"},{"link_name":"chemical weapons use in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack"},{"link_name":"Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halabi2017-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gostin2016-20"},{"link_name":"pandemics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"pneumonic plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonic_plague"},{"link_name":"yellow fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gostin2016-20"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rull2015-12"}],"text":"WHO Member States have 24 hours within which to report potential PHEIC events to the WHO.[9] It does not have to be a member state that reports a potential outbreak, hence reports to the WHO may also be received informally, by non-governmental sources.[18][19]\nUnder the IHR (2005), ways to detect, evaluate, notify, and report events were ascertained by all countries in order to avoid PHEICs. The response to public health risks also was decided.[12]The IHR decision algorithm assists WHO Member States in deciding whether a potential PHEIC exists and whether the WHO should be notified. The WHO should be notified if any two of the four following questions are affirmed:[9]Is the public health impact of the event serious?\nIs the event unusual or unexpected?\nIs there a significant risk for international spread?\nIs there a significant risk for international travel or trade restrictions?The PHEIC criteria include a list of diseases that are always notifiable.[18] SARS, smallpox, wild type poliomyelitis, and any new subtype of human influenza are always a PHEIC and do not require an IHR decision to declare them as such.[16]Large scale health emergencies that attract public attention do not necessarily fulfill the criteria to be a PHEIC.[12] ECs were not convened for the cholera outbreak in Haiti, chemical weapons use in Syria, or the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, for example.[11][20]Further assessment is required for diseases that are prone to becoming pandemics, including, but not limited to cholera, pneumonic plague, yellow fever, and viral hemorrhagic fevers.[20]A declaration of a PHEIC may appear as an economic burden to the state facing the epidemic. Incentives to declare an epidemic are lacking and the PHEIC may be seen as placing limitations on trade in countries that already are struggling.[12]","title":"Potential concern reporting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Health Regulations § IHR Emergency Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Health_Regulations#IHR_Emergency_Committee"},{"link_name":"WHO Director-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO#Director-General"},{"link_name":"IHR Emergency Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHR_Emergency_Committee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOIHR1-1"},{"link_name":"ad hoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamradt-Scott2019-21"},{"link_name":"IHR Experts Roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHR_Experts_Roster"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamradt-Scott2019-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOIHR1-1"}],"text":"See also: International Health Regulations § IHR Emergency CommitteeIn order to declare a PHEIC, the WHO Director-General is required to take into account factors that include the risk to human health and international spread as well as advice from an international committee of experts, the IHR Emergency Committee (EC), one of whom should be an expert nominated by the State within whose region the event arises.[1] Rather than being a standing committee, the EC is created on an ad hoc basis.[21]Until 2011, the names of IHR EC members were not publicly disclosed; in the wake of reforms, now they are. These members are selected according to the disease in question and the nature of the event. Names are taken from the IHR Experts Roster. The director-general takes the advice of the EC, following their technical assessment of the crisis using legal criteria and a predetermined algorithm after a review of all available data on the event. Upon declaration, the EC then makes recommendations on what actions the director-general and member states should take to address the crisis.[21] The recommendations are temporary and require review every three months while in place.[1]","title":"Emergency Committee"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Summary of PHEIC declarations","title":"Declarations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H1N1_influenza_virus.jpg"},{"link_name":"novel influenza A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_by_country"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DaviesKamradt-Scott2015-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H1N12009WHO-23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman2018-4"},{"link_name":"H1N1 (or swine flu) pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic"},{"link_name":"phase three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_pandemic#Phases"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlInside_Justice-WHO-PHEIC-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlWHO_\|_Swine_influenza-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlWHO_\|_Swine_flu_illness_in_the_United_States_and_Mexico_-_update_2-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H1N12009WHO-23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman2018-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gostin2016-20"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Swine flu (2009–2010)","text":"H1N1 influenza virusIn the spring of 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged. It was detected first in Mexico, North America. It spread quickly across the United States and the world.[22] On 26 April 2009,[23] more than one month after its first emergence,[4] the initial PHEIC was declared when the H1N1 (or swine flu) pandemic was still in phase three.[24][25][26] Within three hours on the same day, the WHO web site received almost two million visits, necessitating a dedicated web site for the swine influenza pandemic.[23] At the time that H1N1 had been declared a PHEIC, it had occurred in only three countries.[4] Therefore, it was argued that the declaration of the H1N1 outbreak as a PHEIC, was fueling public fear.[20] A 2013 study sponsored by the WHO estimated that, although similar in magnitude to seasonal influenza, it cost more life-years than seasonal flu, due to a shift toward mortality among persons less than 65 years of age.[27]","title":"Declarations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 polio declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_eradication#2011%E2%80%932015"},{"link_name":"wild polio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliomyelitis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wild2020-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gostin2016-20"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wild2020-10"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOpolioDec2021-29"}],"sub_title":"Polio (2014–present)","text":"The second PHEIC was the 2014 polio declaration, issued on 5 May 2014 with a rise in cases of wild polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus.[10] The status achieved, as global eradication, was deemed to be at risk by air travel and border crossing overland, with small numbers of cases in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria.[20][10]In October 2019, continuing cases of wild polio in Pakistan and Afghanistan, in addition to new vaccine-derived cases in Africa and Asia, was reviewed and polio continued to be a PHEIC.[28] As of November 2021, taking into account recent events in Afghanistan, a large number of unvaccinated children, increasing mobile people in Pakistan and the risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among others, polio remains a PHEIC.[29]","title":"Declarations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rull2015-12"},{"link_name":"outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2014-30"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman2018-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rull2015-12"}],"sub_title":"Ebola (2014–2016)","text":"Confirmed cases of Ebola were being reported in Guinea and Liberia in March 2014 and Sierra Leone by May 2014. On Friday, 8 August 2014, following the occurrence of Ebola in the United States and Europe and with the already intense transmission ongoing in three other countries for months,[12] the WHO declared its third PHEIC in response to the outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa.[30] Later, one review showed that a direct impact of this epidemic on America escalated a PHEIC declaration.[4] It was the first PHEIC in a resource-poor setting.[12]","title":"Declarations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microcephaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcephaly"},{"link_name":"Guillain–Barré syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Zika_virus_epidemic"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO_SitRep_7_Apr_2016-32"},{"link_name":"mosquito‐borne disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gostin2016-20"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Zika virus (2016)","text":"On 1 February 2016, the WHO declared its fourth PHEIC in response to clusters of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome in the Americas, which at the time were suspected to be associated with the ongoing 2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic.[31] Later research and evidence bore out these concerns; in April, the WHO stated that \"there is scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome.\"[32] This was the first time a PHEIC was declared for a mosquito‐borne disease.[20] This declaration was lifted on 18 November 2016.[33]","title":"Declarations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018–2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu_Ebola_epidemic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green20April2019-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHEICApril2019-35"},{"link_name":"Michael Osterholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Osterholm"},{"link_name":"Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Infectious_Disease_Research_and_Policy"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohen2019-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohen2019-36"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamradt-Scott2019-21"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lancet2019-37"},{"link_name":"Tedros Adhanom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunt2019-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes14June2019-39"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO14June2019-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoucharyJune2019-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIDRAP16July2019-42"},{"link_name":"Rory Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Stewart"},{"link_name":"DfID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_International_Development"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wintour9July2019-43"},{"link_name":"Goma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lucey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_R._Lucey"},{"link_name":"Ron Klain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Klain"},{"link_name":"Ebola response coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_response_coordinator"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soucheray11July2019-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klain10July2019-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHONewsRelease17July2019-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCNews17July2019-47"},{"link_name":"Oly Ilunga Kalenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oly_Ilunga_Kalenga"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schnirring22July2019-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9Oct2019-49"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO18Oct2019-6"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Kivu Ebola (2019–2020)","text":"In October 2018 and then later in April 2019, the WHO did not consider the 2018–2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic to be a PHEIC.[34][35] The decision was controversial, with Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) responding with disappointment and describing the situation as \"an Ebola gas can sitting in DRC that's just waiting for a match to hit it\",[36] while the WHO panel were unanimous in their decision that declaring it a PHEIC would not give any added benefit.[36] The advice against declaring a PHEIC in October 2018 and April 2019, despite the criteria for doing so appearing to be met on both occasions, has led to the transparency of the IHR EC coming into question. The language used in the statements for the Kivu Ebola epidemic has been noted to be different. In October 2018, the EC stated \"a PHEIC should not be declared at this time\". In the 13 previously declined proposals for declaring a PHEIC, the resultant statements quoted \"the conditions for a PHEIC are not currently met\" and \"does not constitute a PHEIC\". In April 2019, they stated that \"there is no added benefit to declaring a PHEIC at this stage\", a notion that is not part of the PHEIC criteria laid down in the IHR.[21][37]After confirmed cases of Ebola in neighbouring Uganda in June 2019, Tedros Adhanom, the director-general of the WHO, announced that the third meeting of a group of experts would be held on 14 June 2019 to assess whether the Ebola spread had become a PHEIC.[38][39] The conclusion was that while the outbreak was a health emergency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the region, it did not meet all the three criteria for a PHEIC.[40] Despite the number of deaths reaching 1,405 by 11 June 2019 and 1,440 by 17 June 2019, the reason for not declaring a PHEIC was that the overall risk of international spread was deemed to be low, and the risk of damaging the economy of the DRC high.[41] Adhanom also stated that declaring a PHEIC would be an inappropriate way to raise money for the epidemic.[42] Following a visit to the DRC in July 2019, Rory Stewart, the UK's DfID minister, called for the WHO to declare it an emergency.[43]Acknowledging a high risk of spread to the capital of North Kivu, Goma, a call for a PHEIC declaration was published on 10 July 2019 in The Washington Post by Daniel Lucey and Ron Klain (the former United States Ebola response coordinator). Their declaration stated that \"in the absence of a trajectory toward extinguishing the outbreak, the opposite path—severe escalation—remains possible. The risk of the disease moving into nearby Goma, Congo—a city of 1 million residents with an international airport—or crossing into the massive refugee camps in South Sudan is mounting. With a limited number of vaccine doses remaining, either would be a catastrophe\".[44][45] Four days later, on 14 July 2019, a case of Ebola was confirmed in Goma, which has an international airport and a highly mobile population. Subsequently, the WHO announced a reconvening of a fourth EC meeting on 17 July 2019, when they officially announced it \"a regional emergency, and by no means a global threat\" and declared it as a PHEIC, without restrictions on trade or travel.[46][47] In response to the declaration, the president of the DRC, together with an expert committee led by a virologist, took responsibility for directly supervising action, while in protest of the declaration, health minister, Oly Ilunga Kalenga resigned.[48] A review of the PHEIC had been planned at a fifth meeting of the EC on 10 October 2019 [49] and on 18 October 2019 it remained a PHEIC[6] until 26 June 2020 when it was decided that the situation no longer constituted a PHEIC, as the outbreak was considered over.[50]","title":"Declarations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_(CDC-23312).png"},{"link_name":"outbreak of COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Wuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan"},{"link_name":"central China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_China"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOStatement30January2020-15"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramzy2020-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO5May2023-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fifield23Jan2020-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schnirring22Jan2020-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO22Jan2020-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatNews-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO23Jan2020-59"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOpandemic1-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO1May2020-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO31Aug2020-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO31Oct2020-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO14Jan2021-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOPHEICApril2021-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOApr2022-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO12July2022-69"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO5May2023-52"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van2022-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sachs2022-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van2022-71"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO12Oct2022-73"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van2022-71"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"etiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiology"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"COVID-19 (2020–2023)","text":"Morphology of SARS-CoV-2On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak of COVID-19, centered on Wuhan in central China, a PHEIC.[15][51] On 5 May 2023, the WHO ended the PHEIC declaration for COVID-19.[52]On the date of the declaration, there were 7,818 cases confirmed globally, affecting 19 countries in five of the six WHO regions.[53][54] Previously, the WHO had held EC meetings on 22 and 23 January 2020 regarding the outbreak,[55][56][57] but it was determined at that time that it was too early to declare a PHEIC, given the lack of necessary data and the then-scale of global impact.[58][59]The WHO recognized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.[60] The emergency committee convened its third meeting on 30 April 2020,[61] fourth on 31 July,[62] fifth on 29 October,[63] sixth on 14 January 2021,[64] seventh on 15 April 2021,[65] ninth in October 2021,[66] tenth in January 2022,[67] eleventh in April 2022,[68] twelfth in July 2022,[69] thirteenth in October 2022,[7] fourteenth in January 2023,[70] and fifteenth in May 2023.[52]In September 2022, the Lancet commission on COVID-19 published a report, calling the response to the pandemic \"a massive global failure on multiple levels\".[71][72] The WHO responded by noting \"several key omissions and misinterpretations in the report, not least regarding the public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) and the speed and scope of WHO's actions.\"[71][73] They stated that the report \"offers the best opportunity to insist that the failures and lessons from the past 3 years are not wasted but are constructively used to build more resilient health systems and stronger political systems that support the health and wellbeing of people and planet during the 21st century.\"[71]The formal end of the COVID-19 PHEIC is a matter of much nuance which carries its own risks, and as of March 2023, \"WHO member states are negotiating amendments to the International Health Regulations as well as a new legally binding agreement (most likely a treaty) on pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. Proposals include the possibility of issuing intermediate public health alerts (short of PHEICs) and determining public health emergencies of regional concern. Notably, although COVID-19 is routinely referred to as a pandemic, this word is not used in the International Health Regulations.\"[74] With the emergency phase of the pandemic being regarded as having ended, more subtle and robust institutional responses and protocols are in the works for further iterations of this pandemic as well as global pandemics of whatever etiology.[75]","title":"Declarations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022–2023 mpox outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_mpox_outbreak"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wenham2022-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Mpox (2022–2023)","text":"At the second IHR meeting for the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak on 21 July 2022, members of the emergency committee were divided about issuing a PHEIC, with six in favor and nine against.[76] On 23 July 2022, the WHO director-general declared the outbreak a PHEIC.[77] On 11 May 2023, the WHO ended the PHEIC declaration for Mpox, six days after doing so for COVID-19.[78]On the date of the declaration, there were 17,186 cases reported globally, affecting 75 countries in all six WHO regions, with five deaths reported outside Africa and 72 deaths in African countries.[79] The WHO had previously held an EC meeting on 23 June 2022 regarding the outbreak, which had more than 2,100 cases in over 42 countries at that point; it did not reach the criteria for a PHEIC alert at the time.[80]","title":"Declarations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunger2018-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman2018-4"}],"text":"In 2018, an examination of the first four declarations (2009–2016) showed that the WHO was noted to be more effective in responding to international health emergencies, and that the international system in dealing with these emergencies was \"robust\".[5]Another review of the first four declarations, with the exception of wild polio, demonstrated that responses were varied. Severe outbreaks, or those that threatened larger numbers of people, did not receive a swift PHEIC declaration, and the study hypothesized that responses were quicker when American citizens were infected and when the emergencies did not coincide with holidays.[4]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-declarations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_MERS_outbreak.svg"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Respiratory_Syndrome"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlMERS_-_The_Global_Dispatch-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlWHO-2IHRECV-MERS-CoV-83"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halabi2017-11"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MullenJune2020-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MullenJune2020-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOMERSMay2020-85"}],"sub_title":"2013 MERS","text":"World MERS outbreak[81]PHEIC was not invoked with the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in 2013.[82][83] Originating in Saudi Arabia, MERS reached more than 24 countries and resulted in more than 580 deaths by 2015, although most cases were in hospital settings rather than sustained community spread. As a result, what constitutes a PHEIC has been unclear.[11][84] As of May 2020, there had been 876 deaths.[84][85]","title":"Non-declarations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halabi2017-11"},{"link_name":"antimicrobial resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMR-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wernli2011-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamradt-Scott2011-88"}],"text":"PHEIC are not confined to only infectious diseases or biological ones. It may cover events caused by chemical agents or radioactive materials.[11]Debate exists regarding whether the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance may constitute a PHEIC.[86][87][88]","title":"Non-infectious events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statement of the Twenty-Third IHR Emergency Committee Regarding the International Spread of Poliovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.who.int/news-room/detail/20-12-2019-statement-o-the-twenty-third-ihr-emergency-committee-regarding-the-international-spread-of-poliovirus"}],"text":"Statement of the Twenty-Third IHR Emergency Committee Regarding the International Spread of Poliovirus. WHO, 7 January 2020","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Logo of the World Health Organization, the authority that declares PHEICs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/World_Health_Organization_Logo.svg/220px-World_Health_Organization_Logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of WHO regional offices and their respective operating regions: Africa; HQ: Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo Americas; HQ: Washington, D.C., United States Eastern Mediterranean; HQ: Cairo, Egypt Europe; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark South East Asia; HQ: New Delhi, India Western Pacific; HQ: Manila, Philippines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/World_Health_Organisation_regional_offices.svg/220px-World_Health_Organisation_regional_offices.svg.png"},{"image_text":"H1N1 influenza virus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/H1N1_influenza_virus.jpg/170px-H1N1_influenza_virus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Morphology of SARS-CoV-2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SARS-CoV-2_%28CDC-23312%29.png/220px-SARS-CoV-2_%28CDC-23312%29.png"},{"image_text":"World MERS outbreak[81]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/World_MERS_outbreak.svg/220px-World_MERS_outbreak.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Biosecurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosecurity"},{"title":"Disease X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_X"},{"title":"Public health emergency (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_emergency_(United_States)"},{"title":"State of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"}]	[{"reference":"\"International Health Regulations and Emergency Committees\". WHO. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815072835/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/emergencies-international-health-regulations-and-emergency-committees","url_text":"\"International Health Regulations and Emergency Committees\""},{"url":"https://www.who.int/features/qa/emergency-committees/en/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eccleston-Turner, Mark; McArdle, Scarlett (2020). \"The law of responsibility and the World Health Organisation: a case study on the West African ebola outbreak\". In Eccleston-Turner, Mark; Brassington, Iain (eds.). Infectious Diseases in the New Millennium: Legal and Ethical Challenges. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 89–110. ISBN 978-3-030-39818-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=79TkDwAAQBAJ&q=PHEIC","url_text":"Infectious Diseases in the New Millennium: Legal and Ethical Challenges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-39818-7","url_text":"978-3-030-39818-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Strengthening health security by implementing the International Health Regulations (2005); About IHR\". WHO. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220725055056/https://www.who.int/health-topics/international-health-regulations","url_text":"\"Strengthening health security by implementing the International Health Regulations (2005); About IHR\""},{"url":"https://www.who.int/ihr/about/en/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, Steven J.; Silverberg, Sarah L. 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The International Health Regulations: the governing framework for global health security\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190604882","url_text":"978-0190604882"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220407011744/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvzmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rull, Monica; Kickbusch, Ilona; Lauer, Helen (8 December 2015). \"Policy Debate \| International Responses to Global Epidemics: Ebola and Beyond\". International Development Policy. 6 (2). doi:10.4000/poldev.2178. 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Here are three takeaways\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220725060127/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/02/who-declared-a-public-health-emergency-about-zikas-effects-here-are-three-takeaways/","url_text":"\"WHO declared a public health emergency about Zika's effects. Here are three takeaways\""},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/02/who-declared-a-public-health-emergency-about-zikas-effects-here-are-three-takeaways/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)\". World Health Organization. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. 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The Milbank Quarterly. 94 (2): 264–313. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12186. PMC 4911720. PMID 27166578.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Katz","url_text":"Katz, Rebeccas"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4911720","url_text":"\"The International Health Regulations: The Governing Framework for Global Health Security\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0009.12186","url_text":"10.1111/1468-0009.12186"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4911720","url_text":"4911720"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27166578","url_text":"27166578"}]},{"reference":"Kamradt-Scott, Adam; Eccleston-Turner, Mark (1 April 2019). \"Transparency in IHR emergency committee decision making: the case for reform\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_von_Overbeck	Gustav Overbeck	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Life in Borneo","3 Personal life","4 Legacy","5 Honours","6 Literature","7 References"]	German businessman, adventurer and diplomat (1830–1894) Gustav Overbeck (4 March 1830 in Lemgo – 8 April 1894 in London) from 1867 von Overbeck, in 1873 Baron von Overbeck, in 1877 Maharaja of Sabah and Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan, was a German businessman, adventurer and diplomat. Early life Overbeck was the son of pharmacist and medical councillor Georg Heinrich Overbeck from Lemgo. Overbeck came to Bremen for a commercial apprenticeship with his uncle in the family business there, but did not stay long, and emigrated to the United States in the spring of 1850 with his cousin August Meier. He went to San Francisco and opened a business, while undertaking adventurous trade journeys to Hawaii, the South Seas, Alaska, and the Bering Strait. Career Dent & Co. in British Hong Kong, 1858. He came into contact with the English trading house Dent & Co., which in 1854 gave him a job in British Hong Kong. In 1856, he was appointed Prussia's Vice Consul before becoming a consul for the Austrian Empire in 1864. Following the Austro-Prussian War, Overbeck resigned from his Prussian post in 1866. In 1867, towards the end of the war, he was elevated to the aristocracy. Life in Borneo See also: North Borneo dispute § 1878 Appointment as Datu Bandahara and Rajah of SandakanConcession from the Sultan of Brunei (left) and Sulu (right), 1877 and 1878. In January 1876, he purchased from Joseph William Torrey for $15,000 the concessionary rights of American Trading Company of Borneo to territories in northern Borneo, conditional on the successful renewal of the concessions from local authorities. Overbeck was appointed Maharaja of Sabah and Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan in a 29 December 1877 treaty with Brunei Sultan Abdul Momin, who still claimed ownership of northern Borneo. That same year, Overbeck founded a joint venture (known as Dent & Overbeck Company/Overbeck & Co.) with the British brothers Alfred and Edward Dent, who acted as financiers. From November 1877, he undertook an expedition to Borneo with an American steamer for the acquisition of territorial rights and the exploitation of mineral resources in the territory. Following his expedition, he met with the Sultan of Sulu and forged a second treaty with Sultan Jamalulazam of Sulu, who titled him Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan on 22 January 1878. The far-reaching concession attracted great attention in Europe and the United States; The Washington Post described it as the most important transfer obtained by a commercial company since the days of the British East India Company. However, on 22 July 1878, Spanish forces operating from the Philippines forced the Sultan of Sulu to surrender, causing Overbeck to lose his title and territory in the north-eastern areas just gained from the Sultan. Overbeck then returned to Europe from 1879–80 to seek support for an enforcement of the concession agreement and to promote the territory to the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy. As the United Kingdom had a strong interest in Borneo, Overbeck managed to gain support from that country; meanwhile, in his home country, only Alexander Georg Mosle supported his bid to acquire the territory as part of the German Empire. At the beginning of 1881, the British North Borneo Provisional Association Limited was established after Overbeck transferred its rights to the Dent brothers. Within a year, the company succeeded in pushing back the Spanish claim, establishing the territory as a British protectorate known as North Borneo. To this day, the interpretation of the Jawi concession documents of 1877–78 plays a role in the international dispute between Malaysia and the Philippines regarding territorial claims in northern Borneo (presently known as Sabah). Personal life While in British Hong Kong, he had four children with a Chinese woman named Lam Tsat-Tai. They were Lily Overbeck, Oi Moon Overbeck, Annie Overbeck and Victoria Overbeck. On 16 March 1870, Overbeck married Romaine Madeleine Goddard (1848–1926). Her father, already deceased, was Daniel Convers Goddard (1822–1852), the first Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of the Interior; her mother Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren (1825–1898), daughter of the Congressman Samuel F. Vinton, was a well known author who married Admiral John A. Dahlgren in 1865 (her second marriage). The wedding of Overbeck and Romaine Goddard on 16 March 1870 was a social event in Washington, D.C., attended by President Ulysses S. Grant, his wife Julia Grant, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, and numerous ambassadors. The couple had three sons: Baron Gustav Convers von Overbeck, Baron Oscar Karl Maria von Overbeck and Baron Alfred von Overbeck (1877–1945). Romaine was an excellent pianist and often stayed with her family in Washington during her husband's journeys; In December 1875, she was presented by Kurd von Schlözer at the German Embassy in Washington, and began a brief, tempestuous affair with Hans von Bülow. Relying financially on the income from a family trust invested in coal mines, she later lived apart from her husband in Baden-Baden and Berlin. Little is known about Overbeck's life in the years following the estrangement. Overbeck died at the age of 64 in London. Legacy Overbeck remains one of the most significant figures in the history of Sabah. It was Overbeck's influence that enabled the British empire make inroads into North Borneo, and establish it as a key commercial protectorate. Overbeck's actions have had a lasting impact on the fate of the region, which is nowadays referred to as Sabah. The ambiguous 1878 concession he won from the Sultan of Sulu has become the basis for numerous international disputes, including the multi-billion dollar Malaysia-Sulu dispute. In this case, purported heirs of the last Sultan of Sulu filed an arbitration appeal, demanding Malaysia pay $32 billion for exploitation of resources of Sabah, claiming the 1878 agreement underscored that the territory had only been leased. Malaysia maintains that the region surrendered its rights once it agreed to join the Malaysian federation in 1963. In February 2022, Spanish arbitrator Dr Gonzalo Stampa awarded an almost $15 billion settlement in favor of the claimants, which Malaysia challenged at various legal forums. The International Court of Justice eventually struck down the award in 2023. Honours 1862: Prussian Order of the Crown, 4th Class 1864: Order of the Iron Crown 3rd Class 1867: Commander's Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph Literature Florian Lueke: Konsul, Kaufmann, Maharadscha. Zur Erinnerung an Gustav Freiherr von Overbeck (1830-1894). In: Lippische Mitteilungen aus Geschichte und Landeskunde in German 90 (2021) 233-255. Rainer Pape: Gustav Freiherr von Overbeck (1830–1894). Eine biographische Skizze, in: Lippische Mitteilungen aus Geschichte und Landeskultur (in German) 28 (1959) 163–217 Volker Schult (2008). Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: deutsch-philippinische Beziehungen im Kontext globaler Verflechtungen 1860-1945 (in German). Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-3-8325-1898-1. Hutto, Richard Jay, The Kaiser's Confidante: Mary Lee, the First American-born Princess, MacFarland & Co., 2017; pp. 129-134. References ^ a b c Rozan Yunos (7 March 2013). "Sabah and the Sulu claims". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2013. ^ Rozan Yunos (21 September 2008). "How Brunei lost its northern province". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2013. ^ Maharaja being an unusual title for this place and time, its use may be a reflection of self-aggrandizement on the part of Overbeck; see: P. J. Rivers, "The Origin of 'Sabah' and a Reappraisal of Overbeck as Maharajah", Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 77(1), 2004; pp. 79–80. "It is a rarity in the Malay World except as an honorific Sri Maharajah. Thus, while Torrey's appointment was also as 'Supreme Ruler', the American only styled himself 'Rajah Torrey' in 1876 in Hong Kong where he was well known but 'in very bad repute'. Overbeck also was bestowed with several positions as Rajah but, using upper case as a 'Supreme Ruler', opted for the title of 'Maharajah of Sabah', which seems unwarranted on several accounts." ^ Nicholas Tarling, Imperialism in Southeast Asia: 'A fleeting, passing phase'.; London: Routledge, 2001; p. 63. ^ a b Geoffrey Marston (1967). "International Law and the Sabah Dispute: A Postscript" (PDF). Australian International Law Journal. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ "Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren Papers Folder Listing". Box: 1 Fold: 2 Scrapbook. Georgetown University Library. Archived from the original on 3 September 1999. Untitled news item reporting on the voyage of the Baron de Overbeck in the steamship America and of his being conferred the title of Maharajah of Sabah by the Sultan of Borneo, after concluding successful negotiations for the cession of territory to the former's London-based company. Part of this land had formerly been ceded to the American Trading Company. Of Overbeck's achievement, the article states: "...this cession is one of the greatest secured by a commercial company since the days of the famous East India Company..." (Washington Post, April 12, 1878) ^ Robert Fitzgerald (7 January 2016). The Rise of the Global Company: Multinationals and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-0-521-84974-6. ^ British North Borneo Chartered Company (1878). "British North Borneo company charter". Internet Archive. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren (1882). Memoir of John A. Dahlgren, Rear-admiral United States Navy. J. R. Osgood. ^ R. Allen Lott (6 February 2003). From Paris to Peoria: How European Piano Virtuosos Brought Classical Music to the American Heartland. Oxford University Press. pp. 341–. ISBN 978-0-19-534889-7. ^ Alan Walker (4 December 2009). Hans von Bülow: A Life and Times. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970938-0. ^ "Heirs to the Sultanate of Sulu v. Malaysia, Final Award, 28 Feb 2022". 2 May 2022. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2024. ^ "Report: M'sia ordered to pay almost RM63b to Sulu sultan's descendants". Yahoo News. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2024. ^ Network, The Star/Asia News (2 March 2022). "French court rules Malaysia owes $14.92 billion to sultan of Sulu's heirs". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 14 February 2024. ^ "Malaysia files application to annul final award over claims by Sulu sultan's heirs". The Star. Retrieved 14 February 2024. ^ "Malaysia hails 'decisive victory' over Sulu heirs after French court ruling". South China Morning Post. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lemgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemgo"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"}],"text":"Gustav Overbeck (4 March 1830 in Lemgo – 8 April 1894 in London) from 1867 von Overbeck, in 1873 Baron von Overbeck, in 1877 Maharaja of Sabah and Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan, was a German businessman, adventurer and diplomat.","title":"Gustav Overbeck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lemgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemgo"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"apprenticeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Bering Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait"}],"text":"Overbeck was the son of pharmacist and medical councillor Georg Heinrich Overbeck from Lemgo.Overbeck came to Bremen for a commercial apprenticeship with his uncle in the family business there, but did not stay long, and emigrated to the United States in the spring of 1850 with his cousin August Meier. He went to San Francisco and opened a business, while undertaking adventurous trade journeys to Hawaii, the South Seas, Alaska, and the Bering Strait.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dent_%26_Co%27s_Hong.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dent & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"British Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Dent & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"British Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austro-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"aristocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy"}],"text":"Dent & Co. in British Hong Kong, 1858.He came into contact with the English trading house Dent & Co., which in 1854 gave him a job in British Hong Kong. In 1856, he was appointed Prussia's Vice Consul before becoming a consul for the Austrian Empire in 1864. Following the Austro-Prussian War, Overbeck resigned from his Prussian post in 1866. In 1867, towards the end of the war, he was elevated to the aristocracy.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Borneo dispute § 1878 Appointment as Datu Bandahara and Rajah of Sandakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute#1878_Appointment_as_Datu_Bandahara_and_Rajah_of_Sandakan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brunei_(left)_Sulu_(right)_Overbeck.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Joseph William Torrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_William_Torrey"},{"link_name":"American Trading Company of Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Trading_Company_of_Borneo"},{"link_name":"Maharaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja"},{"link_name":"Rajah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Abdul Momin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Momin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlii-5"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"British North Borneo Provisional Association Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"North Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo"},{"link_name":"Jawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_script"},{"link_name":"the international dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlii-5"}],"sub_title":"Life in Borneo","text":"See also: North Borneo dispute § 1878 Appointment as Datu Bandahara and Rajah of SandakanConcession from the Sultan of Brunei (left) and Sulu (right), 1877 and 1878.[1][2]In January 1876, he purchased from Joseph William Torrey for $15,000 the concessionary rights of American Trading Company of Borneo to territories in northern Borneo, conditional on the successful renewal of the concessions from local authorities. Overbeck was appointed Maharaja of Sabah and Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan in a 29 December 1877 treaty with Brunei Sultan Abdul Momin, who still claimed ownership of northern Borneo.[3] That same year, Overbeck founded a joint venture (known as Dent & Overbeck Company/Overbeck & Co.) with the British brothers Alfred and Edward Dent, who acted as financiers.[4]From November 1877, he undertook an expedition to Borneo with an American steamer for the acquisition of territorial rights and the exploitation of mineral resources in the territory. Following his expedition, he met with the Sultan of Sulu and forged a second treaty with Sultan Jamalulazam of Sulu, who titled him Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan on 22 January 1878.[1][5] The far-reaching concession attracted great attention in Europe and the United States; The Washington Post described it as the most important transfer obtained by a commercial company since the days of the British East India Company.[6]However, on 22 July 1878, Spanish forces operating from the Philippines forced the Sultan of Sulu to surrender, causing Overbeck to lose his title and territory in the north-eastern areas just gained from the Sultan. Overbeck then returned to Europe from 1879–80 to seek support for an enforcement of the concession agreement and to promote the territory to the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy.[7] As the United Kingdom had a strong interest in Borneo, Overbeck managed to gain support from that country; meanwhile, in his home country, only Alexander Georg Mosle supported his bid to acquire the territory as part of the German Empire.At the beginning of 1881, the British North Borneo Provisional Association Limited was established after Overbeck transferred its rights to the Dent brothers.[8] Within a year, the company succeeded in pushing back the Spanish claim, establishing the territory as a British protectorate known as North Borneo. To this day, the interpretation of the Jawi concession documents of 1877–78 plays a role in the international dispute between Malaysia and the Philippines regarding territorial claims in northern Borneo (presently known as Sabah).[1][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Romaine Madeleine Goddard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaine_Vinton_Goddard,_Baroness_von_Overbeck"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Vinton_Dahlgren"},{"link_name":"Samuel F. Vinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_F._Vinton"},{"link_name":"John A. Dahlgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Dahlgren"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Julia Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Grant"},{"link_name":"Salmon P. Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kurd von Schlözer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd_von_Schl%C3%B6zer"},{"link_name":"Hans von Bülow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Baden-Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-Baden"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"While in British Hong Kong, he had four children with a Chinese woman named Lam Tsat-Tai. They were Lily Overbeck, Oi Moon Overbeck, Annie Overbeck and Victoria Overbeck.On 16 March 1870, Overbeck married Romaine Madeleine Goddard (1848–1926). Her father, already deceased, was Daniel Convers Goddard (1822–1852), the first Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of the Interior; her mother Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren (1825–1898), daughter of the Congressman Samuel F. Vinton, was a well known author who married Admiral John A. Dahlgren in 1865 (her second marriage).[9] The wedding of Overbeck and Romaine Goddard on 16 March 1870 was a social event in Washington, D.C., attended by President Ulysses S. Grant, his wife Julia Grant, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, and numerous ambassadors.The couple had three sons: Baron Gustav Convers von Overbeck, Baron Oscar Karl Maria von Overbeck and Baron Alfred von Overbeck (1877–1945). Romaine was an excellent pianist and often stayed with her family in Washington during her husband's journeys;[10] In December 1875, she was presented by Kurd von Schlözer at the German Embassy in Washington, and began a brief, tempestuous affair with Hans von Bülow.[11] Relying financially on the income from a family trust invested in coal mines, she later lived apart from her husband in Baden-Baden and Berlin. Little is known about Overbeck's life in the years following the estrangement. Overbeck died at the age of 64 in London.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"history of Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sabah"},{"link_name":"North Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo"},{"link_name":"protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu"},{"link_name":"Malaysia-Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Sulu_case"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Malaysian federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Stampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Stampa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Overbeck remains one of the most significant figures in the history of Sabah. It was Overbeck's influence that enabled the British empire make inroads into North Borneo, and establish it as a key commercial protectorate. Overbeck's actions have had a lasting impact on the fate of the region, which is nowadays referred to as Sabah.The ambiguous 1878 concession he won from the Sultan of Sulu has become the basis for numerous international disputes, including the multi-billion dollar Malaysia-Sulu dispute. In this case, purported heirs of the last Sultan of Sulu filed an arbitration appeal, demanding Malaysia pay $32 billion for exploitation of resources of Sabah,[12] claiming the 1878 agreement underscored that the territory had only been leased. Malaysia maintains that the region surrendered its rights once it agreed to join the Malaysian federation in 1963.In February 2022, Spanish arbitrator Dr Gonzalo Stampa awarded an almost $15 billion settlement in favor of the claimants,[13] [14] which Malaysia challenged at various legal forums.[15] The International Court of Justice eventually struck down the award in 2023.[16]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prussian Order of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Prussia)"},{"link_name":"Order of the Iron Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Iron_Crown"},{"link_name":"Order of Franz Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph"}],"text":"1862: Prussian Order of the Crown, 4th Class\n1864: Order of the Iron Crown 3rd Class\n1867: Commander's Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: deutsch-philippinische Beziehungen im Kontext globaler Verflechtungen 1860-1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WyiNDRUOm_EC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8325-1898-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-1898-1"}],"text":"Florian Lueke: Konsul, Kaufmann, Maharadscha. Zur Erinnerung an Gustav Freiherr von Overbeck (1830-1894). In: Lippische Mitteilungen aus Geschichte und Landeskunde in German 90 (2021) 233-255.\nRainer Pape: Gustav Freiherr von Overbeck (1830–1894). Eine biographische Skizze, in: Lippische Mitteilungen aus Geschichte und Landeskultur (in German) 28 (1959) 163–217\nVolker Schult (2008). Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: deutsch-philippinische Beziehungen im Kontext globaler Verflechtungen 1860-1945 (in German). Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-3-8325-1898-1.Hutto, Richard Jay, The Kaiser's Confidante: Mary Lee, the First American-born Princess, MacFarland & Co., 2017; pp. 129-134.","title":"Literature"}]	[{"image_text":"Dent & Co. in British Hong Kong, 1858.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dent_%26_Co%27s_Hong.jpg/220px-Dent_%26_Co%27s_Hong.jpg"},{"image_text":"Concession from the Sultan of Brunei (left) and Sulu (right), 1877 and 1878.[1][2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Brunei_%28left%29_Sulu_%28right%29_Overbeck.jpg/220px-Brunei_%28left%29_Sulu_%28right%29_Overbeck.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Volker Schult (2008). Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: deutsch-philippinische Beziehungen im Kontext globaler Verflechtungen 1860-1945 (in German). Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-3-8325-1898-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WyiNDRUOm_EC","url_text":"Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: deutsch-philippinische Beziehungen im Kontext globaler Verflechtungen 1860-1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-1898-1","url_text":"978-3-8325-1898-1"}]},{"reference":"Rozan Yunos (7 March 2013). \"Sabah and the Sulu claims\". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140617035533/http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/03/07/sabah-and-sulu-claims","url_text":"\"Sabah and the Sulu claims\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brunei_Times","url_text":"The Brunei Times"},{"url":"http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/03/07/sabah-and-sulu-claims","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rozan Yunos (21 September 2008). \"How Brunei lost its northern province\". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140617040008/http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/21/how_brunei_lost_its_northern_province","url_text":"\"How Brunei lost its northern province\""},{"url":"http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/21/how_brunei_lost_its_northern_province","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Geoffrey Marston (1967). \"International Law and the Sabah Dispute: A Postscript\" (PDF). Australian International Law Journal. Retrieved 14 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1968/8.pdf","url_text":"\"International Law and the Sabah Dispute: A Postscript\""}]},{"reference":"\"Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren Papers Folder Listing\". Box: 1 Fold: 2 Scrapbook. Georgetown University Library. Archived from the original on 3 September 1999. Untitled news item reporting on the voyage of the Baron de Overbeck in the steamship America and of his being conferred the title of Maharajah of Sabah by the Sultan of Borneo, after concluding successful negotiations for the cession of territory to the former's London-based company. Part of this land had formerly been ceded to the American Trading Company. Of Overbeck's achievement, the article states: \"...this cession is one of the greatest secured by a commercial company since the days of the famous East India Company...\" (Washington Post, April 12, 1878)","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990903173402/http://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/fl/f122%7D1.htm","url_text":"\"Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren Papers Folder Listing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Library","url_text":"Georgetown University Library"},{"url":"http://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/fl/f122%7D1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robert Fitzgerald (7 January 2016). The Rise of the Global Company: Multinationals and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-0-521-84974-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rTkACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75","url_text":"The Rise of the Global Company: Multinationals and the Making of the Modern World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84974-6","url_text":"978-0-521-84974-6"}]},{"reference":"British North Borneo Chartered Company (1878). \"British North Borneo company charter\". Internet Archive. Retrieved 14 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924078409665#page/n0/mode/2up","url_text":"\"British North Borneo company charter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren (1882). Memoir of John A. Dahlgren, Rear-admiral United States Navy. J. R. Osgood.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vfpBAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Memoir of John A. Dahlgren, Rear-admiral United States Navy"}]},{"reference":"R. Allen Lott (6 February 2003). From Paris to Peoria: How European Piano Virtuosos Brought Classical Music to the American Heartland. Oxford University Press. pp. 341–. ISBN 978-0-19-534889-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xy4RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA341","url_text":"From Paris to Peoria: How European Piano Virtuosos Brought Classical Music to the American Heartland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534889-7","url_text":"978-0-19-534889-7"}]},{"reference":"Alan Walker (4 December 2009). Hans von Bülow: A Life and Times. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970938-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0nyKAeR7VgwC","url_text":"Hans von Bülow: A Life and Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970938-0","url_text":"978-0-19-970938-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Heirs to the Sultanate of Sulu v. Malaysia, Final Award, 28 Feb 2022\". 2 May 2022. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220502232816/https://jusmundi.com/en/document/decision/en-nurhima-kiram-fornan-fuad-a-kiram-sheramar-t-kiram-permaisuli-kiram-guerzon-taj-mahal-kiram-tarsum-nuqui-ahmad-narzad-kiram-sampang-jenny-ka-sampang-and-widz-raunda-kiram-sampang-v-malaysia-final-award-monday-28th-february-2022","url_text":"\"Heirs to the Sultanate of Sulu v. Malaysia, Final Award, 28 Feb 2022\""},{"url":"https://jusmundi.com/en/document/decision/en-nurhima-kiram-fornan-fuad-a-kiram-sheramar-t-kiram-permaisuli-kiram-guerzon-taj-mahal-kiram-tarsum-nuqui-ahmad-narzad-kiram-sampang-jenny-ka-sampang-and-widz-raunda-kiram-sampang-v-malaysia-final-award-monday-28th-february-2022","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Report: M'sia ordered to pay almost RM63b to Sulu sultan's descendants\". Yahoo News. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/report-msia-ordered-pay-almost-050737389.html","url_text":"\"Report: M'sia ordered to pay almost RM63b to Sulu sultan's descendants\""}]},{"reference":"Network, The Star/Asia News (2 March 2022). \"French court rules Malaysia owes $14.92 billion to sultan of Sulu's heirs\". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnation.inquirer.net/202757/french-court-rules-malaysia-owes-14-92-billion-to-sultan-of-sulus-heirs","url_text":"\"French court rules Malaysia owes $14.92 billion to sultan of Sulu's heirs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malaysia files application to annul final award over claims by Sulu sultan's heirs\". The Star. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/03/18/malaysia-files-application-to-annul-final-award-over-claims-by-sulu-sultans-heirs","url_text":"\"Malaysia files application to annul final award over claims by Sulu sultan's heirs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malaysia hails 'decisive victory' over Sulu heirs after French court ruling\". South China Morning Post. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3223215/malaysia-hails-decisive-victory-over-sulu-sultans-heirs-after-french-court-ruling","url_text":"\"Malaysia hails 'decisive victory' over Sulu heirs after French court ruling\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WyiNDRUOm_EC","external_links_name":"Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: deutsch-philippinische Beziehungen im Kontext globaler Verflechtungen 1860-1945"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140617035533/http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/03/07/sabah-and-sulu-claims","external_links_name":"\"Sabah and the Sulu claims\""},{"Link":"http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/03/07/sabah-and-sulu-claims","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140617040008/http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/21/how_brunei_lost_its_northern_province","external_links_name":"\"How Brunei lost its northern province\""},{"Link":"http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/21/how_brunei_lost_its_northern_province","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493515","external_links_name":"The Origin of 'Sabah' and a Reappraisal of Overbeck as Maharajah"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wqKBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63","external_links_name":"63"},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1968/8.pdf","external_links_name":"\"International Law and the Sabah Dispute: A Postscript\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990903173402/http://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/fl/f122%7D1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren Papers Folder Listing\""},{"Link":"http://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/fl/f122%7D1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rTkACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75","external_links_name":"The Rise of the Global Company: Multinationals and the Making of the Modern World"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924078409665#page/n0/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"British North Borneo company charter\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vfpBAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Memoir of John A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chancellorsville	USS Robert Smalls	["1 History","1.1 1990s","1.2 2000s","1.3 2010s","1.4 2020s","1.4.1 Ship renaming","2 Awards and decorations","3 Notes","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Ticonderoga-class cruiser Robert Smalls transits the Indian Ocean in 2023 History United States NameRobert Smalls Namesake Battle of Chancellorsville Robert Smalls Ordered26 November 1984 BuilderIngalls Shipbuilding Laid down24 June 1987 Launched15 July 1988 Sponsored bySharron M. Martin, the wife of Vice Adm. Edward H. Martin Christened23 July 1988 Commissioned4 November 1989 Maiden voyageMarch 1991 Renamedfrom Chancellorsville HomeportYokosuka Identification MMSI number: 368776000 Call sign: NCVL Hull number: CG-62 Statusin active service Badge General characteristics Class and typeTiconderoga-class cruiser DisplacementApprox. 9,600 long tons (9,800 t) full load Length567 feet (173 m) Beam55 feet (16.8 meters) Draught34 feet (10.2 meters) Propulsion 4 × General Electric LM2500 gas turbine engines 2 × controllable-reversible pitch propellers 2 × rudders Speed32.5 knots (60 km/h; 37.4 mph) Complement30 officers and 300 enlisted Sensors and processing systems AN/SPY-1A/B multi-function radar AN/SPS-49 air search radar (Removed on some ships) AN/SPG-62 fire control radar AN/SPS-73 surface search radar AN/SPQ-9 gun fire control radar AN/SQQ-89(V)1/3 - A(V)15 Sonar suite, consisting of: AN/SQS-53B/C/D active sonar AN/SQR-19 TACTAS, AN/SQR-19B ITASS, & MFTA passive sonar AN/SQQ-28 light airborne multi-purpose system Armament 2 × 61 cell Mk 41 vertical launch systems containing 122 × mix of: RIM-66M-5 Standard SM-2MR Block IIIB RIM-156A SM-2ER Block IV RIM-161 SM-3 RIM-162A ESSM RIM-174A Standard ERAM BGM-109 Tomahawk RUM-139A VL-ASROC 8 × RGM-84 Harpoon missiles 2 × 5 in (127 mm)/62 caliber Mark 45 Mod 4 lightweight gun 2 × Mk 38 25 mm Machine Gun Systems 2–4 × .50 in (12.7 mm) cal. machine gun 2 × Phalanx CIWS Block 1B 2 × Mk 32 12.75 in (324 mm) triple torpedo tubes Aircraft carried2 × MH-60R Seahawk LAMPS Mk III helicopters. USS Robert Smalls (CG-62) is a Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser built during the Cold War for the United States Navy. Commissioned in 1989, the warship was originally named USS Chancellorsville for the American Civil War Battle of Chancellorsville. In March 2023, she was renamed for Robert Smalls, a former slave who freed himself and others by commandeering a Confederate transport ship. Until 30 December 2011, the ship was operationally part of Carrier Strike Group Seven. In 2010 she was administratively under the command of Commander, Naval Surface Forces Pacific. She was assigned to Carrier Strike Group Five and is deployed to Yokosuka, Japan. Robert Smalls is equipped with guided missiles and rapid-fire cannons, with anti-air, anti-surface and anti-subsurface capabilities. She also carries two MH-60R Seahawk Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) helicopters, focused on anti-submarine warfare. History Chancellorsville sailors pose in 2004 above the gold "Battle E" that shows the ship earned the Navy's prestigious Battle Effectiveness Award for five consecutive years. The ship was commissioned at Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi, as Chancellorsville on 4 November 1989. 1990s She first deployed in March 1991, to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Storm. Chancellorsville was next deployed from February to August 1993, to the Persian Gulf as part of the Nimitz Battle Group. On 26 June 1993, Chancellorsville launched strikes on the Iraqi Intelligence Center in Baghdad with nine Tomahawk missiles in retaliation for the aborted assassination attempt on former President Bush. She deployed again to the Western Pacific and Persian Gulf from April to October 1995. Following a Fifth Fleet deployment to the North Persian Gulf in 1995, Chancellorsville was awarded the Spokane Trophy in 1996. The Spokane Trophy is awarded by Commander-in-Chief, United States Pacific Fleet to the surface combatant ship considered to be the most proficient in overall combat systems readiness and warfare operations. Chancellorsville deployed to the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific in support of joint counter-narcotics operations in November 1997. During this deployment, she rescued the crew of an Ecuadorian fishing vessel which had been adrift for ten days. Upon her return home, Chancellorsville underwent her first major nine-month overhaul in San Diego, California. On 7 July 1998, Chancellorsville changed homeport from San Diego, to Yokosuka, Japan, joining Task Force 70/Battle Force Seventh Fleet, and probably, Carrier Group Five. After arriving in Yokosuka, Chancellorsville participated in multinational operations in the Sea of Japan, including the International Fleet Review. Chancellorsville took part in exercises with the Kitty Hawk Battle Group in the spring of 1999. On 6 April 1999, Chancellorsville deployed to the Persian Gulf in company with Kitty Hawk and Curtis Wilbur in support of Operation Southern Watch, and returned to Yokosuka on 5 January 2000. In May 2000, Chancellorsville participated in exercises with the Thai and Singaporean navies. 2000s Following a visit to Qingdao, China, in August 2000, Chancellorsville took part in ANNUALEX 12G, a joint U.S.-Japanese naval exercise. In November, Chancellorsville fired guns and SM-2 missiles as part of MISSILEX 01-1. In March through June 2001, she visited Singapore, Thailand, Saipan and Sydney, Australia, as part of an extended Spring Cruise. Chancellorsville then entered dry dock for an upkeep period in the fall. In September 2001, Chancellorsville deployed with the Kitty Hawk Battle Group in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, operating in the theater for several months. Chancellorsville paid her first visit to Vladivostok, Russia, in July 2002, celebrating Independence Day in Russia along with Fort McHenry. In March 2003, the ship was assigned to Carrier Group Five. On 22 October 2003, Chancellorsville played host in Guam to two warships of the People's Republic of China, which made the first-ever visit of the Chinese navy to Guam. By May 2004, she was back in the Southwest Asian region, where she lent aid to a disabled Indonesian fishing boat. On 19 July 2004, Chancellorsville departed Yokosuka to participate in Exercise Summer Pulse 2004 and Joint Air and Sea Exercises (JASEX) 2004, with the Kitty Hawk Battle Group. Summer Pulse was the Navy's first implementation of the new Fleet Response Plan (FRP). She returned to homeport 7 September. Chancellorsville entered a nine-week dry dock availability in February 2005. Following the maintenance period, she immediately returned to sea to participate in the exercises Talisman Saber 2005, the third annual Orange Crush and the Joint Air and Sea Exercise (JASEX) 2005. She returned to Yokosuka in August. ANNUALEX 2005 commenced in November with Chancellorsville participating, along with other U.S. and Japanese assets. The exercise saw a total of 61 naval vessels, including two U.S. submarines, 10 U.S. Navy ships and 49 Japanese ships. Chancellorsville visited Hong Kong at the end of November and returned to Yokosuka 12 December. Chancellorsville swapped with Shiloh based in San Diego. Chancellorsville's homeport was changed to San Diego, with Shiloh moving to Yokosuka. The crews remained in their respective locations. In winter of 2006, Chancellorsville deployed again into the Western Pacific, visiting Singapore and Pattaya, Thailand, in February. In April, she joined forces of the Republic of Korea for Reception, Staging, Onward-movement, & Integration and Foal Eagle 2006 (RSOI/Foal Eagle 06), exercises utilizing more than 70 U.S. and Korean ships. Chancellorsville returned to Yokosuka in August in preparation for a hull swap with Shiloh. Chancellorsville was scheduled to return to San Diego, in October 2006, making it her homeport once again. 2010s Chancellorsville transits alongside the aircraft carrier Ronald Reagan for a fueling at sea. (2011) In March 2011, in company with the carrier Ronald Reagan, Chancellorsville was deployed off northeastern Honshu, Japan, to assist with relief efforts after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. During that time, helicopter crews from Ronald Reagan were exposed to leaking radiation from the nuclear accidents and ships from the carrier strike group were moved to avoid being downwind from the facility. During the latter half of 2012, Chancellorsville underwent equipment upgrades as part of the Aegis Modernization effort ACB-12. In January 2013, the ship spent five days under way off the coast of California to perform a series of tests of the updated ACB-12 equipment and software. In November 2013, while testing combat weapons systems off the coast of Point Mugu, California, a BQM-74E unmanned drone being used in the exercise failed to respond to commands to turn away from the ship and collided with Chancellorsville. Since it was a tracking exercise and not a live fire exercise, the crew did not engage the drone with the Phalanx CIWS. Two sailors received treatment for minor burns and the ship suffered some damage and returned to San Diego for assessment. The damage later proved to be more severe than initially assessed. Citing Navy sources, the U.S. Naval Institute reported that repairs to the ship would cost $30 million and take six months to complete. A photo released by the USN showing a near collision between Chancellorsville (right) and the Russian destroyer Admiral Vinogradov (2019) On 7 June 2019 Chancellorsville came close to a collision with the Russian destroyer Admiral Vinogradov. Each side blamed the other for the near collision. Russian sources stated that the incident occurred in the southeast of the East China Sea while US sources named the location as in the Philippine Sea. According to retired US Navy captain Carl Schuster, the Russian ship's wake shows that it "didn't adhere to either the rules of the road or the incidents at sea agreement." United States Seventh Fleet spokesman Commander Clayton Doss said the Russian destroyer came within 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 m) of Chancellorsville, "putting the safety of her crew and ship at risk." The Russian Navy released a statement claiming that Chancellorsville had "suddenly changed its course and crossed the Admiral Vinogradov destroyer's course some 50 meters away from the ship." According to the same statement, this caused Admiral Vinogradov to take an "emergency maneuver" in order to avoid a collision with the American ship. In November 2019 and again on 15 February 2020, the ship transited the Taiwan Strait. 2020s During the 2020 George Floyd protests, the name of the ship came into question because it honors a victory of the Confederate Army fighting against the United States for southern independence and in defense of slavery. In December 2020, the U.S. Navy's Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels stated that the ship was planned to be placed Out of Commission in Reserve in 2026. USS Robert Smalls arrives for a port visit in Da Nang, Vietnam. (2023) In May 2022, Chancellorsville was homeported out of Yokosuka, Japan. She was as part of Carrier Strike Group 5 led by the carrier Ronald Reagan. On 28 August 2022, Chancellorsville along with sister ship Antietam conducted a routine transit through the Taiwan Strait. This was the first such transit to occur since the 2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan. Ship renaming The crest of ex-USS Chancellorsville, which included an inverted wreath that commemorated the death of Confederate general Stonewall Jackson The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 created a new Naming Commission to examine names across the US armed forces that honor the Confederate States of America, the group of states that attempted to break away from the US during the American Civil War. Chancellorsville was explicitly named in early news reports about the commission due to its clear association with the Confederate victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville, which included a portrait of generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson in the cruiser's wardroom. The painting was removed in 2016. The commission's report noted that Chancellorsville's crest also included an inverted wreath that commemorated the death of Jackson during the Battle of Chancellorsville. In September 2022, the Naming Commission recommended that the US Navy rename two shore installations, USNS Maury (T-AGS-66) (named for Matthew Fontaine Maury, who chose to fight for the Confederates), and Chancellorsville. The choice of what to rename them to was left to the Secretary of the Navy. As part of its report, the Commission judged that the ship celebrated the Confederacy. On 27 February 2023, the Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro announced that the US Navy would rename Chancellorsville after Robert Smalls, a slave who commandeered the Confederate ship CSS Planter in 1862. The name change was made effective on 1 March 2023, The Navy held a ceremony to mark the change that was designed to not disrupt the ship's activities. and deployed with the Ronald Reagan carrier strike group in May 2023. Robert Smalls made a port visit to Da Nang, Vietnam in June 2023. Robert Smalls participated in exercise Talisman Sabre 2023 in July 2023. Awards and decorations Navy E Ribbon - (1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003) Spokane Trophy Award (1996, 2016) PACFLT Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Bloodhound Award - 2015 Navy Unit Commendation Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation (4) Battle Effectiveness Award with E device (7) National Defense Service Medal (2) Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Southwest Asia Service Medal Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal Humanitarian Service Medal Sea Service Ribbon (12) Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait) Source: Notes ^ "USS Chancellorsville". USCarriers.net. Retrieved 12 March 2023. ^ a b "USS Robert Smalls (CG-62)". nvr.navy.mil. 1 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023. ^ "Pacific Theater Surface Ships (by Homeport)". Our Ships and Commands. Commander Naval Surface Forces, U.S. Pacific Fleet. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2010. ^ Ensign Plunkett, Kyle (12 June 2017). "Chancellorsville Wins Prestigious Spokane Trophy". America's Navy. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ Toppan, Andrew. "World Navies Today: US Navy Aircraft Carriers & Surface Combatants". Haze Gray & Underway. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012. ^ Rabiroff, John (17 March 2011). "U.S. military delivers 40 tons of supplies to hardest-hit areas". Stars and Stripes (US). Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014. ^ Stewart, Joshua (14 March 2011). "Navy ships off Japan move to avoid radiation". Military Times. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2014. ^ "Chancellorsville Back at Sea". America's Navy. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014. ^ "Document: Investigation into USS Chancellorsville Drone Strike". USNI News. Retrieved 27 June 2014. ^ "Two Sailors Injured When Drone Malfunctions, Crashes into USS Chancellorsville". WTKR NewsChannel 3. 17 November 2013. ^ "Drone Collides with Navy Cruiser". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 17 November 2013. ^ "Six Months of Repairs to Drone-Struck Ship Will Cost $30 million". USNI News. Retrieved 31 December 2013. ^ a b "Russian and US warships almost collide in East China Sea". BBC News. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ Brad Lendon, Barbara Starr and Zachary Cohen. "US and Russian warships nearly collide in the Pacific". CNN. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ "7th Fleet Statement on Unsafe Maneuver by Russian Destroyer". navy.mil. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ "Video shows Russian destroyer nearly colliding with U.S. warship". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 8 June 2019. ^ Ben Werner (16 February 2020). "Guided-Missile Cruiser USS Chancellorsville Transits Taiwan Strait". USNI News. Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ Grisales, Claudia; Ewing, Philip (11 June 2020). "Congress Heads Toward Clash With Trump Over Removal Of Confederate Symbols". NPR. Retrieved 14 March 2023. ^ "Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels" (PDF). Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. 9 December 2020. p. 17. Retrieved 2 February 2021. ^ "USNI News Fleet and Marine Tracker: May 23, 2022". USNI News. United States Naval Institute. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022. ^ "Taiwan: Two US Navy warships transit through strait amid tensions". Deutsche Welle. 28 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022. ^ Schmall, Emily (11 March 2023). "Stripping Confederate Ties, the U.S. Navy Renames Two Vessels". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2023. ^ a b c "UPDATED: Commission Recommends Renaming Two Navy Ships with Confederate Ties". USNI News. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2023. ^ Inhofe, James M. (7 August 2020). "S.4049 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2020. ^ Kheel, Rebecca (8 January 2021). "Pentagon appoints commissioners to scrub Confederate base names". The Hill. Retrieved 12 March 2023. ^ "UPDATED: Commission Recommends Renaming Two Navy Ships with Confederate Ties". USNI News. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2023. ^ a b c "USS Chancellorsville to be Renamed After Former Slave Who Captured Confederate Ship". usni.org. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023. ^ "US Navy Renamed Warships After Black Sailor". The Union Journal. 28 February 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023. ^ "SECNAV Renames Ticonderoga-class Guided Missile Cruiser USS Chancellorsville after Robert Smalls". 27 February 2023. ^ Schmall, Emily (11 March 2023). "Stripping Confederate Ties, the U.S. Navy Renames Two Vessels". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2023. ^ Wilson, Alex (23 May 2023). "USS Ronald Reagan departs Yokosuka for what may be its final patrol before carrier swap". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 30 July 2023. ^ "USS Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group visits Vietnam". DVIDS. 25 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023. ^ Satam, Parth (28 July 2023). "US Navy's Only Forward-Deployed Aircraft Carrier, Ronald Reagan, 'Flexes Muscle' At Talisman Sabre 2023". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. Retrieved 30 July 2023. ^ https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2257244/uss-chancellorsville-earns-asw-bloodhound-award/ ^ Yarnall, Paul R. (creator); Bateman, Tom (maintainer) (29 May 2019). "NavSource Online: Cruiser Photo Archive USS CHANCELLORSVILLE (CG 62)". NavSource Naval History. Retrieved 20 July 2019. References This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain. Plunkett, Ensign Kyle (6 April 2017). "Chancellorsville Earns 2016 Battle 'E'" (Press release). FLEACT, Yokosuka Public Affairs. Retrieved 20 July 2019. Further reading Lawrence, Quil (12 April 2023). "A Navy ship named for a Confederate victory now honors a Black Union hero". NPR. Retrieved 12 April 2023. Ziezulewicz, Geoff (18 August 2017). "Meet the Navy ships named in honor of the Confederacy". Navy Times. Retrieved 12 April 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Chancellorsville (CG-62). Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Robert Smalls (CG-62). Official USS Robert Smalls website USS Chancellorsville information site USS Chancellorsville (CG-62) command histories – Naval History & Heritage Command 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 vteTiconderoga-class cruisersMark 26 twin-arm missile launcher ships Ticonderoga Yorktown Vincennes Valley Forge Thomas S. Gates Mark 41 vertical launching system ships Bunker Hill Mobile Bay Antietam Leyte Gulf San Jacinto Lake Champlain Philippine Sea Princeton Normandy Monterey Chancellorsville / Robert Smalls Cowpens Gettysburg Chosin Hué City Shiloh Anzio Vicksburg Lake Erie Cape St. George Vella Gulf Port Royal Preceded by: Virginia class Followed by: CG(X) (planned), Flight III Arleigh Burke-class (actual), DDG(X) (actual) List of cruisers of the United States Navy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ticonderoga-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticonderoga-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"guided-missile cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided-missile_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chancellorsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville"},{"link_name":"Robert Smalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smalls"},{"link_name":"Carrier Strike Group Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Strike_Group_Seven"},{"link_name":"Commander, Naval Surface Forces Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander,_Naval_Surface_Forces_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Carrier Strike Group Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Strike_Group_Five"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MH-60R Seahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH-60_Sea_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Airborne_Multi-Purpose_System"}],"text":"USS Robert Smalls (CG-62) is a Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser built during the Cold War for the United States Navy. Commissioned in 1989, the warship was originally named USS Chancellorsville for the American Civil War Battle of Chancellorsville. In March 2023, she was renamed for Robert Smalls, a former slave who freed himself and others by commandeering a Confederate transport ship.Until 30 December 2011, the ship was operationally part of Carrier Strike Group Seven. In 2010 she was administratively under the command of Commander, Naval Surface Forces Pacific.[3] She was assigned to Carrier Strike Group Five and is deployed to Yokosuka, Japan.[4]Robert Smalls is equipped with guided missiles and rapid-fire cannons, with anti-air, anti-surface and anti-subsurface capabilities. She also carries two MH-60R Seahawk Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) helicopters, focused on anti-submarine warfare.","title":"USS Robert Smalls"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_040712-N-0000X-001_Gold_Battle_E_aboard_USS_Chancellorsville_(CG_62).jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle Effectiveness Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Effectiveness_Award"},{"link_name":"Ingalls Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Pascagoula, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi"}],"text":"Chancellorsville sailors pose in 2004 above the gold \"Battle E\" that shows the ship earned the Navy's prestigious Battle Effectiveness Award for five consecutive years.The ship was commissioned at Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi, as Chancellorsville on 4 November 1989.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"Nimitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile)"},{"link_name":"in retaliation for the aborted assassination attempt on former President Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq_(1993)"},{"link_name":"Spokane Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Trophy"},{"link_name":"United States Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Eastern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka,_Japan"},{"link_name":"Seventh Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kitty Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kitty_Hawk_(CV-63)"},{"link_name":"Curtis Wilbur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Curtis_Wilbur"},{"link_name":"Operation Southern Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"She first deployed in March 1991, to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Storm.Chancellorsville was next deployed from February to August 1993, to the Persian Gulf as part of the Nimitz Battle Group. On 26 June 1993, Chancellorsville launched strikes on the Iraqi Intelligence Center in Baghdad with nine Tomahawk missiles in retaliation for the aborted assassination attempt on former President Bush. She deployed again to the Western Pacific and Persian Gulf from April to October 1995.Following a Fifth Fleet deployment to the North Persian Gulf in 1995, Chancellorsville was awarded the Spokane Trophy in 1996. The Spokane Trophy is awarded by Commander-in-Chief, United States Pacific Fleet to the surface combatant ship considered to be the most proficient in overall combat systems readiness and warfare operations.Chancellorsville deployed to the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific in support of joint counter-narcotics operations in November 1997. During this deployment, she rescued the crew of an Ecuadorian fishing vessel which had been adrift for ten days. Upon her return home, Chancellorsville underwent her first major nine-month overhaul in San Diego, California.On 7 July 1998, Chancellorsville changed homeport from San Diego, to Yokosuka, Japan, joining Task Force 70/Battle Force Seventh Fleet, and probably, Carrier Group Five. After arriving in Yokosuka, Chancellorsville participated in multinational operations in the Sea of Japan, including the International Fleet Review. Chancellorsville took part in exercises with the Kitty Hawk Battle Group in the spring of 1999.On 6 April 1999, Chancellorsville deployed to the Persian Gulf in company with Kitty Hawk and Curtis Wilbur in support of Operation Southern Watch, and returned to Yokosuka on 5 January 2000. In May 2000, Chancellorsville participated in exercises with the Thai and Singaporean navies.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Sydney, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia"},{"link_name":"dry dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock"},{"link_name":"Operation Enduring Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok, Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Fort McHenry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Fort_McHenry"},{"link_name":"Carrier Group Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Strike_Group_Five"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Southwest Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia"},{"link_name":"Exercise Summer Pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Summer_Pulse"},{"link_name":"Talisman Saber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talisman_Saber"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Shiloh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shiloh_(CG-67)"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"Pattaya, Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattaya,_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"Following a visit to Qingdao, China, in August 2000, Chancellorsville took part in ANNUALEX 12G, a joint U.S.-Japanese naval exercise. In November, Chancellorsville fired guns and SM-2 missiles as part of MISSILEX 01-1. In March through June 2001, she visited Singapore, Thailand, Saipan and Sydney, Australia, as part of an extended Spring Cruise. Chancellorsville then entered dry dock for an upkeep period in the fall. In September 2001, Chancellorsville deployed with the Kitty Hawk Battle Group in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, operating in the theater for several months. Chancellorsville paid her first visit to Vladivostok, Russia, in July 2002, celebrating Independence Day in Russia along with Fort McHenry. In March 2003, the ship was assigned to Carrier Group Five.[5] On 22 October 2003, Chancellorsville played host in Guam to two warships of the People's Republic of China, which made the first-ever visit of the Chinese navy to Guam. By May 2004, she was back in the Southwest Asian region, where she lent aid to a disabled Indonesian fishing boat.On 19 July 2004, Chancellorsville departed Yokosuka to participate in Exercise Summer Pulse 2004 and Joint Air and Sea Exercises (JASEX) 2004, with the Kitty Hawk Battle Group. Summer Pulse was the Navy's first implementation of the new Fleet Response Plan (FRP). She returned to homeport 7 September. Chancellorsville entered a nine-week dry dock availability in February 2005. Following the maintenance period, she immediately returned to sea to participate in the exercises Talisman Saber 2005, the third annual Orange Crush and the Joint Air and Sea Exercise (JASEX) 2005. She returned to Yokosuka in August. ANNUALEX 2005 commenced in November with Chancellorsville participating, along with other U.S. and Japanese assets. The exercise saw a total of 61 naval vessels, including two U.S. submarines, 10 U.S. Navy ships and 49 Japanese ships. Chancellorsville visited Hong Kong at the end of November and returned to Yokosuka 12 December. Chancellorsville swapped with Shiloh based in San Diego. Chancellorsville's homeport was changed to San Diego, with Shiloh moving to Yokosuka. The crews remained in their respective locations.In winter of 2006, Chancellorsville deployed again into the Western Pacific, visiting Singapore and Pattaya, Thailand, in February. In April, she joined forces of the Republic of Korea for Reception, Staging, Onward-movement, & Integration and Foal Eagle 2006 (RSOI/Foal Eagle 06), exercises utilizing more than 70 U.S. and Korean ships. Chancellorsville returned to Yokosuka in August in preparation for a hull swap with Shiloh. Chancellorsville was scheduled to return to San Diego, in October 2006, making it her homeport once again.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_110728-N-SB672-135_USS_Chancellorsville_(CG_62)_transits_alongside_USS_Ronald_Reagan_(CVN_76)_for_a_fueling_at_sea.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"nuclear accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BQM-74E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQM-74E_Chukar"},{"link_name":"Phalanx CIWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Admiral_Vinogradov_and_USS_Chancellorsville_nearly_colliding.jpg"},{"link_name":"Admiral Vinogradov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_destroyer_Admiral_Vinogradov"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2019-13"},{"link_name":"East China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2019-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Strait"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"Chancellorsville transits alongside the aircraft carrier Ronald Reagan for a fueling at sea. (2011)In March 2011, in company with the carrier Ronald Reagan, Chancellorsville was deployed off northeastern Honshu, Japan, to assist with relief efforts after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[6] During that time, helicopter crews from Ronald Reagan were exposed to leaking radiation from the nuclear accidents and ships from the carrier strike group were moved to avoid being downwind from the facility.[7]During the latter half of 2012, Chancellorsville underwent equipment upgrades as part of the Aegis Modernization effort ACB-12. In January 2013, the ship spent five days[8] under way off the coast of California to perform a series of tests of the updated ACB-12 equipment and software.In November 2013, while testing combat weapons systems off the coast of Point Mugu, California, a BQM-74E unmanned drone being used in the exercise failed to respond to commands to turn away from the ship and collided with Chancellorsville. Since it was a tracking exercise and not a live fire exercise, the crew did not engage the drone with the Phalanx CIWS.[9] Two sailors received treatment for minor burns and the ship suffered some damage and returned to San Diego for assessment.[10][11] The damage later proved to be more severe than initially assessed. Citing Navy sources, the U.S. Naval Institute reported that repairs to the ship would cost $30 million and take six months to complete.[12]A photo released by the USN showing a near collision between Chancellorsville (right) and the Russian destroyer Admiral Vinogradov (2019)On 7 June 2019 Chancellorsville came close to a collision with the Russian destroyer Admiral Vinogradov. Each side blamed the other for the near collision.[13] Russian sources stated that the incident occurred in the southeast of the East China Sea while US sources named the location as in the Philippine Sea.[13] According to retired US Navy captain Carl Schuster, the Russian ship's wake shows that it \"didn't adhere to either the rules of the road or the incidents at sea agreement.\"[14] United States Seventh Fleet spokesman Commander Clayton Doss said the Russian destroyer came within 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 m) of Chancellorsville, \"putting the safety of her crew and ship at risk.\"[15] The Russian Navy released a statement claiming that Chancellorsville had \"suddenly changed its course and crossed the Admiral Vinogradov destroyer's course some 50 meters away from the ship.\"[16] According to the same statement, this caused Admiral Vinogradov to take an \"emergency maneuver\" in order to avoid a collision with the American ship. In November 2019 and again on 15 February 2020, the ship transited the Taiwan Strait.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Floyd protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests"},{"link_name":"Confederate Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Army"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Out of Commission in Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_fleet"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Robert_Smalls_arrives_for_a_port_visit_in_Da_Nang_Vietnam_230625-N-KW492-1259.JPG"},{"link_name":"Carrier Strike Group 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Strike_Group_5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Antietam_(CG-54)"},{"link_name":"2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_visit_by_Nancy_Pelosi_to_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"2020s","text":"During the 2020 George Floyd protests, the name of the ship came into question because it honors a victory of the Confederate Army fighting against the United States for southern independence and in defense of slavery.[18] In December 2020, the U.S. Navy's Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels stated that the ship was planned to be placed Out of Commission in Reserve in 2026.[19]USS Robert Smalls arrives for a port visit in Da Nang, Vietnam. (2023)In May 2022, Chancellorsville was homeported out of Yokosuka, Japan. She was as part of Carrier Strike Group 5 led by the carrier Ronald Reagan.[20] On 28 August 2022, Chancellorsville along with sister ship Antietam conducted a routine transit through the Taiwan Strait. This was the first such transit to occur since the 2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Chancellorsville_CG-62_Crest.png"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson"},{"link_name":"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2021"},{"link_name":"Naming Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naming_Commission"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_renaming-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNI_Confederate_Ties-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chancellorsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson"},{"link_name":"wardroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardroom"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNI_Confederate_Ties-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNI_to_be_renamed-27"},{"link_name":"USNS Maury (T-AGS-66)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Maury_(T-AGS-66)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Fontaine Maury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNI_Confederate_Ties-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNI_to_be_renamed-27"},{"link_name":"Carlos Del Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Del_Toro"},{"link_name":"Robert Smalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smalls"},{"link_name":"CSS Planter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Planter_(1862)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNI_to_be_renamed-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nvr1-2"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Da Nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Nang"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"exercise Talisman Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Talisman_Sabre"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"2020s - Ship renaming","text":"The crest of ex-USS Chancellorsville, which included an inverted wreath that commemorated the death of Confederate general Stonewall JacksonThe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 created a new Naming Commission to examine names across the US armed forces that honor the Confederate States of America, the group of states that attempted to break away from the US during the American Civil War.[22][23][24] Chancellorsville was explicitly named in early news reports about the commission due to its clear association with the Confederate victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville,[25] which included a portrait of generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson in the cruiser's wardroom.[23] The painting was removed in 2016.[26] The commission's report noted that Chancellorsville's crest also included an inverted wreath that commemorated the death of Jackson during the Battle of Chancellorsville.[27]In September 2022, the Naming Commission recommended that the US Navy rename two shore installations, USNS Maury (T-AGS-66) (named for Matthew Fontaine Maury, who chose to fight for the Confederates), and Chancellorsville. The choice of what to rename them to was left to the Secretary of the Navy.[23] As part of its report, the Commission judged that the ship celebrated the Confederacy.[27]On 27 February 2023, the Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro announced that the US Navy would rename Chancellorsville after Robert Smalls, a slave who commandeered the Confederate ship CSS Planter in 1862.[27][28][29] The name change was made effective on 1 March 2023,[2] The Navy held a ceremony to mark the change that was designed to not disrupt the ship's activities.[30] and deployed with the Ronald Reagan carrier strike group in May 2023.[31] Robert Smalls made a port visit to Da Nang, Vietnam in June 2023.[32] Robert Smalls participated in exercise Talisman Sabre 2023 in July 2023.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navy E Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_E_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"Spokane Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Navy E Ribbon - (1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003)\nSpokane Trophy Award (1996, 2016)\nPACFLT Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Bloodhound Award - 2015 [34]","title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"USS Chancellorsville\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uscarriers.net/cg62history.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nvr1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nvr1_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"USS Robert Smalls (CG-62)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_CG_62.HTML"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Pacific Theater Surface Ships (by 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Missile Cruiser USS Chancellorsville after Robert Smalls\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/3312337/secnav-renames-ticonderoga-class-guided-missile-cruiser-uss-chancellorsville-af/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Stripping Confederate Ties, the U.S. Navy Renames Two Vessels\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2023/03/11/us/navy-ship-confederate-robert-smalls.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"USS Ronald Reagan departs Yokosuka for what may be its final patrol before carrier swap\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stripes.com/branches/navy/2023-05-23/ronald-reagan-carrier-patrol-yokosuka-japan-10205868.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"USS Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group visits Vietnam\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dvidshub.net/news/447921/uss-ronald-reagan-carrier-strike-group-visits-vietnam"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"US Navy's Only Forward-Deployed Aircraft Carrier, Ronald Reagan, 'Flexes Muscle' At Talisman Sabre 2023\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.eurasiantimes.com/us-navys-only-forward-deployed-aircraft-carrier-uss-ronald/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2257244/uss-chancellorsville-earns-asw-bloodhound-award/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2257244/uss-chancellorsville-earns-asw-bloodhound-award/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"NavSource Online: Cruiser Photo Archive USS CHANCELLORSVILLE (CG 62)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navsource.org/archives/04/1162/040162.htm"}],"text":"^ \"USS Chancellorsville\". USCarriers.net. Retrieved 12 March 2023.\n\n^ a b \"USS Robert Smalls (CG-62)\". nvr.navy.mil. 1 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.\n\n^ \"Pacific Theater Surface Ships (by Homeport)\". Our Ships and Commands. Commander Naval Surface Forces, U.S. Pacific Fleet. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2010.\n\n^ Ensign Plunkett, Kyle (12 June 2017). \"Chancellorsville Wins Prestigious Spokane Trophy\". America's Navy. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2019.\n\n^ Toppan, Andrew. \"World Navies Today: US Navy Aircraft Carriers & Surface Combatants\". Haze Gray & Underway. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.\n\n^ Rabiroff, John (17 March 2011). \"U.S. military delivers 40 tons of supplies to hardest-hit areas\". Stars and Stripes (US). Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.\n\n^ Stewart, Joshua (14 March 2011). \"Navy ships off Japan move to avoid radiation\". Military Times. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Chancellorsville Back at Sea\". America's Navy. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Document: Investigation into USS Chancellorsville Drone Strike\". USNI News. Retrieved 27 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Two Sailors Injured When Drone Malfunctions, Crashes into USS Chancellorsville\". WTKR NewsChannel 3. 17 November 2013.\n\n^ \"Drone Collides with Navy Cruiser\". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 17 November 2013.\n\n^ \"Six Months of Repairs to Drone-Struck Ship Will Cost $30 million\". USNI News. Retrieved 31 December 2013.\n\n^ a b \"Russian and US warships almost collide in East China Sea\". BBC News. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.\n\n^ Brad Lendon, Barbara Starr and Zachary Cohen. \"US and Russian warships nearly collide in the Pacific\". CNN. Retrieved 7 June 2019.\n\n^ \"7th Fleet Statement on Unsafe Maneuver by Russian Destroyer\". navy.mil. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.\n\n^ \"Video shows Russian destroyer nearly colliding with U.S. warship\". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 8 June 2019.\n\n^ Ben Werner (16 February 2020). \"Guided-Missile Cruiser USS Chancellorsville Transits Taiwan Strait\". USNI News. Retrieved 23 February 2020.\n\n^ Grisales, Claudia; Ewing, Philip (11 June 2020). \"Congress Heads Toward Clash With Trump Over Removal Of Confederate Symbols\". NPR. Retrieved 14 March 2023.\n\n^ \"Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels\" (PDF). Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. 9 December 2020. p. 17. Retrieved 2 February 2021.\n\n^ \"USNI News Fleet and Marine Tracker: May 23, 2022\". USNI News. United States Naval Institute. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.\n\n^ \"Taiwan: Two US Navy warships transit through strait amid tensions\". Deutsche Welle. 28 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.\n\n^ Schmall, Emily (11 March 2023). \"Stripping Confederate Ties, the U.S. Navy Renames Two Vessels\". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2023.\n\n^ a b c \"UPDATED: Commission Recommends Renaming Two Navy Ships with Confederate Ties\". USNI News. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2023.\n\n^ Inhofe, James M. (7 August 2020). \"S.4049 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021\". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2020.\n\n^ Kheel, Rebecca (8 January 2021). \"Pentagon appoints commissioners to scrub Confederate base names\". The Hill. Retrieved 12 March 2023.\n\n^ \"UPDATED: Commission Recommends Renaming Two Navy Ships with Confederate Ties\". USNI News. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2023.\n\n^ a b c \"USS Chancellorsville to be Renamed After Former Slave Who Captured Confederate Ship\". usni.org. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.\n\n^ \"US Navy Renamed Warships After Black Sailor\". The Union Journal. 28 February 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.\n\n^ \"SECNAV Renames Ticonderoga-class Guided Missile Cruiser USS Chancellorsville after Robert Smalls\". 27 February 2023.\n\n^ Schmall, Emily (11 March 2023). \"Stripping Confederate Ties, the U.S. Navy Renames Two Vessels\". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2023.\n\n^ Wilson, Alex (23 May 2023). \"USS Ronald Reagan departs Yokosuka for what may be its final patrol before carrier swap\". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 30 July 2023.\n\n^ \"USS Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group visits Vietnam\". DVIDS. 25 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.\n\n^ Satam, Parth (28 July 2023). \"US Navy's Only Forward-Deployed Aircraft Carrier, Ronald Reagan, 'Flexes Muscle' At Talisman Sabre 2023\". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. Retrieved 30 July 2023.\n\n^ https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2257244/uss-chancellorsville-earns-asw-bloodhound-award/\n\n^ Yarnall, Paul R. (creator); Bateman, Tom (maintainer) (29 May 2019). \"NavSource Online: Cruiser Photo Archive USS CHANCELLORSVILLE (CG 62)\". NavSource Naval History. Retrieved 20 July 2019.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A Navy ship named for a Confederate victory now honors a Black Union hero\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npr.org/2023/04/12/1165998167/a-navy-ship-named-for-a-confederate-victory-now-honors-a-black-union-hero"},{"link_name":"\"Meet the Navy ships named in honor of the Confederacy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2017/08/15/meet-the-navy-ships-named-in-honor-of-the-confederacy/"}],"text":"Lawrence, Quil (12 April 2023). \"A Navy ship named for a Confederate victory now honors a Black Union hero\". NPR. Retrieved 12 April 2023.\nZiezulewicz, Geoff (18 August 2017). \"Meet the Navy ships named in honor of the Confederacy\". Navy Times. Retrieved 12 April 2023.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Chancellorsville sailors pose in 2004 above the gold \"Battle E\" that shows the ship earned the Navy's prestigious Battle Effectiveness Award for five consecutive years.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/US_Navy_040712-N-0000X-001_Gold_Battle_E_aboard_USS_Chancellorsville_%28CG_62%29.jpg/220px-US_Navy_040712-N-0000X-001_Gold_Battle_E_aboard_USS_Chancellorsville_%28CG_62%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chancellorsville transits alongside the aircraft carrier Ronald Reagan for a fueling at sea. (2011)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/US_Navy_110728-N-SB672-135_USS_Chancellorsville_%28CG_62%29_transits_alongside_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29_for_a_fueling_at_sea.jpg/220px-US_Navy_110728-N-SB672-135_USS_Chancellorsville_%28CG_62%29_transits_alongside_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29_for_a_fueling_at_sea.jpg"},{"image_text":"A photo released by the USN showing a near collision between Chancellorsville (right) and the Russian destroyer Admiral Vinogradov (2019)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Admiral_Vinogradov_and_USS_Chancellorsville_nearly_colliding.jpg/220px-Admiral_Vinogradov_and_USS_Chancellorsville_nearly_colliding.jpg"},{"image_text":"USS Robert Smalls arrives for a port visit in Da Nang, Vietnam. (2023)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/USS_Robert_Smalls_arrives_for_a_port_visit_in_Da_Nang_Vietnam_230625-N-KW492-1259.JPG/220px-USS_Robert_Smalls_arrives_for_a_port_visit_in_Da_Nang_Vietnam_230625-N-KW492-1259.JPG"},{"image_text":"The crest of ex-USS Chancellorsville, which included an inverted wreath that commemorated the death of Confederate general Stonewall Jackson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USS_Chancellorsville_CG-62_Crest.png/170px-USS_Chancellorsville_CG-62_Crest.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"USS Chancellorsville\". USCarriers.net. Retrieved 12 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscarriers.net/cg62history.htm","url_text":"\"USS Chancellorsville\""}]},{"reference":"\"USS Robert Smalls (CG-62)\". nvr.navy.mil. 1 March 2023. 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original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028125440/https://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/cg62/Pages/Chancellorsville-Wins-Prestigious-Spokane-Trophy.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Chancellorsville Wins Prestigious Spokane Trophy\""},{"Link":"https://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/cg62/Pages/Chancellorsville-Wins-Prestigious-Spokane-Trophy.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120720040551/http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/usa/surface.htm","external_links_name":"\"World Navies Today: US Navy Aircraft Carriers & Surface Combatants\""},{"Link":"http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/usa/surface.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141207110206/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/cg62/Pages/ChancellorsvilleBackatSea.aspx","external_links_name":"\"U.S. military delivers 40 tons of supplies to hardest-hit 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Sailor\""},{"Link":"https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/3312337/secnav-renames-ticonderoga-class-guided-missile-cruiser-uss-chancellorsville-af/","external_links_name":"\"SECNAV Renames Ticonderoga-class Guided Missile Cruiser USS Chancellorsville after Robert Smalls\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/11/us/navy-ship-confederate-robert-smalls.html","external_links_name":"\"Stripping Confederate Ties, the U.S. Navy Renames Two Vessels\""},{"Link":"https://www.stripes.com/branches/navy/2023-05-23/ronald-reagan-carrier-patrol-yokosuka-japan-10205868.html","external_links_name":"\"USS Ronald Reagan departs Yokosuka for what may be its final patrol before carrier swap\""},{"Link":"https://www.dvidshub.net/news/447921/uss-ronald-reagan-carrier-strike-group-visits-vietnam","external_links_name":"\"USS Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group visits Vietnam\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurasiantimes.com/us-navys-only-forward-deployed-aircraft-carrier-uss-ronald/","external_links_name":"\"US Navy's Only Forward-Deployed Aircraft Carrier, Ronald Reagan, 'Flexes Muscle' At Talisman Sabre 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2257244/uss-chancellorsville-earns-asw-bloodhound-award/","external_links_name":"https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2257244/uss-chancellorsville-earns-asw-bloodhound-award/"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/04/1162/040162.htm","external_links_name":"\"NavSource Online: Cruiser Photo Archive USS CHANCELLORSVILLE (CG 62)\""},{"Link":"https://seahawkumitaka.wordpress.com/2017/04/06/chancellorsville-earns-2016-battle-e/","external_links_name":"\"Chancellorsville Earns 2016 Battle 'E'\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2023/04/12/1165998167/a-navy-ship-named-for-a-confederate-victory-now-honors-a-black-union-hero","external_links_name":"\"A Navy ship named for a Confederate victory now honors a Black Union hero\""},{"Link":"https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2017/08/15/meet-the-navy-ships-named-in-honor-of-the-confederacy/","external_links_name":"\"Meet the Navy ships named in honor of the Confederacy\""},{"Link":"https://www.surfpac.navy.mil/cg62/","external_links_name":"Official USS Robert Smalls website"},{"Link":"http://www.navysite.de/cg/cg62.html","external_links_name":"USS Chancellorsville information site"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/1991.pdf","external_links_name":"1991"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/1992.pdf","external_links_name":"1992"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/1993.pdf","external_links_name":"1993"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/1994.pdf","external_links_name":"1994"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/1995.pdf","external_links_name":"1995"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/1996.pdf","external_links_name":"1996"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/1997.pdf","external_links_name":"1997"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/1998.pdf","external_links_name":"1998"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/1999.pdf","external_links_name":"1999"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/2000.pdf","external_links_name":"2000"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/2001.pdf","external_links_name":"2001"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/c/chancellorsville-cg-62-i/pdf/2003.pdf","external_links_name":"2003"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_Naval_Communications_Station	Naval Station San Miguel	["1 History","2 See also"]	Coordinates: 14°57′24″N 120°03′58″E / 14.95662°N 120.06602°E / 14.95662; 120.06602NAVCOMSTAPHIL in 1990 Naval Station San Miguel is an installation of the Philippine Navy located in Barangay San Miguel, San Antonio, Zambales, Philippines. The United States turned over the base to the Philippine government in 1992. History The U.S. Naval Communication Station, Philippines (NAVCOMSTAPHIL) had been established in the Philippines for a number of years. Construction at San Miguel began in early 1955. The preactivation detail moved to San Miguel from Sangley Point RP in July 1957 and the balance of the officers and men moved in increments. In January 1958 operations at Sangley Point were terminated and full scale operations at San Miguel commenced. The base was named for the tiny fishing village of San Miguel which is adjacent to the southern end of the station. The base is located in a semicircular bowl of 1,737 acres (7.03 km2), surrounded by mountains on three sides, and the South China Sea on the fourth. The primary purpose of the station was to provide communications to U.S. Navy ships operating in the area of the Philippines. During the Vietnam War, all communications from Vietnam to the Continental United States were routed first through here by an undersea cable from Nha Trang, then forwarded to Naval Link Station Mount Santa Rita, then to the Dau relay facility at Clark AFB, and finally to the HF transmitter site at the U.S. Naval Radio Station Tarlac also known as U.S. Naval Radio Transmitter Facility, Capas, Tarlac. The base also housed a Marine barracks. The United States turned over the base to the Philippine government in 1992. After its turnover, the Philippine Navy (PN), subsequently transferred its Naval Training Command from Fort San Felipe, Cavite to Naval Station San Miguel. It is now the home of the Philippine Navy's Naval Education, Training and Doctrine Command. A U.S. Air Force Project Space Track dish antenna at San Miguel See also U.S. Naval Radio Facility Bagobantay US Naval Communication Facility, San Miguel, Philippines - "Welcome Aboard" Handbook 1958 14°57′24″N 120°03′58″E / 14.95662°N 120.06602°E / 14.95662; 120.06602 This United States Navy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAVCOMMSTAPHIL.png"},{"link_name":"Philippine Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Navy"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Zambales"},{"link_name":"Zambales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambales"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}],"text":"NAVCOMSTAPHIL in 1990Naval Station San Miguel is an installation of the Philippine Navy located in Barangay San Miguel, San Antonio, Zambales, Philippines. The United States turned over the base to the Philippine government in 1992.","title":"Naval Station San Miguel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Continental United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_United_States"},{"link_name":"undersea cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable"},{"link_name":"Nha Trang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nha_Trang"},{"link_name":"Naval Link Station Mount Santa Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Link_Station_Mount_Santa_Rita"},{"link_name":"Dau relay facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dau_relay_facility&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clark AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_AFB"},{"link_name":"HF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_frequency"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"the U.S. Naval Radio Station Tarlac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_U.S._Naval_Radio_Station_Tarlac"},{"link_name":"Capas, Tarlac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capas,_Tarlac"},{"link_name":"Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marines"},{"link_name":"Philippine Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Navy"},{"link_name":"Fort San Felipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_(Cavite)"},{"link_name":"Cavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAVCOMSTAPHIL.JPEG"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Project Space Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Space_Track"}],"text":"The U.S. Naval Communication Station, Philippines (NAVCOMSTAPHIL) had been established in the Philippines for a number of years. Construction at San Miguel began in early 1955. The preactivation detail moved to San Miguel from Sangley Point RP in July 1957 and the balance of the officers and men moved in increments. In January 1958 operations at Sangley Point were terminated and full scale operations at San Miguel commenced.The base was named for the tiny fishing village of San Miguel which is adjacent to the southern end of the station. The base is located in a semicircular bowl of 1,737 acres (7.03 km2), surrounded by mountains on three sides, and the South China Sea on the fourth.The primary purpose of the station was to provide communications to U.S. Navy ships operating in the area of the Philippines.During the Vietnam War, all communications from Vietnam to the Continental United States were routed first through here by an undersea cable from Nha Trang, then forwarded to Naval Link Station Mount Santa Rita, then to the Dau relay facility at Clark AFB, and finally to the HF transmitter site at the U.S. Naval Radio Station Tarlac also known as U.S. Naval Radio Transmitter Facility, Capas, Tarlac.The base also housed a Marine barracks.The United States turned over the base to the Philippine government in 1992. After its turnover, the Philippine Navy (PN), subsequently transferred its Naval Training Command from Fort San Felipe, Cavite to Naval Station San Miguel. It is now the home of the Philippine Navy's Naval Education, Training and Doctrine Command.A U.S. Air Force Project Space Track dish antenna at San Miguel","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"NAVCOMSTAPHIL in 1990","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/NAVCOMMSTAPHIL.png/220px-NAVCOMMSTAPHIL.png"},{"image_text":"A U.S. Air Force Project Space Track dish antenna at San Miguel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NAVCOMSTAPHIL.JPEG/220px-NAVCOMSTAPHIL.JPEG"}]	[{"title":"U.S. Naval Radio Facility Bagobantay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Radio_Facility_Bagobantay"},{"title":"US Naval Communication Facility, San Miguel, Philippines - \"Welcome Aboard\" Handbook 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navycthistory.com/PILehman01.html"},{"title":"14°57′24″N 120°03′58″E / 14.95662°N 120.06602°E / 14.95662; 120.06602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Naval_Station_San_Miguel&params=14.95662_N_120.06602_E_region:PH_type:landmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USN-stub.PNG"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Station_San_Miguel&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US-navy-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US-navy-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US-navy-stub"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Naval_Station_San_Miguel&params=14.95662_N_120.06602_E_region:PH_type:landmark","external_links_name":"14°57′24″N 120°03′58″E / 14.95662°N 120.06602°E / 14.95662; 120.06602"},{"Link":"http://www.navycthistory.com/PILehman01.html","external_links_name":"US Naval Communication Facility, San Miguel, Philippines - \"Welcome Aboard\" Handbook 1958"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Naval_Station_San_Miguel&params=14.95662_N_120.06602_E_region:PH_type:landmark","external_links_name":"14°57′24″N 120°03′58″E / 14.95662°N 120.06602°E / 14.95662; 120.06602"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Station_San_Miguel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Consecrated_Life	Institute of consecrated life	["1 Classification","1.1 Religious institute","1.2 Secular institute","2 Societies of apostolic life","3 Historical-juridical list in the Annuario Pontificio","4 Catholic institutes of consecrated life","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Canonically erected institutes in the Roman Catholic Church This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Institute of consecrated life" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series on theCanon law of theCatholic Church Ius vigens (current law) 1983 Code of Canon Law Omnium in mentem Magnum principium Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Ad tuendam fidem Ex corde Ecclesiae Indulgentiarum Doctrina Praedicate evangelium Veritatis gaudium Custom Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis Documents of the Second Vatican Council Christus Dominus Lumen gentium Optatam totius Orientalium ecclesiarum Presbyterorum ordinis Sacrosanctum concilium Precepts of the Church Legal historyJus antiquum (c. 33-1140) Ancient Church Orders Didache The Apostolic Constitutions Canons of the Apostles Collections of ancient canons Collectiones canonum Dionysianae Collectio canonum quadripartita Collectio canonum Quesnelliana Collectio canonum Wigorniensis Gelasian Decree Symmachian forgeries Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals Donation of Constantine Gregorian Reform Lay investiture controversy Dictatus papae Libertas ecclesiae Plenitudo potestatis Jus novum (c. 1140-1563) Corpus Juris Canonici Decretum Gratiani Decretist Canon Episcopi Margaritae Jus commune Decretals of Gregory IX Decretalist Regulæ Juris Extravagantes Liber Septimus Jus novissimum (c. 1563-1918) Council of Trent Benedictus Deus Tametsi Apostolicae Sedis moderationi Jus codicis (1918-present) 1917 Code of Canon Law Ecclesiae Sanctae 1983 Code of Canon Law Other Contractum trinius Papal judge-delegate Right of option Eastern law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII Nomocanon Eparchy Exarchate Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful Protosyncellus Liturgical lawLatin Church General Roman Calendar Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite General Instruction of the Roman Missal Code of Rubrics Sacrosanctum Concilium Mysterii Paschalis Musicam sacram Scripturarum thesaurus Liturgiam authenticam Quattuor abhinc annos Ecclesia Dei Summorum Pontificum Magnum principium Traditionis custodes Red Mass Holy day of obligation Sacramental law Communicatio in sacris Ex opere operato Omnium in mentem Validity and liceity Sacraments Holy Orders Impediment (Catholic canon law) Abstemius Defect of birth Obligation of celibacy Nullity of Sacred Ordination Apostolicae curae Dimissorial letters Episcopal consecrators Approbation (Catholic canon law) Confession Penitential canons Paenitentiale Theodori Seal of the Confessional Internal and external forum Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal Apostolic Penitentiary Canon penitentiary Complicit absolution Sacramentum Poenitentiae Eucharist Eucharistic discipline Canon 915 Celebret Mass stipend Sacramentals Indulgence Indulgentiarum doctrina Sacred places Altars Major basilica Minor basilica Oratory (chapel) Sacred times Feast days Fast days and abstinence Paenitemini Holy day of obligation Matrimonial law Canonical form (Latin Church) Tametsi Ne Temere Banns of marriage Declaration of Nullity Dignitas connubii Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis Vetitum Defender of the Bond Impediments to Marriage Affinity Clandestinity Impediment of crime Disparity of cult Ligamen Public propriety Matrimonial dispensation Ratum sed non consummatum Sanatio in radice Natural marriage Pauline privilege Petrine privilege Supreme authority, particularchurches, and canonical structuresSupreme authority of the Church Roman Pontiff College of Bishops Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures College of Cardinals Conference of bishops Synod of Bishops Particular churches Churches sui juris Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Local particular churches Appointment of bishops Abbacy nullius Apostolic vicariate Apostolic vicar Apostolic administration Apostolic administrator Diocese/Archdiocese Aeque principaliter Cathedraticum In persona episcopi Diocesan Curia Moderator of the 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goods (property) Benefice Cathedraticum Contract law Mass stipend Stole fee Temporalities Law of persons Person (Catholic canon law) Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church Canonical age Emancipation Exemption Heresy Clerics Secular clergy Regular clergy Obligation of celibacy Clerics and public office Incardination and excardination Laicization (dispensation) Canonical faculties Office Canonical provision Canonical election Juridic and physical persons Jus patronatus Associations of the faithful Consecrated life Canonical documents Acta Apostolicae Sedis Acta Sanctae Sedis Censor librorum Imprimatur Imprimi potest Notary Protonotary apostolic Apostolic constitution Canon Concordat Decree Decretal Encyclical Motu proprio Ordinance Papal brief Papal bull Penitential Positive law Rescript Parish register Ecclesiastical Latin Penal law Canon 1324 Canon 1397 §2 Censure (Catholic canon law) De delictis gravioribus Complicit absolution Crimen sollicitationis Excommunication List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church Interdict Laicization (penal) Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae Lifetime of prayer and penance Canonical admonitions Ecclesiastical prison Procedural lawPars statica (tribunals & ministers/parties) Tribunals Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura Tribunal of the Roman Rota Apostolic Penitentiary Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Ministers of Justice Judicial Vicar/Officialis Auditor Parties Defender of the Bond Procurator Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Dignitas connubii (matrimonial causes) Appeal as from an abuse Presumption Penal procedure Vos estis lux mundi Canonization Congregation for the Causes of Saints Maiorem hac dilectionem Advocatus Diaboli Oblatio vitae Positio Beatification and canonization process in 1914 Election of the Roman Pontiff Current law Universi Dominici gregis Papal renunciation Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI Historical Cum proxime Jus exclusivae Papal appointment Aeterni Patris Filius Romano Pontifici eligendo Ingravescentem aetatem Ubi periculum Quia propter Legal practice and scholarship List of legal abbreviations Academic degrees Licentiate of Canon Law Doctor of Canon Law Doctor of both laws Journals and Professional Societies Canon Law Society of America The Jurist Faculties of canon law School of Canon Law Canonists Medieval Gratian Hostiensis Jean Lemoine Raymond of Penyafort Rufinus Johannes Teutonicus Geoffrey of Trani Burchard of Worms Brocard Modern & Contemporary Eugenio Corecco John D. Faris Pietro Gasparri Ladislas Orsy Edward N. Peters Law of consecrated life Solemn vow Exclaustration Manifestation of Conscience Canonical erection of a house of religious Pontifical right Diocesan right Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life Institute of consecrated life Religious institute Congregation Order Monasticism Canons regular Mendicant orders Clerics regular Secular institute Cum Sanctissimus Primo Feliciter Provida Mater Ecclesia Society of apostolic life Decretum laudis Catholicism portalvte An institute of consecrated life is an association of faithful in the Catholic Church canonically erected by competent church authorities to enable men or women who publicly profess the evangelical counsels by religious vows or other sacred bonds "through the charity to which these counsels lead to be joined to the Church and its mystery in a special way". They are defined in the 1983 Code of Canon Law under canons 573–730. The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life has ecclesial oversight of institutes of consecrated life. The more numerous form of these are religious institutes, which are characterized by the public profession of vows, life in common as brothers or sisters, and a degree of separation from the world. They are defined in the 1983 Code of Canon Law under canons 607–709. The other form is that of secular institutes, in which the members live in the world, and work for the sanctification of the world from within. Apart from being a member of an institute, consecrated life may also be lived individually; the Catholic Church recognises, as forms of individual consecrated life that of hermits (canon 603) and consecrated virgins (canon 604). Classification There are two categories of institutes of consecrated life identified in the Code of Canon Law: religious institutes, and secular institutes. In addition, there are Societies of Apostolic Life that resemble institutes of consecrated life, but their members do not take religious vows. Consecrated persons are lay persons or clerics who assume the evangelical counsels by means of a sacred bond, and become members of an institute of consecrated life. They are clerical if, with recognition from the Church, their founder intended the order or institute to be directed by clerics and exercise sacred orders, and they are lay if recognized by the Church as having a proper function defined by the founder or by legitimate tradition, which does not include the exercise of sacred orders (canon 588). For instance, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) is a clerical institute of consecrated life as their members are clerics, whereas the Sisters of Charity are a lay institute of religious sisters. Religious institute A religious institute is an institute of consecrated life whose members take public vows and lead a fraternal life in common (Canon 607.2). They are broadly termed as religious and include monastic orders, mendicant orders, canons regular, and clerics regular. Some religious institutes engage in a particular ministry such as education, healthcare, or social work; while others have as their primary apostolate contemplative prayer. The 1983 version of the Code of Canon Law has not maintained the distinction, found in the 1917 version, between orders (religious institutes in which the members took solemn vows) and congregations (those in which simple vows were taken). Secular institute A secular institute is an institute of consecrated life whose members live in the world, strive for the perfection of charity and seek to help to sanctify the world, especially from within (Canon 710). They work in a variety of occupations and may live alone or with their family; others live in a common house with other institute members. Each institute has a particular spirituality shaped by its founders and leaders. Some religious institutes have an affiliated Third Order. These are secular institutes. Societies of apostolic life A society of apostolic life is a group of men or women within the Catholic Church who have come together for a specific purpose and live fraternally. Members of apostolic societies do not make religious vows. This type of organization is defined in the 1983 Code of Canon Law under canons 731–746. The Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul are a Society of Apostolic Life. Historical-juridical list in the Annuario Pontificio The Annuario Pontificio lists for both men and women the institutes of consecrated life and the like that are "of pontifical right" (those that the Holy See has erected or approved by formal decree). For the men, it gives what it now calls the Historical-Juridical List of Precedence. The arrangement of the institutes for men of the Latin Church in this list dates back many decades. It is found, for instance, in the 1964 edition of the Annuario Pontificio, pp. 807–870, where the heading is "States of Perfection (of pontifical right for men)." In the 1969 edition the heading has become "Religious and Secular Institutes of Pontifical Right for Men", a form it kept until 1975 inclusive. Since 1976, when work was already advanced on revising the Code of Canon Law, the list has been qualified as "historical-juridical" and still distinguishes "orders" from "congregations" in the case of Latin Church men, while not separating out "orders" and "congregations" in the case of the Eastern Catholic Churches and Latin Church women. It arranges the institutes for men as follows: A. Institutes of consecrated life a. Religious institutes I. Orders 1. Canons regular 2. Monks 3. Mendicant orders 4. Clerks regular II. Clerical religious congregations III. Lay religious congregations IV. Eastern orders, religious congregations, and societies of apostolic life b. Secular institutes I. Clerical secular institutes II. Lay secular institutes B. Societies of apostolic life The institutes for women are arranged alphabetically in the following categories: A. Institutes of consecrated life a. Religious institutes I. Orders and institutes with autonomous houses II. Centralized institutes B. Societies of apostolic life These lists are followed by a list of 6 institutes under the heading "Other Institutes of Consecrated Life", a reference to new forms of consecrated life established in accordance with canons 604 §2 and 605 of the Code of Canon Law. Some of these have both male and female members, and one is open to married couples. Catholic institutes of consecrated life Institutes of consecrated life need the written approval of a bishop to operate within his diocese. Effective 10 November 2020, Pope Francis modified the 1983 Code of Canon Law to require a bishop to acquire the Apostolic See's approval in writing and reserved to the Apostolic See the final determination over the erection of an institute of consecrated life. List of some religious institutes (Catholic) provides a dynamic list of a selection of Catholic religious institutes. Catholic secular institutes are less numerous. See also Religious institute Secular institute Society of apostolic life References ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 573 § 2 ^ a b c The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 709 ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 710 ^ Weisenbeck, Marlene. "What Is An Institute of Consecrated Life?", Health Progress, Journal of the Catholic Health Association of the United States, January-February 2006 ^ 1917 Code of Canon Law, canon 488 ^ Larkin, Sue. United States Conference of Secular institutes ^ Skarda, Patricia L., "The Essential Facts about Secular Institutes", Vision ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 589 ^ Annuario Pontificio 2012 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0), pp. 1411-1480 ^ Code of Canon Law, canons 312, 609–612, 679, 715 ^ "Pope issues Motu proprio on the establishment of institutes of consecrated life". Vatican News. 4 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ Wooden, Cindy (4 November 2020). "Pope Francis: Vatican needs to approve new diocesan religious orders". America. Catholic News Service. Retrieved 5 November 2020. External links Code of Canon Law regulating Institutes of Consecrated Life Institutes of Consecrated Life – Catholic-Hierarchy.org vteConsecrated life in the Catholic ChurchTypes Consecrated virgin Hermit Religious institute Orders Monastic Cenobitic Chapter Enclosed Idiorrhythmic Canons regular Mendicants Second orders Cleric regular Congregations Secular institute Society of apostolic life Vows Evangelical counsels Poverty Chastity Obedience Profession Solemn vow Vow of silence Vow of enclosure Monastery(List) Abbey Chapter house Cloister Convent Double Hermitage Priory Refectory Prayer Contemplation Liturgy of the Hours Mass Meditation Mysticism Rosary Habit Clerical clothing Coif Cornette Scapular Vestment Members Superior General Provincial Abbot/Abbess Prior/Prioress Grand master Rector Brother Friar Monk Sister Nun Hermit Anchorite Novice Master Oblate Postulant Lay brother Porter Other Asceticism Tonsure Vocational discernment Monastic cell List of religious institutes Catholicism portal vteCatholic religious institutesMaleandfemale Alexians Assumptionists (AA) Augustinian Recollects (OAR) Basilian Aleppians (BA) Basilian Chouerites (BC) Benedictines (OSB) Bridgettines (OSsS) Canossians (FDCC) Carmelites (OCarm) Carthusians (OCart) Cistercians (OCist) Congregation of Our Lady of Sion (NDS) Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (SSCC) Discalced Carmelites (OCD) Dominicans (OP) Franciscans (OFM) Institute of the Incarnate Word (IVE) Mercedarians (O de M) Missionaries of Charity (MC) Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo (CS) Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno Premonstratensians (OPraem) Servants of Charity (SC) Servite Order (OSM) Society of the Atonement (SA) TOR Franciscans Trappists (OCSO) Trinitarian Order (OSST) Coat of arms of Vatican CityMale Adorno Fathers (CRM) Albertine Brothers Augustinians (OSA) Barnabites (B) Basilians (CSB) Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy (FDM) Camillians (MI) Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius Capuchins (OFM Cap) Christian Brothers (Irish) (CFC) Congregatio Discipulorum Domini (CDD) Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM) Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament (SSS) Claretians (CMF) Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (CST) Conventual Franciscans (OFM Conv) Crosiers (OSC) De La Salle Brothers (FSC) Discalced Augustinians (OAD) Franciscan Friars of the Renewal (CFR) Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word (MFVA) Gabrielites Holy Cross (CSC) Holy Ghost Fathers (CSSp) Josephites (SSJ) Legionaries of Christ (LC) Little Brothers of Jesus Marians of the Immaculate Conception (MIC) Society of Jesus (Jesuits) (SJ) Society of Mary (Marianists) (SM) Society of Mary (Marists) (SM) Society of the Divine Word (SVD) Society of Saint Edmund (SSE) Marist Brothers (FMS) Mechitarists (CAM) Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus (MCCI) Missionaries of La Salette (MS) Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales (MSFS) Missionaries of the Poor (MOP) Missionaries of the Sacred Heart (MSC) Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI) Oblates of the Virgin Mary (OMV) Oblates of St. Francis de Sales (OSFS) Order of Friars Minor (OFM) Passionists (CP) Pauline Fathers (OSPPE) Redemptorists (CSsR) Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus (RCJ) Sacred Heart Brothers Salesians (SDB) Servants of Jesus and Mary (SJM) Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer (FSSR) Xaverian Brothers (CFX) Female Adorers of the Blood of Christ (ASC) Apostolic Carmel (AC) Basilian Aleppian Sisters Basilian Chouerite Sisters Brigidines Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (CSIC) Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa (CSST) Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception (FHIC) Daughters of Divine Love Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary Faithful Companions of Jesus Felicians (CSSF) Filippini Sisters (MPF) Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Hijas de Jesús Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb Little Sisters of Jesus Little Sisters of the Poor Living the Gospel Community (LGC) Lovers of the Holy Cross Marianites of Holy Cross (MSC) Maryknoll Sisters (MM) Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God (SMIC) Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (ICM) Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (MSC) Oblate Sisters of Providence Oblates of Jesus the Priest Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima (OMVF) Order of Our Lady of Charity (ODNC) Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Poor Clares (OSC) Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament (MC) Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (RSCJ) Religious of the Virgin Mary (RVM) Servants of St. Joseph (SSJ) Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament Sisters of Charity Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG) Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy (DC) Sisters of the Cross and Passion Sisters of the Destitute Sisters of the Good Shepherd (RGS) Sisters of Holy Cross Sisters of the Holy Cross Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Sisters of Life (SV) Sisters of Mercy (RSM) Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods Sisters of the Sacred Heart Sisters of Saint Francis Sisters of Saint Joseph The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (RSJ) Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres (SPC) Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls Sisters of Social Service (sss) Servants of the Blessed Sacrament (SSS) Ursulines (OSU) White Sisters See also: Third orders of Catholic laity Catholicism portal Authority control databases: National Germany Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"evangelical counsels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Counsels"},{"link_name":"religious vows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_vows"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1983 Code of Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_Institutes_of_Consecrated_Life_and_Societies_of_Apostolic_Life"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccsr-2"},{"link_name":"religious institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession_(religious)#Religious_profession"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"secular institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_institute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"consecrated life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrated_life"},{"link_name":"hermits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit"},{"link_name":"consecrated virgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrated_virgin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccsr-2"}],"text":"An institute of consecrated life is an association of faithful in the Catholic Church canonically erected by competent church authorities to enable men or women who publicly profess the evangelical counsels by religious vows or other sacred bonds \"through the charity to which these counsels lead to be joined to the Church and its mystery in a special way\".[1] They are defined in the 1983 Code of Canon Law under canons 573–730. The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life has ecclesial oversight of institutes of consecrated life.[2]The more numerous form of these are religious institutes, which are characterized by the public profession of vows, life in common as brothers or sisters, and a degree of separation from the world.[3] They are defined in the 1983 Code of Canon Law under canons 607–709. The other form is that of secular institutes, in which the members live in the world, and work for the sanctification of the world from within.[4]Apart from being a member of an institute, consecrated life may also be lived individually; the Catholic Church recognises, as forms of individual consecrated life that of hermits (canon 603) and consecrated virgins (canon 604).[2]","title":"Institute of consecrated life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccsr-2"},{"link_name":"Society of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"clerics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity"}],"text":"There are two categories of institutes of consecrated life identified in the Code of Canon Law: religious institutes, and secular institutes. In addition, there are Societies of Apostolic Life that resemble institutes of consecrated life, but their members do not take religious vows.Consecrated persons are lay persons or clerics who assume the evangelical counsels by means of a sacred bond, and become members of an institute of consecrated life.[2]\nThey are clerical if, with recognition from the Church, their founder intended the order or institute to be directed by clerics and exercise sacred orders, and they are lay if recognized by the Church as having a proper function defined by the founder or by legitimate tradition, which does not include the exercise of sacred orders (canon 588).For instance, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) is a clerical institute of consecrated life as their members are clerics, whereas the Sisters of Charity are a lay institute of religious sisters.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"religious institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"monastic orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_monasticism"},{"link_name":"mendicant orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant_order"},{"link_name":"canons regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_regular"},{"link_name":"clerics regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerics_regular"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisenbeck-5"},{"link_name":"orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_religious_order"},{"link_name":"solemn vows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_vow"},{"link_name":"congregations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_congregation"},{"link_name":"simple vows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_vow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Religious institute","text":"A religious institute is an institute of consecrated life whose members take public vows and lead a fraternal life in common (Canon 607.2). They are broadly termed as religious and include monastic orders, mendicant orders, canons regular, and clerics regular. Some religious institutes engage in a particular ministry such as education, healthcare, or social work; while others have as their primary apostolate contemplative prayer.[5]The 1983 version of the Code of Canon Law has not maintained the distinction, found in the 1917 version, between orders (religious institutes in which the members took solemn vows) and congregations (those in which simple vows were taken).[6]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secular institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_institute"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skarda-8"}],"sub_title":"Secular institute","text":"A secular institute is an institute of consecrated life whose members live in the world, strive for the perfection of charity and seek to help to sanctify the world, especially from within (Canon 710).[7] They work in a variety of occupations and may live alone or with their family; others live in a common house with other institute members. Each institute has a particular spirituality shaped by its founders and leaders.[8] Some religious institutes have an affiliated Third Order. These are secular institutes.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"society of apostolic life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life"},{"link_name":"1983 Code of Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul"}],"text":"A society of apostolic life is a group of men or women within the Catholic Church who have come together for a specific purpose and live fraternally. Members of apostolic societies do not make religious vows. This type of organization is defined in the 1983 Code of Canon Law under canons 731–746. The Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul are a Society of Apostolic Life.","title":"Societies of apostolic life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annuario Pontificio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Religious institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_religious_order"},{"link_name":"Canons regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_regular"},{"link_name":"Monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Mendicant orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant_orders"},{"link_name":"Clerks regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerks_regular"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Secular institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_institute"},{"link_name":"Societies of apostolic life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societies_of_apostolic_life"},{"link_name":"Religious institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"Centralized institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centralized_institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"canons 604 §2 and 605 of the Code of Canon Law.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM"}],"text":"The Annuario Pontificio lists for both men and women the institutes of consecrated life and the like that are \"of pontifical right\" (those that the Holy See has erected or approved by formal decree).[9] For the men, it gives what it now calls the Historical-Juridical List of Precedence.[10] The arrangement of the institutes for men of the Latin Church in this list dates back many decades. It is found, for instance, in the 1964 edition of the Annuario Pontificio, pp. 807–870, where the heading is \"States of Perfection (of pontifical right for men).\" In the 1969 edition the heading has become \"Religious and Secular Institutes of Pontifical Right for Men\", a form it kept until 1975 inclusive. Since 1976, when work was already advanced on revising the Code of Canon Law, the list has been qualified as \"historical-juridical\" and still distinguishes \"orders\" from \"congregations\" in the case of Latin Church men, while not separating out \"orders\" and \"congregations\" in the case of the Eastern Catholic Churches and Latin Church women.It arranges the institutes for men as follows:A. Institutes of consecrated life\na. Religious institutes\nI. Orders\n1. Canons regular\n2. Monks\n3. Mendicant orders\n4. Clerks regular\nII. Clerical religious congregations\nIII. Lay religious congregations\nIV. Eastern orders, religious congregations, and societies of apostolic life\nb. Secular institutes\nI. Clerical secular institutes\nII. Lay secular institutes\nB. Societies of apostolic lifeThe institutes for women are arranged alphabetically in the following categories:A. Institutes of consecrated life\na. Religious institutes\nI. Orders and institutes with autonomous houses\nII. Centralized institutes\nB. Societies of apostolic lifeThese lists are followed by a list of 6 institutes under the heading \"Other Institutes of Consecrated Life\", a reference to new forms of consecrated life established in accordance with canons 604 §2 and 605 of the Code of Canon Law. Some of these have both male and female members, and one is open to married couples.","title":"Historical-juridical list in the Annuario Pontificio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"List of some religious institutes (Catholic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_some_religious_institutes_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"religious institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"secular institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_institute"}],"text":"Institutes of consecrated life need the written approval of a bishop to operate within his diocese.[11] Effective 10 November 2020, Pope Francis modified the 1983 Code of Canon Law to require a bishop to acquire the Apostolic See's approval in writing and reserved to the Apostolic See the final determination over the erection of an institute of consecrated life.[12][13]List of some religious institutes (Catholic) provides a dynamic list of a selection of Catholic religious institutes. Catholic secular institutes are less numerous.","title":"Catholic institutes of consecrated life"}]	[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Vatican City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Religious institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"title":"Secular institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_institute"},{"title":"Society of apostolic life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life"}]	[{"reference":"\"Pope issues Motu proprio on the establishment of institutes of consecrated life\". Vatican News. 4 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-11/pope-francs-apostolic-letter-motu-propio-institutes-consecrated.html","url_text":"\"Pope issues Motu proprio on the establishment of institutes of consecrated life\""}]},{"reference":"Wooden, Cindy (4 November 2020). \"Pope Francis: Vatican needs to approve new diocesan religious orders\". America. Catholic News Service. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2020/11/04/pope-francis-vatican-needs-approve-new-diocesan-religious-orders","url_text":"\"Pope Francis: Vatican needs to approve new diocesan religious orders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(magazine)","url_text":"America"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Institute+of+consecrated+life%22","external_links_name":"\"Institute of consecrated life\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Institute+of+consecrated+life%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Institute+of+consecrated+life%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Institute+of+consecrated+life%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Institute+of+consecrated+life%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Institute+of+consecrated+life%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM","external_links_name":"canons 604 §2 and 605 of the Code of Canon Law."},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM","external_links_name":"Code of Canon Law, canon 573 § 2"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccscrlife/documents/rc_con_ccscrlife_profile_en.html","external_links_name":"The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Z.HTM","external_links_name":"Code of Canon Law, canon 709"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P2F.HTM","external_links_name":"Code of Canon Law, canon 710"},{"Link":"https://www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/january-february-2006/what-is-an-institute-of-consecrated-life-","external_links_name":"Weisenbeck, Marlene. \"What Is An Institute of Consecrated Life?\", Health Progress, Journal of the Catholic Health Association of the United States, January-February 2006"},{"Link":"http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_P1D.HTM","external_links_name":"1917 Code of Canon Law, canon 488"},{"Link":"https://secularinstitutes.org/","external_links_name":"Larkin, Sue. United States Conference of Secular institutes"},{"Link":"https://vocationnetwork.org/en/articles/show/315-the-essential-facts-about-secular-institutes","external_links_name":"Skarda, Patricia L., \"The Essential Facts about Secular Institutes\", Vision"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM","external_links_name":"Code of Canon Law, canon 589"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P12.HTM","external_links_name":"312"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P20.HTM","external_links_name":"609–612"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P29.HTM","external_links_name":"679"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P2F.HTM","external_links_name":"715"},{"Link":"https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-11/pope-francs-apostolic-letter-motu-propio-institutes-consecrated.html","external_links_name":"\"Pope issues Motu proprio on the establishment of institutes of consecrated life\""},{"Link":"https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2020/11/04/pope-francis-vatican-needs-approve-new-diocesan-religious-orders","external_links_name":"\"Pope Francis: Vatican needs to approve new diocesan religious orders\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM","external_links_name":"Code of Canon Law regulating Institutes of Consecrated Life"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/xrel.html","external_links_name":"Institutes of Consecrated Life"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4382267-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121124&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameronbridge_distillery	Cameronbridge distillery	["1 References"]	Scotch whisky distillery in Fife, Scotland Cameronbridge distilleryLocationFifeOwnerDiageoFounded1824Water sourceRiver LevenNo. of stills3 column stillsCapacity136 million litres Cameronbridge distillery (Scottish Gaelic: Drochaid Chamshròn) Is a grain whisky distillery located in Cameron Bridge, Scotland. The distillery was founded in 1824 and in 1830 became the first distillery to produce grain whisky using the column still method invented by Robert Stein. In 1877 John Haig & Co merged with five other whisky companies to form the Distillers Company, with John Haig & Co coming under DCL's full ownership in 1919. Cameron Bridge produced both grain and malt whisky using a combination of pot stills and column stills until 1929, when it shifted exclusively to grain whisky production. For a period between 1941 and 1947, the distillery closed due to World War II. The current Column still house was constructed during the 1960s, and two of its three stills are more than 30 years old. The third was transferred from Carsebridge distillery in Alloa when it was closed by United Distillers in 1983. Major renovations at Cameron Bridge occurred in 1989–92 as well as up to 2000 when the distillery produced up to 30 million imperial gallons (140,000,000 L) of spirit annually. In 1989 Cameronbridge also changed from being solely a large-scale grain whisky distillery into a 'dual-purpose' site, when United Distillers' grain neutral spirit (GNS) operation was transferred to Fife from Wandsworth in London. GNS for white spirits and 'sweetened products' such as Archers, Pimm's, Smirnoff, Tanqueray and Gordon's Gin were also produced alongside grain spirit used in the Johnnie Walker, J&B, Bell's, Black & White, Vat 69, Haig and White Horse blended whisky brands owned by Diageo but the GNS column was later converted to a whisky still but remains capable of producing GNS. It is currently the largest of the remaining grain distilleries in Scotland and is owned by Diageo. References ^ "Cameron Bridge Scotch Whisky Distillery". Scotchwhisky.net. Retrieved 2009-01-05. ^ "Green move for Scotch whisky firm". BBC News. 2004-11-14. Retrieved 2010-04-28. ^ "Loch Fyne Whiskies - Scotch Whisky Review - Edition 16". Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2009. ^ Russell, Inge and Stewart, Graham G. (2014). Whisky: Technology, Production and Marketing. Elsevier. p.xx. ISBN 9780124046030 ^ Dorsey, Kristy (16 December 2017). Diageo marks its 20th anniversary. Insider.co.uk vteWhisky distilleries in ScotlandScotch whiskyCampbeltown Glengyle Glen Scotia Springbank Highland Aberfeldy Arbikie Ardmore Ardnamurchan Ardross Balblair Ben Nevis Blair Athol Brora Burn O'Bennie Cairn Clynelish Dalmore Dalwhinnie Deanston Dornoch Edradour Fettercairn Glencadam Glendronach Glen Garioch Glenglassaugh Glengoyne Glenmorangie Glen Ord Glenturret GlenWyvis Loch Lomond Lone Wolf Royal Brackla Royal Lochnagar Macduff Nc'nean Oban Pulteney Strathearn Teaninich Tomatin Tullibardine Uile-bheist Wolfburn 8 Doors Island Abhainn Dearg Arran Barra Harris Highland Park Jura Kimbland Lagg Raasay Scapa Saxa Vord Talisker Tobermory Torabhaig Islay Ardbeg Ardnahoe Bowmore Bruichladdich Bunnahabhain Caol Ila Kilchoman Lagavulin Laphroaig Port Ellen Lowland Aberargie Ailsa Bay Annandale Auchentoshan Bladnoch Bonnington Borders Clydeside Crafty Daftmill Eden Mill Falkirk Glasgow Glenkinchie Holyrood Inchdairnie Jackton Kingsbarns Leven Lindores Abbey Lochlea Rosebank Speyside Aberlour Allt-A-Bhainne Auchroisk Aultmore Ballindalloch Balmenach Balvenie BenRiach Benrinnes Benromach Braeval Cardhu Cragganmore Craigellachie Dailuaine Dalmunach Dalwhinnie Dufftown Glenallachie Glenburgie Glendullan Glen Elgin Glenfarclas Glenfiddich Glen Grant Glen Keith Glenlivet Glenlossie Glen Moray Glenrothes Glen Spey Glentauchers Inchgower Kininvie Knockando Knockdhu Linkwood Longmorn Macallan Mannochmore Miltonduff Mortlach Roseisle Speyburn Speyside Strathisla Strathmill Tamdhu Tamnavulin Tomintoul Tormore Grain Cameronbridge Girvan Invergordon North British Starlaw Strathclyde Closed Ardgowan Auchinblae Auchinblae Ballechin Banff Ben Wyvis Caperdonich Coleburn Convalmore Dallas Dhu Finnieston Garnheathgrain Glen Albyn Glenesk Glenflagler Glengilp Glenugie Glenury Hazelburn Imperial Kinclaith Ladyburn Littlemill Lochside Millburn North Port Parkmore Pittyvaich Port Charlotte St. Magdalene Scotland portal Category Commons Liquor portalvteDiageoBreweries anddistilleries Auchroisk distillery Benrinnes distillery Blair Athol distillery Brora distillery Caol Ila distillery Cameronbridge distillery Cardhu distillery Clynelish distillery Cragganmore distillery Dailuaine distillery Dalwhinnie distillery Dufftown distillery Glendullan distillery Glen Elgin distillery Glenkinchie distillery Glenlossie distillery Glen Ord distillery Glen Spey distillery Guinness Brewery Guinness Ghana Breweries Guinness Nigeria Inchgower distillery Knockando distillery Lagavulin distillery Leven distillery Linkwood distillery Mannochmore distillery Mortlach distillery North British Distillery1 Oban distillery Roe & Co Distillery Roseisle distillery Royal Lochnagar distillery Strathmill distillery Talisker distillery Teaninich distillery Beer brands Guinness Guinness Black Guinness Foreign Extra Stout Harp Hop House 13 Kilkenny Satzenbrau Smithwick's Tusker Spirits brandsBrandy and cognac Cîroc VS Hennessy2 Cachaça Ypióca Gin Aviation Gin Gilbey's Gordon's Tanqueray Liqueur Baileys Irish Cream Pimm's Sheridan's Rum Bundaberg Rum Cacique Captain Morgan Pampero Tequila Casamigos DeLeón Don Julio Vodka Cîroc Ketel One Smirnoff WhiskyScotchSingle malt Blair Athol Benrinnes Brora Caol Ila Cardhu Classic Malts of Scotland Clynelish Cragganmore Dailuaine Dalwhinnie Dufftown Glendullan Glen Elgin Glenkinchie Glenlossie Glen Ord Glen Spey Inchgower Knockando Lagavulin Linkwood Mannochmore Mortlach Oban Roseisle Royal Lochnagar Singleton Strathmill Talisker Teaninich Blended Bell's Black & White Buchanan's Haig Johnnie Walker Justerini & Brooks (J&B) Logan Old Parr Vat 69 White Horse AmericanBourbon Bulleit Bourbon Tennessee whiskey George Dickel Blended Seagram's Seven Crown Canadian Crown Royal Irish Roe & Co Indian(United Spirits) Antiquity Bagpiper Director's Special DSP Black McDowell's No.1 Royal Challenge Signature Other Raw Tea Rumple Minze Seedlip (non-alcoholic) Sichuan Shuijingfang Sirop de Picon Yeni Raki Wine brands Bouvet Ladubay Dom Pérignon2 Justerini & Brooks Moët & Chandon2 Veuve Clicquot2 People Debra Crew Franz Humer Ivan Menezes Paul S. Walsh Other Diageo Global Supply Centre Diageo/Hotline Poll Diageo Staff Association East African Breweries Gleneagles Hotel Grand Metropolitan Guinness Brewmasters Guinness Storehouse Johnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles Johnnie Walker Classic The Distillers Company United Distillers 1Owned by Lothian Distillers, a joint venture between Diageo (50%) and The Edrington Group (50%) 2Produced by Moët Hennessy, a joint venture between Diageo (34%) and LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton S.A. (66%) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"grain whisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_whisky"},{"link_name":"distillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation"},{"link_name":"Cameron Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"grain whisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_whisky"},{"link_name":"column still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_still"},{"link_name":"Distillers Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillers_Company"},{"link_name":"pot stills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_still"},{"link_name":"column stills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_still"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Alloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloa"},{"link_name":"United Distillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Distillers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotchwhisky.net-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United Distillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Distillers"},{"link_name":"grain neutral spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_neutral_spirit"},{"link_name":"Archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnapps"},{"link_name":"Pimm's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimm%27s"},{"link_name":"Smirnoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smirnoff"},{"link_name":"Tanqueray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanqueray"},{"link_name":"Gordon's Gin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%27s_Gin"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Walker"},{"link_name":"J&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justerini_%26_Brooks_Whisky"},{"link_name":"Bell's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_whisky"},{"link_name":"Black & White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%26_White_(whisky)"},{"link_name":"Vat 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vat_69"},{"link_name":"Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haig_(whisky)"},{"link_name":"White Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Horse_(whisky)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Diageo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diageo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Cameronbridge distillery (Scottish Gaelic: Drochaid Chamshròn) Is a grain whisky distillery located in Cameron Bridge, Scotland.The distillery was founded in 1824 and in 1830 became the first distillery to produce grain whisky using the column still method invented by Robert Stein. In 1877 John Haig & Co merged with five other whisky companies to form the Distillers Company, with John Haig & Co coming under DCL's full ownership in 1919. Cameron Bridge produced both grain and malt whisky using a combination of pot stills and column stills until 1929, when it shifted exclusively to grain whisky production.For a period between 1941 and 1947, the distillery closed due to World War II. The current Column still house was constructed during the 1960s, and two of its three stills are more than 30 years old. The third was transferred from Carsebridge distillery in Alloa when it was closed by United Distillers in 1983. Major renovations at Cameron Bridge occurred in 1989–92 as well as up to 2000 when the distillery produced up to 30 million imperial gallons (140,000,000 L) of spirit annually.[1][2]In 1989 Cameronbridge also changed from being solely a large-scale grain whisky distillery into a 'dual-purpose' site, when United Distillers' grain neutral spirit (GNS) operation was transferred to Fife from Wandsworth in London. GNS for white spirits and 'sweetened products' such as Archers, Pimm's, Smirnoff, Tanqueray and Gordon's Gin were also produced alongside grain spirit used in the Johnnie Walker, J&B, Bell's, Black & White, Vat 69, Haig and White Horse blended whisky brands owned by Diageo but the GNS column was later converted to a whisky still but remains capable of producing GNS.[3]It is currently the largest of the remaining grain distilleries in Scotland[4] and is owned by Diageo.[5]","title":"Cameronbridge distillery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cameron Bridge Scotch Whisky Distillery\". Scotchwhisky.net. Retrieved 2009-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotchwhisky.net/distilleries/cameron_bridge.htm","url_text":"\"Cameron Bridge Scotch Whisky Distillery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green move for Scotch whisky firm\". BBC News. 2004-11-14. Retrieved 2010-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4010955.stm","url_text":"\"Green move for Scotch whisky firm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loch Fyne Whiskies - Scotch Whisky Review - Edition 16\". Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100124064426/http://www.lfw.co.uk/whisky_review/SWR16/article16-7.html","url_text":"\"Loch Fyne Whiskies - Scotch Whisky Review - Edition 16\""},{"url":"https://www.lfw.co.uk/whisky_review/SWR16/article16-7.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.scotchwhisky.net/distilleries/cameron_bridge.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cameron Bridge Scotch Whisky Distillery\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4010955.stm","external_links_name":"\"Green move for Scotch whisky firm\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100124064426/http://www.lfw.co.uk/whisky_review/SWR16/article16-7.html","external_links_name":"\"Loch Fyne Whiskies - Scotch Whisky Review - Edition 16\""},{"Link":"https://www.lfw.co.uk/whisky_review/SWR16/article16-7.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AwF0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR20","external_links_name":"Whisky: Technology, Production and Marketing"},{"Link":"https://www.insider.co.uk/news/diageo-brands-20th-anniversary-1997-11700886","external_links_name":"Diageo marks its 20th anniversary"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPO_(group)	CPO (group)	["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"]	American hip-hop group CPOAlso known asCapital Punishment OrganizationC.P.O.OriginCompton, California, U.S.GenresHip hopgangsta rapYears active1989–1991LabelsCapitolPast membersCPO Boss HoggYoung DThe ChipDJ Train CPO (an abbreviation of Capital Punishment Organization) was an American hip hop group from Compton, California, founded in 1989 by rapper Vince "Lil' Nation" Edwards and DJ Clarence "D.J. Train" Lars, and enlisted producer Daron "Young D" Sapp shortly thereafter. Fellow rapper Granville "The Chip" Moton was one-time member of the group. They released a single album in 1990, To Hell and Black, which included production from MC Ren of N.W.A. and was distributed by Capitol Records. To Hell and Black peaked at No. 33 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Billboard charts. DJ Train, who had worked mostly with MC Ren and J. J. Fad, died of smoke inhalation in a house fire on July 26, 1994. Lil' Nation later identified himself as (Tha) Boss Hogg, or "CPO" in the singular form. CPO Boss Hogg continued to make rap appearances, including the 1994 original soundtrack to Above the Rim, hyphy artist E-A-Ski on his 1998 album, and the 2000 self-titled album by Tha Eastsidaz. He died in 2022. Discography To Hell and Black (1990) References ^ "C.P.O." Discogs. Retrieved 2017-03-05. ^ "R&B/Hip-Hop Albums". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-03-05. ^ Cizmar, Martin (2010-03-19). "DJ Train: What Happened After N.W.A. and the Posse?". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 2017-03-05. External links Pareles, Jon (1990-10-07). "POP VIEW; Gangster Rap: Life and Music in the Combat Zone". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-05. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article on a United States hip hop music group or collective is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Compton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_California"},{"link_name":"rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"Vince \"Lil' Nation\" Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPO_Boss_Hogg_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"To Hell and Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Hell_and_Black"},{"link_name":"MC Ren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Ren"},{"link_name":"N.W.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.W.A."},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"J. J. Fad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Fad"},{"link_name":"smoke inhalation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_inhalation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"CPO Boss Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPO_Boss_Hogg_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Above the Rim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_the_Rim"},{"link_name":"hyphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphy"},{"link_name":"E-A-Ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-A-Ski"},{"link_name":"self-titled album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg_Presents_Tha_Eastsidaz"},{"link_name":"Tha Eastsidaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Eastsidaz"}],"text":"CPO (an abbreviation of Capital Punishment Organization) was an American hip hop group from Compton, California, founded in 1989 by rapper Vince \"Lil' Nation\" Edwards and DJ Clarence \"D.J. Train\" Lars, and enlisted producer Daron \"Young D\" Sapp shortly thereafter. Fellow rapper Granville \"The Chip\" Moton was one-time member of the group.They released a single album in 1990, To Hell and Black, which included production from MC Ren of N.W.A. and was distributed by Capitol Records.[1] To Hell and Black peaked at No. 33 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Billboard charts.[2]DJ Train, who had worked mostly with MC Ren and J. J. Fad, died of smoke inhalation in a house fire on July 26, 1994.[3]Lil' Nation later identified himself as (Tha) Boss Hogg, or \"CPO\" in the singular form. CPO Boss Hogg continued to make rap appearances, including the 1994 original soundtrack to Above the Rim, hyphy artist E-A-Ski on his 1998 album, and the 2000 self-titled album by Tha Eastsidaz. He died in 2022.","title":"CPO (group)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"To Hell and Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Hell_and_Black"}],"text":"To Hell and Black (1990)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"C.P.O.\" Discogs. Retrieved 2017-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/173739-CPO","url_text":"\"C.P.O.\""}]},{"reference":"\"R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/r-b-hip-hop-albums/1990-10-20","url_text":"\"R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\""}]},{"reference":"Cizmar, Martin (2010-03-19). \"DJ Train: What Happened After N.W.A. and the Posse?\". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 2017-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/music/dj-train-what-happened-after-nwa-and-the-posse-6609979","url_text":"\"DJ Train: What Happened After N.W.A. and the Posse?\""}]},{"reference":"Pareles, Jon (1990-10-07). \"POP VIEW; Gangster Rap: Life and Music in the Combat Zone\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/07/arts/pop-view-gangster-rap-life-and-music-in-the-combat-zone.html","url_text":"\"POP VIEW; Gangster Rap: Life and Music in the Combat Zone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/173739-CPO","external_links_name":"\"C.P.O.\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/r-b-hip-hop-albums/1990-10-20","external_links_name":"\"R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\""},{"Link":"http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/music/dj-train-what-happened-after-nwa-and-the-posse-6609979","external_links_name":"\"DJ Train: What Happened After N.W.A. and the Posse?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/07/arts/pop-view-gangster-rap-life-and-music-in-the-combat-zone.html","external_links_name":"\"POP VIEW; Gangster Rap: Life and Music in the Combat Zone\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f1843fb6-539f-4030-afe8-0c2de124be27","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CPO_(group)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex	San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex	["1 History","2 Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge","3 San Diego National Wildlife Refuge","4 San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge","5 San Diego Bay Sweetwater Marsh","6 Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge","7 Vernal pools","8 References"]	Refuge Coordinates Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge 33°44′30″N 118°04′39″W / 33.74168°N 118.07756°W / 33.74168; -118.07756 (Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge) San Diego National Wildlife Refuge 32°36′9″N 117°6′53″W / 32.60250°N 117.11472°W / 32.60250; -117.11472 (San Diego National Wildlife Refuge) San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge 32°36′12.39″N 117°07′24.29″W / 32.6034417°N 117.1234139°W / 32.6034417; -117.1234139 (San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge) San Diego Bay Sweetwater Marsh 32°38′22″N 117°6′27″W / 32.63944°N 117.10750°W / 32.63944; -117.10750 (San Diego Bay Sweetwater Marsh) Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge 32°33′23″N 117°07′38″W / 32.5565°N 117.1271°W / 32.5565; -117.1271 (Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge) Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) The San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex is a series of wildlife refuges established by the United States National Wildlife Service beginning in 1972. The complex incorporates five refuges in San Diego County and Orange County in California. History The first refuges were established to preserve and protect the rare birds of Southern California's coastal marshes. In the mid-1990s, the system was expanded to protect larger areas of coastal and inland open space under the Multiple Species Conservation Program, a cooperative project involving city, state, and federal authorities. The wildlife refuge complex now supports a diverse array of habitats including coastal marshes and uplands, chaparral, coastal sage scrub, oak woodland, freshwater marsh, vernal pool areas, and breeding and nesting grounds for migratory and resident birds. Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge This refuge is located on the grounds of the Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station in Orange County. It includes 965 acres of saltwater marsh in the Anaheim Bay estuary. It was established in 1972 for the benefit of migrating birds up and down the Pacific Flyway as well as a variety of local birds, fish, and plants. Public access is limited to once-a-month guided tours. San Diego National Wildlife Refuge San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex This is an inland refuge in San Diego's back country. Habitats include coastal sage scrub and chaparral to oak woodland and freshwater marsh. It is part of the Multiple Species Conservation Program and includes 44,000 acres. San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge This area was dedicated in 1999 and includes 3,940 acres. It includes intertidal salt marsh and submerged areas with eelgrass beds. It is the largest remaining contiguous mudflat in southern California and is an important stop for migrating birds on the Pacific Flyway. The area has walking and biking paths as well as vantage points for bird watching. It includes some former salt evaporation ponds which the wildlife service is trying to turn back into natural wetland. The state Wildlife Conservation Board contributed a grant in 2010 to try to restore 65 acres of highly damaged habitat in the refuge. San Diego Bay Sweetwater Marsh The Sweetwater Marsh area comprises 316 acres of salt marsh estuary where the Sweetwater River enters San Diego Bay. It was established in 1996. Some highly endangered species have been seen returning to the marsh since its establishment as a refuge. The Living Coast Discovery Center is located at the Marsh. Formerly known as the Chula Vista Nature Center, the independent Living Coast Discovery Center is dedicated to providing environmental education on coastal resource conservation. Exhibits include many aquariums and displays of local marine life and reptiles, a sea turtle lagoon, outdoor aviaries of rescued birds, a shark and ray exhibit, and hiking trails. Guided hikes are available as well as educational programs for elementary school children. The center is located at the foot of E Avenue in Chula Vista, just west of Interstate 5. Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge The Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge is a 1,051 acre wetland where the Tijuana River enters the Pacific Ocean. It is also part of the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve. It is the only coastal lagoon in California which does not have any roads or rail lines built across it. More than 370 species of birds have been recorded in the refuge and the adjacent Tijuana River valley. A visitor center is open to the public featuring educational programs and exhibits, four miles of trails, and a native plant garden. Vernal pools Vernal pools are temporary pools that form for a few months during the wet season and are dry the rest of the year. They house some of the area's rarest animals, including the San Diego fairy shrimp and the Western spadefoot toad, which lie dormant under the ground during the dry season and emerge when the pools refill with water. Vernal pools are of special interest within the complex because they are so rare. It is estimated that only 3% of the area's original vernal pools remain. References ^ San Diego Refuges website ^ Seal Beach NWR website ^ San Diego Bay South Bay website ^ San Diego Union Tribune, January 31, 2010 ^ San Diego Union Tribune, September 2, 2010 ^ San Diego Union Tribune, June 1, 2010 ^ http://www.thelivingcoast.org/ Living Coast Discovery Center ^ Sweetwater Marsh website ^ Tinuana Slough NWR ^ Vernal Pools website vteProtected areas of CaliforniaNational Park SystemParks Channel Islands Death Valley Joshua Tree Kings Canyon Lassen Volcanic Pinnacles Redwood Sequoia Yosemite PreservesMojaveMonuments Cabrillo Castle Mountains César E. Chávez Devils Postpile Lava Beds Muir Woods Tule Lake Seashores Point Reyes Historical Parks Rosie the Riveter World War II Home Front San Francisco Maritime Historic Sites Eugene O'Neill Fort Point John Muir Manzanar Memorials Port Chicago Naval Magazine Recreation Areas Golden Gate Santa Monica Mountains Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity California State ParksParks Ahjumawi Lava Springs Andrew Molera Angel Island Año Nuevo Anza-Borrego Desert Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland Bidwell–Sacramento River Big Basin Redwoods Border Field Bothe-Napa Valley Burton Creek Butano Calaveras Big Trees Castle Crags Castle Rock Caswell Memorial China Camp Chino Hills Clear Lake Coast Dairies Crystal Cove Cuyamaca Rancho D. L. Bliss Del Norte Coast Redwoods Donner Memorial Dos Rios Ranch Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point Emerald Bay The Forest of Nisene Marks Fort Ord Dunes Fremont Peak Garrapata Gaviota Great Valley Grasslands Grizzly Creek Redwoods Grover Hot Springs Hearst San Simeon Hendy Woods Henry Cowell Redwoods Henry W. Coe Humboldt Lagoons Humboldt Redwoods Jedediah Smith Redwoods Julia Pfeiffer Burns Leo Carrillo Limekiln MacKerricher Malibu Creek Manchester McArthur–Burney Falls Memorial McLaughlin Eastshore Mendocino Headlands Mendocino Woodlands Montaña de Oro Morro Bay Mount Diablo Mount San Jacinto Mount Tamalpais Navarro River Redwoods Pacheco Palomar Mountain Pfeiffer Big Sur Placerita Canyon Plumas-Eureka Point Mugu Portola Redwoods Prairie Creek Redwoods Red Rock Canyon Richardson Grove Rio de Los Angeles Robert Louis Stevenson Russian Gulch Saddleback Butte Salt Point Samuel P. Taylor San Bruno Mountain Sinkyone Wilderness South Yuba River Sue-meg Sugarloaf Ridge Sutter Buttes Tolowa Dunes Tomales Bay Topanga Trione-Annadel Van Damme Washoe Meadows Wilder Ranch Natural Reserves Antelope Valley California Poppy Armstrong Redwoods Azalea Caspar Headlands John B. 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Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Point Reyes Field Station Quail Ridge Rancho Marino Sagehen Creek Field Station San Joaquin Marsh Santa Cruz Island Scripps Coastal Sedgwick Stebbins Cold Canyon Steele Burnand Anza-Borrego Desert Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Valentine Eastern Sierra White Mountain Younger Lagoon Private Conservation Land Trusts Agua Hedionda Lagoon Arastradero Preserve Arroyo Conejo Open Space Audubon Canyon Ranch Bear Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve Blue Ridge Berryessa Natural Area Bluff Lake Big Sur Land Trust California Rangeland Trust Catalina Island Conservancy Claremont Canyon Conservancy Cosumnes River Preserve Fairfield Osborn Preserve Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County Pacific Forest Trust Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy Peninsula Open Space Trust Pepperwood Preserve Sanctuary Forest Santa Cruz Island Santa Lucia Preserve Sempervirens Fund Sierra Nevada Alliance Sogorea Te Land Trust The Nature Conservancy Trust for Public Land The Wildlands Conservancy Heritage registers National Natural Landmarks vteNational Wildlife Refuges of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam Puerto Rico U.S. Minor Outlying Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex"},{"link_name":"National Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)The San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex is a series of wildlife refuges established by the United States National Wildlife Service beginning in 1972. The complex incorporates five refuges in San Diego County and Orange County in California.","title":"San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Multiple Species Conservation Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Species_Conservation_Program"},{"link_name":"coastal sage scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_sage_scrub"},{"link_name":"freshwater marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_marsh"},{"link_name":"vernal pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernal_pool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The first refuges were established to preserve and protect the rare birds of Southern California's coastal marshes. In the mid-1990s, the system was expanded to protect larger areas of coastal and inland open space under the Multiple Species Conservation Program, a cooperative project involving city, state, and federal authorities. The wildlife refuge complex now supports a diverse array of habitats including coastal marshes and uplands, chaparral, coastal sage scrub, oak woodland, freshwater marsh, vernal pool areas, and breeding and nesting grounds for migratory and resident birds.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Beach_Naval_Weapons_Station"},{"link_name":"Pacific Flyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Flyway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This refuge is located on the grounds of the Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station in Orange County. It includes 965 acres of saltwater marsh in the Anaheim Bay estuary. It was established in 1972 for the benefit of migrating birds up and down the Pacific Flyway as well as a variety of local birds, fish, and plants. Public access is limited to once-a-month guided tours.[2]","title":"Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex_Sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Multiple Species Conservation Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Species_Conservation_Program"}],"text":"San Diego National Wildlife Refuge ComplexThis is an inland refuge in San Diego's back country. Habitats include coastal sage scrub and chaparral to oak woodland and freshwater marsh. It is part of the Multiple Species Conservation Program and includes 44,000 acres.","title":"San Diego National Wildlife Refuge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intertidal salt marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"eelgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zostera"},{"link_name":"mudflat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This area was dedicated in 1999 and includes 3,940 acres. It includes intertidal salt marsh and submerged areas with eelgrass beds. It is the largest remaining contiguous mudflat in southern California and is an important stop for migrating birds on the Pacific Flyway. The area has walking and biking paths as well as vantage points for bird watching.[3] It includes some former salt evaporation ponds which the wildlife service is trying to turn back into natural wetland.[4] The state Wildlife Conservation Board contributed a grant in 2010 to try to restore 65 acres of highly damaged habitat in the refuge.[5]","title":"San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salt marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"Sweetwater River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetwater_River_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Diego Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Bay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Living Coast Discovery Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Coast_Discovery_Center"},{"link_name":"sea turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_turtle"},{"link_name":"aviaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviaries"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Sweetwater Marsh area comprises 316 acres of salt marsh estuary where the Sweetwater River enters San Diego Bay. It was established in 1996. \nSome highly endangered species have been seen returning to the marsh since its establishment as a refuge.[6]The Living Coast Discovery Center is located at the Marsh. Formerly known as the Chula Vista Nature Center, the independent Living Coast Discovery Center is dedicated to providing environmental education on coastal resource conservation. Exhibits include many aquariums and displays of local marine life and reptiles, a sea turtle lagoon, outdoor aviaries of rescued birds, a shark and ray exhibit, and hiking trails.[7] Guided hikes are available as well as educational programs for elementary school children. The center is located at the foot of E Avenue in Chula Vista, just west of Interstate 5.[8]","title":"San Diego Bay Sweetwater Marsh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tijuana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana_River"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"National Estuarine Research Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge is a 1,051 acre wetland where the Tijuana River enters the Pacific Ocean. It is also part of the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve. It is the only coastal lagoon in California which does not have any roads or rail lines built across it. More than 370 species of birds have been recorded in the refuge and the adjacent Tijuana River valley. A visitor center is open to the public featuring educational programs and exhibits, four miles of trails, and a native plant garden.[9]","title":"Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vernal pools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernal_pool"},{"link_name":"San Diego fairy shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_fairy_shrimp"},{"link_name":"Western spadefoot toad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spea_hammondii"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Vernal pools are temporary pools that form for a few months during the wet season and are dry the rest of the year. They house some of the area's rarest animals, including the San Diego fairy shrimp and the Western spadefoot toad, which lie dormant under the ground during the dry season and emerge when the pools refill with water. Vernal pools are of special interest within the complex because they are so rare. It is estimated that only 3% of the area's original vernal pools remain.[10]","title":"Vernal pools"}]	[{"image_text":"San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex_Sign.jpg/220px-San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex_Sign.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex&params=33.74168_N_118.07756_W_&title=Seal+Beach+National+Wildlife+Refuge","external_links_name":"33°44′30″N 118°04′39″W / 33.74168°N 118.07756°W / 33.74168; -118.07756 (Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex&params=32_36_9_N_117_6_53_W_type:landmark_region:US_dim:3900&title=San+Diego+National+Wildlife+Refuge","external_links_name":"32°36′9″N 117°6′53″W / 32.60250°N 117.11472°W / 32.60250; -117.11472 (San Diego National Wildlife Refuge)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Diego_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex&params=32_36_12.39_N_117_07_24.29_W_&title=San+Diego+Bay+National+Wildlife+Refuge","external_links_name":"32°36′12.39″N 117°07′24.29″W / 32.6034417°N 117.1234139°W / 32.6034417; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Pirie	Port Pirie	["1 History","1.1 Heritage listings","2 Demographics","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Transport","4.1 Railways","4.2 Sea transport","4.3 Bridge to nowhere","5 Economy","5.1 Development","5.2 Waterfront development","6 Efforts to combat lead poisoning","7 Education","8 Culture","9 News media","10 Governance","10.1 State and federal","10.2 Local government","11 Notable residents","11.1 Sportspeople","11.2 Others","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°11′9″S 138°1′1″E / 33.18583°S 138.01694°E / -33.18583; 138.01694For other uses, see Port Pirie. City in South AustraliaPort PirieSouth AustraliaThe lead smelter and grain silos at the wharf of Port PiriePort PirieCoordinates33°11′9″S 138°1′1″E / 33.18583°S 138.01694°E / -33.18583; 138.01694Population13,896 (2021 census)Established1845Postcode(s)5540Elevation4 m (13 ft)Time zoneACST (UTC+9:30) • Summer (DST)ACDT (UTC+10:30)Location223 km (139 mi) from AdelaideLGA(s)Port Pirie Regional CouncilRegionMid NorthState electorate(s)StuartFederal division(s)Grey Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 24.4 °C 76 °F 12.7 °C 55 °F 345 mm 13.6 in Port Pirie is a small city on the east coast of the Spencer Gulf in South Australia, 223 km (139 mi) north of the state capital, Adelaide. Port Pirie is the largest city and the main retail centre of the Mid North region of South Australia. The city has an expansive history which dates back to 1845. Port Pirie was the first proclaimed regional city in South Australia, and is currently the second most important and second busiest port in SA. At the 2021 Census, Port Pirie had a population of 13,896. Port Pirie is the eighth most populous city in South Australia after Adelaide, Mount Gambier, Gawler, Mount Barker, Whyalla, Murray Bridge and Port Lincoln. The city's economy is dominated by one of the world's largest lead smelters, operated by Nyrstar. It also produces refined silver, copper, acid, gold and various other by-products. In 2014, the smelter underwent a $650 million upgrade, of which $291 million was underwritten by the state government to replace some of the old existing plant and to reduce airborne lead emissions drastically. Regardless of these upgrades, blood lead levels in young children continue to rise. In 2021 a report from the South Australian Health Department found an average blood level of 7.3 mg/dL in young children, compared to a finding of 5.3 mg/dL in 2014, and an upward trend of airborne lead levels. History Prior to British settlement, the location that became Port Pirie was occupied by the indigenous tribe of Nukunu. The location was called 'Tarparrie', which is suspected to mean "Muddy Creek". The first European to see the location was Matthew Flinders in 1802, as he explored the Spencer Gulf by boat. The first land discovery of the location by a European was by the explorer Edward Eyre, who explored regions around Port Augusta. John Horrocks also discovered a pass through the Flinders Ranges to the coast, now named Horrocks Pass. The town was originally called Samuel's Creek after the discovery of Muddy Creek by Samuel Germein. In 1846, Port Pirie Creek was named by Governor Robe after the John Pirie, the first vessel to navigate the creek when transporting sheep from Bowman's Run near Crystal Brook. In 1848, Matthew Smith and Emanuel Solomon bought 85 acres (34 ha) and subdivided it as a township to be known as Port Pirie. Little development occurred on site and by the late 1860s there were only three woolsheds on the riverfront. The locality was surveyed as a government town in December 1871 by Charles Hope Harris. The thoroughfares and streets were named after the family of George Goyder, Surveyor General of South Australia. In 1873, the land of Solomon and Smith was re-surveyed and named Solomontown. On 28 September 1876, with a population of 947, Port Pirie was declared a municipality. With the discovery of rich ore bearing silver, lead and zinc at Broken Hill in 1883, and the completion of a narrow gauge railway from Port Pirie to close to the Broken Hill field in 1888, the economic activities of the town underwent profound change. In 1889 a lead smelter was built by the British Blocks company to treat the Broken Hill ore. BHP initially leased the smelter from British Blocks but began constructing its own smelter from 1892. In 1913, the Russian consul-general Alexander Abaza reported that Port Pirie had a population of more than 500 Russians, mostly Ossetians, who had come to work at the smelter. At that time the town supported a Russian-language school and library. In 1915, the smelter was taken over by Broken Hill Associated Smelters (BHAS) – a joint venture of companies operating in Broken Hill. Led by the Collins House Group, by 1934 BHAS became the biggest lead smelter in the world. The smelter gradually passed to Pasminco, then Zinifex, and since 2007 has been operated by Nyrstar. In 1921, the town's population had grown to 9,801, living in 2,308 occupied dwellings. By this date, there were 62 boarding houses to cater for the labour demands at the smelter, and the increasingly busy waterfront. During World War II (1941-1943), a Bombing and Gunnery school (2BAGS) was established by the Royal Air Force at Port Pirie. 22 men lost their lives there during training exercises. It was re-designated the 3 Aerial Observers School (3AOS) in December 1943. Port Pirie was declared South Australia's first provincial city in 1953, and today it is South Australia's second largest port. Heritage listings The former Sampson's butcher shop at 64-68 Ellen Street has been converted into a residence. The city is characterised by an attractive main street and some interesting and unusual historic buildings. Heritage-listed sites include: 1 Alexander Street: Barrier Chambers Offices 32 Ellen Street: Adelaide Steamship Company Building 64-68 Ellen Street: Sampson's Butcher Shop 69-71 Ellen Street: Port Pirie Customs House 73-77 Ellen Street: Port Pirie (Ellen Street) railway station 79-81 Ellen Street: Port Pirie Post Office 85 Ellen Street: Development Board Building 94 Ellen Street: Sample Rooms, rear of Portside Tavern 134 Ellen Street: Family Hotel 32 Florence Street: Carn Brae 50-52 Florence Street: Waterside Workers' Federation Building 105 Gertrude Street: Good Samaritan Catholic Convent School Memorial Drive: Second World War Memorial Gates 5 Norman Street: AMP Society Building, Port Pirie Demographics In the 2021 census, the population of the Port Pirie urban area was 13,896 people. Approximately 51.0% of the population were female, 85.9% were Australian born, and 5.2% were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. Port Pirie has significant Italian and Greek communities. In 2021, the most popular industries for employment were copper, silver, lead and zinc smelting and refining (11.0%), non-psychiatric hospitals (6.0%), residential aged care (4.3%), other social assistance services (4.2%) and supermarket and grocery stores (3.9%). The unemployment rate was 7.7%. The median weekly household income was A$1044 per week. 48.5% of the population identified with no religion, while 21.0% identified themselves as Catholic. Geography Port Pirie is at an elevation of 4 metres above sea level. It is approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) inland, on the Pirie River, which is a tidal saltwater inlet from Spencer Gulf. It is on the coastal plain between Spencer Gulf to the west, and the Flinders Ranges to the east. Climate Port Pirie experiences a hot-semi arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), Trewartha: BSal). It has hot, dry summers; mild to warm, relatively dry springs and autumns; and mild, relatively dry winters. Port Pirie exists in a region with a semi-arid climate, outside Goyder's Line, surrounded by mallee scrub. Average daily maximum temperatures vary, from a mild 16.4 °C in winter, to 32.0 °C in summer. Its average annual rainfall is 345.2 millimetres, most of which falls in winter. The city is fairly sunny, receiving 125.0 clear days annually, with the sunny days being more concentrated in the summer. Climate data for Port Pirie Nyrstar Comparison, South Australia, Australia (1877-2012 normals and extremes); 2 m AMSL Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 46.3(115.3) 45.5(113.9) 42.5(108.5) 37.7(99.9) 31.0(87.8) 25.5(77.9) 26.5(79.7) 30.0(86.0) 35.0(95.0) 39.5(103.1) 44.0(111.2) 44.6(112.3) 46.3(115.3) Mean maximum °C (°F) 39.9(103.8) 39.3(102.7) 35.6(96.1) 30.8(87.4) 24.7(76.5) 20.2(68.4) 19.3(66.7) 22.5(72.5) 27.1(80.8) 31.4(88.5) 35.8(96.4) 37.7(99.9) 39.9(103.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.0(89.6) 31.8(89.2) 29.4(84.9) 24.8(76.6) 20.4(68.7) 17.1(62.8) 16.4(61.5) 18.1(64.6) 21.3(70.3) 24.5(76.1) 27.7(81.9) 30.0(86.0) 24.5(76.0) Daily mean °C (°F) 24.9(76.8) 24.9(76.8) 22.7(72.9) 19.0(66.2) 15.6(60.1) 12.8(55.0) 12.2(54.0) 13.2(55.8) 15.6(60.1) 18.2(64.8) 21.1(70.0) 23.2(73.8) 18.6(65.5) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.7(63.9) 17.9(64.2) 16.0(60.8) 13.2(55.8) 10.7(51.3) 8.4(47.1) 7.7(45.9) 8.2(46.8) 9.8(49.6) 11.9(53.4) 14.4(57.9) 16.3(61.3) 12.7(54.8) Mean minimum °C (°F) 13.1(55.6) 13.2(55.8) 11.7(53.1) 9.5(49.1) 6.6(43.9) 4.5(40.1) 4.3(39.7) 4.6(40.3) 5.6(42.1) 7.8(46.0) 10.0(50.0) 11.7(53.1) 4.3(39.7) Record low °C (°F) 4.4(39.9) 7.1(44.8) 7.4(45.3) 4.8(40.6) −0.6(30.9) −1.7(28.9) −0.6(30.9) 0.6(33.1) 0.3(32.5) 1.1(34.0) 1.1(34.0) 4.4(39.9) −1.7(28.9) Average precipitation mm (inches) 18.6(0.73) 17.8(0.70) 18.6(0.73) 27.5(1.08) 38.2(1.50) 40.7(1.60) 33.9(1.33) 34.9(1.37) 35.5(1.40) 33.3(1.31) 24.1(0.95) 23.0(0.91) 346.1(13.61) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 2.1 1.8 2.3 3.5 5.5 6.6 6.7 6.6 5.4 4.6 3.5 2.8 51.4 Average relative humidity (%) 44.5 47.5 49.0 54.0 65.0 71.0 69.0 63.0 55.5 49.5 47.0 45.5 55.0 Average dew point °C (°F) 12.3(54.1) 12.3(54.1) 11.6(52.9) 10.2(50.4) 9.9(49.8) 8.3(46.9) 7.2(45.0) 7.0(44.6) 8.0(46.4) 8.2(46.8) 10.0(50.0) 11.1(52.0) 9.7(49.4) Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1877-2012 normals and extremes) Transport Port Pirie is 5 km (3 mi) off the Augusta Highway. It is serviced by Port Pirie Airport, six kilometres south of the city. Railways The first railway in Port Pirie opened in 1875 when the South Australian Railways 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge Port Pirie-Cockburn line opened to Gladstone, ultimately being extended to Broken Hill. The original Ellen Street station was located on the street with the track running down the middle. The station today is occupied by the Port Pirie National Trust Museum. In 1937, it became a break-of-gauge station when the broad gauge Adelaide-Redhill line was extended to Port Pirie. At the same time the Commonwealth Railways standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway was extended south from Port Augusta to terminate at the new Port Pirie Junction station where it met the broad gauge line, in the suburb of Solomontown. As far back as 1943, a plan existed to build a new station to remove trains from Ellen Street. As part of the gauge conversion of the Port Pirie to Broken Hill line, Mary Elie Street station was built to replace both Ellen Street and Port Pirie Junction stations. When opened, the new station was the meeting point for the Commonwealth Railways and South Australian Railways networks with through trains changing locomotives and crews, so the disadvantages were not as notable. However, after both became part of Australian National in July 1975 and trains began to operate in and out with the same locomotives, trains began to operate via Coonamia station on the outskirts of the city. Mary Ellie Street station was eventually closed in the 1990s and in 2009 was redeveloped as the city's library. Until 2012, a GM class locomotive and three carriages were stabled at the platform. A freight line continues to operate into Port Pirie, feeding the metals plant with raw materials from Broken Hill, and transporting the processed material to Adelaide. This line is managed by Bowmans Rail. Sea transport Port Pirie's marine facilities, managed by Flinders Ports, handle up to 100 ship visits annually, up to Handymax size, for commodities such as mineral concentrates, refined lead and zinc, coal, grain, and general cargo. Bridge to nowhere John Pirie Bridge John Pirie Bridge, locally known as 'the bridge to nowhere', was built in the 1970s to encourage development of industry on the other side of Port Pirie Creek. Construction cost $410,000 and lasted 26 weeks. It was officially named the John Pirie Bridge in 1980. The land across the bridge remains undeveloped. Economy The main industries are the smelting of metals, and the operation of silos to hold grain. As of 2020, Port Pirie is the locality of the largest lead smelter and refinery in the southern hemisphere; a lead smelter has been there since the 1880s. The owner since 2007, Nyrstar, is the city's main employer., and high blood lead levels in the local population are an ongoing concern. In 2006 Zinifex formed a joint venture with Umicore to create Nyrstar, which owns the smelter, with the intention that it would eventually be an entity separate from the parent companies. Development This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A $3.3 million cultural precinct funded by the Port Pirie Regional Council and the Federal Government was completed in 2010. A committee is also looking at building a multi-purpose stadium. The swimming pool was modernised after receiving a $1 million refit. A major waste recovery facility was opened in 2013, in which all waste and recycled material is sorted under one roof. In 2012 Port Pirie Regional Council completed a $5 million community water recycling project with Nyrstar which allows 350 megalitres of water from the smelter to be reused. Plans are under way to establish a large shopping complex in the city with an additional supermarket and department store. The city's population is continually growing and property prices continue to rise. The Port Pirie Regional Council has a number of large projects that will be launched or completed next financial year. Waterfront development This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The PPRC completed a major redevelopment of its foreshore area in 2014 including the construction of the Solomontown Beach Plaza, opening up Beach abroad to through traffic, replacing lighting along the beach and improving security. In addition, by the end of 2014, the council aims to replace and duplicate the current Solomontown boat ramp and undertake dredging in the vicinity of the ramp. This investment is aimed at creating a waterfront which will revitalise the area from the Main Road boat ramp up to the area off Ellen street. Efforts to combat lead poisoning Further information: Lead poisoning Lead smelters contribute to several environmental problems, especially raised lead levels in the blood of some of the town population. The problem is particularly significant in many children who have grown up in the area. A state government project addressed this. Nyrstar plans to progressively reduce lead in blood levels such that ultimately 95% of all children meet the national goal of 10 micrograms per decilitre. This has been known as the "tenby10" project. Community lead in blood levels in children are now at less than half the level that they were in the mid 1980s. The Port Pirie smelter conducted a project to reduce lead levels in children to less than 10 micrograms per decilitre by the end of 2010. The goal we are committed to achieving is for at least 95% of our children aged 0 to 4 to have a blood lead level below ten micrograms per decilitre of blood (the first ten in tenby10) by the end of 2010 (the second ten in tenby10). Higher concentrations of lead have been found in the organs of bottlenose dolphins stranded near the lead smelter, compared to dolphins stranded elsewhere in South Australia. The health impacts of these metals on dolphins has been examined and some associations between high metal concentrations and kidney toxicity were noted. Education Port Pirie has many educational institutions, including John Pirie Secondary School (years 8-12), St Mark's College (Foundation - year 12), Mid North Christian College (reception - year 12), many preschools and primary schools, and a TAFE campus (adult education). Risdon Park High School (formerly Port Pirie Technical High School) was a co-ed state school. In 1973, Port Pire Technical High School changed its name to Ridson Park High School, and in 1995 the school merged with Port Pirie High School forming John Pirie Secondary School. Culture The former Ellen Street railway station, now a museum Port Pirie is home to the National Trust Historic and Folk Museum and Memorial Park, and the Port Pirie Regional Art Gallery also serves the regional community. Every September and October the city hosts a country music festival. The Keith Michell Theatre, within the Northern Festival Centre, is named after the renowned actor Keith Michell, who grew up in Warnertown, 5 km (3 mi) from Port Pirie. A play by actress and playwright Elena Carapetis, The Gods of Strangers, set in Port Pirie, is based on the oral histories of Greek, Cypriot and Italian people who migrated to regional South Australia after World War II. It was staged by the State Theatre Company South Australia in 2018. It played at the Dunstan Playhouse in Adelaide as well as in Port Pirie. It was also filmed by local production company KOJO and intended to be shown by Country Arts SA in regional cinemas in 2020, but it was later shown online owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia. News media The town's main newspaper, The Recorder, was first published 21 March 1885 as The Port Pirie Advocate and Areas News. In 1971, a brief experiment, known as the Northern Observer (7 July - 30 August 1971), occurred when The Recorder and The Transcontinental from Port Augusta were published under a combined title in Port Pirie. The Recorder, which is still in print today (Tuesdays and Thursdays), has recently changed to a morning paper, after being delivered at around 3:00 pm. Other Port Pirie newspapers include the free The Flinders News (Wednesdays), and The Advertiser, which covers some Port Pirie news, but to a very small extent. Another newspaper, the Port Pirie Advertiser (7 April 1898 – 28 June 1924) was also published by Robert Osborne. A further publication was the short-lived Saturday Times (6 December 1913 – 15 August 1914), printed by Roy Harold Butler and closed at the start of the Great War. Television coverage in the city is provided by the ABC, SBS, Southern Cross (7, 9 and 10) and Austar. Several radio stations cover Port Pirie, including ABC 639AM, ABC 891AM, 1044 5CS, 1242 5AU, ABC Classic FM, Radio National, ABC NewsRadio, triple j, Magic FM and Trax FM (a community radio station). Governance State and federal Port Pirie WestState Elections 2006 2009 Labor 60.2% 36.6% Liberal 28.8% 16.9% Family First 5.7% SA Greens 3.4% 2.6% Democrats 1.9% Geoff Brock 40.9% Nationals SA 2.4% One Nation 0.5% Port Pirie West2007 Federal Election Labor 58.79% Liberal 28.02% Family First 5.18% Greens 4.29% National 1.46% Democrats 1.38% Independent 0.89% The results shown are from "Port Pirie West", the largest polling booth in Port Pirie, which is at the SA TAFE Campus. Port Pirie is part of the federal division of Grey, and has been represented by Liberal MP Rowan Ramsey since 2007. Grey is held with a margin of 4.43% but is considered a safe Liberal seat. The city is part of the state electoral district of Frome, which had been held since 1993 by former Liberal Premier, Rob Kerin, with a margin of 3.4%. It also has been considered a safe Liberal seat. Although the region is generally Liberal-leaning because of its agricultural base, Port Pirie is an industrial centre that is favourable to the Australian Labor Party. In late 2008, Rob Kerin announced his retirement, which led to a by-election being held in January 2009. Port Pirie mayor Geoff Brock announced his candidacy as an independent, and subsequently took the seat from the Liberals at the 2009 Frome by-election. After the poll for the by-election had closed and first preferences had been counted, (but before other preferences had been distributed), the result was Lib: 39.2%; ALP: 26.1%; Brock 23.6%; Nat: 6.6%; Greens: 3.8%; Other: 0.7%. State Opposition Leader Martin Hamilton-Smith (Liberal Party) claimed victory, prematurely. Distribution of National Party, Greens and other preferences placed Brock ahead of the ALP candidate. Hence with the assistance of the ALP candidate's preferences, Geoff Brock won the by-election 51.7% to 48.3% for the Liberal candidate. Local government Port Pirie and some of the sparsely inhabited areas around it are in the Port Pirie Regional Council local government area. Notable residents Sportspeople Brodie Atkinson (1972-), St. Kilda, Adelaide Crows, North Adelaide premiership player (1991), Sturt premiership player (2002) and Magarey Medal winner (1997) Mark Bickley (1969-), Adelaide Crows dual premiership captain Abby Bishop (1989-), Canberra Capitals basketball player Mark Jamar (1982-), Melbourne Demons player Lewis Johnston (1991-), Sydney Swans and Adelaide Crows football player Sam Mayes (1994-), North Adelaide, Brisbane Lions (2013-2018) and Port Adelaide FC (2019-) football player Nip Pellew (1893-1981), Australian test cricketer and North Adelaide player David Tiller (1958-), North Adelaide Roosters captain and premiership player Elijah Ware (1983-), Port Adelaide and Central Districts player and premiership player Others Geoff Brock, state politician Sir Hugh Cairns (1896–1952), neurosurgeon Ted Connelly, state politician Lillian Crombie (1958–2024), actress Andrew Lacey (1887–1946), federal and state politician, state leader of the ALP 1933–1938 Keith Michell (1928-2015), actor John Noble (1948-), actor and director Robert Stigwood (1934-2016), music entrepreneur and impresario See also Category:People from Port Pirie Diocese of Willochra Roman Catholic Diocese of Port Pirie Sir John Pirie, 1st Baronet, for whom several places and features are named Nyrstar References ^ a b c "2021 Port Pirie (Significant Urban Area), Census All persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 23 September 2023. ^ "District of Stuart Background Profile". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 27 February 2022. ^ "Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA)". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 27 February 2022. ^ UBD South Australia and Northern Territory Country Road Atlas, 6th Edition, 2005. Universal Publishers Pty Ltd. ISBN 0 7319 1606 9 ^ a b Port Pirie's lead smelter at risk of breaching licence to operate due to spike in lead levels ABC News, 8 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2019. ^ a b "Port Pirie Overview". Nyrstar Limited. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006. ^ Port Pirie smelter could reopen old high-polluting sinter plant after new infrastructure damaged ABC News, 13 August 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2021. ^ Port Pirie lead levels in two-year-olds hit 10-year high after Nyrstar's EPA licence breach ABC News, 22 February 2021. 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Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2006. ^ "Zinifex, Umicore to combine zinc assets". The Age. 12 December 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006. ^ "Pt Pirie Environmental Health Centre". Retrieved 11 June 2006. ^ "Zinifex Port Pirie Strategy". Zinifex Limited. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2007. ^ a b "10 by Ten – 10 Ways To Have An Impact". www.tenby10.com. Retrieved 17 August 2018. ^ Lavery, T.J., Butterfield, N., Kemper, C.M., Reid, R.J., Sanderson, K. 2008. Metals and selenium in the liver and bone of three dolphin species from South Australia, 1988–2004. Science of the Total Environment, 390: 77–85 ^ Lavery, T.J., Kemper, C.M., Sanderson, K., Schultz, C.G., Coyle, P., Mitchell, J.G., Seuront, L. 2008. Heavy metal toxicity of kidney and bone tissues in South Australian adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), doi:10.1016/jmarenvres.2008.09.005 ^ "Welcome to John Pirie Secondary School's website". www.johnpirihs.sa.edu.au. Retrieved 17 August 2018. ^ St Mark's College Archived 30 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Mid North Christian College - Port Pirie, SA - Home". www.midnorthcc.sa.edu.au. Retrieved 17 August 2018. ^ a b c "Risdon Park High School (S.A.) - Full record view - Libraries Australia Search". librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 11 April 2024. ^ CARASS (14 March 2013). Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Mathematical Education. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4757-4238-1. ^ a b "Tribute - Lillian Crombie". Port Pirie Regional Council. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024. ^ McLean, CJ (17 November 2018). "Theatre Review: The Gods of Strangers". Glam Adelaide. Retrieved 20 January 2024. ^ Carapetis, Elena (17 January 2019). "The Gods Of Strangers". State Theatre Company. Retrieved 20 January 2024. ^ Marsh, Walter (19 June 2020). "The Gods of Strangers to return for online season". The Adelaide Review. Retrieved 20 January 2024. ^ Laube, Anthony. "LibGuides: SA Newspapers: M-N". guides.slsa.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ The Recorder - About Us Accessed 2 June 2013. ^ "Port Pirie advertiser". www.samemory.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 5 March 2018. ^ Laube, Anthony. "LibGuides: SA Newspapers: S". guides.slsa.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 24 August 2018. ^ Port Pirie West Polling Booth, District of Frome, House of Assembly Division First Preferences, 2006 State Election. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. ^ Port Pirie West Polling Booth Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, District of Frome, House of Assembly Division First Preferences, 2009 By-election, 24 January 2009. Retrieved on 15 March 2009. ^ Port Pirie West Polling Booth, Division of Grey, House of Representatives Division First Preferences, 2007 Federal Election. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. ^ a b Frome 2009 By-election results, abc.net.au, 2 February 2009. Retrieved on 15 March 2009. ^ a b District of Frome - Electoral Results Archived 23 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Electoral Commission SA, 24 January 2009. Retrieved on 15 March 2009. ^ Libs claim Frome victory, AdelaideNow, 21 January 2009. Retrieved on 15 March 2009. ^ Late Port Pirie-raised music mogul Robert Stigwood who changed the entertainment world, The Advertiser, 5 January 2016. Accessed 6 January 2016. ^ Robert Stigwood, music mogul behind Bee Gees and Clapton, dies aged 81, ABC News, 5 January 2016. Accessed 6 January 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Port Pirie. Port Pirie, South Australia reference Port Pirie Regional Council "Port Pirie", Travel section, Sydney Morning Herald, 14 January 2008. "Port Pirie smelter changes from Zinifex to Nyrstar", ABC News, 31 August 2007. Nystar, Home page - English. vteTowns and localities of the Port Pirie Regional Council Bungama Clements Gap Collinsfield Coonamia Crystal Brook Germein Bay Huddleston Koolunga Lower Broughton Merriton Mundoora Napperby Nelshaby Nurom Pirie East Port Davis Port Pirie Port Pirie South Port Pirie West Redhill Risdon Park Risdon Park South Solomontown Wandearah East Wandearah West Warnertown vteSouth AustraliaTopics History Government Flag Culture Transport Rail transport Energy Education Geography Geology South Australian English Sport Symbols Country Fire Service Regions Adelaide Hills Barossa Valley Clare Valley Eyre Peninsula Far North Fleurieu Peninsula Flinders Ranges Limestone Coast Mid North Murraylands Nullarbor Plain Riverland Yorke Peninsula Cities and towns Adelaide Mount Barker Mount Gambier Murray Bridge Port Augusta Port Lincoln Port Pirie Victor Harbor Whyalla South Australia portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Pirie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Pirie_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Spencer Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Gulf"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Mid North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_North"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2021 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS2021-1"},{"link_name":"most populous city in South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_South_Australia_by_population"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Mount Gambier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gambier"},{"link_name":"Gawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawler"},{"link_name":"Mount Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Barker,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Whyalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyalla"},{"link_name":"Murray Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bridge,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Port Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"smelters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_smelting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC2018-5"},{"link_name":"Nyrstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyrstar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zinifex_PP-6"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCreferb-7"},{"link_name":"blood lead levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_lead_level"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC2021lead-8"}],"text":"For other uses, see Port Pirie.City in South AustraliaPort Pirie is a small city on the east coast of the Spencer Gulf in South Australia, 223 km (139 mi)[4] north of the state capital, Adelaide. Port Pirie is the largest city and the main retail centre of the Mid North region of South Australia. The city has an expansive history which dates back to 1845. Port Pirie was the first proclaimed regional city in South Australia, and is currently the second most important and second busiest port in SA.[citation needed]At the 2021 Census, Port Pirie had a population of 13,896.[1] Port Pirie is the eighth most populous city in South Australia after Adelaide, Mount Gambier, Gawler, Mount Barker, Whyalla, Murray Bridge and Port Lincoln.The city's economy is dominated by one of the world's largest lead smelters,[5] operated by Nyrstar.[6] It also produces refined silver, copper, acid, gold and various other by-products.In 2014, the smelter underwent a $650 million upgrade, of which $291 million was underwritten by the state government to replace some of the old existing plant and to reduce airborne lead emissions drastically.[7] Regardless of these upgrades, blood lead levels in young children continue to rise. In 2021 a report from the South Australian Health Department found an average blood level of 7.3 mg/dL in young children, compared to a finding of 5.3 mg/dL in 2014, and an upward trend of airborne lead levels.[8]","title":"Port Pirie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nukunu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukunu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Matthew Flinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Flinders"},{"link_name":"Edward Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Eyre"},{"link_name":"Port Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Augusta"},{"link_name":"John Horrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ainsworth_Horrocks"},{"link_name":"Horrocks Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrocks_Pass"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Samuel Germein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Germein#Family"},{"link_name":"John Pirie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pirie_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Solomon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"George Goyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Goyder"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Broken Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Hill"},{"link_name":"BHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHP"},{"link_name":"Alexander Abaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nikolayevich_Abaza"},{"link_name":"Ossetians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetians"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pasminco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasminco"},{"link_name":"Zinifex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinifex"},{"link_name":"Nyrstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyrstar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Prior to British settlement, the location that became Port Pirie was occupied by the indigenous tribe of Nukunu. The location was called 'Tarparrie', which is suspected to mean \"Muddy Creek\".[citation needed] The first European to see the location was Matthew Flinders in 1802, as he explored the Spencer Gulf by boat. The first land discovery of the location by a European was by the explorer Edward Eyre, who explored regions around Port Augusta. John Horrocks also discovered a pass through the Flinders Ranges to the coast, now named Horrocks Pass.[citation needed]The town was originally called Samuel's Creek after the discovery of Muddy Creek by Samuel Germein. In 1846, Port Pirie Creek was named by Governor Robe after the John Pirie, the first vessel to navigate the creek when transporting sheep from Bowman's Run near Crystal Brook. In 1848, Matthew Smith and Emanuel Solomon bought 85 acres (34 ha) and subdivided it as a township to be known as Port Pirie. Little development occurred on site and by the late 1860s there were only three woolsheds on the riverfront.[9]The locality was surveyed as a government town in December 1871 by Charles Hope Harris. The thoroughfares and streets were named after the family of George Goyder, Surveyor General of South Australia.[citation needed] In 1873, the land of Solomon and Smith was re-surveyed and named Solomontown. On 28 September 1876, with a population of 947, Port Pirie was declared a municipality.[citation needed]With the discovery of rich ore bearing silver, lead and zinc at Broken Hill in 1883, and the completion of a narrow gauge railway from Port Pirie to close to the Broken Hill field in 1888, the economic activities of the town underwent profound change. In 1889 a lead smelter was built by the British Blocks company to treat the Broken Hill ore. BHP initially leased the smelter from British Blocks but began constructing its own smelter from 1892. In 1913, the Russian consul-general Alexander Abaza reported that Port Pirie had a population of more than 500 Russians, mostly Ossetians, who had come to work at the smelter. At that time the town supported a Russian-language school and library.[10]In 1915, the smelter was taken over by Broken Hill Associated Smelters (BHAS) – a joint venture of companies operating in Broken Hill. Led by the Collins House Group, by 1934 BHAS became the biggest lead smelter in the world.[11] The smelter gradually passed to Pasminco, then Zinifex, and since 2007 has been operated by Nyrstar.[citation needed]In 1921, the town's population had grown to 9,801, living in 2,308 occupied dwellings. By this date, there were 62 boarding houses to cater for the labour demands at the smelter, and the increasingly busy waterfront.[12]During World War II (1941-1943), a Bombing and Gunnery school (2BAGS) was established by the Royal Air Force at Port Pirie. 22 men lost their lives there during training exercises. It was re-designated the 3 Aerial Observers School (3AOS) in December 1943.[13]Port Pirie was declared South Australia's first provincial city in 1953, and today it is South Australia's second largest port.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pt_Pirie_butcher_21503.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Barrier Chambers Offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barrier_Chambers_Offices&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Steamship Company Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaide_Steamship_Company_Building&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sampson's Butcher Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sampson%27s_Butcher_Shop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Port Pirie Customs House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Pirie_Customs_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Port Pirie (Ellen Street) railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Pirie_(Ellen_Street)_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Port Pirie Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Pirie_Post_Office"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Development Board Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_Board_Building,_Port_Pirie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Portside Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portside_Tavern&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Family Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_Hotel,_Port_Pirie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Carn Brae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carn_Brae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Waterside Workers' Federation Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterside_Workers%27_Federation_Building,_Port_Pirie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Good Samaritan Catholic Convent School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Samaritan_Catholic_Convent_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Second World War Memorial Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_World_War_Memorial_Gates,_Port_Pirie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"AMP Society Building, Port Pirie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AMP_Society_Building,_Port_Pirie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Heritage listings","text":"The former Sampson's butcher shop at 64-68 Ellen Street has been converted into a residence.The city is characterised by an attractive main street and some interesting and unusual historic buildings.[14]\nHeritage-listed sites include:1 Alexander Street: Barrier Chambers Offices[15]\n32 Ellen Street: Adelaide Steamship Company Building[16]\n64-68 Ellen Street: Sampson's Butcher Shop[17]\n69-71 Ellen Street: Port Pirie Customs House[18]\n73-77 Ellen Street: Port Pirie (Ellen Street) railway station[19]\n79-81 Ellen Street: Port Pirie Post Office[20]\n85 Ellen Street: Development Board Building[21]\n94 Ellen Street: Sample Rooms, rear of Portside Tavern[22]\n134 Ellen Street: Family Hotel[23]\n32 Florence Street: Carn Brae[24]\n50-52 Florence Street: Waterside Workers' Federation Building[25]\n105 Gertrude Street: Good Samaritan Catholic Convent School[26]\nMemorial Drive: Second World War Memorial Gates[27]\n5 Norman Street: AMP Society Building, Port Pirie[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_and/or_Torres_Strait_Islander"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS2021-1"}],"text":"In the 2021 census, the population of the Port Pirie urban area was 13,896 people. Approximately 51.0% of the population were female, 85.9% were Australian born, and 5.2% were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people.[citation needed]Port Pirie has significant Italian and Greek communities.[citation needed]In 2021, the most popular industries for employment were copper, silver, lead and zinc smelting and refining (11.0%), non-psychiatric hospitals (6.0%), residential aged care (4.3%), other social assistance services (4.2%) and supermarket and grocery stores (3.9%). The unemployment rate was 7.7%. The median weekly household income was A$1044 per week. 48.5% of the population identified with no religion, while 21.0% identified themselves as Catholic.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"Spencer Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Flinders Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Ranges"}],"text":"Port Pirie is at an elevation of 4 metres above sea level. It is approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) inland, on the Pirie River, which is a tidal saltwater inlet from Spencer Gulf. It is on the coastal plain between Spencer Gulf to the west, and the Flinders Ranges to the east.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot-semi arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Trewartha:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"Goyder's Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goyder%27s_Line"},{"link_name":"mallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_Woodlands_and_Shrublands"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"Australian Bureau of Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Meteorology"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Port Pirie experiences a hot-semi arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), Trewartha: BSal). It has hot, dry summers; mild to warm, relatively dry springs and autumns; and mild, relatively dry winters.Port Pirie exists in a region with a semi-arid climate, outside Goyder's Line, surrounded by mallee scrub. Average daily maximum temperatures vary, from a mild 16.4 °C in winter, to 32.0 °C in summer. Its average annual rainfall is 345.2 millimetres, most of which falls in winter. The city is fairly sunny, receiving 125.0 clear days annually, with the sunny days being more concentrated in the summer.Climate data for Port Pirie Nyrstar Comparison, South Australia, Australia (1877-2012 normals and extremes); 2 m AMSL\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n46.3(115.3)\n\n45.5(113.9)\n\n42.5(108.5)\n\n37.7(99.9)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n39.5(103.1)\n\n44.0(111.2)\n\n44.6(112.3)\n\n46.3(115.3)\n\n\nMean maximum °C (°F)\n\n39.9(103.8)\n\n39.3(102.7)\n\n35.6(96.1)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n35.8(96.4)\n\n37.7(99.9)\n\n39.9(103.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n24.5(76.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n17.7(63.9)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n12.7(54.8)\n\n\nMean minimum °C (°F)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n7.1(44.8)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n0.3(32.5)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n18.6(0.73)\n\n17.8(0.70)\n\n18.6(0.73)\n\n27.5(1.08)\n\n38.2(1.50)\n\n40.7(1.60)\n\n33.9(1.33)\n\n34.9(1.37)\n\n35.5(1.40)\n\n33.3(1.31)\n\n24.1(0.95)\n\n23.0(0.91)\n\n346.1(13.61)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n2.1\n\n1.8\n\n2.3\n\n3.5\n\n5.5\n\n6.6\n\n6.7\n\n6.6\n\n5.4\n\n4.6\n\n3.5\n\n2.8\n\n51.4\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n44.5\n\n47.5\n\n49.0\n\n54.0\n\n65.0\n\n71.0\n\n69.0\n\n63.0\n\n55.5\n\n49.5\n\n47.0\n\n45.5\n\n55.0\n\n\nAverage dew point °C (°F)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n9.7(49.4)\n\n\nSource: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1877-2012 normals and extremes)[29]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augusta Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Highway"},{"link_name":"Port Pirie Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Pirie_Airport"}],"text":"Port Pirie is 5 km (3 mi) off the Augusta Highway. It is serviced by Port Pirie Airport, six kilometres south of the city.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Railways"},{"link_name":"Port Pirie-Cockburn line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Brook-Broken_Hill_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_railway_station,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Broken Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Hill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ellen Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Pirie_(Ellen_Street)_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"break-of-gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break-of-gauge"},{"link_name":"Adelaide-Redhill line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide-Port_Augusta_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Railways"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Trans-Australian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Australian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Port Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Augusta_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Port Pirie Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Pirie_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"gauge conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion"},{"link_name":"Port Pirie to Broken Hill line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Brook-Broken_Hill_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Mary Elie Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Pirie_(Mary_Elie_Street)_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Railways"},{"link_name":"South Australian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Railways"},{"link_name":"Australian National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Railways_Commission"},{"link_name":"Coonamia station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coonamia_railway_station"},{"link_name":"GM class locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Railways_GM_class"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Bowmans Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowmans_Rail"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Railways","text":"The first railway in Port Pirie opened in 1875 when the South Australian Railways 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge Port Pirie-Cockburn line opened to Gladstone, ultimately being extended to Broken Hill.[30] The original Ellen Street station was located on the street with the track running down the middle.[31][32] The station today is occupied by the Port Pirie National Trust Museum.[33]In 1937, it became a break-of-gauge station when the broad gauge Adelaide-Redhill line was extended to Port Pirie. At the same time the Commonwealth Railways standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway was extended south from Port Augusta to terminate at the new Port Pirie Junction station where it met the broad gauge line, in the suburb of Solomontown.[34][35]As far back as 1943, a plan existed to build a new station to remove trains from Ellen Street.[36] As part of the gauge conversion of the Port Pirie to Broken Hill line, Mary Elie Street station was built to replace both Ellen Street and Port Pirie Junction stations.[37]When opened, the new station was the meeting point for the Commonwealth Railways and South Australian Railways networks with through trains changing locomotives and crews, so the disadvantages were not as notable. However, after both became part of Australian National in July 1975 and trains began to operate in and out with the same locomotives, trains began to operate via Coonamia station on the outskirts of the city.Mary Ellie Street station was eventually closed in the 1990s and in 2009 was redeveloped as the city's library. Until 2012, a GM class locomotive and three carriages were stabled at the platform.[38]A freight line continues to operate into Port Pirie, feeding the metals plant with raw materials from Broken Hill, and transporting the processed material to Adelaide. This line is managed by Bowmans Rail.[39]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flinders Ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Ports"},{"link_name":"Handymax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handymax"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Sea transport","text":"Port Pirie's marine facilities, managed by Flinders Ports, handle up to 100 ship visits annually, up to Handymax size, for commodities such as mineral concentrates, refined lead and zinc, coal, grain, and general cargo.[40]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Pirie_Bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Bridge to nowhere","text":"John Pirie BridgeJohn Pirie Bridge, locally known as 'the bridge to nowhere', was built in the 1970s to encourage development of industry on the other side of Port Pirie Creek. Construction cost $410,000 and lasted 26 weeks. It was officially named the John Pirie Bridge in 1980. The land across the bridge remains undeveloped.[41]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"silos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_silo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Pirie&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zinifex_PP-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC2018-5"},{"link_name":"Umicore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umicore"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"The main industries are the smelting of metals, and the operation of silos to hold grain.[citation needed]As of 2020[update], Port Pirie is the locality of the largest lead smelter and refinery in the southern hemisphere; a lead smelter has been there since the 1880s. The owner since 2007, Nyrstar, is the city's main employer.,[6] and high blood lead levels in the local population are an ongoing concern.[5] In 2006 Zinifex formed a joint venture with Umicore to create Nyrstar, which owns the smelter, with the intention that it would eventually be an entity separate from the parent companies.[42][43]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Pirie Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Pirie_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"multi-purpose stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"A $3.3 million cultural precinct funded by the Port Pirie Regional Council and the Federal Government was completed in 2010. A committee is also looking at building a multi-purpose stadium.[needs update] The swimming pool was modernised after receiving a $1 million refit. A major waste recovery facility was opened in 2013, in which all waste and recycled material is sorted under one roof. In 2012 Port Pirie Regional Council completed a $5 million community water recycling project with Nyrstar which allows 350 megalitres of water from the smelter to be reused. Plans are under way to establish a large shopping complex in the city with an additional supermarket and department store. The city's population is continually growing and property prices continue to rise. The Port Pirie Regional Council has a number of large projects that will be launched or completed next financial year.[needs update]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Waterfront development","text":"The PPRC completed a major redevelopment of its foreshore area in 2014 including the construction of the Solomontown Beach Plaza, opening up Beach abroad to through traffic, replacing lighting along the beach and improving security. In addition, by the end of 2014, the council aims to replace and duplicate the current Solomontown boat ramp and undertake dredging in the vicinity of the ramp. This investment is aimed at creating a waterfront which will revitalise the area from the Main Road boat ramp up to the area off Ellen street.[needs update]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lead poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"lead levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenby10.com-46"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenby10.com-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Further information: Lead poisoningLead smelters contribute to several environmental problems, especially raised lead levels in the blood of some of the town population. The problem is particularly significant in many children who have grown up in the area. A state government project addressed this.[44][needs update] Nyrstar plans to progressively reduce lead in blood levels such that ultimately 95% of all children meet the national goal of 10 micrograms per decilitre. This has been known as the \"tenby10\" project. Community lead in blood levels in children are now at less than half the level that they were in the mid 1980s.[45]The Port Pirie smelter conducted a project to reduce lead levels in children to less than 10 micrograms per decilitre by the end of 2010.[46][needs update]The goal we are committed to achieving is for at least 95% of our children aged 0 to 4 to have a blood lead level below ten micrograms per decilitre of blood (the first ten in tenby10) by the end of 2010 (the second ten in tenby10).[46]Higher concentrations of lead have been found in the organs of bottlenose dolphins stranded near the lead smelter, compared to dolphins stranded elsewhere in South Australia.[47] The health impacts of these metals on dolphins has been examined and some associations between high metal concentrations and kidney toxicity were noted.[48]","title":"Efforts to combat lead poisoning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"TAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_and_Further_Education"},{"link_name":"state school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLAgov-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLAgov-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLAgov-52"}],"text":"Port Pirie has many educational institutions, including John Pirie Secondary School[49] (years 8-12), St Mark's College[50] (Foundation - year 12), Mid North Christian College[51] (reception - year 12), many preschools and primary schools, and a TAFE campus (adult education).Risdon Park High School (formerly Port Pirie Technical High School) was a co-ed state school.[52][53] In 1973, Port Pire Technical High School changed its name to Ridson Park High School,[52] and in 1995 the school merged with Port Pirie High School forming John Pirie Secondary School.[52]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_Pirie_Railway_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ellen Street railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Pirie_(Ellen_Street)_railway_station"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pprc-54"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_country_music"},{"link_name":"Keith Michell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Michell"},{"link_name":"Warnertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnertown"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Elena Carapetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Carapetis"},{"link_name":"State Theatre Company South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Theatre_Company_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Dunstan Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunstan_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"KOJO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KOJO_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Country Arts SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Arts_SA"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"The former Ellen Street railway station, now a museumPort Pirie is home to the National Trust Historic and Folk Museum and Memorial Park,[citation needed] and the Port Pirie Regional Art Gallery also serves the regional community.[54]Every September and October the city hosts a country music festival.The Keith Michell Theatre, within the Northern Festival Centre, is named after the renowned actor Keith Michell, who grew up in Warnertown, 5 km (3 mi) from Port Pirie.[citation needed]A play by actress and playwright Elena Carapetis, The Gods of Strangers, set in Port Pirie, is based on the oral histories of Greek, Cypriot and Italian people who migrated to regional South Australia after World War II. It was staged by the State Theatre Company South Australia in 2018.[55][56] It played at the Dunstan Playhouse in Adelaide as well as in Port Pirie. It was also filmed by local production company KOJO and intended to be shown by Country Arts SA in regional cinemas in 2020, but it was later shown online owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia.[57]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recorder_(Port_Pirie)"},{"link_name":"The Transcontinental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transcontinental"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"The Flinders News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flinders_News"},{"link_name":"The Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)"},{"link_name":"Port Pirie Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Port_Pirie_Advertiser"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"SBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cross_Austereo"},{"link_name":"Austar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austar"},{"link_name":"ABC 639AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_North_and_West_SA"},{"link_name":"ABC 891AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Radio_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"ABC Classic FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Classic"},{"link_name":"Radio National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_National"},{"link_name":"ABC NewsRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_NewsRadio"},{"link_name":"triple j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J"}],"text":"The town's main newspaper, The Recorder, was first published 21 March 1885 as The Port Pirie Advocate and Areas News. In 1971, a brief experiment, known as the Northern Observer (7 July - 30 August 1971), occurred when The Recorder and The Transcontinental from Port Augusta were published under a combined title in Port Pirie.[58] The Recorder, which is still in print today (Tuesdays and Thursdays), has recently changed to a morning paper, after being delivered at around 3:00 pm.[59] Other Port Pirie newspapers include the free The Flinders News (Wednesdays), and The Advertiser, which covers some Port Pirie news, but to a very small extent.Another newspaper, the Port Pirie Advertiser (7 April 1898 – 28 June 1924) was also published by Robert Osborne.[60] A further publication was the short-lived Saturday Times (6 December 1913 – 15 August 1914), printed by Roy Harold Butler and closed at the start of the Great War.[61]Television coverage in the city is provided by the ABC, SBS, Southern Cross (7, 9 and 10) and Austar. Several radio stations cover Port Pirie, including ABC 639AM, ABC 891AM, 1044 5CS, 1242 5AU, ABC Classic FM, Radio National, ABC NewsRadio, triple j, Magic FM and Trax FM (a community radio station).","title":"News media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"division of Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Grey"},{"link_name":"Rowan Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"electoral district of Frome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Frome"},{"link_name":"Rob Kerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Kerin"},{"link_name":"Australian Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"2009 Frome by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frome_state_by-election,_2009"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byelection1-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byelection2-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byelection1-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byelection2-66"}],"sub_title":"State and federal","text":"The results shown are from \"Port Pirie West\", the largest polling booth in Port Pirie, which is at the SA TAFE Campus.Port Pirie is part of the federal division of Grey, and has been represented by Liberal MP Rowan Ramsey since 2007. Grey is held with a margin of 4.43% but is considered a safe Liberal seat.The city is part of the state electoral district of Frome, which had been held since 1993 by former Liberal Premier, Rob Kerin, with a margin of 3.4%. It also has been considered a safe Liberal seat.Although the region is generally Liberal-leaning because of its agricultural base, Port Pirie is an industrial centre that is favourable to the Australian Labor Party.In late 2008, Rob Kerin announced his retirement, which led to a by-election being held in January 2009. Port Pirie mayor Geoff Brock announced his candidacy as an independent, and subsequently took the seat from the Liberals at the 2009 Frome by-election. After the poll for the by-election had closed and first preferences had been counted, (but before other preferences had been distributed), the result was Lib: 39.2%; ALP: 26.1%; Brock 23.6%; Nat: 6.6%; Greens: 3.8%; Other: 0.7%.[65][66]State Opposition Leader Martin Hamilton-Smith (Liberal Party) claimed victory, prematurely.[67] Distribution of National Party, Greens and other preferences placed Brock ahead of the ALP candidate. Hence with the assistance of the ALP candidate's preferences, Geoff Brock won the by-election 51.7% to 48.3% for the Liberal candidate.[65][66]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Pirie Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Pirie_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Local government","text":"Port Pirie and some of the sparsely inhabited areas around it are in the Port Pirie Regional Council local government area.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brodie Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodie_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Magarey Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magarey_Medal"},{"link_name":"Mark Bickley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bickley"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Crows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Crows"},{"link_name":"Abby Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Canberra Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Mark Jamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Jamar"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Demons"},{"link_name":"Lewis Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Sydney Swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"Sam Mayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Mayes"},{"link_name":"North Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Lions"},{"link_name":"Port Adelaide FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Adelaide_FC"},{"link_name":"Nip Pellew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nip_Pellew"},{"link_name":"David Tiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tiller"},{"link_name":"Elijah Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Ware"}],"sub_title":"Sportspeople","text":"Brodie Atkinson (1972-), St. Kilda, Adelaide Crows, North Adelaide premiership player (1991), Sturt premiership player (2002) and Magarey Medal winner (1997)\nMark Bickley (1969-), Adelaide Crows dual premiership captain\nAbby Bishop (1989-), Canberra Capitals basketball player\nMark Jamar (1982-), Melbourne Demons player\nLewis Johnston (1991-), Sydney Swans and Adelaide Crows football player\nSam Mayes (1994-), North Adelaide, Brisbane Lions (2013-2018) and Port Adelaide FC (2019-) football player\nNip Pellew (1893-1981), Australian test cricketer and North Adelaide player\nDavid Tiller (1958-), North Adelaide Roosters captain and premiership player\nElijah Ware (1983-), Port Adelaide and Central Districts player and premiership player","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoff Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Brock"},{"link_name":"Sir Hugh Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Cairns_(surgeon)"},{"link_name":"Ted Connelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Connelly"},{"link_name":"Lillian Crombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Crombie"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pprc-54"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lacey"},{"link_name":"Keith Michell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Michell"},{"link_name":"John Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Noble"},{"link_name":"Robert Stigwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stigwood"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Geoff Brock, state politician\nSir Hugh Cairns (1896–1952), neurosurgeon\nTed Connelly, state politician\nLillian Crombie (1958–2024), actress[54]\nAndrew Lacey (1887–1946), federal and state politician, state leader of the ALP 1933–1938\nKeith Michell (1928-2015), actor\nJohn Noble (1948-), actor and director\nRobert Stigwood (1934-2016), music entrepreneur and impresario[68][69]","title":"Notable residents"}]	[{"image_text":"The former Sampson's butcher shop at 64-68 Ellen Street has been converted into a residence.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pt_Pirie_butcher_21503.jpg/220px-Pt_Pirie_butcher_21503.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Pirie Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/John_Pirie_Bridge.jpg/220px-John_Pirie_Bridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"The former Ellen Street railway station, now a museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Port_Pirie_Railway_Station.jpg/250px-Port_Pirie_Railway_Station.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Category:People from Port Pirie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Port_Pirie"},{"title":"Diocese of Willochra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Willochra"},{"title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Port Pirie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Port_Pirie"},{"title":"Sir John Pirie, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Pirie,_1st_Baronet"},{"title":"Nyrstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyrstar"}]	[{"reference":"\"2021 Port Pirie (Significant Urban Area), Census All persons QuickStats\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 23 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/4006","url_text":"\"2021 Port Pirie (Significant Urban Area), Census All persons QuickStats\""}]},{"reference":"\"District of Stuart Background Profile\". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 27 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecsa.sa.gov.au/electoral-districts/electoral-district-profiles/stuart","url_text":"\"District of Stuart Background Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA)\". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 27 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/grey.htm","url_text":"\"Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port Pirie Overview\". Nyrstar Limited. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060819231756/http://www.zinifex.com/Index.aspx?link_id=18.778","url_text":"\"Port Pirie Overview\""},{"url":"http://zinifex.com/Index.aspx?link_id=18.778","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Massov, Alexander; Pollard, Marina; Windle, Kevin, eds. (2018). \"Alexander Abaza\" (PDF). A New Rival State?: Australia in Tsarist Diplomatic Communications. ANU Press. p. 304.","urls":[{"url":"http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n4325/pdf/ch08.pdf","url_text":"\"Alexander Abaza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port Pirie Air Force Commemorative Service\". Air Force 100. 23 February 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://airforce2021.airforce.gov.au/event/port-pirie-air-force-commemorative-service","url_text":"\"Port Pirie Air Force Commemorative Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barrier Chambers Offices\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13524","url_text":"\"Barrier Chambers Offices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Adelaide Steamship Company Building\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13525","url_text":"\"Former Adelaide Steamship Company Building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dwelling (former Sampson's Butcher Shop)\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13526","url_text":"\"Dwelling (former Sampson's Butcher Shop)\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Trust Museum (former Port Pirie Customs House)\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13528","url_text":"\"National Trust Museum (former Port Pirie Customs House)\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Trust Museum (former Port Pirie Railway Station)\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13529","url_text":"\"National Trust Museum (former Port Pirie Railway Station)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port Pirie Post Office\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13530","url_text":"\"Port Pirie Post Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Development Board Building (former Port Pirie Courthouse, later Customs House)\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13527","url_text":"\"Development Board Building (former Port Pirie Courthouse, later Customs House)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sample Rooms, rear of Jubilee (former Royal Exchange) Hotel\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13531","url_text":"\"Sample Rooms, rear of Jubilee (former Royal Exchange) Hotel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family Hotel\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13532","url_text":"\"Family Hotel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dwelling ('Carn Brae')\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13533","url_text":"\"Dwelling ('Carn Brae')\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waterside Workers' Federation (former Amalgamated Workers' Association) Building\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13534","url_text":"\"Waterside Workers' Federation (former Amalgamated Workers' Association) Building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Good Samaritan Catholic Convent School\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13535","url_text":"\"Good Samaritan Catholic Convent School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Second World War Memorial Gates\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13536","url_text":"\"Second World War Memorial Gates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former AMP [Australian Mutual Provident Society] Port Pirie Office Building\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13537","url_text":"\"Former AMP [Australian Mutual Provident Society] Port Pirie Office Building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port Pirie Nyrstar Comparison, SA Climate (1877-2012 normals and extremes)\". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 3 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_021043_All.shtml","url_text":"\"Port Pirie Nyrstar Comparison, SA Climate (1877-2012 normals and extremes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Meteorology","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Meteorology"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Andrew (1982). Railway Stations of Australia. South Melbourne: MacMillan Company of Australia. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-333338-53-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333338-53-7","url_text":"0-333338-53-7"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us - Bowman's Rail\". www.bowmansrail.com.au. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160911203756/http://www.bowmansrail.com.au/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us - Bowman's Rail\""},{"url":"http://www.bowmansrail.com.au/about-us/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ladgrove, Petria (7 December 2009). \"Bridge To Nowhere\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2009/12/07/2763786.htm","url_text":"\"Bridge To Nowhere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zinifex and Umicore seek to create the world's leading producer of zinc metal\". Zinifex Limited. Australian Securities Exchange. 12 December 2006. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070325234959/http://asx.com.au/asx/statistics/showAnnouncementPDF.do?idsID=00677174","url_text":"\"Zinifex and Umicore seek to create the world's leading producer of zinc metal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange","url_text":"Australian Securities Exchange"},{"url":"http://asx.com.au/asx/statistics/showAnnouncementPDF.do?idsID=00677174","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zinifex, Umicore to combine zinc assets\". The Age. 12 December 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/12/12/1165685650493.html","url_text":"\"Zinifex, Umicore to combine zinc assets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"\"Pt Pirie Environmental Health Centre\". Retrieved 11 June 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.health.sa.gov.au/pehs/branches/branch-ptpirie.htm","url_text":"\"Pt Pirie Environmental Health Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zinifex Port Pirie Strategy\". Zinifex Limited. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928222714/http://www.zinifex.com/index.aspx?link_id=18.779","url_text":"\"Zinifex Port Pirie Strategy\""},{"url":"http://www.zinifex.com/index.aspx?link_id=18.779","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"10 by Ten – 10 Ways To Have An Impact\". www.tenby10.com. Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tenby10.com/Index","url_text":"\"10 by Ten – 10 Ways To Have An Impact\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to John Pirie Secondary School's website\". www.johnpirihs.sa.edu.au. Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johnpirihs.sa.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Welcome to John Pirie Secondary School's website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mid North Christian College - Port Pirie, SA - Home\". www.midnorthcc.sa.edu.au. Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.midnorthcc.sa.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Mid North Christian College - Port Pirie, SA - Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Risdon Park High School (S.A.) - Full record view - Libraries Australia Search\". librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 11 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=35960325","url_text":"\"Risdon Park High School (S.A.) - Full record view - Libraries Australia Search\""}]},{"reference":"CARASS (14 March 2013). Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Mathematical Education. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4757-4238-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gzaYBwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=%22Risdon+Park+High+School%22+-wikipedia&hl=en","url_text":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Mathematical Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-4238-1","url_text":"978-1-4757-4238-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Tribute - Lillian Crombie\". Port Pirie Regional Council. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pirie.sa.gov.au/noticeboard/latest-news/tribute-lillian-crombie","url_text":"\"Tribute - Lillian Crombie\""}]},{"reference":"McLean, CJ (17 November 2018). \"Theatre Review: The Gods of Strangers\". Glam Adelaide. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://glamadelaide.com.au/theatre-review-the-gods-of-strangers/","url_text":"\"Theatre Review: The Gods of Strangers\""}]},{"reference":"Carapetis, Elena (17 January 2019). \"The Gods Of Strangers\". State Theatre Company. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://statetheatrecompany.com.au/shows/the-gods-of-strangers/","url_text":"\"The Gods Of Strangers\""}]},{"reference":"Marsh, Walter (19 June 2020). \"The Gods of Strangers to return for online season\". The Adelaide Review. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/arts/performing-arts/2020/06/19/gods-of-strangers-to-return-for-online-season/","url_text":"\"The Gods of Strangers to return for online season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adelaide_Review","url_text":"The Adelaide Review"}]},{"reference":"Laube, Anthony. \"LibGuides: SA Newspapers: M-N\". guides.slsa.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/c.php?g=410317&p=2796365","url_text":"\"LibGuides: SA Newspapers: M-N\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port Pirie advertiser\". www.samemory.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 5 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?c=6275","url_text":"\"Port Pirie advertiser\""}]},{"reference":"Laube, Anthony. \"LibGuides: SA Newspapers: S\". guides.slsa.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 24 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/c.php?g=410317&p=2796357","url_text":"\"LibGuides: SA Newspapers: S\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Port_Pirie&params=33_11_9_S_138_1_1_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"33°11′9″S 138°1′1″E / 33.18583°S 138.01694°E / -33.18583; 138.01694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Port_Pirie&params=33_11_9_S_138_1_1_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"33°11′9″S 138°1′1″E / 33.18583°S 138.01694°E / -33.18583; 138.01694"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Pirie&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/4006","external_links_name":"\"2021 Port Pirie (Significant Urban Area), Census All persons QuickStats\""},{"Link":"https://ecsa.sa.gov.au/electoral-districts/electoral-district-profiles/stuart","external_links_name":"\"District of Stuart 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damaged"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-22/lead-exposure-hits-10-year-high-in-port-pirie/13178240","external_links_name":"Port Pirie lead levels in two-year-olds hit 10-year high after Nyrstar's EPA licence breach"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/163809700?q&sort=holdings+desc&_=1370392639995&versionId=178587537","external_links_name":"Mining Towns: making a living, making a life'"},{"Link":"http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n4325/pdf/ch08.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Alexander Abaza\""},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/163809700?q&sort=holdings+desc&_=1370392639995&versionId=178587537","external_links_name":"Mining Towns"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/163809700?q&sort=holdings+desc&_=1370392639995&versionId=178587537","external_links_name":"Mining Towns"},{"Link":"https://airforce2021.airforce.gov.au/event/port-pirie-air-force-commemorative-service","external_links_name":"\"Port Pirie Air Force Commemorative 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Theatre_(Port_Hope)	Capitol Theatre (Port Hope)	["1 History","2 Architecture","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°57′04″N 78°17′35″W / 43.95099°N 78.2931°W / 43.95099; -78.2931Theatre in Port Hope, Ontario, Canada For other uses, see Capitol Theatre. The Capitol Theatre was named a National Historic Site in 2016 The Capitol Theatre is located in Port Hope, Ontario, and is one of the last fully restored atmospheric movie theatres still in operation in Canada. Now a National Historic Site and still used for performances, it was constructed in 1930, with an interior designed to resemble a walled medieval courtyard surrounded by a forest. It was one of the first cinemas in the country built expressly for talking pictures. It opened on Friday, August 15, 1930, screening Queen High starring Charlie Ruggles and Ginger Rogers. History The Capitol Theatre, located at 20 Queen Street, Port Hope, Ontario, was built by Famous Players in 1930 following the closure of the Grand Opera House (Music Hall) the previous year. Famous Players was convinced that the project would be worth undertaking after the former Opera House manager, Stuart Smart, lobbied the company. The theatre cost 60,000 dollars to build, the interior is styled to resemble a Norman Castle. On opening night the theatre was outfitted with 648 seats (later scaled back to 550). The building itself was designed by the former President of the Ontario Association of Architects, Murray Brown, who oversaw the construction by Thomas Garnet and Sons, a local firm responsible for many landmarks of the area, including the 1927 addition to the Port Hope High School. In 1945 the Capitol Theatre was sold to Premier theatres. Premier continued to operate the theatre until February 1987, when declining profits led to the decision to put the Capitol up for sale in 1986. The last movies to be shown were Assassination and Firewalker, following which the seats were removed due to it being one of the conditions of sale. After the Friends of the Capitol Theatre failed to get off the ground in the late 1980s; In 1994, a small group of local citizens formed the Capitol Theatre Heritage Foundation, a not-for-profit group led by Rod Stewart. The group subsequently raised $1.6 million for the initial restoration of the Capitol Theatre. The foundation was also tasked with seeking heritage designation for the building. Another $3 million was raised in 2002 for an expansion and further renovation. The construction phase of the project was completed by 2004-2005, when the new Cameco Capitol Arts Centre opened to the public. In 2013, funding from the Ontario Trillium Foundation allowed the Capitol Theatre to upgrade the projection room from 35mm films to digital projection – allowing the theatre to continue to screen new releases. Currently, the Capitol Theatre (which also operates under the title "Cameco Capitol Arts Centre"), operates as both a movie theatre and hosts live stage productions; and is run by staff with the assistance of a large base of volunteers. The theatre was designated a National Historic Site on July 4, 2016. A federal plaque reflecting its status was unveiled in a ceremony on November 15, 2017. Architecture Common in theatre design at the time of the construction of the Capitol Theatre was the layout of a small entrance frontage and a long narrow lobby with the auditorium opening out behind street-front stores. This was because taxes were based on street frontage, land for the larger auditorium was cheaper on back lots and a long narrow lobby connecting the entrance to the auditorium worked well for ticket line-ups. as a theatre built exclusively for talking pictures, it had a small stage, low rake to the floor, no back-stage facilities, a minimal number of washrooms and limited lobby space. Built at the beginning of the , the capitol was designed as an atmospheric movie theatre, a low cost, highly visual Theatre design. Twilight sky, hanging vines and castellated battlements are all part of the Norman Courtyard design; an outdoor illusion, enhanced by clouds projected on to the seamless ceiling by a Brenograph (an innovative machine of the 1920s). The facade begins the illusion that one is approaching a medieval castle with its leaded, diamond paned windows. The exterior Egyptian-motif "Capitol" sign is original to the theatre. It was, apparently erected on instructions from Famous Players, and was not in the original designs. The projecting marquee emulates a drawbridge to the outer lobby with its stenciled detail, faux painted walls and original terrazzo floor, show boards and ticket window. The Art Deco influence of the 1930s construction period is most evident in the paint colours and stencils used in the lobby and auditorium. From the inner lobby with its original furniture, one ascends the steps to the auditorium where frescoed walls and ceiling suggest one is sitting in a medieval castle courtyard, which was created with the use of faux plaster work walls that are finished in 17 different colours. Ceiling plaster was applied in one continuous operation by recruiting a large team of plasterers from miles around, who worked around the clock standing on cedar pole scaffolding, to obtain a seamless sky before the plaster had a chance to dry. Much of the artwork was rendered not in paint but in wet coloured plaster, according to the traditional fresco method. In the trade, these theatres were sometimes called "soft tops" since the illusion was of no ceiling—of being out of doors. Stencils on the proscenium arch are original, as are the wall lanterns. References ^ "History of the Capitol Theatre". www.capitoltheatre.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ "History of the Capitol Theatre". www.capitoltheatre.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ a b c d "Capitol Theatre (Port Hope, Ont.)". Archeion. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ Nasmith, Cecilia (8 May 2013). "Capitol is unique atmospheric theatre, scholar says". Northumberland Today. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ "Port Hope History - Thomas Garnett". porthopehistory.com. Retrieved 2018-01-24. ^ "Port Hope History - Capitol Theatre". www.porthopehistory.com. Retrieved 2018-01-24. ^ "18-22 Queen Street" (PDF). Heritage Port Hope. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ "The Capitol Theatre Heritage Foundation". Ontario Trillium Foundation. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ "Digital movies at Capitol". Northumberland Today. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ Ed, Jon (19 April 2010). "Right from the time the Capitol Theatre was renovated and reopened in the 1990s volunteers have played an essential role". Northumberland Today. Capitol Theatre. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ Port Hope Capitol Theatre Archived July 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Parks Canada backgrounder, July 4, 2016 ^ The Government of Canada Commemorates the National Historic Significance of the Port Hope Capitol Theatre, Parks Canada news release, November 15, 2017 ^ Nasmith, Cecilia (8 May 2013). "Capitol is unique atmospheric theatre, scholar says". Northumberland Today. Retrieved 30 April 2016. External links Capitol Theatre Capitol Theatre History 43°57′04″N 78°17′35″W / 43.95099°N 78.2931°W / 43.95099; -78.2931 Capitol Theatre Foundation fonds	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capitol Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Theater_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capitol_Theatre_Port_Hope.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Port Hope, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Hope,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"atmospheric movie theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"talking pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film"},{"link_name":"Queen High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_High"},{"link_name":"Charlie Ruggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Ruggles"},{"link_name":"Ginger Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Theatre in Port Hope, Ontario, CanadaFor other uses, see Capitol Theatre.The Capitol Theatre was named a National Historic Site in 2016The Capitol Theatre is located in Port Hope, Ontario, and is one of the last fully restored atmospheric movie theatres still in operation in Canada.[1] Now a National Historic Site and still used for performances, it was constructed in 1930, with an interior designed to resemble a walled medieval courtyard surrounded by a forest. It was one of the first cinemas in the country built expressly for talking pictures. It opened on Friday, August 15, 1930, screening Queen High starring Charlie Ruggles and Ginger Rogers.[2]","title":"Capitol Theatre (Port Hope)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Hope, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Hope,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Famous Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Players"},{"link_name":"Famous Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Players"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Authority_Record-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Authority_Record-3"},{"link_name":"Ontario Association of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Association_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Firewalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewalker_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Authority_Record-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heritage_Building_Designation-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Authority_Record-3"},{"link_name":"Cameco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameco"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cameco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameco"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Capitol Theatre, located at 20 Queen Street, Port Hope, Ontario, was built by Famous Players in 1930 following the closure of the Grand Opera House (Music Hall) the previous year. Famous Players was convinced that the project would be worth undertaking after the former Opera House manager, Stuart Smart, lobbied the company.[3]The theatre cost 60,000 dollars to build, the interior is styled to resemble a Norman Castle.[4] On opening night the theatre was outfitted with 648 seats (later scaled back to 550).[3]The building itself was designed by the former President of the Ontario Association of Architects, Murray Brown, who oversaw the construction by Thomas Garnet and Sons, a local firm responsible for many landmarks of the area, including the 1927 addition to the Port Hope High School.[5][6]In 1945 the Capitol Theatre was sold to Premier theatres. Premier continued to operate the theatre until February 1987, when declining profits led to the decision to put the Capitol up for sale in 1986. The last movies to be shown were Assassination and Firewalker, following which the seats were removed due to it being one of the conditions of sale.[3]After the Friends of the Capitol Theatre failed to get off the ground in the late 1980s; In 1994, a small group of local citizens formed the Capitol Theatre Heritage Foundation, a not-for-profit group led by Rod Stewart. The group subsequently raised $1.6 million for the initial restoration of the Capitol Theatre. The foundation was also tasked with seeking heritage designation for the building.[7]Another $3 million was raised in 2002 for an expansion and further renovation.[3] The construction phase of the project was completed by 2004-2005, when the new Cameco Capitol Arts Centre opened to the public.In 2013, funding from the Ontario Trillium Foundation allowed the Capitol Theatre to upgrade the projection room from 35mm films to digital projection – allowing the theatre to continue to screen new releases.[8][9]Currently, the Capitol Theatre (which also operates under the title \"Cameco Capitol Arts Centre\"), operates as both a movie theatre and hosts live stage productions; and is run by staff with the assistance of a large base of volunteers.[10] The theatre was designated a National Historic Site on July 4, 2016.[11] A federal plaque reflecting its status was unveiled in a ceremony on November 15, 2017.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atmospheric movie theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_theatre"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Famous Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Players"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"proscenium arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium_arch"}],"text":"Common in theatre design at the time of the construction of the Capitol Theatre was the layout of a small entrance frontage and a long narrow lobby with the auditorium opening out behind street-front stores. This was because taxes were based on street frontage, land for the larger auditorium was cheaper on back lots and a long narrow lobby connecting the entrance to the auditorium worked well for ticket line-ups. as a theatre built exclusively for talking pictures, it had a small stage, low rake to the floor, no back-stage facilities, a minimal number of washrooms and limited lobby space.Built at the beginning of the [Great Depression in Canada], the capitol was designed as an atmospheric movie theatre, a low cost, highly visual Theatre design. Twilight sky, hanging vines and castellated battlements are all part of the Norman Courtyard design;[13] an outdoor illusion, enhanced by clouds projected on to the seamless ceiling by a Brenograph (an innovative machine of the 1920s).The facade begins the illusion that one is approaching a medieval castle with its leaded, diamond paned windows. The exterior Egyptian-motif \"Capitol\" sign is original to the theatre. 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Much of the artwork was rendered not in paint but in wet coloured plaster, according to the traditional fresco method. In the trade, these theatres were sometimes called \"soft tops\" since the illusion was of no ceiling—of being out of doors. Stencils on the proscenium arch are original, as are the wall lanterns.","title":"Architecture"}]	[{"image_text":"The Capitol Theatre was named a National Historic Site in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Capitol_Theatre_Port_Hope.jpg/285px-Capitol_Theatre_Port_Hope.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"History of the Capitol Theatre\". www.capitoltheatre.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. 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Retrieved 30 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northumberlandtoday.com/2010/04/19/right-from-the-time-the-capitol-theatre-was-renovated-and-reopened-in-the-1990s-volunteers-have-played-an-essential-role","url_text":"\"Right from the time the Capitol Theatre was renovated and reopened in the 1990s volunteers have played an essential role\""}]},{"reference":"Nasmith, Cecilia (8 May 2013). \"Capitol is unique atmospheric theatre, scholar says\". Northumberland Today. Retrieved 30 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northumberlandtoday.com/2013/05/08/capitol-is-unique-atmospheric-theatre-scholar-says","url_text":"\"Capitol is unique atmospheric theatre, scholar says\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Capitol_Theatre_(Port_Hope)&params=43.95099_N_78.2931_W_","external_links_name":"43°57′04″N 78°17′35″W / 43.95099°N 78.2931°W / 43.95099; -78.2931"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160425085252/http://capitoltheatre.com/?page_id=216","external_links_name":"\"History of the Capitol Theatre\""},{"Link":"http://capitoltheatre.com/?page_id=216","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160425085252/http://capitoltheatre.com/?page_id=216","external_links_name":"\"History of the Capitol Theatre\""},{"Link":"http://capitoltheatre.com/?page_id=216","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.archeion.ca/capitol-theatre","external_links_name":"\"Capitol Theatre (Port Hope, Ont.)\""},{"Link":"http://www.northumberlandtoday.com/2013/05/08/capitol-is-unique-atmospheric-theatre-scholar-says","external_links_name":"\"Capitol is unique atmospheric theatre, scholar says\""},{"Link":"http://porthopehistory.com/garnett/","external_links_name":"\"Port Hope History - Thomas Garnett\""},{"Link":"http://www.porthopehistory.com/capitol/","external_links_name":"\"Port Hope History - Capitol Theatre\""},{"Link":"http://www.heritageporthope.com/QUEEN18-22.pdf","external_links_name":"\"18-22 Queen Street\""},{"Link":"http://www.otf.ca/capitol-theatre-heritage-foundation","external_links_name":"\"The Capitol Theatre Heritage Foundation\""},{"Link":"http://www.northumberlandtoday.com/2013/05/06/digital-movies-at-capitol","external_links_name":"\"Digital movies at Capitol\""},{"Link":"http://www.northumberlandtoday.com/2010/04/19/right-from-the-time-the-capitol-theatre-was-renovated-and-reopened-in-the-1990s-volunteers-have-played-an-essential-role","external_links_name":"\"Right from the time the Capitol Theatre was renovated and reopened in the 1990s volunteers have played an essential role\""},{"Link":"http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=1092679","external_links_name":"Port Hope Capitol Theatre"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160705133924/http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=1092679","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada/news/2017/10/the_government_ofcanadacommemoratesthenationalhistoricsignifican.html","external_links_name":"The Government of Canada Commemorates the National Historic Significance of the Port Hope Capitol Theatre"},{"Link":"http://www.northumberlandtoday.com/2013/05/08/capitol-is-unique-atmospheric-theatre-scholar-says","external_links_name":"\"Capitol is unique atmospheric theatre, scholar says\""},{"Link":"https://capitoltheatre.com/","external_links_name":"Capitol Theatre"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131127002031/http://porthopehistory.com/capitol/capitol_index.htm","external_links_name":"Capitol Theatre History"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Capitol_Theatre_(Port_Hope)&params=43.95099_N_78.2931_W_","external_links_name":"43°57′04″N 78°17′35″W / 43.95099°N 78.2931°W / 43.95099; -78.2931"},{"Link":"http://www.archeion.ca/capitol-theatre-foundation-fonds","external_links_name":"Capitol Theatre Foundation fonds"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Palliser_(bishop)	William Palliser (bishop)	["1 Life","2 References"]	English clergyman and academic (1644–1726) The Most ReverendWilliam PalliserArchbishop of CashelChurchChurch of IrelandDioceseDiocese of CashelIn office1694 to 1727PredecessorNarcissus MarshSuccessorWilliam NicolsonOther post(s)Bishop of Cloyne (1692–1694) Professor of Divinity, Trinity College Dublin (1678–1692)OrdersOrdinationNovember 1669 (deacon) 28 January 1670 (priest)Consecration14 February 1692Personal detailsNationalityEnglishDenominationAnglicanism William Palliser (1644 – 1 January 1726 Old Style) was an clergyman (Church of Ireland) and academic. He was professor of divinity at Trinity College Dublin, then successively Church of Ireland Bishop of Cloyne and Archbishop of Cashel. Life The Cathedral Church of Saint John the Baptist and Saint Patrick's Rock, Cashel, the episcopal seat of the Church of Ireland archbishops. Palliser was of English birth, his grandfather, John Palliser, Esquire, being of Newby-super-Wiske, Yorkshire. He was baptised at Kirby Wiske on 28 July 1644, the son of John Palliser. He was educated at Northallerton Grammar School but his father had died before he entered Trinity College Dublin in 1660. In 1668, he was elected a Fellow of Trinity, and in November 1669 he was ordained a deacon of the Church of Ireland. On 28 January he was ordained to the priesthood in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. In October 1670 Palliser was elected as medicus of Trinity and in 1678 was appointed as professor of divinity. He gave the Latin oration at the funeral of Archbishop James Margetson of Armagh in September 1678. On 14 February 1692/93, a year after the battle of the Boyne, Palliser was consecrated Bishop of Cloyne. On 10 April 1694 he was nominated as Archbishop of Cashel, this appointment being confirmed by letters patent dated 26 June 1694. After his translation he held the see until his death on 1 January 1726/27. He was buried in January 1726/7, at St. Andrew's in Dublin. Palliser married, firstly, Elizabeth Hoey, daughter of William Hoey, M.P. for Naas, Ireland, and their only child was buried 17 September 1683, at St Peter & St Kevin, Dublin. His wife was buried shortly afterwards, on 21 or 26 September 1683, at St Werburgh's in Dublin, Ireland. His second wife, Mary Wheeler, was the widow of William Greatreakes, whom she had married in December, 1683. He died on 27 September 1686, at which time his widow was pregnant. He was the son of Valentine Greatrakes, the well-known faith healer. By his second wife, he had one son, William Palliser (who married Jane Pennefather and died childless in 1769) and one daughter, Jane, who married John Bury of Shannon Grove. Their eldest son, William Bury, was High Sheriff of County Limerick and was father of Charles Bury, 1st Earl of Charleville. The second son, John, assumed the name and arms of Palliser and was the ancestor of the brothers, Sir William Palliser, M.P. and Captain John Palliser. Palliser was a substantial benefactor of his old college, Trinity. References Christianity portal ^ a b c Parish Register ^ Dictionary of National Biography ^ Alumni Dublinenses ^ a b PALLISER, WILLIAM (1646-1727) at palliser.co.uk ^ G. S. Gary: Some Irish Lists. (Society of Genealogists, London) ^ Family romance; or, Episodes in the domestic annals of the aristocracy. (London, Hurst and Blackett, 1854) ^ Will of William Greatrakes of Affane 1685 ^ Sir Bernard Burke, The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales (1864), p. 772 vteRegius Professors of DivinityUniversity of Oxford Richard Smyth Peter Martyr Richard Smyth Juan de Villagarcia Richard Smyth Lawrence Humphrey Thomas Holland Robert Abbot John Prideaux Robert Sanderson Robert Crosse Joshua Hoyle John Conant Robert Sanderson William Creed Richard Allestree William Jane John Potter George Rye John Fanshawe Edward Bentham Benjamin Wheeler John Randolph Charles Henry Hall William Howley William Van Mildert Frodsham Hodson Charles Lloyd Edward Burton Renn Hampden William Jacobson Robert Payne Smith James Bowling Mozley William Ince Henry Scott Holland Arthur Headlam Henry Leighton Goudge Oliver Chase Quick Leonard Hodgson Henry Chadwick Maurice Wiles Keith Ward Marilyn McCord Adams Graham Ward University of Cambridge Edward Wigan John Madew Martin Bucer John Young Thomas Sedgwick James Pilkington Leonard Pilkington Matthew Hutton John Whitgift William Chaderton William Whitaker John Overall John Richardson Samuel Collins John Arrowsmith Anthony Tuckney Peter Gunning Joseph Beaumont Henry James Richard Bentley John Whalley John Green Thomas Rutherforth Richard Watson John Kaye Thomas Turton Alfred Ollivant James Amiraux Jeremie Brooke Foss Westcott Henry Barclay Swete Vincent Henry Stanton Alexander Nairne Charles Earle Raven Arthur Michael Ramsey John Burnaby Edward C. Ratcliff Dennis Eric Nineham Geoffrey Hugo Lampe Henry Chadwick Stephen Sykes David Frank Ford Ian Alexander McFarland David Fergusson Trinity College Dublin Luke Challoner James Ussher Samuel Ward Joshua Hoyle Richard Lingard Michael Ward William Palliser George Browne Owen Lloyd Richard Baldwin Claudius Gilbert Henry Clarke John Pellisier John Lawson James Drought Richard Graves Charles Richard Elrington Joseph Henderson Singer Samuel Butcher George Salmon John Gwynn John Ernest Leonard Oulton Richard Randall Hartford Hugh Frederic Woodhouse vteAnglican Archbishops of Cashel James MacCawell Miler Magrath Malcolm Hamilton Archibald Hamilton Thomas Fulwar Thomas Price Narcissus Marsh William Palliser William Nicolson Timothy Goodwin Theophilus Bolton Arthur Price John Whitcombe Michael Cox Charles Agar Charles Brodrick Richard Laurence vteBishops of Cloyne George Synge Patrick Sheridan Edward Jones William Palliser Tobias Pullen St George Ashe John Pooley Charles Crow Henry Maule Edward Synge George Berkeley James Stopford Robert Johnson Frederick Hervey Charles Agar George Chinnery Richard Woodward William Bennet Charles Warburton John Brinkley Authority control databases: People Ireland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cloyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Cloyne"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Cashel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cashel"}],"text":"William Palliser (1644 – 1 January 1726 Old Style) was an clergyman (Church of Ireland) and academic. He was professor of divinity at Trinity College Dublin, then successively Church of Ireland Bishop of Cloyne and Archbishop of Cashel.","title":"William Palliser (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CashelCICathedral.JPG"},{"link_name":"The Cathedral Church of Saint John the Baptist and Saint Patrick's Rock, Cashel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_Church_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_and_Saint_Patrick%27s_Rock,_Cashel"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire"},{"link_name":"Newby-super-Wiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newby_Wiske"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Kirby Wiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Wiske"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parish_Register-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Archbishop James Margetson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Margetson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palliser-4"},{"link_name":"battle of the Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palliser-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parish_Register-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parish_Register-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Valentine Greatrakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Greatrakes"},{"link_name":"Shannon Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Grove"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charles Bury, 1st Earl of Charleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bury,_1st_Earl_of_Charleville"},{"link_name":"William Palliser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Palliser"},{"link_name":"John Palliser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Palliser"}],"text":"The Cathedral Church of Saint John the Baptist and Saint Patrick's Rock, Cashel, the episcopal seat of the Church of Ireland archbishops.Palliser was of English birth, his grandfather, John Palliser, Esquire, being of Newby-super-Wiske, Yorkshire. He was baptised at Kirby Wiske on 28 July 1644, the son of John Palliser.[1] He was educated at Northallerton Grammar School [2] but his father had died before he entered Trinity College Dublin in 1660.[3]In 1668, he was elected a Fellow of Trinity, and in November 1669 he was ordained a deacon of the Church of Ireland. On 28 January he was ordained to the priesthood in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. In October 1670 Palliser was elected as medicus of Trinity and in 1678 was appointed as professor of divinity. He gave the Latin oration at the funeral of Archbishop James Margetson of Armagh in September 1678.[4]On 14 February 1692/93, a year after the battle of the Boyne, Palliser was consecrated Bishop of Cloyne. On 10 April 1694 he was nominated as Archbishop of Cashel, this appointment being confirmed by letters patent dated 26 June 1694. After his translation he held the see until his death on 1 January 1726/27.[4] He was buried in January 1726/7, at St. Andrew's in Dublin.[1]Palliser married, firstly, Elizabeth Hoey, daughter of William Hoey, M.P. for Naas, Ireland, and their only child was buried 17 September 1683, at St Peter & St Kevin, Dublin.[1] His wife was buried shortly afterwards, on 21 or 26 September 1683, at St Werburgh's in Dublin, Ireland.[5] His second wife, Mary Wheeler, was the widow of William Greatreakes, whom she had married in December, 1683.[6] He died on 27 September 1686, at which time his widow was pregnant.[7] He was the son of Valentine Greatrakes, the well-known faith healer. By his second wife, he had one son, William Palliser (who married Jane Pennefather and died childless in 1769) and one daughter, Jane, who married John Bury of Shannon Grove.[8] Their eldest son, William Bury, was High Sheriff of County Limerick and was father of Charles Bury, 1st Earl of Charleville. The second son, John, assumed the name and arms of Palliser and was the ancestor of the brothers, Sir William Palliser, M.P. and Captain John Palliser.Palliser was a substantial benefactor of his old college, Trinity.","title":"Life"}]	[{"image_text":"The Cathedral Church of Saint John the Baptist and Saint Patrick's Rock, Cashel, the episcopal seat of the Church of Ireland archbishops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CashelCICathedral.JPG/200px-CashelCICathedral.JPG"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.palliser.co.uk/archbishop.htm","external_links_name":"PALLISER, WILLIAM (1646-1727)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WmpmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA772","external_links_name":"p. 772"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.007173.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celaenia	Celaenia	["1 Species","2 References"]	Genus of spiders Celaenia possibly C. excavata Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Araneae Infraorder: Araneomorphae Family: Araneidae Subfamily: Cyrtarachninae s.l. Genus: CelaeniaThorell, 1868 Type species C. excavata(L. Koch, 1867) Species 11, see text Celaenia is a genus of South Pacific orb-weaver spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1868. Species As of April 2019 it contains eleven species: Celaenia atkinsoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880) – Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand Celaenia calotoides Rainbow, 1908 – Australia (New South Wales) Celaenia distincta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) – Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania) Celaenia dubia (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) – Australia (New South Wales, Victoria) Celaenia excavata (L. Koch, 1867) – Australia, New Zealand Celaenia hectori (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880) – New Zealand Celaenia olivacea (Urquhart, 1885) – New Zealand Celaenia penna (Urquhart, 1887) – New Zealand Celaenia tuberosa (Urquhart, 1889) – New Zealand Celaenia tumidosa Urquhart, 1891 – Australia (Tasmania) Celaenia voraginosa Urquhart, 1891 – Australia (Tasmania) References ^ a b "Gen. Celaenia Thorell, 1868". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-12. ^ Thorell, T. (1868). Araneae. Species novae minusve cognitae. Taxon identifiersCelaenia Wikidata: Q143997 Wikispecies: Celaenia ADW: Celaenia AFD: Celaenia BioLib: 467573 BOLD: 289963 CoL: 3JXX EoL: 112777 GBIF: 2158925 iNaturalist: 379529 IRMNG: 1325842 ITIS: 848070 NCBI: 1463316 NZOR: df18b7f1-5e41-413e-9ee0-19339d9140e0 Open Tree of Life: 3571511 uBio: 4106349 WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:01453 This Araneidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"orb-weaver spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araneidae"},{"link_name":"Tamerlan Thorell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamerlan_Thorell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thor1868-2"}],"text":"Celaenia is a genus of South Pacific orb-weaver spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1868.[2]","title":"Celaenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celaenia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMBE-1"},{"link_name":"Celaenia atkinsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celaenia_atkinsoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celaenia calotoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celaenia_calotoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celaenia distincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celaenia_distincta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celaenia dubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celaenia_dubia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celaenia excavata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celaenia_excavata"},{"link_name":"Celaenia hectori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celaenia_hectori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celaenia olivacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celaenia_olivacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celaenia penna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celaenia_penna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celaenia tuberosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celaenia_tuberosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celaenia tumidosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celaenia_tumidosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celaenia voraginosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celaenia_voraginosa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"As of April 2019[update] it contains eleven species:[1]Celaenia atkinsoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880) – Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand\nCelaenia calotoides Rainbow, 1908 – Australia (New South Wales)\nCelaenia distincta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) – Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania)\nCelaenia dubia (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) – Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)\nCelaenia excavata (L. Koch, 1867) – Australia, New Zealand\nCelaenia hectori (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880) – New Zealand\nCelaenia olivacea (Urquhart, 1885) – New Zealand\nCelaenia penna (Urquhart, 1887) – New Zealand\nCelaenia tuberosa (Urquhart, 1889) – New Zealand\nCelaenia tumidosa Urquhart, 1891 – Australia (Tasmania)\nCelaenia voraginosa Urquhart, 1891 – Australia (Tasmania)","title":"Species"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gen. Celaenia Thorell, 1868\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/291","url_text":"\"Gen. Celaenia Thorell, 1868\""}]},{"reference":"Thorell, T. (1868). Araneae. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartet_(Coventry)_1985	Quartet (Coventry) 1985	["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]	1987 live album by Anthony BraxtonQuartet (Coventry) 1985Live album by Anthony BraxtonReleased1987, 1993RecordedNovember 26, 1985VenueWarwick Arts Centre, Coventry, EnglandGenreJazzLength144:23LabelLeoLR 204/205ProducerLeo FeiginAnthony Braxton chronology Quartet (Birmingham) 1985(1985) Quartet (Coventry) 1985(1987) Five Compositions (Quartet) 1986(1986) Quartet (Coventry) 1985 is a live album by composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton recorded in England in 1985, first released in heavily edited and unauthorized form on the West Wind label and later reissued in full and authorized form on the Leo label as a double CD in 1993. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings The Allmusic review by Stewart Mason stated "What makes this two-disc set stand out above the others in the series of live reissues from this tour is that each disc includes a half-hour interview between Braxton and Graham Lock (who also wrote the album's liner notes), an enlightening, free-ranging discussion that covers Braxton's influences, concepts, and techniques". Track listing All compositions by Anthony Braxton. Disc one First set - 42:05 "Composition 124 (+30+96)" "Composition 88 (+108C+30+96)" "Piano Solo from Composition 30" "Composition 23G (+30+96)" "Composition 40N" Interview by Graham Lock - 31:52 Disc two Second set - 40:35 "Composition 69C (+32+96)" "Percussion Solo from Composition 96" "Composition 69F" "Composition 69B" "Bass Solo from Composition 96" "Composition 6A" Interview by Graham Lock - 29:45 Personnel Anthony Braxton- clarinet, flute, alto saxophone, C melody saxophone, sopranino saxophone Marilyn Crispell - piano Mark Dresser - bass Gerry Hemingway - drums References ^ Anthony Braxton discography accessed November 14, 2016 ^ Leo Records discography accessed November 14, 2016 ^ Enciclopedia del Jazz: Anthony Braxton accessed November 14, 2016 ^ a b Mason, Stewart. (Coventry) 1985 – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved November 4, 2016. ^ Cook, Richard; Brian Morton (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings. The Penguin Guide to Jazz (9th ed.). London: Penguin. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-14-103401-0. vteAnthony BraxtonDiscographyStudio albums 3 Compositions of New Jazz For Alto Anthony Braxton This Time... The Complete Braxton Together Alone Donna Lee Saxophone Improvisations Series F Four Compositions (1973) In the Tradition In the Tradition Volume 2 Trio and Duet New York, Fall 1974 Five Pieces 1975 Creative Orchestra Music 1976 Duets 1976 Duets For Four Orchestras For Trio Birth and Rebirth Seven Compositions 1978 Alto Saxophone Improvisations 1979 For Two Pianos Composition 98 Composition No. 96 Six Compositions: Quartet Open Aspects '82 Six Duets (1982) Four Compositions (Quartet) 1983 Six Compositions (Quartet) 1984 Seven Standards (1985) Vols. 1 & 2 Five Compositions (Quartet) 1986 Six Monk's Compositions (1987) Four Compositions (Solo, Duo & Trio) 1982/1988 A Memory of Vienna Eight (+3) Tristano Compositions, 1989: For Warne Marsh Duets: Hamburg 1991 Willisau (Quartet) 1991 4 (Ensemble) Compositions 1992 Four Compositions (GTM) 2000 Beyond Quantum Live albums Town Hall 1972 Solo: Live at Moers Festival Quartet: Live at Moers Festival First Duo Concert Elements of Surprise Donaueschingen (Duo) 1976 Dortmund (Quartet) 1976 The Montreux/Berlin Concerts Quintet (Basel) 1977 Creative Orchestra (Köln) 1978 One in Two – Two in One Performance (Quartet) 1979 Anthony Braxton / Robert Schumann String Quartet Composition No. 94 for Three Instrumentalists (1980) Solo (Pisa) 1982 Quartet (London) 1985 Quartet (Birmingham) 1985 Quartet (Coventry) 1985 19 (Solo) Compositions, 1988 Ensemble (Victoriaville) 1988 2 Compositions (Järvenpää) 1988 Eugene (1989) Seven Compositions (Trio) 1989 Willisau (Quartet) 1991 10 Compositions (Duet) 1995 Duo (Victoriaville) 2005 Trio (Victoriaville) 2007 9 Standards (Quartet) 1993 Quartet (Santa Cruz) 1993 Two Compositions (Trio) 1998 23 Standards (Quartet) 2003 20 Standards (Quartet) 2003 19 Standards (Quartet) 2003 With Circle Paris Concert Circling In Circulus With CreativeConstruction Company Creative Construction Company Creative Construction Company Vol. II Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anthony_Braxton_discography-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Quartet (Coventry) 1985 is a live album by composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton recorded in England in 1985, first released in heavily edited and unauthorized form on the West Wind label and later reissued in full and authorized form on the Leo label as a double CD in 1993.[1][2][3]","title":"Quartet (Coventry) 1985"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"}],"text":"The Allmusic review by Stewart Mason stated \"What makes this two-disc set stand out above the others in the series of live reissues from this tour is that each disc includes a half-hour interview between Braxton and Graham Lock (who also wrote the album's liner notes), an enlightening, free-ranging discussion that covers Braxton's influences, concepts, and techniques\".[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All compositions by Anthony Braxton.Disc oneFirst set - 42:05\n\"Composition 124 (+30+96)\"\n\"Composition 88 (+108C+30+96)\"\n\"Piano Solo from Composition 30\"\n\"Composition 23G (+30+96)\"\n\"Composition 40N\"\nInterview by Graham Lock - 31:52Disc twoSecond set - 40:35\n\"Composition 69C (+32+96)\"\n\"Percussion Solo from Composition 96\"\n\"Composition 69F\"\n\"Composition 69B\"\n\"Bass Solo from Composition 96\"\n\"Composition 6A\"\nInterview by Graham Lock - 29:45","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Braxton"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"C melody saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_melody_saxophone"},{"link_name":"sopranino saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopranino_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Crispell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Crispell"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Mark Dresser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dresser"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Gerry Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"Anthony Braxton- clarinet, flute, alto saxophone, C melody saxophone, sopranino saxophone\nMarilyn Crispell - piano\nMark Dresser - bass\nGerry Hemingway - drums","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cook, Richard; Brian Morton (2008). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucopogon_oppositifolius	Leucopogon oppositifolius	["1 References"]	Species of plant Leucopogon oppositifolius Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Ericales Family: Ericaceae Genus: Leucopogon Species: L. oppositifolius Binomial name Leucopogon oppositifoliusSond. Occurrence data from AVH Synonyms Leucopogon oppositifolius Sond. var. oppositifolius Leucopogon oppositifolius var. pubescens Sond. Styphelia oppositifolia (Sond.) F.Muell. Leucopogon oppositifolius is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south of Western Australia. It is a slender, erect to spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of 15–80 cm (5.9–31.5 in). Its leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, narrowly linear to narrowly lance-shaped and 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long. The flowers are arranged in short spikes on the ends of branches with leaf-like bracts and narrow bracteoles about half as long as the sepals. The sepals are about 2 mm (0.079 in) long and lance-shaped, the petals about 4 mm (0.16 in) long and joined at the base, the lobes about the same length as the petal tube. Flowering mainly occurs from July to December. The species was first formally described in 1845 by Otto Wilhelm Sonder in Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae from specimens collected near King George Sound in 1840. The specific epithet (oppositifolius) means "opposite-leaved". Leucopogon oppositifolius occurs in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee bioregions of southern Western Australia and is listed as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. References ^ a b "Leucopogon oppositifolius". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 19 March 2023. ^ Bentham, George; von Mueller, Ferdinand (1868). Flora Australiensis. Vol. 4. London: Lovell Reeve & Co. p. 196. Retrieved 19 March 2023. ^ a b "Leucopogon oppositifolius". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. ^ "Leucopogon oppositifolius". APNI. Retrieved 19 March 2023. ^ Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings (3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 266. ISBN 9780958034180. Taxon identifiersLeucopogon oppositifolius Wikidata: Q17240623 APNI: 112028 CoL: 726G3 FloraBase: 6423 GBIF: 7288598 IPNI: 325404-1 Open Tree of Life: 5759616 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325404-1 WFO: wfo-0000359115	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ericaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericaceae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"bracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"bracteoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract#Bracteole"},{"link_name":"sepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benth.-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB-3"},{"link_name":"Otto Wilhelm Sonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Wilhelm_Sonder"},{"link_name":"Lehmann's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Christian_Lehmann"},{"link_name":"Plantae Preissianae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae_Preissianae"},{"link_name":"King George Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_Sound"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI-4"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharr-5"},{"link_name":"Avon Wheatbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Wheatbelt"},{"link_name":"Esperance Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperance_Plains"},{"link_name":"Jarrah Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrah_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Biodiversity,_Conservation_and_Attractions_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB-3"}],"text":"Leucopogon oppositifolius is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south of Western Australia. It is a slender, erect to spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of 15–80 cm (5.9–31.5 in). Its leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, narrowly linear to narrowly lance-shaped and 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long. The flowers are arranged in short spikes on the ends of branches with leaf-like bracts and narrow bracteoles about half as long as the sepals. The sepals are about 2 mm (0.079 in) long and lance-shaped, the petals about 4 mm (0.16 in) long and joined at the base, the lobes about the same length as the petal tube. Flowering mainly occurs from July to December.[2][3]The species was first formally described in 1845 by Otto Wilhelm Sonder in Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae from specimens collected near King George Sound in 1840.[4] The specific epithet (oppositifolius) means \"opposite-leaved\".[5]Leucopogon oppositifolius occurs in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee bioregions of southern Western Australia and is listed as \"not threatened\" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.[3]","title":"Leucopogon oppositifolius"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Leucopogon oppositifolius\". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 19 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/112028","url_text":"\"Leucopogon oppositifolius\""}]},{"reference":"Bentham, George; von Mueller, Ferdinand (1868). Flora Australiensis. Vol. 4. London: Lovell Reeve & Co. p. 196. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nairobi_pipeline_fire	2011 Nairobi pipeline fire	["1 Causes","2 Casualties","3 Responsibility","4 Political impact","5 Enforcement after the event","6 Warnings before the event","7 References"]	Coordinates: 1°18′50″S 36°52′46″E / 1.313979°S 36.879564°E / -1.313979; 36.879564Pipeline explosion in Nairobi, Kenya 1°18′50″S 36°52′46″E / 1.313979°S 36.879564°E / -1.313979; 36.879564 The 2011 Nairobi pipeline fire was caused by an explosion secondary to a fuel spill in the Kenyan capital Nairobi on 12 September 2011. Approximately 100 people were killed in the fire and at least 116 others were hospitalized with varying degrees of burns. The incident was not the first such pipeline accident in Kenya, with the Molo fire of 2009 resulting in at least 133 fatalities and hundreds more injured. Causes A fuel tank, located in the industrial Lunga Lunga area of Nairobi and part of a pipeline system operated by the state owned Kenya Pipeline Company (KPC), had sprung a leak. People in the adjacent densely populated shanty town of Sinai had started to collect leaking fuel when at about 10 a.m. a massive explosion occurred at the scene. Fire spread to the Sinai area. The cause of the explosion has not yet been determined but some reports indicate that the fire might have started from a discarded cigarette or when the wind changed, bringing embers from nearby garbage fires. Energy Minister Kiraitu Murungi is reported as saying that the disaster began when a pipeline valve failed under pressure allowing the oil to leak into the sewer. Selest Kilinda, the managing director of KPC, is reported to have said the spill occurred from two pipelines, and that engineers had already depressurised the Sinai pipeline but not in time to prevent fuel leaking into the sewer. Casualties Early police estimates have the number of fatalities to be above one hundred; in addition, at least 116 other people were hospitalized with burn injuries. The exact death toll remains uncertain due to some bodies being badly charred or lost in the murky waters of a nearby river. Kenya's Red Cross Disaster Risk Reduction Officer said that the Red Cross would counsel the victims and also would attempt to reconcile the casualty figures with those reported missing. He also reported that most bodies taken to the mortuary were burnt beyond recognition and would require DNA tests to confirm their identities. In November 2011, The Kenya Pipeline Company funded the delivery to the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation a computer and software system to facilitate forensic DNA identification of victims. The system, called M-FISys (pronounced like "emphasis," an acronym for the Mass-Fatality Identification System), was developed to identify victims of the World Trade Center Disaster of September 11, 2001. City hospitals were hard pressed by the surge of the need for care provisions, food and a strained medicare staff complement. The Kenyatta National Hospital has only 22 burn unit beds and considers any more than 60 casualties as a 'disaster', requiring them to put disaster plans into action. At least 112 people were admitted with burns, many critical or severe. The long-term treatment required for burns patients means that extra tents have been erected for blood donations. The nearer Mater Hospital admitted three casualties with less than 30% burns into the normal ward and one other casualty with 80–90% burns into the intensive care unit. Responsibility Neither the managing director of the KPC, which operates the pipeline, nor the energy minister Kiraitu Murungi have given any indication of accepting responsibility. Kiraitu Murungi initially said that the KPC would compensate the victims, but later the KPC stated it would not do so as it was "not responsible". In 2008 the KPC had issued an eviction order to nearby residents, but they refused to leave. In response to protests by students, an inter-ministerial committee was tasked with gathering names to arrange relocation when funds became available. KPC sent representatives to inform the residents of the danger and to make sure holes were not dug. Political impact Prime minister Raila Odinga and vice-president Kalonzo Musyoka have visited the scene and various hospitals to console injured victims and to condole bereaved families. President Mwai Kibaki visited the main Kenyatta National Hospital to empathize with the injured. The secretary-general of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, expressed sorrow and sympathy for the victims, wishing a full and speedy recovery to the survivors, while the United States ambassador to Kenya, Scott Gration, lauded the rescue workers and the personal heroism of the locals. Amnesty International-Kenya said that the failure to relocate people puts the majority of the blame on government officials. Enforcement after the event The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) said it will act against the KPC for failing to enforce EMCA 1999—and suggests that if the required spill containment measures were in place at the facility the oil would not have run off into the drains. NEMA dismissed KPC claims that they had acted sufficiently, saying they had not received the Environmental audit that is obligatory under the 2003 Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Audit Regulations. The slum has been in that place for approximately 20 years despite the requirement for KPC to keep those areas clear of settlement. NEMA said it would also require KPC to deal with the pollution in the environment, particularly regarding the flora and fauna along the Ngong River into which the storm drain flows. Warnings before the event In 2009 journalist John Ngirachu wrote for the local newspaper Daily Nation and reported that the slums in Sinai being located so near to the pipeline were a disaster waiting to happen. The permanent secretary to the Ministry of Energy, Patrick Nyoike, had asked the KPC to refurbish the pipelines but it was reported that the Ministry of Finance declined. References Kenya portal ^ a b Jeffrey Gettleman (12 September 2011). "Scores Dead in Kenyan Pipeline Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 September 2011. ^ a b c d e "116 pipeline fire survivors in hospital". 12 September 2011. ^ a b c "Kenya fire: Nairobi pipeline blaze 'kills 100'". BBC News. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011. ^ "Another disaster waiting to happen in Kenya". 14 September 2011. ^ a b "Nairobi slum fire: Kenya officials deny blame". BBC News. 13 September 2011. ^ "Scores killed as slum pipeline bursts again". 14 September 2011. ^ a b c d "Blame-Game Follows Nairobi Pipeline Blast". 13 September 2011. ^ "120 burned to death in Kenya pipeline fire". 12 September 2011. ^ a b c "UN chief expresses sadness over Kenya's tragedy". 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011. ^ "M-FISys software, used for 9/11, to identify victims of Sinai fire". 21 November 2011. ^ "KPC Donates DNA Testing Software to Government's Chemist" (PDF). 20 November 2011. ^ "Soul Searching by Melissa Kruse in BioIT World Magazine". 11 September 2003. ^ "Grisly Task Changes All by Tom Walsh, Detroit Free Press". 11 September 2002. ^ "Development Under Extreme Conditions (Proceedings of Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, 2003)" (PDF). January 2003. ^ a b "Report warns hospitals not equipped for fire disasters". 13 September 2011. ^ a b c d e "Sinai: NEMA puts Pipeline on the spot". 15 September 2011. ^ Kimonye, Mary (15 September 2011). "Why slum disaster was avoidable". Business Daily. Retrieved 15 September 2011. ^ a b Jami Makan; John Ngirachu (2 February 2009). "The fire next time: Slum courts doom". Daily Nation. Retrieved 15 September 2011. ^ "100 killed in Nairobi fuel fire". 13 September 2011. ^ a b "What Government and KPC Should Do to Avert Future Tragedies in the Wake of Mukuru-Sinai Slum Disaster". 16 September 2011. ^ "Office of public communications:Partick Nyoike". Archived from the original on 21 September 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2011.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1°18′50″S 36°52′46″E / 1.313979°S 36.879564°E / -1.313979; 36.879564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2011_Nairobi_pipeline_fire&params=1.313979_S_36.879564_E_"},{"link_name":"explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosion"},{"link_name":"fuel spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill"},{"link_name":"Kenyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hospital-2"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"Molo fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molo_fire"}],"text":"Pipeline explosion in Nairobi, Kenya1°18′50″S 36°52′46″E / 1.313979°S 36.879564°E / -1.313979; 36.879564\nThe 2011 Nairobi pipeline fire was caused by an explosion secondary to a fuel spill in the Kenyan capital Nairobi on 12 September 2011.[1] Approximately 100 people were killed in the fire and at least 116 others were hospitalized with varying degrees of burns.[2] The incident was not the first such pipeline accident in Kenya,[1] with the Molo fire of 2009 resulting in at least 133 fatalities and hundreds more injured.","title":"2011 Nairobi pipeline fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenya Pipeline Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Pipeline_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"shanty town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanty_town"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-denyblame-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kiraitu Murungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiraitu_Murungi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blame-7"},{"link_name":"Selest Kilinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selest_Kilinda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blame-7"}],"text":"A fuel tank, located in the industrial Lunga Lunga area of Nairobi and part of a pipeline system operated by the state owned Kenya Pipeline Company (KPC), had sprung a leak.[3] People in the adjacent densely populated shanty town of Sinai had started to collect leaking fuel when at about 10 a.m. a massive explosion occurred at the scene. Fire spread to the Sinai area.The cause of the explosion has not yet been determined but some reports indicate that the fire might have started from a discarded cigarette[4][5] or when the wind changed, bringing embers from nearby garbage fires.[6]Energy Minister Kiraitu Murungi is reported as saying that the disaster began when a pipeline valve failed under pressure allowing the oil to leak into the sewer.[7] Selest Kilinda, the managing director of KPC, is reported to have said the spill occurred from two pipelines, and that engineers had already depressurised the Sinai pipeline but not in time to prevent fuel leaking into the sewer.[7]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moon-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Disaster"},{"link_name":"September 11, 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hospital-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-15"},{"link_name":"Kenyatta National Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyatta_National_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hospital-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hospital-2"}],"text":"Early police estimates have the number of fatalities to be above one hundred;[3] in addition, at least 116 other people were hospitalized with burn injuries.[3] The exact death toll remains uncertain due to some bodies being badly charred or lost in the murky waters of a nearby river.[8]\nKenya's Red Cross Disaster Risk Reduction Officer said that the Red Cross would counsel the victims and also would attempt to reconcile the casualty figures with those reported missing. He also reported that most bodies taken to the mortuary were burnt beyond recognition and would require DNA tests to confirm their identities.[9]\nIn November 2011, The Kenya Pipeline Company funded the delivery to the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation a computer and software system to facilitate forensic DNA identification of victims.[10][11] \nThe system, called M-FISys (pronounced like \"emphasis,\" an acronym for the Mass-Fatality Identification System), was developed to identify victims of the World Trade Center Disaster of September 11, 2001.[12][13][14]City hospitals were hard pressed by the surge of the need for care provisions, food and a strained medicare staff complement.[2][15]\nThe Kenyatta National Hospital has only 22 burn unit beds[15] and considers any more than 60 casualties as a 'disaster', requiring them to put disaster plans into action. At least 112 people[2] were admitted with burns, many critical or severe. The long-term treatment required for burns patients means that extra tents have been erected for blood donations.\nThe nearer Mater Hospital admitted three casualties with less than 30% burns into the normal ward and one other casualty with 80–90% burns into the intensive care unit.[2]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-denyblame-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEMA-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary_Kimonye-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Nation_2009-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Nation_2009-18"}],"text":"Neither the managing director of the KPC, which operates the pipeline, nor the energy minister Kiraitu Murungi have given any indication of accepting responsibility.[5] Kiraitu Murungi initially said that the KPC would compensate the victims, but later the KPC stated it would not do so as it was \"not responsible\".[16]In 2008 the KPC had issued an eviction order to nearby residents, but they refused to leave.[17] In response to protests by students, an inter-ministerial committee was tasked with gathering names to arrange relocation when funds became available.[18] KPC sent representatives to inform the residents of the danger and to make sure holes were not dug.[18]","title":"Responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Raila Odinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raila_Odinga"},{"link_name":"vice-president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Kalonzo Musyoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalonzo_Musyoka"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Mwai Kibaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki"},{"link_name":"Kenyatta National Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyatta_National_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hospital-2"},{"link_name":"secretary-general of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Ban Ki-moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moon-9"},{"link_name":"United States ambassador to Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Scott Gration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Gration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moon-9"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blame-7"}],"text":"Prime minister Raila Odinga and vice-president Kalonzo Musyoka have visited the scene and various hospitals to console injured victims and to condole bereaved families. President Mwai Kibaki visited the main Kenyatta National Hospital to empathize with the injured.[2]\nThe secretary-general of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, expressed sorrow and sympathy for the victims, wishing a full and speedy recovery to the survivors,[9] while the United States ambassador to Kenya, Scott Gration, lauded the rescue workers and the personal heroism of the locals.[9]\nAmnesty International-Kenya said that the failure to relocate people puts the majority of the blame on government officials.[7]","title":"Political impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Environment Management Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environment_Management_Authority_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEMA-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEMA-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEMA-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEMA-16"},{"link_name":"Ngong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_River"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) said it will act against the KPC for failing to enforce EMCA 1999—and suggests that if the required spill containment measures were in place at the facility the oil would not have run off into the drains.[16] NEMA dismissed KPC claims that they had acted sufficiently, saying they had not received the Environmental audit that is obligatory under the 2003 Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Audit Regulations.[16]\nThe slum has been in that place for approximately 20 years despite the requirement for KPC to keep those areas clear of settlement.[16]\nNEMA said it would also require KPC to deal with the pollution in the environment, particularly regarding the flora and fauna[16] along the Ngong River into which the storm drain flows.[19]","title":"Enforcement after the event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blame-7"},{"link_name":"Daily Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Nation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allafrica-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allafrica-20"}],"text":"In 2009 journalist John Ngirachu wrote[7] for the local newspaper Daily Nation and reported that the slums in Sinai being located so near to the pipeline were a disaster waiting to happen.[20] The permanent secretary to the Ministry of Energy, Patrick Nyoike,[21] had asked the KPC to refurbish the pipelines but it was reported that the Ministry of Finance declined.[20]","title":"Warnings before the event"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jeffrey Gettleman (12 September 2011). \"Scores Dead in Kenyan Pipeline Fire\". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/world/africa/13kenya.html","url_text":"\"Scores Dead in Kenyan Pipeline Fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"116 pipeline fire survivors in hospital\". 12 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2011/09/12/116-pipeline-fire-survivors-in-hospital/","url_text":"\"116 pipeline fire survivors in hospital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenya fire: Nairobi pipeline blaze 'kills 100'\". BBC News. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14879401","url_text":"\"Kenya fire: Nairobi pipeline blaze 'kills 100'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Another disaster waiting to happen in Kenya\". 14 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000042798&cid=4","url_text":"\"Another disaster waiting to happen in Kenya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nairobi slum fire: Kenya officials deny blame\". BBC News. 13 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14904634","url_text":"\"Nairobi slum fire: Kenya officials deny blame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scores killed as slum pipeline bursts again\". 14 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/world/scores-killed-as-slum-pipeline-bursts-again-20110913-1k7to.html","url_text":"\"Scores killed as slum pipeline bursts again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blame-Game Follows Nairobi Pipeline Blast\". 13 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Blame-Game-Follows-Nairobi-Pipeline-Blast-129753688.html","url_text":"\"Blame-Game Follows Nairobi Pipeline Blast\""}]},{"reference":"\"120 burned to death in Kenya pipeline fire\". 12 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/8758340/120-burned-to-death-in-Kenya-pipeline-fire.html","url_text":"\"120 burned to death in Kenya pipeline fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"UN chief expresses sadness over Kenya's tragedy\". 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120328053521/http://www.arabstoday.net/en/un-chief-expresses-sadness-over-kenyas-tragedy.html","url_text":"\"UN chief expresses sadness over Kenya's tragedy\""},{"url":"http://www.arabstoday.net/en/un-chief-expresses-sadness-over-kenyas-tragedy.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"M-FISys software, used for 9/11, to identify victims of Sinai fire\". 21 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201111220161.html","url_text":"\"M-FISys software, used for 9/11, to identify victims of Sinai fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"KPC Donates DNA Testing Software to Government's Chemist\" (PDF). 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genecodesforensics.com/news/KPC%20Acquires%20M-FISys%20and%20Donates%20to%20Kenyan%20Ministry%20of%20Public%20Health.pdf","url_text":"\"KPC Donates DNA Testing Software to Government's Chemist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soul Searching by Melissa Kruse in BioIT World Magazine\". 11 September 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bio-itworld.com/archive/091103/soul.html","url_text":"\"Soul Searching by Melissa Kruse in BioIT World Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grisly Task Changes All by Tom Walsh, Detroit Free Press\". 11 September 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hitpages.com/doc/6305526212198400/1#pageTop","url_text":"\"Grisly Task Changes All by Tom Walsh, Detroit Free Press\""}]},{"reference":"\"Development Under Extreme Conditions (Proceedings of Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, 2003)\" (PDF). January 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genecodesforensics.com/news/CashHoyleSutton.pdf","url_text":"\"Development Under Extreme Conditions (Proceedings of Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, 2003)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report warns hospitals not equipped for fire disasters\". 13 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Report+warns+hospitals+not+equipped+for+fire+disasters+/-/1056/1235938/-/et2xk9z/-/","url_text":"\"Report warns hospitals not equipped for fire disasters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sinai: NEMA puts Pipeline on the spot\". 15 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2011/09/15/sinai-nema-puts-pipeline-on-the-spot/","url_text":"\"Sinai: NEMA puts Pipeline on the spot\""}]},{"reference":"Kimonye, Mary (15 September 2011). \"Why slum disaster was avoidable\". Business Daily. Retrieved 15 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Opinion+++Analysis/Why+slum+disaster+was+avoidable/-/539548/1236376/-/8ctqw5/-/index.html","url_text":"\"Why slum disaster was avoidable\""}]},{"reference":"Jami Makan; John Ngirachu (2 February 2009). \"The fire next time: Slum courts doom\". Daily Nation. Retrieved 15 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/523822/-/u1ulyg/-/index.html","url_text":"\"The fire next time: Slum courts doom\""}]},{"reference":"\"100 killed in Nairobi fuel fire\". 13 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freedominspeech.org/component/content/article/318-100-killed-in-nairobi-fuel-fire.html","url_text":"\"100 killed in Nairobi fuel fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Government and KPC Should Do to Avert Future Tragedies in the Wake of Mukuru-Sinai Slum Disaster\". 16 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201109160143.html","url_text":"\"What Government and KPC Should Do to Avert Future Tragedies in the Wake of Mukuru-Sinai Slum Disaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Office of public communications:Partick Nyoike\". Archived from the original on 21 September 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100921165128/http://communication.go.ke/ministry.asp?personid=77","url_text":"\"Office of public communications:Partick Nyoike\""},{"url":"http://www.communication.go.ke/ministry.asp?personid=77","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2011_Nairobi_pipeline_fire&params=1.313979_S_36.879564_E_","external_links_name":"1°18′50″S 36°52′46″E / 1.313979°S 36.879564°E / -1.313979; 36.879564"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2011_Nairobi_pipeline_fire&params=1.313979_S_36.879564_E_","external_links_name":"1°18′50″S 36°52′46″E / 1.313979°S 36.879564°E / -1.313979; 36.879564"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/world/africa/13kenya.html","external_links_name":"\"Scores Dead in Kenyan Pipeline Fire\""},{"Link":"http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2011/09/12/116-pipeline-fire-survivors-in-hospital/","external_links_name":"\"116 pipeline fire survivors in hospital\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14879401","external_links_name":"\"Kenya fire: Nairobi pipeline blaze 'kills 100'\""},{"Link":"http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000042798&cid=4","external_links_name":"\"Another disaster waiting to happen in Kenya\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14904634","external_links_name":"\"Nairobi slum fire: Kenya officials deny blame\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/world/scores-killed-as-slum-pipeline-bursts-again-20110913-1k7to.html","external_links_name":"\"Scores killed as slum pipeline bursts again\""},{"Link":"http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Blame-Game-Follows-Nairobi-Pipeline-Blast-129753688.html","external_links_name":"\"Blame-Game Follows Nairobi Pipeline Blast\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/8758340/120-burned-to-death-in-Kenya-pipeline-fire.html","external_links_name":"\"120 burned to death in Kenya pipeline fire\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120328053521/http://www.arabstoday.net/en/un-chief-expresses-sadness-over-kenyas-tragedy.html","external_links_name":"\"UN chief expresses sadness over Kenya's tragedy\""},{"Link":"http://www.arabstoday.net/en/un-chief-expresses-sadness-over-kenyas-tragedy.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201111220161.html","external_links_name":"\"M-FISys software, used for 9/11, to identify victims of Sinai fire\""},{"Link":"http://www.genecodesforensics.com/news/KPC%20Acquires%20M-FISys%20and%20Donates%20to%20Kenyan%20Ministry%20of%20Public%20Health.pdf","external_links_name":"\"KPC Donates DNA Testing Software to Government's Chemist\""},{"Link":"http://www.bio-itworld.com/archive/091103/soul.html","external_links_name":"\"Soul Searching by Melissa Kruse in BioIT World Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.hitpages.com/doc/6305526212198400/1#pageTop","external_links_name":"\"Grisly Task Changes All by Tom Walsh, Detroit Free Press\""},{"Link":"http://www.genecodesforensics.com/news/CashHoyleSutton.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Development Under Extreme Conditions (Proceedings of Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, 2003)\""},{"Link":"http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Report+warns+hospitals+not+equipped+for+fire+disasters+/-/1056/1235938/-/et2xk9z/-/","external_links_name":"\"Report warns hospitals not equipped for fire disasters\""},{"Link":"http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2011/09/15/sinai-nema-puts-pipeline-on-the-spot/","external_links_name":"\"Sinai: NEMA puts Pipeline on the spot\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Opinion+++Analysis/Why+slum+disaster+was+avoidable/-/539548/1236376/-/8ctqw5/-/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Why slum disaster was avoidable\""},{"Link":"http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/523822/-/u1ulyg/-/index.html","external_links_name":"\"The fire next time: Slum courts doom\""},{"Link":"http://www.freedominspeech.org/component/content/article/318-100-killed-in-nairobi-fuel-fire.html","external_links_name":"\"100 killed in Nairobi fuel fire\""},{"Link":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201109160143.html","external_links_name":"\"What Government and KPC Should Do to Avert Future Tragedies in the Wake of Mukuru-Sinai Slum Disaster\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100921165128/http://communication.go.ke/ministry.asp?personid=77","external_links_name":"\"Office of public communications:Partick Nyoike\""},{"Link":"http://www.communication.go.ke/ministry.asp?personid=77","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobova	Dobova	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°53′59.1″N 15°39′26.11″E / 45.899750°N 15.6572528°E / 45.899750; 15.6572528Place in Styria, SloveniaDobovaDobovaLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 45°53′59.1″N 15°39′26.11″E / 45.899750°N 15.6572528°E / 45.899750; 15.6572528CountrySloveniaTraditional regionStyriaStatistical regionLower SavaMunicipalityBrežiceArea • Total2.54 km2 (0.98 sq mi)Elevation143.8 m (471.8 ft)Population (2020) • Total703 • Density280/km2 (720/sq mi) Dobova (pronounced ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Brežice in eastern Slovenia, close to the border with Croatia. The railway line from Ljubljana to Zagreb runs through the settlement and the station is an international railway border crossing. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region. The local parish church is dedicated to the Holy Name of Mary and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Celje. It is a Neo-romanesque building with a triple nave, built on the site of two older churches in 1865. References ^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia ^ Brežice municipal site ^ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number 2940 External links Media related to Dobova at Wikimedia Commons Dobova on Geopedia vteMunicipality of BrežiceSettlementsAdministrative seat: Brežice Current Arnovo Selo Artiče Bizeljska Vas Bizeljsko Blatno Bojsno Boršt Bračna Vas Brezje pri Bojsnem Brezje pri Veliki Dolini Brezovica na Bizeljskem Brvi Bukošek Bukovje Bušeča Vas Čatež ob Savi Čedem Cerina Cerklje ob Krki Cirnik Črešnjice pri Cerkljah Cundrovec Curnovec Dečno Selo Dednja Vas Dobeno Dobova Dolenja Pirošica Dolenja Vas pri Artičah Dolenje Skopice Dramlja Drenovec pri Bukovju Dvorce Gabrje pri Dobovi Gaj Gazice Globočice Globoko Glogov Brod Gorenja Pirošica Gorenje Skopice Gornji Lenart Gregovce Hrastje pri Cerkljah Izvir Jereslavec Jesenice Kamence Kapele Koritno Kraška Vas Križe Krška Vas Laze Loče Mala Dolina Mali Cirnik Mali Obrež Mali Vrh Mihalovec Mostec Mrzlava Vas Nova Vas ob Sotli Nova Vas pri Mokricah Obrežje Oklukova Gora Orešje na Bizeljskem Pavlova Vas Pečice Perišče Piršenbreg Pišece Podgorje pri Pišecah Podgračeno Podvinje Ponikve Poštena Vas Prilipe Račja Vas Rajec Rakovec Ribnica Rigonce Sela pri Dobovi Silovec Slogonsko Slovenska Vas Sobenja Vas Spodnja Pohanca Sromlje Stankovo Stara Vas–Bizeljsko Stojanski Vrh Trebež Velika Dolina Velike Malence Veliki Obrež Vinji Vrh Vitna Vas Volčje Vrhje Vrhovska Vas Zasap Žejno Zgornja Pohanca Zgornji Obrež Župeča Vas Župelevec Former Brezina Črnc Šentlenart Spodnja Ribnica Spodnja Sušica Trnje Zakot Zasavje Zgornja Sušica Location of the Municipality of Brezice in SloveniaView of Brežice, the administrative centre of the Municipality of BrežiceLandmarks Bizeljsko Castle Brežice Castle Brežice Water Tower Cerklje ob Krki Airport Mokrice Castle Pišece Castle People Franci Arh Ivan Bogovčič Nuša Derenda Alenka Gerlovič Primož Kozmus Ivan Molan Miloš Poljanšek Franc Šetinc Barbara Špiler Jože Toporišič Ivan Živič Authority control databases VIAF This article about the Municipality of Brežice in Slovenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈdoːbɔʋa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Brežice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Bre%C5%BEice"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_line"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Styria"},{"link_name":"Lower Sava Statistical Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Sava_Statistical_Region"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"Holy Name of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Celje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Celje"},{"link_name":"Neo-romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Place in Styria, SloveniaDobova (pronounced [ˈdoːbɔʋa]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Brežice in eastern Slovenia, close to the border with Croatia. The railway line from Ljubljana to Zagreb runs through the settlement and the station is an international railway border crossing. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.[2]The local parish church is dedicated to the Holy Name of Mary and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Celje. It is a Neo-romanesque building with a triple nave, built on the site of two older churches in 1865.[3]","title":"Dobova"}]	[{"image_text":"Location of the Municipality of Brezice in Slovenia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Karte_Brezice_si.png/150px-Karte_Brezice_si.png"},{"image_text":"View of Brežice, the administrative centre of the Municipality of Brežice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cesta_prvih_borcev_%28First_Fighters%27_Street%29%2C_Bre%C5%BEice.jpg/150px-Cesta_prvih_borcev_%28First_Fighters%27_Street%29%2C_Bre%C5%BEice.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dobova&params=45_53_59.1_N_15_39_26.11_E_region:SI_type:city(703)","external_links_name":"45°53′59.1″N 15°39′26.11″E / 45.899750°N 15.6572528°E / 45.899750; 15.6572528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dobova&params=45_53_59.1_N_15_39_26.11_E_region:SI_type:city(703)","external_links_name":"45°53′59.1″N 15°39′26.11″E / 45.899750°N 15.6572528°E / 45.899750; 15.6572528"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.si/eng/index.asp","external_links_name":"Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia"},{"Link":"http://www.brezice.si/","external_links_name":"Brežice municipal site"},{"Link":"http://rkd.situla.org/","external_links_name":"Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage"},{"Link":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2473:1031_x1743458.7354911626_y5763694.502532407_s15_b2345","external_links_name":"Dobova on Geopedia"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/239077452","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dobova&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-3350	Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone	["1 Design and development","2 Variants","3 Applications","4 Engines on display","5 Specifications (R-3350-C18-BA)","5.1 General characteristics","5.2 Components","5.3 Performance","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Bibliography","8 External links"]	1937 18-cylinder radial piston engine family by Wright This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone Type Radial engine National origin United States Manufacturer Wright Aeronautical First run May 1937 Major applications Boeing B-29 Superfortress Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar Douglas A-1 Skyraider Douglas DC-7 Lockheed Constellation Lockheed P-2 Neptune Douglas XB-19 Number built 29,181 Developed from Wright R-1820 Cyclone Developed into Wright R-4090 Cyclone 22 The Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone is an American twin-row, supercharged, air-cooled, radial aircraft engine with 18 cylinders displacing nearly 3,350 cubic inches (54.9 L). Power ranged from 2,200 to over 3,700 hp (1,640 to 2,760 kW), depending on the model. Developed before World War II, the R-3350's design required a long time to mature before finally being used to power the Boeing B-29 Superfortress. After the war, the engine had matured sufficiently to become a major civilian airliner design, notably in its turbo-compound forms, and was used in the Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation airliners into the 1950s. Its main rival was the 4,360 in3 (71.4 L), 4,300 hp (3,200 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major, first run some seven years after the Duplex-Cyclone's beginnings. The engine is commonly used on Hawker Sea Fury and Grumman F8F Bearcat Unlimited Class Racers at the Reno Air Races. Design and development In 1927, Wright Aeronautical introduced its famous "Cyclone" engine, which powered a number of designs in the 1930s. After merging with Curtiss to become Curtiss-Wright in 1929, an effort was started to redesign the engine to the 1,000 horsepower (750 kW) class. The new Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 first ran successfully in 1935, and became one of the most used aircraft engines in the 1930s and WWII, powering all frontline examples (the -C through -G models) of the B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber aircraft serving in the war, each powerplant assisted by a General Electric-designed turbocharger for maximum power output at high altitudes. By 1931 Pratt & Whitney had started a development of their equally famous single-row, Wasp nine-cylinder design into a larger and much more powerful fourteen-cylinder, twin-row design — the R-1830 Twin Wasp — of a nearly identical 30-liter displacement figure, that would easily compete with this larger, single-row Cyclone. In 1935 Wright followed P&W's lead, and developed much larger engines based on the mechanics of the Cyclone. The result was two designs with a somewhat shorter stroke, a 14-cylinder design of almost 43 liters displacement that would evolve into the Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone, and a much larger 18-cylinder design that became the R-3350. A larger twin-row 22-cylinder version, the Wright R-4090 Cyclone 22, was experimented with as a competitor to the 71.5 liter-displacement four-row, 28-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major, but was not produced. With Pratt & Whitney starting development of their own 46 liter-displacement 18-cylinder, twin-row high-output radial as the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp in 1937, Wright's first R-3350 prototype engines — itself having a nearly 55 liter displacement figure — were initially run in May of the same year. Continued development was slow, both due to the complex nature of the engine, as well as the R-2600 receiving considerably more attention. The R-3350 did not fly until 1941, after the prototype Douglas XB-19 had been redesigned from the Allison V-3420 to accept the R-3350. Things changed dramatically in 1940 with the introduction of a new contract by the USAAC to develop a long-range bomber capable of flying from the US to Germany with a 20,000 lb (9000 kg) bomb load. Although smaller than the Bomber D designs that led to the Douglas XB-19, the new designs required roughly the same amount of power. When preliminary designs were returned in the summer of 1940, three of the four designs were based on the R-3350. Suddenly the engine was seen as the future of army aviation, and serious efforts to get the design into production started. In 1942 Chrysler started the construction of the Dodge Chicago Plant and the new factory, designed by Albert Kahn, was in full operation by early 1944. Wright R-3350 Turbo-Compound radial engine. Two exhaust recovery turbines shown outside impeller casing area (top (silver) and lower (red blading)) that are geared to the crankshaft. By 1943 the ultimate development of the new bomber program, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, was flying. The engines remained temperamental, and showed an alarming tendency for the rear cylinders to overheat, partially due to minimal clearance between the cylinder baffles and the cowl. A number of changes were introduced into the Superfortress' production line to provide more cooling at low speeds, with the aircraft rushed into operational use in the Pacific in 1944. This proved unwise, as the early B-29 tactics of maximum weights, when combined with the high temperatures of the tropical airfields where B-29s were based, produced overheating problems that were not completely solved, and the engines having an additional tendency to swallow their own valves. Because of a high magnesium content in the potentially combustible crankcase alloy, the resulting engine fires — sometimes burning with a core temperature approaching 5,600 °F (3,100 °C) — were often so intense the main spar could burn through in seconds, resulting in catastrophic wing failure. Early versions of the R-3350 had carburetors, though the poorly designed elbow entrance to the supercharger led to serious problems with fuel/air distribution. Near the end of WWII, the system was changed to use gasoline direct injection where fuel was injected directly into the combustion chamber. This improved engine reliability. After the war the engine was redesigned and became popular for large aircraft, notably the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-7. Following the war, the Turbo-Compound system was developed to deliver better fuel efficiency. In these versions, three power-recovery turbines (PRT) were inserted into the exhaust piping of each group of six cylinders, and geared to the engine crankshaft by fluid couplings to deliver more power. The PRTs recovered about 20% of the exhaust energy (around 450 horsepower (340 kW)) that would have otherwise been wasted, but reduced engine reliability (Mechanics tended to call them Parts Recovery Turbines, since increased exhaust heat meant a return of the old habit of the engine destroying exhaust valves). The fuel burn for the PRT-equipped aircraft was nearly the same as the older Pratt and Whitney R-2800, while producing more useful power. Effective 15 October 1957 a DA-3/DA-4 engine cost $88,200. By this point reliability had improved with the mean time between overhauls at 3,500 hours and specific fuel consumption in the order of 0.4 lb/hp/hour (243 g/kWh, giving a 34% fuel efficiency). Engines in use as of the 2020s are limited to 52 inHg (180 kPa) manifold pressure, giving 2,880 horsepower (2,150 kW) with 100/130 octane fuel (or 100LL) instead of the 59.5 inHg (201 kPa) and 3,400 horsepower (2,500 kW) possible with 115/145, or better, octane fuels, which are no longer available because such formulations are exceedingly toxic due to the extremely high tetraethyllead content of these avgas versions. Several racers at the Reno Air Races use R-3350s. Modifications on one, Rare Bear, include a nose case designed for a slow-turning prop, taken from an R-3350 used on the Lockheed L-1649 Starliner, mated to the power section (crankcase, crank, pistons, and cylinders) taken from an R-3350 used on the Douglas DC-7. The supercharger is taken from an R-3350 used on the Lockheed EC-121 and the engine is fitted with nitrous oxide injection. Normal rated power of a stock R-3350 is 2,800 horsepower (2,100 kW) at 2,600 rpm and 45 inHg (150 kPa) of manifold pressure. With these modifications, Rare Bear's engine produces 4,000 horsepower (3,000 kW) at 3,200 rpm and 80 inHg (270 kPa) of manifold pressure, and 4,500 horsepower (3,400 kW) with nitrous oxide injection. Variants Wright R-3350 Turbo-Compound radial engine fitted at the number four position on the starboard wing of a Lockheed Super Constellation R-3350-13 2,200 shp (1,640 kW) R-3350-23 2,200 shp (1,640 kW) R-3350-24W 2,500 shp (1,860 kW) R-3350-26W 2,800 shp (2,090 kW) R-3350-30W R-3350-30WA R-3350-32W 3,700 shp (2,760 kW) R-3350-34 3,400 shp (2,540 kW) R-3350-35A 2,200 shp (1,640 kW) R-3350-41 Fuel injected Silverplate variant R-3350-42WA 3,800 shp (2,830 kW) R-3350-53 2,700 shp (2,010 kW) R-3350-57 2,200 shp (1,640 kW) R-3350-85 2,500 shp (1,860 kW) R-3350-89A 3,500 shp (2,610 kW) R-3350-93W 3,500 shp (2,610 kW) 972TC18DA1 Commercial equivalent to the -30W without water injection 956C18CA1 Commercial, similar to the -26W 975C18CB1 Commercial, similar to the 956C18CA1 Applications Beechcraft XA-38 Grizzly Boeing B-29 Superfortress Boeing XC-97 Stratofreighter Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger Canadair CP-107 Argus Consolidated B-32 Dominator Curtiss XBTC-2 Curtiss XF14C Curtiss XP-62 Douglas A-1 Skyraider Douglas BTD Destroyer Douglas DC-7 Douglas XB-19 Douglas XB-31 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar Fairchild AC-119 Grumman F8F Bearcat (See the Rare Bear) Hawker Sea Fury Lockheed Constellation Lockheed L-049 Constellation Lockheed C-69 Constellation Lockheed L-649 Constellation Lockheed L-749 Constellation Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation Lockheed C-121 Constellation Lockheed R7V-1 Constellation Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star Lockheed L-1649A Starliner Lockheed P-2 Neptune Lockheed XB-30 Martin JRM Mars Martin XB-33 Super Marauder Martin P5M Marlin Stroukoff YC-134 Engines on display This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wright R-3350-89 is on public display at the Aerospace Museum of California Wright R-3350 is on public display at Flyhistorisk Museum, Sola, near Stavanger, Norway Wright R-3350-35A is on public display at Texas Air Museum - Stinson Chapter, San Antonio, Texas Wright R-3350 is on public display in the Mackenzie Engineering Building at Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada R-3350 on display at the Air Zoo R-3350 on display at Museum of Aviation, Robins AFB R-3350 on display at Carleton University Specifications (R-3350-C18-BA) A Wright R-3350 radial engine, showing, R to L, propeller shaft, reduction gearcase, magneto (silver) with wiring, two cylinders (rear with connecting rod), impellor casing (and induction pipe outlets) and injection carburetor (black); separate accessory gearbox at extreme left Data from Jane's. General characteristics Type: Twin-row 18-cylinder radial engine Bore: 6+1⁄8 in (155.6 mm) Stroke: 6+5⁄16 in (160.3 mm) Displacement: 3,347.9 in3 (54.862 L) Length: 76.26 inches (1,937 mm) Diameter: 55.78 inches (1,417 mm) Dry weight: 2,670 pounds (1,210 kg) Components Valvetrain: Pushrod, two valves per cylinder Supercharger: Two-speed single-stage Fuel system: Chandler-Evans downdraft carburetor Fuel type: 100/130 RON Oil system: Dry sump Cooling system: Air-cooled Performance Power output: 2,200 hp (1,600 kW) at 2,800 rpm (takeoff) Specific power: 0.66 hp/in³ Compression ratio: 6.85:1 Specific fuel consumption: Takeoff: 0.38 lb/(hp⋅h) (0.17 kg/(hp⋅h); 0.23 kg/kWh) Power-to-weight ratio: 0.82 hp/lb See also Pratt & Whitney Wasp series Related development Wright Cyclone series Wright R-1300 Cyclone 7 Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 Wright R-2600 Cyclone 14 Wright R-4090 Cyclone 22 Comparable engines BMW 802 Bristol Centaurus Dobrynin VD-4K Gnome-Rhône 18L Nakajima Homare Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major Shvetsov ASh-73 Related lists List of aircraft engines References Notes ^ "SUMMARY OF WRIGHT ENGINE SHIPMENTS 1920 – 1930" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2023-09-18. ^ Dreizin, Edward L.; Berman, Charles H. & Vicenzi, Edward P. (2000). "Condensed-phase modifications in magnesium particle combustion in air". Scripta Materialia. 122 (1–2): 30–42. Bibcode:2000CoFl..122...30D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.488.2456. doi:10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00101-2. ^ "B-29." fighter-planes.com. Retrieved: 15 September 2011. ^ Gunston 2006, p. 247. ^ "The Wright R-3350 Turbo-Compound Engine". Sport Aviation: 20. April 2012. ^ American Aviation 4 Nov 1957 p57 ^ "The Bear is Back". Smithsonian Air & Space Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022. ^ Doyle p 71 ^ Jane's 1998, p. 318 ^ Kaiser, Sascha; Donnerhack, Stefan; Lundbladh, Anders; Seitz, Arne (27–29 July 2015). A composite cycle engine concept with hecto-pressure ratio. AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference (51st ed.). doi:10.2514/6.2015-4028. Bibliography Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day. 5th edition, Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2006. ISBN 0-7509-4479-X White, Graham. Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 1995. ISBN 1-56091-655-9 Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London. Studio Editions, 1998. ISBN 0-517-67964-7. Doyle, David. "B-29 Superfortress Vol. 1" Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 2020 ISBN 978-0-7643-5937-8 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wright R-3350. Wright R-3350-57 Cyclone Fact Sheets from the National Museum of the USAF website 1940s film on Chrysler production of Wright's Duplex-Cyclone radials for the Superfortress 150 hour test of Wright 3350-19 with Bendix fuel injection 1943 vteWright and Lawrance aircraft enginesWright inline engines E Gipsy L-320 T-1 Tornado T-2 Tornado T-3 Tornado T-4 Tornado V-720 IV-1460 IV-1560 V-1950 Lawrance radials A-3 C-2 J-1 J-2 L-1 L-2 L-3 L-4 L-5 Wright radialsWhirlwind family J-3 J-4 J-5 J-6-5 J-6-7 J-6-9 R-540 R-760 R-790 R-975 R-1510 R-1670 Cyclone family Cyclone 7 Cyclone 9 Cyclone Twin Cyclone Duplex-Cyclone Cyclone 22 R-1300 R-1750 R-1820 R-2600 R-3350 R-4090 Others L-3 Gale R-1200 R-2160 Tornado Turbojets J59 J61 J65 J67 Turboprops/turboshafts T35 T49 Ramjets RJ47 RJ55 vteUnited States military piston aircraft engine designation systemH (four-bank H-configuration inline) H-1640 XH-2240 XH-2470 XH-2600 XH-3130 XH-3730 H-4070 IV (inverted-V inline) IV-1430 IV-2040 IV-2220 L (single-bank inline) L-330 L-365 L-375 L-390 L-410 L-440 L-510 L-825 O (opposed) O-15 O-40 O-45 O-90 O-100 O-145 O-150 O-170 O-175 O-180 O-190 O-200 (C) O-200 (F) O-205 O-235 O-290 O-300 O-335 O-360 (C) O-360 (L) O-405 O-425 O-435 O-470 O-480 O-520 O-540 (F) O-540 (L) O-550 O-580 O-805 O-1230 R (radial) R-250 R-265 R-270 R-370 (LB) R-370 (K) R-420 R-440 R-500 R-540 (W) R-540 (K) R-545 R-550 R-600 R-670 R-680 R-720 R-755 R-760 R-790 R-830 R-915 R-975 DR-980 R-985 R-1044 R-1300 R-1340 R-1454 R-1510 R-1535 R-1640 R-1670 R-1690 R-1750 R-1820 R-1830 R-1860 R-2000 R-2060 R-2160 R-2180 R-2600 R-2800 R-3350 R-4090 R-4360 XR-7755 V (upright-V inline) V-720 V-1150 V-1237 V-1400 V-1440 V-1460 V-1510 V-1560 V-1570 V-1650 (P) V-1710 V-1950 V-3420 V (inverted-V inline) V-770 V-1650 (L) VG (inverted-V inline) VG-1410 W (three-bank W-configuration inline) W-2779 See also: X-1800 US military gas turbine aeroengines Piston engine configurations	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supercharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger"},{"link_name":"radial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"cylinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"turbo-compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-compound_engine"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1049_Super_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360_Wasp_Major"},{"link_name":"Hawker Sea Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Fury"},{"link_name":"Grumman F8F Bearcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F8F_Bearcat"},{"link_name":"Reno Air Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Air_Races"}],"text":"The Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone is an American twin-row, supercharged, air-cooled, radial aircraft engine with 18 cylinders displacing nearly 3,350 cubic inches (54.9 L). Power ranged from 2,200 to over 3,700 hp (1,640 to 2,760 kW), depending on the model. Developed before World War II, the R-3350's design required a long time to mature before finally being used to power the Boeing B-29 Superfortress.After the war, the engine had matured sufficiently to become a major civilian airliner design, notably in its turbo-compound forms, and was used in the Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation airliners into the 1950s. Its main rival was the 4,360 in3 (71.4 L), 4,300 hp (3,200 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major, first run some seven years after the Duplex-Cyclone's beginnings. The engine is commonly used on Hawker Sea Fury and Grumman F8F Bearcat Unlimited Class Racers at the Reno Air Races.","title":"Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wright Aeronautical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Aeronautical"},{"link_name":"Curtiss-Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss-Wright"},{"link_name":"Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-1820_Cyclone_9"},{"link_name":"B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"turbocharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney"},{"link_name":"Wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Wasp"},{"link_name":"R-1830 Twin Wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-1830_Twin_Wasp"},{"link_name":"Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-2600_Twin_Cyclone"},{"link_name":"Wright R-4090 Cyclone 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-4090_Cyclone_22"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360_Wasp_Major"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Double_Wasp"},{"link_name":"Douglas XB-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_XB-19"},{"link_name":"Allison V-3420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_V-3420"},{"link_name":"USAAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAAC"},{"link_name":"Chrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler"},{"link_name":"Dodge Chicago Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Chicago_Plant"},{"link_name":"Albert Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wright_R-3350_Cyclone_Engine_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"A number of changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kansas#Wright_Duplex_Cyclone_engines_improved"},{"link_name":"magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"gasoline direct injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-7"},{"link_name":"Turbo-Compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-compound_engine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunston-4"},{"link_name":"fuel efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency"},{"link_name":"turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine"},{"link_name":"fluid couplings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_coupling"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"mean time between overhauls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_between_overhaul"},{"link_name":"specific fuel consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_fuel_consumption_(shaft_engine)"},{"link_name":"manifold pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold_pressure"},{"link_name":"tetraethyllead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead"},{"link_name":"avgas versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgas"},{"link_name":"Reno Air Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Air_Races"},{"link_name":"Rare Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Bear"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1649 Starliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1649_Starliner"},{"link_name":"Lockheed EC-121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_EC-121"},{"link_name":"nitrous oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1927, Wright Aeronautical introduced its famous \"Cyclone\" engine, which powered a number of designs in the 1930s. After merging with Curtiss to become Curtiss-Wright in 1929, an effort was started to redesign the engine to the 1,000 horsepower (750 kW) class. The new Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 first ran successfully in 1935, and became one of the most used aircraft engines in the 1930s and WWII, powering all frontline examples (the -C through -G models) of the B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber aircraft serving in the war, each powerplant assisted by a General Electric-designed turbocharger for maximum power output at high altitudes.By 1931 Pratt & Whitney had started a development of their equally famous single-row, Wasp nine-cylinder design into a larger and much more powerful fourteen-cylinder, twin-row design — the R-1830 Twin Wasp — of a nearly identical 30-liter displacement figure, that would easily compete with this larger, single-row Cyclone. In 1935 Wright followed P&W's lead, and developed much larger engines based on the mechanics of the Cyclone. The result was two designs with a somewhat shorter stroke, a 14-cylinder design of almost 43 liters displacement that would evolve into the Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone, and a much larger 18-cylinder design that became the R-3350. A larger twin-row 22-cylinder version, the Wright R-4090 Cyclone 22, was experimented with as a competitor to the 71.5 liter-displacement four-row, 28-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major, but was not produced.With Pratt & Whitney starting development of their own 46 liter-displacement 18-cylinder, twin-row high-output radial as the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp in 1937, Wright's first R-3350 prototype engines — itself having a nearly 55 liter displacement figure — were initially run in May of the same year. Continued development was slow, both due to the complex nature of the engine, as well as the R-2600 receiving considerably more attention. The R-3350 did not fly until 1941, after the prototype Douglas XB-19 had been redesigned from the Allison V-3420 to accept the R-3350.Things changed dramatically in 1940 with the introduction of a new contract by the USAAC to develop a long-range bomber capable of flying from the US to Germany with a 20,000 lb (9000 kg) bomb load. Although smaller than the Bomber D designs that led to the Douglas XB-19, the new designs required roughly the same amount of power. When preliminary designs were returned in the summer of 1940, three of the four designs were based on the R-3350. Suddenly the engine was seen as the future of army aviation, and serious efforts to get the design into production started. In 1942 Chrysler started the construction of the Dodge Chicago Plant and the new factory, designed by Albert Kahn, was in full operation by early 1944.Wright R-3350 Turbo-Compound radial engine. Two exhaust recovery turbines shown outside impeller casing area (top (silver) and lower (red blading)) that are geared to the crankshaft.By 1943 the ultimate development of the new bomber program, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, was flying. The engines remained temperamental, and showed an alarming tendency for the rear cylinders to overheat, partially due to minimal clearance between the cylinder baffles and the cowl. A number of changes were introduced into the Superfortress' production line to provide more cooling at low speeds, with the aircraft rushed into operational use in the Pacific in 1944. This proved unwise, as the early B-29 tactics of maximum weights, when combined with the high temperatures of the tropical airfields where B-29s were based, produced overheating problems that were not completely solved, and the engines having an additional tendency to swallow their own valves. Because of a high magnesium content in the potentially combustible crankcase alloy, the resulting engine fires — sometimes burning with a core temperature approaching 5,600 °F (3,100 °C)[2] — were often so intense the main spar could burn through in seconds, resulting in catastrophic wing failure.[3]Early versions of the R-3350 had carburetors, though the poorly designed elbow entrance to the supercharger led to serious problems with fuel/air distribution. Near the end of WWII, the system was changed to use gasoline direct injection where fuel was injected directly into the combustion chamber. This improved engine reliability. After the war the engine was redesigned and became popular for large aircraft, notably the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-7.Following the war, the Turbo-Compound[4] system was developed to deliver better fuel efficiency. In these versions, three power-recovery turbines (PRT) were inserted into the exhaust piping of each group of six cylinders, and geared to the engine crankshaft by fluid couplings to deliver more power. The PRTs recovered about 20% of the exhaust energy (around 450 horsepower (340 kW)) that would have otherwise been wasted, but reduced engine reliability (Mechanics tended to call them Parts Recovery Turbines, since increased exhaust heat meant a return of the old habit of the engine destroying exhaust valves). The fuel burn for the PRT-equipped aircraft was nearly the same as the older Pratt and Whitney R-2800, while producing more useful power.[5] Effective 15 October 1957 a DA-3/DA-4 engine cost $88,200.[6]By this point reliability had improved with the mean time between overhauls at 3,500 hours and specific fuel consumption in the order of 0.4 lb/hp/hour (243 g/kWh, giving a 34% fuel efficiency). Engines in use as of the 2020s are limited to 52 inHg (180 kPa) manifold pressure, giving 2,880 horsepower (2,150 kW) with 100/130 octane fuel (or 100LL) instead of the 59.5 inHg (201 kPa) and 3,400 horsepower (2,500 kW) possible with 115/145, or better, octane fuels, which are no longer available because such formulations are exceedingly toxic due to the extremely high tetraethyllead content of these avgas versions.Several racers at the Reno Air Races use R-3350s. Modifications on one, Rare Bear, include a nose case designed for a slow-turning prop, taken from an R-3350 used on the Lockheed L-1649 Starliner, mated to the power section (crankcase, crank, pistons, and cylinders) taken from an R-3350 used on the Douglas DC-7. The supercharger is taken from an R-3350 used on the Lockheed EC-121 and the engine is fitted with nitrous oxide injection. Normal rated power of a stock R-3350 is 2,800 horsepower (2,100 kW) at 2,600 rpm and 45 inHg (150 kPa) of manifold pressure. With these modifications, Rare Bear's engine produces 4,000 horsepower (3,000 kW) at 3,200 rpm and 80 inHg (270 kPa) of manifold pressure, and 4,500 horsepower (3,400 kW) with nitrous oxide injection.[7]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R3350engineSuperConnie.JPG"},{"link_name":"shp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"Silverplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverplate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Wright R-3350 Turbo-Compound radial engine fitted at the number four position on the starboard wing of a Lockheed Super ConstellationR-3350-13\n2,200 shp (1,640 kW)\nR-3350-23\n2,200 shp (1,640 kW)\nR-3350-24W\n2,500 shp (1,860 kW)\nR-3350-26W\n2,800 shp (2,090 kW)\nR-3350-30W\n\nR-3350-30WA\n\nR-3350-32W\n3,700 shp (2,760 kW)\nR-3350-34\n3,400 shp (2,540 kW)\nR-3350-35A\n2,200 shp (1,640 kW)\nR-3350-41\nFuel injected Silverplate variant[8]\nR-3350-42WA\n3,800 shp (2,830 kW)\nR-3350-53\n2,700 shp (2,010 kW)\nR-3350-57\n2,200 shp (1,640 kW)\nR-3350-85\n2,500 shp (1,860 kW)\nR-3350-89A\n3,500 shp (2,610 kW)\nR-3350-93W\n3,500 shp (2,610 kW)\n972TC18DA1\nCommercial equivalent to the -30W without water injection\n956C18CA1\nCommercial, similar to the -26W\n975C18CB1\nCommercial, similar to the 956C18CA1","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beechcraft XA-38 Grizzly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_XA-38_Grizzly"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"Boeing XC-97 Stratofreighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-97_Stratofreighter"},{"link_name":"Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Canadair CP-107 Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CP-107_Argus"},{"link_name":"Consolidated B-32 Dominator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-32_Dominator"},{"link_name":"Curtiss XBTC-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_XBTC-2"},{"link_name":"Curtiss XF14C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_XF14C"},{"link_name":"Curtiss XP-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_XP-62"},{"link_name":"Douglas A-1 Skyraider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider"},{"link_name":"Douglas BTD Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_BTD_Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-7"},{"link_name":"Douglas XB-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_XB-19"},{"link_name":"Douglas XB-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_XB-31"},{"link_name":"Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar"},{"link_name":"Fairchild AC-119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_AC-119"},{"link_name":"Grumman F8F Bearcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F8F_Bearcat"},{"link_name":"Rare Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Bear"},{"link_name":"Hawker Sea Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Fury"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-049 Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-049_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-69 Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-69_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-649 Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-649_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-749 Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-749_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1049_Super_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-121 Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-121_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Lockheed R7V-1 Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-121_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_EC-121_Warning_Star"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1649A Starliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1649A_Starliner"},{"link_name":"Lockheed P-2 Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-2_Neptune"},{"link_name":"Lockheed XB-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_XB-30"},{"link_name":"Martin JRM Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_JRM_Mars"},{"link_name":"Martin XB-33 Super Marauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_XB-33_Super_Marauder"},{"link_name":"Martin P5M Marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_P5M_Marlin"},{"link_name":"Stroukoff YC-134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroukoff_YC-134"}],"text":"Beechcraft XA-38 Grizzly\nBoeing B-29 Superfortress\nBoeing XC-97 Stratofreighter\nBoeing XPBB Sea Ranger\nCanadair CP-107 Argus\nConsolidated B-32 Dominator\nCurtiss XBTC-2\nCurtiss XF14C\nCurtiss XP-62\nDouglas A-1 Skyraider\nDouglas BTD Destroyer\nDouglas DC-7\nDouglas XB-19\nDouglas XB-31\nFairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar\nFairchild AC-119\nGrumman F8F Bearcat (See the Rare Bear)\nHawker Sea Fury\nLockheed Constellation\nLockheed L-049 Constellation\nLockheed C-69 Constellation\nLockheed L-649 Constellation\nLockheed L-749 Constellation\nLockheed L-1049 Super Constellation\nLockheed C-121 Constellation\nLockheed R7V-1 Constellation\nLockheed EC-121 Warning Star\nLockheed L-1649A Starliner\nLockheed P-2 Neptune\nLockheed XB-30\nMartin JRM Mars\nMartin XB-33 Super Marauder\nMartin P5M Marlin\nStroukoff YC-134","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aerospace Museum of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Museum_of_California"},{"link_name":"Flyhistorisk Museum, Sola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyhistorisk_Museum,_Sola"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Texas Air Museum - Stinson Chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Air_Museum_-_Stinson_Chapter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"Carleton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Zoo_December_2019_148_(Wright_R-3350_Turbo-Compound_Duplex_Cyclone).jpg"},{"link_name":"Air Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Zoo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20-09-094-R_3350.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museum of Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Aviation_(Warner_Robins)"},{"link_name":"Robins AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robins_AFB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PXL_20230927_212704910.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carleton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University"}],"text":"Wright R-3350-89 is on public display at the Aerospace Museum of California\nWright R-3350 is on public display at Flyhistorisk Museum, Sola, near Stavanger, Norway\nWright R-3350-35A is on public display at Texas Air Museum - Stinson Chapter, San Antonio, Texas\nWright R-3350 is on public display in the Mackenzie Engineering Building at Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaR-3350 on display at the Air Zoo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tR-3350 on display at Museum of Aviation, Robins AFB\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tR-3350 on display at Carleton University","title":"Engines on display"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wright_R-3350_Cyclone_Engine_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A Wright R-3350 radial engine, showing, R to L, propeller shaft, reduction gearcase, magneto (silver) with wiring, two cylinders (rear with connecting rod), impellor casing (and induction pipe outlets) and injection carburetor (black); separate accessory gearbox at extreme leftData from Jane's.[9]","title":"Specifications (R-3350-C18-BA)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radial engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"Bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_displacement"},{"link_name":"Dry weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_weight"}],"sub_title":"General characteristics","text":"Type: Twin-row 18-cylinder radial engine\nBore: 6+1⁄8 in (155.6 mm)\nStroke: 6+5⁄16 in (160.3 mm)\nDisplacement: 3,347.9 in3 (54.862 L)\nLength: 76.26 inches (1,937 mm)\nDiameter: 55.78 inches (1,417 mm)\nDry weight: 2,670 pounds (1,210 kg)","title":"Specifications (R-3350-C18-BA)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valvetrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvetrain"},{"link_name":"Supercharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger"},{"link_name":"carburetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor"},{"link_name":"RON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating"},{"link_name":"Dry sump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_sump"}],"sub_title":"Components","text":"Valvetrain: Pushrod, two valves per cylinder\nSupercharger: Two-speed single-stage\nFuel system: Chandler-Evans downdraft carburetor\nFuel type: 100/130 RON\nOil system: Dry sump\nCooling system: Air-cooled","title":"Specifications (R-3350-C18-BA)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rpm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute"},{"link_name":"Specific power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_density"},{"link_name":"Compression ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio"},{"link_name":"Specific fuel consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_specific_fuel_consumption"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HectoPressure-10"},{"link_name":"Power-to-weight ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"}],"sub_title":"Performance","text":"Power output: 2,200 hp (1,600 kW) at 2,800 rpm (takeoff)\nSpecific power: 0.66 hp/in³\nCompression ratio: 6.85:1\nSpecific fuel consumption: Takeoff: 0.38 lb/(hp⋅h) (0.17 kg/(hp⋅h); 0.23 kg/kWh)[10]\nPower-to-weight ratio: 0.82 hp/lb","title":"Specifications (R-3350-C18-BA)"}]	[{"image_text":"Wright R-3350 Turbo-Compound radial engine. Two exhaust recovery turbines shown outside impeller casing area (top (silver) and lower (red blading)) that are geared to the crankshaft.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Wright_R-3350_Cyclone_Engine_1.jpg/220px-Wright_R-3350_Cyclone_Engine_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wright R-3350 Turbo-Compound radial engine fitted at the number four position on the starboard wing of a Lockheed Super Constellation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/R3350engineSuperConnie.JPG/220px-R3350engineSuperConnie.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Wright R-3350 radial engine, showing, R to L, propeller shaft, reduction gearcase, magneto (silver) with wiring, two cylinders (rear with connecting rod), impellor casing (and induction pipe outlets) and injection carburetor (black); separate accessory gearbox at extreme left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wright_R-3350_Cyclone_Engine_2.jpg/220px-Wright_R-3350_Cyclone_Engine_2.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Pratt & Whitney Wasp series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Wasp_series"},{"title":"Wright Cyclone series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Cyclone_series"},{"title":"Wright R-1300 Cyclone 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-1300_Cyclone_7"},{"title":"Wright R-1820 Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-1820_Cyclone"},{"title":"Wright R-2600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-2600"},{"title":"Wright R-4090 Cyclone 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-4090_Cyclone_22"},{"title":"BMW 802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_802"},{"title":"Bristol Centaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Centaurus"},{"title":"Dobrynin VD-4K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrynin_VD-4K"},{"title":"Gnome-Rhône 18L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome-Rh%C3%B4ne_18L"},{"title":"Nakajima Homare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Homare"},{"title":"Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360_Wasp_Major"},{"title":"Shvetsov ASh-73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetsov_ASh-73"},{"title":"List of aircraft engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_engines"}]	[{"reference":"\"SUMMARY OF WRIGHT ENGINE SHIPMENTS 1920 – 1930\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2023-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211010173806/enginehistory.org/Piston/Wright/WrightShipments1920-1930.pdf","url_text":"\"SUMMARY OF WRIGHT ENGINE SHIPMENTS 1920 – 1930\""},{"url":"http://enginehistory.org/Piston/Wright/WrightShipments1920-1930.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dreizin, Edward L.; Berman, Charles H. & Vicenzi, Edward P. (2000). \"Condensed-phase modifications in magnesium particle combustion in air\". Scripta Materialia. 122 (1–2): 30–42. Bibcode:2000CoFl..122...30D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.488.2456. doi:10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00101-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000CoFl..122...30D","url_text":"2000CoFl..122...30D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.488.2456","url_text":"10.1.1.488.2456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-2180%2800%2900101-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00101-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The Wright R-3350 Turbo-Compound Engine\". Sport Aviation: 20. April 2012.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Bear is Back\". Smithsonian Air & Space Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-bear-is-back-136220946/","url_text":"\"The Bear is Back\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220423110347/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-bear-is-back-136220946/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaiser, Sascha; Donnerhack, Stefan; Lundbladh, Anders; Seitz, Arne (27–29 July 2015). A composite cycle engine concept with hecto-pressure ratio. AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference (51st ed.). doi:10.2514/6.2015-4028.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278674579","url_text":"A composite cycle engine concept with hecto-pressure ratio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2514%2F6.2015-4028","url_text":"10.2514/6.2015-4028"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wright+R-3350+Duplex-Cyclone%22","external_links_name":"\"Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wright+R-3350+Duplex-Cyclone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wright+R-3350+Duplex-Cyclone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wright+R-3350+Duplex-Cyclone%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wright+R-3350+Duplex-Cyclone%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wright+R-3350+Duplex-Cyclone%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211010173806/enginehistory.org/Piston/Wright/WrightShipments1920-1930.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SUMMARY OF WRIGHT ENGINE SHIPMENTS 1920 – 1930\""},{"Link":"http://enginehistory.org/Piston/Wright/WrightShipments1920-1930.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000CoFl..122...30D","external_links_name":"2000CoFl..122...30D"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.488.2456","external_links_name":"10.1.1.488.2456"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-2180%2800%2900101-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00101-2"},{"Link":"http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/b29.htm","external_links_name":"\"B-29.\""},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-bear-is-back-136220946/","external_links_name":"\"The Bear is Back\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220423110347/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-bear-is-back-136220946/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278674579","external_links_name":"A composite cycle engine concept with hecto-pressure ratio"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2514%2F6.2015-4028","external_links_name":"10.2514/6.2015-4028"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/195705/wright-r-3350-57-cyclone.aspx","external_links_name":"Wright R-3350-57 Cyclone Fact Sheets from the National Museum of the USAF website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_t3akMEm9bI","external_links_name":"1940s film on Chrysler production of Wright's Duplex-Cyclone radials for the Superfortress"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q6qqxkbyIT8C","external_links_name":"150 hour test of Wright 3350-19 with Bendix fuel injection 1943"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Manchester_City_Council_election	1988 Manchester City Council election	["1 Election result","2 Ward results","2.1 Ardwick","2.2 Baguley","2.3 Barlow Moor","2.4 Benchill","2.5 Beswick and Clayton","2.6 Blackley","2.7 Bradford","2.8 Brooklands","2.9 Burnage","2.10 Central","2.11 Charlestown","2.12 Cheetham","2.13 Chorlton","2.14 Crumpsall","2.15 Didsbury","2.16 Fallowfield","2.17 Gorton North","2.18 Gorton South","2.19 Harpurhey","2.20 Hulme","2.21 Levenshulme","2.22 Lightbowne","2.23 Longsight","2.24 Moss Side","2.25 Moston","2.26 Newton Heath","2.27 Northenden","2.28 Old Moat","2.29 Rusholme","2.30 Sharston","2.31 Whalley Range","2.32 Withington","2.33 Woodhouse Park","3 References"]	1988 UK local government election Elections to Manchester Council were held on Thursday, 5 May 1988. One third of the council was up for election, with each successful candidate to serve a four-year term of office, expiring in 1992. The Labour Party retained overall control of the Council. Election result Manchester Council Election Result 1988 Party Seats Gains Losses Net gain/loss Seats % Votes % Votes +/− Labour 34 2 1 +1 89.5 53.1 71,493 +11.1% Conservative 2 1 2 -1 5.2 28.3 38,089 -0.7% Liberal Democrats 2 0 0 0 5.2 15.2 20,480 -11.9% Green 0 0 0 0 0.0 2.1 2,867 +0.9% SDP 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.8 1,160 +0.8% Independent 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.3 482 -0.2% Communist 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 139 +0.1% After the election, the composition of the council was as follows: Party Seats +/- Labour 78 +1 Conservative 12 -1 Liberal Democrats 9 0 Labour hold Ward results Ardwick Ardwick Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour E. H. Hopkins 1,999 78.8 +11.8 Conservative M. D. Payne 309 12.2 -3.9 Liberal Democrats K. V. Read 155 6.1 -10.8 Green J. A. B. Hall 74 2.9 +2.9 Majority 1,690 66.6 +16.5 Turnout 2,537 Labour hold Swing +7.8 Baguley Baguley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour A. Burns* 2,372 57.6 +15.5 Labour J. McNicholls 2,207 Conservative V. C. Kirby 1,443 35.1 +0.5 Conservative S. W. Lawley 1,414 Liberal Democrats G. Hall 300 7.3 -16.0 Liberal Democrats L. H. McLoughlin 246 Majority 764 22.5 +15.0 Turnout 4,115 Labour hold Swing Labour hold Swing +7.5 Barlow Moor Barlow Moor Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Y. A. Gooljary 1,746 37.3 +2.5 Labour I. M. Summers 1,594 Liberal Democrats R. S. Harrison 1,309 28.0 -14.5 Liberal Democrats H. D. McKay 1,286 Conservative N. H. Brook 1,284 27.5 +7.0 Conservative M. B. Beaugeard 1,229 Green B. A. Candeland 334 7.1 +4.8 Majority 285 9.3 +1.6 Turnout 4,673 Labour hold Swing Labour hold Swing +8.5 Benchill Benchill Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour V. M. Myers* 1,735 60.0 -2.6 Independent D. A. Morris 482 16.7 +16.7 Liberal Democrats A. Bradshaw 407 14.1 -23.3 Conservative W. F. Hurst 267 9.2 +9.2 Majority 1,253 43.3 +18.1 Turnout 2,891 Labour hold Swing -9.6 Beswick and Clayton Beswick and Clayton Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour J. Flanagan* 2,157 75.0 +18.8 Conservative B. H. Brooks 548 19.1 -7.5 Liberal Democrats V. M. Cahill 171 5.9 -11.3 Majority 1,253 43.6 +14.1 Turnout 2,876 Labour hold Swing +13.1 Blackley Blackley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour K. Barnes 2,290 61.1 +15.9 Conservative F. J. R. Lomas 1,117 29.8 -3.1 Liberal Democrats J. Cookson 340 9.1 -12.8 Majority 1,173 31.3 +19.0 Turnout 3,747 Labour hold Swing +9.5 Bradford Bradford Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour K. J. Rowswell 2,008 72.8 +10.9 Conservative K. Hyde 531 19.2 +0.8 Liberal Democrats P. F. Allanson 220 8.0 -11.6 Majority 1,477 53.5 +11.2 Turnout 2,759 Labour hold Swing +5.0 Brooklands Brooklands Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative P. Cummins 2,316 50.6 +0.6 Labour J. Broderick* 1,934 42.3 +9.9 Liberal Democrats D. Wraxall 325 7.1 -10.6 Majority 382 8.3 -9.3 Turnout 4,575 Conservative gain from Labour Swing -4.6 Burnage Burnage Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour J. Clegg* 2,546 49.7 +13.8 Conservative A. Riley 2,001 39.0 -1.2 Liberal Democrats R. Taylor 483 9.4 -12.8 Green E. F. Howard 96 1.9 +0.3 Majority 545 10.6 +6.3 Turnout 5,126 Labour hold Swing +7.5 Central Central Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour G. Conquest* 1,551 80.6 +12.7 Conservative A. E. W. Hudson 255 13.3 -3.1 Liberal Democrats C. Muir 118 6.1 -9.7 Majority 1,296 67.4 +15.9 Turnout 1,924 Labour hold Swing +7.9 Charlestown Charlestown Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour B. Curley 2,289 57.4 +16.2 Conservative M. Harris 1,368 34.3 -3.4 SDP S. Earnshaw 182 4.6 +4.6 Liberal Democrats N. Towers 148 3.7 -17.4 Majority 921 23.1 +19.5 Turnout 3,987 Labour hold Swing +9.8 Cheetham Cheetham Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour J. McCardell* 2,484 78.1 +25.8 Conservative R. T. L. Berg 453 14.2 +14.2 Liberal Democrats S. A. Lewis 245 7.7 -13.8 Majority 2,031 63.8 +37.7 Turnout 3,182 Labour hold Swing +5.8 Chorlton Chorlton Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour A. Tomlinson 2,693 43.5 +10.7 Conservative E. Walker* 2,655 42.9 -1.5 Liberal Democrats R. T. Bogg 467 7.6 -12.2 Green D. Glazier 231 3.7 +0.6 Communist M. Waterfield 139 2.2 +2.2 Majority 38 0.6 -11.0 Turnout 6,185 Labour gain from Conservative Swing +6.1 Crumpsall Crumpsall Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour R. Leese* 2,014 47.6 +11.1 Conservative A. E. Walsh 1,942 45.9 +0.8 Liberal Democrats J. A. Smith 276 6.5 -9.6 Majority 72 1.7 -6.9 Turnout 4,232 Labour hold Swing +5.1 Didsbury Didsbury Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative P. Hilton 3,139 53.9 -0.4 Labour G. Bridson 1,802 31.0 +8.7 Liberal Democrats E. Allen 688 11.8 -8.3 Green G. Otten 191 3.3 -0.0 Majority 1,337 23.0 -8.9 Turnout 5,820 Conservative hold Swing -4.5 Fallowfield Fallowfield Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour R. A. Graham* 2,054 51.0 +9.1 Conservative S. W. Keegin 1,170 29.0 -6.0 Liberal Democrats E. A. Cross 622 15.4 -3.8 Green J. Sturrock 184 4.6 +0.7 Majority 884 21.9 +14.9 Turnout 4,030 Labour hold Swing +7.5 Gorton North Gorton North Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour T. Hamnett* 2,226 46.3 +0.9 Liberal Democrats J. Pearcey 1,948 40.5 +12.2 Conservative N. Dentith 638 13.3 -13.0 Majority 278 5.8 -11.3 Turnout 4,812 Labour hold Swing -5.6 Gorton South Gorton South Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour B. Stone 2,170 48.9 +10.0 Liberal Democrats J. Bridges 1,871 42.2 -6.9 Conservative T. A. Grimshaw 394 8.9 -3.0 Majority 299 6.7 -3.5 Turnout 4,435 Labour hold Swing +8.4 Harpurhey Harpurhey Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour G. Stringer* 2,493 69.1 +22.1 Conservative R. Chadwick 851 23.6 -6.6 Liberal Democrats V. Towers 264 7.3 -15.4 Majority 1,642 45.5 +28.7 Turnout 3,608 Labour hold Swing +14.3 Hulme Hulme Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour V. Dunn* 1,775 70.9 -1.9 Labour H. Johnson 1,639 Green P. E. Harrison 395 15.8 +15.8 Conservative A. Pollitt 171 6.8 +6.8 Liberal Democrats S. M. Jones 161 6.4 -20.8 Conservative D. M. Powell 160 Liberal Democrats C. Whettam 107 Majority 1,244 55.1 +9.5 Turnout 2,502 Labour hold Swing Labour hold Swing -8.8 Levenshulme Levenshulme Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats J. Commons 2,038 41.2 -14.2 Labour D. J. Power 1,821 36.8 +9.3 Conservative R. Colledge 919 18.6 +4.8 Green A. R. King 172 3.5 +0.2 Majority 217 4.4 -23.5 Turnout 4,950 Liberal Democrats hold Swing -11.7 Lightbowne Lightbowne Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour W. Risby 2,497 50.8 +15.6 Conservative J. A. Smeaton 1,882 38.3 -0.3 Liberal Democrats D. Porter 464 9.4 -16.9 Green R. Wallace 72 1.5 +1.5 Majority 615 12.5 +9.1 Turnout 4,915 Labour hold Swing +7.9 Longsight Longsight Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour K. Robinson* 2,801 68.3 +8.2 Conservative D. Ferguson 571 13.9 -3.7 Liberal Democrats L. M. Moulding 520 12.7 -6.5 Green L. A. King 207 5.1 +1.9 Majority 2,230 54.4 +13.5 Turnout 4,099 Labour hold Swing +5.9 Moss Side Moss Side Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour V. P. Young 2,438 75.4 +5.3 Conservative M. Barnes 482 14.9 -1.1 Liberal Democrats F. Griffiths 200 6.2 -7.7 Green D. A. Howarth 112 3.5 +3.5 Majority 1,956 60.5 +6.4 Turnout 3,232 Labour hold Swing +3.2 Moston Moston Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour L. Kelly* 2,368 50.0 +12.9 Conservative M. Gill 2,031 42.8 -0.4 Liberal Democrats E. L. B. Slater 341 7.2 -12.5 Majority 337 7.1 +0.9 Turnout 4,740 Labour hold Swing +6.6 Newton Heath Newton Heath Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour J. Smith* 2,197 74.0 +17.8 Labour A. F. Garside 2,133 Conservative R. J. Merrin 585 19.7 -4.6 Conservative S. W. Place 538 Liberal Democrats G. Shaw 186 6.3 -13.2 Liberal Democrats J. A. Snellwood 177 Majority 1,548 54.3 +22.4 Turnout 2,968 Labour hold Swing Labour hold Swing +11.2 Northenden Northenden Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour H. Brown* 2,175 49.7 +18.4 Conservative R. Bee 1,792 41.0 +4.0 Liberal Democrats R. K. Higginson 354 8.1 -22.5 Green C. P. Ireland 54 1.2 +0.1 Majority 383 8.8 +3.1 Turnout 4,375 Labour hold Swing +7.2 Old Moat Old Moat Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour B. Harrison* 2,793 44.9 +6.9 Labour A. Spencer 2,570 Liberal Democrats P. A. Monkhouse 1,428 22.9 -12.0 Conservative J. F. Roberts 1,346 21.6 -3.4 Conservative N. M. Watson 1,203 Liberal Democrats M. E. D. Boyle 1,058 SDP B. Gaskin 332 5.3 +5.3 Green S. J. Buchan 321 5.1 +3.0 Majority 1,142 22.0 +18.9 Turnout 6,220 Labour hold Swing Labour hold Swing +9.4 Rusholme Rusholme Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Y. Mambu 1,876 43.8 +4.6 Liberal Democrats A. Choudhury 1,512 35.3 -10.7 Conservative N. F. Barnes 652 15.2 +3.4 Green B. S. Bingham 245 5.7 +2.7 Majority 364 8.5 +1.7 Turnout 4,285 Labour hold Swing +7.6 Sharston Sharston Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour G. Berry 2,051 52.8 +14.3 Conservative A. R. Williams 1,119 28.8 +1.2 Liberal Democrats R. Bowers 717 18.4 -15.5 Majority 932 24.0 +19.4 Turnout 3,887 Labour hold Swing +6.5 Whalley Range Whalley Range Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour K. M. Fry 2,285 47.3 +8.7 Conservative V. M. Colledge 1,948 40.3 -2.4 Liberal Democrats P. J. Davis 270 5.6 -10.3 Green C. I. Kirby 179 3.7 +0.9 SDP K. McKeon 151 3.1 +3.1 Majority 337 7.0 +2.9 Turnout 4,833 Labour gain from Conservative Swing +5.5 Withington Withington Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats A. Firth* 1,932 39.4 -5.5 Labour A. D. R. Eko 1,561 31.9 +4.4 Conservative A. J. Elleray 1,405 28.7 +3.9 Majority 371 7.6 -9.7 Turnout 4,898 Liberal Democrats hold Swing -4.9 Woodhouse Park Woodhouse Park Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour R. H. Vaughan 2,292 69.6 +21.6 Conservative D. M. Hurst 505 15.3 -5.3 SDP E. M. Bowers 495 15.0 +15.0 Majority 1,787 54.3 +37.6 Turnout 3,292 Labour hold Swing +13.4 References ^ Manchester City Council Election Results, 2nd Edition, Swarbrick (1993). vte(1987 ←) 1988 United Kingdom local elections (→ 1989)Metropolitanboroughs Barnsley Birmingham Bradford Bolton Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton District councils(England) Adur Amber Valley Barrow-in-Furness Basildon Basingstoke and Deane Bassetlaw Bath Blackburn Brentwood Brighton Bristol Broadland Broxbourne Burnley Cambridge Cannock Chase Carlisle Cheltenham Cherwell Chester Chorley Colchester Congleton Craven Crawley Crewe and Nantwich Daventry Derby Eastbourne Eastleigh Ellesmere Port and Neston Elmbridge Epping Forest Exeter Fareham Gillingham Gloucester Gosport Great Grimsby Great Yarmouth Halton Harlow Harrogate Hart Hartlepool Hastings Havant Hereford Hertsmere Huntingdonshire Hyndburn Ipswich Kingston upon Hull Leominster Lincoln Macclesfield Maidstone Milton Keynes Mole Valley Newcastle-under-Lyme North Bedfordshire North Hertfordshire Norwich Nuneaton and Bedworth Oadby and Wigston Oxford Pendle Penwith Peterborough Portsmouth Preston Purbeck Reading Redditch Reigate and Banstead Rochford Rossendale Rugby Runnymede Rushmoor Scunthorpe Shrewsbury and Atcham Slough South Bedfordshire South Cambridgeshire South Herefordshire South Lakeland Southampton Southend-on-Sea St Albans Stevenage Stoke-on-Trent Stratford-on-Avon Stroud Swale Tamworth Tandridge Thamesdown Three Rivers Thurrock Tonbridge and Malling Torbay Tunbridge Wells Watford Waveney Welwyn Hatfield West Lancashire West Lindsey West Oxfordshire Weymouth and Portland Winchester Woking Wokingham Worcester Worthing Wyre Forest York District councils(Scotland) Aberdeen Angus Annandale and Eskdale Argyll and Bute Badenoch and Strathspey Banff and Buchan Bearsden and Milngavie Berwickshire Caithness Clackmannan Clydebank Clydesdale Cumbernauld and Kilsyth Cumnock and Doon Valley Cunninghame Dumbarton Dundee Dunfermline East Kilbride East Lothian Eastwood Edinburgh Ettrick and Lauderdale Falkirk Glasgow Gordon Hamilton Inverclyde Inverness Kilmarnock and Loudoun Kincardine and Deeside Kirkcaldy Kyle and Carrick Lochaber Midlothian Monklands Moray Motherwell Nairn Nithsdale North East Fife Perth and Kinross Renfrew Ross and Cromarty Roxburgh Skye and Lochalsh Stewartry Stirling Strathkelvin Sutherland Tweeddale West Lothian Wigtown vteCouncil elections in Greater ManchesterMayor 2017 2021 2024 2028 Bolton 1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2026 Bury 1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2026 Manchester 1945 1946 1947 1949 1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2026 Oldham 1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2026 Rochdale 1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2026 Salford 1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2026 Stockport 1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2026 Tameside 1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2026 Trafford 1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2026 Wigan 1973 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2026 County Council 1973 1977 1981 See also: Wards Boundary changes	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Elections to Manchester Council were held on Thursday, 5 May 1988. One third of the council was up for election, with each successful candidate to serve a four-year term of office, expiring in 1992. The Labour Party retained overall control of the Council.\n[1]","title":"1988 Manchester City Council election"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After the election, the composition of the council was as follows:","title":"Election result"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ardwick","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Baguley","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Barlow Moor","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Benchill","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Beswick and Clayton","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Blackley","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bradford","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Brooklands","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Burnage","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Central","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charlestown","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cheetham","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chorlton","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Crumpsall","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Didsbury","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fallowfield","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gorton North","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gorton South","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Harpurhey","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hulme","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Levenshulme","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lightbowne","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Longsight","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Moss Side","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Moston","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Newton Heath","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Northenden","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Old Moat","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rusholme","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sharston","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Whalley Range","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Withington","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Woodhouse Park","title":"Ward results"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Valladares	Melvin Valladares	["1 Club career","2 International career","2.1 International goals","3 References","4 External links"]	Honduran footballer (born 1984) Melvin ValladaresPersonal informationFull name Melvin Yovany Valladares CastilloDate of birth (1984-07-14) 14 July 1984 (age 39)Place of birth Tegucigalpa, HondurasHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) Midfielder or ForwardSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2004–2005 Valencia (7)2006–2010 Real España 62 (14)2010 Guerreros 14 (2)2011 Dorados 11 (1)2012–2014 Motagua 45 (7)2014 Victoria 16 (6)2015 Marathón 17 (1)2017 Juticalpa 4 (0)International career‡2007– Honduras 14 (2) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 25 August 2013‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 19 November 2009 In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Valladares and the second or maternal family name is Castillo. Melvin Yovany Valladares Castillo (born 14 July 1984) is a Honduran footballer who plays as a striker and currently plays for F.C. Motagua in the Honduran Liga Nacional. Club career Valladares made his professional debut for Municipal Valencia on 6 August 2004 against Real España before joining Real España himself after the 2005 Apertura. He would score 14 goals for them over a 5 year-period. In November 2009, he went on a trial with Tottenham Hotspur after being recommended by Wilson Palacios. In 2010, he moved abroad to play for Mexican second division side Guerreros and left them in summer 2011 for Dorados. He joined Motagua before the 2012 Clausura. International career Valladares made his debut for Honduras in a March 2007 friendly match against El Salvador and has, as of March 2013, earned a total of 14 caps, scoring 2 goals. He has represented his country in 2 FIFA World Cup qualification match and played at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup. His most recent international was an April 2010 friendly match against Venezuela. International goals N. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 11 July 2009 Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, United States Grenada 3–0 4–0 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup 2 12 August 2009 Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano, San Pedro Sula, Honduras Costa Rica 3–0 4–0 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification References ^ Desafíe a Ismael Archived 2013-07-02 at archive.today - La Prensa (in Spanish) ^ Skysports.com – Striker waits on Spurs – 24 November 2009 ^ Melvin Valladares ya está en México - Diez (in Spanish) ^ Melvin Valladares primera contratación de Dorados de Sinola - Fútbol de Honduras (in Spanish) ^ ElHeraldo.hn – Melvin Valladares, la nueva contratación de Motagua – 5 December 2011 ^ Melvin Valladares – FIFA competition record (archived) ^ CONCACAF Championship, Gold Cup 2009 - Full Details Archived 2014-07-26 at the Wayback Machine - RSSSF External links Melvin Valladares at National-Football-Teams.com Melvin Valladares at Soccerway vteHonduras squad – 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup semi-finalists 1 Bodden 2 O. Chávez 3 Molina 4 J. Palacios 5 Norales 6 García 7 Padilla 8 Lalín 9 Mejía 10 M. Chávez 11 Acevedo 12 Canales 13 Costly 14 C. Palacios 15 Martínez 16 Medina 17 Castillo 18 Valladares 21 Ramos 22 Escober 23 Espinoza 24 Welcome 25 López Coach: Rueda	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Honduran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"F.C. Motagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Motagua"},{"link_name":"Honduran Liga Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_F%C3%BAtbol_de_Honduras"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Valladares and the second or maternal family name is Castillo.Melvin Yovany Valladares Castillo (born 14 July 1984) is a Honduran footballer who plays as a striker and currently plays for F.C. Motagua in the Honduran Liga Nacional.","title":"Melvin Valladares"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipal Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Municipal_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Real España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_C.D._Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur"},{"link_name":"Wilson Palacios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Palacios"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Guerreros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerreros_F%C3%BAtbol_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dorados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorados_de_Sinaloa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Valladares made his professional debut for Municipal Valencia on 6 August 2004 against Real España[1] before joining Real España himself after the 2005 Apertura. He would score 14 goals for them over a 5 year-period. In November 2009, he went on a trial with Tottenham Hotspur after being recommended by Wilson Palacios.[2]In 2010, he moved abroad to play for Mexican second division side Guerreros[3] and left them in summer 2011 for Dorados.[4]He joined Motagua before the 2012 Clausura.[5]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"friendly match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_match"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_national_football_team"}],"text":"Valladares made his debut for Honduras in a March 2007 friendly match against El Salvador and has, as of March 2013, earned a total of 14 caps, scoring 2 goals. He has represented his country in 2 FIFA World Cup qualification match[6] and played at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup.[7]His most recent international was an April 2010 friendly match against Venezuela.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International goals","title":"International career"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://archivo.laprensa.hn/content/view/full/400094","external_links_name":"Desafíe a Ismael"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130702043328/http://archivo.laprensa.hn/content/view/full/400094","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_5715274,00.html","external_links_name":"Skysports.com – Striker waits on Spurs"},{"Link":"http://www.diez.hn/content/view/full/5104","external_links_name":"Melvin Valladares ya está en México"},{"Link":"http://hondurasfutbol.com/melvin-valladares-primera-contratacion-de-dorados-de-sinola/","external_links_name":"Melvin Valladares primera contratación de Dorados de Sinola"},{"Link":"http://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Zona-Deportiva/Melvin-Valladares-la-nueva-contratacion-de-Motagua","external_links_name":"ElHeraldo.hn – Melvin Valladares, la nueva contratación de Motagua"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=297306/index.html","external_links_name":"Melvin Valladares"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tables/09gc-full.html","external_links_name":"CONCACAF Championship, Gold Cup 2009 - Full Details"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140726152032/http://www.rsssf.com/tables/09gc-full.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/24385.html","external_links_name":"Melvin Valladares"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/melvin-valladares/43907/","external_links_name":"Melvin Valladares"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wallis_(architect)	Thomas Wallis (architect)	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Architectural style","4 Personal life and death","5 References"]	British architect Thomas Wallis (27 May 1872–4 May 1953) was a British architect known for his Art Deco designs. Early life Wallis was born in West Norwood and was the son of a bricklayer father and a grocer mother. In 1899, he married his cousin, Edith. They had three children. Career Wallis worked for local architect, Sidney Robert James Smith, during the time that Smith had the Tate Gallery commission. Wallis contributed to some of the drawings for the building's design. In 1900, Wallis was admitted to the Society of Architects and worked independently. In 1901, he returned to work as a draughtsman at the HM Office of Works and Public Buildings to earn more money. He also worked with James Albert Bowden. Buildings they designed included the Bunker, Hythe and Rochdale swimming baths, Barnsley swimming baths, an extension for Stoke-on-Trent Town Hall, St Marylebone Town Hall and the Port of London Authority head office. Their designs were praised for their consideration of how people would work in the spaces. In 1913, Wallis was promoted to become an Architectural Assistant at the Ministry of Works and ceased working with Bowden. During World War I, Wallis worked with Sir Frank Baines in the Office of Works, helping to design factories using materials such as concrete and steel for rapid building to support the war effort. Wallis established Wallis, Gilbert and Partners in 1916. Wallis was influenced by American approaches to employee welfare and production. He worked with the Trussed Concrete Steel Company (Truscon), based in Michigan, for ten years. Collaborating with Truscon enabled Wallis to get around rules against architects engaging in commercial activities. Wallis was made a Fellow of the Society of Architects in 1920. He was one of its four vice presidents when it merged with the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1925 so was automatically also made a fellow of that organisation. He served on various committees for the RIBA. Architectural style Wallis described his style, which featured large, adaptable spaces behind an elaborate Art Deco façade, as "Fancy". Many other architects were critical of his designs but they were popular with the public. Wallis considered that the façade of a building provided effective advertising for a company and that good design had a positive effect on good workers. In 1932, Wallis delivered a lecture on Factories at the RIBA. Following the lecture, he defended his architectural approach in a conversation with Charles Herbert Reilly and Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel, arguing that offices attached to factories should receive as much architectural consideration as officies in cities. Personal life and death Wallis had affairs that threatened his marriage and by 1933, caused its end. From this point, he lived with his secretary Doris Rudland, who was 28 years younger. In 1947, after Edith's death, Thomas and Doris married. In 1953, they moved to Worthing. He died soon after the move, on 4 May 1953. References ^ a b c d e f Skinner, J.S. (1997). "Chapter One: Thomas Wallis and Wallis, Gilbert & Partners". Form & Fancy: Factories & Factory Buildings by Wallis, Gilbert & Partners, 1916-1939. ^ a b c "DSA Architect Biography Report: Thomas Wallis". Dictionary of Scottish Architects 1660-1980. ^ a b c d e Darley, Gillian (2003). "Chapter 6: Factory as Sales Tool". Factory. ISBN 9781861891556. ^ Harwood, Elain (1994). "Chapter 8: 'Prestige Pancakes': The Influence of American Planning in British Industry since the War". Twentieth Century Architecture 1: Industrial Architecture. p. 79. ISBN 9780952975502. ^ a b "Thomas Wallis Obituary". Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects: 465. September 1953. ^ Mills, Edward D. (1994). "Chapter 1: Introduction: The Changing Workplace". Twentieth Century Architecture 1: Industrial Architecture. ^ Watts, Peter (2018). "Buy your own piece of Americana". Daily Telegraph. p. 11. Retrieved 13 June 2024. ^ Bolter, Jon (1998). "The Works: Factories in London, 1918-1939. Part 1". AA Files (36): 41–54. ISSN 0261-6823.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"}],"text":"Thomas Wallis (27 May 1872–4 May 1953) was a British architect known for his Art Deco designs.","title":"Thomas Wallis (architect)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norwood"},{"link_name":"bricklayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricklayer"},{"link_name":"grocer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocery_store"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Wallis was born in West Norwood and was the son of a bricklayer father and a grocer mother. In 1899, he married his cousin, Edith. They had three children.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tate Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"Society of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"HM Office of Works and Public Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Works"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Sir Frank Baines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frank_Baines"},{"link_name":"Office of Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Works"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Wallis, Gilbert and Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis,_Gilbert_and_Partners"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute of British Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"Wallis worked for local architect, Sidney Robert James Smith, during the time that Smith had the Tate Gallery commission. Wallis contributed to some of the drawings for the building's design.[1][2]In 1900, Wallis was admitted to the Society of Architects and worked independently. In 1901, he returned to work as a draughtsman at the HM Office of Works and Public Buildings to earn more money. He also worked with James Albert Bowden. Buildings they designed included the Bunker, Hythe and Rochdale swimming baths, Barnsley swimming baths, an extension for Stoke-on-Trent Town Hall,[2] St Marylebone Town Hall and the Port of London Authority head office. Their designs were praised for their consideration of how people would work in the spaces.[1]In 1913, Wallis was promoted to become an Architectural Assistant at the Ministry of Works and ceased working with Bowden.[1]During World War I, Wallis worked with Sir Frank Baines in the Office of Works, helping to design factories using materials such as concrete and steel for rapid building to support the war effort.[3]Wallis established Wallis, Gilbert and Partners in 1916.[3] Wallis was influenced by American approaches to employee welfare and production.[4] He worked with the Trussed Concrete Steel Company (Truscon), based in Michigan, for ten years. Collaborating with Truscon enabled Wallis to get around rules against architects engaging in commercial activities.[3]Wallis was made a Fellow of the Society of Architects in 1920. He was one of its four vice presidents when it merged with the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1925 so was automatically also made a fellow of that organisation.[2] He served on various committees for the RIBA.[1][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Charles Herbert Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Reilly"},{"link_name":"Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Stuart_Goodhart-Rendel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Wallis described his style, which featured large, adaptable spaces behind an elaborate Art Deco façade, as \"Fancy\".[6] Many other architects were critical of his designs[5] but they were popular with the public.[3]Wallis considered that the façade of a building provided effective advertising for a company and that good design had a positive effect on good workers.[7][3]In 1932, Wallis delivered a lecture on Factories at the RIBA. Following the lecture, he defended his architectural approach in a conversation with Charles Herbert Reilly and Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel, arguing that offices attached to factories should receive as much architectural consideration as officies in cities.[8]","title":"Architectural style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Wallis had affairs that threatened his marriage and by 1933, caused its end. From this point, he lived with his secretary Doris Rudland, who was 28 years younger. In 1947, after Edith's death, Thomas and Doris married. In 1953, they moved to Worthing. He died soon after the move, on 4 May 1953.[1]","title":"Personal life and death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Skinner, J.S. (1997). \"Chapter One: Thomas Wallis and Wallis, Gilbert & Partners\". Form & Fancy: Factories & Factory Buildings by Wallis, Gilbert & Partners, 1916-1939.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"DSA Architect Biography Report: Thomas Wallis\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Platting	Miles Platting	["1 History","2 Governance","3 Geography","4 Landmarks","5 Religion","6 Transport","7 References"]	Coordinates: 53°29′21″N 2°12′57″W / 53.489167°N 2.215833°W / 53.489167; -2.215833Area in Manchester, England Human settlement in EnglandMiles PlattingA row of terraced houses in Miles PlattingMiles PlattingLocation within Greater ManchesterOS grid referenceSJ856992• London163 mi (262 km) SEMetropolitan boroughManchesterMetropolitan countyGreater ManchesterRegionNorth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townMANCHESTERPostcode districtM40Dialling code0161PoliceGreater ManchesterFireGreater ManchesterAmbulanceNorth West UK ParliamentManchester Central List of places UK England Greater Manchester 53°29′21″N 2°12′57″W / 53.489167°N 2.215833°W / 53.489167; -2.215833 Miles Platting is an inner city part of Manchester, England, 1.4 miles (2.3 km) northeast of Manchester city centre along the Rochdale Canal and A62 road, bounded by Monsall to the north, Collyhurst to the west, Newton Heath to the east, and Bradford, Holt Town and Ancoats to the south. Historically part of the township of Newton Heath, Lancashire, Miles Platting expanded into a factory district as a result of the Industrial Revolution. That industrial growth resulted in a population that became very large for the size of the district, resulting in densely packed terraced housing that had degenerated into slums by 1950. As a result of this, crime rose and the area became an economically deprived part of the city. Miles Platting has undergone extensive redevelopment and regeneration, with former slum terraces removed to make way for council housing. History Further information: History of Manchester The Rochdale Canal is routed through Miles Platting. Miles Platting first appeared on a map in 1790 at the point where Oldham Road crossed Newton Brook and a track led to Collyhurst Hall. The track became Collyhurst Street and the track on the opposite side of Oldham Road became Varley Street. The name is derived from platting, a local word, meaning a small bridge across a stream. The Court leet records of the manor of Manchester dated 13 October 1742 record "Mr Henry Booth for suffering his Platting leading from Tib Lane into the Long Pitfield to lye broken in such manner that severall persons have fall'n and been ill brused". The footnote says "Platting, a local word, meaning a small bridge across a stream". This platting was a mile from Manchester (measured from New Cross at the bottom of Oldham Road). Hence Miles Platting. Miles Platting had many mills towards the end of 19th century: Holland Mill, Victoria Mill and Ducie Mill were among the largest. By the 1870s a chemical works, timber yard, gas works and a tannery were also operating in the area alongside the many mills. This volume of industry in such a relatively small area inevitably led to the construction of densely packed back-to-back housing to provide homes for the necessary workforce. By the middle of the 20th century, with the decline in manufacturing industry and the closure of its local industries, Miles Platting had become a slum area inhabited by a deprived community. Today, Miles Platting contains just under 2,000 housing units, many of them managed by Adactus Housing Association on behalf of Manchester City Council, including 12 multi-storey blocks. The area, once recognised as being amongst the most deprived in the UK, has benefited from the substantial urban regeneration scheme for east Manchester initiated in the late 1990s. Miles Platting railway station lay at the junction of the lines from Manchester Victoria to Oldham and Stalybridge, but this closed in 1995, and the station was subsequently demolished. The railway line, which remains open for passenger traffic, separates Miles Platting from Collyhurst and Monsall. Between 1839 and 1844, the area was also the location of Oldham Road railway station, the original terminus for the Manchester and Leeds Railway until the line was extended to Manchester Victoria station in the latter year. The station was then converted to become a major railway goods depot by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, remaining in use until the 1960s. Governance Miles Platting was incorporated into the City of Manchester in 1838. Geography Further information: Geography of Greater Manchester Neighbouring areas, districts and suburbs. Cheetham Hill Collyhurst Newton Heath Strangeways Miles Platting Clayton Ancoats Ardwick Bradford Landmarks A prominent building of Miles Platting is Victoria Mill, a huge former cotton mill that looms over the district and now houses offices and apartments. Its restoration was directed by Fr Dominic Kirkham of Corpus Christi. Religion Further information: List of churches in Greater Manchester Historically, much of the population of Miles Platting was of Irish Catholic or Italian descent, as evidenced by the large Corpus Christi Priory on Varley Street. The basilica has been served since 1889 by the Norbertine (Premonstratensian) Order, becoming an independent canonry of the order in 2004. Due to falling numbers and mounting repair and maintenance costs the basilica is now closed; the final Mass was celebrated by the Bishop of Salford on 27 April 2007. The basilica has been converted into the Usmania Banqueting Hall. From 1880 until the slum clearances of the 1970s there was a Salvation Army corps in Cash Street. Miles Platting is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford, and the Anglican Diocese of Manchester. Miles Platting does also have a very small Muslim minority. Transport Greater Manchester portal The majority of bus routes are operated by Stagecoach Manchester. Buses from the city centre include 74, 76, 76A. Little Gem and Stagecoach also offers the 217 service from Piccadilly Gardens to Ashton via Clayton. References ^ "Map by William Green created 1787-1794". The University of Manchester. Retrieved 2 January 2021. ^ "1845 Ordnance Survey showing Newton Brook and Shooters Brook". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 9 January 2021. ^ "The Court leet records of the manor of Manchester, from the year 1552 to the year 1686, and from the year 1731 to the year 1846". p. 117. Retrieved 3 January 2021. ^ "Miles Platting". New East Manchester. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007. ^ "Basilica closes after 118 years". BBC. 27 April 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007. ^ "Catholic Diocese of Salford". Retrieved 7 May 2007. vteThe City of ManchesterAbout Manchester Architecture Tallest buildings Grade I buildings Warehouses Banking Culture Dialect Economy History Media Television programmes Music Madchester Pop music People Politics Schools Science Sociology Sport Streets Symbols Transport Cycling ParliamentconstituenciesBlackley andBroughton Charlestown Cheetham Crumpsall Harpurhey Higher Blackley Heaton Park This constituency also contains Broughton and Kersal in neighbouring Salford City Council. ManchesterCentral Ancoats & Beswick Ardwick Clayton & Openshaw Deansgate Hulme Miles Platting & Newton Heath Moss Side Moston Piccadilly ManchesterGorton Fallowfield Gorton & Abbey Hey Levenshulme Longsight Rusholme Whalley Range ManchesterWithington Burnage Chorlton Chorlton Park Didsbury East Didsbury West Old Moat Withington Wythenshaweand Sale East Baguley Brooklands (Manchester) Northenden Sharston Woodhouse Park Manchester Airport This constituency also contains Brooklands (Trafford), Priory and Sale Moor in neighbouring Trafford Council. Geographic areas Ardwick Ardwick Green Baguley Belle Vue Benchill Beswick Blackley Bradford Burnage Cheetham Hill Chorlton-cum-Hardy Chorlton-on-Medlock Chorltonville Clayton Collyhurst Crumpsall Didsbury Fallowfield Gorton Harpurhey Heaton Park Hulme Levenshulme Longsight Lower Crumpsall Manchester Airport Miles Platting Moss Side Moston Newall Green New Moston Newton Heath Northenden Northern Moor Openshaw Parrs Wood Peel Hall Ringway Rusholme Sharston Victoria Park Whalley Range Withington Woodhouse Park Wythenshawe City Centre Ancoats Castlefield Chinatown City Centre Gay Village New Islington N.O.M.A. Northern Quarter Piccadilly Village Spinningfields St John's Quarter	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inner city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_city"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Manchester city centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Canal"},{"link_name":"A62 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A62_road"},{"link_name":"Monsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsall_tram_stop"},{"link_name":"Collyhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collyhurst"},{"link_name":"Newton Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Heath"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Holt Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_Town_tram_stop"},{"link_name":"Ancoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancoats"},{"link_name":"Historically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"Newton Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Heath"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"factory district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_district"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"}],"text":"Area in Manchester, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandMiles Platting is an inner city part of Manchester, England, 1.4 miles (2.3 km) northeast of Manchester city centre along the \nRochdale Canal and A62 road, bounded by Monsall to the north, Collyhurst to the west, Newton Heath to the east, and Bradford, Holt Town and Ancoats to the south.Historically part of the township of Newton Heath, Lancashire, Miles Platting expanded into a factory district as a result of the Industrial Revolution. That industrial growth resulted in a population that became very large for the size of the district, resulting in densely packed terraced housing that had degenerated into slums by 1950. As a result of this, crime rose and the area became an economically deprived part of the city.Miles Platting has undergone extensive redevelopment and regeneration, with former slum terraces removed to make way for council housing.","title":"Miles Platting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Manchester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rochdale_Canal,_Miles_Platting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Canal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Victoria Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Mill"},{"link_name":"Manchester City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Miles Platting railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Platting_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Collyhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collyhurst"},{"link_name":"Monsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monsall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oldham Road railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Manchester and Leeds Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_and_Leeds_Railway"},{"link_name":"Manchester Victoria station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_station"},{"link_name":"Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Further information: History of ManchesterThe Rochdale Canal is routed through Miles Platting.Miles Platting first appeared on a map in 1790[1]\nat the point where Oldham Road crossed Newton Brook[2]\nand a track led to Collyhurst Hall. The track became Collyhurst Street and the track on the opposite side of Oldham Road became Varley Street.The name is derived from platting, a local word, meaning a small bridge across a stream. The Court leet records of the manor of Manchester dated 13 October 1742 record \"Mr Henry Booth for suffering his Platting leading from Tib Lane into the Long Pitfield to lye broken in such manner that severall persons have fall'n and been ill brused\". The footnote says \"Platting, a local word, meaning a small bridge across a stream\".[3]\nThis platting was a mile from Manchester (measured from New Cross at the bottom of Oldham Road). Hence Miles Platting.Miles Platting had many mills towards the end of 19th century: Holland Mill, Victoria Mill and Ducie Mill were among the largest. By the 1870s a chemical works, timber yard, gas works and a tannery were also operating in the area alongside the many mills. This volume of industry in such a relatively small area inevitably led to the construction of densely packed back-to-back housing to provide homes for the necessary workforce. By the middle of the 20th century, with the decline in manufacturing industry and the closure of its local industries, Miles Platting had become a slum area inhabited by a deprived community. Today, Miles Platting contains just under 2,000 housing units, many of them managed by Adactus Housing Association on behalf of Manchester City Council, including 12 multi-storey blocks.[4]\nThe area, once recognised as being amongst the most deprived in the UK, has benefited from the substantial urban regeneration scheme for east Manchester initiated in the late 1990s.Miles Platting railway station lay at the junction of the lines from Manchester Victoria to Oldham and Stalybridge, but this closed in 1995, and the station was subsequently demolished. The railway line, which remains open for passenger traffic, separates Miles Platting from Collyhurst and Monsall. [citation needed]Between 1839 and 1844, the area was also the location of Oldham Road railway station, the original terminus for the Manchester and Leeds Railway until the line was extended to Manchester Victoria station in the latter year. The station was then converted to become a major railway goods depot by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, remaining in use until the 1960s. [citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Miles Platting was incorporated into the City of Manchester in 1838.[citation needed]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geography of Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Cheetham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetham_Hill"},{"link_name":"Collyhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collyhurst"},{"link_name":"Newton Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Heath"},{"link_name":"Strangeways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangeways"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Ancoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancoats"},{"link_name":"Ardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardwick"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford,_Greater_Manchester"}],"text":"Further information: Geography of Greater ManchesterNeighbouring areas, districts and suburbs.\nCheetham Hill\nCollyhurst\nNewton Heath\n\n\n\n\n\nStrangeways\n\nMiles Platting\n\nClayton\n\n\n\n\n\nAncoats\nArdwick\nBradford","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cotton mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_mill"}],"text":"A prominent building of Miles Platting is Victoria Mill, a huge former cotton mill that looms over the district and now houses offices and apartments. Its restoration was directed by Fr Dominic Kirkham of Corpus Christi.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of churches in Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Priory"},{"link_name":"basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Salford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Salford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Anglican Diocese of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Manchester"}],"text":"Further information: List of churches in Greater ManchesterHistorically, much of the population of Miles Platting was of Irish Catholic or Italian descent, as evidenced by the large Corpus Christi Priory on Varley Street. The basilica has been served since 1889 by the Norbertine (Premonstratensian) Order, becoming an independent canonry of the order in 2004. Due to falling numbers and mounting repair and maintenance costs the basilica is now closed; the final Mass was celebrated by the Bishop of Salford on 27 April 2007. The basilica has been converted into the Usmania Banqueting Hall.[5]From 1880 until the slum clearances of the 1970s there was a Salvation Army corps in Cash Street.Miles Platting is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford,[6] and the Anglican Diocese of Manchester.Miles Platting does also have a very small Muslim minority.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Manchester"}],"text":"Greater Manchester portalThe majority of bus routes are operated by Stagecoach Manchester. Buses from the city centre include 74, 76, 76A. Little Gem and Stagecoach also offers the 217 service from Piccadilly Gardens to Ashton via Clayton.","title":"Transport"}]	[{"image_text":"The Rochdale Canal is routed through Miles Platting.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rochdale_Canal%2C_Miles_Platting.jpg/170px-Rochdale_Canal%2C_Miles_Platting.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Map by William Green created 1787-1794\". The University of Manchester. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://luna.manchester.ac.uk/luna/servlet/s/puxm19","url_text":"\"Map by William Green created 1787-1794\""}]},{"reference":"\"1845 Ordnance Survey showing Newton Brook and Shooters Brook\". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 9 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/102344087","url_text":"\"1845 Ordnance Survey showing Newton Brook and Shooters Brook\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Court leet records of the manor of Manchester, from the year 1552 to the year 1686, and from the year 1731 to the year 1846\". p. 117. Retrieved 3 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/courtleetrecord16coungoog/page/n131/mode/2up?q=platting","url_text":"\"The Court leet records of the manor of Manchester, from the year 1552 to the year 1686, and from the year 1731 to the year 1846\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miles Platting\". New East Manchester. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070519065101/http://www.neweastmanchester.com/area_map/3_-_miles_platting/","url_text":"\"Miles Platting\""},{"url":"http://www.neweastmanchester.com/area_map/3_-_miles_platting/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Basilica closes after 118 years\". BBC. 27 April 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/6600483.stm","url_text":"\"Basilica closes after 118 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catholic Diocese of Salford\". Retrieved 7 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salforddiocese.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Catholic Diocese of Salford\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Miles_Platting&params=53.489167_N_2.215833_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°29′21″N 2°12′57″W / 53.489167°N 2.215833°W / 53.489167; -2.215833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Miles_Platting&params=53.489311_N_2.218495_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Miles+Platting","external_links_name":"SJ856992"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Miles_Platting&params=53.489167_N_2.215833_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°29′21″N 2°12′57″W / 53.489167°N 2.215833°W / 53.489167; -2.215833"},{"Link":"https://luna.manchester.ac.uk/luna/servlet/s/puxm19","external_links_name":"\"Map by William Green created 1787-1794\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/102344087","external_links_name":"\"1845 Ordnance Survey showing Newton Brook and Shooters Brook\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/courtleetrecord16coungoog/page/n131/mode/2up?q=platting","external_links_name":"\"The Court leet records of the manor of Manchester, from the year 1552 to the year 1686, and from the year 1731 to the year 1846\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070519065101/http://www.neweastmanchester.com/area_map/3_-_miles_platting/","external_links_name":"\"Miles Platting\""},{"Link":"http://www.neweastmanchester.com/area_map/3_-_miles_platting/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/6600483.stm","external_links_name":"\"Basilica closes after 118 years\""},{"Link":"http://www.salforddiocese.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Catholic Diocese of Salford\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart	Total Eclipse of the Heart	["1 Background and composition","2 Music video","3 Live performances","4 Critical reception","5 Impact","6 Formats and track listings","7 Credits and personnel","8 Charts","8.1 Weekly charts","8.2 Year-end charts","8.3 All-time charts","9 Sales and certifications","10 Other versions by Bonnie Tyler","11 Nicki French version","11.1 Background and release","11.2 Music video","11.3 Critical reception","11.4 Charts","11.4.1 Weekly charts","11.4.2 Year-end charts","11.5 Sales and certifications","12 \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\"","12.1 Background and release","12.2 Critical reception","12.3 Formats and track listings","12.4 Chart performances and sales","12.5 Credits and personnel","12.6 Charts","12.6.1 Weekly charts","12.6.2 Year-end charts","12.7 Certifications","12.8 Cover versions of \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\"","13 Other cover versions","13.1 Lissette version","13.2 Jan Wayne version","13.3 Yuridia version","13.4 Westlife version","13.5 L'Aura version","13.6 Glee cast version","13.7 Doro version","13.8 Parody versions","14 See also","15 References"]	1983 single by Bonnie Tyler For the episode of "The Vampire Diaries", see Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries). "Total Eclipse of the Heart"Picture sleeve of UK and some European releasesSingle by Bonnie Tylerfrom the album Faster Than the Speed of Night B-side "Take Me Back" (UK) "Straight from the Heart" (US) Released11 February 1983 (UK)12 June 1983 (US)Recorded1982StudioPower Station, New York CityGenre Pop rock power pop Length 6:58 (album version) 4:30 (single version) Label CBS Columbia Songwriter(s)Jim SteinmanProducer(s)Jim SteinmanBonnie Tyler singles chronology "Sayonara Tokyo" (1981) "Total Eclipse of the Heart" (1983) "Take Me Back" (1983) Music video"Total Eclipse of the Heart" on YouTube "Total Eclipse of the Heart" is the lead single by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler from her fifth studio album, Faster Than the Speed of Night (1983) written and produced by Jim Steinman and recorded in 1982, released as a single by CBS/Columbia in 1983. The song, a duet with Rory Dodd, became Tyler's biggest career hit, topping the UK Singles Chart, and becoming the fifth-best-selling single in 1983 in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the single spent four weeks at the top of the charts, keeping another Steinman penned song "Making Love Out of Nothing at All" by Air Supply from reaching the top spot (a song Tyler would later cover in 1995), and it was Billboard's number-six song of the year for 1983. The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Worldwide, the single has sales in excess of six million copies and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over one million copies after its release, updated to platinum in 2001 when the certification threshold changed. In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV. Background and composition After her contract with RCA Records ended in 1981, Tyler found a new manager in David Aspden. After seeing Meat Loaf perform "Bat Out of Hell" live on The Old Grey Whistle Test, she approached Meat Loaf's writer, Jim Steinman, and asked him to be her producer. Tyler aimed to create an album utilizing the Wall of Sound production techniques of Phil Spector, and she believed that Steinman was the only person who could create the same sound, as Spector had mostly retired from the music business. Tyler visited Steinman in his apartment in New York in April 1982 with her manager, where she was presented with two tracks: "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" and "Goin' Through the Motions". She stated that had she not liked the songs Steinman played for her, he would have rejected Tyler's invitation to collaborate. She returned to his studio apartment weeks later, where Steinman and Rory Dodd performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" for her. Steinman also hand-picked the recording band for the song, which included Dodd as a featured vocalist (the "Turn around..." refrain). The lyric "Turn around, bright eyes" had originally appeared in Steinman's 1969 college musical The Dream Engine. Steinman had originally written the song's verse melody for his score to the 1980 film A Small Circle of Friends. "Total Eclipse of the Heart" had to be shortened for radio play. Tyler did not believe that the song was radio-friendly at its full length; the song was reduced from seven minutes and two seconds to four minutes and thirty seconds. The power ballad became Tyler's highest-charting song in several countries, peaking at No. 1 in the United States, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom. At its peak, it sold 60,000 copies per day and approximately 6 million copies in total. It won the Variety Club award in the UK for best recording artist of 1983. The song also made number 82 of VH1's top 100 love songs. "Total Eclipse of the Heart" A sample of "Total Eclipse of the Heart", performed by Bonnie Tyler. Problems playing this file? See media help. Tyler told Record Mirror that she thought the song was about "someone who wants to love so badly she's lying there in complete darkness." Steinman said in an interview with Playbill about the inclusion of the song in his 1997 musical Dance of the Vampires:with 'Total Eclipse of the Heart', I was trying to come up with a love song and I remembered I actually wrote that to be a vampire love song. Its original title was 'Vampires in Love' because I was working on a musical of Nosferatu, the other great vampire story. If anyone listens to the lyrics, they're really like vampire lines. It's all about the darkness, the power of darkness and love's place in the dark...He also told People that he thought Tyler sounded like John Fogerty and wrote the song "to be a showpiece for her voice." Tyler described the song as "a challenge ," stating that she " like songs that anybody can sing. I like songs that need a lot of energy." After Steinman presented her with the song, she told The Times, "I just had shivers right up my spine...I couldn't wait to actually get in and record it." According to Meat Loaf, Steinman had written the song, along with "Making Love Out of Nothing at All", for Meat Loaf's album Midnight at the Lost and Found; however, Meat Loaf's record company refused to pay Steinman, and he wrote separate songs himself. "Total Eclipse of the Heart" was given to Bonnie Tyler and "Making Love Out of Nothing at All" to Air Supply. Tyler has denied this claim. "Meat Loaf was apparently very annoyed that Jim gave that to me," Tyler stated. "But Jim said he didn't write it for Meat Loaf, that he only finished it after meeting me." Steinman said to People that he considered it "an aria to me, a wagnerian-like onslaught of sound and emotion. I wrote it to be a showpiece for her voice." In an interview with journalist Mick Wall shortly after the release of Meat Loaf's 2006 album Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose, Steinman stated: "I didn't write for anyone but Bonnie." Steinman believed that CBS were expecting him to write something similar to "It's a Heartache", but he had different ideas. Music video Holloway Sanatorium steps, which feature in the video The music video for "Total Eclipse of the Heart" was directed by Russell Mulcahy and was filmed at the Holloway Sanatorium, a large Victorian Gothic hospital near Virginia Water, Surrey, England. The surrealist video features Tyler clad in white, dreaming or fantasizing about students in a boys' boarding school. Young men are seen dancing and participating in various school activities and singing in a choir. The video received two nominations at the Billboard Video Music Awards in 1983 for Best Performance by a Female and Most Effective Use of Symbolism. A long-running urban legend is that the boy who appears throughout the video and who shakes Tyler's hand at the end is former Italian footballer Gianfranco Zola. In a 2012 interview, Zola confirmed that he did not appear in the video. In September 2023, the video exceeded one billion views on YouTube. Live performances Since the song's release, Tyler has performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in all of her concerts. "I sing it much better now than I used to," she told The Huffington Post. "I think my voice is probably not as husky as it was, I think it's mellowed a bit." The song was performed at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards, held at the Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, on 28 February 1984. Bonnie Tyler sang "Total Eclipse of the Heart" live on board a Royal Caribbean cruise ship during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017, backed by DNCE. Live recordings of Tyler performing the song have been released on her albums Bonnie Tyler Live (2006) and Live in Germany 1993 (2011). Video performances have also been released on Tyler's DVDs, Bonnie on Tour (2006) and the DVD edition of Live in Germany 1993. Critical reception Mike DeGagne from AllMusic retrospectively described "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as "one of the finest ballads ever to hit radio." He noted the "lush instrumentation" and said that Tyler's voice "produced the perfect type of 'desperate lovelorn' effect to suit the romantic lyrics." He described Roy Bittan's piano playing as "dreamy" and described Tyler's voice as "wonderfully gritty." Donald A. Guarisco, also from AllMusic, retrospectively reviewed Faster Than the Speed of Night and noted the song as an "epic ballad", describing the whole album as "rock at its most melodramatic." Jim Beviglia from American Songwriter said that Tyler's raspy vocals helped to legitimize the "melodrama inherent in the lyrics," and described the song as a "garment-rending, chest-beating emotionally exhausting ballad" that suits the throes of a turbulent relationship. Impact In a 2013 UK survey, the song came first in a list of most popular songs to sing in the shower, above songs by Justin Bieber, Robbie Williams, One Direction and Elton John. In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third-favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV. The song's lyrics compare an ended romance with an eclipse. The song often receives publicity during solar eclipses and lunar eclipses. "Total Eclipse of the Heart" received substantial media attention during the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015. Tyler's version received a 214% increase of Spotify streams throughout the day. A similar impact was experienced during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017, when Nielsen Music reported a 503% increase in record sales. Around that time, the song hit number one on the iTunes chart. The song again reached No. 1 on the iTunes Top Songs chart in the US during the solar eclipse of 8 April 2024. In the following week, Tyler re-entered the Billboard Artist 100 chart at No. 79, and "Total Eclipse of the Heart" entered the LyricFind Global chart at No. 25, the Canadian Digital Song Sales chart at No. 9, and the US Digital Song Sales Chart at No. 5. Formats and track listings UK 7-inch single "Total Eclipse of the Heart" – 4:29 "Take Me Back" – 5:05 US 7-inch single "Total Eclipse of the Heart" – 4:29 "Straight from the Heart" – 3:38 UK 12-inch single "Total Eclipse of the Heart" – 6:59 "Take Me Back" – 5:22 Credits and personnel Credits are adapted from AllMusic. Bonnie Tyler – lead vocals Rick Derringer – guitar Steve Buslowe – bass guitar Roy Bittan – piano Larry Fast – synthesizers Steve Margoshes – additional synthesizers Max Weinberg – drums Jimmy Maelen – percussion Rory Dodd – featured and backing vocals Eric Troyer, Holly Sherwood – backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Chart (1983) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 1 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 14 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 1 Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM) 9 Denmark (BT/IFPI) 6 Europarade Top 40 (Music Week) 7 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 6 France (IFOP) 3 Ireland (IRMA) 1 Italy (Musica e dischi) 17 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 24 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 18 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 1 Norway (VG-lista) 1 South Africa (Springbok Radio) 1 Spain (AFYVE) 9 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 3 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 3 UK Singles (OCC) 1 US Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 1 US Mainstream Rock (Billboard) 23 US Cash Box Top 100 1 West Germany (Official German Charts) 16 Year Chart Peakposition 2008 UK Singles (OCC) 57 2011 Belgium (Back Catalogue Singles Flanders) 17 Denmark (Tracklisten) 35 2012 France (SNEP) 57 2013 France (SNEP) 98 2014 France (SNEP) 114 2017 Canadian Digital Song Sales 38 US Billboard Digital Songs 13 US Billboard Pop Digital Songs Sales 8 US Billboard Hot Canadian Pop Digital Songs Sales 38 2019 Hungary (Single Top 40) 29 2024 Canadian Digital Song Sales 9 US Billboard Digital Songs 5 US TikTok Billboard Top 50 13 US Billboard LyricFind Global 25 Year-end charts Chart (1983) Position Australia (Kent Music Report) 6 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 5 France (IFOP) 15 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 5 South Africa (Springbok Radio) 3 UK Singles (OCC) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Cash Box Top 100 5 All-time charts Chart (1958–2018) Position US Billboard Hot 100 161 Sales and certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) 4× Platinum 280,000‡ Canada (Music Canada) Platinum 100,000^ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Platinum 90,000‡ France (SNEP) Gold 500,000* Germany (BVMI) Gold 250,000‡ Italy (FIMI) Platinum 30,000‡ Portugal (AFP) Gold 20,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) Platinum 600,000‡ United States (RIAA) Platinum 1,000,000^ * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Other versions by Bonnie Tyler Since the original release in 1983, Tyler has re-recorded the song numerous times. In 2004, she released a duet version of the song with Peter Brocklehurst on his album For You. A solo version of the recording was released on her own studio album, Wings, the following year. In January 2007, Tyler released another version of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in collaboration with British punk-electronic group BabyPinkStar. It peaked at no. 40 on the UK Independent Singles chart. In 2009, Tyler released a version of the song with Welsh choral group Only Men Aloud!. In 2011, Tyler re-recorded the song on an EP named after the song, released by Cleopatra Records. In 2013, another version of the song was released as a bonus track from her album Rocks and Honey, available exclusively on the UK iTunes Store. In 2021, Tyler released a classical-dance version of the song on Classical 80s Dance, an album by German producer Alex Christensen and the Berlin Orchestra. Nicki French version "Total Eclipse of the Heart"One of artwork variants for UK single release, also used for a few non-UK releasesSingle by Nicki Frenchfrom the album Secrets Released3 October 1994 (1994-10-03)Genre Eurodance hi-NRG Length3:50LabelBags of FunLove ThisMegaSongwriter(s)Jim SteinmanProducer(s)Mike StockMatt AitkenNicki French singles chronology "Total Eclipse of the Heart" (1994) "For All We Know" (1995) Music video"Total Eclipse of the Heart" on YouTube English singer Nicki French released a hi-NRG remake of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in October 1994 that was also a worldwide hit. It was included on her debut album, Secrets (1995). The song originally peaked at No. 54 on the UK Singles Chart in 1994 but reached No. 5 after being re-issued in January 1995. In the United States, French's version peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, and it garnered frequent airplay on AC radio. It enjoyed greater success in Australia, spending four nonconsecutive weeks at No. 2. Elsewhere, the cover reached number 13 in New Zealand, number 16 in Canada, and peaked within the top 10 of several European countries. Background and release French had made her first dance version recording of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in 1994: she had purchased the Bonnie Tyler original as a teenager in 1983 and reacted negatively to the original suggestion that she (French) remake the song as a dance track — "I thought, no, it's too strong a song to go down the dance route. You know, it demeans it almost. But then I thought well, I'll give it a go. And as soon as I heard the track, I thought it actually does work." The singer had been performing in London bands since the age of 12 and was given the chance to record a version when she received a phone call from a fellow British musician. French's first recording of "Total Eclipse of the Heart", made with John Springate of the Glitter Band producing, came to the attention of Mike Stock and Matt Aitken, who produced their own recording of the song by French, and it was this version which appeared on the UK chart dated 15 October 1994 at No. 54. French would recall: "I just thought oh well that was great...I've Mike Stock and Matt Aitken and it was a dream come true...we tried and I had a great time...And then about two months later I had a call out of the blue from Mike saying the buzz will not die down on this track so we're going to re-record the beginning...and we're going to re-release it at the beginning of 1995." According to French, her remake of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" became popular in the UK and the US in distinct remixes: "the slower version was the one that actually took a hold in the UK, where originally they started with the fast one and then decided to go with the in the same vein as the Bonnie Tyler version sped up when the chorus came in...In the US it was the which was fast all the way through." The single earned French two awards at the 1995 Hi-NRG Music Awards, in the categories for "Single of the Year" and "Best Female Vocal Performance". In 1996, the song was named "Best Hi-NRG 12-inch of the Year" at the International Dance Music Awards in Miami. Music video The song's accompanying music video features French performing on a stage, in front of a giant, circular "moon" that occasionally draws up to eclipse itself. Smoke appear as "clouds" and she is backed up by a band and two female backup singers. Sometimes a dancer also performs in front of the "moon". An alternate video also exists, set to the slower version of the song. Critical reception AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine remarked that French "had a unexpected hit single with her dance-club, house-inflected cover" of "Total Eclipse of the Heart". He added that "although it was treated like a novelty at first, the version was as effective as the original and was a deserved success." Larry Flick from Billboard stated that the singer "does a fair imitation of Bonnie Tyler on this bouncy hi-NRG/disco interpretation of the bombastic power ballad. U.K. and European punters already have warmly embraced this twirler, and odds are an even 50-50 for similar success here." American entertainment company BuzzFeed ranked French's version number 26 in their "The 101 Greatest Dance Songs of the '90s" list in 2017. Steve Baltin from Cash Box felt that in the new version, "only the radio edit retains the syrupy feel that made Tyler’s song such a smash. 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' seems like it would be an odd choice for a dance cover, and this version confirms that suspicion... but it's still a hit." Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report named it Record To Watch, writing, "The song that never dies gets a '90s facelift and a tempo injection. Ten more believers." Robbie Daw from Idolator described it as a "simmering dance rendition", including it in their "The 50 Best Pop Singles of 1995" list in 2015. In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton said that it "suffers from the inevitable dance beat tacked on and also the lack of Jim Steinman's bombastic production that made the track such an epic in the first place." Pan-European magazine Music & Media commented that "away is the sandpaper vocal of Bonny Tyler , the edge now comes from the dance context put into the ballad. Needless to say it's an upbeat song anno 1995. Top 10 in the UK." Charts Weekly charts Chart (1994) Peakposition Scotland (OCC) 50 UK Singles (OCC) 54 UK Dance (Music Week) 6 Chart (1995) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 2 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 14 Canada Retail Singles (The Record) 2 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 16 Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM) 17 Canada Dance/Urban (RPM) 1 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 21 Germany (Official German Charts) 65 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 5 Ireland (IRMA) 15 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 7 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 10 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 13 Scotland (OCC) 4 UK Singles (OCC) 5 UK on a Pop Tip Club Chart (Music Week) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 2 US Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 20 US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 36 US Dance Club Play (Billboard) 37 US Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard) 5 US Top 40/Mainstream (Billboard) 1 US Top 40/Rhythm-Crossover (Billboard) 12 US Cash Box Top 100 3 Chart (2024) Peakposition Billboard Dance Singles Sales 8 Year-end charts Chart (1995) Position Australia (ARIA) 17 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 80 Canada Dance/Urban (RPM) 7 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 87 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 80 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 90 UK Singles (OCC) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard) 20 US Top 40/Mainstream (Billboard) 16 US Cash Box Top 100 27 Sales and certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Platinum 70,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 200,000^ United States (RIAA) Gold 600,000 ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. "Si demain... (Turn Around)" "Si demain... (Turn Around)"Single by Kareen Antonn and Bonnie Tylerfrom the album Simply Believe Released19 December 2003Recorded2003StudioStudio Pasteur, ParisGenrePop rockLength 4:10 (album version) 3:54 (radio version) LabelYanisSongwriter(s) Jim Steinman Emmanuel Pribys Producer(s) Lynda Ramdane Faouze Barkati Krem Barkati Wallid Barkati Bonnie Tyler singles chronology "Learning to Fly" (2003) "Si demain... (Turn Around)" (2003) "Si tout s'arrête (It' a Heartache)" (2004) Kareen Antonn singles chronology "Si demain... (Turn Around)"(2003) "Si tout s'arrête (It' a Heartache)"(2004) Music video"Si demain... (Turn Around)" on YouTube In 2003, Tyler re-recorded "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as a bilingual duet with French singer Kareen Antonn. Produced by Faouze Barkati, Krem Barkati and Wallid Barkati, the track was named "Si demain... (Turn Around)". It was released on 19 December 2003 by Yanis Records and appears on Tyler's 14th studio album, Simply Believe (2004). The single topped the charts in Belgium and France. Background and release The release date for "Si demain... (Turn Around)" was brought forward by three weeks due to unprecendented demand after the track received pre-release radio airplay. Tyler and Antonn filmed the music video in Québec, Canada. Behind-the-scenes footage was released on Tyler's concert film, Bonnie on Tour (2006). Following the success of "Si demain... (Turn Around)", Tyler and Antonn released a second duet, "Si tout s'arrête (It's a Heartache)", on 7 June 2004. Bonnie Tyler and Kareen Antonn performing "Si demain... (Turn Around)" at La Cigale (Paris) on 8 June 2005. Critical reception In reviews, critics praised "Si demain... (Turn Around)" for its inventive approach at re-recording a pre-established hit song. Platine, a French magazine, attributed the track's success to an emerging trend of "transborder duets" in 2004. Music charts analyst Elia Habib noted that "Si demain... (Turn Around)" is the first bilingual chart-topping single since "7 Seconds" by Youssou N'Dour and Neneh Cherry in 1994. Music Actu stated the song was "among the most popular singles of French public" upon release, and noted its performance on the French singles chart. Formats and track listings Digital download (since 2005) No.TitleLength1."Si demain... (Turn Around)" (radio version)3:542."Si demain... (Turn Around)" (album version)4:103."Si demain... (Turn Around)" (music video)3:474."Si demain... (Turn Around)" (karaoke version)3:545."Si demain... (Turn Around)" (karaoke with song)3:47 CD single (3 versions) No.TitleLength1."Si demain... (Turn Around)" (radio version)3:542."Si demain... (Turn Around)" (album version)4:103."Si demain... (Turn Around)" (by Kareen Antonn)3:52 Chart performances and sales On the French SNEP Singles Chart, the single debuted at number 25 on 21 December 2003. It reached the top ten two weeks later and became number one in its fifth week. The single regained the number one spot on three occasions during the ten weeks at number one. It remained on the chart for 25 weeks, achieved Platinum status for over 500,000 copies sold, and was the fourth best-selling single of 2004 in France. "Si demain... (Turn Around)" is the only female duet number one single since the creation of French Top 50. It is also the single which made the biggest drop from number one, dropping directly to number ten. It also gave Bonnie Tyler the record of the longest time gap between top ten singles in France. Eighteen years passed between her hit "If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)" which reached number six in 1986 and of "Si demain... (Turn Around)", hitting number one. The previous record, by Marc Lavoine, was 17 years old. In Belgium (Wallonia), the song went to number one two weeks after its debut at number 21, and remained number one from 21 February to 10 April 2004, i.e. eight weeks. It stayed in the top 40 for 24 weeks. It was certified Platinum after eleven weeks on the chart. It was the second best-selling single of 2004 and totaled 31 weeks on the chart. In Switzerland, the single peaked at number seven for four weeks and remained on the chart for 34 weeks. "Si demain... (Turn Around)" was also broadcast on radio in Russia and Poland where it reached number one on local radios as well as on the main chart. The song was number six on the 2004 International List of French-speaking Music, compiled in collaboration with 122 radio stations throughout the world. As of August 2014, the song was the 26th-best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 508,000 units sold. However, when she participated in the French show La Méthode Cauet, Kareen Antonn affirmed that the single, then still ranked on the French Singles Chart, had exceeded the 700,000 sold copies. Worldwide, the song has sold more than 2 million copies (physical sales and digital downloads). Credits and personnel Music / Text : Jim Steinman, Emmanuel Pribys Producers : Faouze, Krem, Wallid Barkati Executive producer : Lynda Ramdane Artistic direction : Yanis Records French adaptation : Emmanuel Pribys Chorus : F. Llado, J.-N. Sombrun, F. Godebout, D. Goury, M. Ducret, J. Stage, B. Bishop Guitar : S. Heurtault, K. Rustam Bass : J. Stage Charts Weekly charts 2004 weekly chart performance for "Si demain... (Turn Around)" Chart (2004) Peakposition Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 1 European Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) 4 France Airplay (SNEP) 12 France (SNEP) 1 Poland Airplay (TVP1) 1 Russia Airplay (TopHit) 154 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 7 2012 weekly chart performance for "Si demain... (Turn Around)" Chart (2012) Peakposition France (SNEP) 167 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for "Si demain... (Turn Around)" Chart (2004) Position Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart 2 French Airplay Chart 67 French SNEP Singles Chart 4 French TV Airplay Chart 114 Swiss Singles Chart 22 Certifications Certifications and sales for "Si demain... (Turn Around)" Region Certification Certified units/sales Belgium (BEA) Platinum 50,000* France (SNEP) Gold 250,000* ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Cover versions of "Si demain... (Turn Around)" In 2004, Lucie and Sandy, two contestants of the French television show Star Academy 4, covered this song on one of the Friday weekly shows. On 30 March 2004, on the Worldbest competition which brings together winners of various broadcasts of Star Academy, the two finalists, Wilfred Le Bouthillier and Marie-Élaine Thibert, performed "Si demain... (Turn Around)", gaining the second place. In 2005, they released the single in Canada under the title "Et si demain"; their version differs from "Si demain... (Turn Around)" as a verse was removed and there are more refrains toward the end of the song. They also performed "Et si demain" on 18 September 2004, on the show La Fureur on SRC, and on 19 April 2004 on TVA. Le Bouthillier and Thibert's version was in turn covered by K4T and Luc St-Pierre on the Canadian TV show Heure de Gloire. In 2007, Isabelle Delobel and Olivier Schoenfelder, two French professional figure skaters, carried out their performance to "Si demain...(Turn Around)" in "Stars sur glace", at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy, broadcast on Paris Première (the song features on the programme of their 2006–2007 figure skating season). Other cover versions Lissette version Cuban-American singer Lissette covered the song in Spanish as "Eclipse Total del Amor" in 1984, from her album Caricatura, being her best hit in the Latin American charts. The secondary male voice was sung by Cuban-American singer Jon Secada. Jan Wayne version German electronic dance music producer Jan Wayne released his version in 2001. It peaked at No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart in 2003. Yuridia version Mexican singer Yuridia covered the song in Spanish as "Eclipse Total del Amor" from her second studio album Habla El Corazón in 2006. The single peaked at number 36 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart. Westlife version "Total Eclipse of the Heart"Promotional single by Westlifefrom the album The Love Album Released2007Length4:40LabelSony BMGSongwriter(s)Jim Steinman Irish boy band Westlife recorded a cover of the song on their 2006 album The Love Album. The song was to be released as the album's second single but was cancelled due to their Love Tour conflicts. Three official remixes were produced for their version as well as a remix done by Jim Steinman, which was ultimately rejected by the record label but has since surfaced on the Internet. The song was released as a promotional single in 2007. The Sunset Strippers Radio Mix version of the song charted at number 210 on the Official Russian Top Radio Hits Chart on 26 February 2007. It was composed in the traditional verse–chorus form in Bb major, with Filan and Feehily's vocal ranging from the chords of C4 to C6. Promotional CD single "Total Eclipse of the Heart" (Sunset Strippers Verse Club Mix) "Total Eclipse of the Heart" (Sunset Strippers Dub Mix) "Total Eclipse of the Heart" (Sunset Strippers Radio Edit) L'Aura version Italian singer L'Aura covered the song in Italian as "Eclissi del cuore" from her third studio album Sei come me in 2010, which was not originally released as a single. One year later, a new version of the song, now a duet with fellow Italian singer Nek was officially released as a single, this duet peaking at number 6 on the Italian charts. Glee cast version The hit musical comedy-drama series Glee reworked the song for its season one episode "Bad Reputation," recorded by cast members Lea Michele, Cory Monteith, Mark Salling, and special guest star Jonathan Groff as their characters Rachel Berry, Finn Hudson, Noah Puckerman, and Jesse St. James respectively. It was released as a single and reached number 17 in Canada, 28 in Australia, 9 in the UK, and 16 in the US. It appears in the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers. Doro version On October 27, 2023, Doro Pesch released a cover featuring Rob Halford of Judas Priest from her album Conqueress – Forever Strong And Proud. Parody versions A parody of the song and music video were published in 2009, in what the fans and makers call a "literal video version", which is a type of video that replaces the original song lyrics with humorous lyrics describing the images in the video. Time magazine listed it as the 6th best viral video of 2009. This was also the 6th literal video produced by professional video editor David A. Scott Jr.; the singer who performed for this re-dub was Scott's friend Felisha Noble using the pseudonym Persephone Maewyn. In 2010, Tyler appeared in an advertisement for MasterCard, performing a short parody of the song with its noted new lyric "Turn around, Neville." She performed the original song in a similar advertisement for Westpac in 2012. Warby Parker produced a parody video in anticipation of the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017. The Marsh Family, a couple with four children in Faversham, Kent, produced a parody titled "Totally Fixed Where We Are" expressing the feelings of people under a third lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, which went viral in February 2021. In 2019, in the Canta Uma Para Mim segment on Brazilian television program Alerta Amazonas, the song was performed by contestant Priscila Munhoes, who did not know how to speak English, and instead substituted her own "gibberish" lyrics. Munhoes was eliminated from the program, but the video of her performance went viral on the internet. See also 1983 in British music List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1983 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of the 1990s List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1983 List of number-one singles of 1983 (Australia) List of number-one singles of 1983 (Canada) List of number-one singles of 1983 (Ireland) List of number-one singles from the 1980s (New Zealand) List of RPM number-one dance singles of 1995 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1980s VG-lista 1964 to 1994 List of French number-one hits of 2004 Ultratop 40 number-one hits of 2004 References ^ a b "Bonnie Tyler – Total Eclipse Of The Heart" (in Dutch). 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(online) Available at: https://noticiasdatv.uol.com.br/noticia/televisao/programa-de-sikera-jr-virou-piada-na-argentina-com-voice-fake-entenda-82704 (Accessed: February 24th 2024). vteBonnie Tyler songs Discography The World Starts Tonight "Lost in France" "More Than a Lover" Natural Force "It's a Heartache" "Living for the City" "Heaven" "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" "Here Am I" Diamond Cut "My Guns Are Loaded" Goodbye to the Island "Sometimes When We Touch" "A Whiter Shade of Pale" "Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean" "I Believe in Your Sweet Love" Faster Than the Speed of Night "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" "Faster Than the Speed of Night" "Total Eclipse of the Heart" "Straight from the Heart" Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire "If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)" "Loving You's a Dirty Job but Somebody's Gotta Do It" "Band of Gold" "Holding Out for a Hero" Hide Your Heart "Hide Your Heart" "Don't Turn Around" "Save Up All Your Tears" "To Love Somebody" "The Best" Bitterblue "Against the Wind" "Bitterblue" Angel Heart "Fools Lullaby" Silhouette in Red "You Are So Beautiful" Free Spirit "You're the One" "Making Love Out of Nothing at All" "Bridge over Troubled Water" "Two Out of Three Ain't Bad" All in One Voice "Angel of the Morning" "I Put a Spell on You" "The Rose" "He's the King" "Silent Night" Heart Strings "Human Touch" "Everybody Hurts" "Amazed" "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" "Lean on Me" "In My Life" "Learning to Fly" "Right Here Waiting" "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" "I Can't Make You Love Me" "Need Your Love So Bad" "It's Over" Simply Believe "Si demain... (Turn Around)" "Si tout s'arrête (It's a Heartache) "Darlin'" Rocks and Honey "Believe in Me" "What You Need from Me" "Mom" Collaborations "A Rockin' Good Way (to Mess Around and Fall in Love)" "Sem Limites pra Sonhar (Reaching for the Infinite Heart)" "Islands" "Vergiß Es (Forget It)" "Amour Éternel (Eternal Flame)" Other songs "Here She Comes" "I Don't Know How to Love Him" from Over the Rainbow (2007 charity album) vteWestlife songs Discography Songs recorded Westlife "Swear It Again" "If I Let You Go" "Flying Without Wings" "I Have a Dream"/"Seasons in the Sun" "Fool Again" "More Than Words" "Miss You" "Forever" Coast to Coast "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" "My Love" "What Makes a Man" "I Lay My Love on You" "Uptown Girl" "When You're Looking Like That" "No Place That Far" "My Girl" "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" "I'll Be There" World of Our Own "Queen of My Heart" "World of Our Own" "Bop Bop Baby" "Evergreen" "Angel" Unbreakable "Unbreakable" "Tonight "Miss You Nights" Turnaround "Hey Whatever" "Mandy" "Obvious" "To Be with You" "Lost in You" ...Allow Us to Be Frank "Ain't That a Kick in the Head" "Smile" "Fly Me to the Moon" "The Way You Look Tonight" "Let There Be Love" "Come Fly with Me" "Mack the Knife" "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" "Summer Wind" "Clementine" "When I Fall in Love" "Moon River" "That's Life" Face to Face "You Raise Me Up" "When You Tell Me That You Love Me" "Amazing" "Desperado" "In This Life" The Love Album "The Rose" "Total Eclipse of the Heart" "All Out of Love" "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" "Butterfly Kisses" "Easy" "You Light Up My Life" "You Are So Beautiful" "The Dance" "All or Nothing" "You've Lost That Loving Feeling" "If" "Solitaire" Back Home "Home" "Us Against the World" "Something Right" "I'm Already There" "Hard to Say I'm Sorry" "Have You Ever" Where We Are "What About Now" Gravity "Safe" "The Reason" "Please Stay" Greatest Hits "Lighthouse" "Beautiful World" Spectrum "Hello My Love" "Better Man" "Dynamite" Other songs "Everybody Hurts" "Beautiful in White" "If I Had Words" "Daytime Friends, Nighttime Lovers" "Grease Lightning" "Beyond the Sea" "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" "White Christmas" "Never Can Say Goodbye" Category vteOnly Men Aloud!Studio albums Only Men Aloud! (2008) Band of Brothers (2009) In Festive Mood (2011) Singles "All by Myself" "Total Eclipse of the Heart" Featured singles "Caliban's Dream" TelevisionLast Choir StandingRelated articles Only Boys Aloud vteYuridiaSolo albums La voz de un ángel (2005) Habla el corazón (2006) Entre mariposas (2007) Nada es color de rosa (2009) Para mí (2011) Compilation albums Yuridia Remixes (2008) Singles "Ángel" "Maldita primavera" "Como yo nadie te ha amado" "Habla el corazón" "Ya te olvidé" Collaborations "Eclipse total del amor" Related Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart_(The_Vampire_Diaries)"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Faster Than the Speed of Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster_Than_the_Speed_of_Night"},{"link_name":"Jim Steinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Steinman"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"fifth-best-selling single in 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_British_music#End_of_Year_Charts"},{"link_name":"Making Love Out of Nothing at All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Love_Out_of_Nothing_at_All"},{"link_name":"Air Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Supply"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"song of the year for 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1983"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Female_Pop_Vocal_Performance"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-7"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1980s number one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1980s"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"For the episode of \"The Vampire Diaries\", see Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries).\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" is the lead single by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler from her fifth studio album, Faster Than the Speed of Night (1983) written and produced by Jim Steinman and recorded in 1982, released as a single by CBS/Columbia in 1983.The song, a duet with Rory Dodd, became Tyler's biggest career hit, topping the UK Singles Chart, and becoming the fifth-best-selling single in 1983 in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the single spent four weeks at the top of the charts, keeping another Steinman penned song \"Making Love Out of Nothing at All\" by Air Supply from reaching the top spot (a song Tyler would later cover in 1995),[6] and it was Billboard's number-six song of the year for 1983. The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.Worldwide, the single has sales in excess of six million copies[7] and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over one million copies after its release, updated to platinum in 2001 when the certification threshold changed.[8] In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV.[9]","title":"Total Eclipse of the Heart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Meat Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf"},{"link_name":"Bat Out of Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_Out_of_Hell_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Old Grey Whistle Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Grey_Whistle_Test"},{"link_name":"Jim Steinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Steinman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RW-10"},{"link_name":"Wall of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"Phil Spector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Spector"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_You_Ever_Seen_the_Rain%3F"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RW-10"},{"link_name":"Rory Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Dodd"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"A Small Circle of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Small_Circle_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"power ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ballad"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-7"},{"link_name":"Variety Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety,_the_Children%27s_Charity"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart_by_Bonnie_Tyler.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Record Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Playbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playbill"},{"link_name":"Dance of the Vampires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_of_the_Vampires_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Nosferatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosferatu"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"John Fogerty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fogerty"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanSongwriterReview-20"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Meat Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf"},{"link_name":"Making Love Out of Nothing at All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Love_Out_of_Nothing_at_All"},{"link_name":"Midnight at the Lost and Found","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_at_the_Lost_and_Found"},{"link_name":"Air Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Supply"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"wagnerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagnerian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RW-10"},{"link_name":"Mick Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Wall"},{"link_name":"Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_Out_of_Hell_III:_The_Monster_Is_Loose"},{"link_name":"It's a Heartache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Heartache"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"After her contract with RCA Records ended in 1981, Tyler found a new manager in David Aspden. After seeing Meat Loaf perform \"Bat Out of Hell\" live on The Old Grey Whistle Test, she approached Meat Loaf's writer, Jim Steinman, and asked him to be her producer.[10] Tyler aimed to create an album utilizing the Wall of Sound production techniques of Phil Spector, and she believed that Steinman was the only person who could create the same sound, as Spector had mostly retired from the music business.[11] Tyler visited Steinman in his apartment in New York in April 1982 with her manager, where she was presented with two tracks: \"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?\" and \"Goin' Through the Motions\". She stated that had she not liked the songs Steinman played for her, he would have rejected Tyler's invitation to collaborate.[10] She returned to his studio apartment weeks later, where Steinman and Rory Dodd performed \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" for her. Steinman also hand-picked the recording band for the song, which included Dodd as a featured vocalist (the \"Turn around...\" refrain).[12]The lyric \"Turn around, bright eyes\" had originally appeared in Steinman's 1969 college musical The Dream Engine.[13] Steinman had originally written the song's verse melody for his score to the 1980 film A Small Circle of Friends.[14]\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" had to be shortened for radio play. Tyler did not believe that the song was radio-friendly at its full length; the song was reduced from seven minutes and two seconds to four minutes and thirty seconds.[15]The power ballad[16] became Tyler's highest-charting song in several countries, peaking at No. 1 in the United States, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom. At its peak, it sold 60,000 copies per day and approximately 6 million copies in total.[7] It won the Variety Club award in the UK for best recording artist of 1983.[17] The song also made number 82 of VH1's top 100 love songs.\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\"\n\nA sample of \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\", performed by Bonnie Tyler.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Tyler told Record Mirror that she thought the song was about \"someone who wants to love so badly she's lying there in complete darkness.\"[18]Steinman said in an interview with Playbill about the inclusion of the song in his 1997 musical Dance of the Vampires:with 'Total Eclipse of the Heart', I was trying to come up with a love song and I remembered I actually wrote that to be a vampire love song. Its original title was 'Vampires in Love' because I was working on a musical of Nosferatu, the other great vampire story. If anyone listens to the lyrics, they're really like vampire lines. It's all about the darkness, the power of darkness and love's place in the dark...[19]He also told People that he thought Tyler sounded like John Fogerty and wrote the song \"to be a showpiece for her voice.\"[20] Tyler described the song as \"a challenge [to sing],\" stating that she \"[doesn't] like songs that anybody can sing. I like songs that need a lot of energy.\" After Steinman presented her with the song, she told The Times, \"I just had shivers right up my spine...I couldn't wait to actually get in and record it.\"[21]According to Meat Loaf, Steinman had written the song, along with \"Making Love Out of Nothing at All\", for Meat Loaf's album Midnight at the Lost and Found; however, Meat Loaf's record company refused to pay Steinman, and he wrote separate songs himself. \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" was given to Bonnie Tyler and \"Making Love Out of Nothing at All\" to Air Supply.[22] Tyler has denied this claim.[23] \"Meat Loaf was apparently very annoyed that Jim gave that to me,\" Tyler stated. \"But Jim said he didn't write it for Meat Loaf, that he only finished it after meeting me.\"[24] Steinman said to People that he considered it \"an aria to me, a wagnerian-like onslaught of sound and emotion. I wrote it to be a showpiece for her voice.\"[10]In an interview with journalist Mick Wall shortly after the release of Meat Loaf's 2006 album Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose, Steinman stated: \"I didn't write [Total Eclipse of the Heart] for anyone but Bonnie.\" Steinman believed that CBS were expecting him to write something similar to \"It's a Heartache\", but he had different ideas.[25]","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steps_at_Former_Holloway_Sanatorium.JPG"},{"link_name":"Holloway Sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway_Sanatorium"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Russell Mulcahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Mulcahy"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Holloway Sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway_Sanatorium"},{"link_name":"Victorian Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Virginia Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Water"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"urban legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Holloway Sanatorium steps, which feature in the videoThe music video for \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" was directed by Russell Mulcahy[26] and was filmed at the Holloway Sanatorium, a large Victorian Gothic hospital near Virginia Water, Surrey, England.[27] The surrealist video features Tyler clad in white, dreaming or fantasizing about students in a boys' boarding school. Young men are seen dancing and participating in various school activities and singing in a choir.The video received two nominations at the Billboard Video Music Awards in 1983 for Best Performance by a Female and Most Effective Use of Symbolism.[28]A long-running urban legend is that the boy who appears throughout the video and who shakes Tyler's hand at the end is former Italian footballer Gianfranco Zola. In a 2012 interview, Zola confirmed that he did not appear in the video.[29]In September 2023, the video exceeded one billion views on YouTube.[30]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"26th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Shrine Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Royal Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_International"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse of 21 August 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017"},{"link_name":"DNCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNCE"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Tyler Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Tyler_Live"},{"link_name":"Live in Germany 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_Germany_1993"},{"link_name":"Bonnie on Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_on_Tour"}],"text":"Since the song's release, Tyler has performed \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" in all of her concerts.[31] \"I sing it much better now than I used to,\" she told The Huffington Post. \"I think my voice is probably not as husky as it was, I think it's mellowed a bit.\"[32] The song was performed at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards, held at the Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, on 28 February 1984.[33]Bonnie Tyler sang \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" live on board a Royal Caribbean cruise ship during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017, backed by DNCE.[34][35]Live recordings of Tyler performing the song have been released on her albums Bonnie Tyler Live (2006) and Live in Germany 1993 (2011). Video performances have also been released on Tyler's DVDs, Bonnie on Tour (2006) and the DVD edition of Live in Germany 1993.","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"Roy Bittan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Bittan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanSongwriterReview-20"}],"text":"Mike DeGagne from AllMusic retrospectively described \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" as \"one of the finest ballads ever to hit radio.\" He noted the \"lush instrumentation\" and said that Tyler's voice \"produced the perfect type of 'desperate lovelorn' effect to suit the romantic lyrics.\" He described Roy Bittan's piano playing as \"dreamy\" and described Tyler's voice as \"wonderfully gritty.\"[36] Donald A. Guarisco, also from AllMusic, retrospectively reviewed Faster Than the Speed of Night and noted the song as an \"epic ballad\", describing the whole album as \"rock at its most melodramatic.\"[37] Jim Beviglia from American Songwriter said that Tyler's raspy vocals helped to legitimize the \"melodrama inherent in the lyrics,\" and described the song as a \"garment-rending, chest-beating [and] emotionally exhausting ballad\" that suits the throes of a turbulent relationship.[20]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Robbie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams"},{"link_name":"One Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Direction"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"1980s number one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1980s"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"solar eclipses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"lunar eclipses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse of 20 March 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_March_20,_2015"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse of 21 August 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017"},{"link_name":"Nielsen Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse of 8 April 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_April_8,_2024"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CADigitalSongs2024-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDigitalSongs2024-49"}],"text":"In a 2013 UK survey, the song came first in a list of most popular songs to sing in the shower, above songs by Justin Bieber, Robbie Williams, One Direction and Elton John.[38] In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third-favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV.[39]The song's lyrics compare an ended romance with an eclipse.[40] The song often receives publicity during solar eclipses and lunar eclipses.[41] \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" received substantial media attention during the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015. Tyler's version received a 214% increase of Spotify streams throughout the day.[42] A similar impact was experienced during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017, when Nielsen Music reported a 503% increase in record sales.[43] Around that time, the song hit number one on the iTunes chart.[44]The song again reached No. 1 on the iTunes Top Songs chart in the US during the solar eclipse of 8 April 2024.[45] In the following week, Tyler re-entered the Billboard Artist 100 chart at No. 79,[46] and \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" entered the LyricFind Global chart at No. 25,[47] the Canadian Digital Song Sales chart at No. 9,[48] and the US Digital Song Sales Chart at No. 5.[49]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Straight from the Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_from_the_Heart_(Bryan_Adams_song)"}],"text":"UK 7-inch single[50]\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" – 4:29\n\"Take Me Back\" – 5:05US 7-inch single\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" – 4:29\n\"Straight from the Heart\" – 3:38UK 12-inch single\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" – 6:59\n\"Take Me Back\" – 5:22","title":"Formats and track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Rick Derringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Derringer"},{"link_name":"Roy Bittan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Bittan"},{"link_name":"Larry Fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Fast"},{"link_name":"Max Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Maelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Maelen"},{"link_name":"Rory Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Dodd"},{"link_name":"Eric Troyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Troyer"},{"link_name":"Holly Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Sherwood"}],"text":"Credits are adapted from AllMusic.[51]Bonnie Tyler – lead vocals\nRick Derringer – guitar\nSteve Buslowe – bass guitar\nRoy Bittan – piano\nLarry Fast – synthesizers\nSteve Margoshes – additional synthesizers\nMax Weinberg – drums\nJimmy Maelen – percussion\nRory Dodd – featured and backing vocals\nEric Troyer, Holly Sherwood – backing vocals","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEL-1"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-53"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadaadultcontemporary_-54"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Danmark"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Europarade Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles#Europarade_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"IFOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27opinion_publique"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-59"},{"link_name":"Musica e dischi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dutch40-61"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Bonnie_Tyler-62"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Bonnie_Tyler-63"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Bonnie_Tyler-64"},{"link_name":"Springbok Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok_Radio"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"AFYVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Bonnie_Tyler-67"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Bonnie_Tyler-68"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_Bonnie_Tyler-69"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Bonnie_Tyler-70"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Bonnie_Tyler-71"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardmainstreamrock_Bonnie_Tyler-72"},{"link_name":"Cash Box Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_Top_100_Pop_Singles"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_West_Germany_Bonnie_Tyler-74"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tyler2008-75"},{"link_name":"Back Catalogue Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Denmark_Bonnie_Tyler-77"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Bonnie_Tyler-78"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France2013-79"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France2014-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CADigitalSongs2024-48"},{"link_name":"Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDigitalSongs2024-49"},{"link_name":"TikTok Billboard Top 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok_Billboard_Top_50"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus83-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CanadaYearEnd-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1983)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[52]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[1]\n\n14\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[53]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[54]\n\n9\n\n\nDenmark (BT/IFPI)[55]\n\n6\n\n\nEuroparade Top 40 (Music Week)[56]\n\n7\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[57]\n\n6\n\n\nFrance (IFOP)[58]\n\n3\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[59]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (Musica e dischi)[60]\n\n17\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[61]\n\n24\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[62]\n\n18\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[63]\n\n1\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[64]\n\n1\n\n\nSouth Africa (Springbok Radio)[65]\n\n1\n\n\nSpain (AFYVE)[66]\n\n9\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[67]\n\n3\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[68]\n\n3\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[69]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[70]\n\n7\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[71]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[72]\n\n23\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[73]\n\n1\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[74]\n\n16\n\n\n\n\nYear\n\nChart\n\nPeakposition\n\n\n2008\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[75]\n\n57\n\n\n2011\n\nBelgium (Back Catalogue Singles Flanders)[76]\n\n17\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[77]\n\n35\n\n\n2012\n\nFrance (SNEP)[78]\n\n57\n\n\n2013\n\nFrance (SNEP)[79]\n\n98\n\n\n2014\n\nFrance (SNEP)[80]\n\n114\n\n\n2017\n\nCanadian Digital Song Sales[81]\n\n38\n\n\nUS Billboard Digital Songs[82]\n\n13\n\n\nUS Billboard Pop Digital Songs Sales[83]\n\n8\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot Canadian Pop Digital Songs Sales[84]\n\n38\n\n\n2019\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[85]\n\n29\n\n\n2024\n\nCanadian Digital Song Sales[48]\n\n9\n\n\nUS Billboard Digital Songs[49]\n\n5\n\n\nUS TikTok Billboard Top 50[86]\n\n13\n\n\nUS Billboard LyricFind Global [87]\n\n25\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1983)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[88][89]\n\n6\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[90]\n\n5\n\n\nFrance (IFOP)[91]\n\n15\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[92]\n\n5\n\n\nSouth Africa (Springbok Radio)[93]\n\n3\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[94]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[95]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[96]\n\n5\n\nAll-time charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1958–2018)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[97]\n\n161","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sales and certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Brocklehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brocklehurst"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_(Bonnie_Tyler_album)"},{"link_name":"BabyPinkStar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BabyPinkStar"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"UK Independent Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independent_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Only Men Aloud!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Men_Aloud!"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-7"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_Records"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Rocks and Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocks_and_Honey"},{"link_name":"classical-dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_music"},{"link_name":"Alex Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Christensen"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"text":"Since the original release in 1983, Tyler has re-recorded the song numerous times. In 2004, she released a duet version of the song with Peter Brocklehurst on his album For You.[106] A solo version of the recording was released on her own studio album, Wings, the following year.In January 2007, Tyler released another version of \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" in collaboration with British punk-electronic group BabyPinkStar.[107] It peaked at no. 40 on the UK Independent Singles chart.[108] In 2009, Tyler released a version of the song with Welsh choral group Only Men Aloud!.[7] In 2011, Tyler re-recorded the song on an EP named after the song, released by Cleopatra Records.[109] In 2013, another version of the song was released as a bonus track from her album Rocks and Honey, available exclusively on the UK iTunes Store.In 2021, Tyler released a classical-dance version of the song on Classical 80s Dance, an album by German producer Alex Christensen and the Berlin Orchestra.[110]","title":"Other versions by Bonnie Tyler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicki French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_French"},{"link_name":"hi-NRG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-NRG"},{"link_name":"Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_(Nicki_French_album)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music"}],"text":"English singer Nicki French released a hi-NRG remake of \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" in October 1994 that was also a worldwide hit. It was included on her debut album, Secrets (1995). The song originally peaked at No. 54 on the UK Singles Chart in 1994 but reached No. 5 after being re-issued in January 1995.[114] In the United States, French's version peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, and it garnered frequent airplay on AC radio. It enjoyed greater success in Australia, spending four nonconsecutive weeks at No. 2. Elsewhere, the cover reached number 13 in New Zealand, number 16 in Canada, and peaked within the top 10 of several European countries.","title":"Nicki French version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"conflicted source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRELIABLE"},{"link_name":"John Springate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Springate"},{"link_name":"the Glitter Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glitter_Band"},{"link_name":"Mike Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Stock_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Matt Aitken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Aitken"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NF-117"},{"link_name":"remixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NF-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"International Dance Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dance_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"Background and release","text":"French had made her first dance version recording of \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" in 1994: she had purchased the Bonnie Tyler original as a teenager in 1983 and reacted negatively to the original suggestion that she (French) remake the song as a dance track — \"I thought, no, it's too strong a song to go down the dance route. You know, it demeans it almost. But then I thought well, I'll give it a go. And as soon as I heard the track, I thought it actually does work.\"[115] The singer had been performing in London bands since the age of 12 and was given the chance to record a version when she received a phone call from a fellow British musician.[116][conflicted source] French's first recording of \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\", made with John Springate of the Glitter Band producing, came to the attention of Mike Stock and Matt Aitken, who produced their own recording of the song by French, and it was this version which appeared on the UK chart dated 15 October 1994 at No. 54. French would recall: \"I just thought oh well that was great...I've [worked with] Mike Stock and Matt Aitken and it was a dream come true...we tried and I had a great time...And then about two months later I had a call out of the blue from Mike saying the buzz will not die down on this track so we're going to re-record the beginning...and we're going to re-release it at the beginning of 1995.\"[117]According to French, her remake of \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" became popular in the UK and the US in distinct remixes: \"the slower version was the one that actually took a hold in the UK, where originally they started with the fast one and then decided to go with the [remix which began] in the same vein as the Bonnie Tyler version [and then] sped up when the chorus came in...In the US it was the [remix] which was fast all the way through.\"[117] The single earned French two awards at the 1995 Hi-NRG Music Awards, in the categories for \"Single of the Year\" and \"Best Female Vocal Performance\".[118] In 1996, the song was named \"Best Hi-NRG 12-inch of the Year\" at the International Dance Music Awards in Miami.[119]","title":"Nicki French version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Music video","text":"The song's accompanying music video features French performing on a stage, in front of a giant, circular \"moon\" that occasionally draws up to eclipse itself. Smoke appear as \"clouds\" and she is backed up by a band and two female backup singers. Sometimes a dancer also performs in front of the \"moon\".[120] An alternate video also exists, set to the slower version of the song.[121]","title":"Nicki French version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Larry Flick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flick"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Tyler"},{"link_name":"hi-NRG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-NRG"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"power ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ballad"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"BuzzFeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Gavin Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Report"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Idolator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"James Masterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Masterton"},{"link_name":"Jim Steinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Steinman"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine remarked that French \"had a unexpected hit single with her dance-club, house-inflected cover\" of \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\". He added that \"although it was treated like a novelty at first, the version was as effective as the original and was a deserved success.\"[122] Larry Flick from Billboard stated that the singer \"does a fair imitation of Bonnie Tyler on this bouncy hi-NRG/disco interpretation of the bombastic power ballad. U.K. and European punters already have warmly embraced this twirler, and odds are an even 50-50 for similar success here.\"[123] American entertainment company BuzzFeed ranked French's version number 26 in their \"The 101 Greatest Dance Songs of the '90s\" list in 2017.[124] Steve Baltin from Cash Box felt that in the new version, \"only the radio edit retains the syrupy feel that made Tyler’s song such a smash. 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' seems like it would be an odd choice for a dance cover, and this version confirms that suspicion... but it's still a hit.\"[125] Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report named it Record To Watch, writing, \"The song that never dies gets a '90s facelift and a tempo injection. Ten more believers.\"[126] Robbie Daw from Idolator described it as a \"simmering dance rendition\", including it in their \"The 50 Best Pop Singles of 1995\" list in 2015.[127] In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton said that it \"suffers from the inevitable dance beat tacked on and also the lack of Jim Steinman's bombastic production that made the track such an epic in the first place.\"[128] Pan-European magazine Music & Media commented that \"away is the sandpaper vocal of Bonny Tyler [sic], the edge now comes from the dance context put into the ballad. Needless to say it's an upbeat song anno 1995. Top 10 in the UK.\"[129]","title":"Nicki French version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-130"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKFrench-131"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Nicki_French-133"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Nicki_French-134"},{"link_name":"The Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Record_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-136"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada2-137"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadadance_-138"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Nicki_French-140"},{"link_name":"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslenski_listinn"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-59"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-142"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Nicki_French-143"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Nicki_French-144"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sco2-145"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_Nicki_French-146"},{"link_name":"UK on a Pop Tip Club Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_Pop_Tip_Club_Chart"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Maxi-Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Top 40/Mainstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Top 40/Rhythm-Crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Cash Box Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_Top_100_Pop_Singles"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard"},{"link_name":"Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart&action=edit&section=20"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"}],"sub_title":"Charts","text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1994)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[130]\n\n50\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[131]\n\n54\n\n\nUK Dance (Music Week)[132]\n\n6\n\n\n\n\nChart (1995)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[133]\n\n2\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[134]\n\n14\n\n\nCanada Retail Singles (The Record)[135]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[136]\n\n16\n\n\nCanada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[137]\n\n17\n\n\nCanada Dance/Urban (RPM)[138]\n\n1\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[139]\n\n21\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[140]\n\n65\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[141]\n\n5\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[59]\n\n15\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[142]\n\n7\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[143]\n\n10\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[144]\n\n13\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[145]\n\n4\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[146]\n\n5\n\n\nUK on a Pop Tip Club Chart (Music Week)[147]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[148]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[149]\n\n20\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[150]\n\n36\n\n\nUS Dance Club Play (Billboard)[151]\n\n37\n\n\nUS Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard)[152]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Top 40/Mainstream (Billboard)[153]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Top 40/Rhythm-Crossover (Billboard)[154]\n\n12\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[155]\n\n3\n\n\n\n\nChart (2024)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nBillboard Dance Singles Sales[156]\n\n8\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1995)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[157]\n\n17\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[158]\n\n80\n\n\nCanada Dance/Urban (RPM)[159]\n\n7\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[160]\n\n87\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[161]\n\n80\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[162]\n\n90\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[163]\n\n48\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[164]\n\n19\n\n\nUS Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard)[165]\n\n20\n\n\nUS Top 40/Mainstream (Billboard)[166]\n\n16\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[167]\n\n27","title":"Nicki French version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sales and certifications","title":"Nicki French version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kareen Antonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareen_Antonn"},{"link_name":"Faouze Barkati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faouze_Barkati"},{"link_name":"Simply Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_Believe"}],"text":"In 2003, Tyler re-recorded \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" as a bilingual duet with French singer Kareen Antonn. Produced by Faouze Barkati, Krem Barkati and Wallid Barkati, the track was named \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\". It was released on 19 December 2003 by Yanis Records and appears on Tyler's 14th studio album, Simply Believe (2004). The single topped the charts in Belgium and France.","title":"\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Bonnie on Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_on_Tour"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Si tout s'arrête (It's a Heartache)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Heartache"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kareencigale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Tyler"},{"link_name":"La Cigale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cigale"}],"sub_title":"Background and release","text":"The release date for \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" was brought forward by three weeks due to unprecendented demand after the track received pre-release radio airplay.[172] Tyler and Antonn filmed the music video in Québec, Canada. Behind-the-scenes footage was released on Tyler's concert film, Bonnie on Tour (2006).[173]Following the success of \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\", Tyler and Antonn released a second duet, \"Si tout s'arrête (It's a Heartache)\", on 7 June 2004.Bonnie Tyler and Kareen Antonn performing \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" at La Cigale (Paris) on 8 June 2005.","title":"\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"7 Seconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_Seconds_(song)"},{"link_name":"Youssou N'Dour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour"},{"link_name":"Neneh Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neneh_Cherry"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"In reviews, critics praised \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" for its inventive approach at re-recording a pre-established hit song. Platine, a French magazine, attributed the track's success to an emerging trend of \"transborder duets\" in 2004.[174] Music charts analyst Elia Habib noted that \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" is the first bilingual chart-topping single since \"7 Seconds\" by Youssou N'Dour and Neneh Cherry in 1994.[175] Music Actu stated the song was \"among the most popular singles of French public\" upon release, and noted its performance on the French singles chart.[176]","title":"\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\""},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Formats and track listings","text":"Digital download (since 2005)No.TitleLength1.\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" (radio version)3:542.\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" (album version)4:103.\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" (music video)3:474.\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" (karaoke version)3:545.\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" (karaoke with song)3:47CD single (3 versions)No.TitleLength1.\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" (radio version)3:542.\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" (album version)4:103.\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" (by Kareen Antonn)3:52","title":"\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNEP"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Disqueenfrance-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ifop-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Were_a_Woman_and_I_Was_a_Man"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Marc Lavoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Lavoine"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ultratop-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skynet-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hitparade-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pifpaf-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rmf-190"},{"link_name":"French-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-speaking"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"sub_title":"Chart performances and sales","text":"On the French SNEP Singles Chart, the single debuted at number 25 on 21 December 2003.[177] It reached the top ten two weeks later and became number one in its fifth week. The single regained the number one spot on three occasions during the ten weeks at number one. It remained on the chart for 25 weeks,[178] achieved Platinum status for over 500,000 copies sold,[179] and was the fourth best-selling single of 2004 in France.[180] \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" is the only female duet number one single since the creation of French Top 50.[181] It is also the single which made the biggest drop from number one, dropping directly to number ten.[182][183] It also gave Bonnie Tyler the record of the longest time gap between top ten singles in France. Eighteen years passed between her hit \"If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)\" which reached number six in 1986[184] and of \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\", hitting number one. The previous record, by Marc Lavoine, was 17 years old.[185]In Belgium (Wallonia), the song went to number one two weeks after its debut at number 21, and remained number one from 21 February to 10 April 2004, i.e. eight weeks. It stayed in the top 40 for 24 weeks.[186] It was certified Platinum after eleven weeks on the chart. It was the second best-selling single of 2004 and totaled 31 weeks on the chart.[187] In Switzerland, the single peaked at number seven for four weeks and remained on the chart for 34 weeks.[188] \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" was also broadcast on radio in Russia and Poland where it reached number one on local radios as well as on the main chart.[189][190] The song was number six on the 2004 International List of French-speaking Music, compiled in collaboration with 122 radio stations throughout the world.[191]As of August 2014, the song was the 26th-best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 508,000 units sold.[192] However, when she participated in the French show La Méthode Cauet, Kareen Antonn affirmed that the single, then still ranked on the French Singles Chart, had exceeded the 700,000 sold copies. Worldwide, the song has sold more than 2 million copies (physical sales and digital downloads).[193][194]","title":"\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Steinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Steinman"},{"link_name":"Producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"}],"sub_title":"Credits and personnel","text":"Music / Text : Jim Steinman, Emmanuel Pribys\nProducers : Faouze, Krem, Wallid Barkati\nExecutive producer : Lynda Ramdane\nArtistic direction : Yanis Records\n\n\nFrench adaptation : Emmanuel Pribys\nChorus : F. Llado, J.-N. Sombrun, F. Godebout, D. Goury, M. Ducret, J. Stage, B. Bishop\nGuitar : S. Heurtault, K. Rustam\nBass : J. Stage","title":"\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart&action=edit&section=29"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Kareen_Antonn_/_Bonnie_Tyler-195"},{"link_name":"European Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Kareen_Antonn_/_Bonnie_Tyler-198"},{"link_name":"TVP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVP1"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pifpaf-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rmf-190"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Swiss_Kareen_Antonn_/_Bonnie_Tyler-200"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart&action=edit&section=30"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skynet-187"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yacast-202"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ifop-180"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yacast-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"}],"sub_title":"Charts","text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n2004 weekly chart performance for \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\"\n\n\nChart (2004)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[195]\n\n1\n\n\nEuropean Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[196]\n\n4\n\n\nFrance Airplay (SNEP)[197]\n\n12\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[198]\n\n1\n\n\nPoland Airplay (TVP1)[189][190]\n\n1\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[199]\n\n154\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[200]\n\n7\n\n\n\n2012 weekly chart performance for \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\"\n\n\nChart (2012)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[201]\n\n167\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\"\n\n\nChart (2004)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart[187]\n\n2\n\n\nFrench Airplay Chart[202]\n\n67\n\n\nFrench SNEP Singles Chart[180]\n\n4\n\n\nFrench TV Airplay Chart[202]\n\n114\n\n\nSwiss Singles Chart[203]\n\n22","title":"\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\""},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Certifications","title":"\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Academy 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Academy_(France)"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Star Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Academy"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Le Bouthillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Le_Bouthillier"},{"link_name":"Marie-Élaine Thibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-%C3%89laine_Thibert"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyberjournal-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"TVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVA_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Isabelle Delobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Delobel"},{"link_name":"Olivier Schoenfelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Schoenfelder"},{"link_name":"Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris Première","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Premi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"}],"sub_title":"Cover versions of \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\"","text":"In 2004, Lucie and Sandy, two contestants of the French television show Star Academy 4, covered this song on one of the Friday weekly shows.[206]On 30 March 2004, on the Worldbest competition which brings together winners of various broadcasts of Star Academy, the two finalists, Wilfred Le Bouthillier and Marie-Élaine Thibert, performed \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\",[207] gaining the second place.[208] In 2005, they released the single in Canada under the title \"Et si demain\";[209] their version differs from \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" as a verse was removed and there are more refrains toward the end of the song. They also performed \"Et si demain\" on 18 September 2004, on the show La Fureur on SRC, and on 19 April 2004 on TVA.[210] Le Bouthillier and Thibert's version was in turn covered by K4T and Luc St-Pierre on the Canadian TV show Heure de Gloire.[211]In 2007, Isabelle Delobel and Olivier Schoenfelder, two French professional figure skaters, carried out their performance to \"Si demain...(Turn Around)\" in \"Stars sur glace\", at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy, broadcast on Paris Première[212] (the song features on the programme of their 2006–2007 figure skating season).[213]","title":"\"Si demain... (Turn Around)\""},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuban-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Americans"},{"link_name":"Lissette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissette"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Jon Secada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Secada"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"}],"sub_title":"Lissette version","text":"Cuban-American singer Lissette covered the song in Spanish as \"Eclipse Total del Amor\" in 1984, from her album Caricatura, being her best hit in the Latin American charts.[214] The secondary male voice was sung by Cuban-American singer Jon Secada.[215]","title":"Other cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"}],"sub_title":"Jan Wayne version","text":"German electronic dance music producer Jan Wayne released his version in 2001. It peaked at No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart in 2003.[216]","title":"Other cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuridia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuridia"},{"link_name":"Habla El Corazón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habla_El_Coraz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"}],"sub_title":"Yuridia version","text":"Mexican singer Yuridia covered the song in Spanish as \"Eclipse Total del Amor\" from her second studio album Habla El Corazón in 2006. The single peaked at number 36 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart.[217]","title":"Other cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boy band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band"},{"link_name":"Westlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlife"},{"link_name":"The Love Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Album_(Westlife_album)"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"Love Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Tour"},{"link_name":"Jim Steinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Steinman"},{"link_name":"Sunset Strippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Strippers"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"verse–chorus form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse%E2%80%93chorus_form"},{"link_name":"Bb major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bb_major"},{"link_name":"C4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(musical_note)"},{"link_name":"C6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(musical_note)"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eil-218"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"}],"sub_title":"Westlife version","text":"Irish boy band Westlife recorded a cover of the song on their 2006 album The Love Album.[219] The song was to be released as the album's second single but was cancelled due to their Love Tour conflicts. Three official remixes were produced for their version as well as a remix done by Jim Steinman, which was ultimately rejected by the record label but has since surfaced on the Internet. The song was released as a promotional single in 2007. The Sunset Strippers Radio Mix version of the song charted at number 210 on the Official Russian Top Radio Hits Chart on 26 February 2007.[220] It was composed in the traditional verse–chorus form in Bb major, with Filan and Feehily's vocal ranging from the chords of C4 to C6.[221]Promotional CD single[218][222]\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" (Sunset Strippers Verse Club Mix)\n\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" (Sunset Strippers Dub Mix)\n\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" (Sunset Strippers Radio Edit)","title":"Other cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Aura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Aura"},{"link_name":"Nek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nek"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"}],"sub_title":"L'Aura version","text":"Italian singer L'Aura covered the song in Italian as \"Eclissi del cuore\" from her third studio album Sei come me in 2010, which was not originally released as a single. One year later, a new version of the song, now a duet with fellow Italian singer Nek was officially released as a single, this duet peaking at number 6 on the Italian charts.[223]","title":"Other cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Glee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"season one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glee_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"Bad Reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Reputation_(Glee)"},{"link_name":"Lea Michele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Michele"},{"link_name":"Cory Monteith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Monteith"},{"link_name":"Mark Salling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Salling"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Groff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Groff"},{"link_name":"Rachel Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Berry"},{"link_name":"Finn Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Noah Puckerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Puckerman"},{"link_name":"Jesse St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_St._James"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"soundtrack album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack_album"},{"link_name":"Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glee:_The_Music,_Volume_3_Showstoppers"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"}],"sub_title":"Glee cast version","text":"The hit musical comedy-drama series Glee reworked the song for its season one episode \"Bad Reputation,\" recorded by cast members Lea Michele, Cory Monteith, Mark Salling, and special guest star Jonathan Groff as their characters Rachel Berry, Finn Hudson, Noah Puckerman, and Jesse St. James respectively.[224] It was released as a single[225] and reached number 17 in Canada,[226] 28 in Australia,[227] 9 in the UK,[228] and 16 in the US.[229] It appears in the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers.[230]","title":"Other cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doro Pesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doro_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Rob Halford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Halford"},{"link_name":"Judas Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Priest"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"}],"sub_title":"Doro version","text":"On October 27, 2023, Doro Pesch released a cover featuring Rob Halford of Judas Priest from her album Conqueress – Forever Strong And Proud.[231]","title":"Other cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literal video version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_music_video"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"viral video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"re-dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"MasterCard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterCard"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Westpac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westpac"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"Warby Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warby_Parker"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse of 21 August 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Marsh Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Family"},{"link_name":"Faversham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faversham"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"lockdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockdown"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"viral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"}],"sub_title":"Parody versions","text":"A parody of the song and music video were published in 2009, in what the fans and makers call a \"literal video version\", which is a type of video that replaces the original song lyrics with humorous lyrics describing the images in the video. Time magazine listed it as the 6th best viral video of 2009.[232] This was also the 6th literal video produced by professional video editor David A. Scott Jr.; the singer who performed for this re-dub was Scott's friend Felisha Noble using the pseudonym Persephone Maewyn.[233]In 2010, Tyler appeared in an advertisement for MasterCard, performing a short parody of the song with its noted new lyric \"Turn around, Neville.\"[234] She performed the original song in a similar advertisement for Westpac in 2012.[235]Warby Parker produced a parody video in anticipation of the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017.[236]The Marsh Family, a couple with four children in Faversham, Kent, produced a parody titled \"Totally Fixed Where We Are\" expressing the feelings of people under a third lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, which went viral in February 2021.[237][238]In 2019, in the Canta Uma Para Mim segment on Brazilian television program Alerta Amazonas, the song was performed by contestant Priscila Munhoes, who did not know how to speak English, and instead substituted her own \"gibberish\" lyrics. Munhoes was eliminated from the program, but the video of her performance went viral on the internet.[239]","title":"Other cover versions"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Holloway Sanatorium steps, which feature in the video","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Steps_at_Former_Holloway_Sanatorium.JPG/220px-Steps_at_Former_Holloway_Sanatorium.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bonnie Tyler and Kareen Antonn performing \"Si demain... (Turn Around)\" at La Cigale (Paris) on 8 June 2005.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kareencigale.jpg/220px-Kareencigale.jpg"}]	[{"title":"1983 in British music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_British_music"},{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_1983"},{"title":"List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of the 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mainstream_Top_40_number-one_hits_of_1995_(U.S.)"},{"title":"List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cash_Box_Top_100_number-one_singles_of_1983"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 1983 (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_in_Australia_during_the_1980s#1983"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 1983 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_1983_(Canada)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 1983 (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_1983_(Ireland)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles from the 1980s (New Zealand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_from_the_1980s_(New_Zealand)#1983"},{"title":"List of RPM number-one dance singles of 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RPM_number-one_dance_singles_of_1995"},{"title":"List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1980s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1980s#1983"},{"title":"VG-lista 1964 to 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista_1964_to_1994"},{"title":"List of French number-one hits of 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_number-one_hits_of_2004"},{"title":"Ultratop 40 number-one hits of 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop_40_number-one_hits_of_2004"}]	[{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Bonnie Tyler – Total Eclipse of the Heart\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Bonnie+Tyler&ti=Total+Eclipse+of+the+Heart&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Bonnie Tyler – Total Eclipse of the Heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Flans, Robyn (16 September 2019). \"Classic Tracks: \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\"\". Mix. Retrieved 31 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mixonline.com/recording/classic-tracks-total-eclipse-of-the-heart","url_text":"\"Classic Tracks: \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_(magazine)","url_text":"Mix"}]},{"reference":"Arena, James (2017). \"Nicki French: \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" (1995)\". Stars of '90s Dance Pop: 29 Hitmakers Discuss Their Careers. McFarland & Company. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4766-6756-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U7vDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA68","url_text":"\"Nicki French: \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" (1995)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6756-0","url_text":"978-1-4766-6756-0"}]},{"reference":"Billboard Staff (19 October 2023). \"The 500 Best Pop Songs: Staff List\". Billboard. Retrieved 24 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/lists/best-pop-songs-all-time-hits/","url_text":"\"The 500 Best Pop Songs: Staff List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Samuel (21 April 2021). \"Jim Steinman Dead: 10 Great Songs to Remember Him By\". Newsweek. Retrieved 25 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/jim-steinman-dead-best-songs-meat-loaf-bonnie-tyler-1585295","url_text":"\"Jim Steinman Dead: 10 Great Songs to Remember Him By\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"}]},{"reference":"\"Tyler releases new Total Eclipse\". BBC News. 2 September 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8232149.stm","url_text":"\"Tyler releases new Total Eclipse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Grein, Paul (14 May 1989). \"New Golden Rule: 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-05-14/business/fi-188_1_singles-riaa-platinum","url_text":"\"New Golden Rule: 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Westbrook, Caroline (25 July 2015). \"The Nation's Favourite 80s Number One: 12 more classic 80s chart-toppers which didn't make the cut\". Metro. Retrieved 23 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://metro.co.uk/2015/07/25/the-nations-favourite-80s-number-one-12-more-classic-80s-chart-toppers-which-didnt-make-the-cut-5312786/","url_text":"\"The Nation's Favourite 80s Number One: 12 more classic 80s chart-toppers which didn't make the cut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)","url_text":"Metro"}]},{"reference":"Wolmuth, Roger (21 November 1983). \"'One-Hit Wonder' Bonnie Tyler Resumes Her Singing Career with a 'Total Eclipse' of the Chart\". People. Vol. 20, no. 21. Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090608120512/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20198439,00.html","url_text":"\"'One-Hit Wonder' Bonnie Tyler Resumes Her Singing Career with a 'Total Eclipse' of the Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"},{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20198439,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Dick (20 September 1983). \"Bonnie Tyler aims for 'total eclipse' of charts\". The Times-News. Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19830920&id=CWZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VCQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6160,2695215","url_text":"\"Bonnie Tyler aims for 'total eclipse' of charts\""}]},{"reference":"Humphries, Patrick (2009). Ravishing - The Best Of (CD booklet). London: Sony Music Entertainment. p. 1. In \"Ravishing - The Best Of\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment","url_text":"Sony Music Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Sweet, Bill (10 June 2019). \"\"Turn Around, Bright Eyes,\" as You've Never Heard It Before\". Amherst College. Retrieved 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amherst.edu/news/news_releases/2019/6-2019/-turn-around-bright-eyes-as-you-ve-never-heard-it-before","url_text":"\"\"Turn Around, Bright Eyes,\" as You've Never Heard It Before\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College","url_text":"Amherst College"}]},{"reference":"Breihan, Tom (27 July 2020). \"The Number Ones: Bonnie Tyler's \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\"\". Stereogum. Retrieved 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2092526/the-number-ones-bonnie-tylers-total-eclipse-of-the-heart/franchises/columns/the-number-ones/","url_text":"\"The Number Ones: Bonnie Tyler's \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"Heatley, Michael (2013). The Collection (CD booklet). London: Demon Music Group. p. 3. In \"The Collection\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Music_Group","url_text":"Demon Music Group"}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Alice (7 May 2017). \"The 21 best power ballads\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/21-best-power-ballads/","url_text":"\"The 21 best power ballads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/21-best-power-ballads/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Glasgow Herald\". 8 February 1984. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DcFAAAAAIBAJ&dq=awards+bonnie+tyler&pg=PA10&article_id=5631,1467693","url_text":"\"The Glasgow Herald\""}]},{"reference":"Shearlaw, John (12 March 1983). \"Bonnie voyage\". Record Mirror. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Ernio (18 September 2002). \"Rando, Steinman Talk About Dance of the Vampires at Press Preview, Sept. 18\". Playbill. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313031549/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/72168-Rando-Steinman-Talk-About-Dance-of-the-Vampires-at-Press-Preview-Sept-18","url_text":"\"Rando, Steinman Talk About Dance of the Vampires at Press Preview, Sept. 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playbill","url_text":"Playbill"},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/72168-Rando-Steinman-Talk-About-Dance-of-the-Vampires-at-Press-Preview-Sept-18","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beviglia, Jim (24 February 2014). \"Bonnie Tyler, \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\"\". American Songwriter. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Edward_Ranneberger	Michael Ranneberger	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	American diplomat Michael E. RannebergerUnited States Ambassador to KenyaIn officeAugust 23, 2006 – May 4, 2011PresidentGeorge W. BushPreceded byWilliam M. BellamySucceeded byScott GrationUnited States Ambassador to MaliIn officeFebruary 14, 2000 – July 28, 2002PresidentBill ClintonGeorge W. BushPreceded byDavid RawsonSucceeded byVicki J. Huddleston Personal detailsBornMichael Edward Ranneberger1949 (age 74–75)SpouseRuth KonchellaAlma materTowson State University University of Virginia Michael Edward Ranneberger (born 1949) is a former United States Ambassador to Kenya. Early life Ranneberger attended Archbishop Curley High School, a Roman Catholic private school in Baltimore, Maryland. After graduating, he obtained a B.A. from Towson State University in Baltimore and an M.A. in history from the University of Virginia. Career As Angola Desk Officer from 1981 to 1984, he worked as a member of Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Chester Crocker’s team, negotiating independence for Namibia and the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola. Ranneberger was awarded an International Affairs Fellowship from the Council on Foreign Relations for his work as a Special Assistant to Under Secretary Michael Armacost from 1984 to 1985. He was the Deputy Chief of Mission in Maputo from 1986 to 1989. The Mozambican Civil War was also occurring during the time Ranneberger was in Maputo. From 1989 to 1992, he served as Deputy Chief of Mission in Asuncion, where he was involved in supporting the post-Stroessner democratic transition. He then became Deputy Director for Central American Affairs from 1992 to 1994, and during that time he helped oversee implementation of the peace accords in El Salvador and made efforts to end the internal conflict in Guatemala. In August 1994, he was appointed as the Deputy Chief of Mission in Mogadishu. In July 1995, Ranneberger was appointed as the Coordinator of Cuban Affairs Ranneberger helped lead the Administration’s policy to promote a peaceful democratic transition in Cuba, in part by intensifying support for human rights activists and the development of independent civil society. From 2000 to 2002, he served as the Ambassador to the Republic of Mali. He served as Special Advisor on Sudan from 2002 to 2004. From 2004 to 2005, he was the Africa Bureau’s Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary. Ranneberger served as the Senior Representative on Sudan in the Bureau of African Affairs from January to August 2006. He was confirmed by Congress to be the United States Ambassador to Kenya on June 29, 2006 and began field duties on August 11, 2006. He left his post on May 4, 2011. He was also responsible for U.S. relations with Somalia, though he was not the United States Ambassador to Somalia as that position was vacant from 1991 to 2016. In 2019 Ranneberger's lobbying firm 'Gainful Solutions' was hired by South Sudan’s government to lobby the Trump administration to "delay and ultimately block establishment of the hybrid court", which is part of South Sudan's 2018 peace agreement. He is a member of the Senior Foreign Service with the rank of Career Minister. He is the recipient of seven Superior Honor Awards from the United States Department of State and a Presidential Meritorious Service Award. Personal life Ranneberger is married to Ruth Konchella, whom he met in 2006 upon his arrival in Kenya. He currently resides in Tampa, Florida, where he is a professor at the University of South Florida, teaching courses involving Human Rights and Africa in World Affairs. References This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of State. ^ Michael Edward Ranneberger (1949–) ^ Mednick, Sam (2019-04-29). "South Sudan paying US lobbyists $3.7M for better Trump ties". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2019-04-29. ^ "Michael Ranneberger pays dowry for Ruth Konchella". External links United States Department of State U.S. tells Kibaki,Raila to cease fire Appearances on C-SPAN This article incorporates public domain material from "Michael E. Ranneberger". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"}],"text":"Michael Edward Ranneberger (born 1949)[1] is a former United States Ambassador to Kenya.","title":"Michael Ranneberger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop Curley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Curley_High_School"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Towson State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towson_State_University"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"}],"text":"Ranneberger attended Archbishop Curley High School, a Roman Catholic private school in Baltimore, Maryland. After graduating, he obtained a B.A. from Towson State University in Baltimore and an M.A. in history from the University of Virginia.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_African_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Chester Crocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Crocker"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"Under Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Political_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Michael Armacost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Armacost"},{"link_name":"Maputo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo"},{"link_name":"Mozambican Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Maputo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo"},{"link_name":"Asuncion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuncion"},{"link_name":"Stroessner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"Ambassador to the Republic of Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Mali"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Somalia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Senior Foreign Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Foreign_Service"},{"link_name":"Superior Honor Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_Honor_Award"},{"link_name":"United States Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"}],"text":"As Angola Desk Officer from 1981 to 1984, he worked as a member of Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Chester Crocker’s team, negotiating independence for Namibia and the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola. Ranneberger was awarded an International Affairs Fellowship from the Council on Foreign Relations for his work as a Special Assistant to Under Secretary Michael Armacost from 1984 to 1985. He was the Deputy Chief of Mission in Maputo from 1986 to 1989. The Mozambican Civil War was also occurring during the time Ranneberger was in Maputo. From 1989 to 1992, he served as Deputy Chief of Mission in Asuncion, where he was involved in supporting the post-Stroessner democratic transition. He then became Deputy Director for Central American Affairs from 1992 to 1994, and during that time he helped oversee implementation of the peace accords in El Salvador and made efforts to end the internal conflict in Guatemala.In August 1994, he was appointed as the Deputy Chief of Mission in Mogadishu. In July 1995, Ranneberger was appointed as the Coordinator of Cuban Affairs Ranneberger helped lead the Administration’s policy to promote a peaceful democratic transition in Cuba, in part by intensifying support for human rights activists and the development of independent civil society. From 2000 to 2002, he served as the Ambassador to the Republic of Mali. He served as Special Advisor on Sudan from 2002 to 2004. From 2004 to 2005, he was the Africa Bureau’s Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary. Ranneberger served as the Senior Representative on Sudan in the Bureau of African Affairs from January to August 2006.He was confirmed by Congress to be the United States Ambassador to Kenya on June 29, 2006 and began field duties on August 11, 2006. He left his post on May 4, 2011. He was also responsible for U.S. relations with Somalia, though he was not the United States Ambassador to Somalia as that position was vacant from 1991 to 2016. In 2019 Ranneberger's lobbying firm 'Gainful Solutions' was hired by South Sudan’s government to lobby the Trump administration to \"delay and ultimately block establishment of the hybrid court\", which is part of South Sudan's 2018 peace agreement.[2]He is a member of the Senior Foreign Service with the rank of Career Minister. He is the recipient of seven Superior Honor Awards from the United States Department of State and a Presidential Meritorious Service Award.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"}],"text":"Ranneberger is married to Ruth Konchella,[3] whom he met in 2006 upon his arrival in Kenya. He currently resides in Tampa, Florida, where he is a professor at the University of South Florida, teaching courses involving Human Rights and Africa in World Affairs.","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mednick, Sam (2019-04-29). \"South Sudan paying US lobbyists $3.7M for better Trump ties\". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2019-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/11c96fc87dc74750be72af91e9ea9474","url_text":"\"South Sudan paying US lobbyists $3.7M for better Trump ties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Ranneberger pays dowry for Ruth Konchella\".","urls":[{"url":"https://citizentv.co.ke/news/former-us-envoy-michael-ranneberger-pays-dowry-for-ruth-konchella-139616/","url_text":"\"Michael Ranneberger pays dowry for Ruth Konchella\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/ranneberger-michael-edward","external_links_name":"Michael Edward Ranneberger (1949–)"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/11c96fc87dc74750be72af91e9ea9474","external_links_name":"\"South Sudan paying US lobbyists $3.7M for better Trump ties\""},{"Link":"https://citizentv.co.ke/news/former-us-envoy-michael-ranneberger-pays-dowry-for-ruth-konchella-139616/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Ranneberger pays dowry for Ruth Konchella\""},{"Link":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/64048.htm","external_links_name":"United States Department of State"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Tybq6vyQAo","external_links_name":"U.S. tells Kibaki,Raila to cease fire"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?42685","external_links_name":"Appearances"},{"Link":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/64048.htm","external_links_name":"\"Michael E. Ranneberger\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_yabby	Trypaea	["1 Species","2 References"]	Genus of crustaceans Trypaea australiensis Trypaea australiensis Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Malacostraca Order: Decapoda Suborder: Pleocyemata Family: Callianassidae Subfamily: Callianassinae Genus: TrypaeaDana, 1852 Species: T. australiensis Binomial name Trypaea australiensisDana, 1852 Trypaea australiensis, known as the (marine) yabby or ghost nipper in Australia, or as the one-arm bandit due to their occasional abnormally large arm, and as the Australian ghost shrimp elsewhere, is a common species of mud shrimp in south-eastern Australia, and may be the only extant species in the genus Trypaea. T. australiensis is a popular bait used live or frozen by Australians targeting a range of species. It grows to a length of 6 centimetres (2.4 in) and lives in burrows in mudflats or sandbanks, especially in or near estuaries. Species One extant and two extinct species belong to the genus Trypaea: Trypaea australiensis Dana, 1852 (Australian ghost shrimp) (Indo-West Pacific and Australia) † Trypaea inornata (Nagao & Huzioka, 1938) † Trypaea mizunamiensis Karasawa, 1993 (temperate Asia) References ^ "Fishnet \| Library". Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016. ^ a b "Species Trypaea australiensis Dana, 1852". Australian Faunal Directory. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2011. ^ "Trypaea Dana, 1852". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 6 July 2011. ^ Gary Poore (2010). "Trypaea Dana, 1852". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 6 July 2011. ^ K. Rowling, A. Hegarty & M. Ives, ed. (2010). "Ghost nipper (Trypaea australiensis)". Status of Fisheries Resources in NSW 2008/09 (PDF). Cronulla: NSW Industry & Investment. pp. 143–144. ^ "Trypaea australiensis Dana, 1852, Australian ghost shrimp". SeaLifeBase. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2011. ^ "WoRMS taxon details, Trypaea Dana, 1852". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 September 2023. Taxon identifiersTrypaea Wikidata: Q18092136 AFD: Trypaea BOLD: 322849 GBIF: 2222919 iNaturalist: 570608 IRMNG: 1340474 ITIS: 552836 NCBI: 1593258 Open Tree of Life: 2981910 Paleobiology Database: 218232 WoRMS: 465344 This Decapoda article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFD-2"},{"link_name":"mud shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassinidea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFD-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrow"},{"link_name":"mudflats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat"},{"link_name":"sandbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbank"},{"link_name":"estuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Trypaea australiensis, known as the (marine) yabby or ghost nipper in Australia, or as the one-arm bandit due to their occasional abnormally large arm,[1] and as the Australian ghost shrimp elsewhere,[2] is a common species of mud shrimp in south-eastern Australia,[2] and may be the only extant species in the genus Trypaea.[3][4] T. australiensis is a popular bait used live or frozen by Australians targeting a range of species.[5] It grows to a length of 6 centimetres (2.4 in) and lives in burrows in mudflats or sandbanks, especially in or near estuaries.[6]","title":"Trypaea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worms-7"},{"link_name":"Trypaea australiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypaea_australiensis"},{"link_name":"Trypaea inornata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trypaea_inornata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trypaea mizunamiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trypaea_mizunamiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"One extant and two extinct species belong to the genus Trypaea:[7]Trypaea australiensis Dana, 1852 (Australian ghost shrimp) (Indo-West Pacific and Australia)\n† Trypaea inornata (Nagao & Huzioka, 1938)\n† Trypaea mizunamiensis Karasawa, 1993 (temperate Asia)","title":"Species"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Fishnet \| Library\". 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Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 6 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=552836","url_text":"\"Trypaea Dana, 1852\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"Gary Poore (2010). \"Trypaea Dana, 1852\". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 6 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=465344","url_text":"\"Trypaea Dana, 1852\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]},{"reference":"K. Rowling, A. Hegarty & M. Ives, ed. (2010). \"Ghost nipper (Trypaea australiensis)\". Status of Fisheries Resources in NSW 2008/09 (PDF). Cronulla: NSW Industry & Investment. pp. 143–144.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/375890/Ghost-nipper.pdf","url_text":"Status of Fisheries Resources in NSW 2008/09"}]},{"reference":"\"Trypaea australiensis Dana, 1852, Australian ghost shrimp\". SeaLifeBase. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sealifebase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=14764","url_text":"\"Trypaea australiensis Dana, 1852, Australian ghost shrimp\""}]},{"reference":"\"WoRMS taxon details, Trypaea Dana, 1852\". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=465344&allchildren=1","url_text":"\"WoRMS taxon details, Trypaea Dana, 1852\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160508234415/http://www.fishnet.com.au/default.aspx?id=234","external_links_name":"\"Fishnet \| Library\""},{"Link":"http://fishnet.com.au/default.aspx?id=234&articleId=2025","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Trypaea_australiensis","external_links_name":"\"Species Trypaea australiensis Dana, 1852\""},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=552836","external_links_name":"\"Trypaea Dana, 1852\""},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=465344","external_links_name":"\"Trypaea Dana, 1852\""},{"Link":"http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/375890/Ghost-nipper.pdf","external_links_name":"Status of Fisheries Resources in NSW 2008/09"},{"Link":"http://www.sealifebase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=14764","external_links_name":"\"Trypaea australiensis Dana, 1852, Australian ghost shrimp\""},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=465344&allchildren=1","external_links_name":"\"WoRMS taxon details, Trypaea Dana, 1852\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Trypaea","external_links_name":"Trypaea"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=322849","external_links_name":"322849"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2222919","external_links_name":"2222919"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/570608","external_links_name":"570608"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1340474","external_links_name":"1340474"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=552836","external_links_name":"552836"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1593258","external_links_name":"1593258"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2981910","external_links_name":"2981910"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=218232","external_links_name":"218232"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=465344","external_links_name":"465344"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trypaea&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Aoba47	User talk:Aoba47	[]	This is Aoba47's talk page, where you can send him messages and comments. Put new text under old text. Click here to start a new topic. New to Wikipedia? Welcome! Learn to edit; get help. Assume good faith Be polite and avoid personal attacks Be welcoming to newcomers Seek dispute resolution if needed Archives: Index, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"User talk:Aoba47"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Dalrymple-Hamilton	Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton	["1 Naval career","2 Family","3 References","4 Bibliography"]	Royal Navy Admiral (1890–1974) AdmiralSir Frederick Dalrymple-HamiltonKCBDalrymple-Hamilton as a rear admiralBorn27 March 1890Bargany, Girvan, AyrshireDied26 December 1974 (1974-12-27) (aged 84)Bargany, Girvan, AyrshireAllegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal NavyYears of service1905–1950RankAdmiralCommands held4th Destroyer Flotilla, Mediterranean (18 Oct 1933 – Feb 1936)Captain, Royal Naval College, Dartmouth (HMS Britannia) (29 Dec 1936–1939)HMS Rodney (present at destruction of German battleship Bismarck) (21 November 1939–1941)Admiral Commanding Iceland (HMS Baldur) (5 September 1941–1942Naval Secretary to First Lord of Admiralty HMS President (31 October 1942 – December 1943)10th Cruiser Squadron (HMS Belfast) & Second-in-Command, Home Fleet (3 March 1944 – April 1945)Vice-Admiral Malta and Flag Officer Central Mediterranean (HMS St Angelo) (1 April 1945–1946)Flag Officer Commanding Scotland and Northern Ireland (1946–1948)Admiral, British Joint Services Mission, Washington, USA (HMS Saker) (8 September 1948–1950)Battles/wars World War I World War II Last battle of the battleship Bismarck Operation Overlord AwardsCompanion of the Order of the Bath (14 October 1941)Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (1 January 1945)Mentioned in Despatches (13 February 1945)Other workMember, Queen's Body Guard for Scotland, Royal Company of Archers (1947–1973)Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for Wigtownshire (27 March 1951) Admiral Sir Frederick Hew George Dalrymple-Hamilton, KCB (27 March 1890 – 26 December 1974) was a British naval officer who served in World War I and World War II. He was captain of HMS Rodney when it engaged the Bismarck on 27 May 1941. Naval career Dalrymple-Hamilton was the son of Col Hon. North de Coigny Dalrymple-Hamilton, MVO, of Bargany, Girvan, Ayrshire, and the grandson of the 10th Earl of Stair. He joined the Royal Navy in 1905 and served in World War I. Promoted to captain in 1931, he was appointed Captain (Destroyers) for the 4th Destroyer Flotilla in 1933 and Captain of the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth in 1936. From 1939 to 1941 he commanded the battleship HMS Rodney and while in command he took part in the sinking of the German battleship Bismarck. Meanwhile, his son, North Dalrymple-Hamilton, served in a gun director position aboard King George V. After the battle Frederick told his son: "You are lucky to have seen a show like that after only being in the Navy for 18 months – I’ve had to wait 35 years." He was appointed Admiral Commanding, Iceland in 1941 and Naval Secretary in 1942. He became Commander of the 10th Cruiser Squadron and Second-in-Command of the Home Fleet in 1944 flying his flag in HMS Belfast in June 1944 during the D-Day landings at Normandy. A few months later commanded the escorts of several Arctic convoys as well as the British forces involved in the inconclusive Action of 28 January 1945. He went on to be Vice-Admiral Malta and Flag Officer, Central Mediterranean in April 1945. While serving as Admiral Commanding Iceland, Dalrymple-Hamilton's personal cook was Petty Officer Francis Henry Agnew, who had served on HMS Sheffield during the operations against Bismarck. After the War he was appointed Flag Officer, Scotland and Northern Ireland and then, from 1948, Admiral at the British Joint Services Mission in Washington D. C. Family Frederick Dalyrmple is descended from the 10th Earl of Stair. his father was the Hon. North de Coigny Dalrymple-Hamilton, the Earl's second son and his mother was Marcia Liddell, daughter of The Hon. Sir Adolphus Frederick Octavious Liddell and Frederica Elizabeth Lane Fox. He married Gwendolen Peek in 1918. They had one son and two daughters. Both had royal godparents: North was a godson of Edward VIII and daughter Graeme Elizabeth was a goddaughter of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother. Dalrymple-Hamilton's home was at Clady House in Cairnryan, Wigtownshire where he and Gwendolen raised their children. Their son Captain North Edward Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton (1921–2014) followed his father into the Royal Navy and became executive officer of the Royal Yacht Britannia. Lady Dalrymple-Hamilton died in 1974. His and Gwendolen's grandson, North John Frederick, served as a Page of Honour to the Queen Mother. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Unit Histories ^ U-boat.net ^ "Capt North Dalrymple-Hamilton – obituary". The Telegraph. London. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014. ^ Roskill, S.W. (1961). The War at Sea 1939–1945. Volume III: The Offensive Part II. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 252–254. OCLC 464447827. ^ "Capt North Dalrymple Hamilton". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 23 February 2021. ^ "Capt North Edward Frederick Dalrymple Hamilton of Bargany, CVO, MBE, DSC 1921–2014". Peerage News. 9 July 2014. Bibliography Pursuit: The Sinking of the Bismarck Ludovic Kennedy HMS Rodney, Iain Ballantyne, Pen & Sword Books, Yorkshire, 2008, ISBN 978 1 84415 406 7 Killing the Bismarck, Iain Ballantyne, Pen & Sword Books, Yorkshire, 2010, ISBN 978 1 84415 983 3 Reports of Proceedings 1921–1964, Rear Admiral G.G.O. Gatacre, Nautical Press & Publications, Sydney, 1982, ISBN 0 949756 02 4 Military offices Preceded byArthur Peters Naval Secretary 1942–1944 Succeeded byCecil Harcourt Preceded bySir Louis Hamilton Flag Officer, Malta 1945–1946 Succeeded byMarcel Kelsey Preceded byWilliam Whitworthas Commander-in-Chief, Rosyth Flag Officer Scotland and Northern Ireland July 1946 – July 1948 Succeeded bySir Ernest Archer	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"HMS Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Rodney_(29)"},{"link_name":"Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck"}],"text":"Admiral Sir Frederick Hew George Dalrymple-Hamilton, KCB (27 March 1890 – 26 December 1974) was a British naval officer who served in World War I and World War II. He was captain of HMS Rodney when it engaged the Bismarck on 27 May 1941.","title":"Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unit-1"},{"link_name":"10th Earl of Stair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalrymple,_10th_Earl_of_Stair"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unit-1"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"4th Destroyer Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Destroyer_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval College, Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unit-1"},{"link_name":"HMS Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Rodney_(29)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unit-1"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_King_George_V_(41)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Admiral Commanding, Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding,_Iceland_(C)"},{"link_name":"Naval Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Secretary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unit-1"},{"link_name":"10th Cruiser Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Cruiser_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Home Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unit-1"},{"link_name":"HMS Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Belfast"},{"link_name":"Arctic convoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Action of 28 January 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_28_January_1945"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vice-Admiral Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unit-1"},{"link_name":"HMS Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sheffield_(C24)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Flag Officer, Scotland and Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Scotland,_Northern_England,_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Washington D. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D._C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unit-1"}],"text":"Dalrymple-Hamilton was the son of Col Hon. North de Coigny Dalrymple-Hamilton, MVO, of Bargany, Girvan, Ayrshire,[1] and the grandson of the 10th Earl of Stair. He joined the Royal Navy in 1905 and served in World War I.[1] Promoted to captain in 1931, he was appointed Captain (Destroyers) for the 4th Destroyer Flotilla in 1933 and Captain of the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth in 1936.[1]From 1939 to 1941 he commanded the battleship HMS Rodney[2] and while in command he took part in the sinking of the German battleship Bismarck.[1] Meanwhile, his son, North Dalrymple-Hamilton, served in a gun director position aboard King George V. After the battle Frederick told his son: \"You are lucky to have seen a show like that after only being in the Navy for 18 months – I’ve had to wait 35 years.\"[3]He was appointed Admiral Commanding, Iceland in 1941 and Naval Secretary in 1942.[1] He became Commander of the 10th Cruiser Squadron and Second-in-Command of the Home Fleet in 1944[1] flying his flag in HMS Belfast in June 1944 during the D-Day landings at Normandy. A few months later commanded the escorts of several Arctic convoys as well as the British forces involved in the inconclusive Action of 28 January 1945.[4] He went on to be Vice-Admiral Malta and Flag Officer, Central Mediterranean in April 1945.[1]While serving as Admiral Commanding Iceland, Dalrymple-Hamilton's personal cook was Petty Officer Francis Henry Agnew, who had served on HMS Sheffield during the operations against Bismarck.[citation needed]After the War he was appointed Flag Officer, Scotland and Northern Ireland and then, from 1948, Admiral at the British Joint Services Mission in Washington D. C.[1]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10th Earl of Stair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalrymple,_10th_Earl_of_Stair"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unit-1"},{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth,_the_Queen_Mother"},{"link_name":"Cairnryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairnryan"},{"link_name":"Wigtownshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigtownshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"North Edward Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dalrymple-Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Page of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Frederick Dalyrmple is descended from the 10th Earl of Stair. his father was the Hon. North de Coigny Dalrymple-Hamilton, the Earl's second son and his mother was Marcia Liddell, daughter of The Hon. Sir Adolphus Frederick Octavious Liddell and Frederica Elizabeth Lane Fox.[citation needed]He married Gwendolen Peek in 1918. They had one son and two daughters.[1] Both had royal godparents: North was a godson of Edward VIII and daughter Graeme Elizabeth was a goddaughter of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother. Dalrymple-Hamilton's home was at Clady House in Cairnryan, Wigtownshire where he and Gwendolen raised their children.[5]Their son Captain North Edward Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton (1921–2014) followed his father into the Royal Navy and became executive officer of the Royal Yacht Britannia.[6] Lady Dalrymple-Hamilton died in 1974.His and Gwendolen's grandson, North John Frederick, served as a Page of Honour to the Queen Mother.[citation needed]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludovic Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978 1 84415 406 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B84415%2B406%2B7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978 1 84415 983 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B84415%2B983%2B3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0 949756 02 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B949756%2B02%2B4"}],"text":"Pursuit: The Sinking of the Bismarck Ludovic Kennedy\nHMS Rodney, Iain Ballantyne, Pen & Sword Books, Yorkshire, 2008, ISBN 978 1 84415 406 7\nKilling the Bismarck, Iain Ballantyne, Pen & Sword Books, Yorkshire, 2010, ISBN 978 1 84415 983 3\nReports of Proceedings 1921–1964, Rear Admiral G.G.O. Gatacre, Nautical Press & Publications, Sydney, 1982, ISBN 0 949756 02 4","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Capt North Dalrymple-Hamilton – obituary\". The Telegraph. London. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11053695/Capt-North-Dalrymple-Hamilton-obituary.html","url_text":"\"Capt North Dalrymple-Hamilton – obituary\""}]},{"reference":"Roskill, S.W. (1961). The War at Sea 1939–1945. Volume III: The Offensive Part II. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 252–254. OCLC 464447827.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464447827","url_text":"464447827"}]},{"reference":"\"Capt North Dalrymple Hamilton\". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 23 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/13172283.capt-north-dalrymple-hamilton/","url_text":"\"Capt North Dalrymple Hamilton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capt North Edward Frederick Dalrymple Hamilton of Bargany, CVO, MBE, DSC 1921–2014\". Peerage News. 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://peeragenews.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/capt-north-edward-frederick-hamilton.html","url_text":"\"Capt North Edward Frederick Dalrymple Hamilton of Bargany, CVO, MBE, DSC 1921–2014\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersD.html","external_links_name":"Unit Histories"},{"Link":"http://www.uboat.net/allies/commanders/34.html","external_links_name":"U-boat.net"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11053695/Capt-North-Dalrymple-Hamilton-obituary.html","external_links_name":"\"Capt North Dalrymple-Hamilton – obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464447827","external_links_name":"464447827"},{"Link":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/13172283.capt-north-dalrymple-hamilton/","external_links_name":"\"Capt North Dalrymple Hamilton\""},{"Link":"http://peeragenews.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/capt-north-edward-frederick-hamilton.html","external_links_name":"\"Capt North Edward Frederick Dalrymple Hamilton of Bargany, CVO, MBE, DSC 1921–2014\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(rugby_league)	Peter Jackson (rugby league)	["1 Playing career","1.1 1980s","1.2 1990s","2 Death","3 References","4 External links"]	Australian rugby league footballer Not to be confused with Peter Jackson (rugby union). Peter JacksonPersonal informationBorn(1964-05-19)19 May 1964Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaDied5 November 1997(1997-11-05) (aged 33)Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaPlaying informationPositionCentre, Five-eighth Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1981–86 Souths Magpies 1987–88 Canberra Raiders 43 15 6 2 72 1987–88 Leeds 21 5 20 1989–90 Brisbane Broncos 29 5 0 0 20 1991–93 North Sydney Bears 31 3 0 2 14 Total 124 28 6 4 126 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 1986–92 Queensland 17 2 1 0 10 1988–92 Australia 9 4 0 0 16 Source: Peter Jackson (19 May 1964 – 5 November 1997) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. Nicknamed 'Jacko', he was an Australia national and Queensland State of Origin representative centre or five-eighth. Jackson played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League for the Souths Magpies, before moving to the New South Wales Rugby League and playing for the Canberra Raiders, Brisbane Broncos and North Sydney Bears. He also played in the Rugby Football League for English club Leeds. Jackson worked in the media following his retirement in 1993, and died as the result of a drug overdose in 1997. Playing career 1980s This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In 1980, Jackson played rugby union in the under-17s Australian schoolboys representative team, before playing in the under-18s Australian schoolboys rugby league team the following year. He went on to play in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Souths Brisbane, and proved himself as a valuable attacking player at Centre and Five-eighth under the coaching of mentor Wayne Bennett. At Souths, Jackson was also a teammate of heavyweight centre partner Mal Meninga, and fullback Gary Belcher. In 1986, Jackson made his State of Origin début for the Queensland team coached by Bennett, and the following year he followed Bennett to play for the Canberra Raiders in the NSWRL premiership, where he re-linked with Meninga and Belcher, who had moved there at the end of 1985. Jackson later signed for the English rugby league club Leeds, and played there for the 1987–88 English season, along with fellow Australian imports Peter Tunks, Steve Morris and Marty Gurr. Jackson played at centre, and scored a try in Leeds' 14–15 defeat by St. Helens in the 1987–88 John Player Special Trophy Final during the 1987–88 season at Central Park, Wigan on 9 January 1988. Jackson also played in the centres at Canberra, appearing in the Raiders' 1987 Grand Final loss to Manly-Warringah in the last Grand Final to be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground. The 1988 season saw Jackson achieve international selection for the first time in Australia's successful home defence of The Ashes against the touring Great Britain team. In the Centenary Test in 1988, the first match of the three-Test series at the Sydney Football Stadium, Jackson scored two tries, contributing to Australia's 17–6 win. He went on to play in all three Tests of this series against the Lions, as well as the one-off Test against Papua New Guinea. At the end of this season, Jackson departed Canberra to sign with the Brisbane Broncos for the next two years, once again under the coaching of Bennett. 1990s Jackson joined the North Sydney Bears in 1991 and his arrival, along with the addition of veteran forward Mario Fenech, and goal-kicking winger Daryl Halligan, saw the club's fortunes turn around as they went from being easybeats (not having won a premiership since 1922) to being title contenders. Playing at five-eighth, Jackson was the focal point of the team's attack during their successful 1991 season where they finished just one game shy of qualifying for the club's first Grand Final appearance since 1943, losing the preliminary final 30–14 to defending premiers Canberra. After being overlooked for a Test return in the first match of the 1991 Trans-Tasman series against New Zealand in favour of former Test captain Wally Lewis, Jackson's form for the North Sydney Bears earned him a recall for the second Test in Sydney after Australia's shock 24–8 loss to the Kiwis in Melbourne. His international return quickly turned sour, though, as he was sent off midway through the first half of the game, which Australia's new-look team won 44–0. Despite his send-off, Jackson retained his place for the deciding Test at Lang Park in Brisbane, where Australia won again, 40–12. At the end of the 1991 season, Jackson toured Papua New Guinea on Australia's short, two-Test tour against the Kumuls in October. The 1992 season saw his form continue for both the North Sydney Bears and for Queensland in the Origin series, and he was selected for the first two Ashes Tests against Great Britain on their 1992 Australasian tour, however Jackson's Test career came to an end when Australia suffered a 33–10 loss to Great Britain in the second Test in Melbourne. Also in 1992, Jackson released a book of "rugby league facts, funnies and argument starters" called Whatd'ya Reckon!. Death It would later be revealed that, as a fifteen-year-old, Jackson had been sexually abused by his (Southport) football coach, Hugh Michael "Ossie" McNamara (1935-), a former Roman Catholic Marist Brother (his clerical name was "Brother Oswald") who was later convicted and jailed (in 1995) for indecently dealing with a boy at Marist Brothers' College Ashgrove, Queensland. McNamara had molested boys at St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill in Sydney while he was a brother at the school during the 1970s. It has been alleged that McNamara was let go by St Josephs but was never actually charged. McNamara then started working at The Southport School where he sexually abused a number of the 1980 1st XV Rugby team, including Jackson. The trauma caused by this abuse led Jackson to suffer from depression and to use drugs and alcohol throughout his life to try to combat it. In November 1997, Jackson shocked the Australian rugby league community when he died, alone in a Sydney hotel room, of a heroin overdose. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at both Stanwell Park, where he lived, south of Sydney and at Lang Park in Brisbane. Jackson's death went on to be used as a powerful image in 2000 in a radio and television campaign to raise awareness of an anti-child abuse campaign. Since 2003, the Peter Jackson Memorial Trophy has been awarded to the person, whether a player or member of the support staff, who makes the greatest contribution to the Queensland State of Origin team each year. References ^ Rugby League Project ^ Scortis, Con. "Remembering the enigmatic Maroon, Peter 'Jacko' Jackson". theroar.com.au. The Roar. Retrieved 25 August 2018. ^ Peter Jackson; Michael Croke; Geoff Armstrong; Scott Rigney (1992). Whatd'ya reckon!: Peter Jackson presents a riotous collection of rugby league facts, funnies & argument starters. Ironbark Press. ISBN 9781875471218. ^ Black Collar Crime (to December 2015): Section A: Criminal Cases, Researched by Broken Rites: 152. Br "Ossie" McNamara, BRA: Broken Rites Australia - researching the Catholic cover-up. ^ Weston, Paul, "Move by Anglican Diocese to Refund Parents Extend to Cases like footballer Peter Jackson", The Gold Coast Bulletin, Tuesday, 8 December 2015. ^ The Independent, 16 November 1997 ^ Thompson, John (17 July 2000). "Campaign urges victims to speak out against child abuse". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 July 2010. External links Peter Jackson at the Former Origin Greats website. (archived by web.archive.org) Peter Jackson at stats.rleague.com Peter Jackson at yesterdayshero.com.au Peter Jackson stats at rugbyleagueproject.org (archived by web.archive.org) Queensland Representatives at qrl.com.au vteSouths Magpies squad - 1985 BRL premiers 1. Gary Belcher 2. Ken Gittins 3. Mal Meninga 4. Peter Jackson 5. Paul Wallace 6. Gary French 7. Wayne Cullen 8. Norm Carr (c) 9. John Elias 10. Scott Tronc 11. Mark Meskell 12. Eddie Muller 13. Chris Phelan Reserve: David Bourke Coach: Wayne Bennett vteAustralia squad – 1988 World Cup final winners (6th title) 1 Garry Jack 2 Dale Shearer 3 Andrew Farrar 4 Mark McGaw 5 Michael O'Connor 6 Wally Lewis (captain) 7 Allan Langer 8 Paul Dunn 9 Ben Elias 10 Steve Roach 11 Paul Sironen 12 Gavin Miller 13 Wayne Pearce 14 Terry Lamb 15 David Gillespie Coach: Don Furner 1985–1988 wider squad: Sam Backo • Gary Belcher • Martin Bella • Chris Close • Greg Conescu • Tony Currie • Phil Daley • Les Davidson • Greg Dowling • Steve Ella • Andrew Ettingshausen • John Ferguson • Steve Folkes • Wally Fullerton Smith • Des Hasler • Peter Jackson • Brett Kenny • Bob Lindner • Mal Meninga • Gene Miles • Bryan Niebling • John Ribot • Royce Simmons • Peter Sterling • Peter Tunks • Paul Vautin • Peter Wynn • 1985 coach: Terry Fearnley vte1989 Kangaroo Tour of New Zealand squad Wally Lewis (c) Paul Vautin (vc) Greg Alexander Sam Backo Gary Belcher Martin Bella Bradley Clyde Tony Currie Michael Hancock Des Hasler Peter Jackson Bruce McGuire Mal Meninga Michael O'Connor Steve Roach Dale Shearer Paul Sironen Dan Stains David Trewhella Kerrod Walters Coach: Bob Fulton vte1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea squad Mal Meninga (c) Gary Belcher Martin Bella Willie Carne Bradley Clyde Gary Coyne Andrew Ettingshausen Brad Fittler Andrew Gee Scott Gourley Peter Jackson Chris Johns Glenn Lazarus Cliff Lyons Mark McGaw Bruce McGuire Steve Roach Ian Roberts Craig Salvatori Geoff Toovey Kerrod Walters Kevin Walters Rod Wishart Coach: Bob Fulton	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Jackson (rugby union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theroar-2"},{"link_name":"Australia national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"State of Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Origin_series"},{"link_name":"centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Centre"},{"link_name":"five-eighth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-eighth"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Souths Magpies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souths_Magpies"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Canberra Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos"},{"link_name":"North Sydney Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sydney_Bears"},{"link_name":"Rugby Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Peter Jackson (rugby union).Peter Jackson (19 May 1964 – 5 November 1997) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. Nicknamed 'Jacko',[2] he was an Australia national and Queensland State of Origin representative centre or five-eighth. Jackson played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League for the Souths Magpies, before moving to the New South Wales Rugby League and playing for the Canberra Raiders, Brisbane Broncos and North Sydney Bears. He also played in the Rugby Football League for English club Leeds. Jackson worked in the media following his retirement in 1993, and died as the result of a drug overdose in 1997.","title":"Peter Jackson (rugby league)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Rugby League premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Rugby_League_premiership"},{"link_name":"Souths Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souths_Logan_Magpies"},{"link_name":"Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Centre"},{"link_name":"Five-eighth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-eighth"},{"link_name":"Wayne Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Bennett_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Mal Meninga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Meninga"},{"link_name":"Gary Belcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Belcher"},{"link_name":"State of Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Origin"},{"link_name":"Canberra Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_Raiders"},{"link_name":"NSWRL premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSWRL_premiership"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"1987–88 English season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Rugby_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"Peter Tunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tunks"},{"link_name":"Steve Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Morris_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Marty Gurr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Gurr"},{"link_name":"centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Centre"},{"link_name":"try","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"St. Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C."},{"link_name":"1987–88 John Player Special Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_League_Cup_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"1987–88 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Rugby_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_(Wigan)"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan"},{"link_name":"1987 Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_NSWRL_season#Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Manly-Warringah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly-Warringah_Sea_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Sydney Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"The Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashes_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Great_Britain_Lions_tour"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_Lions"},{"link_name":"Sydney Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_(1988)"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Kumuls"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos"}],"sub_title":"1980s","text":"In 1980, Jackson played rugby union in the under-17s Australian schoolboys representative team, before playing in the under-18s Australian schoolboys rugby league team the following year. He went on to play in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Souths Brisbane, and proved himself as a valuable attacking player at Centre and Five-eighth under the coaching of mentor Wayne Bennett. At Souths, Jackson was also a teammate of heavyweight centre partner Mal Meninga, and fullback Gary Belcher. In 1986, Jackson made his State of Origin début for the Queensland team coached by Bennett, and the following year he followed Bennett to play for the Canberra Raiders in the NSWRL premiership, where he re-linked with Meninga and Belcher, who had moved there at the end of 1985.Jackson later signed for the English rugby league club Leeds, and played there for the 1987–88 English season, along with fellow Australian imports Peter Tunks, Steve Morris and Marty Gurr. Jackson played at centre, and scored a try in Leeds' 14–15 defeat by St. Helens in the 1987–88 John Player Special Trophy Final during the 1987–88 season at Central Park, Wigan on 9 January 1988.Jackson also played in the centres at Canberra, appearing in the Raiders' 1987 Grand Final loss to Manly-Warringah in the last Grand Final to be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground. The 1988 season saw Jackson achieve international selection for the first time in Australia's successful home defence of The Ashes against the touring Great Britain team. In the Centenary Test in 1988, the first match of the three-Test series at the Sydney Football Stadium, Jackson scored two tries, contributing to Australia's 17–6 win. He went on to play in all three Tests of this series against the Lions, as well as the one-off Test against Papua New Guinea. At the end of this season, Jackson departed Canberra to sign with the Brisbane Broncos for the next two years, once again under the coaching of Bennett.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Sydney Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sydney_Bears"},{"link_name":"Mario Fenech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Fenech"},{"link_name":"Daryl Halligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Halligan"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"1991 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_NSWRL_season"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"1991 Trans-Tasman series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Trans-Tasman_Test_series"},{"link_name":"Wally Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Lang Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_Park"},{"link_name":"Origin series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_State_of_Origin_series"},{"link_name":"1992 Australasian tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Great_Britain_Lions_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"Jackson joined the North Sydney Bears in 1991 and his arrival, along with the addition of veteran forward Mario Fenech, and goal-kicking winger Daryl Halligan, saw the club's fortunes turn around as they went from being easybeats (not having won a premiership since 1922) to being title contenders. Playing at five-eighth, Jackson was the focal point of the team's attack during their successful 1991 season where they finished just one game shy of qualifying for the club's first Grand Final appearance since 1943, losing the preliminary final 30–14 to defending premiers Canberra.After being overlooked for a Test return in the first match of the 1991 Trans-Tasman series against New Zealand in favour of former Test captain Wally Lewis, Jackson's form for the North Sydney Bears earned him a recall for the second Test in Sydney after Australia's shock 24–8 loss to the Kiwis in Melbourne. His international return quickly turned sour, though, as he was sent off midway through the first half of the game, which Australia's new-look team won 44–0. Despite his send-off, Jackson retained his place for the deciding Test at Lang Park in Brisbane, where Australia won again, 40–12.At the end of the 1991 season, Jackson toured Papua New Guinea on Australia's short, two-Test tour against the Kumuls in October. The 1992 season saw his form continue for both the North Sydney Bears and for Queensland in the Origin series, and he was selected for the first two Ashes Tests against Great Britain on their 1992 Australasian tour, however Jackson's Test career came to an end when Australia suffered a 33–10 loss to Great Britain in the second Test in Melbourne.Also in 1992, Jackson released a book of \"rugby league facts, funnies and argument starters\" called Whatd'ya Reckon!.[3]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marist Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Marist Brothers' College Ashgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_College_Ashgrove"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Hunters_Hill"},{"link_name":"The Southport School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Southport_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"heroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin"},{"link_name":"Stanwell Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanwell_Park"},{"link_name":"Lang Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncorp_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"It would later be revealed that, as a fifteen-year-old, Jackson had been sexually abused by his (Southport) football coach, Hugh Michael \"Ossie\" McNamara (1935-), a former Roman Catholic Marist Brother (his clerical name was \"Brother Oswald\") who was later convicted and jailed (in 1995) for indecently dealing with a boy at Marist Brothers' College Ashgrove, Queensland.[4] McNamara had molested boys at St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill in Sydney while he was a brother at the school during the 1970s. It has been alleged that McNamara was let go by St Josephs but was never actually charged. McNamara then started working at The Southport School where he sexually abused a number of the 1980 1st XV Rugby team, including Jackson.[5]The trauma caused by this abuse led Jackson to suffer from depression and to use drugs and alcohol throughout his life to try to combat it. In November 1997, Jackson shocked the Australian rugby league community when he died, alone in a Sydney hotel room,[6] of a heroin overdose. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at both Stanwell Park, where he lived, south of Sydney and at Lang Park in Brisbane.Jackson's death went on to be used as a powerful image in 2000 in a radio and television campaign to raise awareness of an anti-child abuse campaign.[7] Since 2003, the Peter Jackson Memorial Trophy has been awarded to the person, whether a player or member of the support staff, who makes the greatest contribution to the Queensland State of Origin team each year.","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Scortis, Con. \"Remembering the enigmatic Maroon, Peter 'Jacko' Jackson\". theroar.com.au. The Roar. Retrieved 25 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theroar.com.au/2015/07/01/remembering-the-enigmatic-maroon-peter-jacko-jackson/","url_text":"\"Remembering the enigmatic Maroon, Peter 'Jacko' Jackson\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Jackson; Michael Croke; Geoff Armstrong; Scott Rigney (1992). Whatd'ya reckon!: Peter Jackson presents a riotous collection of rugby league facts, funnies & argument starters. Ironbark Press. ISBN 9781875471218.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DbVTAgAACAAJ","url_text":"Whatd'ya reckon!: Peter Jackson presents a riotous collection of rugby league facts, funnies & argument starters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781875471218","url_text":"9781875471218"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, John (17 July 2000). \"Campaign urges victims to speak out against child abuse\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s152826.htm","url_text":"\"Campaign urges victims to speak out against child abuse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/Peter_Jackson/summary.html","external_links_name":"Rugby League Project"},{"Link":"https://www.theroar.com.au/2015/07/01/remembering-the-enigmatic-maroon-peter-jacko-jackson/","external_links_name":"\"Remembering the enigmatic Maroon, Peter 'Jacko' Jackson\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DbVTAgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Whatd'ya reckon!: Peter Jackson presents a riotous collection of rugby league facts, funnies & argument starters"},{"Link":"http://brokenrites.org.au/drupal/node/235","external_links_name":"Black Collar Crime (to December 2015): Section A: Criminal Cases, Researched by Broken Rites: 152. Br \"Ossie\" McNamara, BRA: Broken Rites Australia - researching the Catholic cover-up."},{"Link":"https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/crime-court/move-by-anglican-diocese-to-refund-parents-extend-to-cases-like-footballer-peter-jackson/news-story/870b6e344a984b65a7735491300cb783","external_links_name":"Weston, Paul, \"Move by Anglican Diocese to Refund Parents Extend to Cases like footballer Peter Jackson\", The Gold Coast Bulletin, Tuesday, 8 December 2015."},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-league-clyde-resumes-daley-service-1294460.html","external_links_name":"The Independent, 16 November 1997"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s152826.htm","external_links_name":"\"Campaign urges victims to speak out against child abuse\""},{"Link":"http://fogs.com.au/index.cfm?MenuID=71&PlayerID=49","external_links_name":"Peter Jackson"},{"Link":"http://fogs.com.au/","external_links_name":"Former Origin Greats"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070328150059/http://www.stats.rleague.com/rl/scorers/players/Peter_Jackson.html","external_links_name":"Peter Jackson at stats.rleague.com"},{"Link":"http://www.yesterdayshero.com.au/PlayerProfile_Peter-Jackson_4259.aspx","external_links_name":"Peter Jackson at yesterdayshero.com.au"},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/Peter_Jackson.html","external_links_name":"Peter Jackson stats at rugbyleagueproject.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011174325/http://www.qrl.com.au/qrl_history/qld_rep_j.php","external_links_name":"Queensland Representatives at qrl.com.au"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.W._Robinsons	J. W. Robinson's	["1 History","1.1 1886–1895: 171–173 Spring Street store","1.2 1895: Broadway, \"across from City Hall\"","1.3 1915: Seventh, Grand, and Hope","1.4 1950s-1980s","1.5 California Branch buildout","1.6 ADG and May","1.7 Consolidation and epilogue","2 Store list","3 Outside California","3.1 Japan","3.2 Robinson's Florida","4 References"]	Defunct department store chain J. W. Robinson's flagship store on Seventh Street, Los Angeles at launch 1915 J.W. Robinson Co.Company typeDepartment storeIndustryRetailFounded1883Defunct1993FateMerged with May Company CaliforniaSuccessorRobinsons-May (1993–2006)Macy's (2006-present)HeadquartersLos Angeles, CaliforniaProductsClothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, jewelry, beauty products, and housewares.ParentAssociated Dry Goods (1957–1986) The May Department Stores Company (1986–1993) J. W. Robinson Co., Robinson's, was a chain of department stores operating in the Southern California and Arizona area, previously with headquarters in Los Angeles, California. History Joseph Winchester Robinson was a merchant from Waltham, Massachusetts who moved to Rosemead, California in 1882 to develop orange groves. Robinson found the quality of goods and service from local merchants lacking, and reentered the retail business, utilizing his contacts on the East Coast to deliver superior merchandise. Robinson opened the 1,440 sq ft (134 m2) Boston Dry Goods Store in 1883 at the Allen Block at the southwest corner of Spring and Temple streets, stating that his store offered "fine stocks and refined 'Boston' service." In 1891, J. W. Robinson died at the age of 45 and his father, Henry Winchester Robinson, came from Boston to Los Angeles to take over the business, and the "Boston Dry Goods Store" was renamed the "J. W. Robinson Company" in honor of its late founder. 1886–1895: 171–173 Spring Street store Boston Dry Goods (J. W. Robinson Co.) home from 1886 to 1895 at Jones Block, 171–173 N. Spring Street (post-1890 numbering) Another view of the Spring Street store, c.1887 In 1887, J.W. Robinson Co.'s Boston Dry Goods Store moved to a new store of around 3,000 sq ft (280 m2) in the Jones Block at 171–173 (post-1890 numbering) Spring Street, considered an adventurous move because at that time, the location was far from the central business district of that period. When Robinson's moved again in 1895, Nathaniel Blackstone, brother-in-law of J.W. Robinson, moved into the vacated space and founded Blackstone's Dry Goods, which would become a single-location downtown department store in its own right. Mr. C. W. R. Ford, who had owned his own wholesale store at 522 Market Street in San Francisco, married Robinson's widow and took over as president of the Robinson's company. 1895: Broadway, "across from City Hall" Boston Dry Goods (J. W. Robinson Co.) new store, 1895, 239 S. Broadway, Los Angeles From 1880 to 1890, the population of Los Angeles doubled from 50,395 to 102,479 people. In January 1895 the J. W. Robinson Co., which by that time advertised simply as "The Boston Store", announced that after only eight years at Spring Street, more spacious quarters were necessary, and that a new four-story "Boston Dry Goods Store Building" was under construction at 239 S. Broadway (razed, currently site of a parking lot), opposite the then City Hall. It was designed by Theodore Eisen and Sumner Hunt, designer of the Bradbury Building. On October 1, 1895, Robinson's opened the new store. The new building was promoted at the time as a sign that Los Angeles had come into its own as a "metropolitan center" and that it was no longer necessary to make "annual pilgrimages to San Francisco" to obtain a wide selection of fine merchandise. The front was "Grecian" (Greek Revival) in style, of light cream brick and terra cotta. It featured an elaborate Corinthian-style cornice crowning the façade. Above it rose a high parapet broken by a high-relief entresol panel. All of this was surmounted by elaborate acroteria. 60-foot-long, 19.5-foot-high plate glass windows illuminated the ground floor. Just above the second floor the façade was Colonial style and above that Doric-style features. The building had passenger and freight elevators, and skylights illuminated through to the ground floor. The first/ground floor and part of the basement were devoted to retail with a central cashier's and wrapping desk, offices were also on the ground floor, receiving and shipping were also in the basement, while the two upper floors housed the main part of the manufacturing and wholesale departments, which moved down from Temple Street. The second floor housed various merchandise departments, areas to display delicate fabrics under gas light, a desk with stationery for customers to write, and the ladies' "parlors" (restrooms). In 1908 the store opened up a 5-story extension at the back, fronting on Hill Street. The architect was Theodore Eisen. 1915: Seventh, Grand, and Hope J. W. Robinson's 1915-1993 flagship store (façade from 1934), 600 W. 7th St. As Los Angeles continued to grow, so did Robinson's business and in 1914 it announced its construction of a new $1,000,000, (~$22.5 million in 2023) seven-story flagship store with over nine acres (400,000 square feet (37,000 m2)) of floor space, along the south side of West Seventh Street stretching alone the complete block between Grand and Hope streets. Frederick Noonan and William J. Dodd were the architects. The store opened on September 7, 1915. The building was expanded to the south in 1923 at a cost of $900,000 (~$12.5 million in 2023), Dodd and Richard, architects, for a total of 623,700 square feet (57,940 m2). In 1934, the building was remodeled for between $100,000 (~$1.78 million in 2023)–200,000 to a "restrained Modernistic" exterior, shedding some its more exuberant Art Deco features and adding more parking facilities. Robinson's was the largest store of what became a new upscale Seventh Street shopping district to the southwest of the concentration of department stores along Broadway, with Ville de Paris (later B. H. Dyas), Coulter's, Haggarty's, and Desmond's opening stores nearby. The Robinson's store closed in 1993 and the building, 600 West Seventh Street, currently houses telecommunications (voice, data and internet servers), offices and ground-floor retail. The store contained the following departments: First (ground) floor: ribbons, parasols, umbrellas, laces and trimmings, lace neckwear, feather boas, ceilings, gloves, handkerchiefs, fancy boas, fancy hairpins and combs, jewelry, leather goods, stationery, men's furnishings, boys' furnishings and clothing, "bargain square" Second floor: art needlework, linens, sheetings, wash goods, linings, silk dress good patterns, ladies' restrooms, design room, beauty parlors and shoe shining dept. Third floor: cloak and suit for misses and ladies, French room for imported gowns and hats, baby shop for fine layette materials and outfitting, mourning goods, children's dresses, petticoats, blouses, millinery, sweaters, bathing suits, kimono, bathrobes, house dresses, corsets, knit underwear, muslin underwear and aprons Fourth floor: rugs, draperies, pictures, brasses, statuary, cut glass, art porcelains and toys Fifth floor: offices, auditorium, alteration dept. and workrooms Sixth floor: hospital and reserve stockroom Seventh floor. employee cafeteria, two outdoor "courts", women's employee restroom, large "court" and lounge for men Seventh/top floor: roof garden and café 1950s-1980s Associated Dry Goods (ADG) bought Robinson's in 1955 (the term used by CEO Edward R. Valentine in the press was that Robinson's "affiliated with" ADG.) At that time the chain's sales were $32.5 million annually, with $12 million coming from the Beverly Hills branch. California Branch buildout Unlike competitors Bullock's, Desmond's, I. Magnin and Silverwoods, in the 1930s and 1940s, Robinson's did not establish branches in the outlying upscale retail districts such as Wilshire Boulevard, Pasadena, or Westwood, except for a small Palm Springs shop at the Desert Inn that was originally a Bullock's. Only starting in 1952 did it open its first of what would become about 30 branches, in Beverly Hills (see below). Robinson's in Palm Springs, opened 1958 The second Robinson's store was opened in Beverly Hills in 1952 on a triangular plot at the corner of Wilshire Boulevard at Santa Monica Boulevard, across a courtyard from the Beverly Hilton Hotel (1953). A small Mid-Century modern style "open in winter only" store followed in Palm Springs. A store on Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena followed. The store in Pasadena was the last free standing store as the concept of the shopping mall began to take off. The first stores adjacent or connected to shopping malls opened in Panorama City in the San Fernando Valley (late 1950s), Anaheim Plaza, on upper State Street in Santa Barbara (1960s), and Glendale. By the time J.W. Robinson's was dissolved into Robinson's-May there were almost 30 stores across Southern California from San Diego to Palm Desert to Santa Barbara. ADG and May Associated Dry Goods (ADG), a group of independently operated department store chains, bought Robinson's in 1957. May Department Stores bought Associated Dry Goods and with it, Robinson's, in 1986. In 1989, May dissolved its Scottsdale, Arizona-based Goldwaters division, folding it into Robinson's, and its Phoenix-area stores were rebranded as Robinson's. Consolidation and epilogue In 1992, May combined Robinson's and May Company California into a single brand, Robinsons-May. The Robinson's stores became, like the former May Co. locations, mid-range department stores, which market research firm NPD Group characterized as having an "identity crisis" because "they tried to be something for everyone and ended up being nothing for anyone". Federated Department Stores (which had bought Macy's in 1994 and changed its name in 2007 to Macy's, Inc.) bought May Department Stores in 2005. Robinson's-May was dissolved in 2005–6, and the former Robinson's stores were closed, sold, or turned into Macy's or Bloomingdale's branches. Store list California and Arizona Robinson's stores at merger with May Co. into Robinsons-May, 1992-3 Community Mall or address Opened Closed Square footage Notes California 1 Downtown Los Angeles (1915 store) Seventh, Hope & Grand September 7, 1915 February 1993 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) at opening, after 1923 expansion, 623,700 square feet (57,940 m2). Frederick Noonan and William Richards of Dodd & Richards, architects. 2 Beverly Hills 9900 Wilshire Boulevard in a complex with the Beverly Hilton February 13, 1952 2006 236,000 Demolished 2014. Architects William Pereira and Charles Luckman. Interiors by Raymond Loewy. Site of One Beverly Hills (Richard Meier & Partners, architects). 3 Palm Springs 333 South Palm Canyon Drive January 10, 1958 1987 Architects William Pereira and Charles Luckman. Interiors by Raymond Loewy. Expanded 1973. Currently used as "CAMP Community and Meeting Place". 4 Pasadena 777 East Colorado Boulevard May 12, 1958 February 1993 Architects William Pereira and Charles Luckman. Interiors by Raymond Loewy. Interiors by Had a parking structure for 700 cars. Is now a Target 5 Panorama City Van Nuys at Chase, Panorama City Shopping Center June 27, 1961 169,000 sq. ft. 6 Anaheim Anaheim Plaza February 1963 January 1988 Closed six months after the one at MainPlace Mall in Santa Ana, California opened. 7 Glendale Glendale Fashion Center August 1966 February 1993 150,000 8 Santa Barbara La Cumbre Plaza July 1967 155,000 9 Newport Beach Fashion Island September 1967 225,000 10 San Diego Fashion Valley Mall September 1969 172,000 Now operates as a Bloomingdales. 11 Cerritos Los Cerritos Center September 1971 146,000 sq. ft. to Robinsons-May in 1993, closed 2006, became Nordstrom in 2010 12 Woodland Hills Woodland Hills Promenade March 1973 February 1993 194,000 became Bullock's, later Macy's 13 Puente Hills Puente Hills Mall March 1974 153,000 Location seen in the “Twin Pines Mall” scenes of Back to the Future. 14 Westminster Westminster Mall April 1975 February 1993 160,000 became JCPenney 15 Santa Anita Santa Anita Fashion Park, Arcadia April 19, 1976 137,000; to Robinsons-May in 1993, closed 2006, became Forever 21 in Nov. 2012 16 Thousand Oaks The Oaks 1978 127,000 17 UTC University Towne Center, La Jolla, San Diego 1978 147,000 18 Mission Viejo Mission Viejo Mall 1979 19 Santa Monica Santa Monica Place 1980 20 Sherman Oaks Sherman Oaks Galleria 1980 21 Del Amo Del Amo Fashion Center 1981 23 Horton Plaza Horton Plaza, San Diego 1985 24 Escondido North County Fair 1986 25 South Coast Plaza South Coast Plaza (Crystal Court), Costa Mesa 1986 26 Palm Desert Westfield Palm Desert 1986 to Robinsons-May in 1993, moved, became Sears in Nov. 2004 27 Santa Ana MainPlace 1987 28 Brea Brea Mall May 1991 February 1993 became JCPenney Arizona (All formerly Goldwater's) Mesa Fiesta Mall Phoenix Metrocenter Mall Phoenix Paradise Valley Mall Phoenix Park Central Mall 1990 Scottsdale Scottsdale Fashion Square Outside California Japan See also: Robinson Department Store (Japan) In addition, just before the acquisition by May, it had also cooperated with Ito-Yokado to form Robinson's Japan, with one location in Kasukabe, Saitama. In 2009, Robinson's Japan was acquired by Seven & I Holdings Co. Robinson's Florida Starting in 1972 ADG borrowed the Robinson's name to open a separate division of department stores, Robinson's of Florida, on Florida's Gulf Coast and Orlando, based in St. Petersburg, Florida. It had been founded in the 1970s as an attempt by ADG to emulate its upscale J. W. Robinson's' stores on the fast-growing Florida Gulf Coast. This newly created division grew to 10 locations. May sold this division in 1987 to Maison Blanche. Seven of the former Robinson's of Florida locations were subsequently sold by Maison Blanche to Dillard's* in 1991 while the other three became Gayfers** (which in turn was bought out by Dillard's in 1998). References ^ a b "Nine Acres Space in Robinson Store". Los Angeles Evening Express. May 30, 1914. ^ "Advertisement by J. W. Robinson Co". Los Angeles Times. 12 March 1933. p. 35. Retrieved 3 May 2019. ^ "Advertisement by N. B. Blackstone Co". Los Angeles Times. 8 May 1898. p. 17. Retrieved 3 May 2019. ^ "Left All Some Money: A San Francisco Merchant Who Remembered His Employees: The Late C.W.R. Ford, Who Died at Los Angeles, Bequeaths $200 to Each of His Former Clerks". San Francisco Examiner. 10 April 1896. p. 7. Retrieved 3 May 2019. ^ "239 S Broadway · 239 S Broadway, Los Angeles, CA 90012". ^ "The Boston Dry Goods Store". Los Angeles Times. 1 January 1895. p. 29. Retrieved 3 May 2019. ^ "The New Boston Store:Los Angeles' Finest Commercial Structure Is Complete". Los Angeles Herald. 4 October 1895. p. 5. ^ "Advertisement for J. W. Robinson Company Boston Dry Goods Store". Los Angeles Evening Post-Record. September 30, 1908. ^ a b c "Steam Shovels Scooping Out Dirt At Site Of Big Store", Los Angeles Times, May 24, 1914 ^ a b c "Great Palace For Commerce: Robinson's Mammoth Store Opens Tuesday". Los Angeles Times. September 5, 1915. p. 55 (part V p.1 ). Retrieved May 3, 2019. ^ a b "Department Store Addition Now Rising Into Space", Los Angeles Times, 11 January 1923 ^ "Store Building To Be Changed", Los Angeles Times, 4 February 1934 ^ a b "Robinson's to Join N.Y. Store Group". Los Angeles. 6 July 1955. p. 1. Retrieved 3 May 2019. ^ J. W. Robinson's advertisement in the Los Angeles Times, 6 July 1955, p.27 ^ Hinshilwood; C. Milton Hinshilwood; Elena Irish Zimmerman (2001). Old Los Angeles and Pasadena. Arcadia Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-7385-0809-2. ^ White, George (October 17, 1992). "Robinson's, May Co. to Merge Stores: Economy: Twelve Southland locations will close and 550 people will be laid off in the cost-cutting move". Los Angeles Times. ^ Herman, Valli (6 August 2005). "With Robinsons-May stores closing, few midrange department stores are left. Is shopping becoming polarized? Yes, and no". Los Angeles Times. ^ "Department stores and apparel speciality store sales", 1982 ^ "18 Oct 1992, Page 48 - Los Angeles Times at". Newspapers.com. 1992-10-18. Retrieved 2022-06-05. ^ a b Watters, Sam (March 14, 2009). "Robinsons-May Beverly Hills: A shopping icon that may drop". Los Angeles Times. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "The J.W. Robinson Co., Los Angeles", The Department Store Museum" ^ Nichols, Chris (July 23, 2014). "A Look Back at Robinson's as the Glamorous Beverly Hills Store is Demolished". Los Angeles magazine. ^ Stevens, Matt (July 23, 2014). "Demolition of famed Beverly Hills department store begins". Los Angeles Times. ^ a b "Robinson's celebrating 75th anniversary", Desert Sun(Palm Springs, CA), January 9, 1958 ^ Murphy, Gavin (October 28, 1988). "World Market Plan Dies". Desert Sun (Palm Springs, CA). ^ "Where to CAMP Out at Modernism Week in Palm Springs". 11 February 2020. ^ a b "Robinson's Pasadena Store to Open Today". Los Angeles Times. May 12, 1958. ^ "Pasadena". Target. Retrieved June 7, 2020. ^ a b "Panorama City Store Opened by Robinson's", Los Angeles Times, June 28, 1961 ^ "Glendale Fashion Center Has Anniversary". Los Angeles Times. May 18, 1975. ^ "Robinson's to Open on Monday in Santa Anita Fashion Park". ^ "Robinson's Brea opening". The Los Angeles Times. 16 May 1991. p. 233. ^ "Sarasota Herald-Tribune – Google News Archive Search". ^ "Miami Herald: Search Results". vteHistory of retail in Southern CaliforniaDepartment storeswith origins inCentralLos Angeles Barker Bros. Blackstone's Brooks Clothing Bon Marché The Broadway‎ Bullock's‎ Bullocks Wilshire Central City of Paris Coulter's Dearden's Desmond's B. H. Dyas Eastern-Columbia Fallas Paredes Famous (Cal Hirsch & Sons) Fifth Street Store The Globe (51st & S. Broadway) Haggarty's ("New York Store") The Hub J. M. Hale Co. Hamburger's ("People's Store") Harris & Frank Jacoby Bros. May Co. (buildings: May Co. Downtown LA – May Co. Wilshire – May Co. Mission Valley) Milliron's (Milliron's/Broadway Westchester) Mullen & Bluett Myer Siegel Phelps-Terkel J. W. Robinson's Robinsons-May Sears-Pico Silverwoods Swelldom Ville de Paris Walker's (L.A.) L.A. neighborhoods Iver's (Highland Pk) Nahas (N Hwd) Quigley's (Hwd) Rathbun's (N Hwd) Robertson Co. (Hwd) Sears Pico–Rimpau Long Beach Buffums The Emporium Marti's Robert's Walker's LB Wise Company Pasadena Boadway Bros. Meyer's Nash's Rest of L.A. Co. Boston Stores (Inglewood) Butler Bros. (Vernon) Chaney's (Hawthorne) I. H. Hawkins (Redondo Bch) Henshey's (Santa Monica) Hinshaw's (Arcadia/Whittier) Kitson (W Hwd) Myers (Whittier) Webb's (Glendale) Wineman's (Oxnard/Huntington Pk) Bakersfield Brock's Inland Empire Willets (Colton) Harris Company (San B'do) Orange Co. Rankin's (Santa Ana) The S.Q.R. Store (Anaheim) San Diego–Tijuana Barnett-Stine Dorian's Holzwasser's Marston's Walker Scott Elsewhere J. C. Penney Montgomery Ward Ohrbach's Sears Clothing and shoes Bond's Brooks Clothing C. H. Baker shoes C&R Clothiers Hartfield's Judy's Leed's shoes Mandel's (shoes) Miller's Outpost/Anchor Blue Victor Clothing Weatherby-Kayser shoes Zachary All Discount andmembership stores The Akron Curacao Fedco Fedmart Gemco Pic 'N' Save Unimart White Front Zody's Drugstores Disco Drug and Discount Centers Sav-on Schwab's Pharmacy Thrifty Furniture andhome furnishings Barker Bros. Dearden's Parmelee-Dohrmann Grocery stores Alpha Beta Boys Markets Chaffee Food Giant Giant Haas, Baruch & Co./Hellman, Haas & Co. Hughes Markets Market Basket Pantry Food Stores Pavilions Ralphs Shopping Bag Stater Bros. Smart & Final Thriftimart Tianguis Vons Home enter-tainment, appliances Adray's Cal Stereo Federated Group Golden Bear Home and Sport Centers Ken Crane's Leo's Stereo Pacific Stereo Rogersound Labs University Stereo Home improvement Builders Emporium National Lumber Ole's Home Centers Music Licorice Pizza Music Plus Peaches Records and Tapes The Wherehouse Wallichs Music City On-street shopping Los Angeles: Plaza 1880s-90s CBD Broadway (CBD) Broadway & 87th, South L.A.* Seventh St. Flower St. Hollywood Blvd. Lankershim, North Hollywood Miracle Mile, Wilshire Blvd. Westwood Village (near UCLA) Other cities: Beverly Hills: Rodeo Drive Burbank: Golden Mall Huntington Park: Pacific Blvd. Long Beach: Pine St. Palm Springs: La Plaza/Palm Canyon Dr. - See also History of retail in Palm Springs Pasadena: Lake Ave. Pasadena: Old Pasadena Santa Ana: 4th St. Santa Monica: Main St. - 3rd St. Promenade L.A.shopping center"firsts" Oldest origins of a major L.A. chain: Harris & Frank (1876) - 1st dept. store on Broadway: A. Fusenot Co./Ville de Paris - 1st dept. store on 7th off Broadway: J. W. Robinson's (1915) - 1st planned shopping district: Westwood Village (1929) - 1st suburban dept. store branch: B. H. Dyas/Broadway Hollywood (1927) - 1st center with multiple supermarkets: Broadway & 87th Street shopping center (1936) - 1st center with department store anchor: Broadway-Crenshaw Center (1947) - 1st enclosed mall: Lakewood Center (1951) - 1st mall in Orange County: Anaheim Plaza (1955) - 1st center with 4 dept. stores: Panorama City Shopping Center (1964) Shopping centersLos AngelesL.A. Central Area ARCO Plaza* Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza Beverly Center Beverly Connection The Bloc Los Angeles Broadway & 87th Street* Crossroads of the World Eagle Rock Plaza El Mercado de Los Angeles Farmers Market FIGat7th Grove at Farmers Market Japanese Village Plaza Los Angeles Mall Midtown Crossing & Sears-Pico Ovation Hollywood Town & Country Market* Weller Court West Hollywood Gateway Westside Airport Marina Hotel* Brentwood Country Mart Edgemar Malibu Country Mart Palisades Village Platform, Culver City Promenade at Howard Hughes Center Santa Monica Place Third Street Promenade Westfield Century City Westfield Culver City San Fernando Valley Americana at Brand Burbank Town Center Commons at Calabasas Fallbrook Center Glendale Fashion Center Glendale Galleria NoHo West Northridge Fashion Center Panorama Mall Promenade (Woodland Hills)* Sherman Oaks Galleria* Universal CityWalk Valley Plaza* Westfield Fashion Square Westfield Topanga San Gabriel Valley Eastland Center El Monte Shopping Center* El Rancho Santa Anita Indian Hill Mall* Paseo Colorado Plaza West Covina Pomona Mall* Puente Hills Mall Shops at Santa Anita South Bay Del Amo Fashion Center Fisherman's Village Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center Old Towne Mall* Peninsula Center Promenade on the Peninsula South Bay Galleria SouthBay Pavilion Southeast L.A. Co. Los Cerritos Center Cerritos Towne Center Citadel Outlets Lakewood Center La Mirada Mall* Plaza México Promenade at Downey Quad at Whittier Santa Fe Springs Mall* Santa Fe Springs Shopping Center* Shops at Montebello Stonewood Center Uptown Whittier Whittier Downs* Whittwood Town Center* Long Beach Long Beach Plaza Long Beach Towne Center Los Altos Center Marina Pacifica Mall Northern L.A. Co. Antelope Valley Mall Valencia Town Center Orange Anaheim GardenWalk Anaheim Plaza Anaheim Town Square Anaheim Towne Center Asian Garden Mall Bella Terra Brea Mall Buena Park Downtown Downtown Disney Fashion Island Honer Plaza* Irvine Spectrum La Habra Fashion Square* Laguna Hills Mall MainPlace Mall The Market Place Orange County Plaza* Orangefair Mall* Outlets at Orange Shops at Mission Viejo South Coast Plaza Village at Orange Westminster Mall Riverside Desert Fashion Plaza Galleria at Tyler Hemet Valley Mall Indio Fashion Mall* Main St. pedestrian mall, Riverside Moreno Valley Mall La Plaza (Palm Springs) Promenade In Temecula Riverside Plaza Shops at Palm Desert San Bernardino Barstow Mall Carousel Mall Citrus Plaza Citrus Village Inland Center Mall of Victor Valley Montclair Plaza Ontario Mills Redlands Mall Victoria Gardens San Diego Chula Vista Center College Grove Escondido Village* Fashion Valley Grossmont Center Horton Plaza La Jolla Village Square Las Americas Premium Outlets Linda Vista Shopping Center (demolished) Mission Valley North County Mall One Paseo Otay Ranch Town Center Parkway Plaza Seaport Village Shoppes at Carlsbad South Bay Plaza Westfield Plaza Bonita Westfield UTC Santa Barbara La Cumbre Plaza Paseo Nuevo Santa Maria Town Center Ventura Collection at RiverPark Esplanade The Oaks Pacific View Mall Simi Valley Town Center Elsewhere Imperial Valley Mall, El Centro Valley Plaza Mall, Bakersfield See also: History of retail in Southern California – History of retail in Palm Springs — Note: starred (*) listings indicate former regional mall now site of strip-style community center with new name vteCity of Los AngelesBy topic History Timeline Outline Transportation Culture Landmarks Historic sites Skyscrapers Demographics Crime Sports Media Music Notable people Lists Murals Government Flag Mayor City Council President Common Council Other elected officials Airport DWP Fire Department Police Public schools Libraries Port Transportation Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Central Los Angeles & Wilshire area vteHistory of California Before 1900 Native Californian Precontact First explorations Later explorations Genocide of indigenous population Spanish colonization Mexican rule California Trail Mexican–American War Californios California Republic Conquest of California Interim government of California United States rule Gold Rush Civil War Since 1900 Labor Engineering Water wars Industrial growth Postwar culture Development Legal revolution Tech boom Present day By topic Etymology Highways Maritime Missions Railroads Ranchos Slavery Territorial evolution By region Bay Area San Fernando Valley Santa Catalina Island Yosemite Regions San Fernando Valley By county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba By city Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Santa Ana Riverside Stockton Chula Vista Fremont Irvine San Bernardino Modesto Oxnard Fontana Moreno Valley Glendale Huntington Beach Santa Clarita Garden Grove Santa Rosa Oceanside Rancho Cucamonga Ontario Lancaster Elk Grove Palmdale Corona Salinas Pomona Torrance Hayward Escondido Sunnyvale Pasadena Fullerton Orange Thousand Oaks Visalia Simi Valley Concord Roseville Santa Clara Vallejo Victorville El Monte Berkeley Downey Costa Mesa Inglewood Ventura Fairfield Santa Maria Redding Santa Monica Santa Barbara Chico Merced Napa Redwood City Yuba City Madera Santa Cruz San Rafael Woodland Hanford San Luis Obispo El Centro Lompoc Martinez Hollister Eureka Susanville Ukiah Oroville Red Bluff Auburn Marysville Piedmont Placerville Yreka Crescent City Willows Colusa Sonora Lakeport Jackson Nevada City Alturas	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J._W._Robinson%27s_new_7th_Street_store_at_launch_1915.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seventh Street, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Street_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"department stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"}],"text":"J. W. Robinson's flagship store on Seventh Street, Los Angeles at launch 1915J. W. Robinson Co., Robinson's, was a chain of department stores operating in the Southern California and Arizona area, previously with headquarters in Los Angeles, California.","title":"J. W. Robinson's"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waltham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Rosemead, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemead,_California"},{"link_name":"East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Allen Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Block"},{"link_name":"Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Street_Financial_District"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Street_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-express-1"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"}],"text":"Joseph Winchester Robinson was a merchant from Waltham, Massachusetts who moved to Rosemead, California in 1882 to develop orange groves. Robinson found the quality of goods and service from local merchants lacking, and reentered the retail business, utilizing his contacts on the East Coast to deliver superior merchandise.Robinson opened the 1,440 sq ft (134 m2) Boston Dry Goods Store in 1883 at the Allen Block at the southwest corner of Spring and Temple streets,[1] stating that his store offered \"fine stocks and refined 'Boston' service.\" In 1891, J. W. Robinson died at the age of 45 and his father, Henry Winchester Robinson, came from Boston to Los Angeles to take over the business, and the \"Boston Dry Goods Store\" was renamed the \"J. W. Robinson Company\" in honor of its late founder.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J._W._Robinson%27s_Boston_Store_at_Jones_Block,_171-3_N._Spring_St.,_Los_Angeles_1886%E2%80%931895.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Dry_Goods_(J._W._Robinson_Co.)_New_Store_(1887),_171%E2%80%93173_Spring_Street,_Los_Angeles.png"},{"link_name":"Jones Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Block_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-express-1"},{"link_name":"central business district of that period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Blackstone's Dry Goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone_Building_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"1886–1895: 171–173 Spring Street store","text":"Boston Dry Goods (J. W. Robinson Co.) home from 1886 to 1895 at Jones Block, 171–173 N. Spring Street (post-1890 numbering)Another view of the Spring Street store, c.1887In 1887, J.W. Robinson Co.'s Boston Dry Goods Store moved to a new store of around 3,000 sq ft (280 m2) in the Jones Block[1] at 171–173 (post-1890 numbering) Spring Street, considered an adventurous move because at that time, the location was far from the central business district of that period.[2] When Robinson's moved again in 1895, Nathaniel Blackstone, brother-in-law of J.W. Robinson, moved into the vacated space and founded Blackstone's Dry Goods,[3] which would become a single-location downtown department store in its own right.Mr. C. W. R. Ford, who had owned his own wholesale store at 522 Market Street in San Francisco,[4] married Robinson's widow and took over as president of the Robinson's company.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Dry_Goods_(J._W._Robinson_Co.)_New_Store,_1895,_239_S._Broadway,_Los_Angeles.png"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Theodore Eisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Eisen"},{"link_name":"Sumner Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Bradbury Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradbury_Building"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Corinthian-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"acroteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acroteria"},{"link_name":"plate glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_glass"},{"link_name":"Colonial style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_colonial_architecture"},{"link_name":"Doric-style features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Theodore Eisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Eisen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"1895: Broadway, \"across from City Hall\"","text":"Boston Dry Goods (J. W. Robinson Co.) new store, 1895, 239 S. Broadway, Los AngelesFrom 1880 to 1890, the population of Los Angeles doubled from 50,395 to 102,479 people. In January 1895 the J. W. Robinson Co., which by that time advertised simply as \"The Boston Store\", announced that after only eight years at Spring Street, more spacious quarters were necessary, and that a new four-story \"Boston Dry Goods Store Building\" was under construction at 239 S. Broadway (razed, currently site of a parking lot),[5] opposite the then City Hall. It was designed by Theodore Eisen and Sumner Hunt, designer of the Bradbury Building. On October 1, 1895, Robinson's opened the new store. The new building was promoted at the time as a sign that Los Angeles had come into its own as a \"metropolitan center\" and that it was no longer necessary to make \"annual pilgrimages to San Francisco\" to obtain a wide selection of fine merchandise.The front was \"Grecian\" (Greek Revival) in style, of light cream brick and terra cotta. It featured an elaborate Corinthian-style cornice crowning the façade. Above it rose a high parapet broken by a high-relief entresol panel. All of this was surmounted by elaborate acroteria. 60-foot-long, 19.5-foot-high plate glass windows illuminated the ground floor. Just above the second floor the façade was Colonial style and above that Doric-style features. The building had passenger and freight elevators, and skylights illuminated through to the ground floor. The first/ground floor and part of the basement were devoted to retail with a central cashier's and wrapping desk, offices were also on the ground floor, receiving and shipping were also in the basement, while the two upper floors housed the main part of the manufacturing and wholesale departments, which moved down from Temple Street. The second floor housed various merchandise departments, areas to display delicate fabrics under gas light, a desk with stationery for customers to write, and the ladies' \"parlors\" (restrooms).[6][7]In 1908 the store opened up a 5-story extension at the back, fronting on Hill Street. The architect was Theodore Eisen.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:600_W._7th_St.,_Los_Angeles.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Seventh Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Street_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"William J. Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Dodd"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shovels-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palace-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat192301-11"},{"link_name":"Seventh Street shopping district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Street_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Ville de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_de_Paris_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"B. H. Dyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Dyas"},{"link_name":"Coulter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulter%27s"},{"link_name":"Haggarty's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggarty%27s"},{"link_name":"Desmond's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond%27s"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"1915: Seventh, Grand, and Hope","text":"J. W. Robinson's 1915-1993 flagship store (façade from 1934), 600 W. 7th St.As Los Angeles continued to grow, so did Robinson's business and in 1914 it announced its construction of a new $1,000,000, (~$22.5 million in 2023) seven-story flagship store with over nine acres (400,000 square feet (37,000 m2)) of floor space, along the south side of West Seventh Street stretching alone the complete block between Grand and Hope streets. Frederick Noonan and William J. Dodd were the architects.[9] The store opened on September 7, 1915.[10]\nThe building was expanded to the south in 1923 at a cost of $900,000 (~$12.5 million in 2023), Dodd and Richard, architects, for a total of 623,700 square feet (57,940 m2).[11] In 1934, the building was remodeled for between $100,000 (~$1.78 million in 2023)–200,000 to a \"restrained Modernistic\" exterior, shedding some its more exuberant Art Deco features and adding more parking facilities. Robinson's was the largest store of what became a new upscale Seventh Street shopping district to the southwest of the concentration of department stores along Broadway, with Ville de Paris (later B. H. Dyas), Coulter's, Haggarty's, and Desmond's opening stores nearby.[12] The Robinson's store closed in 1993 and the building, 600 West Seventh Street, currently houses telecommunications (voice, data and internet servers), offices and ground-floor retail.The store contained the following departments:First (ground) floor: ribbons, parasols, umbrellas, laces and trimmings, lace neckwear, feather boas, ceilings, gloves, handkerchiefs, fancy boas, fancy hairpins and combs, jewelry, leather goods, stationery, men's furnishings, boys' furnishings and clothing, \"bargain square\"\nSecond floor: art needlework, linens, sheetings, wash goods, linings, silk dress good patterns, ladies' restrooms, design room, beauty parlors and shoe shining dept.\nThird floor: cloak and suit for misses and ladies, French room for imported gowns and hats, baby shop for fine layette materials and outfitting, mourning goods, children's dresses, petticoats, blouses, millinery, sweaters, bathing suits, kimono, bathrobes, house dresses, corsets, knit underwear, muslin underwear and aprons\nFourth floor: rugs, draperies, pictures, brasses, statuary, cut glass, art porcelains and toys\nFifth floor: offices, auditorium, alteration dept. and workrooms\nSixth floor: hospital and reserve stockroom\nSeventh floor. employee cafeteria, two outdoor \"courts\", women's employee restroom, large \"court\" and lounge for men\nSeventh/top floor: roof garden and café","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Associated Dry Goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Dry_Goods"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat195509-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinshilwood-15"}],"sub_title":"1950s-1980s","text":"Associated Dry Goods (ADG) bought Robinson's in 1955 (the term used by CEO Edward R. Valentine in the press was that Robinson's \"affiliated with\" ADG.) At that time the chain's sales were $32.5 million annually, with $12 million coming from the Beverly Hills branch.[13][14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bullock's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullock%27s"},{"link_name":"Desmond's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond%27s_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"I. Magnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Magnin"},{"link_name":"Silverwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverwoods"},{"link_name":"Wilshire Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat195509-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robinsons.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California"},{"link_name":"Wilshire Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hilton Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hilton_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Mid-Century modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Century_modern"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Panorama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_City"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"Glendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Palm Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Desert"}],"sub_title":"California Branch buildout","text":"Unlike competitors Bullock's, Desmond's, I. Magnin and Silverwoods, in the 1930s and 1940s, Robinson's did not establish branches in the outlying upscale retail districts such as Wilshire Boulevard, Pasadena, or Westwood, except for a small Palm Springs shop at the Desert Inn that was originally a Bullock's.[13] Only starting in 1952 did it open its first of what would become about 30 branches, in Beverly Hills (see below).Robinson's in Palm Springs, opened 1958The second Robinson's store was opened in Beverly Hills in 1952 on a triangular plot at the corner of Wilshire Boulevard at Santa Monica Boulevard, across a courtyard from the Beverly Hilton Hotel (1953). A small Mid-Century modern style \"open in winter only\" store followed in Palm Springs. A store on Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena followed. The store in Pasadena was the last free standing store as the concept of the shopping mall began to take off. The first stores adjacent or connected to shopping malls opened in Panorama City in the San Fernando Valley (late 1950s), Anaheim Plaza, on upper State Street in Santa Barbara (1960s), and Glendale. By the time J.W. Robinson's was dissolved into Robinson's-May there were almost 30 stores across Southern California from San Diego to Palm Desert to Santa Barbara.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"May Department Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Department_Stores"},{"link_name":"Associated Dry Goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Dry_Goods"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Goldwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldwaters"}],"sub_title":"ADG and May","text":"Associated Dry Goods (ADG), a group of independently operated department store chains, bought Robinson's in 1957.May Department Stores bought Associated Dry Goods and with it, Robinson's, in 1986. In 1989, May dissolved its Scottsdale, Arizona-based Goldwaters division, folding it into Robinson's, and its Phoenix-area stores were rebranded as Robinson's.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"May Company California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Company_California"},{"link_name":"Robinsons-May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinsons-May"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1992oct17-16"},{"link_name":"Macy's, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Macy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s"},{"link_name":"Bloomingdale's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Consolidation and epilogue","text":"In 1992, May combined Robinson's and May Company California into a single brand, Robinsons-May.[16] The Robinson's stores became, like the former May Co. locations, mid-range department stores, which market research firm NPD Group characterized as having an \"identity crisis\" because \"they tried to be something for everyone and ended up being nothing for anyone\". Federated Department Stores (which had bought Macy's in 1994 and changed its name in 2007 to Macy's, Inc.) bought May Department Stores in 2005. Robinson's-May was dissolved in 2005–6, and the former Robinson's stores were closed, sold, or turned into Macy's or Bloomingdale's branches.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"California and Arizona Robinson's stores at merger with May Co. into Robinsons-May, 1992-3[18][19]","title":"Store list"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Outside California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robinson Department Store (Japan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Department_Store_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Seven & I Holdings Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_%26_I_Holdings_Co."}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"See also: Robinson Department Store (Japan)In addition, just before the acquisition by May, it had also cooperated with Ito-Yokado to form Robinson's Japan, with one location in Kasukabe, Saitama. In 2009, Robinson's Japan was acquired by Seven & I Holdings Co.","title":"Outside California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robinson's of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson%27s_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"upscale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_good"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast"},{"link_name":"Maison Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Blanche"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Dillard's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillard%27s"},{"link_name":"Gayfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayfers"}],"sub_title":"Robinson's Florida","text":"Starting in 1972 ADG borrowed the Robinson's name to open a separate division of department stores, Robinson's of Florida, on Florida's Gulf Coast and Orlando, based in St. Petersburg, Florida. It had been founded in the 1970s as an attempt by ADG to emulate its upscale J. W. Robinson's' stores on the fast-growing Florida Gulf Coast. This newly created division grew to 10 locations. May sold this division in 1987 to Maison Blanche.[33][34] Seven of the former Robinson's of Florida locations were subsequently sold by Maison Blanche to Dillard's* in 1991 while the other three became Gayfers** (which in turn was bought out by Dillard's in 1998).","title":"Outside California"}]	[{"image_text":"J. W. Robinson's flagship store on Seventh Street, Los Angeles at launch 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/J._W._Robinson%27s_new_7th_Street_store_at_launch_1915.jpg/500px-J._W._Robinson%27s_new_7th_Street_store_at_launch_1915.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boston Dry Goods (J. W. Robinson Co.) home from 1886 to 1895 at Jones Block, 171–173 N. Spring Street (post-1890 numbering)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/J._W._Robinson%27s_Boston_Store_at_Jones_Block%2C_171-3_N._Spring_St.%2C_Los_Angeles_1886%E2%80%931895.jpg/220px-J._W._Robinson%27s_Boston_Store_at_Jones_Block%2C_171-3_N._Spring_St.%2C_Los_Angeles_1886%E2%80%931895.jpg"},{"image_text":"Another view of the Spring Street store, c.1887","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Boston_Dry_Goods_%28J._W._Robinson_Co.%29_New_Store_%281887%29%2C_171%E2%80%93173_Spring_Street%2C_Los_Angeles.png/220px-Boston_Dry_Goods_%28J._W._Robinson_Co.%29_New_Store_%281887%29%2C_171%E2%80%93173_Spring_Street%2C_Los_Angeles.png"},{"image_text":"Boston Dry Goods (J. W. Robinson Co.) new store, 1895, 239 S. Broadway, Los Angeles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Boston_Dry_Goods_%28J._W._Robinson_Co.%29_New_Store%2C_1895%2C_239_S._Broadway%2C_Los_Angeles.png/220px-Boston_Dry_Goods_%28J._W._Robinson_Co.%29_New_Store%2C_1895%2C_239_S._Broadway%2C_Los_Angeles.png"},{"image_text":"J. W. Robinson's 1915-1993 flagship store (façade from 1934), 600 W. 7th St.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/600_W._7th_St.%2C_Los_Angeles.jpg/220px-600_W._7th_St.%2C_Los_Angeles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robinson's in Palm Springs, opened 1958","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Robinsons.jpg/220px-Robinsons.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Nine Acres Space in Robinson Store\". Los Angeles Evening Express. May 30, 1914.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/62144309/nine-acres-space-in-robinson-store/","url_text":"\"Nine Acres Space in Robinson Store\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advertisement by J. W. Robinson Co\". Los Angeles Times. 12 March 1933. p. 35. Retrieved 3 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/380244402","url_text":"\"Advertisement by J. W. Robinson Co\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advertisement by N. B. Blackstone Co\". Los Angeles Times. 8 May 1898. p. 17. Retrieved 3 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/80575497/","url_text":"\"Advertisement by N. B. Blackstone Co\""}]},{"reference":"\"Left All Some Money: A San Francisco Merchant Who Remembered His Employees: The Late C.W.R. Ford, Who Died at Los Angeles, Bequeaths $200 to Each of His Former Clerks\". San Francisco Examiner. 10 April 1896. p. 7. Retrieved 3 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/457940096","url_text":"\"Left All Some Money: A San Francisco Merchant Who Remembered His Employees: The Late C.W.R. 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Robinson Company Boston Dry Goods Store\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great Palace For Commerce: Robinson's Mammoth Store Opens Tuesday\". Los Angeles Times. September 5, 1915. p. 55 (part V p.1 ). Retrieved May 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31191874/robinsons_new_bldg_1915/","url_text":"\"Great Palace For Commerce: Robinson's Mammoth Store Opens Tuesday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robinson's to Join N.Y. Store Group\". Los Angeles. 6 July 1955. p. 1. Retrieved 3 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/381114287/","url_text":"\"Robinson's to Join N.Y. Store Group\""}]},{"reference":"Hinshilwood; C. Milton Hinshilwood; Elena Irish Zimmerman (2001). Old Los Angeles and Pasadena. Arcadia Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-7385-0809-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lMhdJzQYMd0C&q=%22J.+W.+Robinson%27s%22+%22Los+Angeles%22&pg=PA26","url_text":"Old Los Angeles and Pasadena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0809-2","url_text":"978-0-7385-0809-2"}]},{"reference":"White, George (October 17, 1992). \"Robinson's, May Co. to Merge Stores: Economy: Twelve Southland locations will close and 550 people will be laid off in the cost-cutting move\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-10-17/news/mn-82_1_major-department-stores","url_text":"\"Robinson's, May Co. to Merge Stores: Economy: Twelve Southland locations will close and 550 people will be laid off in the cost-cutting move\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Herman, Valli (6 August 2005). \"With Robinsons-May stores closing, few midrange department stores are left. Is shopping becoming polarized? Yes, and no\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-aug-06-et-fashion6-story.html","url_text":"\"With Robinsons-May stores closing, few midrange department stores are left. Is shopping becoming polarized? Yes, and no\""}]},{"reference":"\"18 Oct 1992, Page 48 - Los Angeles Times at\". Newspapers.com. 1992-10-18. Retrieved 2022-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/177368825/?terms=j.%2Bw.%2Brobinson%27s","url_text":"\"18 Oct 1992, Page 48 - Los Angeles Times at\""}]},{"reference":"Watters, Sam (March 14, 2009). \"Robinsons-May Beverly Hills: A shopping icon that may drop\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/local/la-hm-lostla14-2009mar14-story.html","url_text":"\"Robinsons-May Beverly Hills: A shopping icon that may drop\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Chris (July 23, 2014). \"A Look Back at Robinson's as the Glamorous Beverly Hills Store is Demolished\". Los Angeles magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lamag.com/askchris/a-look-back-at-robinsons-as-the-glamorous-beverly-hills-store-is-demolished/","url_text":"\"A Look Back at Robinson's as the Glamorous Beverly Hills Store is Demolished\""}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Matt (July 23, 2014). \"Demolition of famed Beverly Hills department store begins\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-robinsons-beverly-hills-20140723-story.html","url_text":"\"Demolition of famed Beverly Hills department store begins\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Gavin (October 28, 1988). \"World Market Plan Dies\". Desert Sun (Palm Springs, CA).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56111929/epilogue-jw-robinsons-palm-springs/","url_text":"\"World Market Plan Dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where to CAMP Out at Modernism Week in Palm Springs\". 11 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.palmspringslife.com/modernism-week-camp-2020/","url_text":"\"Where to CAMP Out at Modernism Week in Palm Springs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robinson's Pasadena Store to Open Today\". Los Angeles Times. May 12, 1958.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53011896/robinsons-pasadena-store-to-open-today/","url_text":"\"Robinson's Pasadena Store to Open Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pasadena\". Target. Retrieved June 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.target.com/sl/pasadena/883","url_text":"\"Pasadena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glendale Fashion Center Has Anniversary\". Los Angeles Times. May 18, 1975.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53027823/glendale-fashion-center-has-anniversary/","url_text":"\"Glendale Fashion Center Has Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robinson's to Open on Monday in Santa Anita Fashion Park\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52965433/robinsons-to-open-on-monday-in-santa/","url_text":"\"Robinson's to Open on Monday in Santa Anita Fashion Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robinson's Brea opening\". The Los Angeles Times. 16 May 1991. p. 233.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53026674/robinsons-brea-opening/","url_text":"\"Robinson's Brea opening\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sarasota Herald-Tribune – Google News Archive Search\".","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iecbAAAAIBAJ&pg=4843,5614889&dq=south-gate-shopping-plaza%20robinson%27s&hl=en","url_text":"\"Sarasota Herald-Tribune – Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miami Herald: Search Results\".","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB3678F02CB1737&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Miami Herald: Search Results\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/62144309/nine-acres-space-in-robinson-store/","external_links_name":"\"Nine Acres Space in Robinson Store\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/380244402","external_links_name":"\"Advertisement by J. 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Robinson Co., Los Angeles\", The Department Store Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.lamag.com/askchris/a-look-back-at-robinsons-as-the-glamorous-beverly-hills-store-is-demolished/","external_links_name":"\"A Look Back at Robinson's as the Glamorous Beverly Hills Store is Demolished\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-robinsons-beverly-hills-20140723-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Demolition of famed Beverly Hills department store begins\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31252759/the-desert-sun/","external_links_name":"\"Robinson's celebrating 75th anniversary\", Desert Sun(Palm Springs, CA), January 9, 1958"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56111929/epilogue-jw-robinsons-palm-springs/","external_links_name":"\"World Market Plan Dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.palmspringslife.com/modernism-week-camp-2020/","external_links_name":"\"Where to CAMP Out at Modernism Week in Palm Springs\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53011896/robinsons-pasadena-store-to-open-today/","external_links_name":"\"Robinson's Pasadena Store to Open Today\""},{"Link":"https://www.target.com/sl/pasadena/883","external_links_name":"\"Pasadena\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45279335/panorama-city-store-opened-by/","external_links_name":"\"Panorama City Store Opened by Robinson's\", Los Angeles Times, June 28, 1961"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53027823/glendale-fashion-center-has-anniversary/","external_links_name":"\"Glendale Fashion Center Has Anniversary\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52965433/robinsons-to-open-on-monday-in-santa/","external_links_name":"\"Robinson's to Open on Monday in Santa Anita Fashion Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53026674/robinsons-brea-opening/","external_links_name":"\"Robinson's Brea opening\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iecbAAAAIBAJ&pg=4843,5614889&dq=south-gate-shopping-plaza%20robinson%27s&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Sarasota Herald-Tribune – Google News Archive Search\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB3678F02CB1737&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"Miami Herald: Search Results\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_Funky	That's Funky	["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","3.1 Production","4 References"]	1995 studio album by Benny Golson Funky QuintetThat's FunkyStudio album by Benny Golson Funky QuintetReleased1995RecordedDecember 22 & 23, 1994Studio39th Street Music, NYGenreJazzLength49:01LabelMeldac JazzMECJ-30001ProducerMakoto KimataBenny Golson chronology I Remember Miles(1993) That's Funky(1995) Tenor Legacy(1996) Arkadia Jazz cover That's Funky is an album by saxophonist/composer Benny Golson that was recorded in 1994 and originally released by the Japanese Meldac Jazz label before being reissued by Arkadia Jazz in 2001. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings The AllMusic review by Michael G. Nastos said "As an originator of the initial soul-funk movement of the '60s when he was with Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, Golson is eminently qualified to funkify jazz and R&B-flavored instrumental music. Nat Adderley plays cornet alongside Golson's tenor in this, one of his last recordings before he passed away ... Though they're not swinging, for the most part, in conventional 2/4 or 4/4 jazz beats, in a sense they are swinging in their own inimitable, danceable, street-derived, backbeat-driven way á la Silver, Stanley Turrentine, and Grant Green, among others. Those inventors of this boogaloo-influenced subgenre should be happy with Golson's results". All About Jazz's C. Michael Bailey stated "All of the performances are splendidly executed, solos well considered, and performance spontaneously conceived ... What could possibly be better? In two words: the originals. That is not to slight the performances here, they are very fine. I would encourage all who read this to buy this disc and once curious, invest in the original recordings of these tunes. You cannot go wrong.There is no mixed bag here; this is an excellent disc. It will be a fine addition to any fan of jazz. But the originals are brilliant artifacts that while old are still essential to the proper understanding of this great American music". JazzTimes' John Murph observed "With this aptly described quintet, tenor saxophonist Benny Golson pays tribute to the stylistic idiom that made him famous-hard bop. By channeling his R&B sensibilities, which go back to his 1950s days with Bull Moose, Golson interprets a handful of war horses ... While some may argue that the material on That’s Funky is overdue for a moratorium, Golson’s Funky Quintet has ingeniously crafted worthy interpretations that sound fresh without sentimentality or overt pretensions". Track listing All compositions by Benny Golson except where noted "Mack the Knife (Funky Version)" (Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht) – 5:38 "Moanin'" (Bobby Timmons) – 7:57 "Sidewinder" (Lee Morgan) – 6:11 "Mississippi Windows" – 8:16 "Work Song" (Nat Adderley) – 6:21 "Moritat (Modern Bebop Version)" (Weill, Brecht) – 6:01 "Blues March – 8:37 Personnel Benny Golson – tenor saxophone, arranger Nat Adderley – trumpet Monty Alexander – piano Ray Drummond – bass Marvin "Smitty" Smith – drums Production Makoto Kimata – producer Dennis Wall – engineer References ^ discography: album details accessed March 25, 2019 ^ Benny Golson website: discography accessed March 25, 2019 ^ Jazzdisco: Benny Golson catalog accessed March 25, 2019 ^ a b Nastos, Michael G.. Benny Golson: That's Funky – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved March 25, 2019. ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 569. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0. ^ Bailey, C. M. All About Jazz Review, accessed March 25, 2019 ^ Murph, J., JazzTimes Review, accessed March 25, 2019 Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"saxophonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophonist"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Benny Golson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Golson"},{"link_name":"Meldac Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldac"},{"link_name":"Arkadia Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkadia_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"That's Funky is an album by saxophonist/composer Benny Golson that was recorded in 1994 and originally released by the Japanese Meldac Jazz label before being reissued by Arkadia Jazz in 2001.[1][2][3]","title":"That's Funky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"cornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_horn"},{"link_name":"boogaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogaloo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"All About Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAJ-6"},{"link_name":"JazzTimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JazzTimes"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophonist"},{"link_name":"Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The AllMusic review by Michael G. Nastos said \"As an originator of the initial soul-funk movement of the '60s when he was with Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, Golson is eminently qualified to funkify jazz and R&B-flavored instrumental music. Nat Adderley plays cornet alongside Golson's tenor in this, one of his last recordings before he passed away ... Though they're not swinging, for the most part, in conventional 2/4 or 4/4 jazz beats, in a sense they are swinging in their own inimitable, danceable, street-derived, backbeat-driven way á la Silver, Stanley Turrentine, and Grant Green, among others. Those inventors of this boogaloo-influenced subgenre should be happy with Golson's results\".[4]All About Jazz's C. Michael Bailey stated \"All of the performances are splendidly executed, solos well considered, and performance spontaneously conceived ... What could possibly be better? In two words: the originals. That is not to slight the performances here, they are very fine. I would encourage all who read this to buy this disc and once curious, invest in the original recordings of these tunes. You cannot go wrong.There is no mixed bag here; this is an excellent disc. It will be a fine addition to any fan of jazz. But the originals are brilliant artifacts that while old are still essential to the proper understanding of this great American music\".[6]JazzTimes' John Murph observed \"With this aptly described quintet, tenor saxophonist Benny Golson pays tribute to the stylistic idiom that made him famous-hard bop. By channeling his R&B sensibilities, which go back to his 1950s days with Bull Moose, Golson interprets a handful of war horses ... While some may argue that the material on That’s Funky is overdue for a moratorium, Golson’s Funky Quintet has ingeniously crafted worthy interpretations that sound fresh without sentimentality or overt pretensions\".[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mack the Knife (Funky Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_the_Knife"},{"link_name":"Kurt Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Weill"},{"link_name":"Bertolt Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"},{"link_name":"Moanin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moanin%27_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Timmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Timmons"},{"link_name":"Sidewinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sidewinder_(composition)"},{"link_name":"Lee Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Blues March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_March"}],"text":"All compositions by Benny Golson except where noted\"Mack the Knife (Funky Version)\" (Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht) – 5:38\n\"Moanin'\" (Bobby Timmons) – 7:57\n\"Sidewinder\" (Lee Morgan) – 6:11\n\"Mississippi Windows\" – 8:16\n\"Work Song\" (Nat Adderley) – 6:21\n\"Moritat (Modern Bebop Version)\" (Weill, Brecht) – 6:01\n\"Blues March – 8:37","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benny Golson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Golson"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"arranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"Nat Adderley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Adderley"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Monty Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Alexander"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Ray Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Drummond"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Marvin \"Smitty\" Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Smith"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"Benny Golson – tenor saxophone, arranger\nNat Adderley – trumpet\nMonty Alexander – piano\nRay Drummond – bass\nMarvin \"Smitty\" Smith – drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_engineer"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Makoto Kimata – producer\nDennis Wall – engineer","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 569. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cook_(journalist)","url_text":"Cook, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morton_(Scottish_writer)","url_text":"Morton, Brian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz","url_text":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-03401-0","url_text":"978-0-141-03401-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.viewb2bonline.com/www/ar70743.html","external_links_name":"discography: album details"},{"Link":"https://www.bennygolson.com/discography.html","external_links_name":"Benny Golson website: discography"},{"Link":"https://www.jazzdisco.org/benny-golson/catalog/#meldac-jazz-mecj-30001","external_links_name":"Jazzdisco: Benny Golson catalog"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000056533","external_links_name":"Benny Golson: That's Funky – Review"},{"Link":"https://www.allaboutjazz.com/that-benny-golson-arkadia-jazz-review-by-c-michael-bailey.php","external_links_name":"All About Jazz Review"},{"Link":"https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/benny-golson-funky-quintet-thats-funky/","external_links_name":"JazzTimes Review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/13e8ed62-c6c0-3226-9c25-6051fa0b04c2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Frunzetti	Ion Frunzetti	["1 Notes"]	Romanian art historian, poet and translator Ion Frunzetti Ion Frunzetti (1918–1985) was a Romanian art critic and historian. He was vice president of the Union of Fine Artists, head of the Literature and Arts Section of the Academy of Social and Political Sciences, professor at Bucharest's Nicolae Grigorescu Fine Arts Institute and, for a time, director of the Institute of Art History and of Editura Meridiane. Notes ^ "Books", in Romanian Review, vol. 39, p.83. Europolis Publishing House, 1985 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ion-Frunzetti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Grigorescu Fine Arts Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest_National_University_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Editura Meridiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Editura_Meridiane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ion FrunzettiIon Frunzetti (1918–1985) was a Romanian art critic and historian. He was vice president of the Union of Fine Artists, head of the Literature and Arts Section of the Academy of Social and Political Sciences, professor at Bucharest's Nicolae Grigorescu Fine Arts Institute and, for a time, director of the Institute of Art History and of Editura Meridiane.[1]","title":"Ion Frunzetti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17626649#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000079785816"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/85802844"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrmdHwbmpwGFBVyTRTWDq"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1124398"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/128296720"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271441705171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14620789"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n86103329"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0076684&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131425307"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810701608205606"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/066514193"}],"text":"^ \"Books\", in Romanian Review, vol. 39, p.83. Europolis Publishing House, 1985Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nNetherlands\nPoland\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Ion Frunzetti","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ion-Frunzetti.jpg/220px-Ion-Frunzetti.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000079785816","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/85802844","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrmdHwbmpwGFBVyTRTWDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1124398","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/128296720","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271441705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14620789","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86103329","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0076684&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131425307","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810701608205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/066514193","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamic_nucleus	List of thalamic nuclei	["1 Related topic","2 External links"]	List of thalamic nucleiThalamic nuclei: MNG = Midline nuclear groupAN = Anterior nuclear group MD = Medial dorsal nucleus VNG = Ventral nuclear group VA = Ventral anterior nucleus VL = Ventral lateral nucleus VPL = Ventral posterolateral nucleus VPM = Ventral posteromedial nucleus LNG = Lateral nuclear group PUL = Pulvinar MTh = Metathalamus LG = Lateral geniculate nucleus MG = Medial geniculate nucleusThalamic nucleiIdentifiersMeSHD013787TA98A14.1.08.602Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy This traditional list does not accord strictly with human thalamic anatomy. Nuclear groups of the thalamus include: anterior nuclear group anteroventral nucleus anterodorsal nucleus anteromedial nucleus superficial ("lateral dorsal") medial nuclear group (or dorsomedial nucleus) parvocellular part magnocellular part midline nuclear group or paramedian paratenial nucleus paraventricular nucleus of thalamus reuniens nucleus rhomboidal nucleus Intralaminar nuclear group (Intralaminar nuclei) anterior (rostral) group paracentral nucleus central lateral nucleus central medial nucleus posterior (caudal) intralaminar group centromedian nucleus parafascicular nucleus lateral nuclear group in fact a false entity replaced by posterior region pulvinar anterior pulvinar nucleus lateral pulvinar nucleus medial pulvinar nucleus inferior pulvinar nucleus lateral posterior nucleus belongs to pulvinar (lateral dorsal nucleus) belongs to anterior group ventral nuclear group ventral anterior nucleus ventral lateral nucleus ventral intermediate nucleus ventral posterior nucleus or ventrobasal complex ventral posterolateral ventral posteromedial ventral intermediate nucleus metathalamus no longer used for the geniculate group medial geniculate body lateral geniculate body thalamic reticular nucleus part of the ventral thalamus Related topic Human brain Outline of the human nervous system List of regions in the human brain External links Diagram at University of Memphis vteAnatomy of the diencephalon of the human brainEpithalamusSurface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ ThalamusSurface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter/nuclei paired: AN Ventral VA/VL VP/VPM/VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline: MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic tract Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae HypothalamusSurface Median eminence/Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matterAutonomic zones Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation) Endocrine posterior pituitary: Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin/vasopressin other: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) Preoptic (GnRH) Suprachiasmatic (melatonin) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Stria terminalis Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic tract Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis (Fields of Forel) Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)"},{"link_name":"thalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus"},{"link_name":"anterior nuclear group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_nuclear_group"},{"link_name":"anteroventral nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anteroventral_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"anterodorsal nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anterodorsal_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"anteromedial nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anteromedial_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dorsomedial nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_dorsal_nucleus"},{"link_name":"parvocellular part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvocellular_part"},{"link_name":"magnocellular part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnocellular_part"},{"link_name":"midline nuclear group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midline_nuclear_group"},{"link_name":"paratenial nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratenial_nucleus"},{"link_name":"paraventricular nucleus of thalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraventricular_nucleus_of_thalamus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"reuniens nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuniens_nucleus"},{"link_name":"rhomboidal nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhomboidal_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Intralaminar nuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intralaminar_nuclei_of_thalamus"},{"link_name":"paracentral nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paracentral_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"central lateral nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_lateral_nucleus"},{"link_name":"central medial nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_medial_nucleus"},{"link_name":"centromedian nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromedian_nucleus"},{"link_name":"lateral nuclear group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_nuclear_group"},{"link_name":"pulvinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvinar_nuclei"},{"link_name":"anterior pulvinar nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_pulvinar_nucleus"},{"link_name":"lateral pulvinar nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_pulvinar_nucleus"},{"link_name":"medial pulvinar nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_pulvinar_nucleus"},{"link_name":"inferior pulvinar nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_pulvinar_nucleus"},{"link_name":"lateral posterior nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_posterior_nucleus"},{"link_name":"lateral dorsal nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_dorsal_nucleus"},{"link_name":"ventral nuclear group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_nuclear_group"},{"link_name":"ventral anterior nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus"},{"link_name":"ventral lateral nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus"},{"link_name":"ventral intermediate nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ventral_intermediate_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ventral posterior nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_posterior_nucleus"},{"link_name":"ventrobasal complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrobasal_complex"},{"link_name":"ventral posterolateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_posterolateral"},{"link_name":"ventral posteromedial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_posteromedial"},{"link_name":"ventral intermediate nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ventral_intermediate_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"metathalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metathalamus"},{"link_name":"medial geniculate body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_geniculate_body"},{"link_name":"lateral geniculate body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_body"},{"link_name":"thalamic reticular nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamic_reticular_nucleus"}],"text":"This traditional list does not accord strictly with human thalamic anatomy.Nuclear groups of the thalamus include:anterior nuclear group\nanteroventral nucleus\nanterodorsal nucleus\nanteromedial nucleus\nsuperficial (\"lateral dorsal\")\nmedial nuclear group (or dorsomedial nucleus)\nparvocellular part\nmagnocellular part\nmidline nuclear group or paramedian\nparatenial nucleus\nparaventricular nucleus of thalamus\nreuniens nucleus\nrhomboidal nucleus\nIntralaminar nuclear group (Intralaminar nuclei)\nanterior (rostral) group\nparacentral nucleus\ncentral lateral nucleus\ncentral medial nucleus\nposterior (caudal) intralaminar group\ncentromedian nucleus\nparafascicular nucleus\nlateral nuclear group in fact a false entity replaced by\nposterior region\npulvinar\nanterior pulvinar nucleus\nlateral pulvinar nucleus\nmedial pulvinar nucleus\ninferior pulvinar nucleus\nlateral posterior nucleus belongs to pulvinar\n(lateral dorsal nucleus) belongs to anterior group\nventral nuclear group\nventral anterior nucleus\nventral lateral nucleus\nventral intermediate nucleus\nventral posterior nucleus or ventrobasal complex\nventral posterolateral\nventral posteromedial\nventral intermediate nucleus\nmetathalamus no longer used for the geniculate group\nmedial geniculate body\nlateral geniculate body\nthalamic reticular nucleus part of the ventral thalamus","title":"List of thalamic nuclei"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain"},{"link_name":"Outline of the human nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_human_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"List of regions in the human brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain"}],"text":"Human brain\nOutline of the human nervous system\nList of regions in the human brain","title":"Related topic"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013787","external_links_name":"D013787"},{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.08.602%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A14.1.08.602"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060517052720/http://neuro.psyc.memphis.edu/NeuroPsyc/np-ugp-i-thal1.htm","external_links_name":"Diagram"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.08.602","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(wide_receiver)	Michael Wilson (wide receiver)	["1 Early years","2 College career","3 Professional career","4 NFL career statistics","4.1 Regular season","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]	American football player (born 2000) This article is about the American/New Zealand Football player born in 2000. For the player born in 1958, see Mike Wilson (wide receiver). For other persons with similar names, see Michael Wilson (disambiguation). American football player Michael WilsonNo. 14 – Arizona CardinalsPosition:Wide receiverPersonal informationBorn: (2000-02-23) February 23, 2000 (age 24)Simi Valley, California, U.S.Height:6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight:213 lb (97 kg)Career informationHigh school:Chaminade College Prep(Los Angeles, California)College:Stanford (2018–2022)NFL draft:2023 / Round: 3 / Pick: 94Career history Arizona Cardinals (2023–present) Roster status:ActiveCareer NFL statistics as of 2023Receptions:38Receiving yards:565Receiving average:14.9Receiving touchdowns:3Player stats at PFR Michael George Wilson (born February 23, 2000) is an American football wide receiver for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Stanford. Early years Wilson is the son of Orville and Ngaire Wilson. His father was born in Jamaica and his mother, Ngaire, was born in Wellington, New Zealand, and Wilson is the nephew of Maureen Jacobson, who played for the New Zealand women's national football team. Wilson grew up in Simi Valley, California and attended Chaminade College Preparatory School. As a junior, he caught 70 passes for 1,278 yards and 12 touchdowns. Wilson was rated a four-star recruit and committed to play college football at Stanford after considering Notre Dame. College career Wilson played in all 13 of Stanford's games during his freshman season. He became a starter as a sophomore and led the Cardinal with 56 receptions and 672 receiving yards while scoring 5 touchdowns. Wilson caught 19 passes for 261 yards and one touchdown in the first four games of his junior season before suffering a foot injury. Wilson missed the beginning of his senior year due to the foot injury that he suffered in the previous season. He returned for the final four games and had 19 receptions for 185 yards. Wilson used the extra year of eligibility granted to college athletes in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and returned to Stanford for a fifth season. He caught 26 passes 418 yards and four touchdowns in six games before suffering a season-ending injury. Professional career Pre-draft measurables Height Weight Arm length Hand span 40-yard dash 10-yard split 20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Three-cone drill Vertical jump Broad jump Bench press 6 ft 1+7⁄8 in(1.88 m) 213 lb(97 kg) 31 in(0.79 m) 9+3⁄4 in(0.25 m) 4.58 s 1.50 s 2.61 s 4.17 s 6.81 s 37.5 in(0.95 m) 10 ft 5 in(3.18 m) 23 reps Sources: Despite not playing a full season of College Football due to injuries since 2019, Wilson was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round, 94th overall, of the 2023 NFL draft. In Week 4 of the 2023 season, he had two receiving touchdowns in a loss to the San Francisco 49ers. NFL career statistics Legend Bold Career high Regular season Year Team Games Receiving Rushing Fumbles GP GS Rec Yds Avg Lng TD Att Yds Avg Lng TD Fum Lost 2023 ARI 13 12 38 565 14.9 69 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Career 13 12 38 565 14.9 69 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Personal life Wilson is in a relationship with professional soccer player Sophia Smith. They got engaged in June 2024. References ^ "2022 Football roster: Michael Wilson". Stanford University Athletics. Retrieved May 1, 2023. ^ "Michael Wilson (WR): Bio, News, Stats & more". www.azcardinals.com. ^ Dayal, Zion (May 1, 2023). "Lifelong NFL dream comes true for college standout with Kiwi roots". 1 News. Retrieved May 1, 2023. ^ Sondheimer, Eric (August 16, 2017). "Stanford recruit Michael Wilson living a dream". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 3, 2023. ^ McKinney, David (February 21, 2017). "Rivals250 WR Michael Wilson Lands Offer From Notre Dame". Rivals.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023. ^ Smith, Cam (March 31, 2017). "Stanford lands commitment from 4-star WR Michael Wilson". USATodayHSS.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023. ^ FitzGerald, Tom (December 20, 2017). "Thanks to early signing date, Stanford class is still a work in progress". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 3, 2023. ^ "Stanford football: Two starting receivers ruled out vs. Oregon State". East Bay Times. December 8, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2023. ^ Borba, Kevin (August 11, 2022). "Stanford receiving corps ranks as one of the best in the country". SI.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023. ^ Parker, Ben (December 31, 2021). "Stanford WR Michael Wilson back for one more year on The Farm". Rivals.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023. ^ Borba, Kevin (January 31, 2023). "Stanford's Michael Wilson named a standout at Reese's Senior Bowl practice". SI.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023. ^ "Michael Wilson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved April 26, 2023. ^ "2023 NFL Draft Scout Michael Wilson College Football Profile". DraftScout.com. Retrieved April 26, 2023. ^ Urban, Darren (April 28, 2023). "Cardinals Use Third-Round Picks On CB Garrett Williams, WR Michael Wilson". AZCardinals.com. ^ "Arizona Cardinals at San Francisco 49ers - October 1st, 2023". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-11-05. ^ Odom, Joel (2023-04-29). "Portland Thorns star's boyfriend picked in 3rd round of NFL draft". OregonLive. Retrieved 2023-11-05. ^ "Instagram". External links Arizona Cardinals bio Stanford Cardinal bio vteArizona Cardinals 2023 NFL draft selections Paris Johnson Jr. BJ Ojulari Garrett Williams Michael Wilson Jon Gaines II Clayton Tune Owen Pappoe Kei'Trel Clark Dante Stills vteArizona Cardinals rosterActive 0 Zach Pascal 1 Kyler Murray 2 Mack Wilson 3 Budda Baker 4 Greg Dortch 5 Matt Prater 6 James Conner 7 Kyzir White 9 BJ Ojulari 10 Chris Moore 12 Blake Gillikin 12 Zay Jones 13 Kei'Trel Clark 14 Michael Wilson 15 Clayton Tune 16 Max Melton 17 Dan Chisena 18 Marvin Harrison Jr. 19 Desmond Ridder 20 DeeJay Dallas 21 Garrett Williams 22 Michael Carter 23 Sean Murphy-Bunting 24 Starling Thomas V 25 Zaven Collins 26 Bobby Price 27 Divaad Wilson 28 Elijah Jones 29 Michael Ojemudia 30 Darren Hall 30 Xavier Weaver 31 Emari Demercado 32 Joey Blount 34 Jalen Thompson 35 Verone McKinley III 36 Andre Chachere 37 Tony Jones Jr. 38 Daniel Arias 39 Jaden Davis 41 Markus Bailey 42 Dadrion Taylor-Demerson 43 Jesse Luketa 44 Owen Pappoe 45 Dennis Gardeck 46 Aaron Brewer 47 Joe Shimko 50 Tyreke Smith 51 Krys Barnes 52 Victor Dimukeje 53 Trevor Nowaske 54 Xavier Thomas 55 Dante Stills 56 Darius Robinson 57 Myles Murphy 58 Tyreek Maddox-Williams 59 Jon Gaines II 60 Keith Ismael 61 Carter O'Donnell 62 Evan Brown 63 Trystan Colon 65 Elijah Wilkinson 66 Jackson Barton 67 Austen Pleasants 68 Kelvin Beachum 70 Paris Johnson Jr. 71 Dennis Daley 72 Hjalte Froholdt 73 Jonah Williams 74 Isaiah Adams 75 Christian Jones 76 Will Hernandez 78 Marquis Hayes 79 Phil Hoskins 80 Bernhard Seikovits (Int.) 81 Travis Vokolek 82 Andre Baccellia 83 Tejhaun Palmer 84 Elijah Higgins 85 Trey McBride 86 Jeff Smith 87 Tip Reiman 89 Blake Whiteheart 90 Ben Stille 91 L. J. Collier 92 Bilal Nichols 93 Justin Jones 95 Khyiris Tonga 96 Naquan Jones 97 Cameron Thomas 98 Roy Lopez Unsigned draft picks 33 Trey Benson AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LV LAC NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Wilson (wide receiver)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wilson_(wide_receiver)"},{"link_name":"Michael Wilson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"wide receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football"}],"text":"This article is about the American/New \nZealand Football player born in 2000. For the player born in 1958, see Mike Wilson (wide receiver). For other persons with similar names, see Michael Wilson (disambiguation).American football playerMichael George Wilson (born February 23, 2000) is an American football wide receiver for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Stanford.","title":"Michael Wilson (wide receiver)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Maureen Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Jacobson"},{"link_name":"New Zealand women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Simi Valley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"Chaminade College Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaminade_College_Preparatory_School_(California)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"touchdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdowns"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Wilson is the son of Orville and Ngaire Wilson.[1] His father was born in Jamaica and his mother, Ngaire, was born in Wellington, New Zealand, and Wilson is the nephew of Maureen Jacobson, who played for the New Zealand women's national football team.[2][3] Wilson grew up in Simi Valley, California and attended Chaminade College Preparatory School.[4] As a junior, he caught 70 passes for 1,278 yards and 12 touchdowns.[5] Wilson was rated a four-star recruit and committed to play college football at Stanford after considering Notre Dame.[6][7]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Wilson played in all 13 of Stanford's games during his freshman season. He became a starter as a sophomore and led the Cardinal with 56 receptions and 672 receiving yards while scoring 5 touchdowns. Wilson caught 19 passes for 261 yards and one touchdown in the first four games of his junior season before suffering a foot injury.[8] Wilson missed the beginning of his senior year due to the foot injury that he suffered in the previous season. He returned for the final four games and had 19 receptions for 185 yards.[9] Wilson used the extra year of eligibility granted to college athletes in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and returned to Stanford for a fifth season.[10] He caught 26 passes 418 yards and four touchdowns in six games before suffering a season-ending injury.[11]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"2023 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Despite not playing a full season of College Football due to injuries since 2019, Wilson was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round, 94th overall, of the 2023 NFL draft.[14] In Week 4 of the 2023 season, he had two receiving touchdowns in a loss to the San Francisco 49ers.[15]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NFL career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"NFL career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sophia Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(soccer,_born_2000)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Wilson is in a relationship with professional soccer player Sophia Smith.[16] They got engaged in June 2024.[17]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"2022 Football roster: Michael Wilson\". Stanford University Athletics. Retrieved May 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gostanford.com/sports/football/roster/michael-wilson/19055","url_text":"\"2022 Football roster: Michael Wilson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Wilson (WR): Bio, News, Stats & more\". www.azcardinals.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcardinals.com/team/players-roster/michael-wilson/","url_text":"\"Michael Wilson (WR): Bio, News, Stats & more\""}]},{"reference":"Dayal, Zion (May 1, 2023). \"Lifelong NFL dream comes true for college standout with Kiwi roots\". 1 News. Retrieved May 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/05/01/lifelong-nfl-dream-comes-true-for-college-standout-with-kiwi-roots/","url_text":"\"Lifelong NFL dream comes true for college standout with Kiwi roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_News","url_text":"1 News"}]},{"reference":"Sondheimer, Eric (August 16, 2017). \"Stanford recruit Michael Wilson living a dream\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/sports/highschool/varsity-times/la-sp-receiver-michael-wilson-20170816-story.html","url_text":"\"Stanford recruit Michael Wilson living a dream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"McKinney, David (February 21, 2017). \"Rivals250 WR Michael Wilson Lands Offer From Notre Dame\". Rivals.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://notredame.rivals.com/news/rivals250-wr-michael-wilson-lands-offer-from-notre-dame","url_text":"\"Rivals250 WR Michael Wilson Lands Offer From Notre Dame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivals.com","url_text":"Rivals.com"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Cam (March 31, 2017). \"Stanford lands commitment from 4-star WR Michael Wilson\". USATodayHSS.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://usatodayhss.com/2017/stanford-lands-commitment-from-4-star-wr-michael-wilson","url_text":"\"Stanford lands commitment from 4-star WR Michael Wilson\""}]},{"reference":"FitzGerald, Tom (December 20, 2017). \"Thanks to early signing date, Stanford class is still a work in progress\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/collegesports/article/Thanks-to-early-signing-date-Stanford-class-is-12445355.php","url_text":"\"Thanks to early signing date, Stanford class is still a work in progress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Stanford football: Two starting receivers ruled out vs. Oregon State\". East Bay Times. December 8, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2020/12/08/stanford-football-two-starting-receivers-ruled-out-vs-oregon-state/","url_text":"\"Stanford football: Two starting receivers ruled out vs. Oregon State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Times","url_text":"East Bay Times"}]},{"reference":"Borba, Kevin (August 11, 2022). \"Stanford receiving corps ranks as one of the best in the country\". SI.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college/stanford/football/stanford-receiving-corps-ranks-as-one-of-the-best-in-the-country","url_text":"\"Stanford receiving corps ranks as one of the best in the country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI.com","url_text":"SI.com"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Ben (December 31, 2021). \"Stanford WR Michael Wilson back for one more year on The Farm\". Rivals.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stanford.rivals.com/news/stanford-wr-michael-wilson-back-for-one-more-year-on-the-farm","url_text":"\"Stanford WR Michael Wilson back for one more year on The Farm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivals.com","url_text":"Rivals.com"}]},{"reference":"Borba, Kevin (January 31, 2023). \"Stanford's Michael Wilson named a standout at Reese's Senior Bowl practice\". SI.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college/stanford/football/stanfords-michael-wilson-named-a-standout-at-reeses-senior-bowl-practice","url_text":"\"Stanford's Michael Wilson named a standout at Reese's Senior Bowl practice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI.com","url_text":"SI.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Wilson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\". NFL.com. Retrieved April 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/michael-wilson/32005749-4c75-2419-b58e-7c21d98d871e","url_text":"\"Michael Wilson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 NFL Draft Scout Michael Wilson College Football Profile\". DraftScout.com. Retrieved April 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1022371&DraftYear=2023","url_text":"\"2023 NFL Draft Scout Michael Wilson College Football Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Urban, Darren (April 28, 2023). \"Cardinals Use Third-Round Picks On CB Garrett Williams, WR Michael Wilson\". AZCardinals.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcardinals.com/news/cardinals-build-roster-with-three-third-round-picks-garrett-williams","url_text":"\"Cardinals Use Third-Round Picks On CB Garrett Williams, WR Michael Wilson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arizona Cardinals at San Francisco 49ers - October 1st, 2023\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/202310010sfo.htm","url_text":"\"Arizona Cardinals at San Francisco 49ers - October 1st, 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Odom, Joel (2023-04-29). \"Portland Thorns star's boyfriend picked in 3rd round of NFL draft\". OregonLive. Retrieved 2023-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/nfl/2023/04/portland-thorns-stars-boyfriend-picked-by-arizona-cardinals-in-3rd-round-of-nfl-draft.html","url_text":"\"Portland Thorns star's boyfriend picked in 3rd round of NFL draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/C8QDes8yyPN/?img_index=1","url_text":"\"Instagram\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WilsMi02.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WilsMi02.htm","external_links_name":"Career"},{"Link":"https://gostanford.com/sports/football/roster/michael-wilson/19055","external_links_name":"\"2022 Football roster: Michael Wilson\""},{"Link":"https://www.azcardinals.com/team/players-roster/michael-wilson/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Wilson (WR): Bio, News, Stats & more\""},{"Link":"https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/05/01/lifelong-nfl-dream-comes-true-for-college-standout-with-kiwi-roots/","external_links_name":"\"Lifelong NFL dream comes true for college standout with Kiwi roots\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/sports/highschool/varsity-times/la-sp-receiver-michael-wilson-20170816-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Stanford recruit Michael Wilson living a dream\""},{"Link":"https://notredame.rivals.com/news/rivals250-wr-michael-wilson-lands-offer-from-notre-dame","external_links_name":"\"Rivals250 WR Michael Wilson Lands Offer From Notre Dame\""},{"Link":"https://usatodayhss.com/2017/stanford-lands-commitment-from-4-star-wr-michael-wilson","external_links_name":"\"Stanford lands commitment from 4-star WR Michael Wilson\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/collegesports/article/Thanks-to-early-signing-date-Stanford-class-is-12445355.php","external_links_name":"\"Thanks to early signing date, Stanford class is still a work in progress\""},{"Link":"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2020/12/08/stanford-football-two-starting-receivers-ruled-out-vs-oregon-state/","external_links_name":"\"Stanford football: Two starting receivers ruled out vs. Oregon State\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/college/stanford/football/stanford-receiving-corps-ranks-as-one-of-the-best-in-the-country","external_links_name":"\"Stanford receiving corps ranks as one of the best in the country\""},{"Link":"https://stanford.rivals.com/news/stanford-wr-michael-wilson-back-for-one-more-year-on-the-farm","external_links_name":"\"Stanford WR Michael Wilson back for one more year on The Farm\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/college/stanford/football/stanfords-michael-wilson-named-a-standout-at-reeses-senior-bowl-practice","external_links_name":"\"Stanford's Michael Wilson named a standout at Reese's Senior Bowl practice\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/michael-wilson/32005749-4c75-2419-b58e-7c21d98d871e","external_links_name":"\"Michael Wilson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""},{"Link":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1022371&DraftYear=2023","external_links_name":"\"2023 NFL Draft Scout Michael Wilson College Football Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.azcardinals.com/news/cardinals-build-roster-with-three-third-round-picks-garrett-williams","external_links_name":"\"Cardinals Use Third-Round Picks On CB Garrett Williams, WR Michael Wilson\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/202310010sfo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Arizona Cardinals at San Francisco 49ers - October 1st, 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/nfl/2023/04/portland-thorns-stars-boyfriend-picked-by-arizona-cardinals-in-3rd-round-of-nfl-draft.html","external_links_name":"\"Portland Thorns star's boyfriend picked in 3rd round of NFL draft\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/C8QDes8yyPN/?img_index=1","external_links_name":"\"Instagram\""},{"Link":"https://www.azcardinals.com/team/players-roster/michael-wilson/","external_links_name":"Arizona Cardinals bio"},{"Link":"https://gostanford.com/sports/football/roster/michael-wilson/19055","external_links_name":"Stanford Cardinal bio"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmoset_(band)	Marmoset (band)	["1 Critical reception","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]	American indie rock band Not to be confused with Marmozets. MarmosetMarmoset playing at the Melody Inn in 2008Background informationOriginIndianapolis, Indiana, United StatesGenresIndie rockindie popYears active1995–2015LabelsSecretly CanadianJoyful Noise RecordingsMembers Jorma Whittaker Dave Jablonski Jason Cavan Past membersLonPaul Ellrich Marmoset is an American indie rock band based in Indianapolis, Indiana. The band was formed in 1995. Marmoset's members are Jorma Whittaker (bass and vocals), Dave Jablonski (guitar and vocals), and Jason Cavan (drums). Frequent contributor and former full-time member LonPaul Ellrich died in 2008. The vinyl repressing of the album Record in Red is dedicated to his memory. Marmoset has multiple releases on the Secretly Canadian label. In 2009, Marmoset signed to Joyful Noise Recordings. Critical reception In a review of Florist Fired, Pitchfork called the band "one of Secretly Canadian's first and finest discoveries." In its 4-star review, AllMusic wrote that Today It's You is "reminiscent of indie-rock in the early 1980s -- touches of the occasionally dark, Velvet Underground-influenced jangle of the Feelies, Mission of Burma, the less cutesy work of the Television Personalities, even the later work of Wire." The Austin Chronicle wrote that "the jarring, twisted sensibilities of Indianapolis' Marmoset embody the best qualities of early Sebadoh, halting time and dissonant guitars building a teetering jungle-gym for Jorma Whitaker's odd, brown-paper-bag vocals." Tiny Mix Tapes panned Tea Torndao, writing that "no display of intellectual gymnastics can redeem a collection of pop songs as joyless as this." Exclaim! deemed The Record In Red to be one of the best records of 2001. Indianapolis paper NUVO wrote that the band "could be considered local legends." Discography HiddenForbidden (1997) Today It's You (1999) The Record In Red (2001) Mishawaka (2002) Florist Fired (2007) Tea Tornado (2009) References ^ "Marmoset \| Biography & History". AllMusic. ^ "Marmoset, Record in Red". The Indianapolis Star: 15. January 18, 2002. ^ a b "Music Review: Marmoset - Tea Tornado". Tiny Mix Tapes. ^ "Mileposts". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. May 31, 2008 – via Google Books. ^ Shoger, Scott. "Marmoset". Nuvo.net. Retrieved 24 October 2018. ^ "Marmoset - Secretly Canadian". Secretlycanadian.com. Retrieved 24 October 2018. ^ "MARMOSET :: JOYFUL NOISE RECORDINGS". Joyfulnoiserecordings.com. 14 May 2012. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2018. ^ "Marmoset: Florist Fired". Pitchfork. ^ "Today It's You - Marmoset \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic" – via www.allmusic.com. ^ "SXSW Picks & Sleepers". www.austinchronicle.com. ^ "Jorma Whittaker of Marmoset". exclaim.ca. ^ "Review: Marmoset at Radio Radio". Nuvo. Retrieved 11 November 2020. External links Record Label Joyful Noise's page for Marmoset Marmoset Discography on Discogs for Marmoset Defining Marmoset, a Band out of Time NUVO article Musical Family Tree page for Marmoset Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marmozets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmozets"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TM-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Secretly Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretly_Canadian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Joyful Noise Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyful_Noise_Recordings"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Marmozets.Marmoset is an American indie rock band based in Indianapolis, Indiana.[1][2] The band was formed in 1995.[3]Marmoset's members are Jorma Whittaker (bass and vocals), Dave Jablonski (guitar and vocals), and Jason Cavan (drums). Frequent contributor and former full-time member LonPaul Ellrich died in 2008.[4] The vinyl repressing of the album Record in Red is dedicated to his memory.[5]Marmoset has multiple releases on the Secretly Canadian label.[6] In 2009, Marmoset signed to Joyful Noise Recordings.[7]","title":"Marmoset (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Austin Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tiny Mix Tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Mix_Tapes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TM-3"},{"link_name":"Exclaim!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"NUVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvo_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In a review of Florist Fired, Pitchfork called the band \"one of Secretly Canadian's first and finest discoveries.\"[8] In its 4-star review, AllMusic wrote that Today It's You is \"reminiscent of indie-rock in the early 1980s -- touches of the occasionally dark, Velvet Underground-influenced jangle of the Feelies, Mission of Burma, the less cutesy work of the Television Personalities, even the later work of Wire.\"[9] The Austin Chronicle wrote that \"the jarring, twisted sensibilities of Indianapolis' Marmoset embody the best qualities of early Sebadoh, halting time and dissonant guitars building a teetering jungle-gym for Jorma Whitaker's odd, brown-paper-bag vocals.\"[10] Tiny Mix Tapes panned Tea Torndao, writing that \"no display of intellectual gymnastics can redeem a collection of pop songs as joyless as this.\"[3]Exclaim! deemed The Record In Red to be one of the best records of 2001.[11] Indianapolis paper NUVO wrote that the band \"could be considered local legends.\"[12]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"HiddenForbidden (1997)\nToday It's You (1999)\nThe Record In Red (2001)\nMishawaka (2002)\nFlorist Fired (2007)\nTea Tornado (2009)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Marmoset \| Biography & History\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/marmoset-mn0000341449/biography","url_text":"\"Marmoset \| Biography & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marmoset, Record in Red\". The Indianapolis Star: 15. January 18, 2002.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Music Review: Marmoset - Tea Tornado\". Tiny Mix Tapes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/marmoset-tea-tornado","url_text":"\"Music Review: Marmoset - Tea Tornado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mileposts\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. May 31, 2008 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2hIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=marmoset+jorma+indiana&pg=PA60","url_text":"\"Mileposts\""}]},{"reference":"Shoger, Scott. \"Marmoset\". Nuvo.net. Retrieved 24 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/marmoset/Content?oid=1211465","url_text":"\"Marmoset\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marmoset - Secretly Canadian\". Secretlycanadian.com. Retrieved 24 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.secretlycanadian.com/artist.php?name=marmoset","url_text":"\"Marmoset - Secretly Canadian\""}]},{"reference":"\"MARMOSET :: JOYFUL NOISE RECORDINGS\". Joyfulnoiserecordings.com. 14 May 2012. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120514012535/http://www.joyfulnoiserecordings.com/artists/marmoset","url_text":"\"MARMOSET :: JOYFUL NOISE RECORDINGS\""},{"url":"http://www.joyfulnoiserecordings.com/artists/marmoset","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Marmoset: Florist Fired\". Pitchfork.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/10479-florist-fired/","url_text":"\"Marmoset: Florist Fired\""}]},{"reference":"\"Today It's You - Marmoset \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic\" – via www.allmusic.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/today-its-you-mw0000667474","url_text":"\"Today It's You - Marmoset \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"SXSW Picks & Sleepers\". www.austinchronicle.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2001-03-16/sxsw-picks-and-sleepers-friday-picks/","url_text":"\"SXSW Picks & Sleepers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jorma Whittaker of Marmoset\". exclaim.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://exclaim.ca/music/article/jorma_whittaker_of_marmoset","url_text":"\"Jorma Whittaker of Marmoset\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Marmoset at Radio Radio\". Nuvo. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nuvo.newsnirvana.com/music/review-marmoset-at-radio-radio/article_3778f3d6-0533-5dd4-bf28-376881a7c8a3.html","url_text":"\"Review: Marmoset at Radio Radio\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/marmoset-mn0000341449/biography","external_links_name":"\"Marmoset \| Biography & History\""},{"Link":"https://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/marmoset-tea-tornado","external_links_name":"\"Music Review: Marmoset - Tea Tornado\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2hIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=marmoset+jorma+indiana&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"\"Mileposts\""},{"Link":"http://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/marmoset/Content?oid=1211465","external_links_name":"\"Marmoset\""},{"Link":"http://www.secretlycanadian.com/artist.php?name=marmoset","external_links_name":"\"Marmoset - Secretly Canadian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120514012535/http://www.joyfulnoiserecordings.com/artists/marmoset","external_links_name":"\"MARMOSET :: JOYFUL NOISE RECORDINGS\""},{"Link":"http://www.joyfulnoiserecordings.com/artists/marmoset","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/10479-florist-fired/","external_links_name":"\"Marmoset: Florist Fired\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/today-its-you-mw0000667474","external_links_name":"\"Today It's You - Marmoset \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2001-03-16/sxsw-picks-and-sleepers-friday-picks/","external_links_name":"\"SXSW Picks & Sleepers\""},{"Link":"https://exclaim.ca/music/article/jorma_whittaker_of_marmoset","external_links_name":"\"Jorma Whittaker of Marmoset\""},{"Link":"https://nuvo.newsnirvana.com/music/review-marmoset-at-radio-radio/article_3778f3d6-0533-5dd4-bf28-376881a7c8a3.html","external_links_name":"\"Review: Marmoset at Radio Radio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120514012535/http://www.joyfulnoiserecordings.com/artists/marmoset","external_links_name":"Marmoset"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/215881-Marmoset","external_links_name":"Marmoset"},{"Link":"http://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/defining-marmoset-a-band-out-of-time/Content?oid=2344813","external_links_name":"NUVO article"},{"Link":"http://musicalfamilytree.com/band/marmoset","external_links_name":"Marmoset"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000084862046","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d807566c-6fb6-47bb-b2b8-ef6da8d12c6a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_Street_(film)	Trap Street (film)	["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Cast","4 Reception","4.1 Festival screenings, nominations and awards","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	2013 Chinese filmTrap StreetTraditional Chinese水印街Simplified Chinese水印街Hanyu PinyinShuiyin jie Directed byVivian QuWritten byVivian QuProduced bySean ChenStarringLu YulaiHe WenchaoYong HouZhao XiaofeiLiu TiejianLi XinghongCinematographyMatthieu LaclauLi TianEdited byYang HongyuProductioncompanies22 Hours Films, BeijingDistributed byASC Distribution (France) - theatrical releaseRelease date September 1, 2013 (2013-09-01) (Venice) Running time93 minutesCountryChinaLanguageMandarin Trap Street (Chinese: 水印街; pinyin: Shuiyin jie) is a 2013 Chinese film written and directed by debut Chinese film director Vivian Qu and starring Lu Yulai and He Wenchao. It premiered at the 2013 Venice International Film Festival, where it was nominated for the prestigious Luigi De Laurentiis Award. It subsequently won the Dragons and Tigers Award - Special Mention and second place in the Award itself at the Vancouver International Film Festival in the same year, and the Grand Jury Prize at the Boston Independent Film Festival in early 2014. The film tells the story of a young digital map-making surveyor, working for a digital mapping company, who in his spare time helps install CCTV cameras. He becomes infatuated with a young woman who works at a mysterious building in a street he has recently mapped. After establishing what appears to be a growing friendship, he loses contact with her. Determined to find her by using his computing and electronic skills, he discovers that the street has mysteriously disappeared from the electronic record, and the CCTV images of it are not accessible. Plot Trap Street tells the story of a young digital map-making surveyor, Li Qiuming, who works for a digital mapping company in a city in Southern China. During his spare time, he makes a little extra money by helping private clients to install CCTV cameras in places he has identified on his maps. One day, he finds an attractive young woman, and deciding to pluck up the courage to meet her, he tells her about his hobbies and the nature of his job. Her name is Guan Lifen. She seems to be uninterested in him, but he persists, and soon becomes infatuated with her. He offers her a lift home in his car, but after he has dropped her off, notices a small box with a memory stick inside it. He resolves to return it to her as soon as he can and arranges to meet her at a local cafe. However, Guan does not turn up, and a man arrives instead to collect the memory stick, asking Li for his home address so that he can thank him properly. While looking for Guan, Li discovers her in an unlabelled street: it is called Forest Lane, and he sees Guan entering a mysterious building in it, known as Lab 23. He meets her and she now seems more interested in him. During a subsequent meeting, Li gives her the present of a satellite navigation device for her car, which impresses her, and they seem to become friends. Losing contact with Guan, and unable to find her, Li decides to try tracking her down using the digital map he has created, and by accessing the video images off one of the CCTV cameras he has set up nearby. He is then shocked to discover that the street has disappeared from his map, and the video from the CCTV camera is unobtainable. On their next meeting, in a bar, some weeks later, Guan seems reluctant to talk to him, much as on their first meeting, and uninterested in the many efforts he has made to locate her. The mood darkens, and Li himself then disappears from the bar. Production Trap Street was filmed in the city of Nanjing in central East-coast China, and marks the directorial debut of female Chinese film-maker Vivian Qu (文晏), a former film producer, who also wrote the screenplay. The film stars the Sichuan-born Chinese film scriptwriter and actor, Lu Yulai, and Chinese film director and actress, He Wenchao. The film has not yet been released in mainland China, as it must first be reviewed by China's State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, the Chinese film industry's governing body. It has, however, been screened in Hong Kong (since 1997 a Special Autonomous Region of China), at the Hong Kong International Film Festival, and at many film festivals around the world. The film takes its name from a trap street, a false street deliberately entered on a map by publishing houses in order to 'trap' anyone attempting to break copyright by selling copies of it while passing it off as their own work. The film's title inverts the meaning, becoming a real street which is deliberately obscured or removed from a map - and anyone who attempts to identify it by placing it on public record is then 'trapped'. GPS technology would supposedly uncover the existence of any such street, but the film's central message is that more powerful forces are able to shape both the technology and the public to "reflect the reality they wish to put across". The film was partly financed through a grant from the Swiss film fund Visions Sud Est. Cast Lu Yulai ... Li Qiuming He Wenchao ... Guan Lifen Yong Hou ... Zhang Sheng Zhao Xiaofei ... Qiuming's Father Liu Tiejian ... Bo Xie Li Xinghong ... Interrogator Reception Trap Street enjoyed success at international film festivals across the world from an early stage. After receiving a nomination for the Luigi De Laurentiis Award at Venice on its world premiere on 1 September 2013, it went on to become an official selection of the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on 6 September, where it was nominated for the Discovery Award. At the Vancouver International Film Festival on 1 October, Trap Street won the Dragons and Tigers Award - Special Mention, as well as second place in the Dragons and Tigers Award. It was subsequently nominated for awards at many other festivals and won the Grand Jury Prize at the Boston Independent Film Festival on 24 April 2014. It is due for theatrical release across France, beginning on 18 June 2014. Festival screenings, nominations and awards 2013 Venice International Film Festival, Italy Luigi De Laurentiis Award (nomination) 1 September 2013 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, Canada Discovery Award (nomination) 6 September 2013 2013 Vancouver International Film Festival, Canada Dragon and Tigers Award - Special Mention Dragon and Tigers Award - 2nd place 1 October 2013 2Morrow Film Festival, Russia 4 October 2013 Warsaw International Film Festival, Poland Grand Prize (nomination) 11 October 2013 BFI London Film Festival, United Kingdom Sutherland Trophy (nomination) 16 October 2013 Stockholm International Film Festival, Sweden 11 November 2013 Tallinn Black Nights Festival, Estonia Grand Prize (nomination) 26 November 2013 Kerala International Film Festival, India 9 December 2013 Rotterdam International Film Festival, the Netherlands Lions Film Award (nomination) 23 January 2014 Portland International Film Festival, USA 8 February 2014 Jameson Dublin International Film Festival, Ireland 21 February 2014 Miami International Film Festival, USA 10 March 2014 Sofia International Film Festival, Bulgaria Grand Prize (nomination) 11 March 2014 The Big Picture Film Festival, Australia 21 March 2014 Hong Kong International Film Festival, Hong Kong S.A.R., China 26 March 2014 Cleveland International Film Festival, USA 27 March 2014 New Directors/New Films Festival, USA 28 March 2014 National Museum of Singapore, Singapore 5 April 2014 Nashville Film Festival, USA Best of Festival (nomination) 19 April 2014 Boston Independent Film Festival, USA Grand Jury Prize 24 April 2014 MOOOV Filmfestival, Belgium 26 April 2014 San Francisco International Film Festival, USA New Directors Prize (nomination) 26 April 2014 Kosmorama International Film Festival, Norway 28 April 2014 Theatrical distribution across France 18 June 2014 See also List of Chinese films of 2013 References ^ a b Czekaj, Patryk (2013-10-13). "Warsaw 2013 Review: TRAP STREET Is A Thought-Provoking Gem Of Chinese New Wave". Twitch Film. Retrieved 2014-05-11. ^ a b Bell, Nicholas (2013-09-06). "2013 TIFF Review: Trap Street". IonCinema.com. Retrieved 2014-05-11. ^ a b c Elley, Derek (2013-09-03). "Trap Street 水印街". Film Business Asia. Retrieved 2014-05-11. ^ a b Fujishima, Kenji (2014-03-17). "FILM REVIEW - Trap Street". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2014-05-11. ^ Young, Deborah (2013-09-05). "Trap Street (Shuiyin Jie): Venice Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2014-05-11. ^ Barker, Carol-Mei (2013). "LFF 2013: 'Trap Street' review". Cine-Vue.com. Retrieved 2014-05-11. ^ Chang, Justin (2013-09-06). "Venice Film Review: 'Trap Street'". Variety. Retrieved 2014-05-11. ^ "Trap Street, China". Visions Sud Est. Retrieved 2014-05-11. ^ "Trap Street (2013) - Awards". IMDb. Retrieved 2014-05-11. External links Trap Street at IMDb Mini-Review: Trap Street (2013) at TheDullWoodExperiment.com	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Vivian Qu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Qu"},{"link_name":"Venice International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Vancouver International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twitch-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ion-2"}],"text":"Trap Street (Chinese: 水印街; pinyin: Shuiyin jie) is a 2013 Chinese film written and directed by debut Chinese film director Vivian Qu and starring Lu Yulai and He Wenchao. It premiered at the 2013 Venice International Film Festival, where it was nominated for the prestigious Luigi De Laurentiis Award. It subsequently won the Dragons and Tigers Award - Special Mention and second place in the Award itself at the Vancouver International Film Festival in the same year, and the Grand Jury Prize at the Boston Independent Film Festival in early 2014.The film tells the story of a young digital map-making surveyor, working for a digital mapping company, who in his spare time helps install CCTV cameras. He becomes infatuated with a young woman who works at a mysterious building in a street he has recently mapped. After establishing what appears to be a growing friendship, he loses contact with her. Determined to find her by using his computing and electronic skills, he discovers that the street has mysteriously disappeared from the electronic record, and the CCTV images of it are not accessible.[1][2]","title":"Trap Street (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBA-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twitch-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ion-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBA-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Trap Street tells the story of a young digital map-making surveyor, Li Qiuming, who works for a digital mapping company in a city in Southern China. During his spare time, he makes a little extra money by helping private clients to install CCTV cameras in places he has identified on his maps. One day, he finds an attractive young woman, and deciding to pluck up the courage to meet her, he tells her about his hobbies and the nature of his job. Her name is Guan Lifen. She seems to be uninterested in him, but he persists, and soon becomes infatuated with her. He offers her a lift home in his car, but after he has dropped her off, notices a small box with a memory stick inside it. He resolves to return it to her as soon as he can and arranges to meet her at a local cafe. However, Guan does not turn up, and a man arrives instead to collect the memory stick, asking Li for his home address so that he can thank him properly.While looking for Guan, Li discovers her in an unlabelled street: it is called Forest Lane, and he sees Guan entering a mysterious building in it, known as Lab 23. He meets her and she now seems more interested in him.[3] During a subsequent meeting, Li gives her the present of a satellite navigation device for her car, which impresses her, and they seem to become friends.Losing contact with Guan, and unable to find her, Li decides to try tracking her down using the digital map he has created, and by accessing the video images off one of the CCTV cameras he has set up nearby. He is then shocked to discover that the street has disappeared from his map, and the video from the CCTV camera is unobtainable. On their next meeting, in a bar, some weeks later, Guan seems reluctant to talk to him, much as on their first meeting, and uninterested in the many efforts he has made to locate her. The mood darkens, and Li himself then disappears from the bar.[1][2][3][4][5][6]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBA-3"},{"link_name":"State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Administration_of_Press,_Publication,_Radio,_Film_and_Television"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"trap street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_street"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Trap Street was filmed in the city of Nanjing in central East-coast China,[3] and marks the directorial debut of female Chinese film-maker Vivian Qu (文晏), a former film producer, who also wrote the screenplay. The film stars the Sichuan-born Chinese film scriptwriter and actor, Lu Yulai, and Chinese film director and actress, He Wenchao. The film has not yet been released in mainland China, as it must first be reviewed by China's State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, the Chinese film industry's governing body. It has, however, been screened in Hong Kong (since 1997 a Special Autonomous Region of China), at the Hong Kong International Film Festival, and at many film festivals around the world.The film takes its name from a trap street, a false street deliberately entered on a map by publishing houses in order to 'trap' anyone attempting to break copyright by selling copies of it while passing it off as their own work. The film's title inverts the meaning, becoming a real street which is deliberately obscured or removed from a map - and anyone who attempts to identify it by placing it on public record is then 'trapped'. GPS technology would supposedly uncover the existence of any such street, but the film's central message is that more powerful forces are able to shape both the technology and the public to \"reflect the reality they wish to put across\".[4][7] The film was partly financed through a grant from the Swiss film fund Visions Sud Est.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lu Yulai ... Li Qiuming\nHe Wenchao ... Guan Lifen\nYong Hou ... Zhang Sheng\nZhao Xiaofei ... Qiuming's Father\nLiu Tiejian ... Bo Xie\nLi Xinghong ... Interrogator","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Vancouver International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Trap Street enjoyed success at international film festivals across the world from an early stage. After receiving a nomination for the Luigi De Laurentiis Award at Venice on its world premiere on 1 September 2013, it went on to become an official selection of the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on 6 September, where it was nominated for the Discovery Award.At the Vancouver International Film Festival on 1 October, Trap Street won the Dragons and Tigers Award - Special Mention, as well as second place in the Dragons and Tigers Award. It was subsequently nominated for awards at many other festivals and won the Grand Jury Prize at the Boston Independent Film Festival on 24 April 2014. It is due for theatrical release across France, beginning on 18 June 2014.[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Directors/New Films Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Directors/New_Films_Festival"}],"sub_title":"Festival screenings, nominations and awards","text":"2013 Venice International Film Festival, Italy\nLuigi De Laurentiis Award (nomination)\n1 September 2013\n2013 Toronto International Film Festival, Canada\nDiscovery Award (nomination)\n6 September 2013\n2013 Vancouver International Film Festival, Canada\nDragon and Tigers Award - Special Mention\nDragon and Tigers Award - 2nd place\n1 October 2013\n2Morrow Film Festival, Russia\n4 October 2013\nWarsaw International Film Festival, Poland\nGrand Prize (nomination)\n11 October 2013\nBFI London Film Festival, United Kingdom\nSutherland Trophy (nomination)\n16 October 2013\nStockholm International Film Festival, Sweden\n11 November 2013\nTallinn Black Nights Festival, Estonia\nGrand Prize (nomination)\n26 November 2013\nKerala International Film Festival, India\n9 December 2013\nRotterdam International Film Festival, the Netherlands\nLions Film Award (nomination)\n23 January 2014\nPortland International Film Festival, USA\n8 February 2014\nJameson Dublin International Film Festival, Ireland\n21 February 2014\nMiami International Film Festival, USA\n10 March 2014\nSofia International Film Festival, Bulgaria\nGrand Prize (nomination)\n11 March 2014\nThe Big Picture Film Festival, Australia\n21 March 2014\nHong Kong International Film Festival, Hong Kong S.A.R., China\n26 March 2014\nCleveland International Film Festival, USA\n27 March 2014\nNew Directors/New Films Festival, USA\n28 March 2014\nNational Museum of Singapore, Singapore\n5 April 2014\nNashville Film Festival, USA\nBest of Festival (nomination)\n19 April 2014\nBoston Independent Film Festival, USA\nGrand Jury Prize\n24 April 2014\nMOOOV Filmfestival, Belgium\n26 April 2014\nSan Francisco International Film Festival, USA\nNew Directors Prize (nomination)\n26 April 2014\nKosmorama International Film Festival, Norway\n28 April 2014\nTheatrical distribution across France\n18 June 2014","title":"Reception"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Chinese films of 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2013"}]	[{"reference":"Czekaj, Patryk (2013-10-13). \"Warsaw 2013 Review: TRAP STREET Is A Thought-Provoking Gem Of Chinese New Wave\". Twitch Film. Retrieved 2014-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://twitchfilm.com/2013/10/warsaw-film-festival-review-trap-street-is-a-thought-provoking-gem-of-chinese-new-wave.html","url_text":"\"Warsaw 2013 Review: TRAP STREET Is A Thought-Provoking Gem Of Chinese New Wave\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_Film","url_text":"Twitch Film"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Nicholas (2013-09-06). \"2013 TIFF Review: Trap Street\". IonCinema.com. Retrieved 2014-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ioncinema.com/reviews/trap-street-review","url_text":"\"2013 TIFF Review: Trap Street\""}]},{"reference":"Elley, Derek (2013-09-03). \"Trap Street 水印街\". Film Business Asia. Retrieved 2014-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/trap-street","url_text":"\"Trap Street 水印街\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Business_Asia","url_text":"Film Business Asia"}]},{"reference":"Fujishima, Kenji (2014-03-17). \"FILM REVIEW - Trap Street\". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2014-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://slantmagazine.com/film/review/trap-street","url_text":"\"FILM REVIEW - Trap Street\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine","url_text":"Slant Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Young, Deborah (2013-09-05). \"Trap Street (Shuiyin Jie): Venice Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2014-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/trap-street-shuiyin-jie-venice-622272","url_text":"\"Trap Street (Shuiyin Jie): Venice Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Barker, Carol-Mei (2013). \"LFF 2013: 'Trap Street' review\". Cine-Vue.com. Retrieved 2014-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cine-vue.com/2013/10/lff-2013-trap-street-review.html","url_text":"\"LFF 2013: 'Trap Street' review\""}]},{"reference":"Chang, Justin (2013-09-06). \"Venice Film Review: 'Trap Street'\". Variety. Retrieved 2014-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/trap-street-review-venice-toronto-1200601404","url_text":"\"Venice Film Review: 'Trap Street'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Trap Street, China\". Visions Sud Est. Retrieved 2014-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionssudest.ch/en/project_1750","url_text":"\"Trap Street, China\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trap Street (2013) - Awards\". IMDb. Retrieved 2014-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3138596/awards?ref_=tt_awd","url_text":"\"Trap Street (2013) - Awards\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://twitchfilm.com/2013/10/warsaw-film-festival-review-trap-street-is-a-thought-provoking-gem-of-chinese-new-wave.html","external_links_name":"\"Warsaw 2013 Review: TRAP STREET Is A Thought-Provoking Gem Of Chinese New Wave\""},{"Link":"http://www.ioncinema.com/reviews/trap-street-review","external_links_name":"\"2013 TIFF Review: Trap Street\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/trap-street","external_links_name":"\"Trap Street 水印街\""},{"Link":"http://slantmagazine.com/film/review/trap-street","external_links_name":"\"FILM REVIEW - Trap Street\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/trap-street-shuiyin-jie-venice-622272","external_links_name":"\"Trap Street (Shuiyin Jie): Venice Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.cine-vue.com/2013/10/lff-2013-trap-street-review.html","external_links_name":"\"LFF 2013: 'Trap Street' review\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/trap-street-review-venice-toronto-1200601404","external_links_name":"\"Venice Film Review: 'Trap Street'\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionssudest.ch/en/project_1750","external_links_name":"\"Trap Street, China\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3138596/awards?ref_=tt_awd","external_links_name":"\"Trap Street (2013) - Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3138596/","external_links_name":"Trap Street"},{"Link":"http://thedullwoodexperiment.com/2014/03/21/mini-review-trap-street-2013/","external_links_name":"Mini-Review: Trap Street (2013) at TheDullWoodExperiment.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Advisory_Committee_on_Vaccine_Safety	Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety	["1 Purpose","2 History and function","2.1 Vaccine hesitancy","2.2 COVID-19","3 Evaluation","4 Reference section","5 External links section"]	Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine SafetyAbbreviationGACVSFormation1999Purpose"To respond promptly, efficiently, and with scientific rigour to vaccine safety issues of potential global importance."HeadquartersGeneva, SwitzerlandMembership 15 expertsChairDr Rita HelfandVice-ChairProfessor Dure Samin AkramParent organizationWorld Health OrganizationWebsiteOfficial website The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) is a group of experts that provides independent and authoritative guidance to the World Health Organization (WHO) on the topic of safe vaccine use. To maintain its independence, GACVS members may not represent WHO in any way. The Committee was established by the WHO in 1999, and as part of its responsibilities, oversees the Vaccine Safety Net. The group meets twice yearly and publishes its findings in the WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record. Engagements and topics undertaken by the GACVS have included the safety of vaccines for measles, influenza, human papilloma virus, Japanese encephalitis, rotavirus and hepatitis B. In May 2020, as part the WHO's aim to coordinate global research on tests, treatments and vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2, the GACVS addressed the issue of rapidly developing COVID-19 vaccines during a global emergency and growing misinformation and vaccine hesitancy. Purpose The purpose of the GACVS is to provide a ready group of independent experts that can advise the WHO on issues relating to vaccine safety, enabling the WHO to respond quickly and authoritatively with potential global importance. As part of its responsibilities, GACVS oversees the Vaccine Safety Net. History and function WHO established the GACVS in 1999 on a background of advances and increasing knowledge of vaccines accompanied by concerns relating to their safety and subsequent influence on public confidence in vaccine programmes. Its membership consists of a number of experts in several fields that touch on the topic of vaccine safety, including epidemiology, vaccinology, ethics, neurology, internal medicine, and autoimmunity. It is an advisory body that provides the WHO with scientifically backed "advice on vaccine safety issues of potential global importance", makes recommendations for policy-making and bringing together ad hoc task forces, and prioritizes aspects of checking vaccine safety. An example of an issue, on which the Committee might be called to provide guidance, is the matter of short- and long-term national vaccination programmes. According to its 2017 terms of reference, the Committee: cascades its findings by various means. creates task forces as required and when needed identifies causal relationships makes recommendations to the WHO reviews up-to-date knowledge around vaccine safety, Members are nominated by the Director of WHO's Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, and are appointed for an initial term of three years. Current members can only be renewed for one additional term. To maintain independence in advising, it reports that its members may not represent WHO "in any capacity or in any forum." Current and former members of the GACVS can be found on the official website. The group meets twice yearly and publishes its findings in the WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record. Engagements and topics undertaken by the GACVS include the safety of immunization during pregnancy. The GACVS is also aware of its increasing responsibility towards low- and middle-income countries that make vaccines for export. Vaccine hesitancy The GACVS aims to respond quickly and authoritatively in addressing vaccine-related adverse effects, thereby maintaining confidence in vaccines and immunization coverage with the result that the incidence of disease falls. The GACVS evaluates and interprets reports of adverse effects of vaccines that impact on international vaccination programmes, helping to develop better surveillance systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It also monitors the clinical testing of new vaccines and their use in immunization programs. The GACVS has been involved in issues relating to vaccine hesitancy regarding several vaccines including vaccines for measles, influenza, human papilloma virus, Japanese encephalitis, rotavirus and hepatitis B. COVID-19 In May 2020, during the global emergency of COVID-19 and as part of the WHO's aim to coordinate global research on tests, treatments and vaccines against the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 disease, the GACVS addressed the issue of monitoring fast-emerging COVID-19 vaccines amid a global emergency and growing misinformation and vaccine hesitancy. A COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance manual was published by the WHO in 2020, upon recommendation and guidance of GACVS members. Evaluation Upon the 15-year anniversary of the GACVS, a number of members reviewed the Committee's contributions and ongoing challenges. Reference section ^ a b c d e f g h "WHO \| The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety". WHO. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020. ^ a b c Das Gupta, Rajib; Arora, Narendra K. (2013). "23. An international perspective on vaccine safety". In Archana Chatterjee (ed.). Vaccinophobia and Vaccine Controversies of the 21st Century. New York: Springer. pp. 419–435. ISBN 978-1-4614-7437-1. ^ a b c d Barrett, Alan D. T. (2011). "10. Vaccines in the tropics". In Guerrant, Richard L.; Walker, David H.; Weller, Peter F. (eds.). Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice (Third ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 67. ISBN 9780702039355. ^ Milligan, Gregg N; Barrett, A. D. T (2015). Vaccinology: an essential guide. John Wiley & Sons. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-118-63652-7. OCLC 881386962. ^ a b Santé, World Health Organization = Organisation mondiale de la (10 July 2020). "Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, 27–28 May 2020 – Comité consultatif mondial pour la sécurité des vaccins, 27-28 mai 2020" (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 95 (28): 325–336. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2020. ^ "GACVS Members". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2020. ^ Kochhar, Sonali; Bauwens, Jorgen; Bonhoeffer, Jan (December 2017). "Safety assessment of immunization in pregnancy". Vaccine. 35 (48): 6469–6471. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.033. PMC 5714434. PMID 29031696. ^ Autran, Brigitte; Asturias, Edwin J.; Evans, Stephen; Hartigan-Go, Kenneth; Hussey, Gregory; John, T. Jacob; Lambert, Paul-Henri; Law, Barbara; Midthun, Karen; Nohynek, Hanna; Salmaso, Stefania (1 June 2009). "Global safety of vaccines: strengthening systems for monitoring, management and the role of GACVS". Expert Review of Vaccines. 8 (6): 705–716. doi:10.1586/erv.09.40. ISSN 1476-0584. PMID 19485752. S2CID 15740291. ^ Aronson, Jeffrey K. (2015). Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions (16th ed.). Elsevier. p. 760. ISBN 978-0-444-53717-1. ^ Dittman, S. (2008). "32. Vaccines". In Jeffrey K. Aronson (ed.). Side Effects of Drugs Annual: A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data and Trends in Adverse Drug Reactions. Elsevier. pp. 374–377. ISBN 978-0-444-52767-7. ISSN 0378-6080. ^ Dittman, S. (25 November 2009). "Vaccines". In Jeffrey K. Aronson (ed.). Side Effects of Drugs Annual: A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data and Trends in Adverse Drug Reactions. Elsevier. p. 521. ISBN 978-0-444-53294-7. ^ Petousis-Harris, Helen (30 September 2020). "Assessing the Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Primer". Drug Safety. 43 (12): 1205–1210. doi:10.1007/s40264-020-01002-6. ISSN 1179-1942. PMC 7526515. PMID 32997318. ^ "Covid-19 vaccines: safety surveillance manual". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021. ^ Asturias, Edwin J.; Wharton, Melinda; Pless, Robert; MacDonald, Noni E.; Chen, Robert T.; Andrews, Nicholas; Salisbury, David; Dodoo, Alexander N.; Hartigan-Go, Kenneth; Zuber, Patrick L. F. (2016-06-17). "Contributions and challenges for worldwide vaccine safety: The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety at 15 years". Vaccine. 34 (29): 3342–3349. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.018. ISSN 0264-410X. PMC 5085263. PMID 27195758. External links section Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety Archived 2020-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. World Health Organization.	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Current members can only be renewed for one additional term.[1]To maintain independence in advising, it reports that its members may not represent WHO \"in any capacity or in any forum.\"[1] Current and former members of the GACVS can be found on the official website.[6] The group meets twice yearly and publishes its findings in the WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record.[3]Engagements and topics undertaken by the GACVS include the safety of immunization during pregnancy.[7] The GACVS is also aware of its increasing responsibility towards low- and middle-income countries that make vaccines for export.[2]","title":"History and function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrett-3"},{"link_name":"low- and middle-income countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autran-8"},{"link_name":"vaccine hesitancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy"},{"link_name":"measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aronson-9"},{"link_name":"influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_vaccine"},{"link_name":"human papilloma virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine"},{"link_name":"Japanese encephalitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine"},{"link_name":"rotavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aronson2008-10"},{"link_name":"hepatitis B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dittman2009-11"}],"sub_title":"Vaccine hesitancy","text":"The GACVS aims to respond quickly and authoritatively in addressing vaccine-related adverse effects, thereby maintaining confidence in vaccines and immunization coverage with the result that the incidence of disease falls.[3] The GACVS evaluates and interprets reports of adverse effects of vaccines that impact on international vaccination programmes, helping to develop better surveillance systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It also monitors the clinical testing of new vaccines and their use in immunization programs.[8]The GACVS has been involved in issues relating to vaccine hesitancy regarding several vaccines including vaccines for measles,[9] influenza, human papilloma virus, Japanese encephalitis, rotavirus[10] and hepatitis B.[11]","title":"History and function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"global emergency of COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"coronavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine"},{"link_name":"misinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"vaccine hesitancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOJuly2020-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petousis-Harris2020-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOssm-13"}],"sub_title":"COVID-19","text":"In May 2020, during the global emergency of COVID-19 and as part of the WHO's aim to coordinate global research on tests, treatments and vaccines against the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 disease, the GACVS addressed the issue of monitoring fast-emerging COVID-19 vaccines amid a global emergency and growing misinformation and vaccine hesitancy.[5][12]A COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance manual was published by the WHO in 2020, upon recommendation and guidance of GACVS members.[13]","title":"History and function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asturias-14"}],"text":"Upon the 15-year anniversary of the GACVS, a number of members reviewed the Committee's contributions and ongoing challenges.[14]","title":"Evaluation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:WHO_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:WHO_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:WHO_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:WHO_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:WHO_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:WHO_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:WHO_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:WHO_1-7"},{"link_name":"\"WHO \| The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/en/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201101155519/https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/en/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chatterjee2013_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chatterjee2013_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chatterjee2013_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"23. 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WHO. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.\n\n^ a b c Das Gupta, Rajib; Arora, Narendra K. (2013). \"23. An international perspective on vaccine safety\". In Archana Chatterjee (ed.). Vaccinophobia and Vaccine Controversies of the 21st Century. New York: Springer. pp. 419–435. ISBN 978-1-4614-7437-1.\n\n^ a b c d Barrett, Alan D. T. (2011). \"10. Vaccines in the tropics\". In Guerrant, Richard L.; Walker, David H.; Weller, Peter F. (eds.). Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice (Third ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 67. ISBN 9780702039355.\n\n^ Milligan, Gregg N; Barrett, A. D. T (2015). Vaccinology: an essential guide. John Wiley & Sons. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-118-63652-7. OCLC 881386962.\n\n^ a b Santé, World Health Organization = Organisation mondiale de la (10 July 2020). \"Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, 27–28 May 2020 – Comité consultatif mondial pour la sécurité des vaccins, 27-28 mai 2020\" (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 95 (28): 325–336. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2020.\n\n^ \"GACVS Members\". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2020.\n\n^ Kochhar, Sonali; Bauwens, Jorgen; Bonhoeffer, Jan (December 2017). \"Safety assessment of immunization in pregnancy\". Vaccine. 35 (48): 6469–6471. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.033. PMC 5714434. PMID 29031696.\n\n^ Autran, Brigitte; Asturias, Edwin J.; Evans, Stephen; Hartigan-Go, Kenneth; Hussey, Gregory; John, T. Jacob; Lambert, Paul-Henri; Law, Barbara; Midthun, Karen; Nohynek, Hanna; Salmaso, Stefania (1 June 2009). \"Global safety of vaccines: strengthening systems for monitoring, management and the role of GACVS\". Expert Review of Vaccines. 8 (6): 705–716. doi:10.1586/erv.09.40. ISSN 1476-0584. PMID 19485752. S2CID 15740291.\n\n^ Aronson, Jeffrey K. (2015). Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions (16th ed.). Elsevier. p. 760. ISBN 978-0-444-53717-1.\n\n^ Dittman, S. (2008). \"32. Vaccines\". In Jeffrey K. Aronson (ed.). Side Effects of Drugs Annual: A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data and Trends in Adverse Drug Reactions. Elsevier. pp. 374–377. ISBN 978-0-444-52767-7. ISSN 0378-6080.\n\n^ Dittman, S. (25 November 2009). \"Vaccines\". In Jeffrey K. Aronson (ed.). Side Effects of Drugs Annual: A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data and Trends in Adverse Drug Reactions. Elsevier. p. 521. ISBN 978-0-444-53294-7.\n\n^ Petousis-Harris, Helen (30 September 2020). \"Assessing the Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Primer\". Drug Safety. 43 (12): 1205–1210. doi:10.1007/s40264-020-01002-6. ISSN 1179-1942. PMC 7526515. PMID 32997318.\n\n^ \"Covid-19 vaccines: safety surveillance manual\". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.\n\n^ Asturias, Edwin J.; Wharton, Melinda; Pless, Robert; MacDonald, Noni E.; Chen, Robert T.; Andrews, Nicholas; Salisbury, David; Dodoo, Alexander N.; Hartigan-Go, Kenneth; Zuber, Patrick L. F. (2016-06-17). \"Contributions and challenges for worldwide vaccine safety: The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety at 15 years\". Vaccine. 34 (29): 3342–3349. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.018. ISSN 0264-410X. PMC 5085263. PMID 27195758.","title":"Reference section"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/en/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201101155519/https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/en/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety Archived 2020-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. World Health Organization.","title":"External links section"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"WHO \| The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety\". WHO. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/en/","url_text":"\"WHO \| The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101155519/https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/en/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Das Gupta, Rajib; Arora, Narendra K. (2013). \"23. An international perspective on vaccine safety\". In Archana Chatterjee (ed.). Vaccinophobia and Vaccine Controversies of the 21st Century. New York: Springer. pp. 419–435. ISBN 978-1-4614-7437-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qZFDAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA419","url_text":"\"23. An international perspective on vaccine safety\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-7437-1","url_text":"978-1-4614-7437-1"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Alan D. T. (2011). \"10. Vaccines in the tropics\". In Guerrant, Richard L.; Walker, David H.; Weller, Peter F. (eds.). Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice (Third ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 67. ISBN 9780702039355.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A7GVvFh4WZwC&q=GACVS&pg=PA67","url_text":"\"10. Vaccines in the tropics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702039355","url_text":"9780702039355"}]},{"reference":"Milligan, Gregg N; Barrett, A. D. T (2015). Vaccinology: an essential guide. John Wiley & Sons. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-118-63652-7. OCLC 881386962.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NvKyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA331","url_text":"Vaccinology: an essential guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-63652-7","url_text":"978-1-118-63652-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881386962","url_text":"881386962"}]},{"reference":"Santé, World Health Organization = Organisation mondiale de la (10 July 2020). \"Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, 27–28 May 2020 – Comité consultatif mondial pour la sécurité des vaccins, 27-28 mai 2020\" (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 95 (28): 325–336. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/333137/WER9528-325-336-eng-fre.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, 27–28 May 2020 – Comité consultatif mondial pour la sécurité des vaccins, 27-28 mai 2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230607180725/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/333137/WER9528-325-336-eng-fre.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GACVS Members\". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141020093849/http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/members/en/","url_text":"\"GACVS Members\""},{"url":"https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/members/en/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kochhar, Sonali; Bauwens, Jorgen; Bonhoeffer, Jan (December 2017). \"Safety assessment of immunization in pregnancy\". Vaccine. 35 (48): 6469–6471. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.033. PMC 5714434. PMID 29031696.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5714434","url_text":"\"Safety assessment of immunization in pregnancy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2017.09.033","url_text":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5714434","url_text":"5714434"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29031696","url_text":"29031696"}]},{"reference":"Autran, Brigitte; Asturias, Edwin J.; Evans, Stephen; Hartigan-Go, Kenneth; Hussey, Gregory; John, T. Jacob; Lambert, Paul-Henri; Law, Barbara; Midthun, Karen; Nohynek, Hanna; Salmaso, Stefania (1 June 2009). \"Global safety of vaccines: strengthening systems for monitoring, management and the role of GACVS\". Expert Review of Vaccines. 8 (6): 705–716. doi:10.1586/erv.09.40. ISSN 1476-0584. PMID 19485752. S2CID 15740291.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1586%2Ferv.09.40","url_text":"10.1586/erv.09.40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-0584","url_text":"1476-0584"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19485752","url_text":"19485752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15740291","url_text":"15740291"}]},{"reference":"Aronson, Jeffrey K. (2015). Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions (16th ed.). Elsevier. p. 760. ISBN 978-0-444-53717-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NOKoBAAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA760","url_text":"Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53717-1","url_text":"978-0-444-53717-1"}]},{"reference":"Dittman, S. (2008). \"32. Vaccines\". In Jeffrey K. Aronson (ed.). Side Effects of Drugs Annual: A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data and Trends in Adverse Drug Reactions. Elsevier. pp. 374–377. ISBN 978-0-444-52767-7. ISSN 0378-6080.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2RjGk5wUjlsC&pg=PA374","url_text":"\"32. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucocystophyta	Glaucophyte	["1 Characteristics","2 Phylogeny","2.1 External","2.2 Internal","2.3 Taxonomy","3 References"]	Division of algae Glaucophyta Glaucocystis sp. Scientific classification (unranked): Archaeplastida Division: GlaucophytaSkuja 1948 Class Glaucocystophyceae Schaffner 1922 Synonyms Glaucocystophyta Kies & Kremer, 1986 The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of unicellular algae found in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments, less common today than they were during the Proterozoic. The stated number of species in the group varies from about 14 to 26. Together with the red algae (Rhodophyta) and the green algae plus land plants (Viridiplantae or Chloroplastida), they form the Archaeplastida. The glaucophytes are of interest to biologists studying the evolution of chloroplasts as they may be similar to the original algal type that led to the red algae and green plants, i.e. glaucophytes may be basal Archaeplastida. Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction. Characteristics The plastids of glaucophytes are known as 'muroplasts', 'cyanoplasts', or 'cyanelles'. Unlike the plastids in other organisms, they have a peptidoglycan layer, believed to be a relic of the endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria. Glaucophytes contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a. Along with red algae and cyanobacteria, they harvest light via phycobilisomes, structures consisting largely of phycobiliproteins. The green algae and land plants have lost that pigment. Like red algae, and in contrast to green algae and plants, glaucophytes store fixed carbon in the cytosol. The most early-diverging genus is Cyanophora, which only has one or two plastids. When there are two, they are semi-connected. Glaucophytes have mitochondria with flat cristae, and undergo open mitosis without centrioles. Motile forms have two unequal flagella, which may have fine hairs and are anchored by a multilayered system of microtubules, both of which are similar to forms found in some green algae. Phylogeny External Together with red algae and Viridiplantae (green algae and land plants), glaucophytes form the Archaeplastida – a group of plastid-containing organisms that may share a unique common ancestor that established an endosymbiotic association with a cyanobacterium. The relationship among the three groups remains uncertain, although it is most likely that glaucophytes diverged first: Archaeplastida Glaucophyta Red algae Viridiplantae The alternative, that glaucophytes and red algae form a clade, has been shown to be less plausible, but cannot be ruled out. Internal The internal phylogeny of the glaucophytes and the number of genera and species varies considerably among taxonomic sources. A phylogeny of the Glaucophyta published in 2017 divided the group into three families, and includes five genera: Glaucophyta Cyanophoraceae Cyanophora Gloeochaetaceae Cyanoptyche Gloeochaete Glaucocystidaceae Glaucocystopsis Glaucocystis Taxonomy A 2019 list of the described glaucophyte species has the same three subdivisions, treated as orders, but includes a further five unplaced possible species, producing a total of between 14 and 19 possible species. Order Cyanophorales Genus Cyanophora – 5–6 species Order Glaucocystales Genus Glaucocystis – 7–8 species Order Gloeochaetales Cyanoptyche – 1 species Gloeochaete – 1 species Other possible species ?Archaeopsis monococca Skuja ?Chalarodora azurea Pascher ?Glaucocystopsis africana Bourrelly ?Peliaina cyanea Pascher ?Strobilomonas cyaneus Schiller As of March 2022, AlgaeBase divided glaucophytes into only two groups, placing Cyanophora in Glaucocystales rather than Cyanophorales (however the entry was dated 2011). AlgaeBase included a total of 26 species in nine genera: Glaucocystales Chalarodora Pascher – 1 species Corynoplastis Yokoyama, J.L.Scott, G.C.Zuccarello, M.Kajikawa, Y.Hara & J.A.West – 1 species Cyanophora Korshikov – 6 species Glaucocystis Itzigsohn – 13 species Glaucocystopsis Bourrelly – 1 species Peliaina Pascher – 1 species Strobilomonas Schiller – 1 species Gloeochaetales Cyanoptyche Pascher – 1 species Gloeochaete Lagerheim – 1 species None of the species of Glaucophyta is particularly common in nature. The glaucophytes were considered before as part of family Oocystaceae, in the order Chlorococcales. References ^ a b c d e f Keeling, Patrick J. (2004). "Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1481–1493. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481. PMID 21652304. ^ Genomic Insights Into the Biology of Algae ^ Cruzan, Mitchell B. (2018). Evolutionary Biology. Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-088268-6. ^ a b c d e Figueroa-Martinez, Francisco; Jackson, Christopher; Reyes-Prieto, Adrian (2019). "Plastid Genomes from Diverse Glaucophyte Genera Reveal a Largely Conserved Gene Content and Limited Architectural Diversity". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (1): 174–188. doi:10.1093/gbe/evy268. PMC 6330054. PMID 30534986. ^ The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution \| Journal of Cell Science ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Glaucophyta". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2022-02-28. ^ Kim, Eunsoo; Graham, Linda E. (2008). Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne (ed.). "EEF2 Analysis Challenges the Monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata". PLoS ONE. 3 (7): e2621. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2621K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621. PMC 2440802. PMID 18612431. ^ Walker, Timothy (2012). Plants: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-958406-2. ^ Wise, Robert R.; Hoober, J. Kenneth, eds. (2006). The structure and function of plastids. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 3–21. ISBN 978-1-4020-4061-0. ^ Miyagishima, Shin-ya; Kabeya, Yukihiro; Sugita, Chieko; Sugita, Mamoru; Fujiwara, Takayuki (2014). "DipM is required for peptidoglycan hydrolysis during chloroplast division". BMC Plant Biology. 14: 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-14-57. PMC 4015805. PMID 24602296. ^ a b Skuja, A. (1948). Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 9(3): 1-399.Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Glaucophyta". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. ^ Ball, S.; Colleoni, C.; Cenci, U.; Raj, J. N.; Tirtiaux, C. (10 January 2011). "The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis". Journal of Experimental Botany. 62 (6): 1775–1801. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq411. PMID 21220783. ^ de Vries, Jan; Gould, Sven B. (2017-01-01). "The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution". Journal of Cell Science. 131 (2). The Company of Biologists. doi:10.1242/jcs.203414. ISSN 1477-9137. PMID 28893840. ^ Price, Dana C.; Steiner, Jürgen M.; Yoon, Hwan Su; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Löffelhardt, Wolfgang (2016). "Glaucophyta". Handbook of the Protists. pp. 1–65. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_42-1. ISBN 978-3-319-32669-6. ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Cyanophora". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2022-03-01. ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Glaucophyta". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2022-03-01. ^ "Phycokey - Glaucocystis". vteClassification of Archaeplastida or Plantae s.l. Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota (major groups Excavata Diaphoretickes Hacrobia Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopiles Plants Amorphea Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animals Fungi) ArchaeplastidaPicozoa Picomonas Rhodelphidia Rhodelphis Rhodophyta(red algae) Cyanidiophyceae Porphyridiophyceae Stylonematophyceae Compsopogonophyceae Rhodellophyceae Bangiophyceae Florideophyceae Glaucophyta Glaucocystophyceae incertae sedis Algospongia Viridiplantae or Plantae s.s.(green algae & land plants)Prasinodermophyta Prasinodermophyceae Palmophyllophyceae ChlorophytaPrasinophytina Mamiellophyceae Pyramimonadophyceae Chlorophytina Nephroselmidophyceae Picocystophyceae Chloropicophyceae Pedinophyceae Chlorodendrophyceae UTC clade Ulvophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Chlorophyceae Streptophyta Mesostigmatophyceae Chlorokybophyceae Spirotaenia Klebsormidiophyceae Phragmoplastophyta Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Anydrophyta Zygnematophyceae Embryophyta(land plants) (see below↓) Embryophytes or Plantae sensu strictissimoBryophytesMarchantiophyta(liverworts) Haplomitriopsida Marchantiopsida Jungermanniopsida Anthocerotophyta(hornworts) Leiosporocerotopsida Anthocerotopsida Bryophyta(mosses) Takakiopsida Sphagnopsida Andreaeobryopsida Andreaeopsida Oedipodiopsida Tetraphidopsida Polytrichopsida Bryopsida Polysporangiophytes†Protracheophytes* †Horneophytopsida †Aglaophyton Tracheophytes(vascular plants)†Paratracheophytes* †Cooksoniopsida †Rhyniopsida †Renaliales EutracheophytesLycophytes †Barinophytopsida †Zosterophyllopsida Lycopodiopsida (clubmosses, spikemosses & quillworts) Euphyllophytes †Eophyllophytopsida †Trimerophytopsida Moniliformopses †Ibykales †Cladoxylopsida Polypodiopsida (ferns and horsetails) Lignophytes†Progymnosperms* †Noeggerathiopsida †Aneurophytopsida †Archaeopteridopsida †Protopityales Spermatophytes(seed plants)†Pteridosperms(seed ferns)and other extinct seed plant groups †Bennettitales †Calamopityales †Callistophytales †Caytoniales †Cordaitales †Corystospermales †Czekanowskiales †Gigantopteridales †Glossopteridales †Lyginopteridopsida †Medullosales †Peltaspermopsida †Pentoxylopsida †Petriellales Acrogymnospermae(living gymnosperms) Cycadopsida (cycads) Ginkgoales (Ginkgo) Pinopsida (conifers) Gnetopsida Angiospermae(flowering plants) Basal angiosperms Core angiosperms Magnoliids Monocots Eudicots paraphyletic groups † = extinct List of plant orders Current definitions of Plantae vteExtant life phyla/divisions by domainBacteria Acidobacteriota Actinomycetota Aquificota Armatimonadota Atribacterota Bacillota Bacteroidota Balneolota Bdellovibrionota Caldisericota Calditrichota Campylobacterota Chlamydiota Chlorobiota Chloroflexota Chrysiogenota Coprothermobacterota "Cyanobacteria" Deferribacterota Deinococcota Dictyoglomota Elusimicrobiota Fibrobacterota Fusobacteriota Gemmatimonadota Ignavibacteriota Kiritimatiellota Lentisphaerota Mycoplasmatota Myxococcota Nitrospinota Nitrospirota Planctomycetota Pseudomonadota Rhodothermota Spirochaetota Synergistota Thermodesulfobacteriota Thermomicrobiota Thermotogota Verrucomicrobiota Archaea "Euryarchaeota" "Korarchaeota" "Nanoarchaeota" Nitrososphaerota Thermoproteota Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms Eukaryote"Protist" Alveolata Amoebozoa Ancyromonadida Apusomonadida Breviatea CRuMs Cryptista Ciliophora Cercozoa Discoba Euglenozoa Jakobea Haptista Hemimastigophora Malawimonada Metamonada Provora Rhizaria Stramenopiles Telonemia Fungi Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Plant Glaucophyta Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Charophyta Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Moss Lycopodiophyta Pteridophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Pinophyta Gnetophyta Flowering plant Animal Sponge Ctenophora Placozoa Cnidaria Xenacoelomorpha Chordate Hemichordate Echinoderm Chaetognatha Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Flatworm Gastrotricha Orthonectida Dicyemida Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Nemertea Phoronid Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Incertae sedisParakaryon Taxon identifiersGlaucophyta Wikidata: Q131116 Wikispecies: Glaucophyta BioLib: 14851 CoL: 4L EoL: 4081 EPPO: 1GLAP GBIF: 37 iNaturalist: 311312 ITIS: 846495 NZOR: aed797a2-0aa0-40b1-bd8e-4a69b4e0431f Open Tree of Life: 664970 Paleobiology Database: 212480 Tropicos: 100370468 uBio: 1560441 WoRMS: 599656	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keeling-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Proterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterozoic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cruzan_2018-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FiguJackReye19-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"red algae (Rhodophyta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_algae"},{"link_name":"green 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reproduction.[8]","title":"Glaucophyte"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plastids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid"},{"link_name":"muroplasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroplast"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wise%E2%80%94Plastid_diversity-9"},{"link_name":"cyanelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanelle"},{"link_name":"peptidoglycan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan"},{"link_name":"endosymbiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis"},{"link_name":"cyanobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keeling-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyagishima-10"},{"link_name":"chlorophyll a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll_a"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keeling-1"},{"link_name":"red algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_algae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keeling-1"},{"link_name":"cyanobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"},{"link_name":"phycobilisomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycobilisome"},{"link_name":"phycobiliproteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycobiliprotein"},{"link_name":"green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae"},{"link_name":"land plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_plant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skuja-11"},{"link_name":"fixed carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fixation"},{"link_name":"cytosol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosol"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ball_2011-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_Vries_Gould_2017_p.-13"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"},{"link_name":"cristae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristae"},{"link_name":"mitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"centrioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriole"},{"link_name":"flagella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagella"},{"link_name":"microtubules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skuja-11"}],"text":"The plastids of glaucophytes are known as 'muroplasts',[9] 'cyanoplasts', or 'cyanelles'. Unlike the plastids in other organisms, they have a peptidoglycan layer, believed to be a relic of the endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria.[1][10] Glaucophytes contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a.[1] Along with red algae[1] and cyanobacteria, they harvest light via phycobilisomes, structures consisting largely of phycobiliproteins. The green algae and land plants have lost that pigment.[11] Like red algae, and in contrast to green algae and plants, glaucophytes store fixed carbon in the cytosol.[12]The most early-diverging genus is Cyanophora, which only has one or two plastids. When there are two, they are semi-connected.[13]Glaucophytes have mitochondria with flat cristae, and undergo open mitosis without centrioles. Motile forms have two unequal flagella, which may have fine hairs and are anchored by a multilayered system of microtubules, both of which are similar to forms found in some green algae.[11]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"red algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_algae"},{"link_name":"Viridiplantae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridiplantae"},{"link_name":"green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae"},{"link_name":"land plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte"},{"link_name":"Archaeplastida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeplastida"},{"link_name":"plastid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid"},{"link_name":"endosymbiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiont"},{"link_name":"cyanobacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FiguJackReye19-4"},{"link_name":"Archaeplastida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeplastida"},{"link_name":"Red algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_algae"},{"link_name":"Viridiplantae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridiplantae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FiguJackReye19-4"}],"sub_title":"External","text":"Together with red algae and Viridiplantae (green algae and land plants), glaucophytes form the Archaeplastida – a group of plastid-containing organisms that may share a unique common ancestor that established an endosymbiotic association with a cyanobacterium. The relationship among the three groups remains uncertain, although it is most likely that glaucophytes diverged first:[4]Archaeplastida\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGlaucophyta\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRed algae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nViridiplantaeThe alternative, that glaucophytes and red algae form a clade, has been shown to be less plausible, but cannot be ruled out.[4]","title":"Phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Internal","text":"The internal phylogeny of the glaucophytes and the number of genera and species varies considerably among taxonomic sources. A phylogeny of the Glaucophyta published in 2017 divided the group into three families, and includes five genera:[14]Glaucophyta\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCyanophoraceae\n\n\nCyanophora\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGloeochaetaceae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCyanoptyche\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGloeochaete\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGlaucocystidaceae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGlaucocystopsis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGlaucocystis","title":"Phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FiguJackReye19-4"},{"link_name":"Cyanophorales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyanophorales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cyanophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanophora"},{"link_name":"Glaucocystales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucocystales"},{"link_name":"Glaucocystis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucocystis"},{"link_name":"Gloeochaetales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloeochaetales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cyanoptyche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyanoptyche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gloeochaete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloeochaete"},{"link_name":"Archaeopsis monococca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaeopsis_monococca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chalarodora azurea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chalarodora_azurea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glaucocystopsis africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucocystopsis_africana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peliaina cyanea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peliaina_cyanea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Strobilomonas cyaneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strobilomonas_cyaneus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucophyte&action=edit"},{"link_name":"AlgaeBase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlgaeBase"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AB_g44133-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AB_t4301-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keeling-1"},{"link_name":"Oocystaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocystaceae"},{"link_name":"Chlorococcales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorococcales"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Taxonomy","text":"A 2019 list of the described glaucophyte species has the same three subdivisions, treated as orders, but includes a further five unplaced possible species, producing a total of between 14 and 19 possible species.[4]Order Cyanophorales\nGenus Cyanophora – 5–6 species\nOrder Glaucocystales\nGenus Glaucocystis – 7–8 species\nOrder Gloeochaetales\nCyanoptyche – 1 species\nGloeochaete – 1 species\nOther possible species\n?Archaeopsis monococca Skuja\n?Chalarodora azurea Pascher\n?Glaucocystopsis africana Bourrelly\n?Peliaina cyanea Pascher\n?Strobilomonas cyaneus SchillerAs of March 2022[update], AlgaeBase divided glaucophytes into only two groups, placing Cyanophora in Glaucocystales rather than Cyanophorales (however the entry was dated 2011).[15] AlgaeBase included a total of 26 species in nine genera:[16]Glaucocystales\nChalarodora Pascher – 1 species\nCorynoplastis Yokoyama, J.L.Scott, G.C.Zuccarello, M.Kajikawa, Y.Hara & J.A.West – 1 species\nCyanophora Korshikov – 6 species\nGlaucocystis Itzigsohn – 13 species\nGlaucocystopsis Bourrelly – 1 species\nPeliaina Pascher – 1 species\nStrobilomonas Schiller – 1 species\nGloeochaetales\nCyanoptyche Pascher – 1 species\nGloeochaete Lagerheim – 1 speciesNone of the species of Glaucophyta is particularly common in nature.[1]The glaucophytes were considered before as part of family Oocystaceae, in the order Chlorococcales.[17]","title":"Phylogeny"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Keeling, Patrick J. (2004). \"Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts\". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1481–1493. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481. PMID 21652304.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1481","url_text":"\"Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany","url_text":"American Journal of Botany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1481","url_text":"10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21652304","url_text":"21652304"}]},{"reference":"Cruzan, Mitchell B. (2018). Evolutionary Biology. Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-088268-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-088268-6","url_text":"978-0-19-088268-6"}]},{"reference":"Figueroa-Martinez, Francisco; Jackson, Christopher; Reyes-Prieto, Adrian (2019). \"Plastid Genomes from Diverse Glaucophyte Genera Reveal a Largely Conserved Gene Content and Limited Architectural Diversity\". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (1): 174–188. doi:10.1093/gbe/evy268. PMC 6330054. PMID 30534986.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevy268","url_text":"10.1093/gbe/evy268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6330054","url_text":"6330054"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30534986","url_text":"30534986"}]},{"reference":"Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. \"Glaucophyta\". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2022-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=#4301","url_text":"\"Glaucophyta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlgaeBase","url_text":"AlgaeBase"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Eunsoo; Graham, Linda E. (2008). Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne (ed.). \"EEF2 Analysis Challenges the Monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata\". PLoS ONE. 3 (7): e2621. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2621K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621. PMC 2440802. PMID 18612431.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Redfield","url_text":"Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440802","url_text":"\"EEF2 Analysis Challenges the Monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_ONE","url_text":"PLoS ONE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PLoSO...3.2621K","url_text":"2008PLoSO...3.2621K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002621","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0002621"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440802","url_text":"2440802"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18612431","url_text":"18612431"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Timothy (2012). Plants: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-958406-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958406-2","url_text":"978-0-19-958406-2"}]},{"reference":"Wise, Robert R.; Hoober, J. Kenneth, eds. (2006). The structure and function of plastids. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 3–21. ISBN 978-1-4020-4061-0.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uwosh.edu/biology/faculty-and-staff/faculty/wise/publications/wise-the-diversity-of-plastid","url_text":"The structure and function of plastids"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4061-0","url_text":"978-1-4020-4061-0"}]},{"reference":"Miyagishima, Shin-ya; Kabeya, Yukihiro; Sugita, Chieko; Sugita, Mamoru; Fujiwara, Takayuki (2014). \"DipM is required for peptidoglycan hydrolysis during chloroplast division\". BMC Plant Biology. 14: 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-14-57. PMC 4015805. PMID 24602296.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015805","url_text":"\"DipM is required for peptidoglycan hydrolysis during chloroplast division\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2229-14-57","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2229-14-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015805","url_text":"4015805"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24602296","url_text":"24602296"}]},{"reference":"Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. \"Glaucophyta\". AlgaeBase. 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PMID 21220783.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferq411","url_text":"\"The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferq411","url_text":"10.1093/jxb/erq411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21220783","url_text":"21220783"}]},{"reference":"de Vries, Jan; Gould, Sven B. (2017-01-01). \"The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution\". Journal of Cell Science. 131 (2). The Company of Biologists. doi:10.1242/jcs.203414. ISSN 1477-9137. PMID 28893840.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.203414","url_text":"\"The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.203414","url_text":"10.1242/jcs.203414"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-9137","url_text":"1477-9137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28893840","url_text":"28893840"}]},{"reference":"Price, Dana C.; Steiner, Jürgen M.; Yoon, Hwan Su; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Löffelhardt, Wolfgang (2016). \"Glaucophyta\". Handbook of the Protists. pp. 1–65. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_42-1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschonisia	Cunda Island	[]	Coordinates: 39°21′38″N 26°38′34″E / 39.36056°N 26.64278°E / 39.36056; 26.64278Aegean island in Balıkesir Province, Turkey For the blacksmith from Buddhist mythology, see Cunda (Buddhism). Island in Balikesir, TurkeyCunda IslandIslandA view from Cunda (Alibey Island)Cunda IslandLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 39°21′38″N 26°38′34″E / 39.36056°N 26.64278°E / 39.36056; 26.64278Country TurkeyProvinceBalikesirArea • Total26.8 km2 (10.3 sq mi)Population • Total3,321Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT) Cunda Island viewed from the sea. Cunda Island, Ayvalık, Balıkesir Province, Turkey. White washed windmills on Cunda Island Interior of large former Greek Orthodox cathedral Cunda Island, also called Alibey Island, (Turkish: Cunda Adası, Alibey Adası), Greek Moschonisi (Greek: Μοσχονήσι or Μοσχόνησος), is the largest of the Ayvalık Islands archipelago in Turkey, which was historically called the Εκατόνησα (Hekatonisa) or Μοσχονήσια (Moschonisia) archipelago in Greek. It lies in the Edremit Gulf on the Turkey's northwestern coast, off the coast of Ayvalık in Balıkesir Province, Turkey, with an area of 26.8 square kilometres (10 sq mi). It is located 16 kilometres (10 miles) east of Lesbos, Greece. History Antiquity According to written sources, there have been settlements since the antiquity; the sources mention the settlements of Nasos (Greek: Νάσος), Pordoselini or Pordoselene (Greek: Πορδοσελήνη) and Chalkis (Greek: Χαλκίς). 20th Century According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82-1893, the kaza of Cunda (Yunda) had a total population of 4,671 consisting of 4,417 Greeks, 89 Muslims and 165 foreign citizens. Until the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) the entire population of the island was Greek. In 1913, Mehmed Reshid visited the island and he suggested the settlement of wealthy Muslim muhacirs on the island in order to control the Greek population. In 1914, persecution against the population started, resulting in the departure of many inhabitants from the island. The bishop Photios, various priests and prominent men were seized, beaten and imprisoned in a mill, to be released only after some days had passed. Men and women were beaten and tortured. Later, the inhabitants were deported to Ayvalık (Kydonies/Aivali in Greek) on the mainland without being allowed to take anything with them. In Ayvalık they shared the same fate of oppression with its Christian inhabitants until they were all deported, and scattered among the Turkish villages of the vilayets of Izmir and Bursa. There they were subjected daily to all kinds of persecution and died in great numbers. The churches on the island were looted and turned into warehouses and stables, the lamps and holy images in them were broken, paintings of art destroyed and houses rendered uninhabitable. In 1915, inhabitants of the island were compelled to pay 2,500 Turkish pounds for the uniforms of the Turkish army and 2,000 Turkish pounds for the construction of barracks; to pay a wheat-tax for the upkeep of the navy, and to buy, at no cheap price, post-cards. Also, some inhabitants were killed and tortured. For a short period (1921–1922), the island was the see of a Greek Orthodox metropolitan bishop, while the neoclassical mansion of the last metropolitan, Ambrosios, who was executed by the Turkish army, still survives on the seafront of the island's town center. On September 19, 1922 several hundred of the Greek islanders were killed on Cunda; only some children were spared and sent to orphanages. The next year, following the Treaty of Lausanne and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the few remaining islanders were forced to leave for Greece and were replaced by Cretan Turks and Turks from Lesbos. Present day Cunda Island has the character of a typical Aegean resort town. There are frequent bus and ferry services to Cunda Island from the town center of Ayvalık. Cunda Island is connected to Lale Island, and thence to the mainland, by the Ayvalık Strait Bridge, and a causeway built in the late 1960s. This is the first and currently the oldest surviving bridge in Turkey that connects lands separated by a strait. The main landmark of Cunda Island remains the Taxiarchis Church (Turkish: Taksiyarhis Kilisesi). The large, former Greek Orthodox cathedral was abandoned and dilapidated, but has now been restored and houses one of the Rahmi M. Koç Museums. Poroselene (Greek: Ποροσελήνη) bay in the north of the island is among Cunda's main sights. In antiquity, it was the home of a dolphin which saved a drowning boy, according to a story mentioned by Pausanias. In 2007, after two years of work, all 551 buildings in Cunda Island were inspected and registered by the Turkish Science Academy and Yıldız Technical University Faculty of Architecture, as part of the "Culture of Turkey inventory project". USA-based Harvard University and Turkey's Koç University have established a joint project in Cunda Island and run a "Harvard-Koç University Intensive Ottoman & Turkish Summer School" every summer. In 2020, the Greek monastery of Saint Demetrius, also known as Ai Dimitri Monastery, which was built in 1766 with donations from the citizens of Cunda, was completely destroyed by treasure hunters. Gallery Houses in Cunda Island Paterica Cove Camping area in Cunda Taksiyarhis Church Taksiyarhis Church A street from Cunda Island Paved walkways of Cunda Island Cunda Island Windmill Cats of Cunda Island See also List of islands of Turkey Aegean Islands References ^ "Turkey's Statistical Yearbook 2013" (PDF) (in Turkish and English). Turkish Statistical Institute. 2014. p. 7. ^ Ayvalık Industrial Landscape ^ Kemal Karpat (1985), Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics, The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 130-131 ^ Güven, Mine; Akar, Didar; Öztürk, Balkız; Kelepir, Meltem (2016). Exploring the Turkish Linguistic Landscape: Essays in honor of Eser Erguvanlı-Taylan. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 58. ISBN 978-9027259400. ^ Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2016). World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide. I.B.Tauris; Sew edition. ISBN 978-1784532468. ^ a b Persecution of the Greeks in Turkey, 1914–1918. Constantinople . 1919. ^ a b c Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey since the beginning of the European war. Greece. Hypourgeio Exoterikon. 1918. ^ Charitopoulos, Evangelos. "Diocese of Moschonisia" (in Greek). Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2012. ^ Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780674023680. On the nearby islet which is known in Greek as Moschonisi and in Turkish as Cunda, several hundred civilians of all ages were taken away and killed, only some of the children were spared and sent to orphanages ^ NTV MSNBC. "Cunda evlerine nüfus kağıdı" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2009-03-31. ^ "Intensive Ottoman Summer School in Turkey". Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. Harvard Summer School 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-04-05. Retrieved 2008-04-26. ^ "Department of History". Koç University. 16 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-04-26. ^ Treasure hunters destroy historic chapel in Aegean town External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cunda Island. Cunda Adası Cunda Adası Cunda Adası The Untold Story of Turkey’s Cunda Island - New Line Magazine vteAegean SeaGeneralCountries Greece Turkey Other Aegean civilizations Aegean dispute Aegean Islands Greek islands Turkish islands Aegean IslandsCyclades Ananes Amorgos Anafi Andros Antimilos Antiparos Daskalio Delos Despotiko Donousa Folegandros Gyaros Ios Irakleia Kardiotissa Kea Keros Kimolos Koufonisia Kythnos Milos Mykonos Naxos Paros Polyaigos Rineia Santorini Schoinoussa Serifopoula Serifos Sifnos Sikinos Syros Therasia Tinos Vous Aegean SeaDodecanese Agathonisi Arkoi Armathia Alimia Astakida Astypalaia Çatalada Chamili Farmakonisi Gaidaros Gyali Halki Imia Kalolimnos Kalymnos Kandelioussa Kara Ada Karpathos Kasos Kinaros Kos Küçük Tavşan Adası Leipsoi (Lipsi) Leros Levitha (Lebynthos) Nimos Nisyros Pacheia Patmos Platy Pserimos Rhodes Salih Ada Saria Symi Syrna Telendos Tilos Zaforas North Aegean Agios Efstratios Agios Minas Ammouliani Ayvalık Islands Büyük Ada Chios Chryse Cunda Foça Islands Fournoi Korseon Icaria Imbros Koukonesi Lemnos Lesbos Megalonisi (Nisiopi) Metalik Ada Oinousses Pasas Psara Samiopoula Samos Samothrace Tenedos Thasos Thymaina Uzunada Zourafa Saronic Aegina Agios Georgios Agistri Dokos Hydra Poros Psyttaleia Salamis Spetses Sporades Adelfoi Islets Agios Georgios Skopelou Alonnisos Argos Skiathou Dasia Erinia Gioura Grammeza Kyra Panagia Lekhoussa Peristera Piperi Psathoura Repi Sarakino Skandili Skantzoura Skiathos Skopelos Skyropoula Skyros Tsoungria Valaxa Cretan Afentis Christos Agia Varvara Agioi Apostoloi Agioi Pantes Agioi Theodoroi Agios Nikolaos Anavatis Arnaouti Aspros Volakas Avgo Crete Daskaleia Dia Diapori Dionysades Elasa Ftena Trachylia Glaronisi Gramvousa Grandes Kalydon (Spinalonga) Karavi Karga Katergo Kavallos Kefali Kolokythas Koursaroi Kyriamadi Lazaretta Leon Mavros Mavros Volakas Megatzedes Mochlos Nikolos Palaiosouda Peristeri Peristerovrachoi Petalida Petalouda Pontikaki Pontikonisi Praso (Prasonisi) Prosfora Pseira Sideros Souda Valenti Vryonisi Other Ionian Islands Antikythera Kythira Euboea Makronisos vte Islands of TurkeyBlack SeaGiresunGiresunOrduHoynatBartınTavşanKocaeliKefkenMarmara SeaIstanbul Princes' Islands Burgazada Büyükada Heybeliada Kaşık Kınalıada Sedef Sivriada Tavşan Yassıada Bursa İmralı Balıkesir Avşa Ekinlik Fener Koyun Marmara Paşalimanı Aegean SeaÇanakkale Bozcaada Gökçeada Tavşan Islands (four islands) Orak Saros (three islands) Balıkesir Akoğlu Büyük Maden Cunda Çıplak Çiçek Gez Ilyosta Lale Izmir Akça Büyükada Cıfıtkale Garip Hekim İncir Kalem Karantina Mardaliç Metalik Orak Pırnarlı Uzun Yassıca Yılan (Da Vinci) Aydın Güvercinada Panayır Muğla Arap Çatal Çelebi Görecek İkiz (two islands) Kara Karaca Kardak (disputed) Küçük Tavşan Orak Salih Sedir Toprak Tüllüce Yassı Yediadalar (seven islands) MediterraneanMuğla Gemiler Domuz Tersane Göcek Kızılada Antalya Kekova Iç Ada Beşadalar (five islands) Yılan Sıçan Sıçan Suluada Üçadalar (three islands) Mersin Dana Babadıl (two islands) Boğsak Aydıncık (two islands) Bozyazı Güvercin Kızkalesi Saplı Yelkenli Yılanlı Adana Karataş (two islands) Yumurtalık Lake VanVan Kuş Adır Akdamar Çarpanak	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cunda (Buddhism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunda_(Buddhism)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cunda_adas%C4%B1,Ayval%C4%B1k_-_panoramio_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cunda_Island,_Ayval%C4%B1k.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windmill_in_Cunda_Island.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cunda_church_07832.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Ayvalık 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windmills on Cunda IslandInterior of large former Greek Orthodox cathedralCunda Island, also called Alibey Island, (Turkish: Cunda Adası, Alibey Adası), Greek Moschonisi (Greek: Μοσχονήσι or Μοσχόνησος), is the largest of the Ayvalık Islands archipelago in Turkey, which was historically called the Εκατόνησα (Hekatonisa) or Μοσχονήσια (Moschonisia) archipelago in Greek. It lies in the Edremit Gulf on the Turkey's northwestern coast, off the coast of Ayvalık in Balıkesir Province, Turkey, with an area of 26.8 square kilometres (10 sq mi).[1] It is located 16 kilometres (10 miles) east of Lesbos, Greece.","title":"Cunda Island"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasos"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Antiquity","text":"According to written sources, there have been settlements since the antiquity; the sources mention the settlements of Nasos (Greek: Νάσος), Pordoselini or Pordoselene (Greek: Πορδοσελήνη) and Chalkis (Greek: Χαλκίς).[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Reshid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_Reshid"},{"link_name":"muhacirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhacir"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_since_the_beginning_of_the_European_war-7"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Ayvalık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"vilayets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayet"},{"link_name":"Izmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_1914_1918-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_since_the_beginning_of_the_European_war-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Persecution_of_the_Greeks_in_Turkey_since_the_beginning_of_the_European_war-7"},{"link_name":"see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Ambrosios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosios_Pleianthidis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark-9"},{"link_name":"population exchange between Greece and Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Cretan Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Turks"},{"link_name":"Lesbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos"}],"sub_title":"20th Century","text":"According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82-1893, the kaza of Cunda (Yunda) had a total population of 4,671 consisting of 4,417 Greeks, 89 Muslims and 165 foreign citizens.[3]Until the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) the entire population of the island was Greek.[4]\nIn 1913, Mehmed Reshid visited the island and he suggested the settlement of wealthy Muslim muhacirs on the island in order to control the Greek population.[5] In 1914, persecution against the population started, resulting in the departure of many inhabitants from the island.[6] The bishop Photios, various priests and prominent men were seized, beaten and imprisoned in a mill, to be released only after some days had passed. Men and women were beaten and tortured.[7] Later,[when?] the inhabitants were deported to Ayvalık (Kydonies/Aivali in Greek) on the mainland without being allowed to take anything with them. In Ayvalık they shared the same fate of oppression with its Christian inhabitants until they were all deported, and scattered among the Turkish villages of the vilayets of Izmir and Bursa. There they were subjected daily to all kinds of persecution and died in great numbers. The churches on the island were looted and turned into warehouses and stables, the lamps and holy images in them were broken, paintings of art destroyed and houses rendered uninhabitable.[6][7] In 1915, inhabitants of the island were compelled to pay 2,500 Turkish pounds for the uniforms of the Turkish army and 2,000 Turkish pounds for the construction of barracks; to pay a wheat-tax for the upkeep of the navy, and to buy, at no cheap price, post-cards. Also, some inhabitants were killed and tortured.[7]For a short period (1921–1922), the island was the see of a Greek Orthodox metropolitan bishop, while the neoclassical mansion of the last metropolitan, Ambrosios, who was executed by the Turkish army, still survives on the seafront of the island's town center.[8] On September 19, 1922 several hundred of the Greek islanders were killed on Cunda; only some children were spared and sent to orphanages.[9] The next year, following the Treaty of Lausanne and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the few remaining islanders were forced to leave for Greece and were replaced by Cretan Turks and Turks from Lesbos.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lale Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lale_Island"},{"link_name":"Ayvalık Strait Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k_Strait_Bridge"},{"link_name":"causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Rahmi M. Koç Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmi_M._Ko%C3%A7_Museum"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Yıldız Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Koç University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Cunda Island has the character of a typical Aegean resort town. There are frequent bus and ferry services to Cunda Island from the town center of Ayvalık. Cunda Island is connected to Lale Island, and thence to the mainland, by the Ayvalık Strait Bridge, and a causeway built in the late 1960s. This is the first and currently the oldest surviving bridge in Turkey that connects lands separated by a strait.The main landmark of Cunda Island remains the Taxiarchis Church (Turkish: Taksiyarhis Kilisesi). The large, former Greek Orthodox cathedral was abandoned and dilapidated, but has now been restored and houses one of the Rahmi M. Koç Museums. Poroselene (Greek: Ποροσελήνη) bay in the north of the island is among Cunda's main sights. In antiquity, it was the home of a dolphin which saved a drowning boy, according to a story mentioned by Pausanias.In 2007, after two years of work, all 551 buildings in Cunda Island were inspected and registered by the Turkish Science Academy and Yıldız Technical University Faculty of Architecture, as part of the \"Culture of Turkey inventory project\".[10]USA-based Harvard University and Turkey's Koç University have established a joint project in Cunda Island and run a \"Harvard-Koç University Intensive Ottoman & Turkish Summer School\" every summer.[11][12]In 2020, the Greek monastery of Saint Demetrius, also known as Ai Dimitri Monastery, which was built in 1766 with donations from the citizens of Cunda, was completely destroyed by treasure hunters.[13]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cunda_houses_2020_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paterica_Cove.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cunda_adacamping_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taksiyarhis_Church,_Cunda_2020_(3).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taksiyarhis_Church,_Cunda_2020_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_street_from_Cunda_Island.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_street_in_Cunda_Island.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alibey_Adasi,_Ayval%C4%B1k,_Turkey_(Unsplash).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cunda_Adas%C4%B1_01.jpg"}],"text":"Houses in Cunda Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaterica Cove\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCamping area in Cunda\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTaksiyarhis Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTaksiyarhis Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA street from Cunda Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaved walkways of Cunda Island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCunda Island Windmill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCats of Cunda Island","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Cunda Island viewed from the sea.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cunda_adas%C4%B1%2CAyval%C4%B1k_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Cunda_adas%C4%B1%2CAyval%C4%B1k_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cunda Island, Ayvalık, Balıkesir Province, Turkey.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cunda_Island%2C_Ayval%C4%B1k.jpg/220px-Cunda_Island%2C_Ayval%C4%B1k.jpg"},{"image_text":"White washed windmills on Cunda Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Windmill_in_Cunda_Island.jpg/220px-Windmill_in_Cunda_Island.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of large former Greek Orthodox cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cunda_church_07832.jpg/220px-Cunda_church_07832.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aegean Sea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aegean_with_legends.svg/150px-Aegean_with_legends.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of islands of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Turkey"},{"title":"Aegean Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Islands"}]	[{"reference":"\"Turkey's Statistical Yearbook 2013\" (PDF) (in Turkish and English). Turkish Statistical Institute. 2014. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0022025.pdf","url_text":"\"Turkey's Statistical Yearbook 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute","url_text":"Turkish Statistical Institute"}]},{"reference":"Güven, Mine; Akar, Didar; Öztürk, Balkız; Kelepir, Meltem (2016). Exploring the Turkish Linguistic Landscape: Essays in honor of Eser Erguvanlı-Taylan. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 58. ISBN 978-9027259400.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NE1dDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Exploring the Turkish Linguistic Landscape: Essays in honor of Eser Erguvanlı-Taylan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027259400","url_text":"978-9027259400"}]},{"reference":"Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2016). World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide. I.B.Tauris; Sew edition. ISBN 978-1784532468.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1fO5CwAAQBAJ&q=cunda+island+greek+massacre","url_text":"World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784532468","url_text":"978-1784532468"}]},{"reference":"Persecution of the Greeks in Turkey, 1914–1918. Constantinople [London, Printed by the Hesperia Press]. 1919.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/persecutionofgre00consrich","url_text":"Persecution of the Greeks in Turkey, 1914–1918"}]},{"reference":"Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey since the beginning of the European war. Greece. Hypourgeio Exoterikon. 1918.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/persecutionsofgr00greece","url_text":"Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey since the beginning of the European war"}]},{"reference":"Charitopoulos, Evangelos. \"Diocese of Moschonisia\" (in Greek). Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140203200444/http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8345","url_text":"\"Diocese of Moschonisia\""},{"url":"http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8345","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780674023680. On the nearby islet which is known in Greek as Moschonisi and in Turkish as Cunda, several hundred civilians of all ages were taken away and killed, only some of the children were spared and sent to orphanages","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674023680","url_text":"Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674023680/page/25","url_text":"25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674023680","url_text":"9780674023680"}]},{"reference":"NTV MSNBC. \"Cunda evlerine nüfus kağıdı\" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2009-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/425255.asp","url_text":"\"Cunda evlerine nüfus kağıdı\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intensive Ottoman Summer School in Turkey\". Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. Harvard Summer School 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-04-05. Retrieved 2008-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080405113016/http://www.summer.harvard.edu/2008/courses/nelc.jsp","url_text":"\"Intensive Ottoman Summer School in Turkey\""},{"url":"http://www.summer.harvard.edu/2008/courses/nelc.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Department of History\". Koç University. 16 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081007070858/http://www.ku.edu.tr/ku/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=202&Itemid=573","url_text":"\"Department of History\""},{"url":"http://www.ku.edu.tr/ku/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=202&Itemid=573","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cunda_Island&params=39_21_38_N_26_38_34_E_region:TR_type:city(3321)","external_links_name":"39°21′38″N 26°38′34″E / 39.36056°N 26.64278°E / 39.36056; 26.64278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cunda_Island&params=39_21_38_N_26_38_34_E_region:TR_type:city(3321)","external_links_name":"39°21′38″N 26°38′34″E / 39.36056°N 26.64278°E / 39.36056; 26.64278"},{"Link":"https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0022025.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's Statistical Yearbook 2013\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6243/","external_links_name":"Ayvalık Industrial Landscape"},{"Link":"https://kupdf.net/downloadFile/59e4a7b908bbc56144e653d7","external_links_name":"Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NE1dDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Exploring the Turkish Linguistic Landscape: Essays in honor of Eser Erguvanlı-Taylan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1fO5CwAAQBAJ&q=cunda+island+greek+massacre","external_links_name":"World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/persecutionofgre00consrich","external_links_name":"Persecution of the Greeks in Turkey, 1914–1918"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/persecutionsofgr00greece","external_links_name":"Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey since the beginning of the European war"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140203200444/http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8345","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Moschonisia\""},{"Link":"http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8345","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674023680","external_links_name":"Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674023680/page/25","external_links_name":"25"},{"Link":"http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/425255.asp","external_links_name":"\"Cunda evlerine nüfus kağıdı\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080405113016/http://www.summer.harvard.edu/2008/courses/nelc.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Intensive Ottoman Summer School in Turkey\""},{"Link":"http://www.summer.harvard.edu/2008/courses/nelc.jsp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081007070858/http://www.ku.edu.tr/ku/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=202&Itemid=573","external_links_name":"\"Department of History\""},{"Link":"http://www.ku.edu.tr/ku/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=202&Itemid=573","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/treasure-hunters-destroy-historic-chapel-in-aegean-town-161360","external_links_name":"Treasure hunters destroy historic chapel in Aegean town"},{"Link":"http://www.cundaadasi.com.tr/","external_links_name":"Cunda Adası"},{"Link":"http://www.yundantik.com/","external_links_name":"Cunda Adası"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120622120958/http://www.cunda.name/","external_links_name":"Cunda Adası"},{"Link":"https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/the-untold-story-of-turkeys-cunda-island/","external_links_name":"The Untold Story of Turkey’s Cunda Island - New Line Magazine"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_corps_(Red_Army)	Cavalry corps (Soviet Union)	["1 Structure of the Corps","2 Operational history","3 Corps and time of formation","4 Guards Cavalry Corps (Gv.kk)","5 Cavalry Groups","6 Composition","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Works cited","9 External links"]	Members of the Kremlin Regiment on horseback dressed in the uniforms of the cavalry corps. The cavalry corps (Russian: кавалерийский корпус) of the Workers and Peasant Red Army was a type of military formation that existed from the early days of the Russian Civil War until 1947 when the Red Army was renamed as the Soviet Army and all cavalry corps were disbanded. Structure of the Corps The cavalry corps represented the foundation of large mobile formations in the Red Army, and most were converted to mechanized and motorized corps during the 1930s. However, due to severe losses in vehicles by the Red Army following the German invasion of USSR many more cavalry corps were raised. The Soviet Cavalry Corps was the largest of the cavalry units and was equal to an army on the battlefield, however during major operations cavalry groups such as Dovator and Belov were established. During the Second World War the cavalry corps were used primarily as components of the Cavalry Mechanized Groups that were inserted into the breakthrough sector of the Front following an offensive, paired with either a tank corps or a mechanized corps, providing additional mobile infantry component that could escort tanks and support them against enemy anti-tank defenses. Sometimes dismounted cavalrymen were used as tank desant to ensure closer cooperation between tanks and cavalry. These corps initially included two cavalry divisions, two self-propelled artillery regiments, and a signals battalion and a tank battalion of 31 tanks. These light cavalry divisions were 3,447 me, 3,890 horses, eight 76.2mm guns twelve, 72.6mm howitzers, eight 45mm anti-tank guns, eight 120mm mortars, forty-eight 50mm mortars, nine12.7mm anti-aircraft machine guns, forty-eight heavy machine guns, 113 light machineguns. Medium tanks were often replaced with light tanks, tankllets, or armoured cars. This new smaller division considerably accelerated mobilization and proved easier to command for the great mass of inexperienced officers. In June 1941, each Soviet Cavalry Corps consisted of 18,000 men, 15,552 horses, 124 tanks, 44 armored cars, 64 artillery 32 antitank guns, and 40 anti-aircraft guns. Each Cavalry Division was made of 3,000 men. Additionally having 128 tanks 36 armored cars, 64 artillery guns and AA guns over 76mm, 32 anti-aircraft, 120 mortars, and 430 light medium or heavy MGs. Each Cavalry Regiment had 32 heavy machine guns, 8 anti-tank guns, and 8 artillery pieces. Between July and December 1941, the cavalry arm expanded from thirteen to eighty-two divisions. On paper they were authorized 128 sub machine-guns; however, like Pavel Belov 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, most of the cavalry was primarily armed with rifles prior to the Moscow counteroffensive in December 1941. In 1943 the cavalry was expanded into cavalry-mechanize groups with additional cavalry division being added, thus bringing the regular division to 6000. Additionally, all divisions received a tank regiment with its own air force unit. Red Army cavalry organization differs considerably from the organization of US cavalry units. Numerically, Red Army units are the smaller. A Soviet cavalry corps is roughly equal numerically to a reinforced US horse cavalry division. Within the Red Army cavalry corps, also, are from two to four tank regiments as organic elements of the corps. The U.S.S.R. cavalry regiment is so designed as to provide a small and mobile striking force, heavily reinforced by supporting weapons. Numerically equal to less than half a Red Army infantry regiment, the U.S.S.R. cavalry regiment has almost as much firepower in supporting weapons. Operational history While the Soviet cavalry was the most combat-ready arm of the Soviet ground forces, its tanks and trucks were in a deplorable state of operational readiness. Early in the war, tank and paratrooper units were put under the cavalry command during the most difficult situations. This demonstrates the significant role of the cavalry on the Frontline as it was the most mobile force available during 1941–43. It is also important to note that; the cavalry usually fought under-strength of 3000 men at full strength for a division, while often being thrown into the hardest parts of the battle. A full-strength cavalry Corps of 18,000 men had to do the same output as an army of 60,000-100,000 men on the given task. Some legendary cavalry units often surpassed those expectations given to them by STAVKA as most famously Pavel Belov and Lev Dovator. Later in their place with the same units Issa Pliyev and Viktor Kirillovich Baranov would perform with most proficiency even in worst situations they always found the way to keep fighting never being captured or destroyed throughout the war. The cavalry operated successfully during the whole war, particularly during the difficult early stages of the war. The speed of the German advance often spread out the units thinly, allowing Soviet cavalry formations to launch raids into its enemy's rear. At dawn on August 28, 1941, Col. Lev Dovator led a cavalry group of three thousand sabers (accompanied by medium and light machine guns but no artillery or armor) in a mounted attack which, broke through the 450th German Infantry Regiment. Over the next two days, Dovator's command inflicted some twenty-five hundred casualties on the Germans; they overran two regimental headquarters and the topographical department of the Sixth Army; they destroyed two hundred motor vehicles, two tanks, four armored cars, four artillery pieces, and six mortars; and they captured fifteen hundred rifles and automatic weapons, which were used to arm a partisan detachment left behind the German lines. Despite the name, for the most part, the troops of the cavalry corps operated primarily as dismounted infantry. Soviet cavalry doctrine emphasized that cavalry should dismount to fight unless specific circumstances existed to attack mounted. Mounted attacks were called for when the enemy was weak and his defense unorganized. The enemy must be unaware of the cavalry's presence and the terrain must favor its approach. After the enemies retreated they were able to pursue the enemy on horses along with tanks resulting in great enemy losses. Their horses were the only units able to negotiate terrain that would prove difficult to motor vehicles, while at the same time being able to conduct rapid raids into the rear of the enemy positions. Often fighting along with other penetrating or later shock units, this was often done in the most crucial parts of the battlefield. During Battle of Moscow, in the central part, both generals Lev Dovator whose cavalrymen and Ivan Panfilov and his men were KIA during the dire days of the battle, their sacrifice bought crucial time for the Soviets to shift forces into the region and stabilize the front at the gates of Moscow. In the south Pavel Belov and his cavalrymen played a pivotal role in helping to lead and destroy Guderian army group that was enveloping Moscow from the south thus helping the nearly encircled 50th Army in Tula. Later during the crucial encirclement of the Battle of Stalingrad, the cavalry units Issa Pliev with their mobility were the first to close the circle entrapping the German 6th Army. These heroic actions were done often throughout the war resulting in another stunning achievement for the cavalry as they were the first to fully encircle Berlin and bring another great achievement with them. Its key contributions through the war were one of the key reasons that Stalin chose the Cavalry to meet with the Allies on the Elbe. During the Battle for Moscow, elements of Generaloberst Heinz Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group tried to seize Kashira, a town that was vital to the Soviet defenses on the Western Front on 18 November 1941. Kashira was 80 kilometres north-west of Tula and 120 kilometers south-south-west of Moscow. In a desperate attempt to defend the town, STAVKA hurled Major General Pavel Belov's 2nd Cavalry Corps, later renamed 1st Guards Cavalry Corps on 26 November, 112th "Revolutionary Mongolia" Tank Brigade, a battalion of BM-13 Katyusha rocket launchers and air support at the Germans. The defense and counter-attack were utterly successful, and the fascist troops were driven back by 40 kilometres. Total cavalry numbered roughly 50,000 in the battle of which some consisted of Cossacks. These elite troops achieved great success from their advantage in cavalry, superior physicality, bravery, and mental strength made up for their small numbers. Cavalry was constantly on the move to disrupt lines with little sleep, as they fought by day and moved and raided at night. As was demonstrated during the 1941-42 Moscow counter-offensive, rifle units penetrated enemy lines, which were then successfully exploited by cavalry, supported by tanks. These mobile formations effectively disrupted the German rear, allowing Soviet riflemen to push back German lines. This cavalry tank tactic created a higher operational tempo, making it difficult for the Germans to re-establish a defensive line. These tactics were most famously applied by Lev Dovator who fell during the counteroffensive in the Battle of Moscow. Additionally Pavel Belov demonstrated this art of war successfully against Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group in the south part of the city, which later resulted in his famous 5-month raid behind the German 9th Army. Belov attacked the headquarters on a few occasions, while slipping away every time. This got the attention of Franz Halder who later had 7 German divisions on the pursue, this was over 100,000 men resulting in one of the greatest chases in world history earning him the nickname the Fox. More significantly, the raid so unnerved the German high command that it slowed its advance in that sector, withdrawing units from the frontline. Aircraft, armor, and motorized infantry all failed to intercept Dovator as he weaved across the country and passed safely back through the lines. By late summer, a number of new cavalry formations had been established, and the Soviet army would eventually field eight full cavalry corps. The contributions of Belov and Dovator in slowing down the Nazi advance were recognized, and they were given command, respectively, of the 1st and 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps. In the Battle for Stalingrad, three cavalry corps, the 8th (including the 21st, 55th, and 112th cavalry divisions), the 3rd Guards (including the 5th and 6th Guards and 32nd cavalry divisions) and the 4th Cavalry Corps (61st and 81st cavalry divisions) participated in the counter-offensive. These varied in strength between 22,500 and 10,200 personnel and had from 18,000 to 9,000 horses. Between April 1942 and July 1942, the Red Army, suffering a shortage of horses, disbanded 41 cavalry divisions. The lack of horses was the deciding factor in the reduction in the cavalry units. Soviet cavalry was incorporated into a Cavalry Mechanized Group, which was very well equipped to perform shock attacks able to penetrate and pursue the enemy. It remained an important factor in later stages of the war. For instance, Operation Bagration might have not been as successful if it wasn't for mechanized cavalry units using deep battle penetration to keep up with the tanks upon breakthrough. Until the end of the war, the Soviet cavalry remained to be respected and feared by its enemies. In the final months, it demonstrated once more how effective cavalry could be in a modern age when applied properly, as they successfully encircled Berlin and later were instrumental in the Japanese in 1945 during the Battle of Manchuria, cementing their legacy as one of the finest units of the war. Corps and time of formation Disbandment dates are from Bonn, Slaughterhouse. 1st Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 16 December 1941, disbanded c. March 1942. 2nd Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - March–November 1941, then converted to 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, second formation 23 December 1941, disbanded June 1942. 3rd Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 20 November 1941, converted to 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps. 4th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 18 March 1941, disbanded May 1943. 5th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - March 1941-December 1941, then converted to 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps, second formation 1 January 1942, disbanded July 1943. 6th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - March 1940-July 1941, second formation 30 November 1941, disbanded May 1942. 7th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 26 December 1941, converted to 6th Guards Cavalry Corps, January 1943 8th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - January 1942, converted to 7th Guards Cavalry Corps, 14 February 1943. 9th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 1 January 1942, disbanded 11 April 1942. 10th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 12 January 1942, disbanded 3 February 1942. 11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 12 January 1942, disbanded 8 August 1942. 12th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 12 January 1942, disbanded 3 February 1942. 13th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 20 January 1942, disbanded July 1942. 14th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 23 January 1942, disbanded April 1942. 15th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 1 January 1942. In May 1943 still in Iran with 23rd Cavalry Division (Soviet Union) and smaller units. Disbanded May 1945. 16th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 4 January 1942, disbanded? March 1942. 17th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - June–August 1942, converted to 4th Guards Cavalry Corps. 18th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - August 1942, disbanded August 1943. 19th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - February 1943, disbanded July 1943. In connection with the great vulnerability of cavalry from artillery fire, air strikes and tanks, the number of cavalry corps was reduced to 8 on 1 September 1943. Guards Cavalry Corps (Gv.kk) 1st Guards Cavalry Corps - 26 November 1941 and (2nd Cavalry Corps) 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps - 25 December 1942 (3rd Cavalry Corps) 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps - 25 December 1941 (5th Cavalry Corps) 4th Guards Cavalry Corps - 27 August 1942 (17th Cavalry Corps) - operated with Cavalry mechanized groups in 1944–45, destroyed as part of Cavalry-mechanized Group Pliyev at the Battle of Debrecen, fought during Budapest, Bratislava-Brno, and Prague Offensives. 5th Guards Cavalry Corps - 20 November 1942 - created at Kizlyar by an order of the Stavka VGK for inclusion in the Transcaucasus Front. Consisted of the 11th Guards 'Don' Cossack Cavalry Division, 12th Guards 'Don' Cossack Cavalry Division, and 63rd Cavalry Division. Participated in Iassy-Kishinev Offensive, Battle of Debrecen, Budapest Offensive, and Vienna Offensive. 6th Guards Cavalry Corps - 19 January 1943 (7th Cavalry Corps) 7th Guards Cavalry Corps - 14 February 1943 (8th Cavalry Corps) In the second half of the 20th century the cavalry corps in the Soviet Army disbanded, the last cavalry division in 1955. Cavalry Groups Pavel Belov's Cavalry Group Batskelevich Cavalry Group Kuliev Cavalry Group Donbass Cavalry Group Dovator's Cavalry Group Mishulin's Cavalry Group Composition At the beginning of the war, Red Army cavalry corps had 2–3 cavalry (or mountain cavalry) divisions in each. In the corps was: Personnel More than 19,000 soldiers Horse 16,000 horses Basic weapons and equipment 128 tanks 44 armored cars 64 field, 32 anti-tank and 40 anti-aircraft guns 128 mortars During the war the battle of the cavalry corps has been significantly strengthened, it began to enter: 3rd Cavalry Division Self-propelled artillery, anti-tank artillery and anti-aircraft artillery regiments Guards Mortar Regiment Rocket artillery Mortar and separate anti-tank battalions. See also Mechanised corps (Soviet Union) Rifle corps (Soviet Union) Pavel Belov Lev Dovator Issa Pliyev Viktor Kirillovich Baranov References ^ a b c d e Harrel 2019. ^ a b Phillips 2007. ^ Bellamy 2007. ^ Dunn 1995, p. 234. ^ "Боевой состав Советской Армии на 1 мая 1943 г." www.teatrskazka.com. Combat composition of the Soviet Army. Retrieved 2017-06-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Bonn 2005, p. 347. Works cited Bonn, Keith E. (2005). Slaughterhouse: The Handbook of the Eastern Front. Aberjona Press. ISBN 978-0-9717650-9-2. Dunn, Walter S. Jr (30 August 1995). The Soviet Economy and the Red Army, 1930-1945. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-94893-1. Harrel, John S. (30 September 2019). Soviet Cavalry Operations During the Second World War: & the Genesis of the Operational Manoeuvre Group. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-5267-4303-9. Phillips, Gervase (September 2007). "Red Sabers: J. E. B. Stuart, Soviet Cavalry Guru". World War II Magazine. Retrieved 18 January 2024. Bellamy, Chris (2007). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41086-4. External links Article on the use of cavalry by the Red Army	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"}],"text":"The cavalry corps (Russian: кавалерийский корпус) of the Workers and Peasant Red Army was a type of military formation that existed from the early days of the Russian Civil War until 1947 when the Red Army was renamed as the Soviet Army and all cavalry corps were disbanded.","title":"Cavalry corps (Soviet Union)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_formations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"German invasion of USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army"},{"link_name":"Cavalry Mechanized Groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_Mechanized_Group"},{"link_name":"Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_(Soviet_Army)"},{"link_name":"tank corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"mechanized corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"tank desant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_desant"},{"link_name":"cavalry divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalry_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalry_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrel2019-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Pavel Belov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Belov"},{"link_name":"1st Guards Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Guards_Cavalry_Corps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrel2019-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The cavalry corps represented the foundation of large mobile formations in the Red Army, and most were converted to mechanized and motorized corps during the 1930s. However, due to severe losses in vehicles by the Red Army following the German invasion of USSR many more cavalry corps were raised. The Soviet Cavalry Corps was the largest of the cavalry units and was equal to an army on the battlefield, however during major operations cavalry groups such as Dovator and Belov were established. During the Second World War the cavalry corps were used primarily as components of the Cavalry Mechanized Groups that were inserted into the breakthrough sector of the Front following an offensive, paired with either a tank corps or a mechanized corps, providing additional mobile infantry component that could escort tanks and support them against enemy anti-tank defenses. Sometimes dismounted cavalrymen were used as tank desant to ensure closer cooperation between tanks and cavalry.These corps initially included two cavalry divisions, two self-propelled artillery regiments, and a signals battalion and a tank battalion of 31 tanks. These light cavalry divisions were 3,447 me, 3,890 horses, eight 76.2mm guns twelve, 72.6mm howitzers, eight 45mm anti-tank guns, eight 120mm mortars, forty-eight 50mm mortars, nine12.7mm anti-aircraft machine guns, forty-eight heavy machine guns, 113 light machineguns. Medium tanks were often replaced with light tanks, tankllets, or armoured cars. This new smaller division considerably accelerated mobilization and proved easier to command for the great mass of inexperienced officers.In June 1941, each Soviet Cavalry Corps consisted of 18,000 men, 15,552 horses, 124 tanks, 44 armored cars, 64 artillery 32 antitank guns, and 40 anti-aircraft guns. Each Cavalry Division was made of 3,000 men. Additionally having 128 tanks 36 armored cars, 64 artillery guns and AA guns over 76mm, 32 anti-aircraft, 120 mortars, and 430 light medium or heavy MGs. Each Cavalry Regiment had 32 heavy machine guns, 8 anti-tank guns, and 8 artillery pieces.[1][page needed]Between July and December 1941, the cavalry arm expanded from thirteen to eighty-two divisions. On paper they were authorized 128 sub machine-guns; however, like Pavel Belov 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, most of the cavalry was primarily armed with rifles prior to the Moscow counteroffensive in December 1941.[1][page needed] In 1943 the cavalry was expanded into cavalry-mechanize groups with additional cavalry division being added, thus bringing the regular division to 6000. Additionally, all divisions received a tank regiment with its own air force unit.Red Army cavalry organization differs considerably from the organization of US cavalry units. Numerically, Red Army units are the smaller. A Soviet cavalry corps is roughly equal numerically to a reinforced US horse cavalry division. Within the Red Army cavalry corps, also, are from two to four tank regiments as organic elements of the corps. The U.S.S.R. cavalry regiment is so designed as to provide a small and mobile striking force, heavily reinforced by supporting weapons. Numerically equal to less than half a Red Army infantry regiment, the U.S.S.R. cavalry regiment has almost as much firepower in supporting weapons.[citation needed]","title":"Structure of the Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrel2019-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"paratrooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratrooper"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"STAVKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAVKA"},{"link_name":"Pavel Belov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Belov"},{"link_name":"Lev Dovator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Dovator"},{"link_name":"Issa Pliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_Pliyev"},{"link_name":"Viktor Kirillovich Baranov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kirillovich_Baranov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2007-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"dismounted infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dismounted_infantry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrel2019-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(military)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Lev Dovator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Dovator"},{"link_name":"Ivan Panfilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Panfilov"},{"link_name":"Pavel Belov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Belov"},{"link_name":"Guderian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guderian"},{"link_name":"50th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Issa Pliev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_Pliev"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Battle for Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Generaloberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaloberst"},{"link_name":"Heinz Guderian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Guderian"},{"link_name":"2nd Panzer Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Group"},{"link_name":"Kashira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashira"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"STAVKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAVKA"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Pavel Belov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Belov"},{"link_name":"2nd Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"1st Guards Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Guards_Cavalry_Corps"},{"link_name":"112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/112th_%22Revolutionary_Mongolia%22_Tank_Brigade"},{"link_name":"BM-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BM-13"},{"link_name":"Katyusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007-3"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrel2019-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Lev Dovator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Dovator"},{"link_name":"Pavel Belov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Belov"},{"link_name":"2nd Panzer Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Group"},{"link_name":"German 9th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_9th_Army"},{"link_name":"Franz Halder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Halder"},{"link_name":"high command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2007-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Battle for Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"3rd Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Guards_Cavalry_Corps"},{"link_name":"4th Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Cavalry_Corps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1995234-4"},{"link_name":"Operation Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manchuria"}],"text":"While the Soviet cavalry was the most combat-ready arm of the Soviet ground forces, its tanks and trucks were in a deplorable state of operational readiness.[1][page needed] Early in the war, tank and paratrooper units were put under the cavalry command during the most difficult situations. This demonstrates the significant role of the cavalry on the Frontline as it was the most mobile force available during 1941–43. It is also important to note that; the cavalry usually fought under-strength of 3000 men at full strength for a division, while often being thrown into the hardest parts of the battle. A full-strength cavalry Corps of 18,000 men had to do the same output as an army of 60,000-100,000 men on the given task. Some legendary cavalry units often surpassed those expectations given to them by STAVKA as most famously Pavel Belov and Lev Dovator. Later in their place with the same units Issa Pliyev and Viktor Kirillovich Baranov would perform with most proficiency even in worst situations they always found the way to keep fighting never being captured or destroyed throughout the war.The cavalry operated successfully during the whole war, particularly during the difficult early stages of the war. The speed of the German advance often spread out the units thinly, allowing Soviet cavalry formations to launch raids into its enemy's rear. At dawn on August 28, 1941, Col. Lev Dovator led a cavalry group of three thousand sabers (accompanied by medium and light machine guns but no artillery or armor) in a mounted attack which, broke through the 450th German Infantry Regiment. Over the next two days, Dovator's command inflicted some twenty-five hundred casualties on the Germans; they overran two regimental headquarters and the topographical department of the Sixth Army; they destroyed two hundred motor vehicles, two tanks, four armored cars, four artillery pieces, and six mortars; and they captured fifteen hundred rifles and automatic weapons, which were used to arm a partisan detachment left behind the German lines.[2][page needed]Despite the name, for the most part, the troops of the cavalry corps operated primarily as dismounted infantry. Soviet cavalry doctrine emphasized that cavalry should dismount to fight unless specific circumstances existed to attack mounted. Mounted attacks were called for when the enemy was weak and his defense unorganized. The enemy must be unaware of the cavalry's presence and the terrain must favor its approach.[1][page needed] After the enemies retreated they were able to pursue the enemy on horses along with tanks resulting in great enemy losses.Their horses were the only units able to negotiate terrain that would prove difficult to motor vehicles, while at the same time being able to conduct rapid raids into the rear of the enemy positions. Often fighting along with other penetrating or later shock units, this was often done in the most crucial parts of the battlefield. During Battle of Moscow, in the central part, both generals Lev Dovator whose cavalrymen and Ivan Panfilov and his men were KIA during the dire days of the battle, their sacrifice bought crucial time for the Soviets to shift forces into the region and stabilize the front at the gates of Moscow. In the south Pavel Belov and his cavalrymen played a pivotal role in helping to lead and destroy Guderian army group that was enveloping Moscow from the south thus helping the nearly encircled 50th Army in Tula. Later during the crucial encirclement of the Battle of Stalingrad, the cavalry units Issa Pliev with their mobility were the first to close the circle entrapping the German 6th Army. These heroic actions were done often throughout the war resulting in another stunning achievement for the cavalry as they were the first to fully encircle Berlin and bring another great achievement with them. Its key contributions through the war were one of the key reasons that Stalin chose the Cavalry to meet with the Allies on the Elbe.During the Battle for Moscow, elements of Generaloberst Heinz Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group tried to seize Kashira, a town that was vital to the Soviet defenses on the Western Front on 18 November 1941. Kashira was 80 kilometres north-west of Tula and 120 kilometers south-south-west of Moscow. In a desperate attempt to defend the town, STAVKA hurled Major General Pavel Belov's 2nd Cavalry Corps, later renamed 1st Guards Cavalry Corps on 26 November, 112th \"Revolutionary Mongolia\" Tank Brigade, a battalion of BM-13 Katyusha rocket launchers and air support at the Germans. The defense and counter-attack were utterly successful, and the fascist troops were driven back by 40 kilometres.[3][page needed] Total cavalry numbered roughly 50,000 in the battle of which some consisted of Cossacks. These elite troops achieved great success from their advantage in cavalry, superior physicality, bravery, and mental strength made up for their small numbers. Cavalry was constantly on the move to disrupt lines with little sleep, as they fought by day and moved and raided at night. As was demonstrated during the 1941-42 Moscow counter-offensive, rifle units penetrated enemy lines, which were then successfully exploited by cavalry, supported by tanks. These mobile formations effectively disrupted the German rear, allowing Soviet riflemen to push back German lines. This cavalry tank tactic created a higher operational tempo, making it difficult for the Germans to re-establish a defensive line.[1][page needed] These tactics were most famously applied by Lev Dovator who fell during the counteroffensive in the Battle of Moscow. Additionally Pavel Belov demonstrated this art of war successfully against Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group in the south part of the city, which later resulted in his famous 5-month raid behind the German 9th Army. Belov attacked the headquarters on a few occasions, while slipping away every time. This got the attention of Franz Halder who later had 7 German divisions on the pursue, this was over 100,000 men resulting in one of the greatest chases in world history earning him the nickname the Fox.More significantly, the raid so unnerved the German high command that it slowed its advance in that sector, withdrawing units from the frontline. Aircraft, armor, and motorized infantry all failed to intercept Dovator as he weaved across the country and passed safely back through the lines. By late summer, a number of new cavalry formations had been established, and the Soviet army would eventually field eight full cavalry corps. The contributions of Belov and Dovator in slowing down the Nazi advance were recognized, and they were given command, respectively, of the 1st and 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps.[2][page needed]In the Battle for Stalingrad, three cavalry corps, the 8th (including the 21st, 55th, and 112th cavalry divisions), the 3rd Guards (including the 5th and 6th Guards and 32nd cavalry divisions) and the 4th Cavalry Corps (61st and 81st cavalry divisions) participated in the counter-offensive. These varied in strength between 22,500 and 10,200 personnel and had from 18,000 to 9,000 horses.Between April 1942 and July 1942, the Red Army, suffering a shortage of horses, disbanded 41 cavalry divisions. The lack of horses was the deciding factor in the reduction in the cavalry units.[4] Soviet cavalry was incorporated into a Cavalry Mechanized Group, which was very well equipped to perform shock attacks able to penetrate and pursue the enemy. It remained an important factor in later stages of the war. For instance, Operation Bagration might have not been as successful if it wasn't for mechanized cavalry units using deep battle penetration to keep up with the tanks upon breakthrough. Until the end of the war, the Soviet cavalry remained to be respected and feared by its enemies. In the final months, it demonstrated once more how effective cavalry could be in a modern age when applied properly, as they successfully encircled Berlin and later were instrumental in the Japanese in 1945 during the Battle of Manchuria, cementing their legacy as one of the finest units of the war.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"3rd Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"4th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"5th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"6th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"7th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"8th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"9th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"12th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"13th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=13th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"14th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"15th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=15th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"23rd Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=23rd_Cavalry_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"16th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"17th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"18th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=18th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"19th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=19th_Cavalry_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Disbandment dates are from Bonn, Slaughterhouse.1st Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 16 December 1941, disbanded c. March 1942.\n2nd Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - March–November 1941, then converted to 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, second formation 23 December 1941, disbanded June 1942.\n3rd Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 20 November 1941, converted to 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps.\n4th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 18 March 1941, disbanded May 1943.\n5th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - March 1941-December 1941, then converted to 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps, second formation 1 January 1942, disbanded July 1943.\n6th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - March 1940-July 1941, second formation 30 November 1941, disbanded May 1942.\n7th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 26 December 1941, converted to 6th Guards Cavalry Corps, January 1943\n8th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - January 1942, converted to 7th Guards Cavalry Corps, 14 February 1943.\n9th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 1 January 1942, disbanded 11 April 1942.\n10th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 12 January 1942, disbanded 3 February 1942.\n11th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 12 January 1942, disbanded 8 August 1942.\n12th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 12 January 1942, disbanded 3 February 1942.\n13th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 20 January 1942, disbanded July 1942.\n14th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 23 January 1942, disbanded April 1942.\n15th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 1 January 1942. In May 1943 still in Iran with 23rd Cavalry Division (Soviet Union) and smaller units.[5] Disbanded May 1945.\n16th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - 4 January 1942, disbanded? March 1942.\n17th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - June–August 1942, converted to 4th Guards Cavalry Corps.\n18th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - August 1942, disbanded August 1943.\n19th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union) - February 1943, disbanded July 1943.In connection with the great vulnerability of cavalry from artillery fire, air strikes and tanks, the number of cavalry corps was reduced to 8 on 1 September 1943.","title":"Corps and time of formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st Guards Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Guards_Cavalry_Corps"},{"link_name":"2nd Guards Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Guards_Cavalry_Corps"},{"link_name":"3rd Guards Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Guards_Cavalry_Corps"},{"link_name":"4th Guards Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Guards_Cavalry_Corps"},{"link_name":"Cavalry mechanized groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_mechanized_group"},{"link_name":"Pliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_Pliyev"},{"link_name":"Battle of Debrecen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen"},{"link_name":"Bratislava-Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Prague Offensives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Offensive"},{"link_name":"5th Guards Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th_Guards_Cossack_Cavalry_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kizlyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizlyar"},{"link_name":"Stavka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavka"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasus Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasus_Front"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonn2005347-6"},{"link_name":"Iassy-Kishinev Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive_(August_1944)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Debrecen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen"},{"link_name":"Budapest Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Vienna Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Offensive"},{"link_name":"6th Guards Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_Guards_Cavalry_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"7th Guards Cavalry Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Guards_Cavalry_Corps"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"}],"text":"1st Guards Cavalry Corps - 26 November 1941 and (2nd Cavalry Corps)\n2nd Guards Cavalry Corps - 25 December 1942 (3rd Cavalry Corps)\n3rd Guards Cavalry Corps - 25 December 1941 (5th Cavalry Corps)\n4th Guards Cavalry Corps - 27 August 1942 (17th Cavalry Corps) - operated with Cavalry mechanized groups in 1944–45, destroyed as part of Cavalry-mechanized Group Pliyev at the Battle of Debrecen, fought during Budapest, Bratislava-Brno, and Prague Offensives.\n5th Guards Cavalry Corps - 20 November 1942 - created at Kizlyar by an order of the Stavka VGK for inclusion in the Transcaucasus Front. Consisted of the 11th Guards 'Don' Cossack Cavalry Division, 12th Guards 'Don' Cossack Cavalry Division, and 63rd Cavalry Division.[6] Participated in Iassy-Kishinev Offensive, Battle of Debrecen, Budapest Offensive, and Vienna Offensive.\n6th Guards Cavalry Corps - 19 January 1943 (7th Cavalry Corps)\n7th Guards Cavalry Corps - 14 February 1943 (8th Cavalry Corps)In the second half of the 20th century the cavalry corps in the Soviet Army disbanded, the last cavalry division in 1955.","title":"Guards Cavalry Corps (Gv.kk)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pavel Belov's Cavalry Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Belov%27s_Cavalry_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Batskelevich Cavalry Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batskelevich_Cavalry_Group"},{"link_name":"Kuliev Cavalry Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuliev_Cavalry_Group"},{"link_name":"Donbass Cavalry Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donbass_Cavalry_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dovator's Cavalry Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dovator%27s_Cavalry_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mishulin's Cavalry Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mishulin%27s_Cavalry_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Pavel Belov's Cavalry Group\nBatskelevich Cavalry Group\nKuliev Cavalry Group\nDonbass Cavalry Group\nDovator's Cavalry Group\nMishulin's Cavalry Group","title":"Cavalry Groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"armored cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_car_(military)"},{"link_name":"mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Rocket artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_artillery"}],"text":"At the beginning of the war, Red Army cavalry corps had 2–3 cavalry (or mountain cavalry) divisions in each. In the corps was:Personnel\nMore than 19,000 soldiers\nHorse\n16,000 horses\nBasic weapons and equipment\n128 tanks\n44 armored cars\n64 field, 32 anti-tank and 40 anti-aircraft guns\n128 mortarsDuring the war the battle of the cavalry corps has been significantly strengthened, it began to enter:3rd Cavalry Division\nSelf-propelled artillery, anti-tank artillery and anti-aircraft artillery regiments\nGuards Mortar Regiment Rocket artillery\nMortar and separate anti-tank battalions.","title":"Composition"}]	[{"image_text":"Members of the Kremlin Regiment on horseback dressed in the uniforms of the cavalry corps.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sovietcavalry.jpg/220px-Sovietcavalry.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Mechanised corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised_corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"title":"Rifle corps (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_corps_(Soviet_Union)"},{"title":"Pavel Belov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Belov"},{"title":"Lev Dovator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Dovator"},{"title":"Issa Pliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_Pliyev"},{"title":"Viktor Kirillovich Baranov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kirillovich_Baranov"}]	[{"reference":"\"Боевой состав Советской Армии на 1 мая 1943 г.\" www.teatrskazka.com. Combat composition of the Soviet Army. Retrieved 2017-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teatrskazka.com/Raznoe/BoevojSostavSA/1943/19430501.html","url_text":"\"Боевой состав Советской Армии на 1 мая 1943 г.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_composition_of_the_Soviet_Army","url_text":"Combat composition of the Soviet Army"}]},{"reference":"Bonn, Keith E. (2005). Slaughterhouse: The Handbook of the Eastern Front. Aberjona Press. ISBN 978-0-9717650-9-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jmQUAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Slaughterhouse: The Handbook of the Eastern Front"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9717650-9-2","url_text":"978-0-9717650-9-2"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Walter S. Jr (30 August 1995). The Soviet Economy and the Red Army, 1930-1945. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-94893-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94893-1","url_text":"978-0-275-94893-1"}]},{"reference":"Harrel, John S. (30 September 2019). Soviet Cavalry Operations During the Second World War: & the Genesis of the Operational Manoeuvre Group. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-5267-4303-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tk8IEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Soviet Cavalry Operations During the Second World War: & the Genesis of the Operational Manoeuvre Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4303-9","url_text":"978-1-5267-4303-9"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Gervase (September 2007). \"Red Sabers: J. E. B. Stuart, Soviet Cavalry Guru\". World War II Magazine. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historynet.com/red-sabers-j-e-b-stuart-soviet-cavalry-guru/","url_text":"\"Red Sabers: J. E. B. Stuart, Soviet Cavalry Guru\""}]},{"reference":"Bellamy, Chris (2007). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41086-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_dAWAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41086-4","url_text":"978-0-375-41086-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.teatrskazka.com/Raznoe/BoevojSostavSA/1943/19430501.html","external_links_name":"\"Боевой состав Советской Армии на 1 мая 1943 г.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jmQUAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Slaughterhouse: The Handbook of the Eastern Front"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tk8IEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Soviet Cavalry Operations During the Second World War: & the Genesis of the Operational Manoeuvre Group"},{"Link":"https://www.historynet.com/red-sabers-j-e-b-stuart-soviet-cavalry-guru/","external_links_name":"\"Red Sabers: J. E. B. Stuart, Soviet Cavalry Guru\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_dAWAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War"},{"Link":"http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/cavalry/index.html","external_links_name":"Article on the use of cavalry by the Red Army"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duomo_di_Milan	Milan Cathedral	["1 History","1.1 Construction begins","1.2 Borromeo","1.3 17th and 18th centuries","1.4 Completion","1.5 Architects and engineers","2 Architecture and art","2.1 Aesthetic judgements","2.2 Main monuments and sights","3 Astronomical observations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°27′51″N 9°11′29″E / 45.46417°N 9.19139°E / 45.46417; 9.19139Cathedral church of Milan, Italy Church in Milan, ItalyMilan CathedralMetropolitan Cathedral-Basilica of the Nativity of Saint MaryBasilica cattedrale metropolitana di Santa Maria Nascente (Italian)Milan Cathedral from the SquareMilan CathedralLocation in Milan45°27′51″N 9°11′29″E / 45.46417°N 9.19139°E / 45.46417; 9.19139LocationVia Carlo Maria Martini, 120122 MilanCountryItalyDenominationRoman CatholicTraditionAmbrosian RiteWebsiteMilan DuomoHistoryStatusCathedral, minor basilicaArchitectureFunctional statusActiveArchitect(s)Simone da Orsenigoet al.StyleGothic, Renaissance architectureGroundbreaking1386 (original building)Completed1965 (1965)SpecificationsCapacity40,000Length158.6 metres (520 ft)Width92 metres (302 ft)Nave width16.75 metres (55.0 ft)Height108 metres (354 ft)Other dimensionsFacade facing WestDome height (outer)65.6 metres (215 ft)Number of spires135Spire height108.5 metres (356 ft)MaterialsBrick with Candoglia marbleAdministrationArchdioceseArchdiocese of MilanClergyArchbishopMario DelpiniLaityDirector of musicClaudio BurgioOrganist(s)Emanuele Carlo Vianelli(organista titolare) Duomo Di Milano, Front Facade, Milan, Italy Plate celebrating the laying of the first stone in 1386 Milan Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Milano ; Lombard: Domm de Milan ), or Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica of the Nativity of Saint Mary (Italian: Basilica cattedrale metropolitana di Santa Maria Nascente), is the cathedral church of Milan, Lombardy, Italy. Dedicated to the Nativity of St. Mary (Santa Maria Nascente), it is the seat of the Archbishop of Milan, currently Archbishop Mario Delpini. The cathedral took nearly six centuries to complete: construction began in 1386, and the final details were completed in 1965. It is the largest church in the Italian Republic—the larger St. Peter's Basilica is in the State of Vatican City, a sovereign state—and the third largest in the world. History Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral by Anthony van Dyck Milan's layout, with streets either radiating from the Duomo or circling it, reveals that the Duomo occupies what was the most central site in Roman Mediolanum, that of the public basilica facing the forum. The first cathedral, the "new basilica" (basilica nova) dedicated to St Thecla, was completed by 355. It seems to share, on a slightly smaller scale, the plan of the contemporaneous church recently rediscovered beneath Tower Hill in London. An adjoining basilica was erected in 836. The old octagonal baptistery, the Battistero Paleocristiano, dates to 335 and still can be visited under the cathedral. When a fire damaged the cathedral and basilica in 1075, they were rebuilt as the Duomo. Construction begins In 1386, Archbishop Antonio da Saluzzo began construction of the cathedral. Start of the construction coincided with the ascension to power in Milan of the archbishop's cousin Gian Galeazzo Visconti, and was meant as a reward to the noble and working classes, who had suffered under his tyrannical Visconti predecessor Barnabò. The construction of the cathedral was also dictated by very specific political choices: with the new construction site the population of Milan intended to emphasize the centrality of Milan in the eyes of Gian Galeazzo, a prominence questioned by the choice of the new lord to reside and maintain his court, like his father Galeazzo II, in Pavia and not in Milan. Before actual work began, three main buildings were demolished: the palace of the Archbishop, the Ordinari Palace and the Baptistry of St. Stephen at the Spring, while the old church of Sta. Maria Maggiore was exploited as a stone quarry. Enthusiasm for the immense new building soon spread among the population, and the shrewd Gian Galeazzo, together with his cousin the archbishop, collected large donations for the work-in-progress. The construction program was strictly regulated under the "Fabbrica del Duomo", which had 300 employees led by first chief engineer Simone da Orsenigo. Orsenigo initially planned to build the cathedral from brick in Lombard Gothic style. Visconti had ambitions to follow the newest trends in European architecture. In 1389, a French chief engineer, Nicolas de Bonaventure, was appointed, adding to the church its Rayonnant Gothic. Galeazzo gave the Fabbrica del Duomo exclusive use of the marble from the Candoglia quarry and exempted it from taxes. Ten years later another French architect, Jean Mignot, was called from Paris to judge and improve upon the work done, as the masons needed new technical aid to lift stones to an unprecedented height. Mignot declared all the work done up until then as in pericolo di ruina ("peril of ruin"), as it had been done sine scienzia ("without science"). In the following years, Mignot's forecasts proved untrue, but they spurred Galeazzo's engineers to improve their instruments and techniques. However, relations between Gian Galeazzo and the top management of the factory (chosen by the citizens of Milan) were often tense: the lord (who in 1395 had become Duke of Milan) intended to transform the cathedral into the dynastic mausoleum of the Visconti, inserting the central part of the cathedral funeral monument of his father Galeazzo II and this met with strong opposition from both the factory and the Milanese, who wanted to underline their autonomy. A clash arose, which forced Gian Galeazzo to decide on the foundation of a new construction site intended exclusively for the Visconti dynasty: the Certosa di Pavia. Work proceeded quickly, and at the death of Gian Galeazzo in 1402, almost half the cathedral was complete. Construction, however, stalled almost totally until 1480, for lack of money and ideas: the most notable works of this period were the tombs of Marco Carelli and Pope Martin V (1424) and the windows of the apse (1470s), of which those extant portray St. John the Evangelist, by Cristoforo de' Mottis, and Saint Eligius and San John of Damascus, both by Niccolò da Varallo. In 1452, under Francesco Sforza, the nave and the aisles were completed up to the sixth bay. Giovanni Antonio Amadeo on "Amadeo's Little Spire" In 1488, both Leonardo da Vinci and Donato Bramante created models in a competition to design the central cupola; Leonardo later withdrew his submission. From 1500 to 1510, under Ludovico Sforza, the octagonal cupola was completed, and decorated in the interior with four series of 15 statues each, portraying saints, prophets, sibyls and other Figures from the Bible. The exterior long remained without any decoration, except for the Guglietto dell'Amadeo ("Amadeo's Little Spire"), constructed 1507–1510. This is a Renaissance masterwork which nevertheless harmonized well with the general Gothic appearance of the church. During the subsequent Spanish domination, the new church proved usable, even though the interior remained largely unfinished, and some bays of the nave and the transepts were still missing. In 1552 Giacomo Antegnati was commissioned to build a large organ for the north side of the choir, and Giuseppe Meda provided four of the sixteen reliefs which were to decorate the altar area (the program was completed by Federico Borromeo). In 1562, Marco d'Agrate's St. Bartholomew and the famous Trivulzio candelabrum (12th century) were added. Borromeo Plan of the Cathedral in the 16th century After the accession of Carlo Borromeo to the archbishop's throne, all lay monuments were removed from the Duomo. These included the tombs of Giovanni, and Filippo Maria Visconti, Francesco I and his wife Bianca, Galeazzo Maria, which were brought to unknown destinations. However, Borromeo's main intervention was the appointment, in 1571, of Pellegrino Pellegrini as chief engineer— a contentious move, since to appoint Pellegrino, who was not a lay brother of the duomo, required a revision of the Fabbrica's statutes. Borromeo and Pellegrini strove for a new, Renaissance appearance for the cathedral, that would emphasise its Roman / Italian nature, and subdue the Gothic style, which was now seen as foreign. As the façade still was largely incomplete, Pellegrini designed a "Roman" style one, with columns, obelisks and a large tympanum. When Pellegrini's design was revealed, a competition for the design of the façade was announced, and this elicited nearly a dozen entries, including one by Antonio Barca. This design was never carried out, but the interior decoration continued: in 1575-1585 the presbytery was rebuilt, while new altars and the baptistry were added. The wooden choir stalls were constructed by 1614 for the main altar by Francesco Brambilla. In 1577 Borromeo finally consecrated the whole edifice as a new church, distinct from the old Santa Maria Maggiore and Santa Tecla (which had been unified in 1549 after heavy disputes). 17th and 18th centuries The cathedral as it appeared in 1745 At the beginning of the 17th century Federico Borromeo had the foundations of the new façade laid by Francesco Maria Richini and Fabio Mangone. Work continued until 1638 with the construction of five portals and two middle windows. In 1649, however, the new chief architect Carlo Buzzi introduced a striking revolution: the façade was to revert to the original Gothic style, including the already finished details within big Gothic pilasters and two giant belfries. Other designs were provided by, among others, Filippo Juvarra (1733) and Luigi Vanvitelli (1745), but all remained unapplied. In 1682 the façade of Santa Maria Maggiore was demolished and the cathedral's roof covering was completed. In 1762 one of the main features of the cathedral, the Madonnina's spire, was erected at the dizzying height of 108.5 m. The spire was designed by Carlo Pellicani and sports at the top a famous polychrome Madonnina statue, designed by Giuseppe Perego that befits the stature of the cathedral. Given Milan's notoriously damp and foggy climate, the Milanese consider it a fair-weather day when the Madonnina is visible from a distance, as it is so often covered by mist. Completion Design for the crowning of Ferdinand I of Austria at the Duomo in 1838, by Alessandro Sanquirico On 20 May 1805, Napoleon Bonaparte, about to be crowned King of Italy, ordered the façade to be finished by Pellicani. In his enthusiasm, he assured that all expenses would fall to the French treasurer, who would reimburse the Fabbrica for the real estate it had to sell. Even though this reimbursement was never paid, it still meant that finally, within only seven years, the cathedral's façade was completed. Pellicani largely followed Buzzi's project, adding some neo-Gothic details to the upper windows. As a form of thanksgiving, a statue of Napoleon was placed at the top of one of the spires. Napoleon was crowned King of Italy at the Duomo. In the following years, most of the missing arches and spires were constructed. The statues on the southern wall were also finished, while in 1829–1858, new stained glass windows replaced the old ones, though with less aesthetically significant results. The last details of the cathedral were finished only in the 20th century: the last portal was inaugurated on 6 January 1965. This date is considered the very end of a process which had proceeded for generations, although even now, some uncarved blocks remain to be completed as statues. The Allied bombing of Milan in World War II further delayed construction. Like many other cathedrals in cities bombed by the Allied forces, the Duomo suffered some damage, although to a lesser degree compared to other major buildings in the vicinity such as the La Scala Theatre. It was quickly repaired and became a place of solace and gathering for displaced local residents. The Duomo's main façade went under renovation from 2003 to early 2009: as of February 2009, it has been completely uncovered, showing again the colours of the Candoglia marble. In November 2012 officials announced a campaign to raise funds for the cathedral's preservation by asking patrons to adopt the building's spires. The effects of pollution on the 14th-century building entail regular maintenance, and recent austerity cuts to Italy's cultural budget have left less money for the upkeep of cultural institutions, including the cathedral. To help make up funds, Duomo management launched a campaign offering its 135 spires up for "adoption". Donors who contribute €100,000 (about $110,505) or more will have a plaque with their name engraved on it placed on the spire. Architects and engineers 1387 Simone da Orsenigo 1387 Zeno da Campione 1387 Marco da Campione detto da Frixono 1389 Giacomo da Campione 1389 Nicola Bonaventura o da Benaventis di Francia 1389 Stefanino o Tavannino di Castelseprio 1391 Giovanni Fernach di Frimburgo 1391 Giovannino de Grassi 1391 Lorenzo degli Spazii da Campione o di Laino 1391 Marco da Carona 1391 Enrico di Gamodia (Gmüden) 1394 Beltramo da Conigo 1394 Ulrico Füssingen di Ulma 1398 Salomone de Grassi 1399 Antonio o Antonino da Paderno 1399 Gasparino da Carona 1399 Giacomolo da Venezia di Parigi 1399 Giovanni Mignoto 1399 Giovanni Cona o Cova di Bruges 1399 Arasmino de Sirtori 1400 Filippo degli Organi 1401 Polino da Orsenigo 1404 Antonio da Paderno 1406 Cristoforo de Chiona 1407 Leonardo da Sirtori 1409 Giovanni Magatto 1415 Antonio da Muggiò 1416 Bartolomeo di Modena 1420 Antonio da Gorgonzola 1430 Franceschino da Cannobio 1451 Giorgio degli Organi da Modena 1451 Giovanni Solari 1452 Antonio da Firenze detto il Filarete 1458 Donato de Sirtori 1459 Boniforte o Guinforte Solari 1476 Pietro Antonio Solari 1483 Giovanni Nexemperger di Graz 1486 Giovanni Antonio Amadeo 1490 Gian Giacomo Dolcebuono 1506 Cristoforo Solari detto il Gobbo 1512 Gerolamo della Porta 1519 Bernardo Zenale di Treviglio 1524 Giangiacomo della Porta 1526 Cristoforo Lombardo 1539 Baldassarre Vianelli 1547 Vincenzo da Seregno o Seregni 1567 Pellegrino Pellegrini, called il Tibaldi 1587 Martino Bassi 1591 Lelio Buzzi 1598 Aurelio Trezzi 1609 Alessandro Bisnato 1617 Fabio Mangone 1617 Giovanni Paolo Bisnato 1631 Francesco Maria Ricchino 1638 Carlo Buzzio o Buzzi 1658 Girolamo Quadrio 1679 Andrea Biffi 1686 Giambattista Quadrio 1723 Antonio Quadrio 1743 Bartolomeo Bolla o Bolli 1760 Francesco Croce 1773 Giulio Galliori 1795 Felice Soave 1801 Giovanni Antonio Antolini 1803 Leopoldo Pollak 1806 Giuseppe Zanoja 1806 Giuseppe Pollak 1806 Carlo Amati 1813 Pietro Pestagalli 1854-1860 Office vacant 1861 Giuseppe Vandoni 1877 Paolo Cesa-Bianchi 1904 Gaetano Moretti 1907 Luca Beltrami 1912 Adolfo Zacchi 1963 Antonio Cassi Ramelli 1964 Carlo Ferrari da Passano 1988 Benigno Mörlin Visconti Castiglione Architecture and art Tourists on the roof Interior view of the Duomo di Milano Statue on the roof Statue on the roof The plan consists of a nave with four side aisles, crossed by a transept and then followed by choir and apse. The height of the nave is about 45 metres (148 ft), with the highest Gothic vaults in a completed church (not as high as the 48 metres (157 ft) of Beauvais Cathedral, but it was never completed). The roof is open to tourists (for a fee), which allows many a close-up view of some spectacular sculpture that would otherwise be unappreciated. The roof of the cathedral is renowned for the forest of openwork pinnacles and spires, set upon delicate flying buttresses. The cathedral's five broad naves, divided by 40 pillars, are reflected in the hierarchic openings of the façade. Even the transepts have aisles. The nave columns are 24.5 metres (80 ft) high, and the apsidal windows are 20.7 by 8.5 metres (68 by 28 ft). It is a brick building, faced with marble from the quarries which Gian Galeazzo Visconti donated in perpetuity to the cathedral chapter. Maintenance and repairs are very complicated. In 2015, Milan's cathedral developed a new lighting system using LEDs. Aesthetic judgements The cathedral was built over several hundred years in a number of contrasting styles. Reactions to it have ranged from admiration to disfavour. The Guida d’Italia: Milano 1998 (Touring Club Editore, p. 154) points out that the early Romantics tended to praise it in "the first intense enthusiasms for Gothic". As the Gothic Revival brought in a purer taste, condemnation was often equally intense. John Ruskin commented acidly that the cathedral steals "from every style in the world: and every style spoiled. The cathedral is a mixture of Perpendicular with Flamboyant, the latter being peculiarly barbarous and angular, owing to its being engrafted, not on a pure, but a very early penetrative Gothic … The rest of the architecture among which this curious Flamboyant is set is a Perpendicular with horizontal bars across: and with the most detestable crocketing, utterly vile. Not a ray of invention in a single form… Finally the statues all over are of the worst possible common stonemasons’ yard species, and look pinned on for show. The only redeeming character about the whole being the frequent use of the sharp gable ... which gives lightness, and the crowding of the spiry pinnacles into the sky." (Notebooks). The plastered ceiling painted to imitate elaborate tracery carved in stone particularly aroused his contempt as a "gross degradation". While appreciating the force of Ruskin's criticisms, Henry James was more appreciative: "A structure not supremely interesting, not logical, not … commandingly beautiful, but grandly curious and superbly rich. … If it had no other distinction it would still have that of impressive, immeasurable achievement … a supreme embodiment of vigorous effort." Main monuments and sights Saint BartholomewThe Gold Madonna at the top of the cathedral Artwork on the door of the cathedral The interior of the cathedral includes numerous monuments and artworks. These include: At the left of the altar is located the most famous statue in the cathedral, Saint Bartholomew Flayed (1562) by Marco d'Agrate, which shows the saint carrying his own flayed skin thrown over his shoulders like a stole. The Archbishop Alberto da Intimiano's sarcophagus, which is overlooked by a Crucifix in copper laminae (a replica). The sarcophagi of the archbishops Ottone Visconti and Giovanni Visconti, created by a Campionese master in the 14th century. The sarcophagus of Marco Carelli, who donated 35,000 ducati to accelerate the construction of the cathedral. The three magnificent altars by Pellegrino Pellegrini, which include the notable Federico Zuccari's Visit of St. Peter to St. Agatha jailed. In the right transept, the monument to Gian Giacomo Medici di Marignano, called "Medeghino", by Leone Leoni, and the adjacent Renaissance marble altar, decorated with gilt bronze statues. The presbytery is a late Renaissance masterpiece composing a choir, a Temple by Pellegrini, two pulpits with giant atlantes covered in copper and bronze, and two large organs. Around the choir, the two sacristies' portals, some frescoes and a fifteenth-century statue of Martin V by Jacopino da Tradate can be seen. The transepts house the Trivulzio Candelabrum, which is in two pieces. The base (attributed to Nicolas of Verdun, 12th no century), characterized by a fantastic ensemble of vines, vegetables and imaginary animals; and the stem, of the mid-16th century. In the left aisle, the Arcimboldi monument by Alessi and Romanesque figures depicting the Apostles in red marble and the neo-Classic baptistry by Pellegrini. A small red light bulb in the dome above the apse marks the spot where one of the nails reputedly from the Crucifixion of Christ has been placed. The Holy Nail is retrieved and exposed to the public every year, during a celebration known as the Rite of the Nivola. In November and December, in the days surrounding the birthdate of Saint Charles Borromeo, a series of large canvases, the Quadroni are exhibited along the nave. Since September 2005, in the cathedral's crypt, beside the relics of Saint Charles Borromeo, there has been a video installation by English artist Mark Wallinger. Entitled Via Dolorosa, it consists of an 18-minute film reproducing scenes of the Passion excerpted from the film Jesus of Nazareth by Franco Zeffirelli. In November 2014 a white marble sculpture by Tony Cragg inspired by the Madonna statue on the rooftop was installed. The 5-manual, 225-rank pipe organ, built jointly by the Tamburini and Mascioni Italian organ building firms on Mussolini's command, is currently the largest organ in all of Italy. The American writer and journalist Mark Twain visited Milan in the summer of 1867. He dedicated chapter 18 of Innocents Abroad to Milan Cathedral, including many physical and historical details, and a visit to the roof. He describes the Duomo as follows: What a wonder it is! So grand, so solemn, so vast! And yet so delicate, so airy, so graceful! A very world of solid weight, and yet it seems ...a delusion of frostwork that might vanish with a breath!... The central one of its five great doors is bordered with a bas-relief of birds and fruits and beasts and insects, which have been so ingeniously carved out of the marble that they seem like living creatures-- and the figures are so numerous and the design so complex, that one might study it a week without exhausting its interest...everywhere that a niche or a perch can be found about the enormous building, from summit to base, there is a marble statue, and every statue is a study in itself...Away above, on the lofty roof, rank on rank of carved and fretted spires spring high in the air, and through their rich tracery one sees the sky beyond. ... (Up on) the roof...springing from its broad marble flagstones, were the long files of spires, looking very tall close at hand, but diminishing in the distance...We could see, now, that the statue on the top of each was the size of a large man, though they all looked like dolls from the street... They say that the Cathedral of Milan is second only to St. Peter's at Rome. I cannot understand how it can be second to anything made by human hands. Oscar Wilde visited Milan in June 1875. In a letter to his mother, he wrote: "The Cathedral is an awful failure. Outside the design is monstrous and inartistic. The over-elaborated details stuck high up where no one can see them; everything is vile in it; it is, however, imposing and gigantic as a failure, through its great size and elaborate execution." In Italian Hours, Henry James describes: a certain exhibition that I privately enjoyed of the relics of St. Charles Borromeus. This holy man lies at his eternal rest in a small but gorgeous sepulchral chapel … and for the modest sum of five francs you may have his shrivelled mortality unveiled and gaze at it with whatever reserves occur to you. The Catholic Church never renounces a chance of the sublime for fear of a chance of the ridiculous--especially when the chance of the sublime may be the very excellent chance of five francs. The performance in question, of which the good San Carlo paid in the first instance the cost, was impressive certainly, but as a monstrous matter or a grim comedy may still be. The little sacristan, having secured his audience, … lighted a couple of extra candles and proceeded to remove from above the altar, by means of a crank, a sort of sliding shutter, just as you may see a shop-boy do of a morning at his master's window...The black mummified corpse of the saint is stretched out in a glass coffin, clad in his mouldering canonicals, mitred, crosiered and gloved, glittering with votive jewels. It is an extraordinary mixture of death and life; the desiccated clay, the ashen rags, the hideous little black mask and skull, and the living, glowing, twinkling splendour of diamonds, emeralds and sapphires. The collection is really fine, and many great historic names are attached to the different offerings. Whatever may be the better opinion as to the future of the Church, I can't help thinking she will make a figure in the world so long as she retains this great fund of precious "properties," this prodigious capital decoratively invested and scintillating throughout Christendom at effectively-scattered points. Astronomical observations A beam of sunlight is approaching the sign of Gemini on the meridional line indicating the nearing solar noon on the first day of Gemini season From 1 December 1786, the Austrian Empire adopted “transalpine time”. The astronomers at Brera Astronomical Observatory were engaged by Count Giuseppe Di Wilczek, the plenipotentiary governor of Lombardy, to build a meridian line inside the Duomo. The meridian was constructed by Giovanni Angelo Cesaris and Francesco Reggio, with Roger Boscovich acting as a consultant. The meridian line was laid on the floor of the Duomo at the west end so as to be accessible and not interfere with religious services. A hole was inserted in the roof near the south wall at a height of 24 metres (79 ft). The Duomo is not quite wide enough for a hole at this height so the meridian line extends up the north wall for about 3 metres (9.8 ft). As the beam of light crossed the brass line and indicated solar noon, a signal was given towards the tower of the Palazzo dei Giureconsulti. A person there alerted Sforzesco Castle and a cannon was fired to announce solar noon to the city. This signal was then used to set all of the city clocks to the same time. The line was examined in 1976 by the architects of the Duomo and astronomers from Brera. There was a deviation in azimuth by up to 7 millimetres (0.28 in) and in level by up to 14 millimetres (0.55 in) but the accuracy of the line still enabled the fixing of solar noon to within 2 seconds. See also Anor Londo (Dark Souls) Early Christian churches in Milan History of early modern period domes History of Italian Renaissance domes History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes Italian Gothic architecture Mailänder Dom (Fassade), Mailand List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe List of largest church buildings in the world List of highest church naves Gothic art in Milan References ^ "Architects of the Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo". duomomilano.it. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016. ^ "Art and History of the Duomo: Architecture". duomomilano.it. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016. ^ "Capella Musicale" (in Italian). duomomilano.it. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016. ^ See List of largest church buildings in the world. ^ Denison, Simon (June 1995). "News: In Brief". British Archaeology. Council for British Archaeology. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013. ^ Duomo is a generic term in Italian meaning "Cathedral", which technically refers to a church which is the official seat of an archbishop. It is derived from domus, a Latin term for "home" or "house", referring to the role of the church as the home of God. ^ "The imposing Milan Cathedral - KLM Travel". klm.com. KLM. Retrieved 4 February 2016. ^ Grillo, Paolo (2017). Nascita di una cattedrale, 1386- 1418: la fondazione del Duomo di Milano. Milano: Mondadori. pp. 3–34. ISBN 9788852083266. ^ Ackerman, James (June 1949). ""Ars Sine Scientia Nihil Est" Gothic Theory of Architecture at the Cathedral of Milan". The Art Bulletin. 31 (2): 96. doi:10.2307/3047224. JSTOR 3047224. ^ Grillo, Paolo (2017). Nascita di una cattedrale, 1386- 1418: la fondazione del Duomo di Milano. Milano: Mondadori. pp. 68–99. ISBN 9788852083266. ^ Wallace, Robert (1972) . The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 79. ^ Ticozzi, Stefano (1830). Dizionario degli architetti, scultori, pittori, intagliatori in rame ed in pietra, coniatori di medaglie, musaicisti, niellatori, intarsiatori d'ogni etá e d'ogni nazione. Vol. 1. Gaetano Schiepatti. p. 110. ^ Tombesi Walton, Sylvia (2005). Milan, the Lakes and Lombardy. TimeOut Books. ISBN 978-1-904978-09-1. ^ "Anniversario — 8 settembre 1943: l'Armistizio a Milano (Anniversary — 8 September 1943: the Armistice in Milan)" (in Italian). Archdiocese of Milan. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. ^ http://chambersarchitects.com/blog/milan_cathedral/ Cathedral Renovations 2003-2009 ^ "Spire of the month - Adotta una Guglia Official Site". adottaunaguglia.duomomilano.it. ^ "Milan Cathedral - Opening hours, price and location in Milan". www.introducingmilan.com. ^ "Milan Cathedral lighting design is executed with ERCO LED spotlights". LEDs Magazine. PennWell Corporation. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015. ^ The Seven Lamps of Architecture, Bibliolife Reproduction Series p. 41 ^ Italian Hours, Bibliobazaar, p. 92 ^ "The statue of St Bartholomew in the Milan Duomo". DuomoMilano. 22 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ Hourihane, Colum (6 December 2012). The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. OUP USA. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-19-539536-5. ^ Gillaspia, Daniel (18 July 2018). "The Duomo Milan, Italy Guide (Tickets, Skip the Line, Tours) ". UponArriving. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "Sarcophagus of Marco Carelli a Milanese merchant, marble work by..." Getty Images. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "The Altarpiece of the Assumption by Lucio Fontana exhibited at the Duomo". DuomoMilano. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "Duomo of Milan, the Cathedral symbol of the city \| YesMilano". www.yesmilano.it. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "The Cathedral". DuomoMilano. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ Leydi, Silvio (January 2011). "The Trivulzio candelabrum in the sixteenth century: documents and hypotheses". Burlington Magazine. 153: 4–12. ^ Il rito della Nivola ^ "Here's How the Church of the Future is Experimenting in the Cathedral of Milan". chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "Duomo, gru nella navata per posare la scultura ispirata alla Madonnina". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ Hart-Davis, Rupert (1962). The Letters of Oscar Wilde. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. p. 9. ^ Heilbron, John Lewis (1990). The Sun in the Church. Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. Harvard University Press. p. 268. ISBN 0674005368. ^ "Did you know that … the astronomers of the Brera Astronomical Observatory built the Meridian Line inside the Duomo (cathedral) of Milan". MusAB. Museo Astronomico di Brera. Retrieved 19 June 2022. ^ Passano, Carlo Ferrari da; Monti, Carlo; Mussio, Luigi (1977). La meridiana solare del Duomo di Milano: verifica e ripristino nell'anno 1976. Fabbrica del Duomo di Milano. 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Oh bej! Tourism in Italy Outline of Milan Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz place Structurae People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duomo_Di_Milano,_Front_Facade,_Milan,_Italy.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milano_Duomo_Interno_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈdwɔːmo di miˈlaːno]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈdɔm de miˈlãː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard"},{"link_name":"cathedral church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_church"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Nativity of St. Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Mario Delpini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Delpini"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"State of Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"third largest in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_churches"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Cathedral church of Milan, ItalyChurch in Milan, ItalyDuomo Di Milano, Front Facade, Milan, ItalyPlate celebrating the laying of the first stone in 1386Milan Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Milano [ˈdwɔːmo di miˈlaːno]; Lombard: Domm de Milan [ˈdɔm de miˈlãː]), or Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica of the Nativity of Saint Mary (Italian: Basilica cattedrale metropolitana di Santa Maria Nascente), is the cathedral church of Milan, Lombardy, Italy. Dedicated to the Nativity of St. Mary (Santa Maria Nascente), it is the seat of the Archbishop of Milan, currently Archbishop Mario Delpini.The cathedral took nearly six centuries to complete: construction began in 1386, and the final details were completed in 1965. It is the largest church in the Italian Republic—the larger St. Peter's Basilica is in the State of Vatican City, a sovereign state—and the third largest in the world.[4]","title":"Milan Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthonis_van_Dyck_005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Ambrose_barring_Theodosius_from_Milan_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"Roman Mediolanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediolanum"},{"link_name":"basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica"},{"link_name":"forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_(Roman)"},{"link_name":"first cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Tecla,_Milan"},{"link_name":"St Thecla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thecla"},{"link_name":"Tower Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hill"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral by Anthony van DyckMilan's layout, with streets either radiating from the Duomo or circling it, reveals that the Duomo occupies what was the most central site in Roman Mediolanum, that of the public basilica facing the forum. The first cathedral, the \"new basilica\" (basilica nova) dedicated to St Thecla, was completed by 355. It seems to share, on a slightly smaller scale, the plan of the contemporaneous church recently rediscovered beneath Tower Hill in London.[5] An adjoining basilica was erected in 836. The old octagonal baptistery, the Battistero Paleocristiano, dates to 335 and still can be visited under the cathedral. When a fire damaged the cathedral and basilica in 1075, they were rebuilt as the Duomo.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saluzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluzzo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gian Galeazzo Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Barnabò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnab%C3%B2_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Galeazzo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzo_II_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fabbrica del Duomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneranda_Fabbrica_del_Duomo_di_Milano"},{"link_name":"Simone da Orsenigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_da_Orsenigo"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Rayonnant Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonnant"},{"link_name":"Candoglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candoglia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ackerman-9"},{"link_name":"Duke of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Certosa di Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pope Martin V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_V"},{"link_name":"Francesco Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Sforza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milano_domo_Antonio_Amadeo.JPG"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Antonio Amadeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amadeo"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Donato Bramante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donato_Bramante"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Amadeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amadeo"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_people"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Meda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Meda"},{"link_name":"Federico Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stbartholomewmilan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Trivulzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Giacomo_Trivulzio"}],"sub_title":"Construction begins","text":"In 1386, Archbishop Antonio da Saluzzo began construction of the cathedral.[7] Start of the construction coincided with the ascension to power in Milan of the archbishop's cousin Gian Galeazzo Visconti, and was meant as a reward to the noble and working classes, who had suffered under his tyrannical Visconti predecessor Barnabò. The construction of the cathedral was also dictated by very specific political choices: with the new construction site the population of Milan intended to emphasize the centrality of Milan in the eyes of Gian Galeazzo, a prominence questioned by the choice of the new lord to reside and maintain his court, like his father Galeazzo II, in Pavia and not in Milan.[8] Before actual work began, three main buildings were demolished: the palace of the Archbishop, the Ordinari Palace and the Baptistry of St. Stephen at the Spring, while the old church of Sta. Maria Maggiore was exploited as a stone quarry. Enthusiasm for the immense new building soon spread among the population, and the shrewd Gian Galeazzo, together with his cousin the archbishop, collected large donations for the work-in-progress. The construction program was strictly regulated under the \"Fabbrica del Duomo\", which had 300 employees led by first chief engineer Simone da Orsenigo. Orsenigo initially planned to build the cathedral from brick in Lombard Gothic style.Visconti had ambitions to follow the newest trends in European architecture. In 1389, a French chief engineer, Nicolas de Bonaventure, was appointed, adding to the church its Rayonnant Gothic. Galeazzo gave the Fabbrica del Duomo exclusive use of the marble from the Candoglia quarry and exempted it from taxes. Ten years later another French architect, Jean Mignot, was called from Paris to judge and improve upon the work done, as the masons needed new technical aid to lift stones to an unprecedented height.[9] Mignot declared all the work done up until then as in pericolo di ruina (\"peril of ruin\"), as it had been done sine scienzia (\"without science\"). In the following years, Mignot's forecasts proved untrue, but they spurred Galeazzo's engineers to improve their instruments and techniques. However, relations between Gian Galeazzo and the top management of the factory (chosen by the citizens of Milan) were often tense: the lord (who in 1395 had become Duke of Milan) intended to transform the cathedral into the dynastic mausoleum of the Visconti, inserting the central part of the cathedral funeral monument of his father Galeazzo II and this met with strong opposition from both the factory and the Milanese, who wanted to underline their autonomy. A clash arose, which forced Gian Galeazzo to decide on the foundation of a new construction site intended exclusively for the Visconti dynasty: the Certosa di Pavia.[10] Work proceeded quickly, and at the death of Gian Galeazzo in 1402, almost half the cathedral was complete. Construction, however, stalled almost totally until 1480, for lack of money and ideas: the most notable works of this period were the tombs of Marco Carelli and Pope Martin V (1424) and the windows of the apse (1470s), of which those extant portray St. John the Evangelist, by Cristoforo de' Mottis, and Saint Eligius and San John of Damascus, both by Niccolò da Varallo. In 1452, under Francesco Sforza, the nave and the aisles were completed up to the sixth bay.Giovanni Antonio Amadeo on \"Amadeo's Little Spire\"In 1488, both Leonardo da Vinci and Donato Bramante created models in a competition to design the central cupola; Leonardo later withdrew his submission.[11] From 1500 to 1510, under Ludovico Sforza, the octagonal cupola was completed, and decorated in the interior with four series of 15 statues each, portraying saints, prophets, sibyls and other Figures from the Bible. The exterior long remained without any decoration, except for the Guglietto dell'Amadeo (\"Amadeo's Little Spire\"), constructed 1507–1510. This is a Renaissance masterwork which nevertheless harmonized well with the general Gothic appearance of the church.During the subsequent Spanish domination, the new church proved usable, even though the interior remained largely unfinished, and some bays of the nave and the transepts were still missing. In 1552 Giacomo Antegnati was commissioned to build a large organ for the north side of the choir, and Giuseppe Meda provided four of the sixteen reliefs which were to decorate the altar area (the program was completed by Federico Borromeo). In 1562, Marco d'Agrate's St. Bartholomew and the famous Trivulzio candelabrum (12th century) were added.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_tg_0000071_Architektur_%5E_Geometrie_%5E_Grundriss_%5E_Mail%C3%A4nder_Dom.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carlo Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Filippo Maria Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Francesco I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Galeazzo Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Pellegrino Pellegrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellegrino_Pellegrini"},{"link_name":"tympanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Francesco Brambilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Brambilla"}],"sub_title":"Borromeo","text":"Plan of the Cathedral in the 16th centuryAfter the accession of Carlo Borromeo to the archbishop's throne, all lay monuments were removed from the Duomo. These included the tombs of Giovanni, and Filippo Maria Visconti, Francesco I and his wife Bianca, Galeazzo Maria, which were brought to unknown destinations. However, Borromeo's main intervention was the appointment, in 1571, of Pellegrino Pellegrini as chief engineer— a contentious move, since to appoint Pellegrino, who was not a lay brother of the duomo, required a revision of the Fabbrica's statutes.Borromeo and Pellegrini strove for a new, Renaissance appearance for the cathedral, that would emphasise its Roman / Italian nature, and subdue the Gothic style, which was now seen as foreign. As the façade still was largely incomplete, Pellegrini designed a \"Roman\" style one, with columns, obelisks and a large tympanum. When Pellegrini's design was revealed, a competition for the design of the façade was announced, and this elicited nearly a dozen entries, including one by Antonio Barca.[12]This design was never carried out, but the interior decoration continued: in 1575-1585 the presbytery was rebuilt, while new altars and the baptistry were added. The wooden choir stalls were constructed by 1614 for the main altar by Francesco Brambilla. In 1577 Borromeo finally consecrated the whole edifice as a new church, distinct from the old Santa Maria Maggiore and Santa Tecla (which had been unified in 1549 after heavy disputes).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dal_Re,_Marc%27Antonio_(1697-1766)_-_Vedute_di_Milano_-_09_-_Il_Duomo_-_ca._1745.jpg"},{"link_name":"Federico Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Francesco Maria Richini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Richini"},{"link_name":"Fabio Mangone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Mangone"},{"link_name":"Carlo Buzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Buzzi_(17th-century_architect)"},{"link_name":"Filippo Juvarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Juvarra"},{"link_name":"Luigi Vanvitelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Vanvitelli"},{"link_name":"Madonnina statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonnina_(statue)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"17th and 18th centuries","text":"The cathedral as it appeared in 1745At the beginning of the 17th century Federico Borromeo had the foundations of the new façade laid by Francesco Maria Richini and Fabio Mangone. Work continued until 1638 with the construction of five portals and two middle windows. In 1649, however, the new chief architect Carlo Buzzi introduced a striking revolution: the façade was to revert to the original Gothic style, including the already finished details within big Gothic pilasters and two giant belfries. Other designs were provided by, among others, Filippo Juvarra (1733) and Luigi Vanvitelli (1745), but all remained unapplied. In 1682 the façade of Santa Maria Maggiore was demolished and the cathedral's roof covering was completed.In 1762 one of the main features of the cathedral, the Madonnina's spire, was erected at the dizzying height of 108.5 m. The spire was designed by Carlo Pellicani and sports at the top a famous polychrome Madonnina statue, designed by Giuseppe Perego that befits the stature of the cathedral.[13] Given Milan's notoriously damp and foggy climate, the Milanese consider it a fair-weather day when the Madonnina is visible from a distance, as it is so often covered by mist.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanquirico-design-for-crowning-of-Ferdinando-I-of-Austria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Sanquirico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Sanquirico"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"bombing of Milan in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"La Scala Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Scala"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euros"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Completion","text":"Design for the crowning of Ferdinand I of Austria at the Duomo in 1838, by Alessandro SanquiricoOn 20 May 1805, Napoleon Bonaparte, about to be crowned King of Italy, ordered the façade to be finished by Pellicani. In his enthusiasm, he assured that all expenses would fall to the French treasurer, who would reimburse the Fabbrica for the real estate it had to sell. Even though this reimbursement was never paid, it still meant that finally, within only seven years, the cathedral's façade was completed. Pellicani largely followed Buzzi's project, adding some neo-Gothic details to the upper windows. As a form of thanksgiving, a statue of Napoleon was placed at the top of one of the spires. Napoleon was crowned King of Italy at the Duomo.In the following years, most of the missing arches and spires were constructed. The statues on the southern wall were also finished, while in 1829–1858, new stained glass windows replaced the old ones, though with less aesthetically significant results. The last details of the cathedral were finished only in the 20th century: the last portal was inaugurated on 6 January 1965. This date is considered the very end of a process which had proceeded for generations, although even now, some uncarved blocks remain to be completed as statues. The Allied bombing of Milan in World War II further delayed construction. Like many other cathedrals in cities bombed by the Allied forces, the Duomo suffered some damage, although to a lesser degree compared to other major buildings in the vicinity such as the La Scala Theatre. It was quickly repaired and became a place of solace and gathering for displaced local residents.[14]The Duomo's main façade went under renovation from 2003 to early 2009: as of February 2009, it has been completely uncovered, showing again the colours of the Candoglia marble.[15]In November 2012 officials announced a campaign to raise funds for the cathedral's preservation by asking patrons to adopt the building's spires. The effects of pollution on the 14th-century building entail regular maintenance, and recent austerity cuts to Italy's cultural budget have left less money for the upkeep of cultural institutions, including the cathedral. To help make up funds, Duomo management launched a campaign offering its 135 spires up for \"adoption\". Donors who contribute €100,000 (about $110,505) or more will have a plaque with their name engraved on it placed on the spire.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pellegrino Pellegrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellegrino_Pellegrini"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Bisnato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Bisnato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fabio Mangone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Mangone"},{"link_name":"Francesco Maria Ricchino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Richini"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Pollak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Pollak"},{"link_name":"Luca Beltrami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Beltrami"}],"sub_title":"Architects and engineers","text":"1387 Simone da Orsenigo\n1387 Zeno da Campione\n1387 Marco da Campione detto da Frixono\n1389 Giacomo da Campione\n1389 Nicola Bonaventura o da Benaventis di Francia\n1389 Stefanino o Tavannino di Castelseprio\n1391 Giovanni Fernach di Frimburgo\n1391 Giovannino de Grassi\n1391 Lorenzo degli Spazii da Campione o di Laino\n1391 Marco da Carona\n1391 Enrico di Gamodia (Gmüden)\n1394 Beltramo da Conigo\n1394 Ulrico Füssingen di Ulma\n1398 Salomone de Grassi\n1399 Antonio o Antonino da Paderno\n1399 Gasparino da Carona\n1399 Giacomolo da Venezia di Parigi\n1399 Giovanni Mignoto\n1399 Giovanni Cona o Cova di Bruges\n1399 Arasmino de Sirtori\n1400 Filippo degli Organi\n1401 Polino da Orsenigo\n1404 Antonio da Paderno\n1406 Cristoforo de Chiona\n1407 Leonardo da Sirtori\n1409 Giovanni Magatto\n1415 Antonio da Muggiò\n1416 Bartolomeo di Modena\n1420 Antonio da Gorgonzola\n1430 Franceschino da Cannobio\n1451 Giorgio degli Organi da Modena\n1451 Giovanni Solari\n1452 Antonio da Firenze detto il Filarete\n1458 Donato de Sirtori\n1459 Boniforte o Guinforte Solari\n1476 Pietro Antonio Solari\n1483 Giovanni Nexemperger di Graz\n1486 Giovanni Antonio Amadeo\n1490 Gian Giacomo Dolcebuono\n1506 Cristoforo Solari detto il Gobbo\n1512 Gerolamo della Porta\n1519 Bernardo Zenale di Treviglio\n1524 Giangiacomo della Porta\n1526 Cristoforo Lombardo\n1539 Baldassarre Vianelli\n1547 Vincenzo da Seregno o Seregni\n1567 Pellegrino Pellegrini, called il Tibaldi\n1587 Martino Bassi\n1591 Lelio Buzzi\n1598 Aurelio Trezzi\n1609 Alessandro Bisnato\n1617 Fabio Mangone\n1617 Giovanni Paolo Bisnato\n1631 Francesco Maria Ricchino\n1638 Carlo Buzzio o Buzzi\n1658 Girolamo Quadrio\n1679 Andrea Biffi\n1686 Giambattista Quadrio\n1723 Antonio Quadrio\n1743 Bartolomeo Bolla o Bolli\n1760 Francesco Croce\n1773 Giulio Galliori\n1795 Felice Soave\n1801 Giovanni Antonio Antolini\n1803 Leopoldo Pollak\n1806 Giuseppe Zanoja\n1806 Giuseppe Pollak\n1806 Carlo Amati\n1813 Pietro Pestagalli\n1854-1860 Office vacant\n1861 Giuseppe Vandoni\n1877 Paolo Cesa-Bianchi\n1904 Gaetano Moretti\n1907 Luca Beltrami\n1912 Adolfo Zacchi\n1963 Antonio Cassi Ramelli\n1964 Carlo Ferrari da Passano\n1988 Benigno Mörlin Visconti Castiglione","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_west_along_Duomo_roof,_Milan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMG_3712_-_Milano_-_Duomo_-_Interno_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_13-jan-2007.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sculpture-Roof-La-Duomo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue-La-Duomo-Milan.jpg"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"transept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transept"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"Beauvais Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"pinnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle"},{"link_name":"spires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire"},{"link_name":"flying buttresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttresses"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gian Galeazzo Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Tourists on the roofInterior view of the Duomo di MilanoStatue on the roofStatue on the roofThe plan consists of a nave with four side aisles, crossed by a transept and then followed by choir and apse. The height of the nave is about 45 metres (148 ft), with the highest Gothic vaults in a completed church (not as high as the 48 metres (157 ft) of Beauvais Cathedral, but it was never completed).The roof is open to tourists (for a fee), which allows many a close-up view of some spectacular sculpture that would otherwise be unappreciated. The roof of the cathedral is renowned for the forest of openwork pinnacles and spires, set upon delicate flying buttresses.[17]The cathedral's five broad naves, divided by 40 pillars, are reflected in the hierarchic openings of the façade. Even the transepts have aisles. The nave columns are 24.5 metres (80 ft) high, and the apsidal windows are 20.7 by 8.5 metres (68 by 28 ft). It is a brick building, faced with marble from the quarries which Gian Galeazzo Visconti donated in perpetuity to the cathedral chapter. Maintenance and repairs are very complicated.In 2015, Milan's cathedral developed a new lighting system using LEDs.[18]","title":"Architecture and art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin"},{"link_name":"Perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular_Period"},{"link_name":"Flamboyant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamboyant"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Aesthetic judgements","text":"The cathedral was built over several hundred years in a number of contrasting styles. Reactions to it have ranged from admiration to disfavour. The Guida d’Italia: Milano 1998 (Touring Club Editore, p. 154) points out that the early Romantics tended to praise it in \"the first intense enthusiasms for Gothic\". As the Gothic Revival brought in a purer taste, condemnation was often equally intense.John Ruskin commented acidly that the cathedral steals \"from every style in the world: and every style spoiled. The cathedral is a mixture of Perpendicular with Flamboyant, the latter being peculiarly barbarous and angular, owing to its being engrafted, not on a pure, but a very early penetrative Gothic … The rest of the architecture among which this curious Flamboyant is set is a Perpendicular with horizontal bars across: and with the most detestable crocketing, utterly vile. Not a ray of invention in a single form… Finally the statues all over are of the worst possible common stonemasons’ yard species, and look pinned on for show. The only redeeming character about the whole being the frequent use of the sharp gable ... which gives lightness, and the crowding of the spiry pinnacles into the sky.\" (Notebooks[M.6L]). The plastered ceiling painted to imitate elaborate tracery carved in stone particularly aroused his contempt as a \"gross degradation\".[19]While appreciating the force of Ruskin's criticisms, Henry James was more appreciative: \"A structure not supremely interesting, not logical, not … commandingly beautiful, but grandly curious and superbly rich. … If it had no other distinction it would still have that of impressive, immeasurable achievement … a supreme embodiment of vigorous effort.\"[20]","title":"Architecture and art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Bartolomeo_Flayed,_Duomo,_Milano_(1562).jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madonnina_-_Duomo_-_Milan_2014_07.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art_work_on_door_Milan_Cathedral_,Italy.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hourihane2012-22"},{"link_name":"Ottone Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottone_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop)"},{"link_name":"Campionese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campione_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Pellegrino Pellegrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellegrino_Pellegrini"},{"link_name":"Federico Zuccari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Zuccari"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Gian Giacomo Medici di Marignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Giacomo_Medici_di_Marignano"},{"link_name":"Leone Leoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Leoni"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"atlantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Jacopino da Tradate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopino_da_Tradate"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Nicolas of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_(relic)"},{"link_name":"Crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"Rite of the Nivola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_of_the_Nivola"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Quadroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadroni_of_San_Carlo_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Mark Wallinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wallinger"},{"link_name":"Jesus of Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth"},{"link_name":"Franco Zeffirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Tony Cragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Cragg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Innocents Abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocents_Abroad"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Italian Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Hours"},{"link_name":"Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James"}],"sub_title":"Main monuments and sights","text":"Saint BartholomewThe Gold Madonna at the top of the cathedralArtwork on the door of the cathedralThe interior of the cathedral includes numerous monuments and artworks. These include:At the left of the altar is located the most famous statue in the cathedral, Saint Bartholomew Flayed (1562) by Marco d'Agrate, which shows the saint carrying his own flayed skin thrown over his shoulders like a stole.[21]The Archbishop Alberto da Intimiano's sarcophagus, which is overlooked by a Crucifix in copper laminae (a replica).[22]The sarcophagi of the archbishops Ottone Visconti and Giovanni Visconti, created by a Campionese master in the 14th century.[23]The sarcophagus of Marco Carelli, who donated 35,000 ducati to accelerate the construction of the cathedral.[24]The three magnificent altars by Pellegrino Pellegrini, which include the notable Federico Zuccari's Visit of St. Peter to St. Agatha jailed.[25]In the right transept, the monument to Gian Giacomo Medici di Marignano, called \"Medeghino\", by Leone Leoni, and the adjacent Renaissance marble altar, decorated with gilt bronze statues.[26]The presbytery is a late Renaissance masterpiece composing a choir, a Temple by Pellegrini, two pulpits with giant atlantes covered in copper and bronze, and two large organs. Around the choir, the two sacristies' portals, some frescoes and a fifteenth-century statue of Martin V by Jacopino da Tradate can be seen.[27]The transepts house the Trivulzio Candelabrum, which is in two pieces. The base (attributed to Nicolas of Verdun, 12th no century), characterized by a fantastic ensemble of vines, vegetables and imaginary animals; and the stem, of the mid-16th century.[28]In the left aisle, the Arcimboldi monument by Alessi and Romanesque figures depicting the Apostles in red marble and the neo-Classic baptistry by Pellegrini.A small red light bulb in the dome above the apse marks the spot where one of the nails reputedly from the Crucifixion of Christ has been placed. The Holy Nail is retrieved and exposed to the public every year, during a celebration known as the Rite of the Nivola.[29]In November and December, in the days surrounding the birthdate of Saint Charles Borromeo, a series of large canvases, the Quadroni are exhibited along the nave.Since September 2005, in the cathedral's crypt, beside the relics of Saint Charles Borromeo, there has been a video installation by English artist Mark Wallinger. Entitled Via Dolorosa, it consists of an 18-minute film reproducing scenes of the Passion excerpted from the film Jesus of Nazareth by Franco Zeffirelli.[30]\nIn November 2014 a white marble sculpture by Tony Cragg inspired by the Madonna statue on the rooftop was installed.[31]\nThe 5-manual, 225-rank pipe organ, built jointly by the Tamburini and Mascioni Italian organ building firms on Mussolini's command, is currently the largest organ in all of Italy.The American writer and journalist Mark Twain visited Milan in the summer of 1867. He dedicated chapter 18 of Innocents Abroad to Milan Cathedral, including many physical and historical details, and a visit to the roof. He describes the Duomo as follows:What a wonder it is! So grand, so solemn, so vast! And yet so delicate, so airy, so graceful! A very world of solid weight, and yet it seems ...a delusion of frostwork that might vanish with a breath!... The central one of its five great doors is bordered with a bas-relief of birds and fruits and beasts and insects, which have been so ingeniously carved out of the marble that they seem like living creatures-- and the figures are so numerous and the design so complex, that one might study it a week without exhausting its interest...everywhere that a niche or a perch can be found about the enormous building, from summit to base, there is a marble statue, and every statue is a study in itself...Away above, on the lofty roof, rank on rank of carved and fretted spires spring high in the air, and through their rich tracery one sees the sky beyond. ... (Up on) the roof...springing from its broad marble flagstones, were the long files of spires, looking very tall close at hand, but diminishing in the distance...We could see, now, that the statue on the top of each was the size of a large man, though they all looked like dolls from the street... They say that the Cathedral of Milan is second only to St. Peter's at Rome. I cannot understand how it can be second to anything made by human hands.Oscar Wilde visited Milan in June 1875. In a letter to his mother, he wrote: \"The Cathedral is an awful failure. Outside the design is monstrous and inartistic. The over-elaborated details stuck high up where no one can see them; everything is vile in it; it is, however, imposing and gigantic as a failure, through its great size and elaborate execution.\"[32]In Italian Hours, Henry James describes:a certain exhibition that I privately enjoyed of the relics of St. Charles Borromeus. This holy man lies at his eternal rest in a small but gorgeous sepulchral chapel … and for the modest sum of five francs you may have his shrivelled mortality unveiled and gaze at it with whatever reserves occur to you. The Catholic Church never renounces a chance of the sublime for fear of a chance of the ridiculous--especially when the chance of the sublime may be the very excellent chance of five francs. The performance in question, of which the good San Carlo paid in the first instance the cost, was impressive certainly, but as a monstrous matter or a grim comedy may still be. The little sacristan, having secured his audience, … lighted a couple of extra candles and proceeded to remove from above the altar, by means of a crank, a sort of sliding shutter, just as you may see a shop-boy do of a morning at his master's window...The black mummified corpse of the saint is stretched out in a glass coffin, clad in his mouldering canonicals, mitred, crosiered and gloved, glittering with votive jewels. It is an extraordinary mixture of death and life; the desiccated clay, the ashen rags, the hideous little black mask and skull, and the living, glowing, twinkling splendour of diamonds, emeralds and sapphires. The collection is really fine, and many great historic names are attached to the different offerings. Whatever may be the better opinion as to the future of the Church, I can't help thinking she will make a figure in the world so long as she retains this great fund of precious \"properties,\" this prodigious capital decoratively invested and scintillating throughout Christendom at effectively-scattered points.","title":"Architecture and art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_beam_approaching_the_meridional_line_in_the_Duomo_(Milan).jpg"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Brera Astronomical Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brera_Astronomical_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Roger Boscovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Joseph_Boscovich"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Palazzo dei Giureconsulti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Giureconsulti"},{"link_name":"Sforzesco Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sforzesco_Castle"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"A beam of sunlight is approaching the sign of Gemini on the meridional line indicating the nearing solar noon on the first day of Gemini seasonFrom 1 December 1786, the Austrian Empire adopted “transalpine time”. The astronomers at Brera Astronomical Observatory were engaged by Count Giuseppe Di Wilczek, the plenipotentiary governor of Lombardy, to build a meridian line inside the Duomo.[33] The meridian was constructed by Giovanni Angelo Cesaris and Francesco Reggio, with Roger Boscovich acting as a consultant.The meridian line was laid on the floor of the Duomo at the west end so as to be accessible and not interfere with religious services. A hole was inserted in the roof near the south wall at a height of 24 metres (79 ft). The Duomo is not quite wide enough for a hole at this height so the meridian line extends up the north wall for about 3 metres (9.8 ft).[34] As the beam of light crossed the brass line and indicated solar noon, a signal was given towards the tower of the Palazzo dei Giureconsulti. A person there alerted Sforzesco Castle and a cannon was fired to announce solar noon to the city. This signal was then used to set all of the city clocks to the same time.The line was examined in 1976 by the architects of the Duomo and astronomers from Brera. There was a deviation in azimuth by up to 7 millimetres (0.28 in) and in level by up to 14 millimetres (0.55 in) but the accuracy of the line still enabled the fixing of solar noon to within 2 seconds.[35]","title":"Astronomical observations"}]	[{"image_text":"Duomo Di Milano, Front Facade, Milan, Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Duomo_Di_Milano%2C_Front_Facade%2C_Milan%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Duomo_Di_Milano%2C_Front_Facade%2C_Milan%2C_Italy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plate celebrating the laying of the first stone in 1386","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Milano_Duomo_Interno_1.jpg/220px-Milano_Duomo_Interno_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral by Anthony van Dyck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Anthonis_van_Dyck_005.jpg/170px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Giovanni Antonio Amadeo on \"Amadeo's Little Spire\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Milano_domo_Antonio_Amadeo.JPG/220px-Milano_domo_Antonio_Amadeo.JPG"},{"image_text":"Plan of the Cathedral in the 16th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fotothek_df_tg_0000071_Architektur_%5E_Geometrie_%5E_Grundriss_%5E_Mail%C3%A4nder_Dom.jpg/170px-Fotothek_df_tg_0000071_Architektur_%5E_Geometrie_%5E_Grundriss_%5E_Mail%C3%A4nder_Dom.jpg"},{"image_text":"The cathedral as it appeared in 1745","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dal_Re%2C_Marc%27Antonio_%281697-1766%29_-_Vedute_di_Milano_-_09_-_Il_Duomo_-_ca._1745.jpg/220px-Dal_Re%2C_Marc%27Antonio_%281697-1766%29_-_Vedute_di_Milano_-_09_-_Il_Duomo_-_ca._1745.jpg"},{"image_text":"Design for the crowning of Ferdinand I of Austria at the Duomo in 1838, by Alessandro Sanquirico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sanquirico-design-for-crowning-of-Ferdinando-I-of-Austria.jpg/220px-Sanquirico-design-for-crowning-of-Ferdinando-I-of-Austria.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tourists on the roof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/View_west_along_Duomo_roof%2C_Milan.jpg/170px-View_west_along_Duomo_roof%2C_Milan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior view of the Duomo di Milano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/IMG_3712_-_Milano_-_Duomo_-_Interno_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_13-jan-2007.jpg/220px-IMG_3712_-_Milano_-_Duomo_-_Interno_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_13-jan-2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue on the roof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sculpture-Roof-La-Duomo.jpg/170px-Sculpture-Roof-La-Duomo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue on the roof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Statue-La-Duomo-Milan.jpg/170px-Statue-La-Duomo-Milan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint Bartholomew","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/San_Bartolomeo_Flayed%2C_Duomo%2C_Milano_%281562%29.jpg/170px-San_Bartolomeo_Flayed%2C_Duomo%2C_Milano_%281562%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Gold Madonna at the top of the cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Madonnina_-_Duomo_-_Milan_2014_07.jpg/170px-Madonnina_-_Duomo_-_Milan_2014_07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Artwork on the door of the cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Art_work_on_door_Milan_Cathedral_%2CItaly.jpg/170px-Art_work_on_door_Milan_Cathedral_%2CItaly.jpg"},{"image_text":"A beam of sunlight is approaching the sign of Gemini on the meridional line indicating the nearing solar noon on the first day of Gemini season","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sun_beam_approaching_the_meridional_line_in_the_Duomo_%28Milan%29.jpg/220px-Sun_beam_approaching_the_meridional_line_in_the_Duomo_%28Milan%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Anor Londo (Dark Souls)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anor_Londo"},{"title":"Early Christian churches in Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_churches_in_Milan"},{"title":"History of early modern period domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_early_modern_period_domes"},{"title":"History of Italian Renaissance domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italian_Renaissance_domes"},{"title":"History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes"},{"title":"Italian Gothic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture"},{"title":"Mailänder Dom (Fassade), Mailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail%C3%A4nder_Dom_(Fassade),_Mailand"},{"title":"List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Cathedrals_in_Europe"},{"title":"List of largest church buildings in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_church_buildings_in_the_world"},{"title":"List of highest church naves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_church_naves"},{"title":"Gothic art in Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan"}]	[{"reference":"\"Architects of the Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo\". duomomilano.it. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215181429/http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/architects-of-the-veneranda-fabbrica-del-duomo/3888dc6f-e11f-4fde-8a68-80d9587585cd/","url_text":"\"Architects of the Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo\""},{"url":"http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/architects-of-the-veneranda-fabbrica-del-duomo/3888dc6f-e11f-4fde-8a68-80d9587585cd/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Art and History of the Duomo: Architecture\". duomomilano.it. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170430224713/http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/architecture/2eb94c44-1743-4485-a996-234a4461c87a","url_text":"\"Art and History of the Duomo: Architecture\""},{"url":"http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/architecture/2eb94c44-1743-4485-a996-234a4461c87a/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Capella Musicale\" (in Italian). duomomilano.it. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331010139/http://www.duomomilano.it/it/infopage/maestro-direttore/17d77656-334f-4574-ab44-855be302a460","url_text":"\"Capella Musicale\""},{"url":"http://www.duomomilano.it/it/infopage/maestro-direttore/17d77656-334f-4574-ab44-855be302a460/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Denison, Simon (June 1995). \"News: In Brief\". British Archaeology. Council for British Archaeology. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130513125933/http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba5/BA5NEWS.HTML","url_text":"\"News: In Brief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_British_Archaeology","url_text":"Council for British Archaeology"},{"url":"http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba5/BA5NEWS.HTML","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The imposing Milan Cathedral - KLM Travel\". klm.com. KLM. Retrieved 4 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.klm.com/destinations/us/en/article/the-imposing-milan-cathedral","url_text":"\"The imposing Milan Cathedral - KLM Travel\""}]},{"reference":"Grillo, Paolo (2017). Nascita di una cattedrale, 1386- 1418: la fondazione del Duomo di Milano. Milano: Mondadori. pp. 3–34. ISBN 9788852083266.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788852083266","url_text":"9788852083266"}]},{"reference":"Ackerman, James (June 1949). \"\"Ars Sine Scientia Nihil Est\" Gothic Theory of Architecture at the Cathedral of Milan\". The Art Bulletin. 31 (2): 96. doi:10.2307/3047224. JSTOR 3047224.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3047224","url_text":"10.2307/3047224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3047224","url_text":"3047224"}]},{"reference":"Grillo, Paolo (2017). Nascita di una cattedrale, 1386- 1418: la fondazione del Duomo di Milano. Milano: Mondadori. pp. 68–99. ISBN 9788852083266.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788852083266","url_text":"9788852083266"}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Robert (1972) [1966]. The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 79.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ticozzi, Stefano (1830). Dizionario degli architetti, scultori, pittori, intagliatori in rame ed in pietra, coniatori di medaglie, musaicisti, niellatori, intarsiatori d'ogni etá e d'ogni nazione. Vol. 1. Gaetano Schiepatti. p. 110.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0ownAAAAMAAJ&q=Stefano+Ticozzi+Dizionario&pg=PA5","url_text":"Dizionario degli architetti, scultori, pittori, intagliatori in rame ed in pietra, coniatori di medaglie, musaicisti, niellatori, intarsiatori d'ogni etá e d'ogni nazione"}]},{"reference":"Tombesi Walton, Sylvia (2005). Milan, the Lakes and Lombardy. TimeOut Books. ISBN 978-1-904978-09-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904978-09-1","url_text":"978-1-904978-09-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Anniversario — 8 settembre 1943: l'Armistizio a Milano (Anniversary — 8 September 1943: the Armistice in Milan)\" (in Italian). Archdiocese of Milan. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012190151/http://www.chiesadimilano.it/news/arte-cultura/8-settembre-1943-br-l-armistizio-a-milano-1.79664","url_text":"\"Anniversario — 8 settembre 1943: l'Armistizio a Milano (Anniversary — 8 September 1943: the Armistice in Milan)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Milan","url_text":"Archdiocese of Milan"},{"url":"http://www.chiesadimilano.it/news/arte-cultura/8-settembre-1943-br-l-armistizio-a-milano-1.79664","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spire of the month - Adotta una Guglia Official Site\". adottaunaguglia.duomomilano.it.","urls":[{"url":"https://adottaunaguglia.duomomilano.it/en/spire","url_text":"\"Spire of the month - Adotta una Guglia Official Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milan Cathedral - Opening hours, price and location in Milan\". www.introducingmilan.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.introducingmilan.com/milan-cathedral","url_text":"\"Milan Cathedral - Opening hours, price and location in Milan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milan Cathedral lighting design is executed with ERCO LED spotlights\". LEDs Magazine. PennWell Corporation. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ledsmagazine.com/ugc/2015/06/09/dignified-and-economical-new-light-for-milan-cathedral.html","url_text":"\"Milan Cathedral lighting design is executed with ERCO LED spotlights\""}]},{"reference":"\"The statue of St Bartholomew in the Milan Duomo\". DuomoMilano. 22 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duomomilano.it/en/article/2019/03/22/the-statue-of-st-bartholomew-in-the-milan-duomo/85/","url_text":"\"The statue of St Bartholomew in the Milan Duomo\""}]},{"reference":"Hourihane, Colum (6 December 2012). The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. OUP USA. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-19-539536-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA5-PA463","url_text":"The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5","url_text":"978-0-19-539536-5"}]},{"reference":"Gillaspia, Daniel (18 July 2018). \"The Duomo Milan, Italy Guide (Tickets, Skip the Line, Tours) [2018]\". UponArriving. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uponarriving.com/duomo-milan-tickets/","url_text":"\"The Duomo Milan, Italy Guide (Tickets, Skip the Line, Tours) [2018]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sarcophagus of Marco Carelli a Milanese merchant, marble work by...\" Getty Images. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/italy-milan-cathedral-sarcophagus-of-marco-high-res-stock-photography/159620297","url_text":"\"Sarcophagus of Marco Carelli a Milanese merchant, marble work by...\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Altarpiece of the Assumption by Lucio Fontana exhibited at the Duomo\". DuomoMilano. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duomomilano.it/en/article/2019/02/05/the-altarpiece-of-the-assumption-by-lucio-fontana-exhibited-at-the-duo/10/","url_text":"\"The Altarpiece of the Assumption by Lucio Fontana exhibited at the Duomo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Duomo of Milan, the Cathedral symbol of the city \| YesMilano\". www.yesmilano.it. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yesmilano.it/en/see-and-do/venues/duomo-di-milano","url_text":"\"Duomo of Milan, the Cathedral symbol of the city \| YesMilano\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cathedral\". DuomoMilano. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-cathedral/53/","url_text":"\"The Cathedral\""}]},{"reference":"Leydi, Silvio (January 2011). \"The Trivulzio candelabrum in the sixteenth century: documents and hypotheses\". Burlington Magazine. 153: 4–12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/28235494","url_text":"\"The Trivulzio candelabrum in the sixteenth century: documents and hypotheses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here's How the Church of the Future is Experimenting in the Cathedral of Milan\". chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/64801bdc4.html?eng=y","url_text":"\"Here's How the Church of the Future is Experimenting in the Cathedral of Milan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Duomo, gru nella navata per posare la scultura ispirata alla Madonnina\". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corriere.it/foto-gallery/cronaca/14_ottobre_30/fotogallery-duomo-milano-gru-statua-dentro-navata-58bd316e-6086-11e4-b0a9-d9a5bfba99fb.shtml","url_text":"\"Duomo, gru nella navata per posare la scultura ispirata alla Madonnina\""}]},{"reference":"Hart-Davis, Rupert (1962). The Letters of Oscar Wilde. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.225943/page/n39","url_text":"The Letters of Oscar Wilde"}]},{"reference":"Heilbron, John Lewis (1990). The Sun in the Church. Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. Harvard University Press. p. 268. ISBN 0674005368.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674005368","url_text":"0674005368"}]},{"reference":"\"Did you know that … the astronomers of the Brera Astronomical Observatory built the Meridian Line inside the Duomo (cathedral) of Milan\". MusAB. Museo Astronomico di Brera. Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://museoastronomico.brera.inaf.it/en/meridian-line-duomo/","url_text":"\"Did you know that … the astronomers of the Brera Astronomical Observatory built the Meridian Line inside the Duomo (cathedral) of Milan\""}]},{"reference":"Passano, Carlo Ferrari da; Monti, Carlo; Mussio, Luigi (1977). La meridiana solare del Duomo di Milano: verifica e ripristino nell'anno 1976. Fabbrica del Duomo di Milano.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milan_Cathedral&params=45_27_51_N_9_11_29_E_type:landmark_region:IT","external_links_name":"45°27′51″N 9°11′29″E / 45.46417°N 9.19139°E / 45.46417; 9.19139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milan_Cathedral&params=45_27_51_N_9_11_29_E_type:landmark_region:IT","external_links_name":"45°27′51″N 9°11′29″E / 45.46417°N 9.19139°E / 45.46417; 9.19139"},{"Link":"http://www.duomomilano.it/en/","external_links_name":"Milan Duomo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215181429/http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/architects-of-the-veneranda-fabbrica-del-duomo/3888dc6f-e11f-4fde-8a68-80d9587585cd/","external_links_name":"\"Architects of the Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo\""},{"Link":"http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/architects-of-the-veneranda-fabbrica-del-duomo/3888dc6f-e11f-4fde-8a68-80d9587585cd/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170430224713/http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/architecture/2eb94c44-1743-4485-a996-234a4461c87a","external_links_name":"\"Art and History of the Duomo: Architecture\""},{"Link":"http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/architecture/2eb94c44-1743-4485-a996-234a4461c87a/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331010139/http://www.duomomilano.it/it/infopage/maestro-direttore/17d77656-334f-4574-ab44-855be302a460","external_links_name":"\"Capella Musicale\""},{"Link":"http://www.duomomilano.it/it/infopage/maestro-direttore/17d77656-334f-4574-ab44-855be302a460/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130513125933/http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba5/BA5NEWS.HTML","external_links_name":"\"News: In Brief\""},{"Link":"http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba5/BA5NEWS.HTML","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.klm.com/destinations/us/en/article/the-imposing-milan-cathedral","external_links_name":"\"The imposing Milan Cathedral - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Virginia_Regiment	15th Virginia Regiment	["1 References","2 External links"]	Continental Army infantry regiment This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 15th Virginia RegimentActive1776-1780AllegianceContinental Congress of the United StatesTypeInfantrySize728 soldiersPart ofVirginia LineEngagementsBattle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth, Siege of CharlestonCommandersNotablecommandersColonel David Mason, Lieutenant Colonel James Innes; Captain William GrimesMilitary unit vtePhiladelphia campaign1777–1778 Bound Brook Short Hills Staten Island Cooch's Bridge Brandywine Clouds Paoli Germantown Red Bank Fort Mifflin Gloucester White Marsh Matson's Ford Valley Forge Conway Cabal Quinton's Bridge Clow Rebellion Crooked Billet Barren Hill Carlisle Peace Commission Monmouth Southern theater Participation, 1780Charleston vteAmerican Revolutionary War units of the United States Continental Army List of Continental units Units by state Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Vermont Virginia Non-state units Extra and Additional regiments Armand's Legion Pulaski's Legion Lee's Legion Ottendorf's Corps Commander-in-Chief's Guard State militia List of state units The 15th Virginia Regiment was authorized on September 16, 1776, as a part of the Virginia Line for service with the Continental Army under the command of Col. David Mason of Sussex County. All or part of the regiment saw action at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and the Siege of Charleston where all of the Regiment was captured in the last. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781. References Wright Jr., Robert K. (1983). The Continental Army. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 289–290. CMH Publication 60-4-1. Archived from the original on 2019-10-09. Retrieved 2016-12-23. External links Bibliography of the Continental Army in Virginia compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History vteThe Virginia Line, State Forces, and Militia in the American Revolutionary WarVirginia Numbered Continental Infantry Regiments 1st Virginia Regiment 2nd Virginia Regiment 3rd Virginia Regiment 4th Virginia Regiment 5th Virginia Regiment 6th Virginia Regiment 7th Virginia Regiment 8th Virginia Regiment 9th Virginia Regiment 10th Virginia Regiment 11th Virginia Regiment 12th Virginia Regiment 13th Virginia Regiment 14th Virginia Regiment 15th Virginia Regiment Virginia Additional Continental Infantry Regiments Gist's Additional Continental Regiment Grayson's Additional Continental Regiment Thruston's Additional Continental Regiment Rawling's Additional Continental Regiment Other Continental Army Units 1st Continental Light Dragoons 1st Continental Artillery Regiment Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment Virginia State Units 1st Virginia State Regiment 2nd Virginia State Regiment 3rd Virginia State Regiment Clark's Illinois Regiment Crockett's Western Battalion Militia Culpeper Minutemen Fluvanna County militia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign"},{"link_name":"Bound Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bound_Brook"},{"link_name":"Short Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Short_Hills"},{"link_name":"Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Cooch's Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cooch%27s_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Brandywine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine"},{"link_name":"Clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Clouds"},{"link_name":"Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paoli"},{"link_name":"Germantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown"},{"link_name":"Red Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Bank"},{"link_name":"Fort Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gloucester_(1777)"},{"link_name":"White Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_White_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Matson's Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Matson%27s_Ford"},{"link_name":"Valley Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Forge"},{"link_name":"Conway Cabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Cabal"},{"link_name":"Quinton's Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quinton%27s_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Clow Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clow_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Crooked Billet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crooked_Billet"},{"link_name":"Barren Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barren_Hill"},{"link_name":"Carlisle Peace Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Southern theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US_Revolutionary_units"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US_Revolutionary_units"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Revolutionary_units"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"List of Continental units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Line"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Line"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Line"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Line"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Line"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Line"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Line"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Line"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Line"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Line"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Line"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain_Boys"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Line"},{"link_name":"Extra and Additional regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_Continental_regiments_and_Additional_Continental_regiments"},{"link_name":"Armand's Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand%27s_Legion"},{"link_name":"Pulaski's Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski%27s_Legion"},{"link_name":"Lee's Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%27s_Legion"},{"link_name":"Ottendorf's Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottendorf%27s_Corps"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief's Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief%27s_Guard"},{"link_name":"State militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"List of state units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_militia_units_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Virginia Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Line"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"David Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mason_(burgess)"},{"link_name":"Sussex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Brandywine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine"},{"link_name":"Germantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Siege of Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston"}],"text":"Military unitvtePhiladelphia campaign1777–1778\nBound Brook\nShort Hills\nStaten Island\nCooch's Bridge\nBrandywine\nClouds\nPaoli\nGermantown\nRed Bank\nFort Mifflin\nGloucester\nWhite Marsh\nMatson's Ford\nValley Forge\nConway Cabal\nQuinton's Bridge\nClow Rebellion\nCrooked Billet\nBarren Hill\nCarlisle Peace Commission\nMonmouthSouthern theater Participation, 1780CharlestonvteAmerican Revolutionary War units of the United States\nContinental Army\nList of Continental units\nUnits by state\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nGeorgia\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nVermont\nVirginia\nNon-state units\nExtra and Additional regiments\nArmand's Legion\nPulaski's Legion\nLee's Legion\nOttendorf's Corps\nCommander-in-Chief's Guard\n\nState militia\nList of state unitsThe 15th Virginia Regiment was authorized on September 16, 1776, as a part of the Virginia Line for service with the Continental Army under the command of Col. David Mason of Sussex County. All or part of the regiment saw action at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and the Siege of Charleston where all of the Regiment was captured in the last. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781.","title":"15th Virginia Regiment"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Wright Jr., Robert K. (1983). The Continental Army. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 289–290. CMH Publication 60-4-1. Archived from the original on 2019-10-09. Retrieved 2016-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191009065615/https://history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ContArmy/CA-fm.htm","url_text":"The Continental Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ContArmy/CA-fm.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191009065615/https://history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ContArmy/CA-fm.htm","external_links_name":"The Continental Army"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ContArmy/CA-fm.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100608052753/http://www.history.army.mil/reference/revbib/va.htm","external_links_name":"Bibliography of the Continental Army in Virginia"},{"Link":"https://revolutionarywar.us/continental-army/virginia/","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_glue	Bioadhesive	["1 Bioadhesives in nature","1.1 Polyphenolic proteins","2 Temporary adhesion","3 Permanent adhesion","4 Applications","5 Mucoadhesion","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Bioadhesives are natural polymeric materials that act as adhesives. The term is sometimes used more loosely to describe a glue formed synthetically from biological monomers such as sugars, or to mean a synthetic material designed to adhere to biological tissue. Bioadhesives may consist of a variety of substances, but proteins and carbohydrates feature prominently. Proteins such as gelatin and carbohydrates such as starch have been used as general-purpose glues by man for many years, but typically their performance shortcomings have seen them replaced by synthetic alternatives. Highly effective adhesives found in the natural world are currently under investigation. For example, bioadhesives secreted by microbes and by marine molluscs and crustaceans are being researched with a view to biomimicry. Furthermore, thiolation of proteins and carbohydrates enables these polymers (thiomers) to covalently adhere especially to cysteine-rich subdomains of proteins such as keratins or mucus glycoproteins via disulfide bond formation. Thiolated chitosan and thiolated hyaluronic acid are used as bioadhesives in various medicinal products. Bioadhesives in nature Organisms may secrete bioadhesives for use in attachment, construction and obstruction, as well as in predation and defense. Examples include their use for: Colonization of surfaces (e.g. bacteria, algae, fungi, mussels, barnacles, rotifers) Mussel's byssal threads Tube building by polychaete worms, which live in underwater mounds Insect egg, larval or pupal attachment to surfaces (vegetation, rocks), and insect mating plugs Host attachment by blood-feeding ticks Nest-building by some insects, and also by some fish (e.g. the three-spined stickleback) Defense by Notaden frogs and by sea cucumbers Prey capture in spider webs and by velvet worms Some bioadhesives are very strong. For example, adult barnacles achieve pull-off forces as high as 2 MPa (2 N/mm2). A similarly strong, rapidly adhering glue - which contains 171 different proteins and can adhere to wet, moist and impure surfaces - is produced by the very hard limpet species Patella vulgata; this adhesive material is a very interesting subject of research in the development of surgical adhesives and several other applications. Silk dope can also be used as a glue by arachnids and insects. Polyphenolic proteins The small family of proteins that are sometimes referred to as polyphenolic proteins are produced by some marine invertebrates like the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis by some algae', and by the polychaete Phragmatopoma californica. These proteins contain a high level of a post-translationally modified—oxidized—form of tyrosine, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa, L-DOPA) as well as the disulfide (oxidized) form of cysteine (cystine). In the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), two such proteins, Dpfp-1 and Dpfp-2, localize in the juncture between byssus threads and adhesive plaque. The presence of these proteins appear, generally, to contribute to stiffening of the materials functioning as bioadhesives. The presence of the dihydroxyphenylalanine-moiety arises from action of a tyrosine hydroxylase-type of enzyme; in vitro, it has been shown that the proteins can be cross-linked (polymerized) using a mushroom tyrosinase. Temporary adhesion Organisms such as limpets and sea stars use suction and mucus-like slimes to create Stefan adhesion, which makes pull-off much harder than lateral drag; this allows both attachment and mobility. Spores, embryos and juvenile forms may use temporary adhesives (often glycoproteins) to secure their initial attachment to surfaces favorable for colonization. Tacky and elastic secretions that act as pressure-sensitive adhesives, forming immediate attachments on contact, are preferable in the context of self-defense and predation. Molecular mechanisms include non-covalent interactions and polymer chain entanglement. Many biopolymers – proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides – may be used to form hydrogels that contribute to temporary adhesion. Permanent adhesion This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Many permanent bioadhesives (e.g., the oothecal foam of the mantis) are generated by a "mix to activate" process that involves hardening via covalent cross-linking. On non-polar surfaces the adhesive mechanisms may include van der Waals forces, whereas on polar surfaces mechanisms such as hydrogen bonding and binding to (or forming bridges via) metal cations may allow higher sticking forces to be achieved. Microorganisms use acidic polysaccharides (molecular mass around 100 000 Da) Marine bacteria use carbohydrate exopolymers to achieve bond strengths to glass of up to 500 000 N/m2 Marine invertebrates commonly employ protein-based glues for irreversible attachment. Some mussels achieve 800 000 N/m2 on polar surfaces and 30 000 N/m2 on non-polar surfaces these numbers are dependent on the environment, mussels in high predation environments have an increased attachment to substrates. In high predation environments it can require predators 140% more force to dislodge mussels Some algae and marine invertebrates use lecproteins that contain L-DOPA to effect adhesion Proteins in the oothecal foam of the mantis are cross-linked covalently by small molecules related to L-DOPA via a tanning reaction that is catalysed by catechol oxidase or polyphenol oxidase enzymes. L-DOPA is a tyrosine residue that bears an additional hydroxyl group. The twin hydroxyl groups in each side-chain compete well with water for binding to surfaces, form polar attachments via hydrogen bonds, and chelate the metals in mineral surfaces. The Fe(L-DOPA3) complex can itself account for much cross-linking and cohesion in mussel plaque, but in addition the iron catalyses oxidation of the L-DOPA to reactive quinone free radicals, which go on to form covalent bonds. Applications Bioadhesives are of commercial interest because they tend to be biocompatible, i.e. useful for biomedical applications involving skin or other body tissue. Some work in wet environments and under water, while others can stick to low surface energy – non-polar surfaces like plastic. In recent years, the synthetic adhesives industry has been impacted by environmental concerns and health and safety issues relating to hazardous ingredients, volatile organic compound emissions, and difficulties in recycling or re mediating adhesives derived from petrochemical feedstocks. Rising oil prices may also stimulate commercial interest in biological alternatives to synthetic adhesives. Shellac is an early example of a bioadhesive put to practical use. Additional examples now exist, with others in development: Commodity wood adhesive based on a bacterial exopolysaccharide USB PRF/Soy 2000, a commodity wood adhesive that is 50% soy hydrolysate and excels at finger-jointing green lumber Mussel adhesive proteins can assist in attaching cells to plastic surfaces in laboratory cell and tissue culture experiments (see External Links) The Notaden frog glue is under development for biomedical uses, e.g. as a surgical glue for orthopedic applications or as a hemostat Mucosal drug delivery applications. For example, films of mussel adhesive protein give comparable mucoadhesion to polycarbophil, a synthetic hydrogel used to achieve effective drug delivery at low drug doses. An increased residence time through adhesion to the mucosal surface, such as in the eye or the nose can lead to an improved absorption of the drug. Long-duration continuous imaging of diverse organs (via a wearable bioadhesive stretchable high-resolution ultrasound imaging patch, potentially enabling novel diagnostic and monitoring tools) Several commercial methods of production are being researched: Direct chemical synthesis, e.g. incorporation of L-DOPA groups in synthetic polymers Fermentation of transgenic bacteria or yeasts that express bioadhesive protein genes Farming of natural organisms (small and large) that secrete bioadhesive materials Mucoadhesion A more specific term than bioadhesion is mucoadhesion. Most mucosal surfaces such as in the gut or nose are covered by a layer of mucus. Adhesion of a matter to this layer is hence called mucoadhesion. Mucoadhesive agents are usually polymers containing hydrogen bonding groups that can be used in wet formulations or in dry powders for drug delivery purposes. The mechanisms behind mucoadhesion have not yet been fully elucidated, but a generally accepted theory is that close contact must first be established between the mucoadhesive agent and the mucus, followed by interpenetration of the mucoadhesive polymer and the mucin and finishing with the formation of entanglements and chemical bonds between the macromolecules. In the case of a dry polymer powder, the initial adhesion is most likely achieved by water movement from the mucosa into the formulation, which has also been shown to lead to dehydration and strengthening of the mucus layer. The subsequent formation of van der Waals, hydrogen and, in the case of a positively charged polymer, electrostatic bonds between the mucins and the hydrated polymer promotes prolonged adhesion. See also Mucilage References ^ Smith, A.M. & Callow, J.A., eds. (2006) Biological Adhesives. Springer, Berlin. ISBN 978-3-540-31048-8 ^ Leichner, C; Jelkmann, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2019). "Thiolated polymers: Bioinspired polymers utilizing one of the most important bridging structures in nature". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 151–152: 191–221. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007. PMID 31028759. S2CID 135464452. ^ Federer, C; Kurpiers, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2021). "Thiolated Chitosans: A Multi-talented Class of Polymers for Various Applications". Biomacromolecules. 22 (1): 24–56. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663. PMC 7805012. PMID 32567846. ^ Griesser, J; Hetényi, G; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2018). "Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid as Versatile Mucoadhesive Polymer: From the Chemistry Behind to Product Developments-What Are the Capabilities?". Polymers. 10 (3): 243. doi:10.3390/polym10030243. PMC 6414859. PMID 30966278. ^ Barber, Asa H.; Lu, Dun; Pugno, Nicola M. (2015). "Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 12 (105). doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326. PMC 4387522. PMID 25694539. S2CID 1507479. ^ Barber, Asa H.; Lu, Dun; Pugno, Nicola M. (2015). "Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 12 (105). doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326. PMC 4387522. PMID 25694539. ^ Kang, Victor; Lengerer, Birgit; Wattiez, Ruddy; Flammang, Patrick (2020). "Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets ( Patella vulgata L.)". Open Biology. 10 (6): 200019. doi:10.1098/rsob.200019. PMC 7333891. PMID 32543352. ^ "Klebstoffe: Die Superhaftkraft der Napfschnecke". ^ Kang, V.; Lengerer, B.; Wattiez, R.; Flammang, P. (2020). "Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.)". Open Biology. 10 (6): 200019. doi:10.1098/rsob.200019. PMC 7333891. PMID 32543352. ^ a b Rzepecki, Leszek M.; Hansen, Karolyn M.; Waite, J. Herbert (August 1992). "Characterization of a Cystine-Rich Polyphenolic Protein Family from the Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis L." Biological Bulletin. 183 (1): 123–137. doi:10.2307/1542413. JSTOR 1542413. PMID 29304577. ^ a b Jensen, Rebecca A.; Morse, Daniel E. (1988). "The bioadhesive of Phragmatopoma californica tubes: a silk-like cement containing L-DOPA". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 158 (3): 317–24. doi:10.1007/BF00695330. S2CID 25457825. ^ Rzepecki, LM; Waite, JH (1993). "The byssus of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. II: Structure and polymorphism of byssal polyphenolic protein families". Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology. 2 (5): 267–79. PMID 8180628. ^ Rzepecki, LM; Chin, SS; Waite, JH; Lavin, MF (1991). "Molecular diversity of marine glues: Polyphenolic proteins from five mussel species". Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology. 1 (1): 78–88. PMID 1845474. ^ Burzio, Luis A; Burzio, Veronica A; Pardo, Joel; Burzio, Luis O (2000). "In vitro polymerization of mussel polyphenolic proteins catalyzed by mushroom tyrosinase". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 126 (3): 383–9. doi:10.1016/S0305-0491(00)00188-7. PMID 11007180. ^ Leonard GH, Bertness MD, Yundo PO. Crab predation, waterborne cues, and inducible defenses in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Ecology. 1999;80(1). ^ Sever M.J.; Weisser, J.T.; Monahan, J.; Srinivasan, S.; Wilker, J.J. (2004) Metal-mediated cross-linking in the generation of a marine-mussel adhesive. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 (4), 448-450 ^ Monahan, J.; Wilker, J.J. (2004) Cross-linking the protein precursor of marine mussel adhesives: bulk measurements and reagents for curing. Langmuir 20 (9), 3724-3729 ^ Deming, T.J. (1999) Mussel byssus and biomolecular materials. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3 (1), 100-105 ^ Combie, J., Steel, A. and Sweitzer, R. (2004) Adhesive designed by nature (and tested at Redstone Arsenal). Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 5 (4), 258-262. Abstract ^ USB flyer ^ Schnurrer, J.; Lehr, C.M. (1996) Mucoadhesive properties of the mussel adhesive protein. Int. J. Pharmaceutics 141 (1-2), 251-256 ^ Wang, Chonghe; Chen, Xiaoyu; Wang, Liu; Makihata, Mitsutoshi; Liu, Hsiao-Chuan; Zhou, Tao; Zhao, Xuanhe (29 July 2022). "Bioadhesive ultrasound for long-term continuous imaging of diverse organs" (PDF). Science. 377 (6605): 517–523. doi:10.1126/science.abo2542. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 35901155. S2CID 251158622. News article: "This stick-on ultrasound patch could let you watch your own heart beat". Science News. 28 July 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ Huang, K.; Lee, B.P.; Ingram, D.R.; Messersmith, P.B. (2002) Synthesis and characterization of self-assembling block copolymers containing bioadhesive end groups. Biomacromolecules 3 (2), 397-406 ^ a b J.D. Smart. The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 57:1556-1568 (2005) ^ Hägerström, Helene (2003). "Polymer Gels as Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms : Rheological Performance and Physicochemical Interactions at the Gel-Mucus Interface for Formulations Intended for Mucosal Drug Delivery". Diva. External links "Mussels inspire new surgical glue possibilities". ScienceDaily article, Dec 2007. Frog glue story on ABC TV science program Catalyst. "Marine algae hold key to better biomedical adhesives", Biomaterials for healthcare: a decade of EU-funded research, p. 23 Thesis on mucoadhesive gels "Marie Curie Project on bioadhesion using the Cnidarian Hydra as model organisms adhesive_protein,_mussel at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vteRoutes of administration, dosage formsOralDigestive tract (enteral)Solids Tablet Capsule Pastille Time release technology Osmotic delivery system Liquids Decoction Elixir Electuary Emulsion Effervescent powder or tablet Herbal tea Hydrogel Molecular encapsulation Powder Softgel Solution Suspension Syrup Tincture Oral mucosa (buccal, sublabial, sublingual)Solids Orally disintegrating tablet Film Lollipop Sublingual drops Lozenges Effervescent tablet Chewing gum Liquids Mouthwash Toothpaste Ointment Spray Respiratory tract (inhalation)Solids Dry-powder inhaler Smoking 00Liquids Anesthetic vaporizer Heated humidified high-flow therapy Medical inhalants Metered-dose inhaler (MDI) Nebulizer Vaporizer Gas Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula Oxygen concentrator Anaesthetic machine Medical inhalants Relative analgesia machine Ophthalmic,otic, nasal Nasal spray Ear drops Eye drops Ointment Hydrogel Insufflation Mucoadhesive microdiscUrogenital Ointment Pessary Vaginal ring Douche Intrauterine device (IUD) Extra-amniotic infusion Intravesical infusion Rectal (enteral) Ointment Suppository Enema Solution Hydrogel Murphy drip Nutrient enemaDermal (topical) Ointment Topical cream Topical gel Liniment Paste Film DMSO solution Iontophoresis Hydrogel Liposomes Transfersome vesicles Cream Lotion Lip balm Medicated shampoo Dermal patch Transdermal patch Transdermal spray Jet injectorParenteralsInjectionsinfusions(into tissue/blood)Skin (transdermal) Intradermal Subcutaneous Injector pen Transdermal implant Organs Intracavernous Intravitreal Intra-articular Central nervous system Intracerebral Intrathecal Epidural Circulatory,musculoskeletal Intravenous Intracardiac Intramuscular Intraosseous Intraperitoneal Nanocell injection Patient-controlled analgesia pump PIC line	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"gelatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin"},{"link_name":"starch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscs"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceans"},{"link_name":"biomimicry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimicry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"thiomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomer"},{"link_name":"keratins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"disulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"chitosan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitosan"},{"link_name":"hyaluronic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Bioadhesives may consist of a variety of substances, but proteins and carbohydrates feature prominently. Proteins such as gelatin and carbohydrates such as starch have been used as general-purpose glues by man for many years, but typically their performance shortcomings have seen them replaced by synthetic alternatives. Highly effective adhesives found in the natural world are currently under investigation. For example, bioadhesives secreted by microbes and by marine molluscs and crustaceans are being researched with a view to biomimicry.[1] Furthermore, thiolation of proteins and carbohydrates enables these polymers (thiomers) to covalently adhere especially to cysteine-rich subdomains of proteins such as keratins or mucus glycoproteins via disulfide bond formation.[2] Thiolated chitosan and thiolated hyaluronic acid are used as bioadhesives in various medicinal products.[3][4]","title":"Bioadhesive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"mussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussels"},{"link_name":"barnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacles"},{"link_name":"rotifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotifers"},{"link_name":"byssal threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byssal_thread"},{"link_name":"polychaete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaete"},{"link_name":"Insect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)"},{"link_name":"larval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"pupal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa"},{"link_name":"Host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"ticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticks"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"three-spined stickleback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-spined_stickleback"},{"link_name":"Notaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notaden"},{"link_name":"sea cucumbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holothuroidea"},{"link_name":"Prey capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"spider webs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_web"},{"link_name":"velvet worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_worm"},{"link_name":"MPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"arachnids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnids"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects"}],"text":"Organisms may secrete bioadhesives for use in attachment, construction and obstruction, as well as in predation and defense. Examples include their use for:Colonization of surfaces (e.g. bacteria, algae, fungi, mussels, barnacles, rotifers)\nMussel's byssal threads\nTube building by polychaete worms, which live in underwater mounds\nInsect egg, larval or pupal attachment to surfaces (vegetation, rocks), and insect mating plugs\nHost attachment by blood-feeding ticks\nNest-building by some insects, and also by some fish (e.g. the three-spined stickleback)\nDefense by Notaden frogs and by sea cucumbers\nPrey capture in spider webs and by velvet wormsSome bioadhesives are very strong. For example, adult barnacles achieve pull-off forces as high as 2 MPa (2 N/mm2). A similarly strong, rapidly adhering glue - which contains 171 different proteins and can adhere to wet, moist and impure surfaces - is produced by the very hard[5][6] limpet species Patella vulgata; this adhesive material is a very interesting subject of research in the development of surgical adhesives and several other applications.[7][8][9] Silk dope can also be used as a glue by arachnids and insects.","title":"Bioadhesives in nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marine invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_invertebrate"},{"link_name":"Mytilus edulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilus_edulis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leszek-10"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Phragmatopoma californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmatopoma_californica"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jensen-11"},{"link_name":"L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa, L-DOPA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levodopa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jensen-11"},{"link_name":"cystine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leszek-10"},{"link_name":"Dreissena polymorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreissena_polymorpha"},{"link_name":"byssus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byssus"},{"link_name":"relevant?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"relevant?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tyrosine hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tyrosinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinase"},{"link_name":"relevant?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Polyphenolic proteins","text":"The small family of proteins that are sometimes referred to as polyphenolic proteins are produced by some marine invertebrates like the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis[10] by some algae'[citation needed], and by the polychaete Phragmatopoma californica.[11] These proteins contain a high level of a post-translationally modified—oxidized—form of tyrosine, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa, L-DOPA)[11] as well as the disulfide (oxidized) form of cysteine (cystine).[10] In the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), two such proteins, Dpfp-1 and Dpfp-2, localize in the juncture between byssus threads and adhesive plaque.[relevant?][12][relevant?] The presence of these proteins appear, generally, to contribute to stiffening of the materials functioning as bioadhesives.[13][citation needed] The presence of the dihydroxyphenylalanine-moiety arises from action of a tyrosine hydroxylase-type of enzyme;[citation needed] in vitro, it has been shown that the proteins can be cross-linked (polymerized) using a mushroom tyrosinase.[relevant?][14]","title":"Bioadhesives in nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpets"},{"link_name":"sea stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish"},{"link_name":"mucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus"},{"link_name":"Stefan adhesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Adhesion"},{"link_name":"glycoproteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteins"},{"link_name":"elastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"pressure-sensitive adhesives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_adhesive"},{"link_name":"predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"non-covalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-covalent"},{"link_name":"biopolymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymers"},{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrates"},{"link_name":"glycoproteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein"},{"link_name":"mucopolysaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharides"},{"link_name":"hydrogels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogels"}],"text":"Organisms such as limpets and sea stars use suction and mucus-like slimes to create Stefan adhesion, which makes pull-off much harder than lateral drag; this allows both attachment and mobility. Spores, embryos and juvenile forms may use temporary adhesives (often glycoproteins) to secure their initial attachment to surfaces favorable for colonization. Tacky and elastic secretions that act as pressure-sensitive adhesives, forming immediate attachments on contact, are preferable in the context of self-defense and predation. Molecular mechanisms include non-covalent interactions and polymer chain entanglement. Many biopolymers – proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides – may be used to form hydrogels that contribute to temporary adhesion.","title":"Temporary adhesion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oothecal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ootheca"},{"link_name":"mantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantis"},{"link_name":"covalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent"},{"link_name":"van der Waals forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force"},{"link_name":"polar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bonding"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"cations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation"},{"link_name":"Microorganisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism"},{"link_name":"polysaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide"},{"link_name":"molecular mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mass"},{"link_name":"Da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga"},{"link_name":"lecproteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenolic_protein"},{"link_name":"L-DOPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levodopa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"catalysed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"catechol oxidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol_oxidase"},{"link_name":"polyphenol oxidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol_oxidase"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"side-chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bonds"},{"link_name":"chelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelate"},{"link_name":"metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals"},{"link_name":"mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"},{"link_name":"mussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"quinone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinone"},{"link_name":"free radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radicals"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Many permanent bioadhesives (e.g., the oothecal foam of the mantis) are generated by a \"mix to activate\" process that involves hardening via covalent cross-linking. On non-polar surfaces the adhesive mechanisms may include van der Waals forces, whereas on polar surfaces mechanisms such as hydrogen bonding and binding to (or forming bridges via) metal cations may allow higher sticking forces to be achieved.Microorganisms use acidic polysaccharides (molecular mass around 100 000 Da)[citation needed]\nMarine bacteria use carbohydrate exopolymers to achieve bond strengths to glass of up to 500 000 N/m2[citation needed]\nMarine invertebrates commonly employ protein-based glues for irreversible attachment. Some mussels achieve 800 000 N/m2 on polar surfaces and 30 000 N/m2 on non-polar surfaces[citation needed] these numbers are dependent on the environment, mussels in high predation environments have an increased attachment to substrates. In high predation environments it can require predators 140% more force to dislodge mussels[15]\nSome algae and marine invertebrates use lecproteins that contain L-DOPA to effect adhesion[citation needed]\nProteins in the oothecal foam of the mantis are cross-linked covalently by small molecules related to L-DOPA via a tanning reaction that is catalysed by catechol oxidase or polyphenol oxidase enzymes.[citation needed]L-DOPA is a tyrosine residue that bears an additional hydroxyl group. The twin hydroxyl groups in each side-chain compete well with water for binding to surfaces, form polar attachments via hydrogen bonds, and chelate the metals in mineral surfaces. The Fe(L-DOPA3) complex can itself account for much cross-linking and cohesion in mussel plaque,[16] but in addition the iron catalyses oxidation of the L-DOPA[17] to reactive quinone free radicals, which go on to form covalent bonds.[18]","title":"Permanent adhesion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biomedical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering"},{"link_name":"non-polar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"environmental concerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"volatile organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound"},{"link_name":"petrochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"Shellac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellac"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"adhesive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive"},{"link_name":"exopolysaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exopolysaccharide"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"soy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy"},{"link_name":"lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Mussel adhesive proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel_adhesive_protein"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"tissue culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_culture"},{"link_name":"Notaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notaden"},{"link_name":"biomedical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering"},{"link_name":"surgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"orthopedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopedic"},{"link_name":"hemostat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemostat"},{"link_name":"drug delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_delivery"},{"link_name":"polycarbophil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbophil"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"nose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_administration"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"imaging of diverse organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"wearable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology"},{"link_name":"stretchable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretchable_electronics"},{"link_name":"ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasound"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"L-DOPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA"},{"link_name":"polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymers"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"transgenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic"},{"link_name":"yeasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasts"},{"link_name":"genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genes"}],"text":"Bioadhesives are of commercial interest because they tend to be biocompatible, i.e. useful for biomedical applications involving skin or other body tissue. Some work in wet environments and under water, while others can stick to low surface energy – non-polar surfaces like plastic. In recent years,[when?] the synthetic adhesives industry has been impacted by environmental concerns and health and safety issues relating to hazardous ingredients, volatile organic compound emissions, and difficulties in recycling or re mediating adhesives derived from petrochemical feedstocks. Rising oil prices may also stimulate commercial interest in biological alternatives to synthetic adhesives.Shellac is an early example of a bioadhesive put to practical use. Additional examples now exist, with others in development:Commodity wood adhesive based on a bacterial exopolysaccharide[19]\nUSB PRF/Soy 2000, a commodity wood adhesive that is 50% soy hydrolysate and excels at finger-jointing green lumber[20]\nMussel adhesive proteins can assist in attaching cells to plastic surfaces in laboratory cell and tissue culture experiments (see External Links)\nThe Notaden frog glue is under development for biomedical uses, e.g. as a surgical glue for orthopedic applications or as a hemostat\nMucosal drug delivery applications. For example, films of mussel adhesive protein give comparable mucoadhesion to polycarbophil,[21] a synthetic hydrogel used to achieve effective drug delivery at low drug doses. An increased residence time through adhesion to the mucosal surface, such as in the eye or the nose can lead to an improved absorption of the drug.[citation needed]\nLong-duration continuous imaging of diverse organs (via a wearable bioadhesive stretchable high-resolution ultrasound imaging patch, potentially enabling novel diagnostic and monitoring tools)[22]Several commercial methods of production are being researched:Direct chemical synthesis, e.g. incorporation of L-DOPA groups in synthetic polymers[23]\nFermentation of transgenic bacteria or yeasts that express bioadhesive protein genes\nFarming of natural organisms (small and large) that secrete bioadhesive materials","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mucoadhesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucoadhesion"},{"link_name":"mucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J.D._Smart_2005-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J.D._Smart_2005-24"}],"text":"A more specific term than bioadhesion is mucoadhesion. Most mucosal surfaces such as in the gut or nose are covered by a layer of mucus. Adhesion of a matter to this layer is hence called mucoadhesion.[24] Mucoadhesive agents are usually polymers containing hydrogen bonding groups that can be used in wet formulations or in dry powders for drug delivery purposes. The mechanisms behind mucoadhesion have not yet been fully elucidated, but a generally accepted theory is that close contact must first be established between the mucoadhesive agent and the mucus, followed by interpenetration of the mucoadhesive polymer and the mucin and finishing with the formation of entanglements and chemical bonds between the macromolecules.[25] In the case of a dry polymer powder, the initial adhesion is most likely achieved by water movement from the mucosa into the formulation, which has also been shown to lead to dehydration and strengthening of the mucus layer. The subsequent formation of van der Waals, hydrogen and, in the case of a positively charged polymer, electrostatic bonds between the mucins and the hydrated polymer promotes prolonged adhesion.[citation needed][24]","title":"Mucoadhesion"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/30px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/30px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/40px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Mucilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucilage"}]	[{"reference":"Leichner, C; Jelkmann, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2019). \"Thiolated polymers: Bioinspired polymers utilizing one of the most important bridging structures in nature\". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 151–152: 191–221. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007. PMID 31028759. S2CID 135464452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.addr.2019.04.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31028759","url_text":"31028759"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135464452","url_text":"135464452"}]},{"reference":"Federer, C; Kurpiers, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2021). \"Thiolated Chitosans: A Multi-talented Class of Polymers for Various Applications\". Biomacromolecules. 22 (1): 24–56. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663. PMC 7805012. PMID 32567846.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7805012","url_text":"\"Thiolated Chitosans: A Multi-talented Class of Polymers for Various Applications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.biomac.0c00663","url_text":"10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7805012","url_text":"7805012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32567846","url_text":"32567846"}]},{"reference":"Griesser, J; Hetényi, G; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2018). \"Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid as Versatile Mucoadhesive Polymer: From the Chemistry Behind to Product Developments-What Are the Capabilities?\". Polymers. 10 (3): 243. doi:10.3390/polym10030243. PMC 6414859. PMID 30966278.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6414859","url_text":"\"Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid as Versatile Mucoadhesive Polymer: From the Chemistry Behind to Product Developments-What Are the Capabilities?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpolym10030243","url_text":"10.3390/polym10030243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6414859","url_text":"6414859"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30966278","url_text":"30966278"}]},{"reference":"Barber, Asa H.; Lu, Dun; Pugno, Nicola M. (2015). \"Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth\". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 12 (105). doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326. PMC 4387522. PMID 25694539. S2CID 1507479.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272516448","url_text":"\"Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2014.1326","url_text":"10.1098/rsif.2014.1326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387522","url_text":"4387522"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25694539","url_text":"25694539"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1507479","url_text":"1507479"}]},{"reference":"Barber, Asa H.; Lu, Dun; Pugno, Nicola M. (2015). \"Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth\". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 12 (105). doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326. PMC 4387522. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Acilia_Calpurnia	Lex Acilia Calpurnia	["1 Background","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Roman electoral law Lex Acilia Calpurnia was a law established during the Roman Republic in 67 BC mandating permanent exclusion from office in cases of electoral corruption. The law was passed by and named for the year's consuls Manius Acilius Glabrio and Gaius Calpurnius Piso. Background Cassius Dio wrote that the law was directed at men convicted of bribery while seeking office and provided that they "should neither hold office nor be a senator, and should incur a fine besides." He connected this measure to the repeal of a ban on the plebeian tribunes being enrolled as senators or running for public offices after their tribunate. This led to many people 'aspiring to regain the rank of senator by one means or another a great many factions and cliques were being formed aiming at all the offices.' According to Cassius Dio, the two consuls did not dislike the practice of bribery while canvassing. Calpurnius Piso had been indicted on this charge but escaped prosecution, again, through bribery. They were forced to propose the law by the Senate. Gaius Cornelius, while he was a plebeian tribune, proposed severe penalties for bribery and this was passed by the people. The Senate realized that it was difficult to find men who would lodge accusations or who would or issue verdicts for bribery because of the severity of the penalties. It sought to moderate the penalties so as to "encourage many to accusations and not prevent condemnations." It got the consuls to frame this as a law. However, the elections had already been announced and no law could be enacted until they were held. The canvassers got up to mischief and there were even murders. The Senate decided to introduce the law before the elections and to give the consuls a lictor. Gaius Cornelius got angry and proposed to the assembly of the people that the senators should not be allowed to grant office to those who sought it in a way not prescribed by law, "or to usurp the people's right of decision in any other matter." The senators and Calpurnius Piso opposed this. There was a popular commotion. The lictor's fasces were broken and Piso was threatened. To avoid violence Cornelius dismissed the assembly without calling for a vote. He then added a provision to the law that the Senate should issue a preliminary decree on these matters and that the decree had to be ratified by the people. After this the law was passed. See also Roman Law List of Roman laws Gens Acilia and Calpurnia References ^ William Wardlaw Ramsay (1863). A manual of Roman antiquities. pp. 308–. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 36.38-40.1 External links The Roman Law Library, incl. 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This led to many people 'aspiring to regain the rank of senator by one means or another [and] a great many factions and cliques were being formed aiming at all the offices.' According to Cassius Dio, the two consuls did not dislike the practice of bribery while canvassing.Calpurnius Piso had been indicted on this charge but escaped prosecution, again, through bribery. They were forced to propose the law by the Senate. Gaius Cornelius, while he was a plebeian tribune, proposed severe penalties for bribery and this was passed by the people. The Senate realized that it was difficult to find men who would lodge accusations or who would or issue verdicts for bribery because of the severity of the penalties. It sought to moderate the penalties so as to \"encourage many to accusations and not prevent condemnations.\" It got the consuls to frame this as a law. However, the elections had already been announced and no law could be enacted until they were held. The canvassers got up to mischief and there were even murders. The Senate decided to introduce the law before the elections and to give the consuls a lictor. Gaius Cornelius got angry and proposed to the assembly of the people that the senators should not be allowed to grant office to those who sought it in a way not prescribed by law, \"or to usurp the people's right of decision in any other matter.\" The senators and Calpurnius Piso opposed this. There was a popular commotion. The lictor's fasces were broken and Piso was threatened. To avoid violence Cornelius dismissed the assembly without calling for a vote. He then added a provision to the law that the Senate should issue a preliminary decree on these matters and that the decree had to be ratified by the people. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_support_scam	Technical support scam	["1 Origin and distribution","2 Operation","2.1 Initiation","2.2 Confidence tricks","2.3 Payment and impact","3 Response","3.1 Scam baiting","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Type of fraud and confidence trick Example of a technical support scam popup A technical support scam, or tech support scam, is a type of scam in which a scammer claims to offer a legitimate technical support service. Victims contact scammers in a variety of ways, often through fake pop-ups resembling error messages or via fake "help lines" advertised on websites owned by the scammers. Technical support scammers use social engineering and a variety of confidence tricks to persuade their victim of the presence of problems on their computer or mobile device, such as a malware infection, when there are no issues with the victim's device. The scammer will then persuade the victim to pay to fix the fictitious "problems" that they claim to have found. Payment is made to the scammer through ways which are hard to trace and have fewer consumer protections in place which could allow the victim to claim their money back, usually through gift cards. Technical support scams have occurred as early as 2008. A 2017 study of technical support scams found that of the IPs that could be geolocated, 85% could be traced to locations in India, 7% to locations in the United States and 3% to locations in Costa Rica. Research into tech support scams suggests that millennials and those in generation Z have the highest exposure to such scams; however, senior citizens are more likely to fall for these scams and lose money to them. Technical support scams were named by Norton as the top phishing threat to consumers in October 2021; Microsoft found that 60% of consumers who took part in a survey had been exposed to a technical support scam within the previous twelve months. Responses to technical support scams include lawsuits brought against companies responsible for running fraudulent call centres and scam baiting. Origin and distribution The first tech support scams were recorded in 2008. Technical support scams have been seen in a variety of countries, including the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa. A 2017 study of technical support scams published at the NDSS Symposium found that, of the tech support scams in which the IPs involved could be geolocated, 85% could be traced to locations in India, 7% to locations in the United States and 3% to locations in Costa Rica. India has millions of English speakers who are competing for relatively few jobs. One municipality had 114 jobs and received 19,000 applicants. This high level of unemployment serves as an incentive for tech scamming jobs, which are often well-paid. Additionally, scammers exploit the levels of unemployment by offering jobs to people desperate to be employed. Many scammers do not realise they are applying and being trained for tech support scam jobs, but many decide to stay after finding out the nature of their job as they feel it is too late to back out of the job and change careers. Scammers are forced to choose between keeping their job or becoming jobless. Some scammers convince themselves that they are targeting wealthy people that have money to spare, which justifies their theft, whilst others see their job as generating "easy money". Operation Technical support scams rely on social engineering to persuade victims that their device is infected with malware. Scammers use a variety of confidence tricks to persuade the victim to install remote desktop software, with which the scammer can then take control of the victim's computer. With this access, the scammer may then launch various Windows components and utilities (such as the Event Viewer), install third-party utilities (such as rogue security software) and perform other tasks in an effort to convince the victim that the computer has critical problems that must be remediated, such as infection with a virus. Scammers target a variety of people, though research by Microsoft suggests that millennials (defined by Microsoft as age 24-37) and people part of generation Z (age 18-23) have the highest exposure to tech support scams and the Federal Trade Commission has found that seniors (age 60 and over) are more likely to lose money to tech support scams. The scammer will urge the victim to pay so the "issues" can be fixed. Initiation A Recent Changes page from a MediaWiki site affected by technical support scammers promoting fake "help lines" Technical support scams can begin in a variety of ways. Some variants of the scam are initiated using pop-up advertising on infected websites or via cybersquatting of major websites. The victim is shown pop-ups which resemble legitimate error messages such as a Blue Screen of Death and freeze the victim's web browser. The pop-up instructs the victim to call the scammers via a phone number to fix the "error". Technical support scams can also be initiated via cold calls. These are usually robocalls which claim to be associated with a legitimate third party such as Microsoft or Apple. Technical support scams can also attract victims by purchasing keyword advertising on major search engines for phrases such as "Microsoft support". Victims who click on these adverts are taken to web pages containing the scammer's phone numbers. Confidence tricks Once a victim has contacted a scammer, the scammer will usually instruct them to download and install a remote access program such as TeamViewer, AnyDesk, LogMeIn or GoToAssist. The scammer convinces the victim to provide them with the credentials required to initiate a remote-control session, giving the scammer complete control of the victim's desktop. After gaining access, the scammer attempts to convince the victim that the computer is suffering from problems that must be repaired, most often as the putative result of malicious hacking activity. Scammers use several methods to misrepresent the content and significance of common Windows tools and system directories as evidence of malicious activity, such as viruses and other malware. These tricks are meant to target victims who may be unfamiliar with the actual uses of these tools, such as inexperienced users and senior citizens. The scammer then coaxes the victim into paying for the scammer's services or software, which they claim is designed to "repair" or "clean" the computer but is actually malware that infects it or software that causes other damage, or does nothing at all. The scammer may direct users to Windows' Event Viewer, which displays a logfile of various events for use by system administrators to troubleshoot problems. Although many of the log entries are relatively harmless notifications, the scammer may claim that log entries labeled as warnings and errors are evidence of malware activity or that the computer is becoming corrupted, and must be "fixed". The scammer may show system folders that contain unusually named files to the victim, such as Windows' Prefetch and Temp folders, and claim that the files are evidence of malware on the victim's computer. The scammer may open some of these files in Notepad, where the file contents are rendered as mojibake. The scammer claims that malware has corrupted these files, causing the unintelligible output. In reality, the files in Prefetch are typically harmless, intact binary files used to speed up certain operations. The scammer may claim that normally disabled services should not be disabled, when not all services need to be enabled. The scammer may misuse Command Prompt tools to generate suspicious-looking output, for instance using the tree or dir /s command which displays an extensive listing of files and directories. The scammer may claim that the utility is a malware scanner, and while the tool is running the scammer will enter text purporting to be an error message (such as "security breach ... trojans found") that will appear when the job finishes, or into a blank Notepad document. The scammer may misrepresent values and keys stored in the Windows Registry as being malicious, such as innocuous keys whose values are listed as not being set. The "Send To" Windows function is associated with a globally unique identifier. The output of the command assoc, which lists all file associations on the system, displays this association with the line ZFSendToTarget=CLSID\{888DCA60-FC0A-11CF-8F0F-00C04FD7D062}; this GUID is the same on all recent versions of Windows. The scammer may claim that this is a unique ID used to identify the user's computer, before reading out the identifier to "verify" that they are a legitimate support company with information on the victim's computer, or claim that the CLSID listed is actually a "Computer Licence Security ID" that must be renewed. The scammer may claim that the alleged "problems" are the result of expired hardware or software warranties, for example, Windows product keys, and coax the victim into paying for a "renewal". The scammer may block the victim from viewing their screen, claiming that it is the result of malware or of a scan being run, and use the time to search the victim's files for sensitive information, attempt to break into the victim's accounts with stolen or stored credentials or activate the webcam and see the victim's face. The scammer may run the netstat command in a terminal/command window, which shows local and foreign IP addresses. The scammer then tells the victim that these addresses belong to hackers that have gained access to their computer. The scammer may claim that a legitimate Windows process such as rundll32.exe is a virus. Often, the scammer will search the web for an article about the Windows process and will scroll to a section saying that the process name can also possibly be part of malware, even though the victim's computer does not contain that malware. Payment and impact The preferred method of payment in a technical support scam is through gift cards. Gift cards are favoured by scammers because they are readily available to buy and have less consumer protections in place that could allow the victim to reclaim their money back. Additionally, the usage of gift cards as payment allows the scammers to extract money quickly whilst remaining anonymous. Tech support scammers have also been known to ask for payment in the form of cryptocurrency, cheques and direct bank transfers made through automated clearing house (the latter only gives victims 60 days to recover their funds). If a victim refuses to follow the scammer's instructions or to pay them, scammers have been known to resort to insulting and threatening their victim to procure payment. Scammers may also resort to bullying, coercion, threats and other forms of intimidation and psychological abuse towards their target in an effort to undermine the victim's ability to think clearly, making them more likely to be forced further into the scam. Crimes threatened to be inflicted on victims or their families by scammers have ranged from theft, fraud and extortion, to serious crimes such as rape and murder. Canadian citizen Jakob Dulisse reported to CBC in 2019 that, upon asking a scammer who made contact with him as to why he had been targeted, the scammer responded with a death threat; 'Anglo people who travel to the country' (India) were 'cut up in little pieces and thrown in the river.' Scammers have also been known to lock uncooperative victims out of their computer using the syskey utility (present only in Windows versions previous to Windows 10) or third party applications which they install on the victim's computer, and to delete documents and/or programs essential to the operation of the victim's computer if they do not receive payment. Microsoft commissioned a survey by YouGov across 16 countries in July 2021 to research tech support scams and their impact on consumers. The survey found that approximately 60% of consumers who participated had been exposed to a technical support scam within the last 12 months. Victims reported losing an average of 200 USD to the scammers and many faced repeated interactions from other scammers once they had been successfully scammed. Norton named technical support scams as the top phishing threat to consumers in October 2021, having blocked over 12.3 million tech support scam URLs between July and September 2021. Response Legal action has been taken against some companies carrying out technical support scams. In December 2014, Microsoft filed a lawsuit against a California-based company operating such scams for "misusing Microsoft's name and trademarks" and "creating security issues for victims by gaining access to their computers and installing malicious software, including a password grabber that could provide access to personal and financial information". In December 2015, the state of Washington sued the firm iYogi for scamming consumers and making false claims in order to scare the users into buying iYogi's diagnostic software. iYogi was also accused of falsely claiming that they were affiliated with Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard and Apple. In September 2011, Microsoft dropped gold partner Comantra from its Microsoft Partner Network following accusations of involvement in cold-call technical-support scams. However, the ease of which companies that carry out technical support scams can be launched makes it difficult to prevent tech support scams from taking place. Major search engines such as Bing and Google have taken steps to restrict the promotion of fake technical support websites through keyword advertising. Microsoft-owned advertising network Bing Ads (which services ad sales on Bing and Yahoo! Search engines) amended its terms of service in May 2016 to prohibit the advertising of third-party technical support services or ads claiming to "provide a service that can only be provided by the actual owner of the products or service advertised". Google announced a verification program in 2018 in an attempt to restrict advertising for third-party tech support to legitimate companies. Scam baiting Main article: Scam baiting Tech support scammers are regularly targeted by scam baiting, with individuals seeking to raise awareness of these scams by uploading recordings on platforms like YouTube, cause scammers inconvenience by wasting their time and protect potential victims. Advanced scam baiters may infiltrate the scammer's computer, and potentially disable it by deploying RATs, distributed denial of service attacks and destructive malware. Scam baiters may also attempt to lure scammers into exposing their unethical practices by leaving dummy files or malware disguised as confidential information such as credit/debit card information and passwords on a virtual machine, which the scammer may attempt to steal, only to become infected. Sensitive information important to carrying out further investigations by a law enforcement agency may be retrieved, and additional information on the rogue firm may then be posted or compiled online to warn potential victims. In March 2020, an anonymous YouTuber under the alias Jim Browning successfully infiltrated and gathered drone and CCTV footage of a fraudulent call centre scam operation through the help of fellow YouTube personality Karl Rock. Through the aid of the British documentary programme Panorama, a police raid was carried out when the documentary was brought to the attention of assistant police commissioner Karan Goel, leading to the arrest of call centre operator Amit Chauhan who also operated a fraudulent travel agency under the name "Faremart Travels". See also Advance-fee scam Antivirus software Cybercrime in India IRS impersonation scam SSA impersonation scam Telemarketing fraud Virus hoax List of confidence tricks References ^ a b c d e Arthur, Charles (July 18, 2012). "Virus phone scam being run from call centres in India". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014. ^ "The Anatomy of Tech Support Scams" (PDF). Malwarebytes. October 18, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ Yasir, Sameer; Kumar, Hari (December 17, 2020). "Indian Call-Center Plot Fooled Americans Into Paying Over $14 Million". The New York Times. 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"Tech Support Scam Uses Iframe to Freeze Browsers". Trend Micro. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021. ^ a b Brodkin, Jon (October 3, 2012). "Hello, I'm definitely not calling from India. Can I take control of your PC?". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on November 21, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2014. ^ "Despite Crackdowns, Tech Support Ads In Search Are Still Cause For Consumer Confusion" Archived March 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Search Engine Land, Ginny Marvin on August 5, 2014 ^ "How To Spot, Avoid, and Report Tech Support Scams". Federal Trade Commission. February 15, 2019. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2022. ^ Brodkin, Jon (November 25, 2013). "Fake tech support scam is trouble for legitimate remote help company". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2021. ^ "Microsoft Phone Scams". Which?. 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Archived from the original on August 2, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2021. ^ Hunt, Troy (February 21, 2012). "Scamming the scammers – catching the virus call centre scammers red-handed". Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014. ^ Jim Browning (August 4, 2018), This is why you never let anyone remotely access your computer, archived from the original on August 5, 2018, retrieved September 9, 2018 ^ Anderson, Nate (May 19, 2014). "Inside the US government's war on tech support scammers". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 31, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2021. ^ Farivar, Cyrus (July 28, 2017). "How a podcaster managed to confront his tech support scammer, in person". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 31, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2021. ^ Greenberg, Andy (March 13, 2017). "Listen to 'Tech Support' Scam Calls That Bilk Millions Out of Victims". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2021. ^ "Protecting Older Consumers" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. October 18, 2020. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2022. ^ Fowler, Bree (December 3, 2021). "Are you being scammed? Here's how to know and what to do". CNET. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2022. ^ Fletcher, Emma (December 8, 2021). "Scammers prefer gift cards, but not just any card will do". Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2022. ^ Tsing, William (March 30, 2017). "Tech support scammers and their banking woes". Malwarebytes. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2022. ^ a b c d "A guide to trolling a tech support scammer". Wired UK. October 15, 2012. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018. ^ a b Brodkin, Jon (March 4, 2015). "Tech support scammer threatened to kill man when scam call backfired". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019. ^ "Kitboga: The Internet star giving scammers a taste of their own medicine \| CTV News". www.ctvnews.ca. April 4, 2019. Archived from the original on November 14, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019. ^ "Tech support scammers". www.selwynfoundation.org.nz. Retrieved December 23, 2023. ^ a b Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit (January 27, 2021). "Who's Making All Those Scam Calls?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021. ^ "Busted scammer resorts to death threats". Naked Security. March 10, 2015. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2021. ^ "Death threat issued in bogus tech support call". BBC News. March 5, 2015. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019. ^ Whittaker, Zack (February 22, 2017). "We talked to Windows tech support scammers. Here's why you shouldn't". ZDNet. Archived from the original on December 31, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2021. ^ Osborne, Charlie (February 10, 2020). "Lock My PC takes on tech scammers with free recovery key offering, software withdrawal". ZDNet. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2022. ^ Spadafora, Anthony (February 10, 2020). "Lock My PC fights tech support scammers with free recovery keys". TechRadar. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2022. ^ Ramasubramanian, Sowmya (October 27, 2021). "Tech support scams have become top phishing threats, report says". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2022. ^ "Microsoft takes on tech support scammers". BBC News. December 19, 2014. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2021. ^ Whitney, Lance (December 19, 2014). "Microsoft combats tech support scammers with lawsuit". CNET. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2014. ^ Washington state sues firm, alleges tech support scam Archived December 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, December 16, 2015 ^ "US state accuses tech support firm of scamming users". BBC News. December 17, 2015. Archived from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ^ Arthur, Charles (September 22, 2021). "Microsoft drops partner accused of cold-call scam". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ^ Poonam, Snigdha; Bansal, Samarth (May 18, 2017). "Scare and sell: Here's how an Indian call centre cheated foreign computer owners". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ^ a b Tung, Liam (May 13, 2016). "Microsoft to Bing users: No more shady third-party ads for tech support, password recovery". ZDNet. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016. ^ a b "Bing bans tech support ads—because they're mostly scams". Ars Technica. May 13, 2016. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016. ^ "Microsoft loses exclusivity in shaken up Yahoo search deal". Ars Technica. April 16, 2015. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015. ^ Tung, Liam (September 3, 2018). "Google to tech-support scammers: We're about to get even tougher on your ads". ZDNet. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ^ Whittaker, Jack; Button, Mark (June 21, 2021). "'Scambaiting': why the vigilantes fighting online fraudsters may do more harm than good". The Conversation. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2022. ^ Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit (January 27, 2021). "Who's Making All Those Scam Calls?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2022. ^ Vaas, Lisa (August 15, 2016). "Tech support scammer tricked into installing ransomware". Naked Security. Sophos. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2022. ^ Sherr, Ian (November 30, 2021). "People are fighting back against gift card scammers. Here's how". CNET. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022. ^ Sherr, Ian (November 30, 2021). "People are fighting back against gift card scammers. Here's how". CNET. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022. ^ Dhankhar, Leena (March 4, 2020). "Udyog Vihar call centre duped at least 40,000 in 12 countries; 2 arrested". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ McCarter, Reid (April 3, 2020). "Hacker breaks into scammers' CCTV cameras and computer records". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2022. Further reading "Global Tech Support Scam Research – Global Summary" (PDF). Microsoft Corporation. September 2018. External links Official Microsoft support page on technical support scams Official Symantec support page on technical support scams Investigation with recordings by a security research group Dial One for Scam: A Large-Scale Analysis of Technical Support Scams vteScams and confidence tricksTerminology Scam Error account Shill Shyster Sucker list Notable scams andconfidence tricks 1992 Indian stock market scam 2G spectrum case Advance-fee scam Art student scam Badger game Bait-and-switch Black money scam Blessing scam Bogus escrow Boiler room Bride scam Charity fraud Clip joint Coin-matching game Coin rolling scams Drop swindle Embarrassing cheque Exit scam Extraterrestrial real estate Fiddle game Fine print Foreclosure rescue scheme Foreign exchange fraud Fortune telling fraud Gem scam Get-rich-quick scheme Green goods scam Hustling Indian coal allocation scam IRS impersonation scam Intellectual property scams Kansas City Shuffle Locksmith scam Long firm Miracle cars scam Mismarking Mock auction Moving scam Overpayment scam Patent safe Pig in a poke Pigeon drop Pork barrel Pump and dump Redemption/A4V schemes Reloading scam Return fraud Salting Shell game Sick baby hoax SIM swap scam Slavery reparations scam Spanish Prisoner SSA impersonation scam SSC Scam Strip search phone call scam Swampland in Florida Tarmac scam Technical support scam Telemarketing fraud Thai tailor scam Thai zig zag scam Three-card monte Trojan horse Wash trading White van speaker scam Work-at-home scheme Internet scams andcountermeasures Avalanche Pig Butchering Carding Catfishing Click fraud Clickjacking Cramming Cryptocurrency scams Cybercrime CyberThrill DarkMarket Domain name scams Email authentication Email fraud Internet vigilantism Lenny anti-scam bot Lottery scam PayPai Phishing Referer spoofing Ripoff Report Rock Phish Romance scam Russian Business Network SaferNet Scam baiting 419eater.com Jim Browning Kitboga Scammer Payback ShadowCrew Spoofed URL Spoofing attack Stock Generation Voice phishing Website reputation ratings Pyramid andPonzi schemes Aman Futures Group Bernard Cornfeld Caritas Dona Branca Earl Jones Ezubao Foundation for New Era Philanthropy Franchise fraud High-yield investment program (HYIP) Investors Overseas Service Kapa investment scam Kubus scheme Madoff investment scandal Make Money Fast Matrix scheme MMM Petters Group Worldwide Pyramid schemes in Albania Reed Slatkin Saradha Group financial scandal Secret Sister Scott W. Rothstein Stanford Financial Group Welsh Thrasher faith scam Lists Con artists Confidence tricks Criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates Impostors In the media Film and television Literature Ponzi schemes	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Example_of_a_technical_support_scam_popup.png"},{"link_name":"scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scam"},{"link_name":"technical support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_support"},{"link_name":"pop-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-up_ad"},{"link_name":"error messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_message"},{"link_name":"websites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"},{"link_name":"social engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)"},{"link_name":"confidence tricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_trick"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"mobile device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device"},{"link_name":"malware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware"},{"link_name":"consumer protections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection"},{"link_name":"gift cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_card"},{"link_name":"millennials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennials"},{"link_name":"generation Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Z"},{"link_name":"Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NortonLifeLock"},{"link_name":"phishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing"},{"link_name":"consumers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"lawsuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit"},{"link_name":"scam baiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scam_baiting"}],"text":"Type of fraud and confidence trickExample of a technical support scam popupA technical support scam, or tech support scam, is a type of scam in which a scammer claims to offer a legitimate technical support service. Victims contact scammers in a variety of ways, often through fake pop-ups resembling error messages or via fake \"help lines\" advertised on websites owned by the scammers. Technical support scammers use social engineering and a variety of confidence tricks to persuade their victim of the presence of problems on their computer or mobile device, such as a malware infection, when there are no issues with the victim's device. The scammer will then persuade the victim to pay to fix the fictitious \"problems\" that they claim to have found. Payment is made to the scammer through ways which are hard to trace and have fewer consumer protections in place which could allow the victim to claim their money back, usually through gift cards.Technical support scams have occurred as early as 2008. A 2017 study of technical support scams found that of the IPs that could be geolocated, 85% could be traced to locations in India, 7% to locations in the United States and 3% to locations in Costa Rica. Research into tech support scams suggests that millennials and those in generation Z have the highest exposure to such scams; however, senior citizens are more likely to fall for these scams and lose money to them. Technical support scams were named by Norton as the top phishing threat to consumers in October 2021; Microsoft found that 60% of consumers who took part in a survey had been exposed to a technical support scam within the previous twelve months. Responses to technical support scams include lawsuits brought against companies responsible for running fraudulent call centres and scam baiting.","title":"Technical support scam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"NDSS Symposium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDSS_Symposium"},{"link_name":"geolocated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_geolocation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"English speakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poonam-2018-12"},{"link_name":"unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Which_UK-2017-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poonam-2018-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaidyanathan-2020-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaidyanathan-2020-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poonam-2018-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaidyanathan-2020-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Which_UK-2017-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vaidyanathan-2020-14"}],"text":"The first tech support scams were recorded in 2008.[1][2] Technical support scams have been seen in a variety of countries, including the United States,[3] Canada,[4] United Kingdom,[1] Ireland,[5] Australia,[6][7] New Zealand,[8] India, and South Africa.[9][10]A 2017 study of technical support scams published at the NDSS Symposium found that, of the tech support scams in which the IPs involved could be geolocated, 85% could be traced to locations in India, 7% to locations in the United States and 3% to locations in Costa Rica.[11] India has millions of English speakers who are competing for relatively few jobs. One municipality had 114 jobs and received 19,000 applicants.[12] This high level of unemployment serves as an incentive for tech scamming jobs, which are often well-paid.[13] Additionally, scammers exploit the levels of unemployment by offering jobs to people desperate to be employed.[12] Many scammers do not realise they are applying and being trained for tech support scam jobs,[14] but many decide to stay after finding out the nature of their job as they feel it is too late to back out of the job and change careers.[14] Scammers are forced to choose between keeping their job or becoming jobless.[12] Some scammers convince themselves that they are targeting wealthy people that have money to spare, which justifies their theft,[14] whilst others see their job as generating \"easy money\".[13][14]","title":"Origin and distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schrade-2021-16"},{"link_name":"remote desktop software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_desktop_software"},{"link_name":"Event Viewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_Viewer"},{"link_name":"rogue security software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_security_software"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbam-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weiss-2019-20"}],"text":"Technical support scams rely on social engineering to persuade victims that their device is infected with malware.[15][16] Scammers use a variety of confidence tricks to persuade the victim to install remote desktop software, with which the scammer can then take control of the victim's computer. With this access, the scammer may then launch various Windows components and utilities (such as the Event Viewer), install third-party utilities (such as rogue security software) and perform other tasks in an effort to convince the victim that the computer has critical problems that must be remediated, such as infection with a virus. Scammers target a variety of people, though research by Microsoft suggests that millennials (defined by Microsoft as age 24-37) and people part of generation Z (age 18-23) have the highest exposure to tech support scams and the Federal Trade Commission has found that seniors (age 60 and over) are more likely to lose money to tech support scams.[17][18] The scammer will urge the victim to pay so the \"issues\" can be fixed.[1][19][20]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MediaWiki_recent_changes_spam_by_cold-callers.png"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki"},{"link_name":"cybersquatting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersquatting"},{"link_name":"Blue Screen of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-najmeh-et-al-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsod-popup-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"web browser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"cold calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_calling"},{"link_name":"robocalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robocall"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars-definitelynotcalling-26"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbam-19"},{"link_name":"keyword advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_advertising"},{"link_name":"web pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Initiation","text":"A Recent Changes page from a MediaWiki site affected by technical support scammers promoting fake \"help lines\"Technical support scams can begin in a variety of ways. Some variants of the scam are initiated using pop-up advertising on infected websites or via cybersquatting of major websites. The victim is shown pop-ups which resemble legitimate error messages such as a Blue Screen of Death[21][22][23] and freeze the victim's web browser.[24][25] The pop-up instructs the victim to call the scammers via a phone number to fix the \"error\". Technical support scams can also be initiated via cold calls. These are usually robocalls which claim to be associated with a legitimate third party such as Microsoft or Apple.[26][19] Technical support scams can also attract victims by purchasing keyword advertising on major search engines for phrases such as \"Microsoft support\". Victims who click on these adverts are taken to web pages containing the scammer's phone numbers.[27][28]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"remote access program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_desktop_software"},{"link_name":"TeamViewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeamViewer"},{"link_name":"AnyDesk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnyDesk"},{"link_name":"LogMeIn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LogMeIn"},{"link_name":"GoToAssist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoToAssist"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-najmeh-et-al-21"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars_Technica-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"malicious hacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hat_(computer_security)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-najmeh-et-al-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars-definitelynotcalling-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scammed-31"},{"link_name":"logfile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logfile"},{"link_name":"system administrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_administrator"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbam-19"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-32"},{"link_name":"Prefetch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefetcher"},{"link_name":"Temp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_file"},{"link_name":"Notepad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Notepad"},{"link_name":"mojibake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-32"},{"link_name":"services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_service"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbam-19"},{"link_name":"Command Prompt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Prompt"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_(command)"},{"link_name":"dir /s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(command)"},{"link_name":"directories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(computing)"},{"link_name":"malware scanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware_scanner"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbam-19"},{"link_name":"Windows Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbam-19"},{"link_name":"Send To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_folder#File_system_directories"},{"link_name":"globally unique identifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally_unique_identifier"},{"link_name":"file associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_association"},{"link_name":"CLSID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eset-clsid-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eset-tricks-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"warranties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warranty"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-32"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-troyhunt-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browning-2018-37"},{"link_name":"netstat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netstat"},{"link_name":"IP addresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"hackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbam-19"}],"sub_title":"Confidence tricks","text":"Once a victim has contacted a scammer, the scammer will usually instruct them to download and install a remote access program such as TeamViewer, AnyDesk, LogMeIn or GoToAssist.[21][29] The scammer convinces the victim to provide them with the credentials required to initiate a remote-control session, giving the scammer complete control of the victim's desktop.[1]After gaining access, the scammer attempts to convince the victim that the computer is suffering from problems that must be repaired, most often as the putative result of malicious hacking activity. Scammers use several methods to misrepresent the content and significance of common Windows tools and system directories as evidence of malicious activity, such as viruses and other malware.[21] These tricks are meant to target victims who may be unfamiliar with the actual uses of these tools, such as inexperienced users and senior citizens.[1][26][30] The scammer then coaxes the victim into paying for the scammer's services or software, which they claim is designed to \"repair\" or \"clean\" the computer but is actually malware that infects it or software that causes other damage, or does nothing at all.[31]The scammer may direct users to Windows' Event Viewer, which displays a logfile of various events for use by system administrators to troubleshoot problems. Although many of the log entries are relatively harmless notifications, the scammer may claim that log entries labeled as warnings and errors are evidence of malware activity or that the computer is becoming corrupted, and must be \"fixed\".[19][32]\nThe scammer may show system folders that contain unusually named files to the victim, such as Windows' Prefetch and Temp folders, and claim that the files are evidence of malware on the victim's computer. The scammer may open some of these files in Notepad, where the file contents are rendered as mojibake. The scammer claims that malware has corrupted these files, causing the unintelligible output. In reality, the files in Prefetch are typically harmless, intact binary files used to speed up certain operations.[32]\nThe scammer may claim that normally disabled services should not be disabled, when not all services need to be enabled.[19]\nThe scammer may misuse Command Prompt tools to generate suspicious-looking output, for instance using the tree or dir /s command which displays an extensive listing of files and directories. The scammer may claim that the utility is a malware scanner, and while the tool is running the scammer will enter text purporting to be an error message (such as \"security breach ... trojans found\") that will appear when the job finishes, or into a blank Notepad document.[19]\nThe scammer may misrepresent values and keys stored in the Windows Registry as being malicious, such as innocuous keys whose values are listed as not being set.[19]\nThe \"Send To\" Windows function is associated with a globally unique identifier. The output of the command assoc, which lists all file associations on the system, displays this association with the line ZFSendToTarget=CLSID\\{888DCA60-FC0A-11CF-8F0F-00C04FD7D062}; this GUID is the same on all recent versions of Windows. The scammer may claim that this is a unique ID used to identify the user's computer, before reading out the identifier to \"verify\" that they are a legitimate support company with information on the victim's computer, or claim that the CLSID listed is actually a \"Computer Licence Security ID\" that must be renewed.[33][34][35]\nThe scammer may claim that the alleged \"problems\" are the result of expired hardware or software warranties, for example, Windows product keys, and coax the victim into paying for a \"renewal\".[32][36]\nThe scammer may block the victim from viewing their screen, claiming that it is the result of malware or of a scan being run, and use the time to search the victim's files for sensitive information, attempt to break into the victim's accounts with stolen or stored credentials or activate the webcam and see the victim's face.[37]\nThe scammer may run the netstat command in a terminal/command window, which shows local and foreign IP addresses. The scammer then tells the victim that these addresses belong to hackers that have gained access to their computer.[38][39][40]\nThe scammer may claim that a legitimate Windows process such as rundll32.exe is a virus. Often, the scammer will search the web for an article about the Windows process and will scroll to a section saying that the process name can also possibly be part of malware, even though the victim's computer does not contain that malware.[19]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gift cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_card"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"consumer protections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"cryptocurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency"},{"link_name":"cheques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheque"},{"link_name":"bank transfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_transfer"},{"link_name":"automated clearing house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_clearing_house"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired_UK-2012-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brodkin-2015-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying"},{"link_name":"coercion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion"},{"link_name":"threats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threat"},{"link_name":"intimidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimidation"},{"link_name":"psychological abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abuse"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft"},{"link_name":"fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud"},{"link_name":"extortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhattacharjee-2021-49"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired_UK-2012-45"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"death threat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_threat"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"cut up in little pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brodkin-2015-46"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"syskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syskey"},{"link_name":"Windows 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhattacharjee-2021-49"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-32"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"YouGov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouGov"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schrade-2021-16"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schrade-2021-16"},{"link_name":"Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NortonLifeLock"},{"link_name":"URLs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Payment and impact","text":"The preferred method of payment in a technical support scam is through gift cards.[41] Gift cards are favoured by scammers because they are readily available to buy and have less consumer protections in place that could allow the victim to reclaim their money back. Additionally, the usage of gift cards as payment allows the scammers to extract money quickly whilst remaining anonymous.[42][43] Tech support scammers have also been known to ask for payment in the form of cryptocurrency, cheques and direct bank transfers made through automated clearing house (the latter only gives victims 60 days to recover their funds).[44]If a victim refuses to follow the scammer's instructions or to pay them, scammers have been known to resort to insulting[45] and threatening[46][47] their victim to procure payment. Scammers may also resort to bullying, coercion, threats and other forms of intimidation and psychological abuse towards their target in an effort to undermine the victim's ability to think clearly, making them more likely to be forced further into the scam.[48] Crimes threatened to be inflicted on victims or their families by scammers have ranged from theft, fraud and extortion,[49] to serious crimes such as rape[50] and murder.[45] Canadian citizen Jakob Dulisse reported to CBC in 2019 that, upon asking a scammer who made contact with him as to why he had been targeted, the scammer responded with a death threat; 'Anglo people who travel to the country' (India) were 'cut up in little pieces and thrown in the river.'[46][51] Scammers have also been known to lock uncooperative victims out of their computer using the syskey utility (present only in Windows versions previous to Windows 10)[52] or third party applications which they install on the victim's computer,[49][53][54] and to delete documents and/or programs essential to the operation of the victim's computer if they do not receive payment.[32]Microsoft commissioned a survey by YouGov across 16 countries in July 2021 to research tech support scams and their impact on consumers. The survey found that approximately 60% of consumers who participated had been exposed to a technical support scam within the last 12 months.[16] Victims reported losing an average of 200 USD to the scammers and many faced repeated interactions from other scammers once they had been successfully scammed.[16] Norton named technical support scams as the top phishing threat to consumers in October 2021, having blocked over 12.3 million tech support scam URLs between July and September 2021.[55]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"state of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"iYogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYogi"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Partner Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Partner_Network"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zdnet-bingadsban-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars-bingban-63"},{"link_name":"advertising network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_network"},{"link_name":"Bing Ads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Ads"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Search"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars-april2015deal-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zdnet-bingadsban-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars-bingban-63"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"Legal action has been taken against some companies carrying out technical support scams.[56] In December 2014, Microsoft filed a lawsuit against a California-based company operating such scams for \"misusing Microsoft's name and trademarks\" and \"creating security issues for victims by gaining access to their computers and installing malicious software, including a password grabber that could provide access to personal and financial information\".[57] In December 2015, the state of Washington sued the firm iYogi for scamming consumers and making false claims in order to scare the users into buying iYogi's diagnostic software.[58] iYogi was also accused of falsely claiming that they were affiliated with Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard and Apple.[59]In September 2011, Microsoft dropped gold partner Comantra from its Microsoft Partner Network following accusations of involvement in cold-call technical-support scams.[60] However, the ease of which companies that carry out technical support scams can be launched makes it difficult to prevent tech support scams from taking place.[61]Major search engines such as Bing and Google have taken steps to restrict the promotion of fake technical support websites through keyword advertising.[62][63] Microsoft-owned advertising network Bing Ads (which services ad sales on Bing and Yahoo! Search engines)[64] amended its terms of service in May 2016 to prohibit the advertising of third-party technical support services or ads claiming to \"provide a service that can only be provided by the actual owner of the products or service advertised\".[62][63] Google announced a verification program in 2018 in an attempt to restrict advertising for third-party tech support to legitimate companies.[65]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scam baiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scam_baiting"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired_UK-2012-45"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"RATs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_access_trojan"},{"link_name":"distributed denial of service attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_denial_of_service_attack"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherr-2021a-69"},{"link_name":"virtual machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired_UK-2012-45"},{"link_name":"law enforcement agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherr-2021b-70"},{"link_name":"Jim Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Browning_(YouTuber)"},{"link_name":"drone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadcopter"},{"link_name":"CCTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV"},{"link_name":"Karl Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rock"},{"link_name":"Panorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(British_TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dhankhar-71"},{"link_name":"travel agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_agency"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Scam baiting","text":"Tech support scammers are regularly targeted by scam baiting,[45] with individuals seeking to raise awareness of these scams by uploading recordings on platforms like YouTube, cause scammers inconvenience by wasting their time and protect potential victims.[66][67]Advanced scam baiters may infiltrate the scammer's computer, and potentially disable it by deploying RATs, distributed denial of service attacks and destructive malware.[68] Scam baiters may also attempt to lure scammers into exposing their unethical practices by leaving dummy files or malware disguised as confidential information[69] such as credit/debit card information and passwords on a virtual machine, which the scammer may attempt to steal, only to become infected.[45] Sensitive information important to carrying out further investigations by a law enforcement agency may be retrieved, and additional information on the rogue firm may then be posted or compiled online to warn potential victims.[70]In March 2020, an anonymous YouTuber under the alias Jim Browning successfully infiltrated and gathered drone and CCTV footage of a fraudulent call centre scam operation through the help of fellow YouTube personality Karl Rock. Through the aid of the British documentary programme Panorama, a police raid was carried out when the documentary was brought to the attention of assistant police commissioner Karan Goel,[71] leading to the arrest of call centre operator Amit Chauhan who also operated a fraudulent travel agency under the name \"Faremart Travels\".[72]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Global Tech Support Scam Research – Global Summary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.microsoft.com/uploads/prod/sites/358/2018/10/Global-Results-Tech-Support-Scam-Research-2018.pdf"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"}],"text":"\"Global Tech Support Scam Research – Global Summary\" (PDF). Microsoft Corporation. September 2018.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Example of a technical support scam popup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Example_of_a_technical_support_scam_popup.png/350px-Example_of_a_technical_support_scam_popup.png"},{"image_text":"A Recent Changes page from a MediaWiki site affected by technical support scammers promoting fake \"help lines\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MediaWiki_recent_changes_spam_by_cold-callers.png/220px-MediaWiki_recent_changes_spam_by_cold-callers.png"}]	[{"title":"Advance-fee scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_scam"},{"title":"Antivirus software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus_software"},{"title":"Cybercrime in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercrime_in_India"},{"title":"IRS impersonation scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS_impersonation_scam"},{"title":"SSA impersonation scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSA_impersonation_scam"},{"title":"Telemarketing fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemarketing_fraud"},{"title":"Virus hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_hoax"},{"title":"List of confidence tricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_confidence_tricks"}]	[{"reference":"Arthur, Charles (July 18, 2012). \"Virus phone scam being run from call centres in India\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/18/phone-scam-india-call-centres","url_text":"\"Virus phone scam being run from call centres in India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328232009/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/18/phone-scam-india-call-centres","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Anatomy of Tech Support Scams\" (PDF). Malwarebytes. October 18, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malwarebytes.com/pdf/white-papers/anatomytechsupportscams.pdf","url_text":"\"The Anatomy of Tech Support Scams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwarebytes","url_text":"Malwarebytes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200738/https://www.malwarebytes.com/pdf/white-papers/AnatomyTechSupportScams.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yasir, Sameer; Kumar, Hari (December 17, 2020). \"Indian Call-Center Plot Fooled Americans Into Paying Over $14 Million\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/17/world/asia/india-call-center-scam.html","url_text":"\"Indian Call-Center Plot Fooled Americans Into Paying Over $14 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220113060139/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/17/world/asia/india-call-center-scam.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Flanagan, Ryan (November 18, 2019). \"32 arrested at Indian call centre that targeted Canadians\". CTV News. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/32-arrested-at-indian-call-centre-that-targeted-canadians-1.4690651","url_text":"\"32 arrested at Indian call centre that targeted Canadians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_News","url_text":"CTV News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220113060138/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/32-arrested-at-indian-call-centre-that-targeted-canadians-1.4690651","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hennessy, Michelle (August 23, 2014). \"Be careful, scammers are still targeting Irish home phone users\". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. 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accuses tech support firm of scamming users\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190625143558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-35120932","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/sep/22/microsoft-drops-partner-accused-scam/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft drops partner accused of cold-call scam\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630062809/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/sep/22/microsoft-drops-partner-accused-scam","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/scare-and-sell-how-indian-call-centre-scammers-cheat-foreign-computer-owners/story-cTE5eHZIo3AkjvTJDhokAK.html","external_links_name":"\"Scare and sell: Here's how an Indian call centre cheated foreign computer 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scams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513183703/http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/05/bing-bans-tech-support-adsbecause-theyre-mostly-scams/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/04/microsoft-loses-exclusivity-in-shaken-up-yahoo-search-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft loses exclusivity in shaken up Yahoo search deal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150623204255/http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/04/microsoft-loses-exclusivity-in-shaken-up-yahoo-search-deal/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-to-tech-support-scammers-were-about-to-get-even-tougher-on-your-ads/","external_links_name":"\"Google to tech-support scammers: We're about to get even tougher on your ads\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210819035228/https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-to-tech-support-scammers-were-about-to-get-even-tougher-on-your-ads/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/scambaiting-why-the-vigilantes-fighting-online-fraudsters-may-do-more-harm-than-good-163038","external_links_name":"\"'Scambaiting': why the vigilantes fighting online fraudsters may do more harm than good\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211010211939/https://theconversation.com/scambaiting-why-the-vigilantes-fighting-online-fraudsters-may-do-more-harm-than-good-163038","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/magazine/scam-call-centers.html","external_links_name":"\"Who's Making All Those Scam Calls?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210127100511/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/magazine/scam-call-centers.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2016/08/15/tech-support-scammer-tricked-into-installing-ransomware/","external_links_name":"\"Tech support scammer tricked into installing ransomware\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210515051315/https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2016/08/15/tech-support-scammer-tricked-into-installing-ransomware/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/news/people-are-fighting-back-against-gift-card-scammers-heres-how/","external_links_name":"\"People are fighting back against gift card scammers. Here's how\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220101170313/https://www.cnet.com/news/people-are-fighting-back-against-gift-card-scammers-heres-how/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/news/people-are-fighting-back-against-gift-card-scammers-heres-how/","external_links_name":"\"People are fighting back against gift card scammers. Here's how\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220101170313/https://www.cnet.com/news/people-are-fighting-back-against-gift-card-scammers-heres-how/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200305014851/https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/udyog-vihar-call-centre-duped-at-least-40-000-in-12-countries-2-arrested/story-vsGBr7p13IF3whT3OTBVwK.html","external_links_name":"\"Udyog Vihar call centre duped at least 40,000 in 12 countries; 2 arrested\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/udyog-vihar-call-centre-duped-at-least-40-000-in-12-countries-2-arrested/story-vsGBr7p13IF3whT3OTBVwK.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/tech-scammers-try-to-rip-off-hacker-get-their-cctv-cam-1842091672","external_links_name":"\"Hacker breaks into scammers' CCTV cameras and computer records\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210729122701/https://www.avclub.com/tech-scammers-try-to-rip-off-hacker-get-their-cctv-cam-1842091672","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.microsoft.com/uploads/prod/sites/358/2018/10/Global-Results-Tech-Support-Scam-Research-2018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Global Tech Support Scam Research – Global Summary\""},{"Link":"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/protect-yourself-from-tech-support-scams-2ebf91bd-f94c-2a8a-e541-f5c800d18435","external_links_name":"Official Microsoft support page on technical support scams"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160922143320/https://www.symantec.com/en/in/about/corporate-profile/anti-piracy/tech-support-scams","external_links_name":"Official Symantec support page on technical support scams"},{"Link":"http://blog.talosintel.com/2015/11/tech-support-scammers.html","external_links_name":"Investigation with recordings"},{"Link":"https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ndss2017_03B-1_Miramirkhani_paper.pdf","external_links_name":"Dial One for Scam: A Large-Scale Analysis of Technical Support Scams"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia	List of heads of federal subjects of Russia	["1 Current","2 Former","3 Ethnicity of heads of Republics of Russia","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	Governors by party affiliation United Russia Communist Party Liberal Democratic Party A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth Independent Politics of Russia Law Constitution Russian Criminal Code Tax Code Mental Health Law PresidencyPresidentVladimir Putin (list) Presidential Administration Security Council State Council ExecutivePrime MinisterMikhail Mishustin (list) Government Cabinet (57th) LegislatureFederal Assembly Federation Council Members Chairwoman: Valentina Matviyenko State Duma Members (8th convocation) Chairman: Vyacheslav Volodin Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court Prosecutor General Legal system Law enforcement Elections Central Election Commission Presidential elections Legislative elections Gubernatorial elections Regional elections Local elections Electoral geography Political parties Federalism Federal subjects Heads of federal subjects Regional parliaments Local government Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Sergey Lavrov Diplomatic missions of / in Russia Nationality law Passports Visa requirements Visa policy (history) Russia and the United Nations United Nations Security Council P5 Union State EAEU CIS SCO BRICS APEC EAS G20 United States Finland China India Ukraine EU NATO Arctic policy Related topics Administrative divisions Armed forces Civic Chamber Accounts Chamber Opposition Human rights Political abuse of psychiatry Russia portal Other countries vte The following is a list of heads of the federal subjects of the Russian Federation. The Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, along with the Donetsk People's Republic, Kherson Oblast, the Lugansk People's Republic and Zaporozhye Oblast were annexed by Russia between 2014 and 2022 and, according to its constitution, are Federal subjects. However, internationally these entities are recognized as part of Ukraine. Current United Russia (72) Independent (13) Communist Party (3) A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth (1) Federal subject Image Governor Party Born Took office Term ends AdygeaHead of the Republic Murat Kumpilov United Russia (1973-02-27) 27 February 1973 (age 51) 12 January 2017 2027 Altai RepublicActing Head of the Republic Andrey Turchak United Russia (1975-12-20) 20 December 1975 (age 48) 4 June 2024 2024 BashkortostanHead of the Republic Radiy Khabirov United Russia (1964-03-20) 20 March 1964 (age 60) 11 October 2018 2024 BuryatiaHead of the Republic Alexey Tsydenov United Russia (1976-03-16) 16 March 1976 (age 48) 8 February 2017 2027 ChechnyaHead of the Republic Ramzan Kadyrov United Russia (1976-10-05) 5 October 1976 (age 47) 5 April 2007 2026 ChuvashiaHead of the Republic Oleg Nikolayev A Just Russia — For Truth (1969-12-10) 10 December 1969 (age 54) 29 January 2020 2025 CrimeaHead of the Republic Sergey Aksyonov United Russia (1972-11-26) 26 November 1972 (age 51) 14 April 2014 2024 DagestanHead of the Republic Sergey Melikov United Russia (1965-09-12) 12 September 1965 (age 58) 5 October 2020 2026 DonetskHead of the Republic Denis Pushilin United Russia / Donetsk Republic (1981-05-09) 9 May 1981 (age 43) 4 October 2022 2028 IngushetiaHead of the Republic Mahmud-Ali Kalimatov United Russia (1959-04-09) 9 April 1959 (age 65) 26 June 2019 2024 Kabardino-BalkariaHead of the Republic Kazbek Kokov United Russia (1973-07-20) 20 July 1973 (age 50) 3 October 2019 2024 KalmykiaHead of the Republic Batu Khasikov United Russia (1980-06-28) 28 June 1980 (age 43) 20 March 2019 2024 Karachay-CherkessiaHead of the Republic Rashid Temrezov United Russia (1976-03-14) 14 March 1976 (age 48) 1 March 2011 2026 KareliaHead of the Republic Artur Parfenchikov United Russia (1964-11-29) 29 November 1964 (age 59) 15 February 2017 2027 KhakassiaHead of the Republic Valentin Konovalov Communist Party (1987-11-30) 30 November 1987 (age 36) 11 November 2018 2028 KomiHead of the Republic Vladimir Uyba United Russia (1958-10-04) 4 October 1958 (age 65) 2 April 2020 2025 LuganskHead of the Republic Leonid Pasechnik United Russia / Peace to Luhanshchyna (1970-03-15) 15 March 1970 (age 54) 4 October 2022 2028 Mari ElHead of the Republic Yury Zaitsev United Russia (1970-12-16) 16 December 1970 (age 53) 10 May 2022 2027 MordoviaHead of the Republic Artyom Zdunov United Russia (1978-05-18) 18 May 1978 (age 46) 18 November 2020 2026 North Ossetia-AlaniaHead of the Republic Sergey Menyaylo United Russia (1960-08-22) 22 August 1960 (age 63) 9 April 2021 2026 Sakha (Yakutia)Head of the Republic Aysen Nikolaev United Russia (1972-01-22) 22 January 1972 (age 52) 28 May 2018 2028 TatarstanHead of the Republic Rustam Minnikhanov United Russia (1957-03-01) 1 March 1957 (age 67) 25 March 2010 2025 TuvaHead of the Republic Vladislav Khovalyg United Russia (1967-12-24) 24 December 1967 (age 56) 7 April 2021 2026 UdmurtiaHead of the Republic Aleksandr Brechalov United Russia (1973-11-18) 18 November 1973 (age 50) 4 April 2017 2027 Altai KraiGovernor Viktor Tomenko United Russia (1971-05-12) 12 May 1971 (age 53) 30 May 2018 2028 Kamchatka KraiGovernor Vladimir Solodov Independent (1982-07-26) 26 July 1982 (age 41) 3 April 2020 2025 Khabarovsk KraiActing Governor Dmitry Demeshin Independent (1976-08-02) 2 August 1976 (age 47) 15 May 2024 2024 Krasnodar KraiGovernor Veniamin Kondratyev United Russia (1970-09-01) 1 September 1970 (age 53) 22 April 2015 2025 Krasnoyarsk KraiGovernor Mikhail Kotyukov United Russia (1976-12-21) 21 December 1976 (age 47) 20 April 2023 2028 Perm KraiGovernor Dmitry Makhonin Independent (1982-10-18) 18 October 1982 (age 41) 6 February 2020 2025 Primorsky KraiGovernor Oleg Kozhemyako United Russia (1962-03-17) 17 March 1962 (age 62) 26 September 2018 2028 Stavropol KraiGovernor Vladimir Vladimirov United Russia (1975-10-14) 14 October 1975 (age 48) 27 September 2013 2024 Zabaykalsky KraiGovernor Aleksandr Osipov Independent (1969-09-28) 28 September 1969 (age 54) 24 October 2018 2024 Amur OblastGovernor Vasily Orlov United Russia (1975-04-14) 14 April 1975 (age 49) 30 May 2018 2028 Arkhangelsk OblastGovernor Alexander Tsybulsky United Russia (1979-07-15) 15 July 1979 (age 44) 2 April 2020 2025 Astrakhan OblastGovernor Igor Babushkin Independent (1970-04-05) 5 April 1970 (age 54) 5 June 2019 2024 Belgorod OblastGovernor Vyacheslav Gladkov United Russia (1969-01-15) 15 January 1969 (age 55) 18 November 2020 2026 Bryansk OblastGovernor Alexander Bogomaz United Russia (1961-02-23) 23 February 1961 (age 63) 9 September 2014 2025 Chelyabinsk OblastGovernor Aleksey Teksler United Russia (1973-01-19) 19 January 1973 (age 51) 19 March 2019 2024 Irkutsk OblastGovernor Igor Kobzev United Russia (1966-10-29) 29 October 1966 (age 57) 12 December 2019 2025 Ivanovo OblastGovernor Stanislav Voskresensky United Russia (1976-09-29) 29 September 1976 (age 47) 10 October 2017 2028 Kaliningrad OblastAcring Governor Aleksey Besprozvannykh Independent (1979-08-23) 23 August 1979 (age 44) 15 May 2024 2024 Kaluga OblastGovernor Vladislav Shapsha United Russia (1972-09-20) 20 September 1972 (age 51) 13 February 2020 2025 Kemerovo OblastActing Governor Ilya Seredyuk United Russia (1975-05-15) 15 May 1975 (age 49) 15 May 2024 2024 Kherson OblastGovernor Vladimir Saldo United Russia (1956-06-12) 12 June 1956 (age 68) 4 October 2022 2028 Kirov OblastGovernor Aleksandr Sokolov United Russia (1970-08-04) 4 August 1970 (age 53) 10 May 2022 2027 Kostroma OblastGovernor Sergey Sitnikov Independent (1963-01-18) 18 January 1963 (age 61) 28 April 2012 2025 Kurgan OblastGovernor Vadim Shumkov Independent (1971-03-09) 9 March 1971 (age 53) 2 October 2018 2024 Kursk OblastActing Governor Alexei Smirnov Independent (1973-05-27) 27 May 1973 (age 51) 15 May 2024 2024 Leningrad OblastGovernor Aleksandr Drozdenko United Russia (1964-11-01) 1 November 1964 (age 59) 28 May 2012 2025 Lipetsk OblastGovernor Igor Artamonov United Russia (1967-03-14) 14 March 1967 (age 57) 2 October 2018 2024 Magadan OblastGovernor Sergey Nosov United Russia (1961-02-17) 17 February 1961 (age 63) 28 May 2018 2028 Moscow OblastGovernor Andrey Vorobyov United Russia (1970-04-14) 14 April 1970 (age 54) 8 November 2012 2028 Murmansk OblastGovernor Andrey Chibis United Russia (1979-03-19) 19 March 1979 (age 45) 21 March 2019 2024 Nizhny Novgorod OblastGovernor Gleb Nikitin United Russia (1977-08-24) 24 August 1977 (age 46) 26 September 2017 2028 Novgorod OblastGovernor Andrey Nikitin United Russia (1979-11-26) 26 November 1979 (age 44) 13 February 2017 2027 Novosibirsk OblastGovernor Andrey Travnikov United Russia (1971-02-01) 1 February 1971 (age 53) 6 October 2017 2028 Omsk OblastGovernor Vitaliy Khotsenko United Russia (1986-03-18) 18 March 1986 (age 38) 29 March 2023 2028 Orenburg OblastGovernor Denis Pasler United Russia (1978-10-29) 29 October 1978 (age 45) 21 February 2019 2024 Oryol OblastGovernor Andrey Klychkov Communist Party (1979-09-02) 2 September 1979 (age 44) 5 October 2017 2028 Penza OblastGovernor Oleg Melnichenko United Russia (1973-05-21) 21 May 1973 (age 51) 26 March 2021 2026 Pskov OblastGovernor Mikhail Vedernikov United Russia (1975-03-07) 7 March 1975 (age 49) 12 October 2017 2028 Rostov OblastGovernor Vasily Golubev United Russia (1957-01-30) 30 January 1957 (age 67) 14 June 2010 2025 Ryazan OblastGovernor Pavel Malkov United Russia (1980-01-29) 29 January 1980 (age 44) 10 May 2022 2027 Sakhalin OblastGovernor Valery Limarenko Independent (1960-10-19) 19 October 1960 (age 63) 7 December 2018 2024 Samara OblastActing Governor Vyacheslav Fedorishchev Independent (1989-07-14) 14 July 1989 (age 34) 31 May 2024 2024 Saratov OblastGovernor Roman Busargin United Russia (1981-07-29) 29 July 1981 (age 42) 10 May 2022 2027 Smolensk OblastGovernor Vasily Anokhin United Russia (1983-05-24) 24 May 1983 (age 41) 17 March 2023 2025 Sverdlovsk OblastGovernor Yevgeny Kuyvashev United Russia (1971-03-16) 16 March 1971 (age 53) 29 May 2012 2027 Tambov OblastHead of Oblast Maksim Yegorov United Russia (1977-05-23) 23 May 1977 (age 47) 4 October 2021 2027 Tomsk OblastGovernor Vladimir Mazur United Russia (1966-06-19) 19 June 1966 (age 58) 10 May 2022 2027 Tula OblastActing Governor Dmitry Milyaev United Russia (1975-08-29) 29 August 1975 (age 48) 15 May 2024 2024 Tver OblastGovernor Igor Rudenya United Russia (1968-02-15) 15 February 1968 (age 56) 2 March 2016 2026 Tyumen OblastGovernor Aleksandr Moor United Russia (1974-01-06) 6 January 1974 (age 50) 29 May 2018 2028 Ulyanovsk OblastGovernor Aleksey Russkikh Communist Party (1968-07-17) 17 July 1968 (age 55) 8 April 2021 2026 Vladimir OblastGovernor Aleksandr Avdeyev United Russia (1975-08-12) 12 August 1975 (age 48) 4 October 2021 2027 Volgograd OblastGovernor Andrey Bocharov Independent (1969-10-14) 14 October 1969 (age 54) 4 April 2014 2024 Vologda OblastActing Governor Georgy Filimonov United Russia (1980-02-02) 2 February 1980 (age 44) 31 October 2023 2024 Voronezh OblastGovernor Aleksandr Gusev United Russia (1963-07-27) 27 July 1963 (age 60) 25 December 2017 2028 Yaroslavl OblastGovernor Mikhail Yevrayev Independent (1971-04-21) 21 April 1971 (age 53) 12 October 2021 2027 Zaporozhye OblastGovernor Yevgeny Balitsky United Russia (1969-12-10) 10 December 1969 (age 54) 4 October 2022 2028 MoscowMayor Sergey Sobyanin United Russia (1958-06-21) 21 June 1958 (age 65) 21 October 2010 2028 Saint PetersburgGovernor Alexander Beglov United Russia (1956-05-19) 19 May 1956 (age 68) 3 October 2018 2024 SevastopolGovernor Mikhail Razvozhayev United Russia (1980-12-30) 30 December 1980 (age 43) 11 June 2019 2025 Jewish Autonomous OblastGovernor Rostislav Goldstein United Russia (1969-03-15) 15 March 1969 (age 55) 12 December 2019 2025 Chukotka Autonomous OkrugGovernor Vladislav Kuznetsov United Russia (1969-03-18) 18 March 1969 (age 55) 15 March 2023 2028 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Yugra)Acting Governor Ruslan Kukharuk United Russia (1979-05-08) 8 May 1979 (age 45) 30 May 2024 2024 Nenets Autonomous OkrugGovernor Yury Bezdudny United Russia (1969-05-01) 1 May 1969 (age 55) 2 April 2020 2025 Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous OkrugGovernor Dmitry Artyukhov United Russia (1988-02-07) 7 February 1988 (age 36) 29 May 2018 2028 Former This is a complete list of the former heads of the federal subjects of Russia. Republic of Adygea: Aslan Tkhakushinov (2007–2017), Khazret Sovmen (2002–2007), Aslan Dzharimov (1992–2002) Altai Republic: Oleg Khorokhordin (2019–2024), Alexander Berdnikov (2006–2019), Mikhail Lapshin (2002–2006), Semyon Zubakin (1998–2002), Vladilen Volkov (1997-1998), Valery Chaptynov (1994–1997) Republic of Bashkortostan: Rustem Khamitov (2010–2018), Murtaza Rakhimov (1993–2010) Republic of Buryatia: Vyacheslav Nagovitsyn (2007–2017), Leonid Potapov (1994–2007) Chechen Republic: Alu Alkhanov (2004–2007), Sergey Abramov (2004, acting), Akhmad Kadyrov (2003–2004), Anatoly Popov (2003, acting), Akhmad Kadyrov (2000–2003), Yakub Deniyev (1999–2000, acting), Doku Zagayev (1995–1996), Umar Avturkhanov (1993–1995) Chuvash Republic: Mikhail Ignatyev (2010-2020), Nikolay Fyodorov (1994–2010) Republic of Dagestan: Vladimir Vasilyev (2017–2020), Ramazan Abdulatipov (2013–2017), Magomedsalam Magomedov (2010–2013), Mukhu Aliyev (2006–2010), Magomedali Magomedov (1994–2006) Republic of Ingushetia: Yunus-bek Yevkurov (2009–2019), Rashid Gaisanov (2009, acting), Yunus-bek Yevkurov (2008–2009), Murat Zyazikov (2002–2008), Akhmed Malsagov (2001–2002, acting), Ruslan Aushev (1993–2001) Kabardino-Balkar Republic: Yury Kokov (2013–2018), Arsen Kanokov (2005–2013), Valery Kokov (1992–2005) Republic of Kalmykia: Aleksey Orlov (2010–2019), Kirsan Ilyumzhinov (1993–2010) Karachay–Cherkess Republic: Boris Ebzeyev (2008–2011), Mustafa Batdyyev (2003–2008), Vladimir Semyonov (1999–2003), Valentin Vlasov (1999, acting), Igor Ivanov (1999, acting), Vladimir Khubiyev (1992–1999) Republic of Karelia: Aleksandr Hudilainen (2012–2017), Andrey Nelidov (2010–2012), Sergey Katanandov (1998–2010), Viktor Stepanov (1994–1998) Republic of Khakassia: Mikhail Razvozhayev (2018, acting), Viktor Zimin (2009–2018), Aleksey Lebed (1997–2009), Yevgeny Smirnov (1992–1997) Komi Republic: Sergey Gaplikov (2015–2020), Vyacheslav Gayzer (2010–2015), Vladimir Torlopov (2002–2010), Yury Spiridonov (1992–2002) Mari El Republic: Alexander Yevstifeyev (2017–2022), Leonid Markelov (2000–2017), Vyacheslav Kislitsyn (1997–2001), Vladislav Zotin (1991–1996) Republic of Mordovia: Vladimir Volkov (2012–2020), Nikolay Merkushkin (1995–2012), Vasily Guslyannikov (1991–1993) Republic of North Ossetia–Alania: Vyacheslav Bitarov (2016–2021), Tamerlan Aguzarov (2015–2016), Taymuraz Mamsurov (2005–2015), Alexander Dzasokhov (1998–2005), Akhsarbek Galazov (1994–1998) Sakha Republic: Yegor Borisov (2010–2018), Vyacheslav Shtyrov (2002–2010), Mikhail Nikolayev (1991–2002) Republic of Tatarstan: Mintimer Shaymiyev (1991–2010) Tyva Republic: Sholban Kara-ool (2007–2021), Sherig-ool Oorzhak (1992–2007) Udmurt Republic: Alexander Solovyov (2014–2017), Alexander Volkov (2000–2014) Altai Krai: Alexander Karlin (2005–2018), Mikhail Kozlov (2005, acting), Mikhail Evdokimov (2004–2005), Aleksandr Surikov (1996–2004), Lev Korshunov (1994–1996), Vladimir Rayfikesht (1991–1994) Kamchatka Krai: Vladimir Ilyukhin (2011-2020), Aleksey Kuzmitsky (2007–2011) Kamchatka Oblast: Aleksey Kuzmitsky (2007, acting), Mikhail Mashkovtsev (2000–2007), Vladimir Biryukov (1991–2000) Koryak Autonomous Okrug: Oleg Kozhemyako (2005–2007), Vladimir Loginov (2000–2005), Valentina Bronevich (1996—2000), Sergey Leushkin (1991–1996) Khabarovsk Krai: Aleksandr Nikitin (2024, acting), Mikhail Degtyarev (2020–2024), Sergei Furgal (2018–2020), Vyacheslav Shport (2009–2018), Viktor Ishayev (1991–2009) Krasnodar Krai: Aleksandr Tkachyov (2001–2015), Nikolay Kondratenko (1997–2001), Nikolay Yegorov (1996–1997), Yevgeny Kharitonov (1994–1996), Nikolay Yegorov (1992–1994), Vasily Dyakonov (1991–1992) Krasnoyarsk Krai: Viktor Tolokonsky (2014–2017), Lev Kuznetsov (2010–2014), Edkham Akbulatov (2010, acting), Alexander Khloponin (2002–2010), Nikolay Ashlapov (2002, acting), Alexander Lebed (1998–2002), Valery Zubov (1993–1998), Arkady Veprev (1991–1993) Evenk Autonomous Okrug: Boris Zolotaryov (2001-2006), Aleksandr Bokovikov, (1997-2001), Anatoly Yakimov (1991-1997) Taymyr Autonomous Okrug: Oleg Budargin (2003-2006), Alexander Khloponin (2001–2002), Gennady Nedelin (1991-2001) Perm Krai:Maxim Reshetnikov (2017–2020), Viktor Basargin (2012–2017), Oleg Chirkunov (2005–2012) Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug: Gennady Savelyev (2000–2005), Nikolay Poluyanov (1991–2000) Perm Oblast: Oleg Chirkunov (2004–2005, acting); Yury Trutnev (2000–2004); Gennady Igumnov (1996–2000), Boris Kuznetsov (1991–1996) Primorsky Krai: Andrey Tarasenko (2017–2018, acting), Vladimir Miklushevsky (2012–2017), Sergey Darkin (2001–2012), Konstantin Tolstoshein (2001, acting), Igor Belchuk (2001, acting), Valentin Dubinin (2001, acting), Yevgeny Nazdratenko (1993–2001), Vladimir Kuznetsov (1991–1993) Stavropol Krai: Valery Zerenkov (2012–2013), Valery Gayevsky (2008–2012), Alexander Chernogorov (1996–2008); Pyotr Marchenko (1995–1996); Yevgeny Kuznetsov (1991–1995) Zabaykalsky Krai: Aleksandr Kulakov (2018, acting), Natalia Zhdanova (2016–2018), Konstantin Ilkovsky (2013–2016), Ravil Geniatulin (2008–2013) Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug: Bair Zhamsuyev (1997–2008), Bolot Ayushiyev (1996-1997), Gurodarma Tsedashiyev (1991–1996) Chita Oblast: Ravil Geniatulin (1996–2008), Boris Ivanov (1991–1996) Amur Oblast: Alexander Kozlov (2015–2018), Oleg Kozhemyako (2008–2015), Nikolay Kolesov (2007–2008), Aleksandr Nesterenko (2007, acting), Leonid Korotkov (2001–2007), Anatoly Belonogov (1997–2001), Yury Lyashko (1996–1997), Vladimir Dyachenko (1994–1996), Vladimir Polevanov (1993–1994), Aleksandr Surat (1993), Albert Krivchenko (1991–1993) Arkhangelsk Oblast: Igor Orlov (2012-2020), Ilya Mikhalchuk (2008–2012), Nikolay Kiselyov (2004–2008), Anatoly Yefremov (1996–2004), Valentin Vlasov (1996, acting), Pavel Balakshin (1991–1996) Astrakhan Oblast: Sergey Morozov (2018-2019, acting), Alexander Zhilkin (2004–2018), Anatoly Guzhvin (1991–2004) Belgorod Oblast: Denis Butsayev (2020, acting), Yevgeny Savchenko (1993–2020), Viktor Berestovoy (1991–1993) Bryansk Oblast: Nikolay Denin (2004–2014), Yury Lodkin (1996–2004), Aleksandr Semernyov (1996), Vladimir Barabanov (1995–1996), Vladimir Karpov (1993–1995), Yury Lodkin (1993), Vladimir Barabanov (1991–1993) Chelyabinsk Oblast: Boris Dubrovsky (2014–2019), Mikhail Yurevich (2010–2014), Pyotr Sumin (1996–2010), Vadim Solovyov (1991–1996) Irkutsk Oblast: Sergey Levchenko (2015–2019), Sergey Yeroshchenko (2012–2015), Dmitry Mezentsev (2009–2012), Sergey Sokol (2009, acting), Igor Yesipovsky (2008–2009), Aleksandr Tishanin (2005–2008), Boris Govorin (1997–2005), Vitaly Ivanov (1997, acting), Yury Nozhikov (1991–1997) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug: Valery Maleyev (1996–2007), Aleksey Batagayev (1991–1996) Ivanovo Oblast: Pavel Konkov (2013–2017), Mikhail Men (2005–2013), Vladimir Tikhonov (2000–2005), Vladislav Tikhomirov (1996–2000), Adolf Laptev (1991–1996) Kaliningrad Oblast: Sergei Yeliseyev (2024, acting), Anton Alikhanov (2017–2024), Yevgeny Zinichev (2016, acting), Nikolay Tsukanov (2010–2016), Georgy Boos (2005–2010), Vladimir Yegorov (2000–2005), Leonid Gorbenko (1996–2000), Yuri Matochkin (1991–1996) Kaluga Oblast: Anatoly Artamonov (2000–2020), Valery Sudarenkov (1996–2000), Oleg Savchenko (1996), Aleksandr Deryagin (1991–1996) Kemerovo Oblast: Sergey Tsivilyov (2018–2024), Aman Tuleyev (2001–2018), Valentin Mazikin (2001, acting), Aman Tuleyev (1997–2001), Mikhail Kislyuk (1991–1997) Kirov Oblast: Igor Vasilyev (2016–2022), Aleksey Kuznetsov (2016, acting), Nikita Belykh (2009–2016), Nikolay Shaklein (2004–2009), Vladimir Sergeyenkov (1996–2004), Vasily Desyatnikov (1991–1996) Kostroma Oblast: Igor Slyunyayev (2007–2012), Viktor Shershunov (1996–2007), Valery Arbuzov (1991–1996) Kurgan Oblast: Aleksey Kokorin (2014–2018), Oleg Bogomolov (1997–2014), Anatoly Sobolev (1995–1997), Valentin Gerasimov (1991–1995) Kursk Oblast: Roman Starovoyt (2018–2024), Alexander Mikhaylov (2000–2018), Aleksandr Rutskoy (1996–2000), Vasily Shuteyev (1991–1996) Leningrad Oblast: Valery Serdyukov (1998–2012), Vadim Gustov (1996–1998), Alexander Belyakov (1991–1996) Lipetsk Oblast: Oleg Korolyov (1998–2018), Mikhail Narolin (1993–1998), Vladimir Zaytsev (1992–1993, acting) Gennady Kuptsov (1991–1992) Magadan Oblast: Vladimir Pechyony (2013-2018); Nikolay Dudov (2003–2013), Valentin Tsvetkov (1996–2002), Viktor Mikhailov (1991–1996) Moscow Oblast: Ruslan Tsalikov (2012, acting), Sergey Shoygu (2012), Boris Gromov (2000–2012), Vasily Golubev (1999–2000, acting), Anatoly Tyazhlov (1991–1999) Murmansk Oblast: Marina Kovtun (2012–2019), Dmitry Dmitriyenko (2009–2012), Yury Yevdokimov (1996–2009), Yevgeny Komarov (1991–1996) Nizhny Novgorod Oblast: Valery Shantsev (2005–2017), Gennady Khodyrev (2001–2005), Ivan Sklyarov (1997–2001), Yury Lebedev (1997, acting), Boris Nemtsov (1991–1997) Novgorod Oblast: Sergey Mitin (2007–2017), Mikhail Prusak (1991–2007) Novosibirsk Oblast: Vladimir Gorodetsky (2014–2017), Vasily Yurchenko (2010–2014), Viktor Tolokonsky (2000–2010), Vitaly Mukha (1995–2000), Ivan Indinok (1993–1995), Vitaly Mukha (1991–1993) Omsk Oblast: Viktor Nazarov (2012–2017), Leonid Polezhayev (1991–2012) Orenburg Oblast: Yury Berg (2010–2019), Alexey Chernyshov (1999–2010), Vladimir Yelagin (1991–1999) Oryol Oblast: Vadim Potomsky (2014–2017), Aleksandr Kozlov (2009–2014), Yegor Stroyev (1993–2009), Nikolay Yudin (1991–1993) Penza Oblast: Ivan Belozertsev (2015–2021), Vasily Bochkaryov (1998–2015), Anatoly Kovlyagin (1993–1998), Aleksandr Kondratyev (1991–1993) Pskov Oblast: Andrey Turchak (2009–2017), Mikhail Kuznetsov (2004–2009), Yevgeny Mikhailov (1996–2004), Vladislav Tumanov (1992–1996), Anatoly Dobryakov (1991-1992) Rostov Oblast: Vladimir Chub (1991–2010) Ryazan Oblast: Nikolay Lyubimov (2017–2022), Oleg Kovalyov (2008–2017), Georgy Shpak (2004–2008), Vyacheslav Lyubimov (1997–2004), Igor Ivlev (1996–1997), Gennady Merkulov (1994–1996), Lev Bashmakov (1991–1994) Sakhalin Oblast: Vera Shcherbina (2018, acting), Oleg Kozhemyako (2015–2018), Alexander Khoroshavin (2007–2015), Ivan Malakhov (2003–2007), Igor Farkhutdinov (1995–2003), Yevgeny Krasnoyarov (1993–1995), Valentin Fyodorov (1991–1993) Samara Oblast: Dmitry Azarov (2017–2024), Nikolay Merkushkin (2012–2017), Vladimir Artyakov (2007–2012), Konstantin Titov (1991–2007) Saratov Oblast: Valery Radayev (2012–2022), Pavel Ipatov (2005–2012), Dmitry Ayatskov (1996–2005), Yury Belykh (1992–1996) Smolensk Oblast: Alexey Ostrovsky (2012–2023), Sergey Antufyev (2007–2012), Viktor Maslov (2002–2007), Aleksandr Prokhorov (1998–2002), Anatoly Glushenkov (1993–1998), Valery Fateyev (1991–1993) Sverdlovsk Oblast: Alexander Misharin (2009–2012), Eduard Rossel (1995–2009), Aleksey Strakhov (1994–1995), Valery Trushnikov (1993–1994, acting), Eduard Rossel (1991–1993) Tambov Oblast: Alexander Nikitin (2015–2021), Oleg Betin (1999–2015), Aleksandr Ryabov (1995–1999), Oleg Betin (1995), Vladimir Babenko (1991–1995) Tomsk Oblast: Sergey Zhvachkin (2012–2022), Viktor Kress (1991–2012) Tula Oblast: Aleksey Dyumin (2016–2024), Vladimir Gruzdev (2011–2016), Vyacheslav Dudka (2005–2011), Vasiliy Starodubtsev (1997–2005), Nikolai Sevryugin (1991–1997) Tver Oblast: Andrey Shevelyov (2011–2016), Dmitry Zelenin (2003–2011), Vladimir Platov (1995–2003), Vladimir Suslov (1991–1995) Tyumen Oblast: Sergey Sarychev (2018, acting), Vladimir Yakushev (2005–2018), Sergey Smetanyuk (2005, acting), Sergey Sobyanin (2001–2005), Leonid Roketsky (1993–2001), Yury Shafranik (1991–1993) Ulyanovsk Oblast: Sergei Morozov (2005–2021), Maria Bolshakova (2004–2005, acting), Vladimir Shamanov (2001–2004), Yury Goryachev (1992–2001) Vladimir Oblast: Vladimir Sipyagin (2018–2021), Svetlana Orlova (2013–2018), Nikolay Vinogradov (1996–2013), Yury Vlasov (1991–1996) Volgograd Oblast: Sergey Bozhenov (2012–2014), Anatoly Brovko (2010–2012), Nikolay Maksyuta (1997–2010), Ivan Shabunin (1991–1997) Vologda Oblast: Vyacheslav Pozgalyov (1996–2011), Nikolay Podgornov (1991–1996) Voronezh Oblast: Alexey Gordeyev (2009–2017), Vladimir Kulakov (2000–2009), Ivan Shabanov (1996–2000), Aleksandr Tsapin (1996), Aleksandr Kovalyov (1992–1996), Viktor Kalasnikov (1991–1992) Yaroslavl Oblast: Dmitry Mironov (2017–2021), Sergey Yastrebov (2012–2017), Sergey Vakhrukov (2007–2012), Anatoly Lisitsyn (1991–2007) Moscow: Vladimir Resin (2010, acting), Yury Luzhkov (1992–2010), Gavriil Popov (1991–1992) Saint Petersburg: Georgy Poltavchenko (2011–2018), Valentina Matviyenko (2003–2011), Alexander Beglov (acting, 2003), Vladimir Yakovlev (1996–2003), Anatoly Sobchak (1991–1996) Sevastopol: Dmitry Ovsyannikov (2016–2019), Sergey Menyaylo (2014–2016), Aleksei Chaly (2014, acting) Jewish Autonomous Oblast: Alexander Levintal (2015–2019), Alexander Vinnikov (2010–2015), Nikolay Volkov (1991–2010) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug: Roman Kopin (2008–2023), Roman Abramovich (2001–2008), Aleksandr Nazarov (1991–2000) Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug: Natalya Komarova (2010–2024), Alexander Filipenko (1991–2010) Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Alexander Tsybulsky (2017–2020), Igor Koshin (2014–2017), Igor Fyodorov (2009–2014), Valery Potapenko (2006–2009), Alexey Barinov (2005–2006), Vladimir Butov (1996–2005), Vladimir Khabarov (1996), Yury Komarovsky (1991–1996) Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Dmitry Kobylkin (2010–2018), Yury Neyolov (1994–2010), Lev Bayandin (1991–1994) Ethnicity of heads of Republics of Russia Share of years of rule of titular ethnic groups in the republics since 1991 Ethnicity of heads of Republics of Russia since 1991. Meaning native, titular ethnic russian others years 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Komi Mari El Mordovia Yakutia North Ossetia–Alania Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Khakassia Chechnya Chuvashia Notes ^ a b De facto controlled by Russia but Crimea remains de jure internationally recognized part of Ukraine. ^ a b Established in 2014 as a breakaway state in Eastern Ukraine, annexed by Russia following a controversial referendum in September 2022. Portions of the region are out of Russian control. ^ a b Occupied by Russia in February–March 2022, annexed following a controversial referendum in September 2022. Portions of the region are out of Russian control. ^ The Kamchatka Krai was created on July 1, 2007 as a result of the merger of Kamchatka Oblast and Koryak Okrug ^ The Perm Krai was created on December 1, 2005 as a result of the merger of Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug and Perm Oblast ^ The Zabaykalsky Krai was created on March 1, 2008 as a result of the merger of Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug and Chita Oblast ^ De facto controlled by Russia but Crimea remains de jure internationally recognized part of Ukraine. References ^ Сергей Меликов назначен врио Главы Республики Дагестан ^ Врио главы ЯНАО Дмитрий Артюхов избран губернатором региона ^ A Some Republic Heads may have a differing title for their leader, most republics formerly used the term President and the Republic of Tatarstan continues to do so. ^ A Some Republic Heads marked as 'Other' have partial ethnic Russian heritage. External links Rulers.org (in Russian) Иванов В. В. Глава субъекта Российской Федерации. История губернаторов. Том I. История. Книга I. — М., 2019. — 600 с. (in Russian) Иванов В. В. Глава субъекта Российской Федерации. История губернаторов. Том I. История. Книга II. — М., 2019. — 624 с. vteSubdivisions of the Russian EmpireGovernorates(List) Azov¹ Altai² Arkhangelsk Archangelgorod Astrakhan Belgorod Bessarabia Bratslav Belarus Caucasus Chernigov Grodno Finland Iziaslav Ingermanland Irkutsk Kazan Kaluga Kiev (1708) Kiev Kharkov Kherson Kholm Kovno Kolyvan Kostroma Kursk Lithuania Little Russia (1764) Little Russia (1796) Minsk Mogilev Moscow Nikolayev Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod-Seversky Novgorod Novorossiya Olonets Orenburg Oryol Penza Perm Petrograd² Podolia Polotsk Poltava Pskov Ryazan Samara Saint Petersburg Saratov Siberia Simbirsk Sloboda Ukraine Slonim Smolensk Stavropol Taurida Tambov Tver Tobolsk Tomsk Tula Ufa Vilna Vitebsk Vladimir Voznesensk Vologda Volhynia Voronezh Vyatka Vyborg Yaroslavl Yekaterinoslav Yeniseysk Oblasts Amur Belostok Bessarabia Don Host Transbaikal Kamchatka Caspian Kwantung Orenburg Kirgiz Omsk Primorskaya Sakhalin Taurida Tarnopol Turgay Ural Yakut Oblasts of Stepnoy Krai Akmolinsk Siberia Kirgiz Semipalatinsk Oblasts of Turkestan Krai Transcaspian Samarkand Semirechye Oblast Syr-Darya Oblast Turkestan Fergana Caucasus Viceroyalty Baku (Governorate) Black Sea Derbent Elizavetpol Erivan Georgia-Imeretia Georgia Kutaisi Shemakha Tiflis Armenian Batum Dagestan Imeretia Kars Kuban Terek Sukhumi Zakatal Baku (Gradonachalstvo) Baltic Governorates³ Courland Livonia Reval Riga Estonia Governorates of Finland Abo-Byorneborg Vaza Vyborg Kuopio Nyuland Sankt-Mikhel Tavastgus Uleaborg Governorates of Poland Avgustov Warsaw Kalish Keltsy Krakov Lomzha Lyublin Mazovia Petrokov Plotsk Podlyashye Radom Sandomir Sedlets Suvalki Governorates ofGalicia and Bukovina Lvov Peremyshl Tarnopol Chernovtsy Dependencies Bukey Horde Emirate of Bukhara Khanate of Kokand Russian America Uryankhay Krai² Khanate of Khiva Zeravshan Okrug ¹ Italics indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914. ² An asterisk () indicates governorates formed or created with renaming after 1 January 1914. ³ Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship was abolished in 1876. vte Heads (governors) of federal subjects of RussiaRepublics Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea1 Dagestan Donetsk1 Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Lugansk1 Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kherson1 Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Zaporozhye1 Federal cities Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblast Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty-Mansi2 Nenets3 Yamalo-Nenets2 1Claimed by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast 3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast vteCurrent heads of federal subjects of RussiaRepublics Adygea: Kumpilov Altai: Turchak Bashkortostan: Khabirov Buryatia: Tsydenov Chechnya: Kadyrov Chuvashia: O. Nikolayev Crimea1: Aksyonov Dagestan: Melikov Donetsk1: Pushilin Ingushetia: Kalimatov Kabardino-Balkaria: Kokov Kalmykia: Khasikov Karachay-Cherkessia: Temrezov Karelia: Parfenchikov Khakassia: Konovalov Komi: Uyba Luhansk1: Pasechnik Mari El: Zaitsev Mordovia: Zdunov North Ossetia–Alania: Menyaylo Tatarstan: Minnikhanov Tuva: Khovalyg Udmurtia: Brechalov Yakutia: A. Nikolayev Krais Altai: Tomenko Kamchatka: Solodov Khabarovsk: Demeshin Krasnodar: Kondratyev Krasnoyarsk: Uss Perm: Makhonin Primorsky: Kozhemyako Stavropol: Vladimirov Zabaykalsky: Osipov Oblasts Amur: Orlov Arkhangelsk: Tsybulsky Astrakhan: Babushkin Belgorod: Gladkov Bryansk: Bogomaz Chelyabinsk: Teksler Irkutsk: Kobzev Ivanovo: Voskresensky Kaliningrad: Besprozvannykh Kaluga: Shapsha Kemerovo: Seredyuk Kherson1: Saldo Kirov: Sokolov Kostroma: Sitnikov Kurgan: Shumkov Kursk: Smirnov Leningrad: Drozdenko Lipetsk: Artamonov Magadan: Nosov Moscow: Vorobyov Murmansk: Chibis Nizhny Novgorod: G. Nikitin Novgorod: A. Nikitin Novosibirsk: Travnikov Omsk: Khotsenko Orenburg: Pasler Oryol: Klychkov Penza: Melnichenko Pskov: Vedernikov Rostov: Golubev Ryazan: Malkov Sakhalin: Limarenko Samara: Fedorishchev Saratov: Busargin Smolensk: Anokhin Sverdlovsk: Kuyvashev Tambov: Yegorov Tomsk: Mazur Tula: Milyaev Tver: Rudenya Tyumen: Moor Ulyanovsk: Russkikh Vladimir: Avdeyev Volgograd: Bocharov Vologda: Filimonov Voronezh: Gusev Yaroslavl: Yevrayev Zaporizhzhia1: Balitsky Federal cities Moscow: Sobyanin Saint Petersburg: Beglov Sevastopol1: Razvozhayev Autonomous oblast Jewish: Goldstein Autonomous okrugs Chukotka: Kuznetsov Khanty-Mansi2: Kukharuk Nenets3: Bezdudny Yamalo-Nenets2: Artyukhov 1Claimed by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast 3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast vteLists of federal subjects of RussiaBy Population (density ) Gross Regional Product GDP per capita poverty rate Salary Literacy rate Total fertility rate Substance abuse HDI Forest cover Life expectancy Highest point Murder rate Unemployment Name etymology Other Flags Coats of arms Governors	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russian_Governors_map.png"},{"link_name":"federal subjects of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Donetsk People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kherson Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Lugansk People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Zaporozhye Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"}],"text":"Governors by party affiliation United Russia Communist Party Liberal Democratic Party A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth IndependentThe following is a list of heads of the federal subjects of the Russian Federation. The Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, along with the Donetsk People's Republic, Kherson Oblast, the Lugansk People's Republic and Zaporozhye Oblast were annexed by Russia between 2014 and 2022 and, according to its constitution, are Federal subjects. However, internationally these entities are recognized as part of Ukraine.","title":"List of heads of federal subjects of Russia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"federal subjects of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Adygea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Adygea"},{"link_name":"Aslan Tkhakushinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan_Tkhakushinov"},{"link_name":"Khazret Sovmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazret_Sovmen"},{"link_name":"Aslan Dzharimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan_Dzharimov"},{"link_name":"Altai Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Republic"},{"link_name":"Oleg Khorokhordin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Khorokhordin"},{"link_name":"Alexander Berdnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berdnikov"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Lapshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Lapshin"},{"link_name":"Semyon Zubakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Zubakin"},{"link_name":"Vladilen Volkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladilen_Volkov"},{"link_name":"Valery Chaptynov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Chaptynov"},{"link_name":"Republic of Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"Rustem Khamitov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustem_Khamitov"},{"link_name":"Murtaza Rakhimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtaza_Rakhimov"},{"link_name":"Republic of Buryatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Buryatia"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Nagovitsyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Nagovitsyn"},{"link_name":"Leonid Potapov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Potapov"},{"link_name":"Chechen Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya"},{"link_name":"Alu Alkhanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu_Alkhanov"},{"link_name":"Sergey Abramov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Abramov_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Akhmad Kadyrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Popov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Popov"},{"link_name":"Doku Zagayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doku_Zavgayev"},{"link_name":"Chuvash Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Ignatyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Ignatyev_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Fyodorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Fyodorov_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Dagestan"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Vasilyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Vasilyev_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ramazan Abdulatipov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan_Abdulatipov"},{"link_name":"Magomedsalam Magomedov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magomedsalam_Magomedov"},{"link_name":"Mukhu Aliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhu_Aliyev"},{"link_name":"Magomedali Magomedov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magomedali_Magomedov"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ingushetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ingushetia"},{"link_name":"Yunus-bek Yevkurov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunus-bek_Yevkurov"},{"link_name":"Rashid Gaisanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Gaisanov"},{"link_name":"Yunus-bek Yevkurov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunus-bek_Yevkurov"},{"link_name":"Murat Zyazikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Zyazikov"},{"link_name":"Akhmed Malsagov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhmed_Malsagov"},{"link_name":"Ruslan Aushev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Aushev"},{"link_name":"Kabardino-Balkar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardino-Balkar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Yury Kokov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Kokov"},{"link_name":"Arsen Kanokov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen_Kanokov"},{"link_name":"Valery Kokov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Kokov"},{"link_name":"Republic of Kalmykia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Kalmykia"},{"link_name":"Aleksey Orlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Orlov_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Kirsan Ilyumzhinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsan_Ilyumzhinov"},{"link_name":"Karachay–Cherkess Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachay%E2%80%93Cherkess_Republic"},{"link_name":"Boris Ebzeyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Ebzeyev"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Batdyyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Batdyyev"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Semyonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Magomedovich_Semyonov"},{"link_name":"Valentin Vlasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Vlasov"},{"link_name":"Igor Ivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Ivanov_(politician,_born_1937)"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Khubiyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Khubiyev"},{"link_name":"Republic of Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Hudilainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Hudilainen"},{"link_name":"Andrey Nelidov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Nelidov"},{"link_name":"Sergey Katanandov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Katanandov"},{"link_name":"Viktor Stepanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Stepanov_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Khakassia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakassia"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Razvozhayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Razvozhayev"},{"link_name":"Viktor Zimin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Zimin_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Aleksey Lebed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Lebed"},{"link_name":"Komi Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sergey Gaplikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gaplikov"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Gayzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Gayzer"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Torlopov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Torlopov"},{"link_name":"Yury Spiridonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Spiridonov"},{"link_name":"Mari El Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_El_Republic"},{"link_name":"Alexander Yevstifeyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Yevstifeyev"},{"link_name":"Leonid Markelov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Markelov"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav 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Dzasokhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dzasokhov"},{"link_name":"Akhsarbek Galazov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhsarbek_Galazov"},{"link_name":"Sakha Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_Republic"},{"link_name":"Yegor Borisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yegor_Borisov"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Shtyrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Shtyrov"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Nikolayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayev"},{"link_name":"Republic of Tatarstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Tatarstan"},{"link_name":"Mintimer Shaymiyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintimer_Shaymiyev"},{"link_name":"Tyva Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva"},{"link_name":"Sholban Kara-ool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholban_Kara-ool"},{"link_name":"Sherig-ool Oorzhak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherig-ool_Oorzhak"},{"link_name":"Udmurt 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Loginov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Loginov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valentina Bronevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Bronevich"},{"link_name":"Sergey Leushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Leushkin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khabarovsk Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Degtyarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Degtyarev"},{"link_name":"Sergei Furgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Furgal"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Shport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Shport"},{"link_name":"Viktor Ishayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Ishayev"},{"link_name":"Krasnodar Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Tkachyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Tkachyov_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Nikolay 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Zubov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Zubov"},{"link_name":"Arkady Veprev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkady_Veprev"},{"link_name":"Evenk Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenk_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Boris Zolotaryov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Zolotaryov"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Bokovikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Bokovikov"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Yakimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Yakimov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taymyr Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taymyr_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Oleg Budargin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Budargin"},{"link_name":"Alexander Khloponin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Khloponin"},{"link_name":"Gennady Nedelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Nedelin"},{"link_name":"Perm 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Govorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Govorin"},{"link_name":"Yury Nozhikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Nozhikov"},{"link_name":"Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ust-Orda_Buryat_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Valery Maleyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valery_Maleyev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksey Batagayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksey_Batagayev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivanovo Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanovo_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Pavel Konkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Konkov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Men"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Tikhonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Tikhonov"},{"link_name":"Vladislav Tikhomirov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Tikhomirov"},{"link_name":"Adolf 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Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Georgy Poltavchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Poltavchenko"},{"link_name":"Valentina Matviyenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Matviyenko"},{"link_name":"Alexander Beglov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Beglov"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Yakovlev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Anatolyevich_Yakovlev"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Sobchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Sobchak"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"[Note 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Ovsyannikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Ovsyannikov"},{"link_name":"Sergey Menyaylo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Menyaylo"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Chaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Chaly"},{"link_name":"Jewish Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Alexander Levintal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Levintal"},{"link_name":"Alexander Vinnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Vinnikov"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Volkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovich_Volkov"},{"link_name":"Chukotka Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Roman Kopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Kopin"},{"link_name":"Roman Abramovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Abramovich"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Nazarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Nazarov"},{"link_name":"Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty%E2%80%93Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Natalya Komarova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya_Komarova"},{"link_name":"Alexander Filipenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Filipenko"},{"link_name":"Nenets Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Alexander Tsybulsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Tsybulsky"},{"link_name":"Igor Koshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Koshin"},{"link_name":"Igor Fyodorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igor_Fyodorov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Valery Potapenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Potapenko"},{"link_name":"Alexey Barinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Barinov"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Butov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Butov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Khabarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Khabarov"},{"link_name":"Yury Komarovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Komarovsky"},{"link_name":"Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Kobylkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Kobylkin"},{"link_name":"Yury Neyolov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yury_Neyolov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Lev Bayandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Bayandin"}],"text":"This is a complete list of the former heads of the federal subjects of Russia.Republic of Adygea: Aslan Tkhakushinov (2007–2017), Khazret Sovmen (2002–2007), Aslan Dzharimov (1992–2002)\nAltai Republic: Oleg Khorokhordin (2019–2024), Alexander Berdnikov (2006–2019), Mikhail Lapshin (2002–2006), Semyon Zubakin (1998–2002), Vladilen Volkov (1997-1998), Valery Chaptynov (1994–1997)\nRepublic of Bashkortostan: Rustem Khamitov (2010–2018), Murtaza Rakhimov (1993–2010)\nRepublic of Buryatia: Vyacheslav Nagovitsyn (2007–2017), Leonid Potapov (1994–2007)\nChechen Republic: Alu Alkhanov (2004–2007), Sergey Abramov (2004, acting), Akhmad Kadyrov (2003–2004), Anatoly Popov (2003, acting), Akhmad Kadyrov (2000–2003), Yakub Deniyev (1999–2000, acting), Doku Zagayev (1995–1996), Umar Avturkhanov (1993–1995)\nChuvash Republic: Mikhail Ignatyev (2010-2020), Nikolay Fyodorov (1994–2010)\nRepublic of Dagestan: Vladimir Vasilyev (2017–2020), Ramazan Abdulatipov (2013–2017), Magomedsalam Magomedov (2010–2013), Mukhu Aliyev (2006–2010), Magomedali Magomedov (1994–2006)\nRepublic of Ingushetia: Yunus-bek Yevkurov (2009–2019), Rashid Gaisanov (2009, acting), Yunus-bek Yevkurov (2008–2009), Murat Zyazikov (2002–2008), Akhmed Malsagov (2001–2002, acting), Ruslan Aushev (1993–2001)\nKabardino-Balkar Republic: Yury Kokov (2013–2018), Arsen Kanokov (2005–2013), Valery Kokov (1992–2005)\nRepublic of Kalmykia: Aleksey Orlov (2010–2019), Kirsan Ilyumzhinov (1993–2010)\nKarachay–Cherkess Republic: Boris Ebzeyev (2008–2011), Mustafa Batdyyev (2003–2008), Vladimir Semyonov (1999–2003), Valentin Vlasov (1999, acting), Igor Ivanov (1999, acting), Vladimir Khubiyev (1992–1999)\nRepublic of Karelia: Aleksandr Hudilainen (2012–2017), Andrey Nelidov (2010–2012), Sergey Katanandov (1998–2010), Viktor Stepanov (1994–1998)\nRepublic of Khakassia: Mikhail Razvozhayev (2018, acting), Viktor Zimin (2009–2018), Aleksey Lebed (1997–2009), Yevgeny Smirnov (1992–1997)\nKomi Republic: Sergey Gaplikov (2015–2020), Vyacheslav Gayzer (2010–2015), Vladimir Torlopov (2002–2010), Yury Spiridonov (1992–2002)\nMari El Republic: Alexander Yevstifeyev (2017–2022), Leonid Markelov (2000–2017), Vyacheslav Kislitsyn (1997–2001), Vladislav Zotin (1991–1996)\nRepublic of Mordovia: Vladimir Volkov (2012–2020), Nikolay Merkushkin (1995–2012), Vasily Guslyannikov (1991–1993)\nRepublic of North Ossetia–Alania: Vyacheslav Bitarov (2016–2021), Tamerlan Aguzarov (2015–2016), Taymuraz Mamsurov (2005–2015), Alexander Dzasokhov (1998–2005), Akhsarbek Galazov (1994–1998)\nSakha Republic: Yegor Borisov (2010–2018), Vyacheslav Shtyrov (2002–2010), Mikhail Nikolayev (1991–2002)\nRepublic of Tatarstan: Mintimer Shaymiyev (1991–2010)\nTyva Republic: Sholban Kara-ool (2007–2021), Sherig-ool Oorzhak (1992–2007)\nUdmurt Republic: Alexander Solovyov (2014–2017), Alexander Volkov (2000–2014)\nAltai Krai: Alexander Karlin (2005–2018), Mikhail Kozlov (2005, acting), Mikhail Evdokimov (2004–2005), Aleksandr Surikov (1996–2004), Lev Korshunov (1994–1996), Vladimir Rayfikesht (1991–1994)\nKamchatka Krai:[Note 4] Vladimir Ilyukhin (2011-2020), Aleksey Kuzmitsky (2007–2011)\nKamchatka Oblast: Aleksey Kuzmitsky (2007, acting), Mikhail Mashkovtsev (2000–2007), Vladimir Biryukov (1991–2000)\nKoryak Autonomous Okrug: Oleg Kozhemyako (2005–2007), Vladimir Loginov (2000–2005), Valentina Bronevich (1996—2000), Sergey Leushkin (1991–1996)\nKhabarovsk Krai: Aleksandr Nikitin (2024, acting), Mikhail Degtyarev (2020–2024), Sergei Furgal (2018–2020), Vyacheslav Shport (2009–2018), Viktor Ishayev (1991–2009)\nKrasnodar Krai: Aleksandr Tkachyov (2001–2015), Nikolay Kondratenko (1997–2001), Nikolay Yegorov (1996–1997), Yevgeny Kharitonov (1994–1996), Nikolay Yegorov (1992–1994), Vasily Dyakonov (1991–1992)\nKrasnoyarsk Krai: Viktor Tolokonsky (2014–2017), Lev Kuznetsov (2010–2014), Edkham Akbulatov (2010, acting), Alexander Khloponin (2002–2010), Nikolay Ashlapov (2002, acting), Alexander Lebed (1998–2002), Valery Zubov (1993–1998), Arkady Veprev (1991–1993)\nEvenk Autonomous Okrug: Boris Zolotaryov (2001-2006), Aleksandr Bokovikov, (1997-2001), Anatoly Yakimov (1991-1997)\nTaymyr Autonomous Okrug: Oleg Budargin (2003-2006), Alexander Khloponin (2001–2002), Gennady Nedelin (1991-2001)\nPerm Krai:[Note 5]Maxim Reshetnikov (2017–2020), Viktor Basargin (2012–2017), Oleg Chirkunov (2005–2012)\nKomi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug: Gennady Savelyev (2000–2005), Nikolay Poluyanov (1991–2000)\nPerm Oblast: Oleg Chirkunov (2004–2005, acting); Yury Trutnev (2000–2004); Gennady Igumnov (1996–2000), Boris Kuznetsov (1991–1996)\nPrimorsky Krai: Andrey Tarasenko (2017–2018, acting), Vladimir Miklushevsky (2012–2017), Sergey Darkin (2001–2012), Konstantin Tolstoshein (2001, acting), Igor Belchuk (2001, acting), Valentin Dubinin (2001, acting), Yevgeny Nazdratenko (1993–2001), Vladimir Kuznetsov (1991–1993)\nStavropol Krai: Valery Zerenkov (2012–2013), Valery Gayevsky (2008–2012), Alexander Chernogorov (1996–2008); Pyotr Marchenko (1995–1996); Yevgeny Kuznetsov (1991–1995)\nZabaykalsky Krai:[Note 6] Aleksandr Kulakov (2018, acting), Natalia Zhdanova (2016–2018), Konstantin Ilkovsky (2013–2016), Ravil Geniatulin (2008–2013)\nAgin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug: Bair Zhamsuyev (1997–2008), Bolot Ayushiyev (1996-1997), Gurodarma Tsedashiyev (1991–1996)\nChita Oblast: Ravil Geniatulin (1996–2008), Boris Ivanov (1991–1996)\nAmur Oblast: Alexander Kozlov (2015–2018), Oleg Kozhemyako (2008–2015), Nikolay Kolesov (2007–2008), Aleksandr Nesterenko (2007, acting), Leonid Korotkov (2001–2007), Anatoly Belonogov (1997–2001), Yury Lyashko (1996–1997), Vladimir Dyachenko (1994–1996), Vladimir Polevanov (1993–1994), Aleksandr Surat (1993), Albert Krivchenko (1991–1993)\nArkhangelsk Oblast: Igor Orlov (2012-2020), Ilya Mikhalchuk (2008–2012), Nikolay Kiselyov (2004–2008), Anatoly Yefremov (1996–2004), Valentin Vlasov (1996, acting), Pavel Balakshin (1991–1996)\nAstrakhan Oblast: Sergey Morozov (2018-2019, acting), Alexander Zhilkin (2004–2018), Anatoly Guzhvin (1991–2004)\nBelgorod Oblast: Denis Butsayev (2020, acting), Yevgeny Savchenko (1993–2020), Viktor Berestovoy (1991–1993)\nBryansk Oblast: Nikolay Denin (2004–2014), Yury Lodkin (1996–2004), Aleksandr Semernyov (1996), Vladimir Barabanov (1995–1996), Vladimir Karpov (1993–1995), Yury Lodkin (1993), Vladimir Barabanov (1991–1993)\nChelyabinsk Oblast: Boris Dubrovsky (2014–2019), Mikhail Yurevich (2010–2014), Pyotr Sumin (1996–2010), Vadim Solovyov (1991–1996)\nIrkutsk Oblast: Sergey Levchenko (2015–2019), Sergey Yeroshchenko (2012–2015), Dmitry Mezentsev (2009–2012), Sergey Sokol (2009, acting), Igor Yesipovsky (2008–2009), Aleksandr Tishanin (2005–2008), Boris Govorin (1997–2005), Vitaly Ivanov (1997, acting), Yury Nozhikov (1991–1997)\nUst-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug: Valery Maleyev (1996–2007), Aleksey Batagayev (1991–1996)\nIvanovo Oblast: Pavel Konkov (2013–2017), Mikhail Men (2005–2013), Vladimir Tikhonov (2000–2005), Vladislav Tikhomirov (1996–2000), Adolf Laptev (1991–1996)\nKaliningrad Oblast: Sergei Yeliseyev (2024, acting), Anton Alikhanov (2017–2024), Yevgeny Zinichev (2016, acting), Nikolay Tsukanov (2010–2016), Georgy Boos (2005–2010), Vladimir Yegorov (2000–2005), Leonid Gorbenko (1996–2000), Yuri Matochkin (1991–1996)\nKaluga Oblast: Anatoly Artamonov (2000–2020), Valery Sudarenkov (1996–2000), Oleg Savchenko (1996), Aleksandr Deryagin (1991–1996)\nKemerovo Oblast: Sergey Tsivilyov (2018–2024), Aman Tuleyev (2001–2018), Valentin Mazikin (2001, acting), Aman Tuleyev (1997–2001), Mikhail Kislyuk (1991–1997)\nKirov Oblast: Igor Vasilyev (2016–2022), Aleksey Kuznetsov (2016, acting), Nikita Belykh (2009–2016), Nikolay Shaklein (2004–2009), Vladimir Sergeyenkov (1996–2004), Vasily Desyatnikov (1991–1996)\nKostroma Oblast: Igor Slyunyayev (2007–2012), Viktor Shershunov (1996–2007), Valery Arbuzov (1991–1996)\nKurgan Oblast: Aleksey Kokorin (2014–2018), Oleg Bogomolov (1997–2014), Anatoly Sobolev (1995–1997), Valentin Gerasimov (1991–1995)\nKursk Oblast: Roman Starovoyt (2018–2024), Alexander Mikhaylov (2000–2018), Aleksandr Rutskoy (1996–2000), Vasily Shuteyev (1991–1996)\nLeningrad Oblast: Valery Serdyukov (1998–2012), Vadim Gustov (1996–1998), Alexander Belyakov (1991–1996)\nLipetsk Oblast: Oleg Korolyov (1998–2018), Mikhail Narolin (1993–1998), Vladimir Zaytsev (1992–1993, acting) Gennady Kuptsov (1991–1992)\nMagadan Oblast: Vladimir Pechyony (2013-2018); Nikolay Dudov (2003–2013), Valentin Tsvetkov (1996–2002), Viktor Mikhailov (1991–1996)\nMoscow Oblast: Ruslan Tsalikov (2012, acting), Sergey Shoygu (2012), Boris Gromov (2000–2012), Vasily Golubev (1999–2000, acting), Anatoly Tyazhlov (1991–1999)\nMurmansk Oblast: Marina Kovtun (2012–2019), Dmitry Dmitriyenko (2009–2012), Yury Yevdokimov (1996–2009), Yevgeny Komarov (1991–1996)\nNizhny Novgorod Oblast: Valery Shantsev (2005–2017), Gennady Khodyrev (2001–2005), Ivan Sklyarov (1997–2001), Yury Lebedev (1997, acting), Boris Nemtsov (1991–1997)\nNovgorod Oblast: Sergey Mitin (2007–2017), Mikhail Prusak (1991–2007)\nNovosibirsk Oblast: Vladimir Gorodetsky (2014–2017), Vasily Yurchenko (2010–2014), Viktor Tolokonsky (2000–2010), Vitaly Mukha (1995–2000), Ivan Indinok (1993–1995), Vitaly Mukha (1991–1993)\nOmsk Oblast: Viktor Nazarov (2012–2017), Leonid Polezhayev (1991–2012)\nOrenburg Oblast: Yury Berg (2010–2019), Alexey Chernyshov (1999–2010), Vladimir Yelagin (1991–1999)\nOryol Oblast: Vadim Potomsky (2014–2017), Aleksandr Kozlov (2009–2014), Yegor Stroyev (1993–2009), Nikolay Yudin (1991–1993)\nPenza Oblast: Ivan Belozertsev (2015–2021), Vasily Bochkaryov (1998–2015), Anatoly Kovlyagin (1993–1998), Aleksandr Kondratyev (1991–1993)\nPskov Oblast: Andrey Turchak (2009–2017), Mikhail Kuznetsov (2004–2009), Yevgeny Mikhailov (1996–2004), Vladislav Tumanov (1992–1996), Anatoly Dobryakov (1991-1992)\nRostov Oblast: Vladimir Chub (1991–2010)\nRyazan Oblast: Nikolay Lyubimov (2017–2022), Oleg Kovalyov (2008–2017), Georgy Shpak (2004–2008), Vyacheslav Lyubimov (1997–2004), Igor Ivlev (1996–1997), Gennady Merkulov (1994–1996), Lev Bashmakov (1991–1994)\nSakhalin Oblast: Vera Shcherbina (2018, acting), Oleg Kozhemyako (2015–2018), Alexander Khoroshavin (2007–2015), Ivan Malakhov (2003–2007), Igor Farkhutdinov (1995–2003), Yevgeny Krasnoyarov (1993–1995), Valentin Fyodorov (1991–1993)\nSamara Oblast: Dmitry Azarov (2017–2024), Nikolay Merkushkin (2012–2017), Vladimir Artyakov (2007–2012), Konstantin Titov (1991–2007)\nSaratov Oblast: Valery Radayev (2012–2022), Pavel Ipatov (2005–2012), Dmitry Ayatskov (1996–2005), Yury Belykh (1992–1996)\nSmolensk Oblast: Alexey Ostrovsky (2012–2023), Sergey Antufyev (2007–2012), Viktor Maslov (2002–2007), Aleksandr Prokhorov (1998–2002), Anatoly Glushenkov (1993–1998), Valery Fateyev (1991–1993)\nSverdlovsk Oblast: Alexander Misharin (2009–2012), Eduard Rossel (1995–2009), Aleksey Strakhov (1994–1995), Valery Trushnikov (1993–1994, acting), Eduard Rossel (1991–1993)\nTambov Oblast: Alexander Nikitin (2015–2021), Oleg Betin (1999–2015), Aleksandr Ryabov (1995–1999), Oleg Betin (1995), Vladimir Babenko (1991–1995)\nTomsk Oblast: Sergey Zhvachkin (2012–2022), Viktor Kress (1991–2012)\nTula Oblast: Aleksey Dyumin (2016–2024), Vladimir Gruzdev (2011–2016), Vyacheslav Dudka (2005–2011), Vasiliy Starodubtsev (1997–2005), Nikolai Sevryugin (1991–1997)\nTver Oblast: Andrey Shevelyov (2011–2016), Dmitry Zelenin (2003–2011), Vladimir Platov (1995–2003), Vladimir Suslov (1991–1995)\nTyumen Oblast: Sergey Sarychev (2018, acting), Vladimir Yakushev (2005–2018), Sergey Smetanyuk (2005, acting), Sergey Sobyanin (2001–2005), Leonid Roketsky [ru] (1993–2001), Yury Shafranik (1991–1993)\nUlyanovsk Oblast: Sergei Morozov (2005–2021), Maria Bolshakova (2004–2005, acting), Vladimir Shamanov (2001–2004), Yury Goryachev [ru] (1992–2001)\nVladimir Oblast: Vladimir Sipyagin (2018–2021), Svetlana Orlova (2013–2018), Nikolay Vinogradov (1996–2013), Yury Vlasov (1991–1996)\nVolgograd Oblast: Sergey Bozhenov (2012–2014), Anatoly Brovko (2010–2012), Nikolay Maksyuta (1997–2010), Ivan Shabunin (1991–1997)\nVologda Oblast: Vyacheslav Pozgalyov (1996–2011), Nikolay Podgornov (1991–1996)\nVoronezh Oblast: Alexey Gordeyev (2009–2017), Vladimir Kulakov (2000–2009), Ivan Shabanov (1996–2000), Aleksandr Tsapin (1996), Aleksandr Kovalyov (1992–1996), Viktor Kalasnikov (1991–1992)\nYaroslavl Oblast: Dmitry Mironov (2017–2021), Sergey Yastrebov (2012–2017), Sergey Vakhrukov (2007–2012), Anatoly Lisitsyn (1991–2007)\nMoscow: Vladimir Resin (2010, acting), Yury Luzhkov (1992–2010), Gavriil Popov (1991–1992)\nSaint Petersburg: Georgy Poltavchenko (2011–2018), Valentina Matviyenko (2003–2011), Alexander Beglov (acting, 2003), Vladimir Yakovlev (1996–2003), Anatoly Sobchak (1991–1996)\nSevastopol:[Note 7] Dmitry Ovsyannikov (2016–2019), Sergey Menyaylo (2014–2016), Aleksei Chaly (2014, acting)\nJewish Autonomous Oblast: Alexander Levintal (2015–2019), Alexander Vinnikov (2010–2015), Nikolay Volkov (1991–2010)\nChukotka Autonomous Okrug: Roman Kopin (2008–2023), Roman Abramovich (2001–2008), Aleksandr Nazarov (1991–2000)\nKhanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug: Natalya Komarova (2010–2024), Alexander Filipenko (1991–2010)\nNenets Autonomous Okrug: Alexander Tsybulsky (2017–2020), Igor Koshin (2014–2017), Igor Fyodorov [ru] (2009–2014), Valery Potapenko (2006–2009), Alexey Barinov (2005–2006), Vladimir Butov [ru] (1996–2005), Vladimir Khabarov (1996), Yury Komarovsky (1991–1996)\nYamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Dmitry Kobylkin (2010–2018), Yury Neyolov [ru] (1994–2010), Lev Bayandin (1991–1994)","title":"Former"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Share_of_years_of_rule_of_titular_ethnic_groups_among_the_heads_of_the_republics_of_Russia_since_1991.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"Adygea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adygea"},{"link_name":"Altai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Republic"},{"link_name":"Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"Buryatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryatia"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"Ingushetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingushetia"},{"link_name":"Kabardino-Balkaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria"},{"link_name":"Kalmykia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmykia"},{"link_name":"Karachay-Cherkessia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia"},{"link_name":"Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia"},{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mari El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_El"},{"link_name":"Mordovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordovia"},{"link_name":"Yakutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_Republic"},{"link_name":"North Ossetia–Alania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania"},{"link_name":"Tatarstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstan"},{"link_name":"Tuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva"},{"link_name":"Udmurtia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtia"},{"link_name":"Khakassia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakassia"},{"link_name":"Chechnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya"},{"link_name":"Chuvashia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvashia"}],"text":"Share of years of rule of titular ethnic groups in the republics since 1991Ethnicity of heads of Republics of Russia since 1991.[3]years\n\n1991-92\n\n1992-93\n\n1993-94\n\n1994-95\n\n1995-96\n\n1996-97\n\n1997-98\n\n1998-99\n\n1999-00\n\n2000-01\n\n2001-02\n\n2002-03\n\n2003-04\n\n2004-05\n\n2005-06\n\n2006-07\n\n2007-08\n\n2008-09\n\n2009-10\n\n2010-11\n\n2011-12\n\n2012-13\n\n2013-14\n\n2014-15\n\n2015-16\n\n2016-17\n\n2017-18\n\n2018-19\n\n2019-20\n\n2020-21\n\n2021-22\n\n\nAdygea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAltai\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBashkortostan\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBuryatia\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDagestan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIngushetia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKabardino-Balkaria\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKalmykia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKarachay-Cherkessia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKarelia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKomi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMari El\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMordovia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYakutia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNorth Ossetia–Alania\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTatarstan\n\n\n\n\n\nTuva\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUdmurtia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKhakassia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChechnya\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChuvashia","title":"Ethnicity of heads of Republics of Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Crimea_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Crimea_1-1"},{"link_name":"De facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"internationally recognized part of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DL_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DL_3-1"},{"link_name":"annexed by Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HZ_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HZ_4-1"},{"link_name":"annexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Kamchatka Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Koryak Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryak_Okrug"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Permyak_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Perm Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_Oblast"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zabaykalsky_Krai_8-0"},{"link_name":"Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agin-Buryat_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Chita Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita_Oblast"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ a b De facto controlled by Russia but Crimea remains de jure internationally recognized part of Ukraine.\n\n^ a b Established in 2014 as a breakaway state in Eastern Ukraine, annexed by Russia following a controversial referendum in September 2022. Portions of the region are out of Russian control.\n\n^ a b Occupied by Russia in February–March 2022, annexed following a controversial referendum in September 2022. Portions of the region are out of Russian control.\n\n^ The Kamchatka Krai was created on July 1, 2007 as a result of the merger of Kamchatka Oblast and Koryak Okrug\n\n^ The Perm Krai was created on December 1, 2005 as a result of the merger of Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug and Perm Oblast\n\n^ The Zabaykalsky Krai was created on March 1, 2008 as a result of the merger of Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug and Chita Oblast\n\n^ De facto controlled by Russia but Crimea remains de jure internationally recognized part of Ukraine.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Governors by party affiliation United Russia Communist Party Liberal Democratic Party A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth Independent ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Russian_Governors_map.png/300px-Russian_Governors_map.png"},{"image_text":"Share of years of rule of titular ethnic groups in the republics since 1991","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Share_of_years_of_rule_of_titular_ethnic_groups_among_the_heads_of_the_republics_of_Russia_since_1991.png/220px-Share_of_years_of_rule_of_titular_ethnic_groups_among_the_heads_of_the_republics_of_Russia_since_1991.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64156","external_links_name":"Сергей Меликов назначен врио Главы Республики Дагестан"},{"Link":"https://tass.ru/politika/5540826","external_links_name":"Врио главы ЯНАО Дмитрий Артюхов избран губернатором региона"},{"Link":"http://rulers.org/russdiv.html","external_links_name":"Rulers.org"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/43336419/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8._%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_._%D0%92_2_%D1%82._%D0%A2._I._%D0%9A%D0%BD._I_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_","external_links_name":"Глава субъекта Российской Федерации. История губернаторов. Том I. История. Книга I. — М., 2019. — 600 с."},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/43336378/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8._%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_._%D0%92_2_%D1%82._%D0%A2._I._%D0%9A%D0%BD._II_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_","external_links_name":"Глава субъекта Российской Федерации. История губернаторов. Том I. История. Книга II. — М., 2019. — 624 с."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda_Noginsk	Nadezhda Noginsk	["1 References","2 External links"]	Football clubNadezhda NoginskFull nameFK Nadezhda NoginskFounded2001Dissolved2008GroundStadion Avtomovilist, NoginskLeagueFootball Championship20085th Home colours Away colours Nadezhda Noginsk was a Russian women's football from Noginsk, founded in 2001. It competed for seven years in the top division before it was disbanded following the end of the 2008 season. Nadezhda was third in 2005, 2006 and 2007 and reached the national Cup semifinals twice. References ^ Womenfootball.ru External links Official webpage This article about a Russian association football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_soccer"},{"link_name":"Noginsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noginsk"},{"link_name":"top division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_women%27s_football_championship"},{"link_name":"national Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Nadezhda Noginsk was a Russian women's football from Noginsk, founded in 2001.It competed for seven years in the top division before it was disbanded following the end of the 2008 season. Nadezhda was third in 2005, 2006 and 2007 and reached the national Cup semifinals twice.[1]","title":"Nadezhda Noginsk"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.womenfootball.ru/teams/nadezh.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://nadezhda-nogin.ucoz.ru/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadezhda_Noginsk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_Sentnor	Ally Sentnor	["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Club career","4 International career","5 Awards and honors","6 References","7 External links"]	American soccer player (born 2004) Ally Sentnor Sentnor with North Carolina in 2023Personal informationFull name Allyson Marie SentnorDate of birth (2004-02-18) February 18, 2004 (age 20)Height 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m)Position(s) Midfielder / forwardTeam informationCurrent team Utah RoyalsNumber 9College careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2021–2023 North Carolina 48 (21)Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2024– Utah Royals 11 (2)International career‡2018–2019 United States U17 4 (3)2019 United States U18 2 (2)2022– United States U20 12 (7) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of May 25, 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of June 3, 2024 Allyson Marie Sentnor (born February 18, 2004) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a forward for the Utah Royals of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and the United States national under-20 team. She played college soccer for the North Carolina Tar Heels and was drafted first overall by the Royals in 2024. Early life Sentnor grew up in Hanson, Massachusetts, in Boston's South Shore, the oldest of three children born to Richard and Lee Sentnor. She began playing soccer at age four, and her father coached her first team. She scored so often in her childhood that her father would put her in goal or let her score only with her non-dominant left foot, which helped her develop equal comfort off both feet. She played club soccer from age six for South Shore Select of Hingham, Massachusetts, and often trained with the Boston Bolts boys' team. She also played futsal, an indoor soccer variant, which helped develop her touch in limited space. She graduated a year early from Thayer Academy in 2021, where she began playing varsity soccer as an eighth grader. College career Sentnor began attending the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the fall of 2021, but suffered an ACL tear minutes into her first preseason game and took nine months to recover after surgery. She returned to the college field in fall 2022, scoring in her debut against UNC Wilmington . She scored ten goals in her redshirt freshman season, including five in the 2022 NCAA tournament where North Carolina reached the final, and was named to the All-ACC first team. In the 2023 season, she led the team with 11 goals and 7 assists and was named the ACC Midfielder of the Year, first-team All-ACC, and third-team All-American. She finished her college career having contributed a goal or assist in each of her last seven games. Club career The Utah Royals, returning to the NWSL after four years, selected Sentnor with the first overall pick in the 2024 NWSL Draft; she and North Carolina teammate Savy King were the top two picks. She signed a three-year contract with the club in February 2024. She played in the starting lineup from the season opener against the Chicago Red Stars on March 16. She recorded her first professional goal on March 22 in a 2–1 home win over the North Carolina Courage, scoring from the corner of the penalty box off a long dribble. International career Sentnor began participating in youth national team training camps in seventh grade. She was the youngest player, at age 12, at an under-14 team camp in July 2016 and, at 13, at an under-15 team camp in June 2017. She traveled to Germany as the youngest member of the under-15 team in November 2017, scoring five goals in two games. In 2018, she was named the most valuable player of the Weifang Cup, which she won with the under-15 team. She was the youngest player for the under-18 team in February 2019 when she scored twice in two friendlies against England. Following her ACL recovery, Sentnor was called up to the national under-20 team and played in her first official match at that level at the 2022 Sud Ladies Cup. She appeared in all three group stage matches at 2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, scoring once against Ghana. The next year, she scored four goals at the 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship to help the team qualify for the 2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. Awards and honors Individual Sports Illustrated SportsKid of the Year: 2019 References ^ "FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Costa Rica 2022 – Squad List" (PDF). FIFA. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ a b "Ally Sentnor – Women's Soccer". University of North Carolina Athletics. Retrieved December 3, 2023. ^ Sigal, Jonathan (September 5, 2018). "Thayer Academy freshman Ally Sentnor carries sky-high potential". New England Soccer Journal. Retrieved December 13, 2023. ^ Funayama, Naoko (January 12, 2024). "Mass. soccer star is top draft pick in women's soccer league". WCVB-TV. Retrieved January 13, 2024. ^ a b c Touri, Amin (March 13, 2024). "How Hanson's Ally Sentnor, the NWSL's top draft pick, became 'destined for greatness'". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. ^ Musarurwa, Kudzi (April 5, 2024). "Ally Sentnor wants to make impactful plays whenever she can for the Utah Royals". All for XI. SB Nation. Retrieved April 24, 2024. ^ a b c d e "Ally Sentnor's First CONCACAF". United States Soccer Federation. May 22, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ Monroe, Noah (October 2, 2023). "Top-scorer Ally Sentnor leads UNC women's soccer to 4–0 win at N.C. State". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved December 13, 2023. ^ Bachman, Rachel (August 4, 2023). "U.S. Women's Soccer Is Struggling. Thinking Small Could Help". Archived from the original on August 18, 2023. ^ Sigal, Jonathan (November 18, 2020). "Ally Sentnor accelerates graduation timeline, joins UNC's Class of 2021". New England Soccer Journal. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ Ferris, Sammy (April 11, 2022). "A victory off the field: UNC women's soccer star's campaign for recovery". UNC Media Hub. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ Koh, Michael (September 19, 2022). "'A Long Trek Back': UNC's Ally Sentnor Returns to the Pitch After ACL Injury". Chapelboro.com. Retrieved December 13, 2023. ^ Ware, Lindsey. "Ally Sentnor makes her 'poetic return' to UNC women's soccer in victory over UNCW". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ "Patterson, Sentnor Nab United Soccer Coaches All-America Honors". University of North Carolina Athletics. December 1, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2023. ^ Wei, Daniel (January 6, 2024). "UNC women's soccer midfielder Ally Sentnor to pursue professional career". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved January 13, 2024. ^ "Utah Royals FC pick UNC's Ally Sentnor first overall in NWSL draft". ESPN. January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024. ^ "Former UNC Standout Signs With Utah Royals FC". Utah Royals. Retrieved February 20, 2024. ^ Funayama, Naoko (March 20, 2024). "Massachusetts native reflects on her professional soccer debut". WCVB-TV. Retrieved April 24, 2024. ^ Rantz, Susie (March 23, 2024). "Expansion Utah wins first NWSL match 2–1 over North Carolina. Angel City and Orlando play to 1–1 tie". Associated Press. Retrieved April 24, 2024. ^ "Ally Sentnor selected to attend the US U14 Girls' National Training Camp in Colorado". South Shore Select. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ "Lilly Reale and Ally Sentnor Attend U15 U.S. National Training Camp". South Shore Select. June 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ Scavuzzo, Diane (November 4, 2017). "U.S. U15 Girls National Team Win Twice in Germany". SoccerToday. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ "U.S. U-15 GNT earns three-game sweep at CFA Tournament in China". United States Soccer Federation. August 31, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2023 – via SoccerWire. ^ Sigal, Jonathan (February 9, 2019). "Ally Sentnor called into U.S. U-18 national team". New England Soccer Journal. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ "U.S. U-18 WNT Draws 2–2 with England in First of Two Matches to Start New Cycle". United States Soccer Federation. February 23, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ "U.S. U-20 Women's Youth National Team Falls to Mexico 2–1 in Hard-Fought CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship Final". United States Soccer Federation. June 4, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023. ^ Langone, Matt (June 12, 2023). "Ally Sentnor reflects on success with U.S. U-20 team, comeback from injury". New England Soccer Journal. Retrieved December 13, 2023. ^ Lukpat, Alyssa (December 19, 2019). "Meet the Hanson soccer star, 15, crowned Sports Illustrated's SportsKid of the Year". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on December 13, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ally Sentnor. Ally Sentnor at Soccerway vteUtah Royals – current squad 1 Haught 3 Griffitts 4 Monaghan 5 Flynn 6 Nyberg 7 Vasconcelos 8 Del Fava 9 Sentnor 10 Henry 11 Onumonu 12 Burns 13 Merrick 14 Fraser 15 Mozingo 16 Pogarch 17 Tejada 18 Riehl 19 Tagliaferri 20 Tucker 21 Cluff 22 Foederer 24 Gray 27 Nelson 28 Dorsey 32 Roque 33 Betfort Head coach: Rodriguez vteList of first overall NWSL draft picks 2013: Bywaters 2014: Dunn 2015: Brian 2016: Sonnett 2017: Lavelle 2018: Sullivan 2019: Davidson 2020: Smith 2021: Fox 2022: Girma 2023: Thompson 2024: Sentnor vteAtlantic Coast Conference Women's Soccer Player of the YearPlayer of the Year 1987: Henry 1988: Hamilton 1989: Higgins 1990: Hamm 1991: Lilly 1992: Hamm 1993: Hamm 1994: Venturini 1995: Walbert 1996: Taylor 1997: Melde 1998: Parlow 1999: Fair 2000: Lindsey 2001: Lindsey 2002: Arrington 2003: Tarpley Offensive Player of the Year 2004: McCluskey 2005: O'Reilly 2006: Averbuch 2007: Yamaguchi 2008: Nogueira 2009: McCarty 2010: Farrelly 2011: Stengel 2012: Miller 2013: Dunn 2014: Brynjarsdóttir 2015: Doniak 2016: Shaffer 2017: Dorsey 2018: Russo 2019: Castellanos 2020: Ekic 2021: Ordóñez 2022: Cooper 2023: Echegini Defensive Player of the Year 2004: Huffman 2005: Ford 2006: Georges 2007: Sauerbrunn 2008: Krzysik 2009: Engen 2010: Dunn 2011: Anasi 2012: Dunn 2013: Kallman 2014: Grubka 2015: Sonnett 2016: Gibbons 2017: DeBree 2018: Staab 2019: Berkely 2020: Berkely 2021: Madril 2022: Gaetino 2023: Gaetino Midfielder of the Year 2014: Colaprico 2015: Connolly 2016: Shaffer 2017: Quinn 2018: Coffey 2019: Castellanos 2020: Howell 2021: Howell 2022: Albert 2023: Sentnor Goalkeeper of the Year 2022: Roque 2023: Mackiewicz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Utah Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Royals"},{"link_name":"National Women's Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"United States national under-20 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Tar Heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_women%27s_soccer"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_NWSL_Draft"}],"text":"Allyson Marie Sentnor (born February 18, 2004) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a forward for the Utah Royals of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and the United States national under-20 team. She played college soccer for the North Carolina Tar Heels and was drafted first overall by the Royals in 2024.","title":"Ally Sentnor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanson, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"South Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNC-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BG24-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hingham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Boston Bolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bolts_(USL)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BG24-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USS2023-7"},{"link_name":"futsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Thayer Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thayer_Academy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BG24-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Sentnor grew up in Hanson, Massachusetts, in Boston's South Shore, the oldest of three children born to Richard and Lee Sentnor.[2][3] She began playing soccer at age four, and her father coached her first team.[4] She scored so often in her childhood that her father would put her in goal or let her score only with her non-dominant left foot, which helped her develop equal comfort off both feet.[5][6] She played club soccer from age six for South Shore Select of Hingham, Massachusetts, and often trained with the Boston Bolts boys' team.[5][7] She also played futsal, an indoor soccer variant, which helped develop her touch in limited space.[8][9] She graduated a year early from Thayer Academy in 2021, where she began playing varsity soccer as an eighth grader.[5][10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"ACL tear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNC2022-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"UNC Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_Wilmington_Seahawks_women%27s_soccer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DTH2022-13"},{"link_name":"2022 NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_soccer_tournament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNC-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Sentnor began attending the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the fall of 2021, but suffered an ACL tear minutes into her first preseason game and took nine months to recover after surgery.[11][12] She returned to the college field in fall 2022, scoring in her debut against UNC Wilmington .[13] She scored ten goals in her redshirt freshman season, including five in the 2022 NCAA tournament where North Carolina reached the final, and was named to the All-ACC first team.[2] In the 2023 season, she led the team with 11 goals and 7 assists and was named the ACC Midfielder of the Year, first-team All-ACC, and third-team All-American.[14] She finished her college career having contributed a goal or assist in each of her last seven games.[15]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utah Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Royals"},{"link_name":"2024 NWSL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_NWSL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Savy King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savy_King"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Chicago Red Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Red_Stars"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Courage"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Utah Royals, returning to the NWSL after four years, selected Sentnor with the first overall pick in the 2024 NWSL Draft; she and North Carolina teammate Savy King were the top two picks.[16] She signed a three-year contract with the club in February 2024.[17] She played in the starting lineup from the season opener against the Chicago Red Stars on March 16.[18] She recorded her first professional goal on March 22 in a 2–1 home win over the North Carolina Courage, scoring from the corner of the penalty box off a long dribble.[19]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USS2023-7"},{"link_name":"under-14 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_girls%27_national_under-14_soccer_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"under-15 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_girls%27_national_under-15_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USS2023-7"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Weifang Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weifang_Cup"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"under-18 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-18_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"national under-20 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"2022 Sud Ladies Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sud_Ladies_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USS2023-7"},{"link_name":"2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USS2023-7"},{"link_name":"2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_CONCACAF_Women%27s_U-20_Championship"},{"link_name":"2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Sentnor began participating in youth national team training camps in seventh grade.[7] She was the youngest player, at age 12, at an under-14 team camp in July 2016 and, at 13, at an under-15 team camp in June 2017.[20][21] She traveled to Germany as the youngest member of the under-15 team in November 2017, scoring five goals in two games.[7][22] In 2018, she was named the most valuable player of the Weifang Cup, which she won with the under-15 team.[23] She was the youngest player for the under-18 team in February 2019 when she scored twice in two friendlies against England.[24][25]Following her ACL recovery, Sentnor was called up to the national under-20 team and played in her first official match at that level at the 2022 Sud Ladies Cup.[7] She appeared in all three group stage matches at 2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, scoring once against Ghana.[7] The next year, she scored four goals at the 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship to help the team qualify for the 2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.[26][27]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated SportsKid of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportsKid_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"IndividualSports Illustrated SportsKid of the Year: 2019[28]","title":"Awards and honors"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Costa Rica 2022 – Squad List\" (PDF). FIFA. Retrieved December 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce42/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf","url_text":"\"FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Costa Rica 2022 – Squad List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA","url_text":"FIFA"}]},{"reference":"\"Ally Sentnor – Women's Soccer\". University of North Carolina Athletics. Retrieved December 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ally-sentnor/24533","url_text":"\"Ally Sentnor – Women's Soccer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels","url_text":"University of North Carolina Athletics"}]},{"reference":"Sigal, Jonathan (September 5, 2018). \"Thayer Academy freshman Ally Sentnor carries sky-high potential\". New England Soccer Journal. Retrieved December 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nesoccerjournal.com/ally-sentnor-thayer-academy-us-soccer/","url_text":"\"Thayer Academy freshman Ally Sentnor carries sky-high potential\""}]},{"reference":"Funayama, Naoko (January 12, 2024). \"Mass. soccer star is top draft pick in women's soccer league\". WCVB-TV. Retrieved January 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcvb.com/article/meet-the-mass-woman-who-s-a-top-prospect-in-a-new-soccer-league/46355633","url_text":"\"Mass. soccer star is top draft pick in women's soccer league\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCVB-TV","url_text":"WCVB-TV"}]},{"reference":"Touri, Amin (March 13, 2024). \"How Hanson's Ally Sentnor, the NWSL's top draft pick, became 'destined for greatness'\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20240313141630/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/03/13/sports/ally-sentnor-nwsl/","url_text":"\"How Hanson's Ally Sentnor, the NWSL's top draft pick, became 'destined for greatness'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/03/13/sports/ally-sentnor-nwsl/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Musarurwa, Kudzi (April 5, 2024). \"Ally Sentnor wants to make impactful plays whenever she can for the Utah Royals\". All for XI. SB Nation. Retrieved April 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allforxi.com/2024/4/5/24116144/ally-sentnor-wants-to-make-impactful-plays-whenever-she-can-for-the-utah-royals","url_text":"\"Ally Sentnor wants to make impactful plays whenever she can for the Utah Royals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB_Nation","url_text":"SB Nation"}]},{"reference":"\"Ally Sentnor's First CONCACAF\". United States Soccer Federation. May 22, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/05/ally-sentnors-first-concacaf","url_text":"\"Ally Sentnor's First CONCACAF\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation","url_text":"United States Soccer Federation"}]},{"reference":"Monroe, Noah (October 2, 2023). \"Top-scorer Ally Sentnor leads UNC women's soccer to 4–0 win at N.C. State\". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved December 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2023/10/sports-womens-soccer-nc-state-side-sept-2023-anson-dorrance-ally-sentnor","url_text":"\"Top-scorer Ally Sentnor leads UNC women's soccer to 4–0 win at N.C. State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Tar_Heel","url_text":"The Daily Tar Heel"}]},{"reference":"Bachman, Rachel (August 4, 2023). \"U.S. Women's Soccer Is Struggling. Thinking Small Could Help\". Archived from the original on August 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20230818101041/https://www.wsj.com/sports/soccer/us-womens-soccer-world-cup-futsal-sweden-39845889","url_text":"\"U.S. Women's Soccer Is Struggling. Thinking Small Could Help\""},{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/sports/soccer/us-womens-soccer-world-cup-futsal-sweden-39845889","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sigal, Jonathan (November 18, 2020). \"Ally Sentnor accelerates graduation timeline, joins UNC's Class of 2021\". New England Soccer Journal. Retrieved December 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nesoccerjournal.com/ally-sentnor-accelerates-graduation-timeline-joins-uncs-class-of-2021/","url_text":"\"Ally Sentnor accelerates graduation timeline, joins UNC's Class of 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Ferris, Sammy (April 11, 2022). \"A victory off the field: UNC women's soccer star's campaign for recovery\". UNC Media Hub. Retrieved December 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mediahub.unc.edu/a-victory-off-the-field-unc-womens-soccer-stars-campaign-for-recovery/","url_text":"\"A victory off the field: UNC women's soccer star's campaign for recovery\""}]},{"reference":"Koh, Michael (September 19, 2022). \"'A Long Trek Back': UNC's Ally Sentnor Returns to the Pitch After ACL Injury\". Chapelboro.com. Retrieved December 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://chapelboro.com/sports/a-long-trek-back-ally-sentnors-return-giving-unc-womens-soccer-a-boost","url_text":"\"'A Long Trek Back': UNC's Ally Sentnor Returns to the Pitch After ACL Injury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelboro.com","url_text":"Chapelboro.com"}]},{"reference":"Ware, Lindsey. \"Ally Sentnor makes her 'poetic return' to UNC women's soccer in victory over UNCW\". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved December 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2022/08/unc-womens-soccer-ally-sentnor-return-acl-uncw-anson-dorrance-world-cup-u20","url_text":"\"Ally Sentnor makes her 'poetic return' to UNC women's soccer in victory over UNCW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Tar_Heel","url_text":"The Daily Tar Heel"}]},{"reference":"\"Patterson, Sentnor Nab United Soccer Coaches All-America Honors\". University of North Carolina Athletics. December 1, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://goheels.com/news/2023/12/1/womens-soccer-patterson-sentnor-nab-united-soccer-coaches-all-america-honors","url_text":"\"Patterson, Sentnor Nab United Soccer Coaches All-America Honors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels","url_text":"University of North Carolina Athletics"}]},{"reference":"Wei, Daniel (January 6, 2024). \"UNC women's soccer midfielder Ally Sentnor to pursue professional career\". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved January 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2024/01/sports-womens-soccer-breaking-ally-sentnor-pro-career-jan-2024","url_text":"\"UNC women's soccer midfielder Ally Sentnor to pursue professional career\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Tar_Heel","url_text":"The Daily Tar Heel"}]},{"reference":"\"Utah Royals FC pick UNC's Ally Sentnor first overall in NWSL draft\". ESPN. January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/39296317/utah-royals-fc-pick-unc-midfielder-ally-sentnor-first-overall-nwsl-draft","url_text":"\"Utah Royals FC pick UNC's Ally Sentnor first overall in NWSL draft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Former UNC Standout Signs With Utah Royals FC\". Utah Royals. Retrieved February 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsl.com/utahroyals/news/former-unc-standout-signs-with-utah-royals-fc","url_text":"\"Former UNC Standout Signs With Utah Royals FC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Royals","url_text":"Utah Royals"}]},{"reference":"Funayama, Naoko (March 20, 2024). \"Massachusetts native reflects on her professional soccer debut\". WCVB-TV. Retrieved April 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcvb.com/article/massachusetts-native-ally-sentnor-pro-soccer-debut/60259217","url_text":"\"Massachusetts native reflects on her professional soccer debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCVB-TV","url_text":"WCVB-TV"}]},{"reference":"Rantz, Susie (March 23, 2024). \"Expansion Utah wins first NWSL match 2–1 over North Carolina. Angel City and Orlando play to 1–1 tie\". Associated Press. Retrieved April 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/nwsl-score-angel-city-pride-royals-courage-8b6705dbb14bca433f1b971cd67e48a9","url_text":"\"Expansion Utah wins first NWSL match 2–1 over North Carolina. Angel City and Orlando play to 1–1 tie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Ally Sentnor selected to attend the US U14 Girls' National Training Camp in Colorado\". South Shore Select. Retrieved December 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://selectma.com/ally-sentnor-selected-to-attend-the-us-u14-girls-national-training-camp-in-colorado/","url_text":"\"Ally Sentnor selected to attend the US U14 Girls' National Training Camp in Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lilly Reale and Ally Sentnor Attend U15 U.S. National Training Camp\". South Shore Select. June 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://selectma.com/lilly-reale-ally-sentnor-attend-u15-u-s-national-training-camp/","url_text":"\"Lilly Reale and Ally Sentnor Attend U15 U.S. National Training Camp\""}]},{"reference":"Scavuzzo, Diane (November 4, 2017). \"U.S. U15 Girls National Team Win Twice in Germany\". SoccerToday. Retrieved December 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccertoday.com/u-s-u15-girls-national-team-win-twice-in-germany/","url_text":"\"U.S. U15 Girls National Team Win Twice in Germany\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. U-15 GNT earns three-game sweep at CFA Tournament in China\". United States Soccer Federation. August 31, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2023 – via SoccerWire.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerwire.com/news/u-s-u-15-girls-national-team-completes-sweep-at-cfa-tournament-in-china/","url_text":"\"U.S. U-15 GNT earns three-game sweep at CFA Tournament in China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation","url_text":"United States Soccer Federation"}]},{"reference":"Sigal, Jonathan (February 9, 2019). \"Ally Sentnor called into U.S. U-18 national team\". New England Soccer Journal. Retrieved December 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nesoccerjournal.com/ally-sentnor-called-into-u-s-u-18-national-team/","url_text":"\"Ally Sentnor called into U.S. U-18 national team\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. U-18 WNT Draws 2–2 with England in First of Two Matches to Start New Cycle\". United States Soccer Federation. February 23, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/02/us-u18-wnt-draws-22-with-england-in-first-of-two-matches-to-start-new-cycle","url_text":"\"U.S. U-18 WNT Draws 2–2 with England in First of Two Matches to Start New Cycle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation","url_text":"United States Soccer Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. U-20 Women's Youth National Team Falls to Mexico 2–1 in Hard-Fought CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship Final\". United States Soccer Federation. June 4, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/06/2023-concacaf-womens-u-20-championship-usa-1-mexico-2-match-report-stats-standings","url_text":"\"U.S. U-20 Women's Youth National Team Falls to Mexico 2–1 in Hard-Fought CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship Final\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation","url_text":"United States Soccer Federation"}]},{"reference":"Langone, Matt (June 12, 2023). \"Ally Sentnor reflects on success with U.S. U-20 team, comeback from injury\". New England Soccer Journal. Retrieved December 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nesoccerjournal.com/ally-sentnor-reflects-on-time-with-u-s-u-20-team-comeback-from-injury/","url_text":"\"Ally Sentnor reflects on success with U.S. U-20 team, comeback from injury\""}]},{"reference":"Lukpat, Alyssa (December 19, 2019). \"Meet the Hanson soccer star, 15, crowned Sports Illustrated's SportsKid of the Year\". The Boston Globe. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1992)	Irish People's Liberation Organisation	["1 Foundation","2 Internal feud","3 Disbandment","4 Casualties","5 List of attacks and actions","5.1 1986","5.2 1987","5.3 1988","5.4 1989","5.5 1990","5.6 1991","5.7 1992","5.8 1997","6 See also","7 References"]	Former Irish Republican paramilitary group Irish People's Liberation OrganisationCommemorative flag of the IPLO.LeadersJimmy Brown, Gerard SteensonSammy Ward (IPLOBB Leader), Martin O'PreyDates of operation1986 – May 1992Split fromIrish National Liberation ArmyGroup(s)Republican Socialist Collective (political wing)Active regionsIrelandIdeologyIrish republicanismLeft-wing nationalismRevolutionary socialismSize150–200Opponents United Kingdom British Army Royal Ulster Constabulary Ulster loyalist paramilitariesProvisional IRAIrish National Liberation ArmyBattles and warsThe TroublesPreceded byIrish National Liberation Army Part of a series onIrish republicanism Concepts Abstentionism Anti-imperialism Armalite and ballot box strategy Dissident republican Éire Nua Irish nationalism Irish republican legitimism New Departure Radicalism Republicanism United Ireland History Irish Rebellion of 1798 Acts of Union 1800 Irish rebellion of 1803 Young Ireland rebellion Fenian Rising Fenian raids Fenian dynamite campaign Easter Rising 1918 general election Irish revolutionary period Irish War of Independence Irish Civil War 1932 general election S-Plan Border Campaign The Troubles Arms Crisis 1981 Irish hunger strike Good Friday Agreement Dissident Irish republican campaign People Gerry Adams Cathal Brugha Neil Blaney Tom Clarke James Connolly Seamus Costello Éamon de Valera Robert Emmet Cathal Goulding Thomas J. Kelly Seán Mac Stíofáin Seán MacBride Terence MacSwiney Constance Markievicz Bernadette Devlin Martin McGuinness Ruairí Ó Brádaigh Dáithí Ó Conaill Peadar O'Donnell John O'Mahony Patrick Pearse Seán Russell Bobby Sands James Stephens Wolfe Tone Moss Twomey Active parties Aontú Éirígí Fianna Fáil Irish Republican Socialist Party Republican Network for Unity Republican Sinn Féin Saoradh Sinn Féin Defunct parties All Ireland Anti-Partition League Anti H-Block Aontacht Éireann Clann na Poblachta Clann Éireann Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist) Córas na Poblachta Cumann na Poblachta Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann Fianna Uladh Independent Fianna Fáil Irish Anti-Partition League Irish Independence Party Irish Socialist Republican Party Irish Workers' Group (1976) National Corporate Party Northern Council for Unity Republican Congress Republican Labour Party Republican Socialist Collective Saor Éire SLISO Socialist Republican Party Militant groupsActive Arm na Poblachta Continuity IRA Cumann na mBan‎ Fianna Éireann Irish Republican Liberation Army Irish Republican Movement New IRA Inactive Irish National Liberation Army Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group) Defunct Connolly Column Irish Brigade Irish Citizen Army Irish National Invincibles Irish People's Liberation Organisation Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) Irish Republican Brotherhood Irish Revolutionary Forces Irish Volunteers Official IRA Provisional IRA Real IRA Republican Action Against Drugs Republican Defence Army Saor Éire (1967–1975) Saor Uladh Society of United Irishmen South Armagh Republican Action Force Young Ireland Active Organisations 32 County Sovereignty Movement Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland Cabhair Connolly Association Connolly Youth Movement IRPWA Irish National Congress IRSCNA NORAID National Graves Association, Belfast National Graves Association Revolutionary Housing League Wolfe Tone Societies Ógra Fianna Fáil Ógra Shinn Féin Defunct Organisations Clan na Gael Clann na hÉireann Comhairle na Poblachta Dungannon Clubs Emmet Monument Association Fenian Brotherhood Friends of Irish Freedom Irish Republican Voice Irish Socialist Federation League of Communist Republicans Northern Resistance Movement People's Democracy Phoenix National and Literary Society Troops Out Movement Media An Phoblacht Evening Press Guerrilla Days in Ireland IRIS Magazine Irish Freedom Republican News Saoirse Irish Freedom Sinn Féin The Gaelic American The Hibernia Magazine The Irish Felon The Irish People The Irish Press The Nation The Phoenix The Starry Plough The Sunday Press United Irishman (1848 newspaper) United Irishman (1948 newspaper) Politics portal Ireland portalvte The Irish People's Liberation Organisation was a small Irish socialist republican paramilitary organisation formed in 1986 by disaffected and expelled members of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), whose factions coalesced in the aftermath of the supergrass trials. It developed a reputation for intra-republican and sectarian violence as well as criminality, before being forcibly disbanded by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1992. Some of the IPLO's most notable attacks during its short existence were: the Orange Cross shooting in which IPLO gunmen killed a member of the Red Hand Commando and injured an Ulster Defence Regiment soldier; the 1991 Donegall Arms shooting when they fired indiscriminately on a Protestant-owned pub, killing two Protestant civilians and injuring four others; and the assassination of outspoken loyalist politician and Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) member George Seawright in November 1987. On 1 May 1990 the IPLO became a proscribed organisation by the British government. Although officially disbanded, the IPLO retains that classification under the Terrorism Act 2000. Foundation The IPLO emerged from a split within the INLA. After the 1981 Irish hunger strike, in which three of its members died, the INLA began to break apart. The INLA virtually dissolved as a coherent force in the mid-1980s. Factions associated with Belfast and Dublin fell into dispute with each other. When INLA man Harry Kirkpatrick turned supergrass, he implicated many of his former comrades in various activities and many of them were convicted on his testimony. Members both inside and out of prison broke away from the INLA and set up the IPLO. Some key players at the outset were Tom McAllister, Gerard Steenson, Jimmy Brown and Martin "Rook" O'Prey. Jimmy Brown formed a minor political group, known as the Republican Socialist Collective, which was to act as the political wing of the IPLO. The IPLO's initial priority was to forcibly disband the Irish Republican Socialist Movement from which it had split, and most of its early attacks reflected this, being more frequently against former comrades than on the security forces. The feud with the INLA lasted from 1986 to 1987 and resulted in the deaths of 12 people including IPLO leader Gerard Steenson who was shot in March 1987. Internal feud The IPLO was accused of becoming involved in the illegal drug trade, especially in ecstasy. Some of its Belfast members were also accused of the prolonged gang rape of a North Down woman in Divis Flats in 1990. Many of its recruits had fallen out of favour with the IRA and the portents for its future were not good. Sammy Ward, a low-level IPLO member, broke away from the main body of the organisation with a few supporters when the IPLO were severely depleted and weak in Belfast. His faction attacked the rest of the IPLO, culminating in the killing of Jimmy Brown. A full-scale feud followed between two factions terming themselves "Army Council" (formerly led by Jimmy Brown) and "Belfast Brigade" (led by Ward), which led to the 3000th killing of the Troubles, Hugh McKibben, a 21-year-old "Army Council" man. Brown had been the previous victim when he was shot dead in West Belfast on 18 August 1992. This feud was described by the IPLO's critics as a lethal squabble over money and drugs. Disbandment The Provisional IRA – by far the largest armed republican group in Ireland – decided to attack and remove the IPLO, given its involvement in the drug trade and due to increasingly provocative actions by the IPLO towards the Provisional IRA. On Saturday 31 October 1992, in an event that was later dubbed "Night of the Long Knives" by locals in Belfast, the IRA attacked the two IPLO factions in Belfast, killing the breakaway Belfast Brigade leader Sammy Ward in the Short Strand. There were also raids on pubs and clubs where IPLO members were kneecapped. On 2 November 1992 the second-in-command of the IPLO Belfast Brigade formally surrendered to the Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade adjutant, which brought an end to the group in Belfast. Outside Belfast the IRA did not attack any IPLO units and issued statements absolving the IPLO units in Derry, Newry and Armagh from any involvement in the drugs trade that was alleged against those in Belfast. In Dublin the IRA reprieved the IPLO Chief of Staff in return for surrendering a small cache of arms held in Ballybough. The IPLO also had a presence in Strabane, and in Munster; like the INLA drawing its support from the Cork, Limerick, and Shannon areas. Reportedly the group had also established small support bases in Continental Europe including France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Casualties According to the Sutton database of deaths at the University of Ulster's CAIN project, the IPLO was responsible for 22 killings during the Troubles. Among its victims were twelve civilians, six INLA members, two loyalist paramilitary figures, a Royal Navy reservist, and one member of the British security forces, a Royal Ulster Constabulary constable. List of attacks and actions 1986 Autumn – Former INLA Volunteers led by Jimmy Brown broke away to form the Irish People's Liberation Army (IPLA) which was later renamed the Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO). They also set up a small political wing called the Republican Socialist Collective (RSC). 10 November – Off-duty RUC officer Derek Patterson was shot dead by the IPLO on Fitzroy Avenue, off the Ormeau Road, Belfast. Both the IRA and later the INLA tried to claim responsibility. 29 November – The IPLO launched a hand grenade attack on Queen Street RUC station in Belfast injuring six RUC constables. Several shots were also fired. Responsibility for the attack and the shooting of Constable Patterson was claimed by the "People's Liberation Army" (PLA). 21 December – Thomas McCartan (31), a member of the INLA, was shot dead by the Irish People's Liberation Organisation in Andersonstown. This was the first killing in an INLA-IPLO feud that was to last until March 1987. The IPLO used the alias "INLA Army Council" to claim responsibility for actions carried out during the feud. However, in the case of McCartan callers representing the Irish People's Liberation Organisation claimed responsibility for the killing shortly afterwards, accusing him of "abusing the republican struggle for his own selfish ends." 1987 20 January – Rosnaree Hotel shooting: The IPLO killed two leading members of the INLA (Thomas "Ta" Power and John O'Reilly), they shot them inside a hotel in Drogheda, County Louth. 28 January – The IPLO tried to kill INLA member Emmanuel Gargan in the Lower Ormeau, Belfast. He was wounded in another attempt two days later. 18 February – The IPLO shot dead INLA Volunteer Michael Kearney near his home in Ballymurphy, Belfast. 10 March – The IPLO shot and wounded the chairman of the IRSP Kevin "Bap" McQuillan at his home in Springfield Park, Belfast. His brother was also wounded in the attack. 21 March – The IPLO shot dead INLA Volunteer Emmanuel Gargan on the Ormeau Road in Belfast. 22 March – The IPLO shot dead INLA Volunteer Kevin Duffy. His body was found in the playground of St. Brigid's School, Nursery Road, Armagh. This was the last killing of the IPLO/INLA feud. 19 November – George Seawright a Loyalist politician known for his anti-Catholic views was shot by the IPLO on the Shankill Road, Belfast. He died of his wounds two weeks later on December 3. After his death it was also revealed he was a UVF member. 19 November – The IPLO shot and injured a woodwork instructor in County Armagh. The IPLO claimed the man was a member of the UDR but he had no ties to the security forces. 1988 5 January – The IPLO shot and wounded a Catholic man in Armagh. 3 March – The IPLO fired several shots and lobbed a grenade at an observation sangar at Musgrave Street RUC base in Belfast city centre. 10 March – The IPLO shot and wounded a guard during the robbery of a cash-in-transit van at a bank in Bangor, County Down. A woman in the vicinity was also hit in the leg. 9 August – The IPLO sent a 5 lb (2.3 kg) parcel bomb to the home of Unionist politician William McCrea but the bomb was defused. 9 August – The IPLO lured a Loyalist to a house on Cliftonville Road, Belfast where an assassination attempt failed when a gun jammed. 11 August – The IPLO mounted two gun attacks against the RUC and British Army in Belfast; attacking a joint patrol in Grosvenor Road and exchanging fire with British soldiers at Divis Flats. 12 August – IPLO members loaded a van with explosives and forced its owner to drive to the Belfast law courts, where the bomb exploded. 12 August – The IPLO carried out an attempted bombing of a home it claimed was used as a meeting place by Loyalist paramilitaries in East Belfast. The device was defused. 19 August – A parcel bomb was sent to the home of Unionist MP Ken Maginnis. 7 September – UDA Volunteer William Quee was shot and killed by the IPLO at his shop in Oldpark Road, Belfast. 3 October – The IPLO shot dead Henry McNamee at his girlfriend's home at Lenadoon Avenue, Belfast, afterwards claiming he was an informer. Apparently, the IPLO had instructed McNamee to pose as an informer in 1987 so the IPLO could kill his RUC handler. This planned ambush failed to materialise and McNamee moved to London. 22 December – The IPLO hijacked a taxi in West Belfast and forced the driver to carry a device consisting of two full gas cylinders wrapped in detonating cord to an unknown target. However, the taxi ran out of petrol and stopped in North Queen Street in north Belfast, and the British Army carried out a controlled explosion on the vehicle. The RUC claimed a massive fireball would have erupted had the device detonated. 1989 16 February – Orange Cross Social Club shooting: The IPLO attacked a pub on the predominantly Protestant Shankill Road, Belfast, killing Red Hand Commando (RHC) member Stephen McRea and injuring several people. A gunman opened fire indiscriminately with an Uzi submachine gun. Authors Jack Holland and Henry McDonald alleged the Belfast leadership of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) were holding a meeting upstairs at the time of the attack. 2 March – An IPLO member, Declan Malone, shot dead Patrick Boland in a freelance contract killing in the O'Malley Park estate in Southill, Limerick. He had been hired by the victim's wife, Majella Keane, whom Patrick had been violently abusive towards. 27 May – A joint RUC/British Army patrol stopped and searched three IPLO members in the Daisy Hill area of Newry. One of them drew a handgun and pointed it at soldiers, but ran. A search of the vicinity recovered two handguns and paramilitary clothing. 1 June – The IPLO shot and wounded an RUC officer and a British soldier in a gun attack on a joint RUC/British Army patrol in the Derrybeg estate, Newry. 22 August – The IPLO claimed responsibility for several incendiary devices planted in business premises in Belfast; one bomb was defused inside a department store in Belfast city centre and two more were found and defused in a large DIY shop in Newtownabbey. A fourth device found at the terminal building of the city's airport caused disruption to flights. 3 September – The IPLO reportedly issued a death threat to dole fraud investigators in the Ballyfermot area of Dublin. The Sunday World received the threat from a caller using a recognised codeword who claimed "As an army of the working classes we see it as our duty to protect them from these dole-snoops". The IPLO later denied issuing the threat. 6 November – The IPLO shot dead a Catholic civilian, Robbert Burns, near his home in Milltown Avenue, County Antrim, mistaken for a security forces member. 10 December – Two IPLO members shot and injured a gendarme in the Belgian port of Antwerp and escaped on foot. They had been intending to smuggle a small consignment of arms aboard a freighter bound for Ireland. Afterwards, Dutch police carried out raids on four homes and arrested an Irish citizen in Amsterdam. 1990 14 March – The IPLO attempted to assassinate a prominent Loyalist at Derrycoole Way, Newtownabbey, on the outskirts of Belfast. After he failed to appear, the IPLO members opened fire on RUC officers and UDR soldiers on Roden Street as they returned to West Belfast. 20 March – William McClure a Protestant civilian was shot dead at his Belfast home by an IPLO hit squad. The IPLO claimed he was a member of the UVF. McClure was convicted in 1974 for possession of a firearm but it was unknown if he still retained links with loyalist paramilitaries. 28 March – The IPLO became a proscribed organization in Northern Ireland. 18 April – An IPLO unit was ambushed by undercover British soldiers as they tried to attack a local RUC man in South Armagh. A gun battle ensued and the commander of the IPLO unit and former Provisional IRA volunteer Martin Corrigan was killed. 20 May – Two IPLO members, one of them armed, forced their way into a home on Faith Avenue in the East Wall area of Dublin. The IPLO claimed the owner, who was absent, had sexually abused children in the area and they had been intending to "punish" him. 15 July – The IPLO shot dead William Sloss a Protestant civilian in his home in South Belfast. A caller to the BBC in Belfast claimed the IPLO shot William Sloss because he was a member of the UVF. Allegedly, Sloss was a drug dealer who had fallen out with Loyalist paramilitaries, who helped arrange his killing. 1 August – An IPLO unit tried to kill leading Loyalist "Chuck" Berry but failed. 11 September – The IPLO was behind the shooting and injuring of a Protestant civilian on the Shankill Road, Belfast. 18 December – An IPLO bomb exploded as a man opened the bonnet of his car in the Low Road area of Lisburn, throwing him several metres away but he survived with "superficial" injuries. A former UDR soldier was believed to be the intended target. 1991 1 January – The IPLO shot and wounded an RUC Reserve officer in Dundrod, County Antrim. 20 April – An IPLO Volunteer lost three fingers after a botched hand grenade attack on Bessbrook RUC station. 5 June – An IPLO hit team shot and injured Eddie McIlwaine, a former Ulster Defence Regiment soldier and member of the notorious Shankill Butchers, while he was driving a taxi at Lower North Street in Belfast city centre. The IPLO unit chased the taxi and fired several more shots, hitting McIlwaine twice more and slightly injuring a 15-year old-girl. 18 July – The IPLO shot dead an off duty member of the Royal Naval Reserve (John McMaster) at his shop in Church Lane, Belfast. 16 August: The UVF shot dead IPLO member Martin "Rook" O'Prey at his home on Ardmoulin Terrace, Belfast. His seven-year-old daughter was injured in the attack. 3 September – The IPLO shot and wounded a Protestant civilian from a passing car in North Belfast. 13 September – The IPLO wounded a man working at his car repair shop in north Belfast. 7 October – An IPLO unit fired several shots into the Ivy Bar in the Donegall Pass area of Belfast with a submachine gun, injuring 2 people. 10 October – An IPLO active service unit carried out a gun attack on the Diamond Jubilee Bar on the Shankill Road Belfast, killing a UDA Volunteer Harry Ward and injuring several people. Their target was a well-known Loyalist but he wasn't present. 10 October – The IPLO shot and injured a Protestant civilian at his home in Newry. 12 October – The IPLO claimed responsibility for bombing the Derby House bar on Stewartstown Road, west Belfast. Armed men had entered the premises at midday and left a device; the explosion caused severe damage. Afterwards the IPLO warned that pubs that did not prevent drug abuse on their premises would be targeted. 24 October – A Protestant man escaped four IPLO gunmen who had forcibly entered his home off Cavehill Road in North Belfast. He leapt through a window, breaking his arm. 12 December – The IPLO carried out a firebombing attack on a veterinary surgery in Newry claiming it served the British Army. The allegation was denied. 15 December – The IPLO shot dead a Catholic civilian Colm Mahon at his workplace on Little Donegal Street, Belfast. Christopher "Crip" McWilliams was convicted of this murder, in 1997 after McWilliams had rejoined the INLA he shot dead LVF leader Billy Wright inside the Maze Prison. 20 December – An IPLO member (Patrick McDonald) was shot dead in his salon at St Aidan's Park Road, Marino, Dublin. Although the IPLO promised retaliation, the perpetrator and motive was unclear. 21 December – The IPLO shot dead two Protestant civilians (Barry Watson and Thomas Gorman) during a gun attack carried out on the Donegall Arms pub in Roden Street, Village, Belfast. Witnesses said the gunmen shouted "Orange bastards, Orange bastards!" during the attack. 1992 17 February – The IPLO shot dead a Protestant civilian at his workplace in Upper Crumlin Road, Belfast. 12 April – The IPLO issued a death threat to Irish soccer player David O'Leary and the Football Association of Ireland declaring him and his family "legitimate target". The IPLO threat alleged O'Leary, then living in England, was a supporter of the Conservative Party. After widespread condemnation the IPLO denied sending the threat although the letter contained a recognised codeword. 5 May – The IPLO shot dead a Protestant civilian during a gun attack on the Mount Inn pub, North Queen Street, Belfast. The IPLO claimed the attack was revenge for the killing of one of their own Volunteers six days earlier by the Ulster Volunteer Force. June – An armed IPLO unit led by Sammy Ward burst into a pub in Belfast on the Antrim Road and read out a statement which said in part "the IPLO would not take Provo aggression lying down". Several members of the IRA were drinking in the pub at the time. This led to further tension between the IPLO and the IRA. 19 June – The IPLO claimed responsibility for a gun attack on a Protestant man driving along the Upper Crumlin Road, Belfast. His common law wife and daughter were also in the vehicle but there were no reported injuries. 19 July – The IPLO in Dublin issued a threat to "seek out and kill" anyone from the Republic who joined the new British Army Royal Irish Regiment 18 August – Leading IPLO member Jimmy Brown was shot dead by the IPLO Belfast Brigade. This was the start of an internal IPLO feud. Dozens of shootings, robberies, and takeovers of clubs and bars occurred in the following weeks. 20 August – The IPLO shot and seriously injured a security guard at his home in Bessbrook, County Armagh. He was targeted because the firm he worked for had been guarding Newry courthouse, damaged in an IRA bomb attack. 25 August – A leading member of the IPLO Belfast Brigade was shot and injured in an ambush by the IPLO Army Council faction in the Springfield Road area of Belfast. 27 August – Hugh McKibben, a member of the IPLO Army Council, was shot dead at the Lámh Dhearg GAA social club on the outskirts of Belfast. His was killed by the IPLO Belfast Brigade during an internal IPLO feud. Two other men were wounded in the attack. 11 September – Michael Macklin was shot dead in the Whiterock area of west Belfast. A Dublin-based IPLO faction accused him of being involved in the 'Belfast Brigade of the IPLO' a breakaway faction responsible for the killing of both Hugh McKibben and Jimmy Brown. 18 September – A man was shot and injured when gunmen opened fire on his car in the Divis Flats area of Belfast. Related to an internal IPLO feud. 20 September – The IPLO firebombed a pub in Belfast City Centre called "The Waterfront". The pub was firebombed because it failed to pay money to the IPLO through extortion. This was one of the last actions carried out by the paramilitary group during a six-year campaign. 30 September – A former IRA prisoner was shot and wounded when gunmen, believed to IPLO members, fired into the living room of his home in the New Lodge area of Belfast. Related to an internal IPLO feud. 21 November – Armed paramilitaries claiming to be from the IPLO in two separate incidents hijacked taxis in Strabane, County Tyrone, and forced the drivers to abandon hoax bombs at Mourne Bridge and Sion Mills RUC station. At both sites, nearby residents were evacuated while the British Army determined the car bombs were hoaxes. The INLA and IRA denied involvement; both the IRSP and Sinn Féin accused the group of being involved in criminality in the Strabane area. 1997 21 April – A group of men claiming to be from the IPLO carried out a robbery on a Credit Union in Newry. See also Darkley killings Droppin Well bombing South Armagh Republican Action Force References ^ "CAIN: Victims: Memorials: Search Results Page". ^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1987". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1990/may/01/northern-ireland-emergency-provisions Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1978 (Amendment) Order 1990: HL Deb 1 May 1990 vol 518 cc976-9 ^ "Proscribed Organisations". Terrorism Act 2000 (sched. 2). UK Public General Acts. Vol. 2000 c. 11. 20 July 2000. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. ^ "Irish Nationalist & Irish Republican political groups". Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. ^ "Terrorists' split could erupt into bloody feud: Violence in Northern". The Independent. 22 August 1992. ^ Ballymurphy and the Irish War by De Baroid p. 331 ^ INLA – Deadly Divisions by Holland and McDonald, Torc (1994), p. 334 ^ INLA Deadly Divisions Jack Holland p. 342 ^ INLA Deadly Divisions Jack Holland p. 341 ^ a b INLA Deadly Divisions Jack Holland p. 343 ^ a b Strabane Chronicle, 21 November 1992. ^ Evening Echo, 9 December 1987. ^ Irish Independent, 12 December 1989. ^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald, INLA – Deadly Divisions, 1994 p.279 ^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald, INLA – Deadly Divisions, 1994 ^ a b Irish Independent, 1 December 1986 ^ "CAIN: Victims: Memorials: Search Results Page". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald, INLA – Deadly Divisions, 1994, p. 279 ^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1986". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald, INLA – Deadly Divisions, 1994, p. 285-286 ^ "Guerrilla Group Feud Heats Up with Two More Killings". Associated Press News. ^ Belfast Telegraph, 23 December 1986 ^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ a b c INLA – Deadly Divisions by Holland and McDonald, Torc (1994) ^ a b c "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ Clines, Francis X.; Times, Special to The New York (29 March 1987). "A Dozen Die as Ulster's Rebels Feud". The New York Times. ^ "'Burn Catholics' man was in UVF". BBC News. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2023. A hardline former DUP councillor murdered by republicans in Belfast in December 1987 was in the loyalist paramilitary UVF, it has been revealed:.- Glasgow-born George Seawright, who was expelled from the party in 1984 for sectarian comments, was shot in Belfast by an INLA splinter group, the IPLO. ^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ Fortnight Magazine, Issue 258, p. 17. Fortnight Publications, 1988. ^ Fortnight Magazine, Issue 260, p. 18-19. Fortnight Publications, 1988. ^ Belfast Telegraph 9 March 1988. ^ a b Belfast Telegraph 27 July 1988. ^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald, INLA – Deadly Divisions, 1994, p. 310 ^ a b c d Sunday Tribune, 14 August 1988. ^ a b c d Jack Holland & Henry McDonald, INLA – Deadly Divisions, 1994, p. 367 ^ Aberdeen Press and Journal, 13 August 1988. ^ Holland, Jack; McDonald, Henry (1994). INLA Deadly Divisions. ^ a b "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ Sunday Tribune, 9 October 1988. ^ Belfast Telegraph, 23 December 1988. ^ a b "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald, INLA – Deadly Divisions, 1994, p. 314 ^ Galvin, Anthony (11 April 2012). Blood on the Streets A Murderous History of Limerick. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 9781780577074. ^ a b Belfast Telegraph, 8 June 1989. ^ Belfast Telegraph, 1 June 1989. ^ Irish Independent, 24 August 1989. ^ "Inside Ulster". BBC Rewind. ^ Irish Press, 4 September 1989. ^ Irish Press, 7 September 1989. ^ Irish Independent, 13 December 1989 ^ "Belfast Man Arrested in Holland". RTÉ Archives. ^ Sunday Life, 18 March 1990. ^ a b "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ Dundee Courier, 16 July 1990. ^ Irish Press, 21 March 1990. ^ "The Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1978 (Amendment) Order 1990". Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. ^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald, INLA – Deadly Divisions, 1994, p. 315 ^ Sunday Tribune, 20 October 1991. ^ "William Sloss Killed By IPLO". RTÉ Archives. ^ a b c d Sunday Tribune, 13 October 1991. ^ Ulster Star, 21 December 1990. ^ Ulster Star, 4 January 1991. ^ "CAIN: Peter Heathwood Collection of Television Programmes – Search Page". cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 August 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jack Holland & Henry McDonald, INLA – Deadly Divisions, 1994, p. 368 ^ Irish Independent, 1 February 1992. ^ a b c d e "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ Fortnight Magazine, Issue 298, p. 26-29. Fortnight Publications, 1991. ^ a b Fortnight Magazine, Issue 299, p. 30-31. Fortnight Publications, 1991. ^ Lister, David; Jordan, Hugh (19 April 2013). Mad Dog: The Rise and Fall of Johnny Adair and 'C Company'. Random House. ISBN 9781780578163 – via Google Books. ^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ Sunday Life, 13 October 1991. ^ Dundee Courier, 26 October 1991. ^ Sunday Tribune, 22 December 1991. ^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ Jack Holland & Henry McDonald. INLA: Deadly Divisions. Poolbeg, 2010. p.320 ^ a b c d "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". cain.ulster.ac.uk. ^ Irish Independent, 13 April 1992. ^ McDonald, Henry; Holland, Jack (29 June 2016). "I.N.L.A – Deadly Divisions". Poolbeg Press Ltd – via Google Books. ^ Sunday World, 21 June 1992. ^ Sunday Times, 5 July 1992. ^ Sunday Tribune, 13 September 1992. ^ Irish Independent, 21 June 1992. ^ Fortnight Magazine, Issue 311, p. 24-25. Fortnight Publications, 1992. ^ Evening Herald, 19 September 1992. ^ "Bombed out shell of "The Waterfront" pub\|Belfast MS Ditto\| MS Ditto\|..." Getty Images. 10 May 2017. ^ Sunday Tribune, 4 October 1992. ^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1997". cain.ulster.ac.uk. vteIPLO and the RSCGeneral The Troubles Sinn Féin Provisional IRA Official Sinn Féin Official IRA Irish Republican Socialist Movement Marxism–Leninism Revolutionary tax HM Prison Maze HM Prison Crumlin Road Left-wing nationalism Revolutionary socialism Anti-imperialism Supergrass system Organized crime Timeline of IPLO actions George Seawright assassination Rosnaree Hotel shooting Orange Cross Social Club shooting Donegall Arms shooting Night of the Long Knives (1992) Personalities Gerard Steenson Jimmy Brown Christopher "Crip" McWilliams Sammy Ward Patrick Campbell Martin "Rook" O'Prey Associates Republican Socialist Collective Prominent killings George Seawright Thomas "Ta" Power & John O'Reilly vteINLA and the IRSPGeneral The Troubles Official Sinn Féin Official IRA Irish Republican Socialist Movement The Starry Plough Marxism–Leninism Blanket protest Dirty protest HM Prison Maze Anti H-Block 1981 Irish hunger strike July 1997 riots Northern Ireland peace process Good Friday Agreement Organized crime INLA Belfast Brigade Attacks Central Bar bombing Assassination of Airey Neave 1982 Divis Flats bombing Droppin Well bombing Darkley killings (denied) 1994 Shankill Road killings Newtownhamilton bombing Personalities Jimmy Brown Ronnie Bunting Patrick Campbell Seamus Costello Miriam Daly Mickey Devine Bernadette Devlin Gino Gallagher Raymond Gilmour Tony Gregory Dessie Grew Seamus Grew Stephen King Harry Kirkpatrick Kevin Lynch Dominic McGlinchey Christopher "Crip" McWilliams Colm Murphy Patsy O'Hara Dessie O'Hare Martin "Rook" O'Prey Michael Plunkett Thomas "Ta" Power Mary Reid Gerard Steenson Hugh Torney Sammy Ward Johnnie White Associates Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America Derivatives Independent Socialist Party Irish People's Liberation Organisation Republican Socialist Collective Prominent killings Billy McMillen Henry Byrne John Morley William McCullough John McKeague Patrick Joseph Morrissey Trevor King Billy Wright vteThe TroublesParticipantsState security forcesUnited Kingdom British Army (Ulster Defence Regiment Force Research Unit) Royal Ulster Constabulary (Ulster Special Constabulary) Ireland Defence Forces Garda Síochána Irish republican paramilitaries Provisional IRA Official IRA INLA Irish People's Liberation Organisation Continuity IRA Real IRA Republican Action Force Saor Éire Irish Revolutionary Brigade Vigilantes Direct Action Against Drugs Ulster loyalist paramilitaries Ulster Volunteer Force Ulster Defence Association Red Hand Commando Ulster Resistance Loyalist Volunteer Force Ulster Protestant Volunteers Ulster Third Force Ulster Volunteer Service Corps Down Orange Welfare Protestant Action Force Woodvale Defence Association Vigilantes Ulster Protestant Action Ulster Service Corps Orange Volunteers Major events 1967–1972 Northern Ireland civil rights movement 1969 NI riots 1970 Falls Curfew 1971 Operation Demetrius McGurk's Bar bombing Balmoral showroom bombing 1972 Bloody Sunday Abercorn Restaurant bombing Beginning of direct rule Bloody Friday Operation Motorman Old Bailey bombing Sunningdale Agreement 1974 M62 coach bombing Ulster Workers' Council strike Dublin & Monaghan bombings Guildford pub bombings Birmingham pub bombings 1975 Miami Showband killings Bayardo Bar attack Tullyvallen massacre Balcombe Street siege 1976 Reavey and O'Dowd killings Kingsmill massacre 1978 La Mon restaurant bombing Jonesborough Gazelle downing 1979 Warrenpoint ambush 1981 Republican hunger strike 1982 Droppin Well bombing 1983 Maze Prison escape 1984 Brighton hotel bombing 1985 Newry mortar attack Anglo-Irish Agreement 1987 Loughgall ambush Remembrance Day bombing 1988 Start of peace process Operation Flavius Milltown Cemetery attack Corporals killings IRA attacks in the Netherlands Aughanduff Lynx shootdown Ballygawley bus bombing 1989 Deal barracks bombing Attack on Derryard checkpoint 1990–1997 South Armagh sniper campaign 1990 Augher Lynx shootdown Proxy bombings 1991 Downing Street mortar attack Cappagh killings 1992 Teebane bombing Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting 1993 Warrington bombings Bishopsgate bombing Shankill Road bombing Greysteel massacre Downing Street Declaration 1994 Loughinisland massacre Crossmaglen Lynx downing Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC 1996 Docklands bombing Manchester bombing 1997 NI riots Second IRA ceasefire 1998 Good Friday Agreement Omagh bombing Political partiesIrish republican parties Sinn Féin Official Sinn Féin Republican Sinn Féin Irish Republican Socialist Party Communist Party of Ireland Irish Independence Party Republican Socialist Collective Unity Ulster loyalist parties Ulster Unionist Party Democratic Unionist Party Progressive Unionist Party Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party UK Unionist Party Ulster Democratic Party Other parties Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Social Democratic and Labour Party Segregation (peace lines) Irish republicanism Irish nationalism Unionism Ulster loyalism United Ireland Free Derry Flags Murals Parades Punishment attacks Finances Special Category Status Shoot-to-kill policy HM Prison Maze Five techniques Category vteArmed Republican groups in Ireland Earlier organisations Society of United Irishmen Young Ireland Irish Republican Brotherhood Fenian Brotherhood Clan na Gael Easter Rising Fianna Éireann Irish Citizen Army Irish Volunteers Cumann na mBan Irish War of Independence Irish Republican Army (Army of the Irish Republic) Irish Civil War Anti-treaty Irish Republican Army The Troubles Irish Revolutionary Forces Saor Éire Provisional IRA Official IRA Irish National Liberation Army South Armagh Republican Action Force Irish People's Liberation Organisation Continuity IRA Irish Revolutionary Brigade Dissident Campaign Real IRA Óglaigh na hÉireann (Continuity IRA splinter group) Irish Republican Liberation Army Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group) New IRA Arm na Poblachta Irish Republican Movement	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism"},{"link_name":"republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"supergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(informer)"},{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Red Hand Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ulster Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"George Seawright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Seawright"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Terrorism Act 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"The Irish People's Liberation Organisation was a small Irish socialist republican paramilitary organisation formed in 1986 by disaffected and expelled members of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), whose factions coalesced in the aftermath of the supergrass trials. It developed a reputation for intra-republican and sectarian violence as well as criminality, before being forcibly disbanded by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1992.Some of the IPLO's most notable attacks during its short existence were:the Orange Cross shooting in which IPLO gunmen killed a member of the Red Hand Commando and injured an Ulster Defence Regiment soldier;\nthe 1991 Donegall Arms shooting when they fired indiscriminately on a Protestant-owned pub, killing two Protestant civilians and injuring four others;[1] and\nthe assassination of outspoken loyalist politician and Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) member George Seawright in November 1987.[2]On 1 May 1990 the IPLO became a proscribed organisation by the British government.[3] Although officially disbanded, the IPLO retains that classification under the Terrorism Act 2000.[4][failed verification]","title":"Irish People's Liberation Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1981 Irish hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Harry Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"supergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(informer)"},{"link_name":"Gerard Steenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Steenson"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Brown_(Irish_nationalist)"},{"link_name":"Martin \"Rook\" O'Prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_%22Rook%22_O%27Prey"},{"link_name":"Republican Socialist Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Socialist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Movement"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tele-6"}],"text":"The IPLO emerged from a split within the INLA. After the 1981 Irish hunger strike, in which three of its members died, the INLA began to break apart. The INLA virtually dissolved as a coherent force in the mid-1980s. Factions associated with Belfast and Dublin fell into dispute with each other. When INLA man Harry Kirkpatrick turned supergrass, he implicated many of his former comrades in various activities and many of them were convicted on his testimony.Members both inside and out of prison broke away from the INLA and set up the IPLO. Some key players at the outset were Tom McAllister, Gerard Steenson, Jimmy Brown and Martin \"Rook\" O'Prey. Jimmy Brown formed a minor political group, known as the Republican Socialist Collective, which was to act as the political wing of the IPLO.[5]The IPLO's initial priority was to forcibly disband the Irish Republican Socialist Movement from which it had split, and most of its early attacks reflected this, being more frequently against former comrades than on the security forces. The feud with the INLA lasted from 1986 to 1987 and resulted in the deaths of 12 people including IPLO leader Gerard Steenson who was shot in March 1987.[6]","title":"Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"illegal drug trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade"},{"link_name":"ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy_(drug)"},{"link_name":"Divis Flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divis_Flats"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sammy Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Ward"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Brown_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The IPLO was accused of becoming involved in the illegal drug trade, especially in ecstasy. Some of its Belfast members were also accused of the prolonged gang rape of a North Down woman in Divis Flats in 1990.[7] Many of its recruits had fallen out of favour with the IRA and the portents for its future were not good. Sammy Ward, a low-level IPLO member, broke away from the main body of the organisation with a few supporters when the IPLO were severely depleted and weak in Belfast. His faction attacked the rest of the IPLO, culminating in the killing of Jimmy Brown. A full-scale feud followed between two factions terming themselves \"Army Council\" (formerly led by Jimmy Brown) and \"Belfast Brigade\" (led by Ward), which led to the 3000th killing of the Troubles, Hugh McKibben, a 21-year-old \"Army Council\" man. Brown had been the previous victim when he was shot dead in West Belfast on 18 August 1992.[8] This feud was described by the IPLO's critics as a lethal squabble over money and drugs.","title":"Internal feud"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sammy Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Ward"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"kneecapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneecapping"},{"link_name":"adjutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-11"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"Newry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newry"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh"},{"link_name":"Ballybough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballybough"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-11"},{"link_name":"Strabane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabane"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strabane_Chronicle_1992-12"},{"link_name":"Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon,_County_Clare"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Continental Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Provisional IRA – by far the largest armed republican group in Ireland – decided to attack and remove the IPLO, given its involvement in the drug trade and due to increasingly provocative actions by the IPLO towards the Provisional IRA. On Saturday 31 October 1992, in an event that was later dubbed \"Night of the Long Knives\" by locals in Belfast,[9] the IRA attacked the two IPLO factions in Belfast, killing the breakaway Belfast Brigade leader Sammy Ward in the Short Strand.[10] There were also raids on pubs and clubs where IPLO members were kneecapped. On 2 November 1992 the second-in-command of the IPLO Belfast Brigade formally surrendered to the Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade adjutant, which brought an end to the group in Belfast.[11]Outside Belfast the IRA did not attack any IPLO units and issued statements absolving the IPLO units in Derry, Newry and Armagh from any involvement in the drugs trade that was alleged against those in Belfast. In Dublin the IRA reprieved the IPLO Chief of Staff in return for surrendering a small cache of arms held in Ballybough.[11]The IPLO also had a presence in Strabane,[12] and in Munster; like the INLA drawing its support from the Cork, Limerick, and Shannon areas.[13] Reportedly the group had also established small support bases in Continental Europe including France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.[14]","title":"Disbandment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"CAIN project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html"},{"link_name":"the Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal Ulster Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary"}],"text":"According to the Sutton database of deaths at the University of Ulster's CAIN project, the IPLO was responsible for 22 killings during the Troubles. Among its victims were twelve civilians, six INLA members, two loyalist paramilitary figures, a Royal Navy reservist, and one member of the British security forces, a Royal Ulster Constabulary constable.","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of attacks and actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Brown_(Irish_Republican)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Republican Socialist Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Queen Street RUC station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Street_Police_Station"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"},{"link_name":"Andersonstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andersonstown"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"1986","text":"Autumn – Former INLA Volunteers led by Jimmy Brown broke away to form the Irish People's Liberation Army (IPLA) which was later renamed the Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO).[15] They also set up a small political wing called the Republican Socialist Collective (RSC).[16]\n10 November – Off-duty RUC officer Derek Patterson was shot dead by the IPLO on Fitzroy Avenue, off the Ormeau Road, Belfast. Both the IRA and later the INLA tried to claim responsibility.[17][18]\n29 November – The IPLO launched a hand grenade attack on Queen Street RUC station in Belfast injuring six RUC constables. Several shots were also fired. Responsibility for the attack and the shooting of Constable Patterson was claimed by the \"People's Liberation Army\" (PLA).[19][17]\n21 December – Thomas McCartan (31), a member of the INLA, was shot dead by the Irish People's Liberation Organisation in Andersonstown. This was the first killing in an INLA-IPLO feud that was to last until March 1987.[20][21] The IPLO used the alias \"INLA Army Council\" to claim responsibility for actions carried out during the feud.[22][23] However, in the case of McCartan callers representing the Irish People's Liberation Organisation claimed responsibility for the killing shortly afterwards, accusing him of \"abusing the republican struggle for his own selfish ends.\"[24]","title":"List of attacks and actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosnaree Hotel shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosnaree_Hotel_shooting"},{"link_name":"Thomas \"Ta\" Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%22Ta%22_Power"},{"link_name":"Drogheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald,_Torc_1994-26"},{"link_name":"Ballymurphy, Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymurphy,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-27"},{"link_name":"IRSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald,_Torc_1994-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-27"},{"link_name":"George Seawright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Seawright"},{"link_name":"Shankill Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankill_Road"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald,_Torc_1994-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"1987","text":"20 January – Rosnaree Hotel shooting: The IPLO killed two leading members of the INLA (Thomas \"Ta\" Power and John O'Reilly), they shot them inside a hotel in Drogheda, County Louth.[25]\n28 January – The IPLO tried to kill INLA member Emmanuel Gargan in the Lower Ormeau, Belfast. He was wounded in another attempt two days later.[26]\n18 February – The IPLO shot dead INLA Volunteer Michael Kearney near his home in Ballymurphy, Belfast.[27]\n10 March – The IPLO shot and wounded the chairman of the IRSP Kevin \"Bap\" McQuillan at his home in Springfield Park, Belfast. His brother was also wounded in the attack.[26]\n21 March – The IPLO shot dead INLA Volunteer Emmanuel Gargan on the Ormeau Road in Belfast.[27][28]\n22 March – The IPLO shot dead INLA Volunteer Kevin Duffy. His body was found in the playground of St. Brigid's School, Nursery Road, Armagh. This was the last killing of the IPLO/INLA feud.[27]\n19 November – George Seawright a Loyalist politician known for his anti-Catholic views was shot by the IPLO on the Shankill Road, Belfast. He died of his wounds two weeks later on December 3. After his death it was also revealed he was a UVF member.[29][30]\n19 November – The IPLO shot and injured a woodwork instructor in County Armagh. The IPLO claimed the man was a member of the UDR but he had no ties to the security forces.[26][31]","title":"List of attacks and actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bt27k88-34"},{"link_name":"cash-in-transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash-in-transit"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bt27k88-34"},{"link_name":"William McCrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McCrea,_Baron_McCrea_of_Magherafelt_and_Cookstown"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday_Tribune_1988-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday_Tribune_1988-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday_Tribune_1988-36"},{"link_name":"forced its owner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_bomb"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday_Tribune_1988-36"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland,_Jack_1994-39"},{"link_name":"Ken Maginnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Maginnis"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-37"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"1988","text":"5 January – The IPLO shot and wounded a Catholic man in Armagh.[32]\n3 March – The IPLO fired several shots and lobbed a grenade at an observation sangar at Musgrave Street RUC base in Belfast city centre.[33][34]\n10 March – The IPLO shot and wounded a guard during the robbery of a cash-in-transit van at a bank in Bangor, County Down. A woman in the vicinity was also hit in the leg.[34]\n9 August – The IPLO sent a 5 lb (2.3 kg) parcel bomb to the home of Unionist politician William McCrea but the bomb was defused.[35][36]\n9 August – The IPLO lured a Loyalist to a house on Cliftonville Road, Belfast where an assassination attempt failed when a gun jammed.[36]\n11 August – The IPLO mounted two gun attacks against the RUC and British Army in Belfast; attacking a joint patrol in Grosvenor Road and exchanging fire with British soldiers at Divis Flats.[36]\n12 August – IPLO members loaded a van with explosives and forced its owner to drive to the Belfast law courts, where the bomb exploded.[37][38]\n12 August – The IPLO carried out an attempted bombing of a home it claimed was used as a meeting place by Loyalist paramilitaries in East Belfast. The device was defused.[36][39]\n19 August – A parcel bomb was sent to the home of Unionist MP Ken Maginnis.[37]\n7 September – UDA Volunteer William Quee was shot and killed by the IPLO at his shop in Oldpark Road, Belfast.[40]\n3 October – The IPLO shot dead Henry McNamee at his girlfriend's home at Lenadoon Avenue, Belfast, afterwards claiming he was an informer. Apparently, the IPLO had instructed McNamee to pose as an informer in 1987 so the IPLO could kill his RUC handler. This planned ambush failed to materialise and McNamee moved to London.[40][41]\n22 December – The IPLO hijacked a taxi in West Belfast and forced the driver to carry a device consisting of two full gas cylinders wrapped in detonating cord to an unknown target. However, the taxi ran out of petrol and stopped in North Queen Street in north Belfast, and the British Army carried out a controlled explosion on the vehicle. The RUC claimed a massive fireball would have erupted had the device detonated.[42]","title":"List of attacks and actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Hand Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto7-43"},{"link_name":"Uzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzi"},{"link_name":"Jack Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Holland_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Henry McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_McDonald_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Ulster Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"contract killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_killing"},{"link_name":"Southill, Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southill,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT8j19-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT8j19-46"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Ballyfermot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyfermot"},{"link_name":"Sunday World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_World"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto7-43"},{"link_name":"gendarme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"1989","text":"16 February – Orange Cross Social Club shooting: The IPLO attacked a pub on the predominantly Protestant Shankill Road, Belfast, killing Red Hand Commando (RHC) member Stephen McRea[43] and injuring several people. A gunman opened fire indiscriminately with an Uzi submachine gun. Authors Jack Holland and Henry McDonald alleged the Belfast leadership of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) were holding a meeting upstairs at the time of the attack.[44]\n2 March – An IPLO member, Declan Malone, shot dead Patrick Boland in a freelance contract killing in the O'Malley Park estate in Southill, Limerick. He had been hired by the victim's wife, Majella Keane, whom Patrick had been violently abusive towards.[45]\n27 May – A joint RUC/British Army patrol stopped and searched three IPLO members in the Daisy Hill area of Newry. One of them drew a handgun and pointed it at soldiers, but ran. A search of the vicinity recovered two handguns and paramilitary clothing.[46]\n1 June – The IPLO shot and wounded an RUC officer and a British soldier in a gun attack on a joint RUC/British Army patrol in the Derrybeg estate, Newry.[47][46]\n22 August – The IPLO claimed responsibility for several incendiary devices planted in business premises in Belfast; one bomb was defused inside a department store in Belfast city centre and two more were found and defused in a large DIY shop in Newtownabbey. A fourth device found at the terminal building of the city's airport caused disruption to flights.[48][49]\n3 September – The IPLO reportedly issued a death threat to dole fraud investigators in the Ballyfermot area of Dublin. The Sunday World received the threat from a caller using a recognised codeword who claimed \"As an army of the working classes we see it as our duty to protect them from these dole-snoops\".[50] The IPLO later denied issuing the threat.[51]\n6 November – The IPLO shot dead a Catholic civilian, Robbert Burns, near his home in Milltown Avenue, County Antrim, mistaken for a security forces member.[43]\n10 December – Two IPLO members shot and injured a gendarme in the Belgian port of Antwerp and escaped on foot. They had been intending to smuggle a small consignment of arms aboard a freighter bound for Ireland. Afterwards, Dutch police carried out raids on four homes and arrested an Irish citizen in Amsterdam.[52][53]","title":"List of attacks and actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto6-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Provisional IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_IRA"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"East Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Wall"},{"link_name":"\"punish\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto6-55"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday_Tribune_1991-62"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-37"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"1990","text":"14 March – The IPLO attempted to assassinate a prominent Loyalist at Derrycoole Way, Newtownabbey, on the outskirts of Belfast. After he failed to appear, the IPLO members opened fire on RUC officers and UDR soldiers on Roden Street as they returned to West Belfast.[54]\n20 March – William McClure a Protestant civilian was shot dead at his Belfast home by an IPLO hit squad. The IPLO claimed he was a member of the UVF.[55][56] McClure was convicted in 1974 for possession of a firearm but it was unknown if he still retained links with loyalist paramilitaries.[57]\n28 March – The IPLO became a proscribed organization in Northern Ireland.[58]\n18 April – An IPLO unit was ambushed by undercover British soldiers as they tried to attack a local RUC man in South Armagh. A gun battle ensued and the commander of the IPLO unit and former Provisional IRA volunteer Martin Corrigan was killed.[59]\n20 May – Two IPLO members, one of them armed, forced their way into a home on Faith Avenue in the East Wall area of Dublin. The IPLO claimed the owner, who was absent, had sexually abused children in the area and they had been intending to \"punish\" him.[60]\n15 July – The IPLO shot dead William Sloss a Protestant civilian in his home in South Belfast. A caller to the BBC in Belfast claimed the IPLO shot William Sloss because he was a member of the UVF.[55][61] Allegedly, Sloss was a drug dealer who had fallen out with Loyalist paramilitaries, who helped arrange his killing.[62]\n1 August – An IPLO unit tried to kill leading Loyalist \"Chuck\" Berry but failed.[37]\n11 September – The IPLO was behind the shooting and injuring of a Protestant civilian on the Shankill Road, Belfast.[37]\n18 December – An IPLO bomb exploded as a man opened the bonnet of his car in the Low Road area of Lisburn, throwing him several metres away but he survived with \"superficial\" injuries. A former UDR soldier was believed to be the intended target.[63][64]","title":"List of attacks and actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dundrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundrod"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Bessbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessbrook"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Shankill Butchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankill_Butchers"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fortnight_Publications_1991-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fortnight_Publications_1991-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday_Tribune_1991-62"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-68"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday_Tribune_1991-62"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-68"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday_Tribune_1991-62"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-68"},{"link_name":"Christopher \"Crip\" McWilliams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_%22Crip%22_McWilliams"},{"link_name":"LVF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"Billy Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Wright_(loyalist)"},{"link_name":"Maze Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_Prison"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-68"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"1991","text":"1 January – The IPLO shot and wounded an RUC Reserve officer in Dundrod, County Antrim.[65]\n20 April – An IPLO Volunteer lost three fingers after a botched hand grenade attack on Bessbrook RUC station.[66]\n5 June – An IPLO hit team shot and injured Eddie McIlwaine, a former Ulster Defence Regiment soldier and member of the notorious Shankill Butchers, while he was driving a taxi at Lower North Street in Belfast city centre. The IPLO unit chased the taxi and fired several more shots, hitting McIlwaine twice more and slightly injuring a 15-year old-girl.[66][67]\n18 July – The IPLO shot dead an off duty member of the Royal Naval Reserve (John McMaster) at his shop in Church Lane, Belfast.[68]\n16 August: The UVF shot dead IPLO member Martin \"Rook\" O'Prey at his home on Ardmoulin Terrace, Belfast. His seven-year-old daughter was injured in the attack.[69][70]\n3 September – The IPLO shot and wounded a Protestant civilian from a passing car in North Belfast.[66][71]\n13 September – The IPLO wounded a man working at his car repair shop in north Belfast.[71]\n7 October – An IPLO unit fired several shots into the Ivy Bar in the Donegall Pass area of Belfast with a submachine gun, injuring 2 people.[72][66][62]\n10 October – An IPLO active service unit carried out a gun attack on the Diamond Jubilee Bar on the Shankill Road Belfast, killing a UDA Volunteer Harry Ward and injuring several people. Their target was a well-known Loyalist but he wasn't present.[68][73][66][62]\n10 October – The IPLO shot and injured a Protestant civilian at his home in Newry.[68][62]\n12 October – The IPLO claimed responsibility for bombing the Derby House bar on Stewartstown Road, west Belfast. Armed men had entered the premises at midday and left a device; the explosion caused severe damage. Afterwards the IPLO warned that pubs that did not prevent drug abuse on their premises would be targeted.[74]\n24 October – A Protestant man escaped four IPLO gunmen who had forcibly entered his home off Cavehill Road in North Belfast. He leapt through a window, breaking his arm.[75]\n12 December – The IPLO carried out a firebombing attack on a veterinary surgery in Newry claiming it served the British Army. The allegation was denied.[66]\n15 December – The IPLO shot dead a Catholic civilian Colm Mahon at his workplace on Little Donegal Street, Belfast.[68] Christopher \"Crip\" McWilliams was convicted of this murder, in 1997 after McWilliams had rejoined the INLA he shot dead LVF leader Billy Wright inside the Maze Prison.\n20 December – An IPLO member (Patrick McDonald) was shot dead in his salon at St Aidan's Park Road, Marino, Dublin. Although the IPLO promised retaliation, the perpetrator and motive was unclear.[76]\n21 December – The IPLO shot dead two Protestant civilians (Barry Watson and Thomas Gorman) during a gun attack carried out on the Donegall Arms pub in Roden Street, Village, Belfast.[68][77] Witnesses said the gunmen shouted \"Orange bastards, Orange bastards!\" during the attack.[78]","title":"List of attacks and actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-79"},{"link_name":"David O'Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O%27Leary"},{"link_name":"Football Association of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Ulster Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-79"},{"link_name":"Antrim Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrim_Road"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"common law wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-law_marriage"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1992)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-79"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-79"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Brown_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-66"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Sion Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion_Mills"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strabane_Chronicle_1992-12"}],"sub_title":"1992","text":"17 February – The IPLO shot dead a Protestant civilian at his workplace in Upper Crumlin Road, Belfast.[79]\n12 April – The IPLO issued a death threat to Irish soccer player David O'Leary and the Football Association of Ireland declaring him and his family \"legitimate target[s]\". The IPLO threat alleged O'Leary, then living in England, was a supporter of the Conservative Party. After widespread condemnation the IPLO denied sending the threat although the letter contained a recognised codeword.[80]\n5 May – The IPLO shot dead a Protestant civilian during a gun attack on the Mount Inn pub, North Queen Street, Belfast. The IPLO claimed the attack was revenge for the killing of one of their own Volunteers six days earlier by the Ulster Volunteer Force.[79]\nJune – An armed IPLO unit led by Sammy Ward burst into a pub in Belfast on the Antrim Road and read out a statement which said in part \"the IPLO would not take Provo aggression lying down\". Several members of the IRA were drinking in the pub at the time. This led to further tension between the IPLO and the IRA.[81]\n19 June – The IPLO claimed responsibility for a gun attack on a Protestant man driving along the Upper Crumlin Road, Belfast. His common law wife and daughter were also in the vehicle but there were no reported injuries.[82]\n19 July – The IPLO in Dublin issued a threat to \"seek out and kill\" anyone from the Republic who joined the new British Army Royal Irish Regiment[83]\n18 August – Leading IPLO member Jimmy Brown was shot dead by the IPLO Belfast Brigade. This was the start of an internal IPLO feud. Dozens of shootings, robberies, and takeovers of clubs and bars occurred in the following weeks.[79][84]\n20 August – The IPLO shot and seriously injured a security guard at his home in Bessbrook, County Armagh.[66] He was targeted because the firm he worked for had been guarding Newry courthouse, damaged in an IRA bomb attack.[85]\n25 August – A leading member of the IPLO Belfast Brigade was shot and injured in an ambush by the IPLO Army Council faction in the Springfield Road area of Belfast.[86]\n27 August – Hugh McKibben, a member of the IPLO Army Council, was shot dead at the Lámh Dhearg GAA social club on the outskirts of Belfast. His was killed by the IPLO Belfast Brigade during an internal IPLO feud. Two other men were wounded in the attack.[66][79]\n11 September – Michael Macklin was shot dead in the Whiterock area of west Belfast. A Dublin-based IPLO faction accused him of being involved in the 'Belfast Brigade of the IPLO' a breakaway faction responsible for the killing of both Hugh McKibben and Jimmy Brown.[66]\n18 September – A man was shot and injured when gunmen opened fire on his car in the Divis Flats area of Belfast. Related to an internal IPLO feud.[87]\n20 September – The IPLO firebombed a pub in Belfast City Centre called \"The Waterfront\". The pub was firebombed because it failed to pay money to the IPLO through extortion. This was one of the last actions carried out by the paramilitary group during a six-year campaign.[88]\n30 September – A former IRA prisoner was shot and wounded when gunmen, believed to IPLO members, fired into the living room of his home in the New Lodge area of Belfast. Related to an internal IPLO feud.[89]\n21 November – Armed paramilitaries claiming to be from the IPLO in two separate incidents hijacked taxis in Strabane, County Tyrone, and forced the drivers to abandon hoax bombs at Mourne Bridge and Sion Mills RUC station. At both sites, nearby residents were evacuated while the British Army determined the car bombs were hoaxes. The INLA and IRA denied involvement; both the IRSP and Sinn Féin accused the group of being involved in criminality in the Strabane area.[12]","title":"List of attacks and actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Credit Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Union"},{"link_name":"Newry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newry"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"1997","text":"21 April – A group of men claiming to be from the IPLO carried out a robbery on a Credit Union in Newry.[90]","title":"List of attacks and actions"}]	[]	[{"title":"Darkley killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkley_killings"},{"title":"Droppin Well bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droppin_Well_bombing"},{"title":"South Armagh Republican Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force"}]	[{"reference":"\"CAIN: Victims: Memorials: Search Results Page\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/victims/humanface/chron/1991.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Victims: Memorials: Search Results Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1987\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch87.htm","url_text":"\"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1987\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proscribed Organisations\". 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A hardline former DUP councillor murdered by republicans in Belfast in December 1987 was in the loyalist paramilitary UVF, it has been revealed:.- Glasgow-born George Seawright, who was expelled from the party in 1984 for sectarian comments, was shot in Belfast by an INLA splinter group, the IPLO.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/5279276.stm","url_text":"\"'Burn Catholics' man was in UVF\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=3&month=12&year=1987","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1988.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1989.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"Galvin, Anthony (11 April 2012). 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RTÉ Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/archives/collections/news/21432713-william-sloss-killed-by-iplo/","url_text":"\"William Sloss Killed By IPLO\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Peter Heathwood Collection of Television Programmes – Search Page\". cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/heathwood/static/1991.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Peter Heathwood Collection of Television Programmes – Search Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1991.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1991.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"Lister, David; Jordan, Hugh (19 April 2013). Mad Dog: The Rise and Fall of Johnny Adair and 'C Company'. Random House. ISBN 9781780578163 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aKzB6O2Nli8C","url_text":"Mad Dog: The Rise and Fall of Johnny Adair and 'C Company'"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780578163","url_text":"9781780578163"}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=10&month=10&year=1991","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=21&month=12&year=1991","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". cain.ulster.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1992.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Henry; Holland, Jack (29 June 2016). \"I.N.L.A – Deadly Divisions\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revised_Fundamentals_of_Caregiving_(film)	The Fundamentals of Caring	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Filming","4 Release","4.1 Critical reception","5 References","6 External links"]	2016 American film by Rob Burnett The Fundamentals of CaringOfficial posterDirected byRob BurnettWritten byRob BurnettBased onThe Revised Fundamentals of Caregivingby Jonathan EvisonProduced by Rob Burnett Donna Gigliotti James Spies Starring Paul Rudd Craig Roberts Selena Gomez CinematographyGiles NuttgensEdited byChristopher PassigMusic byRyan MillerProductioncompanies Worldwide Pants Levantine Films Distributed byNetflixRelease dates January 29, 2016 (2016-01-29) (Sundance Film Festival) June 24, 2016 (2016-06-24) (worldwide) Running time93 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Fundamentals of Caring is a 2016 American road comedy-drama film written and directed by Rob Burnett, based on the 2012 novel The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving by Jonathan Evison. Starring Paul Rudd, Craig Roberts, and Selena Gomez, the film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 29, 2016, and was released on Netflix on June 24, 2016. Plot Ben is an out-of-work writer in Seattle, avoiding his estranged wife’s attempts to serve him with divorce papers. He takes a six-week course to become a registered caregiver and is hired by Elsa, a bank office manager from England, to care for her 18-year-old son Trevor, who has Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Ben adjusts to Trevor’s routine and bonds with the sardonic, sexually frustrated teenager. Trevor reveals that his father left when he was diagnosed at age 3, and sends him letters which he ignores. Elsa and son know Ben is coping with the death of his young son. She warns him not to become too close to Trevor, fearing Trevor will be hurt when Ben inevitably moves on. Trevor is fascinated with American roadside attractions, so Ben convinces Elsa to let them take a road trip. He and Trevor embark on a journey to see the world's deepest pit. Additionally, Trevor asks to visit his father, who owns a car dealership in Salt Lake City. At a gas station, Trevor develops a crush on a hitchhiker his age named Dot. When he and Ben see her again outside a diner, Ben invites her to join them on the road. Dot explains that she is heading to Denver to restart her life. Stopping at a motel, Ben suspects they are being followed by someone sent by his wife. Traveling down the highway, they find pregnant Peaches, whose car has broken down, so they offer her a ride. When they stop for the night, Trevor asks Dot on a date to the diner across the street, and she accepts. The next day, the four confront Trevor's father at his dealership. He admits although Elsa asked him to write to Trevor, he never did. She wrote all the letters herself. Uninterested in connecting with his son, Trevor’s father offers him money instead, but he and his companions leave. Lashing out at each other, Trevor and Ben prepare to drive home, but Dot insists they complete their journey. Arriving at the world’s deepest pit, Trevor, Dot, and Peaches head to the bottom, while Ben waits at the top, saying he forgot his mobile. He confronts the driver who has been following them and discovers he is Dot's father, who wants to make sure she safely reaches Denver. Suddenly, Ben receives a frantic call from Dot, and he races to the bottom of the pit, fearing something has happened to Trevor. He discovers Peaches has gone into labor. He helps her deliver her baby, overcoming his guilt of his son's death (his car, with the parking brake accidentally not fully engaged, ran over his son while Ben was unloading groceries). Peaches and her newborn son are taken to the hospital. Dot reconciles with her father, who agrees to take her the rest of the way to Denver. She kisses Trevor before she leaves, promising to keep in touch. With a borrowed spinal board, Ben helps Trevor fulfill his wish of urinating standing up, over the rail, into the pit. Ben and Trevor return home, and Ben finalizes his divorce. He begins writing his next novel about Trevor, indicating he has remained close friends with him. Cast Paul Rudd as Ben Benjamin Craig Roberts as Trevor Selena Gomez as Dot Jennifer Ehle as Elsa Megan Ferguson as Peaches Frederick Weller as Bob Bobby Cannavale as Cash Julia Denton as Janet Production On October 11, 2012, Worldwide Pants' Rob Burnett and Jon Beckerman acquired the film rights to Jonathan Evison's novel The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving. Burnett adapted and directed the film, and Donna Gigliotti and James Spies produced. On January 7, 2015, Paul Rudd was cast to play the male lead, and on January 13, Selena Gomez also joined the film. On December 7, it was announced that the original title, The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving, had been changed to The Fundamentals of Caring. It was later revealed Bobby Cannavale and Frederick Weller had been cast in the film as well, with Craig Roberts also added to star opposite Rudd. Filming Principal photography began on January 22, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia. In early February filming took place in Cartersville, Georgia. The shoot concluded on February 26, 2015, after 26 days of filming. Release The film had its world premiere on January 29 at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival as the Closing Night Film. In January 2016, prior to its festival premiere, Netflix acquired the film's global distribution rights, and began streaming it on June 24, 2016. Critical reception On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 77%, based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's consensus reads: "The Fundamentals Of Caring gets maximum mileage out of the chemistry between its well-matched leads as it follows a fairly well-worn coming-of-age road trip route". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". References ^ Robinson, Will (April 1, 2016). "Netflix sets June premiere date for The Fundamentals of Caring". Entertainment Weekly. ^ Osterndorf, Chris (June 24, 2016). "Review: Netflix's 'The Fundamentals of Caring' runs on Rudd". The Daily Dot. Retrieved July 18, 2017. ^ a b Siegel, Tatiana (October 11, 2012). "Worldwide Pants Nabs Big-Screen Rights to Jonathan Evison's Novel 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved February 14, 2015. ^ Sneider, Jeff (January 7, 2015). "Paul Rudd to Star in Inspirational Indie Movie 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'". thewrap.com. Retrieved February 14, 2015. ^ Yamato, Jen (January 13, 2015). "Selena Gomez Joins Paul Rudd In 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 14, 2015. ^ "First Look at Paul Rudd, Craig Roberts & Selena Gomez in The Fundamentals of Caring". Final Reel. December 7, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2015. ^ Berkshire, Geoff (January 23, 2016). "Sundance Film Review: 'The Fundamentals of Caring'". Variety. Retrieved May 30, 2016. ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (May 30, 2016). "'The Fundamentals Of Caring' Trailer: Paul Rudd, Craig Roberts & Selena Gomez Hit The Road". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 30, 2016. ^ "Selena Gomez arrives in Atlanta to begin filming 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'". onlocationvacations.com. January 19, 2015. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2015. ^ "On the Set for 1/26/15: Michael Fassbender Begins Steve Jobs Biopic, Ryan Coogler Starts Rocky Spinoff & More". ssninsider.com. January 26, 2015. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2015. ^ "Selena Gomez & Paul Rudd continue filming 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving' in Cartersville, Georgia". onlocationvacations.com. February 2, 2015. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2015. ^ "SUNDANCE INSTITUTE COMPLETES FEATURE FILM LINEUP FOR 2016 SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL". Sundance. December 7, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2015. ^ Sharf, Zack (January 15, 2016). "Netflix Continues to Conquer Pre-Sundance With 'Fundamentals of Caring' Deal". Indiewire.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016. ^ "EW". Entertainment Weekly. ^ "The Fundamentals of Caring (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ "The Fundamentals of Caring Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 25, 2016. External links The Fundamentals of Caring on Netflix The Fundamentals of Caring at Rotten Tomatoes The Fundamentals of Caring at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_film"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama_film"},{"link_name":"Rob Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Burnett_(producer)"},{"link_name":"The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revised_Fundamentals_of_Caregiving"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Evison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Evison"},{"link_name":"Paul Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Craig Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Selena Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Fundamentals of Caring is a 2016 American road comedy-drama film written and directed by Rob Burnett, based on the 2012 novel The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving by Jonathan Evison. Starring Paul Rudd, Craig Roberts, and Selena Gomez, the film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 29, 2016, and was released on Netflix on June 24, 2016.[1][2]","title":"The Fundamentals of Caring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"caregiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caregiver"},{"link_name":"Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchenne_Muscular_Dystrophy"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"world’s deepest pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingham_Canyon_Mine"},{"link_name":"spinal board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_board"}],"text":"Ben is an out-of-work writer in Seattle, avoiding his estranged wife’s attempts to serve him with divorce papers. He takes a six-week course to become a registered caregiver and is hired by Elsa, a bank office manager from England, to care for her 18-year-old son Trevor, who has Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.Ben adjusts to Trevor’s routine and bonds with the sardonic, sexually frustrated teenager. Trevor reveals that his father left when he was diagnosed at age 3, and sends him letters which he ignores. Elsa and son know Ben is coping with the death of his young son. She warns him not to become too close to Trevor, fearing Trevor will be hurt when Ben inevitably moves on.Trevor is fascinated with American roadside attractions, so Ben convinces Elsa to let them take a road trip. He and Trevor embark on a journey to see the world's deepest pit. Additionally, Trevor asks to visit his father, who owns a car dealership in Salt Lake City.At a gas station, Trevor develops a crush on a hitchhiker his age named Dot. When he and Ben see her again outside a diner, Ben invites her to join them on the road. Dot explains that she is heading to Denver to restart her life. Stopping at a motel, Ben suspects they are being followed by someone sent by his wife.Traveling down the highway, they find pregnant Peaches, whose car has broken down, so they offer her a ride. When they stop for the night, Trevor asks Dot on a date to the diner across the street, and she accepts.The next day, the four confront Trevor's father at his dealership. He admits although Elsa asked him to write to Trevor, he never did. She wrote all the letters herself. Uninterested in connecting with his son, Trevor’s father offers him money instead, but he and his companions leave. Lashing out at each other, Trevor and Ben prepare to drive home, but Dot insists they complete their journey.Arriving at the world’s deepest pit, Trevor, Dot, and Peaches head to the bottom, while Ben waits at the top, saying he forgot his mobile. He confronts the driver who has been following them and discovers he is Dot's father, who wants to make sure she safely reaches Denver.Suddenly, Ben receives a frantic call from Dot, and he races to the bottom of the pit, fearing something has happened to Trevor. He discovers Peaches has gone into labor. He helps her deliver her baby, overcoming his guilt of his son's death (his car, with the parking brake accidentally not fully engaged, ran over his son while Ben was unloading groceries).Peaches and her newborn son are taken to the hospital. Dot reconciles with her father, who agrees to take her the rest of the way to Denver. She kisses Trevor before she leaves, promising to keep in touch. With a borrowed spinal board, Ben helps Trevor fulfill his wish of urinating standing up, over the rail, into the pit.Ben and Trevor return home, and Ben finalizes his divorce. He begins writing his next novel about Trevor, indicating he has remained close friends with him.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Craig Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Selena Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Ehle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Ehle"},{"link_name":"Megan Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Frederick Weller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Weller"},{"link_name":"Bobby Cannavale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Cannavale"}],"text":"Paul Rudd as Ben Benjamin\nCraig Roberts as Trevor\nSelena Gomez as Dot\nJennifer Ehle as Elsa\nMegan Ferguson as Peaches\nFrederick Weller as Bob\nBobby Cannavale as Cash\nJulia Denton as Janet","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worldwide Pants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Pants"},{"link_name":"Rob Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Burnett_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Jon Beckerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Beckerman"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Evison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Evison"},{"link_name":"The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revised_Fundamentals_of_Caregiving"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldwidePants-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WorldwidePants-3"},{"link_name":"Donna Gigliotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Gigliotti"},{"link_name":"Paul Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudd"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RuddCast-4"},{"link_name":"Selena Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GomezCast-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FinalReel-6"},{"link_name":"Bobby Cannavale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Cannavale"},{"link_name":"Frederick Weller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Weller"},{"link_name":"Craig Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On October 11, 2012, Worldwide Pants' Rob Burnett and Jon Beckerman acquired the film rights to Jonathan Evison's novel The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving.[3] Burnett adapted and directed the film,[3] and Donna Gigliotti and James Spies produced. On January 7, 2015, Paul Rudd was cast to play the male lead,[4] and on January 13, Selena Gomez also joined the film.[5]On December 7, it was announced that the original title, The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving, had been changed to The Fundamentals of Caring.[6] It was later revealed Bobby Cannavale and Frederick Weller had been cast in the film as well, with Craig Roberts also added to star opposite Rudd.[7][8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cartersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal photography began on January 22, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia.[9][10] In early February filming took place in Cartersville, Georgia.[11] The shoot concluded on February 26, 2015, after 26 days of filming.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sundance-12"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The film had its world premiere on January 29 at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival as the Closing Night Film.[12] In January 2016, prior to its festival premiere, Netflix acquired the film's global distribution rights,[13] and began streaming it on June 24, 2016.[14]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT-15"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meta-16"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 77%, based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's consensus reads: \"The Fundamentals Of Caring gets maximum mileage out of the chemistry between its well-matched leads as it follows a fairly well-worn coming-of-age road trip route\".[15] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[16]","title":"Release"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Robinson, Will (April 1, 2016). \"Netflix sets June premiere date for The Fundamentals of Caring\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/01/selena-gomez-paul-rudd-netflix-fundamentals-caring-premiere-date","url_text":"\"Netflix sets June premiere date for The Fundamentals of Caring\""}]},{"reference":"Osterndorf, Chris (June 24, 2016). \"Review: Netflix's 'The Fundamentals of Caring' runs on Rudd\". The Daily Dot. Retrieved July 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailydot.com/upstream/fundamentals-of-caring-review-netflix/","url_text":"\"Review: Netflix's 'The Fundamentals of Caring' runs on Rudd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Dot","url_text":"The Daily Dot"}]},{"reference":"Siegel, Tatiana (October 11, 2012). \"Worldwide Pants Nabs Big-Screen Rights to Jonathan Evison's Novel 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved February 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/worldwide-pants-nabs-big-screen-378278","url_text":"\"Worldwide Pants Nabs Big-Screen Rights to Jonathan Evison's Novel 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\""}]},{"reference":"Sneider, Jeff (January 7, 2015). \"Paul Rudd to Star in Inspirational Indie Movie 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\". thewrap.com. Retrieved February 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/paul-rudd-to-star-in-inspirational-indie-movie-the-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving/","url_text":"\"Paul Rudd to Star in Inspirational Indie Movie 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\""}]},{"reference":"Yamato, Jen (January 13, 2015). \"Selena Gomez Joins Paul Rudd In 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2015/01/selena-gomez-paul-rudd-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving-movie-cast-1201349149/","url_text":"\"Selena Gomez Joins Paul Rudd In 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Look at Paul Rudd, Craig Roberts & Selena Gomez in The Fundamentals of Caring\". Final Reel. December 7, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.finalreel.co.uk/the-fundamentals-of-caring-first-look/","url_text":"\"First Look at Paul Rudd, Craig Roberts & Selena Gomez in The Fundamentals of Caring\""}]},{"reference":"Berkshire, Geoff (January 23, 2016). \"Sundance Film Review: 'The Fundamentals of Caring'\". Variety. Retrieved May 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/the-fundamentals-of-caring-film-review-sundance-1201686813/","url_text":"\"Sundance Film Review: 'The Fundamentals of Caring'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Tartaglione, Nancy (May 30, 2016). \"'The Fundamentals Of Caring' Trailer: Paul Rudd, Craig Roberts & Selena Gomez Hit The Road\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/05/the-fundamentals-of-caring-trailer-paul-rudd-selena-gomez-video-1201764494/","url_text":"\"'The Fundamentals Of Caring' Trailer: Paul Rudd, Craig Roberts & Selena Gomez Hit The Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Selena Gomez arrives in Atlanta to begin filming 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\". onlocationvacations.com. January 19, 2015. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124531/http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2015/01/19/selena-gomez-arrives-in-atlanta-to-begin-filming-the-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving/","url_text":"\"Selena Gomez arrives in Atlanta to begin filming 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\""},{"url":"http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2015/01/19/selena-gomez-arrives-in-atlanta-to-begin-filming-the-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"On the Set for 1/26/15: Michael Fassbender Begins Steve Jobs Biopic, Ryan Coogler Starts Rocky Spinoff & More\". ssninsider.com. January 26, 2015. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185009/http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-12615-michael-fassbender-begins-steve-jobs-biopic-ryan-coogler-starts-rocky-spinoff-more/","url_text":"\"On the Set for 1/26/15: Michael Fassbender Begins Steve Jobs Biopic, Ryan Coogler Starts Rocky Spinoff & More\""},{"url":"http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-12615-michael-fassbender-begins-steve-jobs-biopic-ryan-coogler-starts-rocky-spinoff-more/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Selena Gomez & Paul Rudd continue filming 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving' in Cartersville, Georgia\". onlocationvacations.com. February 2, 2015. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211021013537/https://onlocationvacations.com/2015/02/02/selena-gomez-paul-rudd-continue-filming-the-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving-in-cartersville-georgia/","url_text":"\"Selena Gomez & Paul Rudd continue filming 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving' in Cartersville, Georgia\""},{"url":"http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2015/02/02/selena-gomez-paul-rudd-continue-filming-the-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving-in-cartersville-georgia/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SUNDANCE INSTITUTE COMPLETES FEATURE FILM LINEUP FOR 2016 SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL\". Sundance. December 7, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/premieres-spotlight-sundance-kids-and-special-events-announced-for-2016-festival","url_text":"\"SUNDANCE INSTITUTE COMPLETES FEATURE FILM LINEUP FOR 2016 SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL\""}]},{"reference":"Sharf, Zack (January 15, 2016). \"Netflix Continues to Conquer Pre-Sundance With 'Fundamentals of Caring' Deal\". Indiewire.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/article/netflix-continues-to-conquer-pre-sundance-with-fundamentals-of-caring-deal-20160115","url_text":"\"Netflix Continues to Conquer Pre-Sundance With 'Fundamentals of Caring' Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"EW\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/01/selena-gomez-paul-rudd-netflix-fundamentals-caring-premiere-date","url_text":"\"EW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"The Fundamentals of Caring (2016)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_fundamentals_of_caring","url_text":"\"The Fundamentals of Caring (2016)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"\"The Fundamentals of Caring Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-fundamentals-of-caring","url_text":"\"The Fundamentals of Caring Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/01/selena-gomez-paul-rudd-netflix-fundamentals-caring-premiere-date","external_links_name":"\"Netflix sets June premiere date for The Fundamentals of Caring\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailydot.com/upstream/fundamentals-of-caring-review-netflix/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Netflix's 'The Fundamentals of Caring' runs on Rudd\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/worldwide-pants-nabs-big-screen-378278","external_links_name":"\"Worldwide Pants Nabs Big-Screen Rights to Jonathan Evison's Novel 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/paul-rudd-to-star-in-inspirational-indie-movie-the-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving/","external_links_name":"\"Paul Rudd to Star in Inspirational Indie Movie 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2015/01/selena-gomez-paul-rudd-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving-movie-cast-1201349149/","external_links_name":"\"Selena Gomez Joins Paul Rudd In 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\""},{"Link":"http://www.finalreel.co.uk/the-fundamentals-of-caring-first-look/","external_links_name":"\"First Look at Paul Rudd, Craig Roberts & Selena Gomez in The Fundamentals of Caring\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/the-fundamentals-of-caring-film-review-sundance-1201686813/","external_links_name":"\"Sundance Film Review: 'The Fundamentals of Caring'\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2016/05/the-fundamentals-of-caring-trailer-paul-rudd-selena-gomez-video-1201764494/","external_links_name":"\"'The Fundamentals Of Caring' Trailer: Paul Rudd, Craig Roberts & Selena Gomez Hit The Road\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124531/http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2015/01/19/selena-gomez-arrives-in-atlanta-to-begin-filming-the-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving/","external_links_name":"\"Selena Gomez arrives in Atlanta to begin filming 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving'\""},{"Link":"http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2015/01/19/selena-gomez-arrives-in-atlanta-to-begin-filming-the-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185009/http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-12615-michael-fassbender-begins-steve-jobs-biopic-ryan-coogler-starts-rocky-spinoff-more/","external_links_name":"\"On the Set for 1/26/15: Michael Fassbender Begins Steve Jobs Biopic, Ryan Coogler Starts Rocky Spinoff & More\""},{"Link":"http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-12615-michael-fassbender-begins-steve-jobs-biopic-ryan-coogler-starts-rocky-spinoff-more/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211021013537/https://onlocationvacations.com/2015/02/02/selena-gomez-paul-rudd-continue-filming-the-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving-in-cartersville-georgia/","external_links_name":"\"Selena Gomez & Paul Rudd continue filming 'The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving' in Cartersville, Georgia\""},{"Link":"http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2015/02/02/selena-gomez-paul-rudd-continue-filming-the-revised-fundamentals-of-caregiving-in-cartersville-georgia/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/premieres-spotlight-sundance-kids-and-special-events-announced-for-2016-festival","external_links_name":"\"SUNDANCE INSTITUTE COMPLETES FEATURE FILM LINEUP FOR 2016 SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/article/netflix-continues-to-conquer-pre-sundance-with-fundamentals-of-caring-deal-20160115","external_links_name":"\"Netflix Continues to Conquer Pre-Sundance With 'Fundamentals of Caring' Deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/01/selena-gomez-paul-rudd-netflix-fundamentals-caring-premiere-date","external_links_name":"\"EW\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_fundamentals_of_caring","external_links_name":"\"The Fundamentals of Caring (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-fundamentals-of-caring","external_links_name":"\"The Fundamentals of Caring Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/title/80097349","external_links_name":"The Fundamentals of Caring"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_fundamentals_of_caring","external_links_name":"The Fundamentals of Caring"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2452386/","external_links_name":"The Fundamentals of Caring"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetes	Magnetes	["1 Mythology","2 Family tree","3 References"]	Ancient Greek tribe The Magnetes (Greek: Μάγνητες) were an ancient Greek tribe. In book 2 of the Iliad, Homer includes them in the Greek Army that is besieging Troy, and identifies their homeland in Thessaly, in a part that is still known as Magnesia. They later also contributed to the Greek colonisation by founding two prosperous cities in Western Anatolia, Magnesia on the Maeander and Magnesia ad Sipylum. Mythology According to the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women (fr. 7), Thyia, a daughter of Deucalion, lay with Zeus and bore two sons: Magnes and Makednos, the eponyms of the Magnetes and Macedones, respectively. Within Thyia's extended family in the Catalogue are found the progenitors of several of the other early Greek tribes. Her sister Pandora II (named after her grandmother, the famous Pandora) bore Graecus (also to Zeus). And their brother Hellen, along with his three sons Dorus, Xuthus (with his sons Ion and Achaeus) and Aeolos, filled out the set of progenitors of the ancient tribes that formed the Greek/Hellenic nation. Family tree DeucalionPyrrhaZeus Hellen(hellenes)ThyiaPandora II Dorus(dorians)XuthusAeolus(aeolians)Magnes(magnetes)Macedon(macedones)Graecus(graeci) Achaeus(achaeans)Ion(ionians) The genealogical relation between the early Greek tribes within the family of Deucalion. References ^ Kirk, G.S. (1985). The Iliad : a commentary (Repr ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 187. ISBN 0521237092. Retrieved 18 January 2014. ^ After M.L. West, The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women: Its Nature, Structure, and Origins (Oxford, 1985) 173. Hellen is a son of Pyrrha and Zeus ( frr. 2–5.; cf. West (1985) 52, 56); Graecus, a son of Pandora II, Deucalion's daughter, and Zeus ( fr. 5).; Magnes and Macedon, sons of Thyia, Deucalion's daughter, and Zeus ( fr. 7).; Dorus and Aeolus are sons of Hellen by the nymph Othreis ( fr. 9)., as is Xuthus, who, marrying Creusa, daughter of Erechtheus, sired Achaeus and Ion (fr. 10(a)23 OCT). This article about ethnicity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Magnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesia_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Greek colonisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_colonies"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Magnesia on the Maeander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander"},{"link_name":"Magnesia ad Sipylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesia_ad_Sipylum"}],"text":"The Magnetes (Greek: Μάγνητες) were an ancient Greek tribe. In book 2 of the Iliad, Homer includes them in the Greek Army that is besieging Troy, and identifies their homeland in Thessaly, in a part that is still known as Magnesia.[1] They later also contributed to the Greek colonisation by founding two prosperous cities in Western Anatolia, Magnesia on the Maeander and Magnesia ad Sipylum.","title":"Magnetes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hesiodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"Catalogue of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women"},{"link_name":"Thyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Deucalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deucalion"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Magnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnes_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Makednos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makednos"},{"link_name":"Macedones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians"},{"link_name":"Greek tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_tribes"},{"link_name":"Pandora II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_(daughter_of_Pyrrha)"},{"link_name":"Pandora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora"},{"link_name":"Graecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecus"},{"link_name":"Hellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellen"},{"link_name":"Dorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorus"},{"link_name":"Xuthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuthus"},{"link_name":"Ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Achaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaeus_(son_of_Xuthus)"},{"link_name":"Aeolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolus_(son_of_Hellen)"},{"link_name":"Hellenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"}],"text":"According to the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women (fr. 7), Thyia, a daughter of Deucalion, lay with Zeus and bore two sons: Magnes and Makednos, the eponyms of the Magnetes and Macedones, respectively. Within Thyia's extended family in the Catalogue are found the progenitors of several of the other early Greek tribes. Her sister Pandora II (named after her grandmother, the famous Pandora) bore Graecus (also to Zeus). And their brother Hellen, along with his three sons Dorus, Xuthus (with his sons Ion and Achaeus) and Aeolos, filled out the set of progenitors of the ancient tribes that formed the Greek/Hellenic nation.","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kirk, G.S. (1985). The Iliad : a commentary (Repr ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p. 187. ISBN 0521237092. Retrieved 18 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_4WTQ9WWlvcC&q=iliad+magnetes&pg=PA187","url_text":"The Iliad : a commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521237092","url_text":"0521237092"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_4WTQ9WWlvcC&q=iliad+magnetes&pg=PA187","external_links_name":"The Iliad : a commentary"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Saint-Maire	Saint-Maire Castle	["1 History","2 Architecture","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 46°31′30″N 6°38′09″E / 46.524864°N 6.635706°E / 46.524864; 6.635706Castle in Lausanne, Switzerland Château Saint-MaireLausanne Château Saint-MaireChâteau Saint-MaireShow map of Canton of VaudChâteau Saint-MaireShow map of SwitzerlandCoordinates46°31′30″N 6°38′09″E / 46.524864°N 6.635706°E / 46.524864; 6.635706CodeCH-VDHeight535 m above the seaSite informationConditionpreservedSite historyBuilt1397-1406 Swiss Cultural Property of National Significance Château Saint-Maire (Saint-Maire Castle) is a castle in Lausanne, Switzerland, that serves as the seat of the cantonal government, the Council of State of Vaud. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. History The château was built from 1397 to 1425 by the Bishops of Lausanne to serve as their fortified residence. Begun under Guillaume of Menthonay, it was completed under his successor, Guillaume of Challant, and named after Saint Marius, the first Bishop of Lausanne. It served as the bishop's residence until 1536, when Bern captured Lausanne and secularized the bishopric (the bishop, Sébastien of Montfalcon, escaped through a hidden stairwell). The Bernese installed a bailiff in the château and used it as an armory. Upon the creation of the canton of Vaud in 1803, it became seat of the cantonal government, a role it has retained. Architecture The château was built as a single massive rectangular block, as was common at the time, with brick for the upper portion and sandstone for the lower portion. It originally had Ghibelline merlons, which gave it a somewhat Italian appearance, but due to the wet climate, the roof was extended and the merlons filled, probably in the 16th century. The windows that form a row just below the eaves fill the gaps between the merlons, and the arches above the windows fill the v-shaped openings in the Ghibelline style of merlon. In 1789, the Bernese built an annex on the west side of the castle, through which it is now entered. A tower that formerly stood next to the château was demolished in 1890, and around the same time, a statue of Abraham Davel was installed against the front wall. See also List of cultural property of national significance in Switzerland: Vaud List of castles and fortresses in Switzerland Council of State of Vaud References ^ "Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance". A-Objects. Federal Office for Cultural Protection (BABS). 1 January 2017. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2017. ^ a b c Ric Berger (1994). Les châteaux de la Suisse: Suisse romande et Tessin. Editions Cabédita. pp. 62–63. ISBN 2-88295-116-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Château Saint-Maire, Lausanne. Page on the website of the City of Lausanne vteCastles and Fortresses of the Canton of Vaud Aigle Aile Allaman Aubonne Avenches Beaulieu Blonay Bossey Champittet Champvent Châtelard Chillon Les Clées Coppet Crans Crêtes Curtilles Donneloye Duillier Dully D'En-Bas Echandens Glérolles Grandcour Grandson Guévaux Hauteville L'Isle Lucens Luins Lutry Saint-Maire Mathod Mestral Morges Nyon Orbe Oron Prangins Saint-Prex Rolle La Sarraz La Tour-de-Peliz Vincy Vufflens Vullierens Yverdon See also Castles of Switzerland Castles of Europe vteLausanneDistricts, places and parks Lac de Sauvabelin La Cité Le Flon Montbenon Parc de Milan Parc de Mon Repos Ouchy Vidy (Lousonna) Buildings and monuments Beau-Rivage Palace Cathedral Château d'Ouchy Château Saint-Maire Lausanne Palace EPFL Learning Center Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland Palais de Beaulieu Palais de Rumine Tour de Sauvabelin Synagogue Museums and culture Ballet Béjart Cantonal Botanical Garden Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts Cantonal Museum of Zoology Cantonal and University Library Conservatory Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts Collection de l'art brut Musée de l'Élysée Olympic Museum Lausanne Opera Swiss Film Archive Public transport Bus lines Lausanne-Flon station Lausanne Métro Lausanne Métro Line M1 Métro Lausanne–Ouchy Railway station Trolleybuses in Lausanne Funiculaire Lausanne-Signal Portals: Politics Switzerland Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic Structurae	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"cantonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Council of State of Vaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Vaud"},{"link_name":"heritage site of national significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Castle in Lausanne, SwitzerlandChâteau Saint-Maire (Saint-Maire Castle) is a castle in Lausanne, Switzerland, that serves as the seat of the cantonal government, the Council of State of Vaud. 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Begun under Guillaume of Menthonay, it was completed under his successor, Guillaume of Challant, and named after Saint Marius, the first Bishop of Lausanne. It served as the bishop's residence until 1536, when Bern captured Lausanne and secularized the bishopric (the bishop, Sébastien of Montfalcon, escaped through a hidden stairwell). The Bernese installed a bailiff in the château and used it as an armory. Upon the creation of the canton of Vaud in 1803, it became seat of the cantonal government, a role it has retained.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"merlons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berger-2"},{"link_name":"Abraham Davel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Davel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berger-2"}],"text":"The château was built as a single massive rectangular block, as was common at the time, with brick for the upper portion and sandstone for the lower portion. It originally had Ghibelline merlons, which gave it a somewhat Italian appearance, but due to the wet climate, the roof was extended and the merlons filled, probably in the 16th century. The windows that form a row just below the eaves fill the gaps between the merlons, and the arches above the windows fill the v-shaped openings in the Ghibelline style of merlon.[2]In 1789, the Bernese built an annex on the west side of the castle, through which it is now entered. A tower that formerly stood next to the château was demolished in 1890, and around the same time, a statue of Abraham Davel was installed against the front wall.[2]","title":"Architecture"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of cultural property of national significance in Switzerland: Vaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cultural_property_of_national_significance_in_Switzerland:_Vaud"},{"title":"List of castles and fortresses in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_and_fortresses_in_Switzerland"},{"title":"Council of State of Vaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Vaud"}]	[{"reference":"\"Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance\". A-Objects. Federal Office for Cultural Protection (BABS). 1 January 2017. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_films	List of Nepalese films	["1 Early cinema (1951–1979)","2 1980s","3 1990s","4 2000s","5 2010s","5.1 2010","5.2 2011","5.3 2012","5.4 2013","5.5 2014","5.6 2015","5.7 2016","5.8 2017","5.9 2018","5.10 2019","6 2020s","6.1 2020","6.2 2022","6.3 2023","6.4 2024","7 See also","8 References"]	vteCinema of Nepal Actors Directors Cinematographers Films (A–Z) Films by year 1978–1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2019 Despite its short history, the Nepali movie industry has its own place in the cultural heritage of Nepal. Nepalese films or Nepalese cinema refers to films made in Nepali language within Nepal and beyond. Most Nepalese films are narrative and were shot on 16-millimeter film during the film era, which are mostly recorded digitally now. The first Nepali-language film was Satya Harischandra, which was released in 1951 in Darjeeling, India, and produced by D. B. Pariyar. The first Nepali-language movie made in Nepal was Aama, which was released in 1964 produced by the Nepalese government. However, the first Nepali-language movie made by the Nepalese private sector was Maitighar, which starred Mala Sinha and was released in 1966. The first color Nepali-language movie was Kumari. Nepal First Indigenous Santali language Feature Film was Bonodal (Change) 2016 made for the socio-cultural civilization and religious interests of Santali community. This film is designed by keeping a close views on many meaningful facts. The Script, editor, produced and directed by Kiran Khatiwada. Nepalese ex- mp Mr. Mohan Tudu also shows his acting skilled in the film and the film was inaugurated by ex- former minister of communication information Mr. Surendra Kumar Karki. Early cinema (1951–1979) Year Film Artist Director Producer Music composer Editor Genres 1964 Aama (mother) Shiva Shankar, Bhuvan Chand Heera Singh Khatri Information Dept. Govt of Nepal 1966 Maitighar (Birthplace) Mala Sinha, C.P. Lohani B.S. Thapa Sumonanjali Films Pvt. Ltd. Jaidev 1967 Hijo, Aaja, Bholi (Yesterday, Today, Tomarrow) Mitra Lal Sharma, Bhuvan Chand Heera Singh Khatri Information Dept. Govt of Nepal 1971 Parivartan (Change) Yagya mirth Ghimire Heera Singh Khatri Information Dept. Govt of Nepal 1973 Mann Ko Bandh (Heart's stoppage) Salyan K.C., Sushma Shahi Prakash Thapa Royal Nepal Film Corporation Nati Kaji, Shiva Shankar 1977 Kumari (Living goddess) Biswa Basnet, Chaitya Devi Prem Bahadur Basnet Royal Nepal Film Corporation 1978 Paral Ko Aago (Straw's Flame) Tanka Sharma, Susmita Dhakal, Basundhara Bhusal (debut) Pratap Subba Cineroma Shanti Thatal 1980s Year Film Artists Director Producer Music composer Editor 1980 Sindoor (Marriage symbol) Meenaxi Anand, Biswa Basnet, Neer Shah Prakash Thapa Royal Nepal Film Corporation 1980 Jeevan Rekha (Life Line) Meenaxi Anand, Shiv Shrestha (debut) 1981 Bansuri (Flute) Rakesh Pandey, Rajani Sharma, Tanka Sharma, Biswa Hingmang Tulsi Ghimire Mohan Kumar Bannerjee Ranjit Gazmer 1982 Juni (Incarnation) Bhuwan K.C. (debut), Meenakshi Anand Sarad Palekar 1982 Bachana Chahane Haru (Those Who Want to Live) Kiran Thakuri, Biswa Hingmang Pratap Subba Shanti Thatal 1982 Badalindo Aakash (The Changing Sky) Shiv Shrestha, Sushma Shahi, Neer Shah Laxminath Sharma Royal Nepal Film Corporation Gopal Yonzon 1983 Samjhana (Memories) Bhuwan K.C., Trupti Totlani Narodkar (debut), Muralidhar Shambhu Pradhan Ishwari Films Ranjit Gazmer 1984 Kanchhi (Little Sister) Shiv Shrestha, Sharmila Malla (debut), Sushma Shahi, Mausami Malla (debut) B.S. Thapa Bhagawan Das Shrestha Gopal Yonzon 1984 Adarsha Nari (Exemplary Woman) Bijaya Lama, Ujwal Ghimire, Amsumala Shahi, Punam Lama Hem Lama Hem Lama Madan Pariyar 1985 Ke Ghar Ke Dera (What's Home, What's Tenancy) Puran Joshi (debut), Sharmila Malla, Madan Krishna Shrestha, Hari Bansha Acharya, Kristi Mainali (debut) Pradeep Rimal 1985 Kusume Rumal (Scarlet Handkerchief) Bhuwan K.C., Trupti Totlani Narodkar, Udit Narayan (debut) Tulsi Ghimire Sayapatri Films Ranjit Gazmer 1985 Basudev [ lord Vishnu] Krishna Malla (debut), Sharmila Malla, Madan Krishna Shrestha, Hari Bansha Acharya, Neer Shah, Harihar Sharma Neer Shah Ranjit Gazmer 1986 Biswas (Faith) Shiv Shrestha, Roshi Karki, Rajshri Chhetri Chetan Karki Royal Nepal Film Corporation Gopal Yonzon 1987 Saino (Relation) Bhuwan K.C., Trupti Totlani Narodkar, Danny Denzongpa, Raksha Mark Ugyen Chopel Triple Jem Movies Ranjit Gazmer 1988 Anyay (Injustice) Meera Madhuri (debut), Biswa Basnet, Prakash Adhikari (debut) Tulsi Ghimire Sagarmatha Movietone Ranjit Gazmer 1988 Jhodaa (Pair) Banni Sharma, Tanka Sharma Barun Kawasi Kusulata Interprises Ranjit Gazmer 1988 Maya Preeti (Love and Affection) Ravindra Khadka, Sharmila Malla, Krishna Malla Chetan Karki Shanti Films Gopal Yonzon 1988 Sahas (Courage) Shiv Shrestha Giri Raj Lamichhane Trishakti Films 1989 Behuli (The Bride) Sunita Khadka, Prakash Adhikari Shambhu Pradhan Ishwari Films Ranjit Gazmer 1989 Bhagya Rekha (Line of Fate) Rabindra Khadka, Mausami Malla Deepak Rayamajhi Surya Binayek Films Norbu Tshering 1989 Santaan (Offspring) Bhuwan K.C., Arjun Jung Shahi (debut), Ujwal Ghimire, Karishma Manandhar (debut), Gauri Malla (debut), Shanti Maskey, Kristi Mainali Prakash Thapa Om Productions, Royal Nepal Film Corporation Manohari Singh 1989 Lahure (The Armyman) Shrawan Ghimire, Trupti Totlanii Narodkar Tulsi Ghimire Kanchanjungha Films Ranjit Gazmer 1990s Year Film Artists Director Producer Music composer Editor 1990 Mayalu (Beloved) Bhuwan K.C., Karishma Manandhar Giri Raj Lamichhane 1990 Pariwar (Family) Bhuwan K.C., Ashok Sharma, Kristi K.C. (Mainali), Mithila Sharma, Nir Shaha, Madan Das Shrestha, Sushila Rayamajhi Raj Kumar Sharma Mrs. Sumitra Poudyal Jeevan Adhikari Raj Kumar Sharma 1990 Cheli Beti (Girls/Daughters) Gauri Malla, Sharmila Malla, Arjun Jung Sahi, Mithila Sharma Yadav Kharel Udaya Films Sambhujeet Baskota 1990 Pheri Bhetaula (We Shall Meet Again) Manisha Koirala, Prakash Adhikari Phurpa Chiring Gurung Himchuli Films Ranjit Gazmer 1990 Tilhari (symbol of marriage) Bhuwan K.C., Mausami Malla, Kristi Mainali Giri Raj Lamichhane Sayapatri Films Jeevan Adhikari 1991 Bijaya Parajaya (Victory-Defeat) Bhuwan K.C., Krsihna Malla, Brazesh Khanal, Sharmila Malla, Saroj Khanal, Rupa Rana, Teeka Pahari Rajendra Shalabh 1991 Chino (Souvenir) Bhuwan K.C., Shiv Shrestha, Kristi Mainali, Sharmila Malla, Subhadra Adhikari, Sinaura Mistry, Anoop Malla and Sushila Raymajhi Tulsi Ghimire Om Trinetra Production Ranjit Gazmer 1991 Chot (Wound) Saroj Khanal, Rupa Rana, Gauri Malla Subodh Kumar Pokharel 1991 Lobhi Paapi (Greedy Sinner) Gauri Malla, Madan Krishna Shrestha, Hari Bansha Acharya Yadav Kharel Creative Movies Sambhujeet Baskota 1991 The Friend Sanjay Pradhan 1991 Kanyadan (Bride give away to Groom) Gauri Malla, Bhuwan K.C. Prakash Samjhana Films Manohari Singh 1991 Sampati (Property) Mausami Malla, Arjun Shrestha Shambhu Pradhan Ishwari Films Ranjit Gazmer 1991 Trishna (Thirst) Bhuwan K.C., Rupa Rana, Muralidhar Ugyen Chopel Aarati Films Ranjit Gazmer 1991 Yug Dekhi Yug Samma (From Era to Era) Rajesh Hamal (debut), Kristi Mainali Deepak Rayamajhi Kashi Prasad Shrestha Sambhujeet Baskota 1992 Arpan (Offering) Arjun Shrestha, Bhuwan K.C., Kristi Mainali Rajkumar Sharma Sayapatri Films Bhupendra Rayamajhi 1992 Arunima Saroj Khanal, Kristi Mainali, Karishma Manandhar, Arjun Shrestha, Mausami Malla Mahendra Bhakta Shrestha 1992 Chokho Maaya (Pure Love) Saroj Khanal, Kristi Mainali, Bijaya Lama Raj Bikram Shah Sagun Films Shakti Ballav 1992 Dui Thopa Aansoo (Two Drops of Tears) Bhuwan K.C., Shrawan Ghimire, Anuradha Sawant Tulsi Ghimire Ranjit Gazmer 1992 Kastoori (Musk) Karishma Manandhar Kiran Pradhan Binod Manandhar 1992 Maya (Love) Bhuwan K.C., Puran Joshi, Nabina Shrestha, Mausami Malla, Mithila Sharma Pradeep Rimal 1992 Bhauju (Sister in Law) Rajesh Hamal, Karishma, Neer Shah, Karishma Manandhar Rajendra Shalav Shankar Films Subodh Shreedhar 1992 Tapasya (Prayer) Saroj Khanal, Gauri Malla, Beena Basnet, Karishma Manandhar Narayan Puri Roshana Films Subodh Shreedhar 1993 Aandhi Beri (The Storm) Gauri Malla, Binod Kharel Yadav Kharel 1993 Adhikar (The Right) Rajesh Hamal, Kristi Mainali, Mithila Sharma Prakash Thapa 1993 Jhuma Mausami Malla, Arjun Shrestha Pradeep Upadhay 1993 Koseli (The Gift) Trupti Totlani Narodkar, Krishna Malla, Bharati Ghimire, Shrawan Ghimire, Bijaya Lama Tulsi Ghimire Ranjit Gazmer 1993 Manakamana (A Heart's Desire) Shiv Shrestha, Karishma Manandhar Subodh Kumar Pokharel 1993 Milan (Meeting) Shiv Shrestha, Karishma Manandhar, Brazesh Khanal, Melina Manandhar Laxminath Sharma Subodh Kumar Pokharel Sambhujeet Baskota Subodh Shreedhar 1993 Priyasi (Girlfriend) Melina Manandhar (debut), Kiran Pratap K.C. Deepak Rayamajhi Sambhujeet Baskota 1993 Sankalpa (Decision) Bhuwan K.C., Krishna Malla, Sharmila Malla, Kristi Mainali, Shiv Shrestha Shyam Rai Om Shiv Shakti Films Sambhujeet Baskota 1994 Bhauju (Sister-in-Law) Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar Rajendra Shalabh Sambhujeet Baskota Subodh Shreedhar 1994 Deuki Rajesh Hamal, Mausami Malla Banni Pradhan 1994 Deuta (God) Rajesh Hamal, Srijana Basnet (debut), Shrawan Ghimire Tulsi Ghimire Ranjit Gazmer 1994 Chatyang (Lightning) Rajesh Hamal, Gauri Malla Giri Raj Lamichhane Pratap Subba 1994 Kasam (The Promise) Rajesh Hamal, Kristi Mainali, Mausami Malla Deepak Rayamajhi 1994 Naata (Relation) Bhuwan K.C., Gauri Malla, Shree Krishna Shrestha, Ashok Sharma Biswa Banet Subodh Shreedhar 1994 Sapana (Dream) Bhuwan K.C., Shiv Shrestha, Karishma Manandhar, Mausami Malla Sambhu Pradhan 1994 Aparadh (Crime) Rajesh Hamal, Kristi Mainali, Melina Manandhar Amar Rasilee 1994 Badal (Cloud) Bhuwan K.C., Krishna Malla, Sharmila Malla, Bina Basnet 1994 Chahana (A Desire) Rajesh Hamal, Sunil Thapa, Karisma Manandhar, Santosh Panta, Saroj Khanal Sheetal Nepal Subodh Shreedhar 1994 Cheli (A Girl) Mausami Malla, Dhiren Shakya Raju Dhowj Rana Shradha Arts Anil Shahi 1994 Dakshina (Tribute) Bhuwan K.C., Niruta Singh (debut) Tulsi Ghimire Ranjit Gazmer 1994 Dushman (Enemy) Kiran Pratap, Saroj Khanal, Mausami Malla, Rupa Rana Badri Adhikari Nirmala Rana Bhupendra Rayamajhi 1994 Janma Janma (One Life to Another) Saroj Khanal, Dhiren Shahkya Sheetal Nepal Multi Track Movies Subh Bahadhur 1994 Jhajhalko (Remembrances) Shiv Shrestha, Gauri Malla, Kristi Mainali, Shree Krishna Shrestha (debut) Gagan Birahi United Films Sambhujeet Baskota 1994 Pahilo Prem (First Love) Chetan Karki 1994 Sadak (Road) Rajesh Hamal, Saroj Khanal, Sunny Runiyar Tirth Thapa Prakssh Gurung Subodh Shreedhar 1994 Paribhasa (Definition) Rajesh Hamal, Saroj Khanal, Karishma Manandhar Rajendra Shalabh Madhav Narayan Lingthep Subodh Shreedhar 1994 Prem Puja (Praising of Love) Dhiren Shakya Raju Dhowj Rana Sunsine Films Anil Shahi 1994 Prithvi (World) Rajesh Hamal, Srijana Basnet, Mausami Malla Prakash Sayami Shiva Shakti Films Shakti Ballav 1994 Rakchaya (Protection) Prem Baniya 1994 Sannani (A Small Girl) Saroj Khanal, Anita Silwal Narayan Puri 1994 Saubhagye (Good Luck) Dhiren Shakya, Mausami Malla, Rupa Rana Madhav Sapkota Sangam Films Chandra Thapa 1994 Sauta (2nd Wife) Bhuwan K.C., Karishma Manandhar, Bina Basnet Narayn Puri Subodh Shreedhar 1994 Shanti Deep (Light of Peace) Puran Joshi, Arjun Jung Shahi, Nabina Shrestha, Mithila Sharma Royal Nepal Film Corporation Laxminath Sharma Nati Kaji, Shiv Shankar 1994 Mahadevi (Main Goddess) Bhuwan K.C., Karishma Manandhar Narayan Puri Subodh Shreedhar 1994 Swarga (Heaven) Shiva Shreshtha, Neer Shah, Arjun Shrestha, Gauri Malla Sambhu Pradhan Sambhujeet Baskota 1994 Truck Driver {गाडि चालक} Shiv Shrestha, Karishma Manandhar, Bijay Lama Raj Kumar Sharma Sambhujeet Baskota 1994 Tuhuro (Orphan) Bhuwan K.C., Srijana Basnet, Mausami Malla, Dinesh Sharma (actor) Bhupendra Ray Majhi 1995 Daju Bhai (Brothers) Bhuwan K.C., Shree Krishna Shrestha, Mausami Malla Banni Pradhan Lady Bird Films Shubh Bahadur 1995 Dharma (Religion) Amar Rasilee Subodh Shreedhar 1995 Jaali Rumal (The Knitted Handkerchief) Shree Krishna Shrestha, Melina Manandhar, Sudhamshu Joshi Anish Koirala 1995 Janma Bhoomi (Motherland) Bipana Thapa (debut) Mohan Niraula 1995 Jeevan Sangharsha (Struggles of Life) Rajesh Hamal, Mithila Sharma Subodh Shreedhar 1995 Jwala (Flame) Rajesh Hamal Mukunda Bastakoti Sila Bahadur Moktan 1995 Karja (Debt) Dhiren Shakya, Kristi Mainali, Ganesh Upreti Kishore Rana 1995 Maha Maya (Greatest Love) Shiv Shrestha, Saroj Khanal, Gauri Malla, Mithila Sharma Prakash Thapa 1995 Mohani (Fatal Attraction) Ganesh Upreti, Bina Basnet, Saroj Khanal Ramesh Budathoki Sambhujeet Baskota Subodh Shreedhar 1995 Prem Pinda (Love) Saroj Khanal, Sani Rauniyar (debut), Melina Manandhar, Neer Shah Yadav Kharel Sambhujeet Baskota 1995 Rajamati Shree Krishna Shrestha, Maniraj Lawat, Hisila Maharjan Neer Shah Nhyoo Bajracharya 1995 Ragat (Blood) Saroj Khanal, Bipana Thapa, Bina Basnet, Anita Silwal Narayan Puri Kalpana Acharya Sachin Singh Karun Thapa 1995 Sarangi Saroj Khanal, Brazesh Khanal, Karishma Manandhar, Saranga Shrestha, Teeka Pahari Laxminath Sharma Dhan Bahadur Pun Sambhujeet Baskota 1995 Sarswati Shiva Shrestha, Sunil Thapa, Gauri Malla Sambhu Pradhan 1995 Simana (Border) Rajesh Hamal, Dhiren Shakya, Melina Manandhar Prakash Sayami Rajendra Maharjan Shakti Ballav 1996 Aaghat (Trauma) Kristi Mainali, Bhuwan K.C., Shree Krishna Shrestha Anish Koirala 1996 "Aafno Birano" (Native Foreigner) Rajesh Hamal, Shreekrishna Shrestha, Shrisha Karki 1996 Avatar (Incarnation) Rajesh Hamal, Gauri Malla, Jal Shah (debut) Prakash Sayami Padhma Pictures P. Ltd. 1996 Agni Parichya (The Fire Test) Rajesh Hamal, Bipana Thapa Surya Bohra Machha Puchhre Films Sambhujeet Baskota 1996 Anartha (Wrong Meaning) Kundan Khanal National Vision Anil Shahi 1996 Andolan (Strike) Karishma Manandhar, Dinesh Sharma Tirtha Thapa Prakash Gurung 1996 Balidan (Offering) Madan Krishna Shrestha, Hari Bansa Acharya Tulsi Ghimire 1996 Bandhan (Imprison) Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar, Melina Manandhar, Dinesh Sharma Resh Raj Acharya Sigdel Films Subh Bahadur 1996 Bhariya (Sky Hop) Rajesh Hamal, Melina Manandhar Daya Ram Dahal Chandramukhi Films Anil Shahi 1996 Chhori Buhari (Daughter Daughter-in-law) Rajesh Hamal, Pooja Chand Laxminath Sharma Mansarowar Films P. Ltd. 1996 Chunauti (Challenge) Saroj Khanal, Shree Krishna Shrestha, Bipana Thapa Naresh Kumar Poudel Ranjeet Movies Sambhujeet Baskota 1996 Daijo (Dowry) Bhuwan K.C., Melina Manandhar Daya Ram Dahal Shankha Devi Cine Arts Anil Shahi 1996 Jaya Baba Pashupati Nath (Hail Father Pashupati Nath) Saroj Khanal, Sudhamshu Joshi Satish Kumar Sayapatri Films Muralidhar 1996 Laxmi Puja (Goddess Laxmi worship) Kristi Mainali, Ganesh Upreti, Shree Krishna Shrestha Mansarowar Films P. Ltd. 1996 Karodpati (Millionaire) Bhuwan K.C., Sushmita K.C. Kishore Rana Sambhujeet Baskota 1996 Nirmaya Shree Krishna Shrestha, Saranga Shrestha Narayan Puri 1996 Nirmohi Dinesh Sharma, Jal Shah, Saroj Khanal Nayan Raj Pandey 1996 Paachuri (Sawl) Shiv Shrestha, Bhuwan K.C., Kristi Mainali, Nabina Shrestha Banni Pradhan Amrita Cine Arts Yujin Lama 1996 Prateeksha (Waiting) Karishma Manandhar Raj Bikram Shah 1996 Raanko Shiv Shrestha, Bhuwan K.C., Gauri Malla, Mithila Sharma, Bijaya Lama, Kristi Mainali Kishore Rana 1996 Rahar (Wish) Niruta Singh Tulsi Ghimire Ajambari Films Ranjit Gazmer 1996 Sun Chandi (Gold Silver) Shree Krishna Shrestha, Saranga Shrestha Sambhu Pradhan Ishwori Films Sambhujeet Baskota 1996 Gothalo (Cowboy) Krishna Malla, Sarmila Malla, Saroj Khanal, Shree Krishna Shrestha Ujwal Ghimire Cine Concern Sambhujeet Baskota 1996 Yo Maya Le Launa Satayo (This love irritated me) Deepak Rayamajhi 1997 Allare Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar, Ashok Sharma, Shrisha Karki Ashok Sharma Sambhujeet Baskota 1997 Bishalu Dev Kuamr Shrestha 1997 Chandal Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar, Anita Silwal Arun Kumar Jha 1997 Chahaari 1997 Daiba Sanyog Manju Kumar Shrestha, Sunny Rauniyar 1997 Dauntari 1997 Des Pardes Dhiren Shakya, Karishma Manandhar Yuva Raj Lama 1997 Deurali Yuva Raj Lama 1997 Guru Chela Shree Krishna Shrestha, Saranga Shrestha Sambhujeet Baskota 1997 Ishwor Shiva Shrestha, Jal Shah Arjun Basnet 1997 Jalan Dinesh Sharma Mukunda Bastakoti 1997 Jameen Dhiren Shakya, Bipana Thapa Prakash Sayami 1997 Jun Tara Rajesh Hamal, Dhiren Shakya, Neer Shah Ramesh Budathoki 1997 Khelauna Yuva Raj Lama 1997 Miteri Gaun Shiv Shrestha, Pooja Chand, Pabitra Subba Gagan Birahi 1997 Naaso Shiv Shrestha, Karishma Manandhar, Saranga Shrestha Yadav Kharel 1997 Pocketmaar Dinesh Sharma, Shree Krishna Shrestha Raju Dhowj Rana 1997 Parai Ghar Jal Shah, Ramesh Upreti Deepak Rayamajhi 1997 Rajkumar Dhiren Shakya, Karishma Manandhar, Pooja Chand 1997 Bandhan Dinesh Sharma, Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar, Melina Manandhar Resh Raj Acharya 1997 Seema Rekha Sanu Baba, Sudhamshu Joshi Rajani Rana Kishore Rana 1997 Shankar Rajesh Hamal, Jal Shah, Bipana Thapa Narayan Puri Karun Thapa 1998 Ansha Banda Suraj Subba 1998 Malati Dinesh Sharma, Shiv Shrestha Anil Sangraula 1998 Bahadur Ashok Shrestha Tika Bhandari 1998 Bhanu Bhakta Dilip Rayamajhi (debut), Anita Silwal (debut) Yadav Kharel 1998 Chamatkar 1998 Chor Rajesh Hamal, Bipana Thapa Raj Kumar Sharma 1998 Devdut (God's Messenger) Shree Krishna Shrestha, Bipana Thapa, Ramesh Upretti, Yubaraj Lama Yuva Raj Lama 1998 Dulaha Raja Dulahi Rani Bipana Thapa Yuva Raja Lama 1998 Filim Madan Krishna Shrestha, Hari Bansa Acharya 1998 Gaunle Rajesh Hamal, Bipana Thapa Deepak Shrestha Laxmi Puj Films Tika Bhandari 1998 Ghaam Chayan Kishore Rana 1998 Jeet Shree Krishna Shrestha, Bipana Thapa, Ramesh Upreti Laxminath Sharma Tika Bhandari 1998 Mr Ram Krishne Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar, Ashok Sharma, Saranga Shrestha Ashok Sharma Shambhujeet Baskota 1998 Nayak Manju Kumar Shrestha 1998 Pardesi 1998 Pardesi Kancha Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar Karishma Films Tika Bhandari 1998 Rana Bhoomi Aakash Adhikari 1998 Rani Khola Melina Manandhar, Bipana Thapa 199 1998 Saathi Rajesh Hamal 1998 Sagun Shiv Shrestha, Bipana Thapa Karun Thapa 1998 Kasto Samjhauta Deepak Rayamajhi 1998 Shikhar Shree Krishna Shrestha, Shyaroon Sherpa Gagan Birahi 1998 Sindur Pote Raju Dhowj Rana 1998 Suraksha Dinesh Sharma, Niruta Singh, Sunil Thapa Armit Sharma 1998 The Commando JayBee Rai Basanti Rai Sachin Singh 1998 Thuldai Shiv Shrestha, Jal Shah, Niruta Singh Dayaram Dahal K.B. Pandit Shambhujeet Baskota 1999 Afanta Niruta Singh, Shree Krishna Shrestha Shiva Regmi 1999 Apsara Bipana Thapa, Sanchita Luitel (debut), Ramesh Upreti Sambhujeet Baskota 1999 Awara Bijaya Thapa 1999 Bhai Sushil Chhetri (debut) Deepak Shrestha Tika Bhandari 1999 Chalachitra Biswa Basnet 1999 Chameli Ravi Baral 1999 Nepali Babu Dinesh Sharma, Bhuwan KC, Sunil Thapa Yugen Chhopel Bhuwan KC 1999 Chandani Rajesh Hamal, Niruta Singh Daya Ram Dahal 1999 Chhori Buhari Rajesh Hamal, Puja Chand, Nir Shah, Sunil Thapa Laxmikant Sharma 1999 Dharam Sankat Rajesh Hamal Resh Raj Acharya 1999 Dharmaputra Dinesh Sharma, Rajesh Hamal, Niruta Singh Yuva Raj Lama 1999 Dodhar Arjun Shrestha, Jal Shah, Ramesh Upreti, Niruta Singh, Tika Pahari Narendra Shrestha 1999 Ek Number Ko Pakhe Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar, Jal Shah, Neer Shah, Dinesh DC Kishore Rana Sambhujeet Baskota 1999 Gorkhali Sree Krishna Shrestha, Jharana Thapa Gyanendra Deuja 1999 Hathiyar Jharna Bajracharya, Karisma Manandhar, Lokendra Karki, Simanta Udas Prakash Sayami 1999 Himalaya (Caravan) official entry for the Oscars 1999 Jange Daya Ram Dahal 1999 Kancha Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar Surya Bohra 1999 Mato Bolcha Rajesh Hamal, Bipana Thapa, Dinesh Sharma, Melina Manandhar Resh Raj Acharya Sayapatri Films 1999 Maute Dai Yuva Raj Lama, Ramesh Upreti, Jala Shah Yuva Raj Lama 1999 Nagad Narayan Ramesh Upreti, Rajesh Hamal, Raj Acharya Resh Raj Acharya 1999 Nata Ragat Ko Niruta Singh, Ganesh Upreti, Shree Krishna Shrestha, Jal Shah Prakash Thapa Banish Shah 1999 Pareli Deepak Rayamajhi 1999 Sukumbasi Sunildutta Pandey, Rajesh Hamal Sagar Ghimire 1999 Timinai Basyau Mero Manma Dinesh Sharma, Jal Shah, Sunil Thapa Banni Pradhan 2000s Year Film Artists Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist 2000 Aago Sushil Chhetri, Bipana Thapa, Niruta Singh Narayan Puri Sachin Singh Subodh Shreedhar 2000 Basanti Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar, Gauri Malla Neer Shah 2000 Dhuk Dhuki Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar 2000 Jindagani Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar Ujwal Ghimire Ujwal Ghimire Sambhujeet Baskota 2000 Mukundo Gauri Malla, Mithila Sharma 2000 Mann Mero Mandaina Dinesh Sharma, Bipana Thapa Desh Bhakta Khanal Chiranjiwi Baasnet 2000 Tan Ta Sarai Bigris Ni Badri Bhuwan K.C., Sushmita K. C., Bipana Thapa, Hari Bansha Acharya Sambhujeet Baskota 2000 Upkaar Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar, Shree Krishna Shrestha, Niruta Singh, Mithila Sharma Sajjal Pant (Child artist) Kishore Rana Om Productions Sambhujeet Baskota 2000 Shahar Dinesh Sharma, Puja Chand Suman Sarkar 2000 Anjanai maa Maya Basla hai Dinesh Sharma, Dilip Raymajhi Chandra Prakash Gopal Karmacharya 2001 Aafno Manchhe Bipana Thapa, Dilip Rayamajhi, Shree Krishna Shrestha, Niruta Singh Rejina Uprety Shiva Regmi 2001 Aashirbad Dinesh Sharma, Ram Krishna Dhakal, Rajesh Hamal, Jal Shah, Sanchita Luitel Sambhu Pradhan Gopal Karmacharya 2001 Afno Ghar Afno Manche Narayan Puri Karun Thapa 2001 Ladai Dinesh Sharma, Sushil Chhetri Badri Adhikari Banish Shah 2001 Army (2001 film) Dinesh Sharma, Lokendra Karki, Jal Shah Shovit Basnet Banish Shah 2001 Badal Paree Bhuwan K.C., Jal Shah, Neer Shah Ugyen Chopel Sambhujeet Baskota 2001 Beimani Shiva Shrestha, Shrisha Karki, Shree Krishna Shrestha, Bipana Thapa Bijay Chalise 2001 Bihani Karun Thapa 2001 Buhari Shree krishna Shrestha, Sunil Thapa, Neer Shah Banish Shah 2001 Daag Dinesh Sharma, Dhiren Shakya, Jal Shah, Rajani Rana Akash Adhikari 2001 Daiva Sanjog Manju Kumar Shrestha 2001 Darpan Chaya Niruta Singh, Uttam Pradhan, Tulsi Ghimire, Dilip Rayamajhi Tulsi Ghimire Ranjit Gazmer 2001 Gaajal Ramesh Uprety, Bipana Thapa, Sushil Chhetri K P Pathak Karun Thapa 2001 Gaunthali Dr.Bhola Rijal 2001 Haudey Dinesh Sharma, Ishwor Shrestha Suraj Subba 2001 Jeevan Saathi Deepak Shrestha 2001 Kaidi Dhiren Shakya, Kshitiza Shakya, Shrisha Karki Manoj Khadka Banish Shah 2001 Ke Bho Lau Na Ni Dinesh Sharma, Anupama Koirala, Sushil Chhetri, Shiva Shrestha Anish Koirala 2001 Manai Ta Ho Bipana Thapa, Nawal Khadka, Ramesh Upreti Uday Subba Banish Shah 2001 Maya Baiguni Rajesh Hamal, Dhiren Shakya, Simanta Udash, Bina Basnet, Shrisha Karki Subhash Gajurel 2001 Maya Ko Saino Resh Raj Aacharya 2001 Natedar Shiva Shrestha, Puja Chand, Dilip Raimajhi Mukunda Bastakoti Tika Bhandari 2001 Nepal Pyaro Chha Dinesh Sharma, Rajesh Hamal, Jal Shah, Ramesh Upreti Sambhu Pradhan Subash Gautam 2001 Numafung Alok Nembang Nabin Subba 2001 Pirati Aafai Hudon Rahechha Raju Dhowj Rana 2001 Siudo Ko Sindoor Rajesh Hamal, Niruta Singh, Jharana Bajracharya, Neer Shah, Ratan Subedi, Basundhara Bhushal Manju Kumar Shrestha Karun Thapa 2001 SuperStar Bhuwan K.C., Sushmita K. C. Anish Koirala Banish Shah 2001 Timrai Lagi Uday Subba Banish Shah 2001 Kasto Saino Rajesh Hamal Madan Ghimire Karun Thapa 2001 Yo Maya Ko Sagar Jal Shah, Ramesh Upreti Ashok Sharma 2002 Susmita Ko Life Niruta Singh, Uttam Pradhan Deepak Shrestha 2002 Maya Baiguni Dhiraj Shrestha, Bina Budhathoki, Shrisha Karki Subash Gajurel Kanchi Hamal Madan Dipbim 2002 Anjuli 2002 Baacha Bandhan Dhiren Shakya, Shrisha Karki, Shanti Maskey, Basundhara Bhusal, Rajaram Paudel 2002 Babu Saheb Bhuwan K.C., Karishma Manandhar, Sushmita K.C. Ramesh Budathoki 2002 Bakshish Tika Bhandari 2002 Bhagya Le Jurayo Rajesh Hamal, Rejina Uprety Resh Raj Acharya 2002 Bhai Tika Laxmi Nath Sharma Karun Thapa 2002 Bir Ganeshman Manoj RC Sahajman Shrestha, Bijayratna Tuladhar Nabindra Raj Joshi 2002 Dhan Sampati Dilip Rayamajhi, Rejina Uprety 2002 Hateri Rajesh Hamal, Rejina Uprety, Puja Chand 2002 Khandan Rajesh Hamal, Niruta Singh, Rejina Uprety, Sushil Chhetri Yuva Raj Lama 2002 Maan Dinesh Sharma, Rejina Uprety, Uttam Pradhan, Jay Kishan Basnet Sovit Basnet Banish Shah 2002 Malai Maaf Garidau Bijay Thapa Karun Thapa 2002 Malati Dinesh Sharma, Shiva Shrestha, Jal Shah, Shrisha Karki Anil Sangraula Karun Thapa 2002 Mama Bhanja 2002 Mamaghar Shiv Shrestha, Gauri Malla, Dilip Rayamajhi, Melina Manandhar Karun Thapa 2002 Man Mandir Banish Shah 2002 Maya Namara 2002 Melong 2002 Mitini Bipana Thapa, Dilip Rayamajhi Anish Koirala 2002 Mohani Lagla Hai Bishnu Rijal, Shrisha Karki, Jyoti Sharma, Lav Sharma, Laxmi Giri, Rabi Khadka, Shivahari Paudel, Nabin Shrestha, Sumitra Paudel, Khusbu Karkim Rajendra Thapa Kundan Khanal Keshav Prasad Ghimire, Krishna Prasad Pokhrel & Nawaraj Pokhrel Shambhujeet Baskota Karun Thapa 2002 Muskan Bipana Thapa, Sushil Chhetri, Dilip Rayamajhi Rejina Uprety Yuvaraj Lama Banish Shah 2002 Pheri Timro Yaad Aayo Ramesh Budathoki 2002 Pijanda Nikhil Upreti (debut), Niruta Singh Desh Bhakta Khanal Tika Bhandari 2002 Pooja Deepak Rayamajhi 2002 Rickshaw Puller, The 2002 Sahid Gate Raj Kumar Sharma Banish Shah 2002 Santan Ko Maya Dinesh Sharma, Rajesh Hamal, Sarita Lamichhane, Puja Chand Kishore Rana Tika Bhandari 2002 Sanyas Rajesh Hamal, Gauri Malla, Jal Shah, Rejina Uprety Shambhu Pradhan 2002 Shadhyantra Suneel Pandey 2002 Yestai Rahecha Jindagi Biswa Basnet 2002 Andhi Tufan Dinesh Sharma, Richa Ghimire 2002 Santan Thari Thari Ka Dinesh Sharma, Dilip Ray Majhi Banish Shah 2002 Ye Mero Hajur Shree Krishna Shrestha, Jharna Thapa Shiva Regmi 2003 Je Bho Ramrai Bho Hari Bansha Acharya, Rajesh Hamal, Jal Shah, Madan Krishna Shrestha Hari Bansha Acharya Kiran K. C. Sambhujeet Baskota 2003 Jetho Kancha Shiv Shrestha Rajesh Hamal, Jal Shah Dayaram Dahal 2003 Muna Madan Deepak Tripathi, Usha Paudel Gyanendra Bahadur Deuja Laxman Bidari 2003 Bhagya Dinesh Sharma, Nikhil Upreti Prakash Bhattarai Sunil Datta Pandey Banish Shah 2003 Shukha Dukha Madan Krishna Shrestha, Mithila Sharma, Shree Krishna Shrestha, Jharana Thapa Shiva Regmi Cine Kala Movies Sambhujeet Baskota 2003 Upahar Niruta Singh, Uttam Pradhan, Sushil Chhetri Shiva Regmi Super Star Enterprises Laxman Shesh Banish Shah 2003 Sangram Dinesh Sharma, Melina Manandhar Mahendra Budhathoki Raj Kumar Rai 2003 Dhadkan Dinesh Sharma, Nikhil Upreti, Rekha Thapa Naresh Poudyal Naresh Poudyal Banish Shah 2004 Haami Teen Bhai Rajesh Hamal, Shree Krishna Shrestha, Nikhil Upreti, Jharana Thapa, Rekha Thapa Shiva Regmi Shambhujeet Baskota Banish Shah 2004 Lakshya Manoj RC, Uttam Pradhan, Sushmita Karki, Noyo Singh Manoj Pandit Harendra Limbu Karun Thapa 2004 Krishna Arjun Dinesh Sharma, Rajesh Hamal Deepak Shrestha Chiranjiwi Basnet 2004 Muglan Jharna Thapa, Dilip Rayamajhi, Bipana Thapa Kishore Khanal Suresh Adhikari 2004 Pareni Maya Jalaima Dilip Rayamajhi, Uttam Pradhan, Jharana Bajracharya, Mitthila Sharma, Sunil Thapa Prithvi Rana and Ram Saran Ghimire Prithvi Rana Sachin Singh 2004 Bhagya Bidhata Dinesh Sharma, Rajesh Hamal, Rupa Rana Dayaram Dahal Chiranjiwi Basnet 2004 Jwalamukhi Mahendra Budhathoki 2005 Basain Mukunda Bastakoti, Ranju Lamichhane, Uttam Pradhan, Mithila Sharma, Ganesh Upreti Subash Gajurel Lil Bahadur Chhetri Shakti Ballav Banish Shah 2005 Abhimanyu Dinesh Sharma, Nikhil Upreti Naresh Poudyal Mounta Shrestha Banish Shah 2006 Alpaviram Karun Thapa 2006 Duniya Dinesh Sharma, Nikhil Upreti Shiva Regmi Banish Shah 2006 Karma 2006 Krodh Nikhil Upreti, Akash Adhikari, Jal Shah, Rekha Thapa, Usha Paudel, Dinesh Sharma Akash Adhikari Laxmzn Shah, Suresh Adhikari Banish Shah 2006 Maanis Bhuwan K.C, Nikhil Uprety, Bipana Thapa, Rejina Uprety Shiva Regmi 2006 Matina La Ana He Du Suraj Shakya, Ashishma Nakarmi Subhash Ram Prajapati 2006 Parai ko ghar Suraj Shakya, Ashishma Nakarmi Subhash Ram Prajapati Goruduba 2007 Ram Balram Shree Krishna Shrestha Banish Shah 2007 Antya Dinesh Sharma, Usha Poudel Basudev Pokharel Dinesh Sharma 2007 Yuddha 2007 Paapi Manchhe Dinesh Sharma, Nikhil Upreti Deepak Shrestha Raj Kumar Raai Banish Shah 2007 Ma Maya Garchhu Dinesh Sharma, Rajesh Hamal, Ayush Rijal Raj Shakya 2008 Himmat Dinesh Sharma, Rekha Thapa 2008 Sandesh Rejina Uprety, Biraj Bhatta, Sushil Chhetri, Rekha Thapa, Sovita Simkhada Pramod Bhandari Ram B. Nepali Mahesh Khadka 2008 Aafno Manche Aafnai Hunchha (Own are own) Biraj Bhatta, Rekha tThapa, Arunima, Suman Singh 2008 Bastabikta (Reality) 2008 Batuli Rajesh Hamal, Rekha Thapa, Biraj Bhatt Banish Shah 2008 The Nirmala Dinesh Sharma Pujana Pradhan Raju Adhikari (film director) Sudeep Acharya 2008 Daag (Scar) 2008 Iku - The Jungle Man Suleman Shankar, Usha Rajak 2008 Kagbeni Nima Rumba, Saugat Malla, Deeya Maskey Bhusan Dahal Bhaskar Dhungana, Nakim Uddin, Rajesh Siddhi 2008 Pahilo Pahilo Maya (First First Love) Raj Ballav, Yuna Upreti 2008 Pratighat Dinesh Sharma, Prerana Sharma, Rakshanda Sharma Basudev Pokharel Dinesh Sharma 2008 Sano Sansar (Small World) Mahesh Shakya, Jivan Luitel (debut), Namrata Shrestha (debut) Alok Nembang Quest Entertainment 2008 Karnabir Rajesh Hamal, Rejina Uprety, Rekha Thapa, Jaikishan Basnet, Shovit Basnet Salon Films P. ltd. Banish Shah 2008 Kismat Biraj bhatta, Rekha Thapa, Aryan Sigdel (Debutant), Rajaram Paudel Ujwal Ghimire Rekha Films P. ltd. 2008 Ma Timi Bina Marihalchhu (I will die without you) Bhuwan K.C., Jharana Thapa, Sushmita K.C. Dayaram Dahal Kajal Films Sambhujeet Baskota Banish Shah 2008 Kaslai diu yo Jowan (Whom to give this body) Dilip Rayamajhi, Melina Manandhar, Jharna Thapa, Nikhil Upreti 2008 Mission Paisa (Misson Money) Nikhil Upreti, Amir Gautam, Nisha Adhikari Simos Sunwar Rajeeb Shrestha, Dipika Thapa Sunuwar 2008 Salam chha Mayalai (Salute to Love) 2008 Takkar Dui Mutu Ko (Challenge of two heart) 2009 Arjun Dev Biraj Bhatta, Rejina Uprety, Garima Pant Shiva Regmi Jay Prakash Eijal Banish Shah 2009 Bish (Poison) Rajesh Hamal, Rejina Uprety, Richa Ghimire, Sanchita Luitel, Nikhil Uprety Shankar Ghimire 2009 RAAJ Biraj bhatta, Rejina Uprety, Shiva Shrestha, Ramit Dhungana Bijaya Gopal Dali Gajendra Ranjit 2009 Chodi Gaye Paap Lagla (If you leave than you may get sin) Raj Ballav Koirala, Biraj Bhatta, Richa Ghimire, Sanchita Luitel Ujwal Ghimire 2009 Dhum Biraj Bhatta, Ramit Dhungana, Rejina Uprety, Arjun Karki, Shobhit Basnet Banish Shah 2009 Deewanapan (Craziness) Dinesh Sharma, Arunima Lamsal, Raj Ballav Koirala Krishna Chapagain 2009 Gorkha Rachhayak (Gorkha Saviour) Giri Raj Lamichhane Banish Shah 2009 Itihaas (History) Biraj Bhatta, Rejina Uprety, Rekha Thapa 2009 Izzatdar (Respectful) Dinesh Sharma, Rajesh Hamal, Biraj Bhatta, Arjun Karki Krishna Chapagain 2009 Jay Shiva Shankar (Hail Shiv Shankhar) Rajesh Hamal, Nikhil Upreti, Rejina Uprety, Rajesh Dhungana, Biraj Bhatt Rajendra Upreti Banish Shah 2009 Jindagi (Life) 2009 Jeewan Mrityu (Life Death) Nikhil Upreti, Ramit Dhungana, Garima Pant Ramesh Budhathoki Uddhav Poudel 2009 Jungbaaz (Warrior) Rajesh Hamal, Gauri Malla, Rushma Rai, Sunil Thapa, Ashok Sharma, Yuvaraj Lama Banish Shah 2009 Kohi Mero Dinesh Sharma, Jharana Bajracharya Alok Nengbang 2009 Kahan Bhetiyela (Where may I meet?) Shree Krishna Shrestha, Niruta Singh Shiva Regmi Shree Krishna Shrestha Sambhujeet Baskota 2009 Kahan Chau Kahan (Where are You Where) Jharana Thapa, Biraj Bhatta, Govind Shahi, Ganesh Upreti Dayaram Dahal Banish Shah 2009 Dhunge Youg (STONE ERA) Dil Krishna Shrestha, Sabina Madhab Raj Kharel 2009 Kusume Rumal 2 (Scarlet Handkerchief 2) Niraj Baral, Rejina Upreti Usha Rajak, Rubi Bhattarai, Tripti Nadakar Nirak Poudel Uddhav Poudel Suryajeet Baskota 2009 Mahan (Great) Dinesh Sharma, Biraj Bhatta, Jharana Thapa, Jaykishan Basnet Krishna Chapagain Dinesh Sharma 2009 Mero Euta Saathi Cha (I Have one friend) Aryan Sigdel, Namrata Shrestha Sudarshan Thapa Prabhu SJB Rana Sugam Pokharel, Bipin Acharya 2009 Mission Love In Sikkim Bikrant Basnet, Rushma Rai Sovit Basnet Channel Ace Productions Sanjay Shrestha Banish Shah 2009 Mr Mangale Biren Shrestha, Rekha Thapa Biren Shrestha 2009 Naina Resham (Silk of eye) Biraj Bhatt, Nisha Adhikari 2009 Naseeb Afno (Own Luck) Bikas Acharya 2009 Nepali Veer (Strong Nepali) Banish Shah 2009 Nishana (Target) Rajesh Hamal, Nikhil Upreti, Rejina Uprety 2009 Paapi Manche 2 (Sinner 2) Nikhil Upreti, Sunil Thapa, Pujana Pradhan Deepak Shrestha Raj Kumar Rai 2009 Rachhayak (Saviour) Banish Shah 2009 Rajya (Kingdom) Banish Shah 2009 Sahara (Pillar) 2009 Sandesh (Message) Rejina Uprety, Biraj Bhatta, Sushil Chhetri, Rekha Thapa, Sovita Simkhada 2009 Silsila (System) Rekha Thapa, Biraj, Bhatta, Soniya Kc, Raj Banish Shah 2009 The Third Generation 2009 Kanoon (Law) Dinesh Sharma, Rajesh Hamal 2009 Trinetra (Third-Eye) Nikhil Upreti, Shweta Tiwari Banish Shah 2009 Mission paisa Nikhil Upreti, Nisha Adhikari, Sunil Thapa 2010s 2010 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist 2010 Nai Nabhannu La Jeevan Luintel, Richa Singh Thakuri Bikash Acharya Ramesh Jung Rayemajhi Mahesh Khadka 2010 Basma Chaina Yo Mann Biraj Bhatta, Karishma Manandhar, Raj Ballav Koirala, Nandita KC Ramraja Dahal Rimesh Adhikari Vinod Khumbu 2010 Bato Muni Ko Phool Yash Kumar, Rekha Thapa, Babu Bogati, Nandita KC Suroj Subba Yash Kumar Yash Kumar 2010 Chino (New) Shiva Shrestha, Biraj Bhatta, Rejina Upreti 2010 Dasdhunga Anup Baral, Kiran Kunwar, Dayahang Rai, Sanchita Luitel, Saugat Malla Manoj Pandit Yama Devi Bista 2010 Desh Dekhi Bidesh Nikhil Upreti, Dilip Rayamajhi, Richa Ghimire, Prerana Sharma, Daman Rupakheti Narendra Thapa Ramita Thapa Sambhujeet Baskota Banish Shah 2010 First Love Aryan Sigdel, Karma, Nisha Adhikari, Vinay Shrestha, Reecha Sharma Simosh Sunuwar Princess Movies Surendra Man Singh, Satya—Swaroop 2010 Gorkha Paltan Prashant Tamang, Ranjita Gurung, Sunil Thapa Narayan Rayamajhi Rajesh Bansal BB Anuragi, Mahendra Budathoki Sudeep Acharya(VFX)/Banish Shah(Editor) 2010 Hansi Deu Ek Phera Madan Krishna Shrestha, Hari Bansha Acharya, Raj Ballav Koirala, Shweta Khadka, Sushil Chhetri Shiva Regmi Tejaswi Films Suresh Adhikari Banish Shah 2010 Hifajat Aryan Sigdel, Rekha Thapa, Aayush Rijal (debut) Gyanendra Deuja Dijendra Shakya Mahesh Khadka 2010 The Flash Back: Farkera Herda Aryan Sigdel, Nikhil Upreti, Yuna Upreti, Neeta Pokharel Dayaram Dahal Uddhab Poudel Suresh Adhikari Anil Gautam, Badri Lamichhane 2010 The Yug Dekhi Yug Samma (The Century to Century) Rajesh Hamal, Nandit KC Deependra Khanal Editor 2010 Kasle Choryo Mero Mann Sangay Khampa 2011 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Note Editor/Vfx Artist 2011 Annadata Ramit Dhungana, Dinesh Sharma, Rohan Dhakal, Shibu Singh, Nishan Shahi Dhakal Niraj Ghimire Rohan Dhakal 2011 Dharmaa Rajesh Hamal, Manisha Koirala, Rejina Uprety, Nikhil Uprety Dipendra Khanal Durga Pokhrel Hari Lamsal 2011 Khushi Rekha Thapa, Suman Singh, Aayush Rijal, Ganesh Upreti Gyanendra Deuja Gopi Krishan Movies Alok Shree 2011 Sahara Biraj Bhatta, Dilip Rayamajhi, Rekha Thapa, Ramit Dhungana Pradeep Bhardwoj Sangam Films Mahesh Khadka 2011 Batch No 16 Suman Singh, Rubi Bhattarai, Sushma Karki, Anup Baral Abispan Govinda 2011 Masan Raj Ballav Koirala, Keki Adhikari N Shah Neer Shah, Rimal Films Banish Shah 2011 Farki Aau Rajesh Hamal, Niruta Singh 2011 Parkhi Rakha Hai Dil Shrestha, Sanchita Luintel, Melina Manandhar, Mukesh Dhakal Dil Shrestha Diya Films Suresh Adhikari Banish Shah 2011 Malai Man Paryo Niruta Singh, Raj Ballav Koirala, Jiwan Luitel, Arunima Lamsal Bhadra Bhujel Ramesh Jung Rayamajhi Sambhujeet Baskota Banish Shah 2011 Devyani Nikhil Upreti, Dilip Rayamajhi, Bimala KC Bijay Basnet Bijay Basnet Laxman Shesh Banish Shah 2011 Hamro Maya Juni Juni Lai Shree Krishna Shrestha, Rekha Thapa, Mukesh Dhakal, Nita Dhungana Rishi Lamichane Gopal Pandey Mahesh Khadka 2011 Jaba Jaba Maya Bascha Jiwan Luitel, Rekha Thapa, Mithila Sharma, Shrijana Basnet Bijay Thapa Maniram Basnet Sachin Singh 2011 Ma Chu Ni Timro Rose Rana Rose Rana 2011 KalaPani Jharana Thapa, Sanchita Luintel, Nikhil Upreti, Dilip Rayamajhi Uddhad Abhidit Uddhad Abhidit Suresh Adhikari 2011 Andaaz Jeevan Luitel, Rekha Thapa, Sabin Shrestha Ujwal Ghimire Ujwal Ghimire/Ashok Sharma/Chhabi Ojha Basanta Sapkota This is a highest-grossing film of 2011 2011 Acharay 2011 Maryo Ni Mayale Maryo 2011 Mero Pyaro Maitighar Dinesh Sharma, Dilip Ray Majhi Uday Subba 2011 Shreeman 2011 Dulahi 2011 Timi Jaha Bhayapani 2011 Baghchal Rejina Uprety, Santosh Giri, Naresh Bhattarai 2011 Kina Mayama 2011 Aangalo Yo Mayako 2012 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist 2012 Namaste 2012 Brake Fail Rajesh Hamal, Bimlesh Adhikari, Neeraj Baral, Richa Ghimire Shankar Ghimire Richa Ghimire 2012 Loot Dayahang Rai, Saugat Malla, Karma Shakya, Srijana Subba Nischal Basnet Madhav Wagle, Narendra Maharjan Roshan Thapa and Kiran Tuladhar 2012 Yoddha Dinesh Sharma, Rajesh Hamal Uday Subba 2012 Apabad Nisha Adhikari, Raj Ballav Koirala Subash Koirala Sushan Prajapati Ujwal Meghi Gurung 2013 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist April 2013 Saanghuro Shushank Mainali, Deeya Maskey, Aruna Karki, Dayahang Rai, Buddhi Tamang Joes Pandey Sameer Mainali; Mountain River Films 2013 Bardan Rajesh Hamal, Karishma Manandhar, Rejina Uprety Rejina Upreti 2013 C-Mala (The Necklace) Manoj RC, Dipti Gurung, Nirvik Rai, Roshani Karki, Rajesh Payal Rai Rudra Bahadur Gurung Rudra Bahadur Gurung Kankist Rai 2013 Cha Ekan Cha Kedar Ghimire, Sitaram Kattel Dinesh DC Deepak Raj Giri 2013 Manjari Gaurav Pahari, Sujata Koirala, Tika Pahari, Bishnu Rimal Ganesh Dev Panday Naresh Pandey, Mahesh Chalise Kali Prashad Baskota 2013 Hostel Anmol K.C., Prakreeti Shrestha, Gaurav Pahadia, Salon Basnet, Rista Basnet Hemaraj BC Sunil Rawal The Shadows 2014 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist Notes March 2014 Ritu Raj Ballav Koirala, Malina Joshi, Reema Bishwokarma etc. Manoj Adhikari Apil Bista Hemanta Rana, Tsujil Karamacharya 2014 Kabaddi Dayahang Rai, Rishma Gurung, Nischal Basnet Ram Babu Gurung 2014 Humjayaga Babu Bogati, Wilson Bikram Rai Manoj RC, Parbati Rai Surendra Pun Bhoj Bahadur Gurung 2014 Madhumas Aryan Sigdel, Manoj RC, Pooja Sharma, Shivangini Rana Sudarshan Thapa Sudarshan Thapa, Baburam Dahal, Ramesh Thapa Suresh Adhikari 2014 Mukhauta Arpan Thapa Rabin Shrestha Jeevan Thapa 2014 Nai Nabhannu La 2 Anubhav Regmi Sugyani Bhattarai Bikash Acharya Dinesh Pokhrel Basanta Sapkota, Shuresh Gaire 2014 Mutu-The Heart Belongs To You Bimlesh Adhikari, Keki Adhikari, Mukesh Acharya Everest Surya Bohora Everest Surya Bohara 2014 Kohinoor Shree Krishna Shrestha, Sweta Khadka Banish Shah 2014 Talakjung vs Tulke Khagendra Lamichhane, Reecha Sharma, Shushank Mainali, Rabindra Singh Baniya Nischal Basnet Rabindra Singh Baniya Foreign Language Academy Aard nominee Nepal November 14 Jerryy Anmol K.C., Anna Sharma, Abhisek Man Sherchan, Amalya Sharma Hemraj BC Manoj sherchan Naren limbu December 12 Love You Baba Gajit Bista, Sangam Bista Saugat Bista Samjhana Pokharel Pritam Pandey 2015 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist Notes 2015 Zhigrana Hanna G, Nikun Shrestha, Menuka Pradhan, Jyoti Karki, Shanti Giri, Arun Regmi, Deewakar Piya, Bina Pandey 2014 Jwala Rejina Uprety, Biraj Bhatta, Mukesh 2014 Ikshya Dahayang Rai Giri Raj Lamichhane 2015 Birano Maya Shreevev /Namrata Sapkota Madhab Raj Kharel Rs 7 million gross in two days; screening was affected by the Nepal earthquake 2015 Danav Dinesh Sharma, Mahima Silwal, Teja Ayer Dinesh Sharma Dinesh Sharma 2015 Hostel Returns Sushil Shrestha, Sashi Shrestha, Nazir Hussain, Swastima Khadka, Sushil Sitaula Sunil Rawal Swoopnil Sharma Total Rs 20 million gross 2015 Bhairav Nikhil Upreti, Anu Shah, Nagendra Rijal, Rekha Thapa (guest role) Nikhil Upreti Ratan Daruwala Banish Shah 2015 Luv Sab Samyam Puri, Karishma Shrestha, Salon Basnet Dev Kumar Mishra Sushil Pokharel Tsujil Karmacharya This is a love triangle movie. Its box office performance was average. 2015 Wada No. 6 Deepak Raj Giri, Sitaram Kattel, Priyanka Karki, Jitu Nepal, Daya hang rai, Kedar Ghimire, Shivahari Poudel Deepa Shree Niraula Ujwal Ghimire Deepak Raj Giri This is a blockbuster hit comedy Nepali movie of 2015. Its two-day collection was nearly more than Rs 4 million. 2015 Chankhe Shankhe Pankhe Sudarshan Thapa, Prem Puri, Puja Sharma, Rabindra Jha Nandita KC, Pramod Agrahari Sudarshan Thapa Santosh Sen Its five-day gross collection was 1 crore. 2015 Aarop Amar Oli Amar oli 2015 Paradeshi Prashant Tamang, Rajani KC, Naren Khadka Narayan Rayamajhi Rajesh Bansal and Narayan Rayamajhi Banish shah The three-week gross collection of Paradeshi was nearly Rs 20 million. This is a considered to be one of the super-hit movies in 2015. This movie talks about Nepalese going to abroad for earning money. 2015 Kabaddi Kabaddi Dayahang Rai, Saugat Malla, Risma Gurung Ram Babu Gurung Raunak Bikram Kandel and Sunil Chanda Rauniyar Kabaddi Kabaddi is second highest grosser of 2015 in Nepali film industry. It collected more than NRs 5 crore in the box office. 2015 Romance L N Gautam L N Gautam 2015 Jau Hida Pokhara Rekha Thapa and Jivan Luitel Shovit Basnet Ram Gautam Satyam Rana Because of its clash with Kabaddi Nepali Movie, its box office collection was poor. 2016 Production Date Film Cast Director Producer Music Story, Screen Play & Dialogue Post Production Editor Note September 2016 Gaatho Najir Hussain, Namrata Shrestha, Abhay Baral Suraj Bhusal Tilak Bahadur Chhetri, Suraj Bhusal; Butwall Entertainment 2016 October 24 Bonodal (Change) Santali Hasda Bayar ( Kabiraj Hasda ), Kabita Baskey, Mohan Tudu, Rajan Baskey Kiran Khatiwada Kiran Khatiwada Jona Kisku Kiran Khatiwada, Akash Kaduwal Inspire Media Production House Pvt.Ltd Kiran Khatiwada First Indigenous Santali Film Nepal, till now film has not been released busy on special show and film festival. After completing this the film will be released. 2016 Sept. 21 21 Barsha Junim and Sabina Janak Khadka Sunil Manandhar Interesting All Cast Crew is Total 21 person. Led Actor, Actress, Director, Writer, Cameraman, Musician, Singer And all 21 years old. 2017 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist Notes 2017 Dec 1 Fikka Ajay Sunar, Sharu Nepal, Janak Khadka Suchitra Shrestha, [, Chetan Sapkota and Mak10 Kalu Ananta Ghimire, Subodh Thapa 2018 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist Notes 2018 Sunkesari Reecha Sharma, Sunny Dhakal, Lauren Lofberg, Rabindra Jha Arpan Thapa Bhim Neupane, Reecha Sharma, Sharmila Sapkota Kali Prasad Baskota and Bijaya Adhikari Ian Scott Clement 2018 Durgamandu Saniya, Madhab Madhab Raj Kharel 31 August 2018 Meri Mamu Ayub Sen, Kusum Gurung, Saruk Tamrakar, Aaslesha Thakuri Yam Thapa Santosh Sen Kalyan Singh Banish Shah, Bhupendra Adhikari 14 Dec 2018 Kathaa '72 Akash Magar, Bhuisal Lama, Supriya Rana Prabin Syangbo 7 Dec 2018 Prasad Bipin Karki, Namrata Shrestha, Nischal Basnet Dinesh Raut Shuvash Thapa Subash Bhusal Lokesh Bajracharya 8 June 2018 Matti Mala Buddhi Tamang, Rajani Gurung, Priyanka Karki Teke Paurakhi Rai Prithbi Rai Suman Rai Anil Kumar Maharjan 2019 Main article: List of Nepalese films of 2019 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist May 24, 2019 Jhatkka Surbir Pandit, Rakshya Guragai Wronit Bee Mizaar Shyam Shrestha Shekhar Bishunkhe Purushotam Neupane Happy Nepal Sep 13 2019 Password Sunny Leone, Anoop Bikram Shahi, Bikram Joshi, Buddhi Tamang, Rabindra Jha Samrat Basnet Amit Basnet, Hiral Joshi, Ajit Kumar Thapa Arjun Pokharel Arjun G.C. December 6, 2019 Maya Pirim Salon Basnet, Anjali Adhikari, Koshish Chhetri Tek Paurakhi Rai Pravin Thapa, Sabin Adhikari Koshish Chhetri 2020s 2020 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist Feb 7 2020 Sanglo Biraj Bhatta, Nikita Chandak, Jayananda Lama, Kameshwor Chaurasiya, Prakash Shah Biraj Bhatta Suresh Adhikari/ Rajan Raj Shiwakoti Arjun G.C. Feb 7 2020 Selfie King Bipin Karki, Laxmi Bardewa, Abhay Baral, Bhuwan Chand, Bishal Sapkota Dinesh Raut, Shuvash Thapa Suraj Gaire Jeevan Thapa Feb 21 2020 Senti Virus Sitaram Kattel, Kunjana Ghimire, Dayahang Rai, Wilson Bikram Rai, Buddhi Tamang Rambabu Gurung Dindu Lama Hyolmo Rajanraj Shiwakoti Nimesh Shrestha Feb 24 2020 Love Diaries Sushil Shrestha, Rubeena Thapa, Bishwojit Rimal Saurav Chaudhary Binod Sapkota Arjun Pokharel Movie Factory March 14, 2020 Fichyo Beeshwas Gurung, Kashi Ghale (Indra), Sub. Mantri Jung Gurung, Tikaram Ghale, Sita Devi Gurung, Kalyan Magar, Krishna Gurung, D.B Gurung, Pemba Tshering Sherpa, Birup Ghale, Anjana Gurung, Srijana Gurung & Villagers Bikash Ghale Gurung Santi M. Gurung, Sub. Mantri Jung Gurung, Buddhi Maya Gurung, and Avinash Mangsum Santosh Shrestha, Ganesh Gurung Bikash Ghale Gurung 2020 LAPPAN CHHAPPAN Saugat Malla, Arpan Thapa, Anoop Bikram Shahi Mukunda Bhatta Chij Kumar Shrestha, Prakash Kunwar, Nirmal Kumar Mishra, Sudip Chandra Bhakrel, Santosh Chandra Bakhrel Milan Shrestha 2020 Hero Returns (नायक भाग २) Sabin Shrestha, Rekha Thapa, Dil Shrestha Ashish Bhetwal Bhim Neupane, Dhruba Neupane Dipak Sharma, Tanka Budathoki Mitra D. Gurung 2022 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist 2022 Prem Geet 3 pradip khadka santosh sen 2023 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist 2023 Jaari Dayahang Rai, Miruna Magar, Bijay Baral Upendra Subba October 21, 2023 Pashupati Prasad 2: Bhasme Don Bipin Karki, Saugat Malla, Swastima Khadka Dipendra K. Khanal Khagendra Lamichhane Subash Bhusal, Kiran Bhusal, Krishna Bhardwaj Banish Shah / Dinesh Bista 2024 Release date Film Cast Director Producer Music composer Editor/Vfx Artist February 23, 2024 Shambhala Thinley Lhamo, Sonam Topden, Tenzin Dalha, Karma Wangyal Gurung, Karma Shakya Min Bahadur Bham Shooney Films Nhyoo Bajracharya Kiran Shrestha, Ching Sung Liao March 1,2024 Agastya Saugat Malla, Malika Mahat, Najir Hussain, Pramod Agrahari Saurav Chaudhary March 22, 2024 Mahajatra Hari Bansha Acharya, Bipin Karki, Rabindra Singh Baniya, Rabindra Jha, Barsha Raut Pradip Bhattarai Shatkon Arts Ashish Aviral Mitra D. Gurung See also List of foreign films shot in Nepal List of Nepal Bhasa films References ^ "Nepali Movies, Nepali Songs". ^ "Nepali Movies". ^ "Nepali Movies List". ^ Bishnu Gautam. "Nepali Cinema: From Absolute Monarchy to Republic". The Rising Nepal. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. ^ "Nepali Cinema: History of Cinema in Nepal". ^ a b "यस्तो छ सतार जातीमाथि बनेको पहिलो चलचित्र". Online Khabar. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ a b "Film to be made about Santhal community". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ a b "'बोनोदल' मा सन्थालको कथा". Cine Khabar. 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ a b "अति सीमान्तकृत आदिवासी सन्थालको कथामा बन्यो 'बोनोदल', ट्रेलर सार्वजनिक". pahilopost.com. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ a b Naaiky (2019-08-02). "BONODAL Officially Selected in Everest International Film Festival 2019". Inspire Media Production House. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ a b "जब सांसदले फिल्ममा डायलग दिए ..." Thaha Khabar. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ "Nepali Movie Chandal". Lumbini Media. ^ "ZHIGRANA – NEPALI MOVIE OFFICIAL TRAILER". ^ "Bhairav Nepali Film Releasing Date". filmyjoy.net. filmyjoy. ^ "oda no 6 2 days collection". filmyjoy.net. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2015-10-12. ^ "Chankhe Shankhe Pankhe 5 Days Box Office Collection". filmyjoy. ^ Aryal, Rakesh. "3 weeks Gross Collection". filmyjoy.net. Retrieved 7 November 2015. ^ Aryal, Rakesh. "Kabaddi Kabaddi Sequel Movie of Kabaddi Nepali Movie". Filmy Joy. ^ Aryal, Rakesh. "2015's 2nd Highest Grosser in Nepali Film Industry". FilmyJoy.Net. Archived from the original on 2015-12-02. Retrieved 2015-12-22. ^ Aryal, Rakesh. "Jau Hida Pokhara Box Office Review". FilmyJoy. ^ "च्यारिटीमा सन्थाल भाषाको चलचित्र 'बोनोदल'". Thaha Khabar. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ "उत्कृष्ट १० मा पर्‍यो सन्थाल जातीको 'बोनोदल'". Cine Khabar. 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ "सन्थाल जातीको बिषयमा बनेको 'बोनोदल' उत्कृष्ट १० मा". artistkhabar.com. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ "'बोनोदल'ले हल्लायो झारखण्ड". Loktantrapost. 2017-03-22. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ Naaiky (2020-01-31). "Best Debut Director Award Won By Mr. Kiran Khatiwada". Inspire Media Production House. Retrieved 2021-01-07. ^ https://www.lensnepal.com/movie/21-barsha.html ^ https://www.lensnepal.com/movie/fikka.html ^ "Sunkesari movie". ^ "Matti Mala on Moviebuff.com". Moviebuff.com. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ श्रेष्ठ, सुजन. "First Look Poster of 'Maya Pirim' Released". Newspage3.com. Retrieved 2020-06-04. Nepali Movies vteCinema of Nepal Actors Directors Cinematographers Films (A–Z) Films by year 1978–1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2019	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cinema_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cinema_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Cinema of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_actors"},{"link_name":"Directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nepalese_film_directors"},{"link_name":"Cinematographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Nepalese_cinematographers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Films (A–Z)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_Nepalese_films"},{"link_name":"Films by year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1978–1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_films_of_1978%E2%80%931999"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nepalese_films_of_2000&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_films_of_2001"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_films_of_2002"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2003"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2004"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2005"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2006"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2007"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2008"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2009"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2010"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2011"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2012"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2013"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2014"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2015"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_films_of_2016"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_films_of_2017"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_films_of_2019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nepal_film_clapperboard.svg"},{"link_name":"Nepali movie industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Nepalese cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Satya Harischandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_Harischandra"},{"link_name":"Aama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aama_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Maitighar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitighar"},{"link_name":"Mala Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Sinha"},{"link_name":"Kumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumari_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ekantipur.com/hello-sukrabar/2017/05/19/20170519085647.html"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"Surendra Kumar Karki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Karki"}],"text":"vteCinema of Nepal\nActors\nDirectors\nCinematographers\nFilms (A–Z)\nFilms by year\n1978–1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2019Despite its short history, the Nepali movie industry has its own place in the cultural heritage of Nepal. Nepalese films or Nepalese cinema refers to films made in Nepali language within Nepal and beyond. Most Nepalese films are narrative and were shot on 16-millimeter film during the film era,[1][2][3] which are mostly recorded digitally now.The first Nepali-language film was Satya Harischandra, which was released in 1951 in Darjeeling, India, and produced by D. B. Pariyar. The first Nepali-language movie made in Nepal was Aama, which was released in 1964 produced by the Nepalese government. However, the first Nepali-language movie made by the Nepalese private sector was Maitighar, which starred Mala Sinha and was released in 1966. The first color Nepali-language movie was Kumari.[4][5] Nepal First Indigenous Santali language Feature Film was Bonodal (Change) 2016[6][7][8][9] made for the socio-cultural civilization and religious interests of Santali community. This film is designed by keeping a close views on many meaningful facts. The Script, editor, produced and directed by Kiran Khatiwada.[10][1] Nepalese ex- mp Mr. Mohan Tudu[11] also shows his acting skilled in the film and the film was inaugurated by ex- former minister of communication information Mr. Surendra Kumar Karki.","title":"List of Nepalese films"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early cinema (1951–1979)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2011","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2013","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2014","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2015","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2019","title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2020s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020","title":"2020s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2022","title":"2020s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2023","title":"2020s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2024","title":"2020s"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of foreign films shot in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_films_shot_in_Nepal"},{"title":"List of Nepal Bhasa films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepal_Bhasa_films"}]	[{"reference":"\"Nepali Movies, Nepali Songs\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanjan.com.np/","url_text":"\"Nepali Movies, Nepali Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nepali Movies\".","urls":[{"url":"http://movies.lumbinimedia.com/","url_text":"\"Nepali Movies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nepali Movies List\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sahikuro.com/nepali-movies/","url_text":"\"Nepali Movies List\""}]},{"reference":"Bishnu Gautam. \"Nepali Cinema: From Absolute Monarchy to Republic\". The Rising Nepal. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225133706/http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/detail.php?article_id=35067&cat_id=10","url_text":"\"Nepali Cinema: From Absolute Monarchy to Republic\""},{"url":"http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/detail.php?article_id=35067&cat_id=10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nepali Cinema: History of Cinema in Nepal\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.film.gov.np/history.php","url_text":"\"Nepali Cinema: History of Cinema in Nepal\""}]},{"reference":"\"यस्तो छ सतार जातीमाथि बनेको पहिलो चलचित्र\". Online Khabar. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2016/11/504843","url_text":"\"यस्तो छ सतार जातीमाथि बनेको पहिलो चलचित्र\""}]},{"reference":"\"Film to be made about Santhal community\". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2016/05/01/film-to-be-made-about-santhal-community","url_text":"\"Film to be made about Santhal community\""}]},{"reference":"\"'बोनोदल' मा सन्थालको कथा\". Cine Khabar. 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinekhabar.com/archives/6706","url_text":"\"'बोनोदल' मा सन्थालको कथा\""}]},{"reference":"\"अति सीमान्तकृत आदिवासी सन्थालको कथामा बन्यो 'बोनोदल', ट्रेलर सार्वजनिक\". pahilopost.com. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://pahilopost.com/content/-23563.html","url_text":"\"अति सीमान्तकृत आदिवासी सन्थालको कथामा बन्यो 'बोनोदल', ट्रेलर सार्वजनिक\""}]},{"reference":"Naaiky (2019-08-02). \"BONODAL Officially Selected in Everest International Film Festival 2019\". Inspire Media Production House. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inspiremediaph.com/bonodal-officially-selected-in-everest-international-film-festival-2019/","url_text":"\"BONODAL Officially Selected in Everest International Film Festival 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"जब सांसदले फिल्ममा डायलग दिए ...\" Thaha Khabar. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://thahakhabar.com/news/3255/","url_text":"\"जब सांसदले फिल्ममा डायलग दिए ...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nepali Movie Chandal\". Lumbini Media.","urls":[{"url":"http://movies.lumbinimedia.com/2017/02/chandal.html","url_text":"\"Nepali Movie Chandal\""}]},{"reference":"\"ZHIGRANA – NEPALI MOVIE OFFICIAL TRAILER\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanjan.com.np/2015/03/zhigrana-nepali-movie-official-trailer.html","url_text":"\"ZHIGRANA – NEPALI MOVIE OFFICIAL TRAILER\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bhairav Nepali Film Releasing Date\". filmyjoy.net. filmyjoy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2014/10/comeback-of-nikhil-uprety-in-nepali.html","url_text":"\"Bhairav Nepali Film Releasing Date\""}]},{"reference":"\"oda no 6 2 days collection\". filmyjoy.net. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2015-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151002090704/http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/09/smashing-opening-of-wada-no-chha.html","url_text":"\"oda no 6 2 days collection\""},{"url":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/09/smashing-opening-of-wada-no-chha.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chankhe Shankhe Pankhe 5 Days Box Office Collection\". filmyjoy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/10/chankhe-shankhe-pankhe-5-days-gross.html","url_text":"\"Chankhe Shankhe Pankhe 5 Days Box Office Collection\""}]},{"reference":"Aryal, Rakesh. \"3 weeks Gross Collection\". filmyjoy.net. Retrieved 7 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/10/paradeshi-6-days-gross-collection.html","url_text":"\"3 weeks Gross Collection\""}]},{"reference":"Aryal, Rakesh. \"Kabaddi Kabaddi Sequel Movie of Kabaddi Nepali Movie\". Filmy Joy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/03/kabaddi-kabaddi-new-nepali-movie-2015.html","url_text":"\"Kabaddi Kabaddi Sequel Movie of Kabaddi Nepali Movie\""}]},{"reference":"Aryal, Rakesh. \"2015's 2nd Highest Grosser in Nepali Film Industry\". FilmyJoy.Net. Archived from the original on 2015-12-02. Retrieved 2015-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151202195239/http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/11/kabaddi-kabaddi-box-office-collection.html","url_text":"\"2015's 2nd Highest Grosser in Nepali Film Industry\""},{"url":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/11/kabaddi-kabaddi-box-office-collection.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aryal, Rakesh. \"Jau Hida Pokhara Box Office Review\". FilmyJoy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/11/jaau-hida-pokhara-box-office.html","url_text":"\"Jau Hida Pokhara Box Office Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"च्यारिटीमा सन्थाल भाषाको चलचित्र 'बोनोदल'\". Thaha Khabar. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://thahakhabar.com/news/5488/","url_text":"\"च्यारिटीमा सन्थाल भाषाको चलचित्र 'बोनोदल'\""}]},{"reference":"\"उत्कृष्ट १० मा पर्‍यो सन्थाल जातीको 'बोनोदल'\". Cine Khabar. 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinekhabar.com/archives/13217","url_text":"\"उत्कृष्ट १० मा पर्‍यो सन्थाल जातीको 'बोनोदल'\""}]},{"reference":"\"सन्थाल जातीको बिषयमा बनेको 'बोनोदल' उत्कृष्ट १० मा\". artistkhabar.com. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://artistkhabar.com/fimly/4197","url_text":"\"सन्थाल जातीको बिषयमा बनेको 'बोनोदल' उत्कृष्ट १० मा\""}]},{"reference":"\"'बोनोदल'ले हल्लायो झारखण्ड\". Loktantrapost. 2017-03-22. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://loktantrapost.com/?p=7603","url_text":"\"'बोनोदल'ले हल्लायो झारखण्ड\""}]},{"reference":"Naaiky (2020-01-31). \"Best Debut Director Award Won By Mr. Kiran Khatiwada\". Inspire Media Production House. Retrieved 2021-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inspiremediaph.com/best-debut-director-award-won-by-mr-kiran-khatiwada/","url_text":"\"Best Debut Director Award Won By Mr. Kiran Khatiwada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunkesari movie\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanjan.com.np/2015/03/zhigrana-nepali-movie-official-trailer.html","url_text":"\"Sunkesari movie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matti Mala on Moviebuff.com\". Moviebuff.com. Retrieved 2020-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moviebuff.com/matti-mala","url_text":"\"Matti Mala on Moviebuff.com\""}]},{"reference":"श्रेष्ठ, सुजन. \"First Look Poster of 'Maya Pirim' Released\". Newspage3.com. Retrieved 2020-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://newspage3.com/news/view?id=6407","url_text":"\"First Look Poster of 'Maya Pirim' Released\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ekantipur.com/hello-sukrabar/2017/05/19/20170519085647.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.sanjan.com.np/","external_links_name":"\"Nepali Movies, Nepali Songs\""},{"Link":"http://movies.lumbinimedia.com/","external_links_name":"\"Nepali Movies\""},{"Link":"http://www.sahikuro.com/nepali-movies/","external_links_name":"\"Nepali Movies List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225133706/http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/detail.php?article_id=35067&cat_id=10","external_links_name":"\"Nepali Cinema: From Absolute Monarchy to Republic\""},{"Link":"http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/detail.php?article_id=35067&cat_id=10","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.film.gov.np/history.php","external_links_name":"\"Nepali Cinema: History of Cinema in Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2016/11/504843","external_links_name":"\"यस्तो छ सतार जातीमाथि बनेको पहिलो चलचित्र\""},{"Link":"https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2016/05/01/film-to-be-made-about-santhal-community","external_links_name":"\"Film to be made about Santhal community\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinekhabar.com/archives/6706","external_links_name":"\"'बोनोदल' मा सन्थालको कथा\""},{"Link":"https://pahilopost.com/content/-23563.html","external_links_name":"\"अति सीमान्तकृत आदिवासी सन्थालको कथामा बन्यो 'बोनोदल', ट्रेलर सार्वजनिक\""},{"Link":"https://www.inspiremediaph.com/bonodal-officially-selected-in-everest-international-film-festival-2019/","external_links_name":"\"BONODAL Officially Selected in Everest International Film Festival 2019\""},{"Link":"https://thahakhabar.com/news/3255/","external_links_name":"\"जब सांसदले फिल्ममा डायलग दिए ...\""},{"Link":"http://movies.lumbinimedia.com/2017/02/chandal.html","external_links_name":"\"Nepali Movie Chandal\""},{"Link":"http://www.sanjan.com.np/2015/03/zhigrana-nepali-movie-official-trailer.html","external_links_name":"\"ZHIGRANA – NEPALI MOVIE OFFICIAL TRAILER\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2014/10/comeback-of-nikhil-uprety-in-nepali.html","external_links_name":"\"Bhairav Nepali Film Releasing Date\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151002090704/http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/09/smashing-opening-of-wada-no-chha.html","external_links_name":"\"oda no 6 2 days collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/09/smashing-opening-of-wada-no-chha.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/10/chankhe-shankhe-pankhe-5-days-gross.html","external_links_name":"\"Chankhe Shankhe Pankhe 5 Days Box Office Collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/10/paradeshi-6-days-gross-collection.html","external_links_name":"\"3 weeks Gross Collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/03/kabaddi-kabaddi-new-nepali-movie-2015.html","external_links_name":"\"Kabaddi Kabaddi Sequel Movie of Kabaddi Nepali Movie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151202195239/http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/11/kabaddi-kabaddi-box-office-collection.html","external_links_name":"\"2015's 2nd Highest Grosser in Nepali Film Industry\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/11/kabaddi-kabaddi-box-office-collection.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.filmyjoy.net/2015/11/jaau-hida-pokhara-box-office.html","external_links_name":"\"Jau Hida Pokhara Box Office Review\""},{"Link":"https://thahakhabar.com/news/5488/","external_links_name":"\"च्यारिटीमा सन्थाल भाषाको चलचित्र 'बोनोदल'\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinekhabar.com/archives/13217","external_links_name":"\"उत्कृष्ट १० मा पर्‍यो सन्थाल जातीको 'बोनोदल'\""},{"Link":"http://artistkhabar.com/fimly/4197","external_links_name":"\"सन्थाल जातीको बिषयमा बनेको 'बोनोदल' उत्कृष्ट १० मा\""},{"Link":"https://loktantrapost.com/?p=7603","external_links_name":"\"'बोनोदल'ले हल्लायो झारखण्ड\""},{"Link":"https://www.inspiremediaph.com/best-debut-director-award-won-by-mr-kiran-khatiwada/","external_links_name":"\"Best Debut Director Award Won By Mr. Kiran Khatiwada\""},{"Link":"https://www.lensnepal.com/movie/21-barsha.html","external_links_name":"https://www.lensnepal.com/movie/21-barsha.html"},{"Link":"https://www.lensnepal.com/movie/fikka.html","external_links_name":"https://www.lensnepal.com/movie/fikka.html"},{"Link":"http://www.sanjan.com.np/2015/03/zhigrana-nepali-movie-official-trailer.html","external_links_name":"\"Sunkesari movie\""},{"Link":"https://www.moviebuff.com/matti-mala","external_links_name":"\"Matti Mala on Moviebuff.com\""},{"Link":"http://newspage3.com/news/view?id=6407","external_links_name":"\"First Look Poster of 'Maya Pirim' Released\""},{"Link":"https://movie.koshionline.com/","external_links_name":"Nepali Movies"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_Boys_Company	S.V. Walking Boyz Company	["1 History","2 Roster","2.1 First team squad","3 List of coaches","4 Results","4.1 International competitions","5 Honours","5.1 National","5.2 Other","6 References"]	Surinamese football club Football clubWalking Boyz CompanyFull nameSport Vereniging Walking Boyz CompanyNickname(s)WBC, WBC Paramaribo, Walking Boyz CompanyFounded16 January 1997Dissolved2019GroundFranklin Essed StadionParamariboCapacity3,500PresidentGlenn RamautarLeagueTopklasse2017–185th Home colours Away colours Current season S.V. Walking Boyz Company also SV WBC or WBC, is a Surinamese association football club based in Paramaribo. They have won the Surinamese Hoofdklasse title three times. The club play at the Essed Stadion with a capacity of 3,500 spectators, which is also the National Stadium and is shared with several clubs. History Walking Boyz Company were founded on 16 January 1997 in Paramaribo. Seven years later the team won its first national championship, winning the first Championship-Super Cup double in Suriname in 2004. WBC went on to win two more national titles in 2006 and 2009, winning the Super Cup (Suriname President's Cup) as well on both occasions. Due to their results, the club were able to participate in the CFU Club Championship, the International Caribbean club competition which leads to qualification for the CONCACAF Champions League. Their best result was a second round finish of the tournament on two occasions. Losing to Joe Public from Trinidad and Tobago in 2010, and to the Puerto Rico Islanders in the 2011 edition. Roster First team squad This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2022) as of 30 March 2011 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK SUR Dewkumar Somai 2 DF SUR Ferdinand Jap-A-Joe 3 MF SUR Clifton Sandvliet 4 DF SUR Renando Lupson 5 DF SUR Clifton Tijn Liep Shie 6 DF SUR Johannes Asaimi 7 FW NED Fabian van Dijk 8 MF SUR Vangelino Sastrodimedjo 9 MF PER Piero Gonzales 10 FW SUR Gregory Rigters 11 FW SUR Bebeto Odang 12 DF TRI Marlon Filter 14 MF TRI Mitchel Lynch No. Pos. Nation Player 15 MF SUR Vernon Etnel 18 GK GRN Robert Perre 20 FW SUR Gino Brandon 20 FW SUR Iwan Ave 21 FW BRA Alex 22 GK SUR Andrew Zebeda 23 MF NED Milton Koenders 91 GK NED Aron Kogel 24 FW CUW Regillo Kemper 25 FW SUR Garry Sordjo 26 FW SUR Elias Afonsoewa 30 GK SUR Jerrell Robert 33 MF SUR Romano Sordam WBC lining up ahead of the 2009 Suriname President's Cup final against Inter Moengotapoe List of coaches Andy Atmodimedjo (2003–05) Roy Vanenburg (2007–10) Jimmy Hoepel (2010–12) Results International competitions 2010 CFU Club Championship First Round v. Defense Force – 2:1 First Round v. Alpha United – 1:1 First Round v. Centre Bath Estate – 3:0 Second Round v. Joe Public – 0:5 Second Round v. System 3 – 2:0 2011 CFU Club Championship First Stage v. Northern United All Stars – 3:1, 3:0 Second Stage v. Puerto Rico Islanders – 1:1, 0:7 Honours National Hoofdklasse: 3 2004, 2006, 2009 Beker van Suriname: 1 2009 Suriname President's Cup: 3 2004, 2006, 2009 Other Paramaribo Cup: 3 2007, 2008, 2009 References ^ "Surinam – List of Champions". RSSSF. Retrieved 18 December 2010. ^ "Walking Bout Company – 2010/11 Roster 7 Statistics". CONCACAF. CONCACAF. Retrieved 30 March 2011. vteSport Vereniging Walking Boyz Company Players Managers History Current season All articles Stadiums André Kamperveen Stadion (1997–2014, 2016–) Dr. Ir. Franklin Essed Stadion (2014–2016) vteSVB Eerste Divisie2020–21 clubs Bintang Lair Broki Inter Moengotapoe Flora Inter Wanica Leo Victor Notch PVV Robinhood Santos Slee Juniors SNL Transvaal Voorwaarts Stadiums Andre Kamperveen Stadion Dr. Ir. Franklin Essed Stadion LSB Stadion Meerzorg Stadion Moengo Stadion Mgr. Aloysius Zichem Sportcentrum Ronnie Brunswijkstadion Voorwaartsveld Former clubs ACoconut Ajax Amar Deep Arsenal Bomastar Boskamp Botopasi Cicerone Coronie Boys Cosmos Excelsior Fearless Fortuna 1975 Happy Boys Jai Hanuman Jai-Hind Jong Rambaan Kamal Dewaker MYOB Nacional Deva Boys NAKS Olympia Papatam Prakash Randjiet Boys Real Saramacca Royal '95 Super Red Eagles Takdier Boys The Brothers Tuna Walking Boyz Company West United Young Rhythm Competition Champions Players (foreign) Managers Associated competitions Tweede Divisie Derde Divisie CFU Club Championship CONCACAF Champions League Seasons 1923–24 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930–31 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936–37 1937 1938 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947–50 1950–51 1952 1953 1954–55 1955 1955–56 1956 1957–58 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963–64 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973–74 1974 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984 1985–86 1986 1987–88 1988 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1997 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2022 2022–23 2024 vteSVB Eerste Divisie champions 1923 Olympia (1/2) 1923–24 Olympia (2/2) 1924–25 Transvaal (1/19) 1925–26 not held 1926–27 Ajax (1/3) 1927–28 not held 1928–29 Ajax (2/3) 1929 Ajax (3/3) 1930–31 Excelsior 1931–32 Cicerone (1/4) 1932–33 Cicerone (2/4) 1933–34 Cicerone (3/4) 1934–35 Cicerone (4/4) 1935–36 Voorwaarts (1/6) 1936–37 Transvaal (2/19) 1937–38 Transvaal (3/19) 1938–39 Arsenal (1/2) 1939–40 Arsenal (2/2) 1940–41 Voorwaarts (2/6) 1942–47 not held 1948 MVV (1/3) 1949 MVV (2/3) 1950 Transvaal (4/19) 1951 Transvaal (5/19) 1952 Voorwaarts (3/6) 1953 Robinhood (1/23) 1954 Robinhood (2/23) 1955 Robinhood (3/23) 1956 Robinhood (4/23) 1957–58 Voorwaarts (4/6) 1958 not held 1958–59 Robinhood (5/23) 1960 not held 1961 Leo Victor (1/5) 1962 Transvaal (6/19) 1963 Leo Victor (2/5) 1964 Robinhood (6/23) 1965 Transvaal (7/19) 1966 Transvaal (8/19) 1967 Transvaal (9/19) 1968 Transvaal (10/19) 1969 Transvaal (11/19) 1970 Transvaal (12/19) 1971 Robinhood (7/23) 1972 not held 1973 Transvaal (13/19) 1974 Transvaal (14/19) 1975 Robinhood (8/23) 1976 Robinhood (9/23) 1977 Voorwaarts (5/6) 1978 Leo Victor (3/5) 1979 Robinhood (10/23) 1980 Robinhood (11/23) 1981 Robinhood (12/23) 1982 Leo Victor (4/5) 1983 Robinhood (13/23) 1984 Robinhood (14/23) 1985 Robinhood (15/23) 1986 Robinhood (16/23) 1987 Robinhood (17/23) 1988 Robinhood (18/23) 1989 Robinhood (19/23) 1990–91 Transvaal (15/19) 1991–92 Transvaal (16/19) 1992–93 Leo Victor (5/5) 1993–94 Robinhood (20/23) 1994–95 Robinhood (21/23) 1995–96 Transvaal (17/19) 1997 Transvaal (18/19) 1998–99 SNL (3/3) 1999–2000 Transvaal (19/19) 2000–01 not held 2001–02 Voorwaarts (6/6) 2002–03 FCS Nacional 2003–04 WBC (1/3) 2004–05 Robinhood (22/23) 2005–06 WBC (2/3) 2006–07 Inter Moengotapoe (1/9) 2007–08 Inter Moengotapoe (2/9) 2008–09 WBC (3/3) 2009–10 Inter Moengotapoe (3/9) 2010–11 Inter Moengotapoe (4/9) 2011–12 Robinhood (23/23) 2012–13 Inter Moengotapoe (5/9) 2013–14 Inter Moengotapoe (6/9) 2014–15 Inter Moengotapoe (7/9) 2015–16 Inter Moengotapoe (8/9) 2016–17 Inter Moengotapoe (9/9) vteSurinamese Cup winners 1992 PVV 1993 Not Played 1994 Not Played 1995 Not Played 1996 Transvaal (1/3) 1997 Robinhood (1/6) 1998 Not Played 1999 Robinhood (2/6) 2000 Not Played 2001 Robinhood (3/6) 2002 Transvaal (2/3) 2003 Leo Victor (1/2) 2004 Super Red Eagles 2005 FCS Nacional 2006 Robinhood (4/6) 2007 Robinhood (5/6) 2008 Transvaal (3/3) 2009 WBC (1/2) 2010 Excelsior 2011 Notch 2012 Inter Moengotapoe (1/2) 2013 WBC (2/2) 2014 Leo Victor (2/2) 2015 Nishan 42 2016 Robinhood (6/6) 2017 Inter Moengotapoe (2/2)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surinamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Paramaribo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramaribo"},{"link_name":"Surinamese Hoofdklasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoofdklasse_(Suriname)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Football clubS.V. Walking Boyz Company also SV WBC or WBC, is a Surinamese association football club based in Paramaribo. They have won the Surinamese Hoofdklasse title three times.[1] The club play at the Essed Stadion with a capacity of 3,500 spectators, which is also the National Stadium and is shared with several clubs.","title":"S.V. Walking Boyz Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suriname President's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname_President%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"CFU Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFU_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Joe Public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Public_F.C."},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Islanders"}],"text":"Walking Boyz Company were founded on 16 January 1997 in Paramaribo. Seven years later the team won its first national championship, winning the first Championship-Super Cup double in Suriname in 2004. WBC went on to win two more national titles in 2006 and 2009, winning the Super Cup (Suriname President's Cup) as well on both occasions.Due to their results, the club were able to participate in the CFU Club Championship, the International Caribbean club competition which leads to qualification for the CONCACAF Champions League. Their best result was a second round finish of the tournament on two occasions. Losing to Joe Public from Trinidad and Tobago in 2010, and to the Puerto Rico Islanders in the 2011 edition.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roster-2"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wbcpresidentswinner2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Inter Moengotapoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Moengotapoe"}],"sub_title":"First team squad","text":"as of 30 March 2011[2] \n\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.WBC lining up ahead of the 2009 Suriname President's Cup final against Inter Moengotapoe","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Andy Atmodimedjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Atmodimedjo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Roy Vanenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Vanenburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Hoepel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Hoepel&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Andy Atmodimedjo (2003–05)\n Roy Vanenburg (2007–10)\n Jimmy Hoepel (2010–12)","title":"List of coaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 CFU Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_CFU_Club_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Force_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Alpha United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_United_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Centre Bath Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Bath_Estate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Joe Public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Public_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"System 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_3_FC"},{"link_name":"2011 CFU Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_CFU_Club_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Northern United All Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_United_All_Stars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Islanders"}],"sub_title":"International competitions","text":"2010 CFU Club ChampionshipFirst Round v. Defense Force – 2:1\nFirst Round v. Alpha United – 1:1\nFirst Round v. Centre Bath Estate – 3:0\nSecond Round v. Joe Public – 0:5\nSecond Round v. System 3 – 2:02011 CFU Club ChampionshipFirst Stage v. Northern United All Stars – 3:1, 3:0\nSecond Stage v. Puerto Rico Islanders – 1:1, 0:7","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoofdklasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamese_League"},{"link_name":"Beker van Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamese_Cup"},{"link_name":"Suriname President's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname_President%27s_Cup"}],"sub_title":"National","text":"Hoofdklasse: 32004, 2006, 2009Beker van Suriname: 12009Suriname President's Cup: 32004, 2006, 2009","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Paramaribo Cup: 32007, 2008, 2009","title":"Honours"}]	[{"image_text":"WBC lining up ahead of the 2009 Suriname President's Cup final against Inter Moengotapoe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wbcpresidentswinner2009.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Surinam – List of Champions\". RSSSF. Retrieved 18 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/surichamp.html","url_text":"\"Surinam – List of Champions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"Walking Bout Company – 2010/11 Roster 7 Statistics\". CONCACAF. CONCACAF. Retrieved 30 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://concacaf.globalsportsmedia.com/page.php?sport=soccer&language_id=us&page=tournament&view=team&team_id=7436&season_id=5837","url_text":"\"Walking Bout Company – 2010/11 Roster 7 Statistics\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/surichamp.html","external_links_name":"\"Surinam – List of Champions\""},{"Link":"http://concacaf.globalsportsmedia.com/page.php?sport=soccer&language_id=us&page=tournament&view=team&team_id=7436&season_id=5837","external_links_name":"\"Walking Bout Company – 2010/11 Roster 7 Statistics\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Airport	Los Angeles International Airport	["1 History","1.1 The \"X\" in LAX","2 Infrastructure","2.1 Airfield","2.2 Terminals","2.3 Theme Building","2.4 Recent and future developments","3 Airlines and destinations","3.1 Passenger","3.2 Cargo","4 Traffic and statistics","4.1 Top domestic destinations","4.2 Top international destinations","4.3 Airline market share","5 Ground transportation and access","5.1 Transiting between terminals","5.2 LAX Shuttle routes","5.3 Transit buses","5.4 FlyAway Bus","5.5 Metro Rail and the LAX Automated People Mover","5.6 Freeways and roads","5.7 Taxis, ride-share and private shuttles","6 Other facilities","6.1 Flight Path Museum LAX","7 Accidents and incidents","7.1 1930s","7.2 1940s","7.3 1950s","7.4 1960s","7.5 1970s","7.6 1980s","7.7 1990s","7.8 2000s","7.9 2010s","7.10 2020s","8 Aircraft spotting","8.1 Space Shuttle Endeavour","9 In popular culture","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 Further reading","14 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°56′33″N 118°24′29″W / 33.94250°N 118.40806°W / 33.94250; -118.40806Airport serving Los Angeles, California, United States "LAX" and "Los Angeles Airport" redirect here. For other uses, see Lax and Los Angeles Airport (disambiguation). Los Angeles International AirportAn aerial view of LAX in September 2014.IATA: LAXICAO: KLAXFAA LID: LAXWMO: 72295SummaryAirport typePublicOwner/OperatorLos Angeles World AirportsServesGreater Los AngelesLocationWestchester, Los Angeles, California, U.S.OpenedOctober 1, 1928; 95 years ago (1928-10-01)Hub forAlaska AirlinesAmerican AirlinesAtlas AirDelta Air LinesKalitta AirPolar Air CargoUnited AirlinesFocus city forJetBlueOperating base forAllegiant AirSouthwest AirlinesElevation AMSL128 ft / 39 mCoordinates33°56′33″N 118°24′29″W / 33.94250°N 118.40806°W / 33.94250; -118.40806Websitewww.flylax.comMapsFAA airport diagramRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 06L/24R 8,926 2,721 Concrete 06R/24L 10,885 3,318 Concrete 07L/25R 12,923 3,939 Concrete 07R/25L 11,095 3,382 Concrete StatisticsPassengers (2023)75,050,851Aircraft operations575,097Economic impact (2012)US$14.9 billionSocial impact (2012)133,900 employedSource: Federal Aviation Administration Los Angeles International Airport (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX, FAA LID: LAX) is the primary international airport serving Los Angeles and its surrounding metropolitan area, in the U.S. state of California. LAX is located in the Westchester neighborhood of the city of Los Angeles, 18 miles (29 km; 16 nmi) southwest of Downtown Los Angeles, with the commercial and residential areas of Westchester to the north, the city of El Segundo to the south and the city of Inglewood to the east. LAX is the closest airport to the Westside and the South Bay. The airport is operated by Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), a branch of the Los Angeles city government, that also operates the Van Nuys Airport for general aviation. The airport covers 3,500 acres (1,400 ha) of land and has four parallel runways. In 2022, LAX handled 65,924,298 passengers, making it the world's sixth-busiest airport. It was still in the top ten busiest airports in 2023, according to the Airports Council International rankings. As the largest and busiest international airport on the West Coast of the United States, LAX is a major international gateway for the country, serving as a connection point for passengers travelling internationally (such as East and Southeast Asia, Australasia, Mexico and Central America). The airport holds the record for the world's busiest origin and destination airport, because relative to other airports, many more travellers begin or end their trips in Los Angeles than use it as a connection. In 2019, LAWA reported approximately 88 percent of travellers at LAX were origination and destination passengers, and 12 percent were connecting. It is also the only airport to rank among the top five U.S. airports for both passenger and cargo traffic. LAX serves as a hub, focus city or operating base for more passenger airlines than any other airport in the United States. Although LAX is the busiest airport in the Greater Los Angeles Area, several other airports serve the region including Burbank, John Wayne (Orange County), Long Beach, Ontario, and San Bernardino. History Main article: History of Los Angeles International Airport Hangar No. 1 was the first structure at LAX, built in 1929, restored in 1990 and remaining in active use. In 1926, the Los Angeles City Council and the Chamber of Commerce recognized the need for the city to have its own airport to tap into the fledgling, but quickly growing aviation industry. Several locations were considered, but the final choice was a 640-acre (1.00 sq mi; 260 ha) field in the southern part of Westchester. The location had been promoted by real estate agent William W. Mines, and Mines Field as it was known, had already been selected to host the 1928 National Air Races. On August 13, 1928 the city leased the land and the newly formed Department of Airports began converting the fields once used to grow wheat, barley and lima beans into dirt landing strips. The airport opened on October 1, 1928 and the first structure, Hangar No. 1, was erected in 1929. The building still stands at the airport, remaining in active use and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Over the next year, the airport started to come together: the dirt runway was replaced with an all-weather surface and more hangars, a restaurant, and a control tower were built. On June 7, 1930, the facility was dedicated and renamed Los Angeles Municipal Airport. Los Angeles Municipal Airport on Army Day, c. 1931 The airport was used by private pilots and flying schools, but the city’s vision was that Los Angeles would become the main passenger hub for the area. However, the airport failed to entice any carriers away from the established Burbank Airport or the Grand Central Airport in Glendale. World War II put a pause on any further development of the airport for passenger use. Before the United States entered the war, the aviation manufacturers located around the airport were busy providing aircraft for the allied powers, while the flying schools found themselves in high demand. In January 1942, the military assumed control of the airport, stationing fighter planes at the airfield and building naval gun batteries in the ocean dunes to the west. Meanwhile, airport managers published a master plan for the land, and in early 1943 and convinced voters to back a $12.5 million bond for airport improvements. With a plan and funding in place, the airlines were finally convinced to make the move. After the end of the war, four temporary terminals were quickly erected on the north side of the airport and on December 9, 1946, American Airlines, Trans World Airlines (TWA), United Airlines, Southwest Airways and Western Airlines began passenger operations at the airport, with Pan American Airways (Pan Am) joining the next month. The airport was renamed Los Angeles International Airport in 1949. The temporary terminals would remain in place for 15 years but quickly became inadequate, especially as air travel entered the "jet age" and other cities invested in modern facilities. Airport leaders once again convinced voters to back a $59 million bond on June 5, 1956. The current layout of the passenger facilities was established in 1958 with a plan to build a series of terminals and parking facilities, arranged in the shape of the letter U, in the central portion of the property. The original plan called for the terminal buildings connected at the center of the property by a huge steel-and-glass dome. The dome was never built, but a smaller Theme Building built in the central area became a focal point for people coming to the airport. Continental passengers arriving at CAL terminal, July 1962, before jet bridges were constructed The first of the new passenger buildings, Terminals 7 and 8, were opened for United Airlines on June 25, 1961, following opening festivities that lasted several days. Terminals 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 opened later that same year. A major expansion of the airport came in the early 1980s, ahead of the 1984 Summer Olympic Games. In November 1983 a second-level roadway was added, Terminal 1 opened in January 1984 and the Tom Bradley International Terminal opened in June 1984. The original terminals also received expansions and updates in the 1980s. Since 2008, the airport has been undergoing another major expansion. All of the terminals are being refurbished, and the Tom Bradley International Terminal was substantially rebuilt, with a West Gates satellite concourse added. Outside of the terminal area, the LAX West Intermodal Transportation Facility with 4,300 parking spaces opened in 2021 replacing the former Lot C. A new LAX/Metro Transit Center station and a LAX Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility (ConRAC) are being built. All will be connected to the terminal area by the LAX Automated People Mover. In the near future, airport managers plan to build two more terminals (0 and 9). All together, these projects are expected to cost of $14 billion and bring LAX's total gates from 146 to 182. The "X" in LAX Before the 1930s, US airports used a two-letter abbreviation, and at that time, "LA" served as the designation for Los Angeles Airport. With the rapid growth in the aviation industry, in 1947, the identifiers expanded to three letters, and "LA" received an extra letter to become "LAX". The letter "X" does not otherwise have any specific meaning in this identifier. "LAX" is also used for the Port of Los Angeles in San Pedro and by Amtrak for Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles. Infrastructure The light towers, first installed in preparation for the Democratic National Convention in 2000, change colors throughout the night. Airfield Runways 24R/06L and 24L/06R (designated the North Airfield Complex) are north of the airport terminals, while runways 25R/07L and 25L/07R (designated the South Airfield Complex) are south of the airport terminals. Runways at Los Angeles International E Length Width W 06L → 8,926 ft2,721 m 150 ft46 m ← 24R 06R → 10,885 ft3,318 m 150 ft46 m ← 24L Terminal Area 07L → 12,923 ft3,939 m 150 ft46 m ← 25R 07R → 11,095 ft3,382 m 200 ft61 m ← 25L LAX is located with the Pacific Ocean to the west and residential communities on all other sides. Since 1972, Los Angeles World Airports has adopted a "Preferential Runway Use Policy" to minimize noise levels in the communities closest to LAX. Typically the loudest operations at an airport are from departing aircraft (as engines operate at high power), so during daytime hours (6:30am to midnight), LAX prefers to operate under the "Westerly Operations" air traffic pattern, named for the prevailing west winds. Under "Westerly Operations", departing aircraft take off to the west (over the ocean), and arriving aircraft approach from the east. To reduce noise to areas north and south of the airport, LAX prefers to use the "inboard" runways (06R/24L and 07L/25R) closest to the central terminal area and further from residential areas for departures, and the "outboard" runways for arrivals. Historically, over 90% of flights have used the "inboard" departures and "outboard" arrivals scheme. During nighttime hours, when there are fewer aircraft operations and residential areas tend to be more noise sensitive, additional changes are made to reduce noise. Between 10pm and 7am, air traffic controllers try to use the "outboard" runways as little as possible and between midnight and 6:30am the air traffic pattern shifts to "Over-Ocean Operations," where departing aircraft continue to take off to the west, but arriving aircraft also approach from the west (over the ocean). There are times when the Over-Ocean and Westerly operations are not possible, particularly when the winds originate from the east, typically during inclement weather and Santa Ana winds events. When that happens, the airport shifts to the non-preferred "Easterly Operations" air traffic pattern where departing aircraft take off to the east, and arriving aircraft approach from the west. The South Airfield Complex tends to see more operations than the North, due to a larger number of passenger gates and air cargo operations areas on the south side of the airport grounds. In 2007, the southernmost runway (07R/25L) was moved 55 feet (17 m) to the south to accommodate a new central taxiway. Runways in the North Airfield Complex are separated by 700 feet (210 m). There were plans to increase the separation by 260 feet (79 m), which would have allowed a central taxiway between runways to have been built, but faced opposition from residents living north of LAX. These plans were scrapped in 2016, in favor of lifting a gate cap at the airport and building a new park on the airport's north side. Terminals This section is an excerpt from Terminals of Los Angeles International Airport. Map of LAX showing Terminals 1 through 8, plus the Tom Bradley International Terminal (B) and the Regional Terminal (R) Los Angeles International Airport has more than 150 gates in nine passenger terminals arranged in the shape of the letter U or a horseshoe. On the landside of the airport, LAX Shuttle route A buses allow passengers to move between all terminals. On the airside, various pedestrian corridors allow passengers to move between all terminals on foot without having to exit and reenter airport security. Additionally, by early 2025, the airport will be served by the LAX Automated People Mover, which will connect terminals to one another on the landside, along with providing connections to the LAX Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility, parking facilities, and the LAX/Metro Transit Center station, which will be served by the Los Angeles Metro Rail system and public bus routes. In addition to these terminals, there are 2 million square feet (190,000 m2) of cargo facilities. Theme Building Main article: Theme Building LAX Theme Building, July 1962 The distinctive Theme Building in the Googie style was built in 1961 and resembles a flying saucer that has landed on its four legs. A restaurant with a sweeping view of the airport is suspended beneath two arches that form the legs. The Los Angeles City Council designated the building a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1992. A $4 million renovation, with retro-futuristic interior and electric lighting designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, was completed before the Encounter Restaurant opened there in 1997 but is no longer in business. Visitors are able to take the elevator up to the observation deck of the "Theme Building", which had previously been closed after the September 11, 2001 attacks for security reasons. A memorial to the victims of the 9/11 attacks is located on the grounds, as three of the four hijacked planes were originally destined for LAX. The Bob Hope USO expanded and relocated to the first floor of the Theme Building in 2018. Recent and future developments LAWA currently has several plans to modernize LAX, at a cost of $30 billion. These include terminal and runway improvements, which will "enhance the passenger experience, reduce overcrowding, and provide airport access to the latest class of very large passenger aircraft"; this will bring the number of LAX's total gates from 146 to 182. Recently completed improvements include: Renovations of Terminals 7 and 8 completed in 2019, Terminal 1 in 2018, and Terminals 2 and 3 in 2023. Terminal 1.5, a building connecting Terminals 1 and 2, with a bus gate to take passengers to boarding gates in the Tom Bradley International Terminal (completed 2021) The Midfield Satellite Concourse (aka West Gates at Tom Bradley International Terminal) adding 15 gates (completed 2021) The Economy Parking facility, a 4,300-stall parking structure with passenger pick-up/drop-off areas, to later be connected to the terminal area by the APM (completed 2021) A new Los Angeles Airport Police headquarters, replacing a smaller facility located where Concourse 0 is planned to be built (completed 2021) Future improvements include: Modernization of Terminals 4 and 6 (all under construction) Expansion of the Midfield Satellite Concourse adding 8 gates (under construction) Concourse 0 east of Terminal 1, adding 9 gates and an additional international arrivals facility (planned) Terminal 9 east of Sepulveda Boulevard, adding 12 gates and an additional international arrivals facility (planned) LAX Automated People Mover (APM) (under construction) LAX/Metro Transit Center station, a Los Angeles Metro Rail and bus station, connected to the terminal area by the APM (under construction) LAX Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility, connected to the terminal area by the APM (under construction) A high-voltage power receiving station to address persistent issues with the reliability, redundancy and capacity of electric service (under construction) Roadway improvements, providing improved access to the above facilities and the Central Terminal Area (under construction) Airlines and destinations Passenger AirlinesDestinationsRefs Aer Lingus Dublin Aeroméxico Guadalajara, Mexico City Air Canada Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver Air China Beijing–Capital, Shenzhen Air France Papeete, Paris–Charles de Gaulle Air New Zealand Auckland Air Premia Seoul–Incheon Air Tahiti Nui Auckland, Papeete, Paris–Charles de Gaulle Alaska Airlines Anchorage, Belize City, Boise, Cancún, Eugene, Everett, Guadalajara, Guatemala City, Honolulu, Ixtapa/Zihuatanejo, Kahului, Las Vegas, Liberia (CR), Loreto, Manzanillo, Mazatlán, Medford, Nassau, Newark, Portland (OR), Puerto Vallarta, Redmond/Bend, Reno/Tahoe (resumes October 1, 2024), San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San José (CR), San José del Cabo, Santa Rosa, Seattle/Tacoma, Spokane, Tri-Cities (WA) (begins October 1, 2024), Washington–Dulles, Washington–NationalSeasonal: Bozeman, Fort Lauderdale, Tampa Allegiant Air Bellingham, Billings, Boise, Chicago/Rockford (ends October 29, 2024), Cincinnati, Eugene, Fayetteville/Bentonville, Indianapolis, Laredo, Memphis, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Rapid City, Springfield/Branson, TulsaSeasonal: Bozeman, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Des Moines, Glacier Park/Kalispell, Grand Junction, Grand Rapids, Idaho Falls, Jackson Hole, Little Rock, McAllen, Missoula, Montrose, Omaha, Sioux Falls, Tri-Cities (WA), Wichita All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita American Airlines Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Cancún, Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Honolulu, Indianapolis, Kahului, Kailua-Kona, Las Vegas, Lihue, London–Heathrow, Mexico City, Miami, Nashville, New York–JFK, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Raleigh/Durham, St. Louis, San Antonio, San Francisco, San José del Cabo, Sydney, Tokyo–Haneda, Washington–NationalSeasonal: Auckland, Eagle/Vail, Puerto Vallarta, Tampa, Vancouver American Eagle Albuquerque, Denver, El Paso, Fayetteville/Bentonville, Flagstaff (begins October 12, 2024), Houston–Intercontinental, Jackson Hole, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Portland (OR), Sacramento, San Antonio, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma, Tucson, TulsaSeasonal: Aspen, Bozeman, Missoula, Reno/Tahoe, Salt Lake City, Vancouver Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon Austrian Airlines Seasonal: Vienna Avianca Costa Rica San José (CR) Avianca El Salvador Guatemala City, San Salvador Breeze Airways Charleston (SC), Jacksonville (FL), Norfolk, Pittsburgh, Raleigh/Durham, Richmond Seasonal: Akron/Canton, Greenville/Spartanburg, Huntsville, Madison, Providence British Airways London–Heathrow Cathay Pacific Hong Kong Cayman Airways Grand Cayman China Airlines Taipei–Taoyuan China Eastern Airlines Shanghai–Pudong China Southern Airlines Guangzhou Condor Frankfurt Copa Airlines Panama City–Tocumen Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Auckland, Austin, Boston, Cancún, Cincinnati, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale, Guatemala City, Honolulu, Houston–Intercontinental, Indianapolis, Kahului, Kailua-Kona, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Liberia (CR), Lihue, Memphis, Mexico City, Miami, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Nashville, New Orleans, New York–JFK, Orlando, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Portland (OR), Puerto Vallarta, Raleigh/Durham, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Francisco, San José (CR), San José del Cabo, San Salvador, Seattle/Tacoma, Sydney, Tampa, Tokyo–Haneda, Washington–NationalSeasonal: Brisbane (begins December 4, 2024), Papeete Delta Connection Albuquerque, Aspen, Boise, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Reno/Tahoe, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose (CA), Spokane, TucsonSeasonal: Sun Valley (resumes December 21, 2024) El Al Tel Aviv Emirates Dubai–International EVA Air Taipei–Taoyuan Fiji Airways Nadi Finnair Helsinki Flair Airlines Vancouver French Bee Paris–Orly Frontier Airlines Atlanta (begins August 13, 2024), Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Las Vegas, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Sacramento (begins August 13, 2024), San Francisco, San Jose (CA) (begins August 13, 2024) Hawaiian Airlines Honolulu, Kahului, Kailua-Kona, Lihue Iberia Madrid ITA Airways Rome–Fiumicino Japan Airlines Osaka–Kansai, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita JetBlue Boston, Buffalo (ends July 31, 2024), Fort Lauderdale, Nassau, Newark (ends October 27, 2024), New York–JFK, Orlando (ends October 27, 2024), Salt Lake City, San José del CaboSeasonal: Hartford, West Palm Beach JSX Las Vegas Seasonal: Cabo San Lucas KLM Amsterdam Korean Air Seoul–Incheon LATAM Brasil São Paulo–Guarulhos LATAM Chile Lima, Santiago de Chile LATAM Perú Lima Level Barcelona LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich Norse Atlantic Airways London–Gatwick, Paris–Charles de Gaulle Seasonal: Oslo Philippine Airlines Manila Porter Airlines Toronto–Pearson Seasonal: Montréal–Trudeau (begins June 27, 2024) Qantas Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney Qatar Airways Doha Saudia Jeddah Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen Sichuan Airlines Chengdu–Tianfu1 Singapore Airlines Singapore, Tokyo–Narita Southern Airways Express Imperial/El Centro Southwest Airlines Albuquerque, Austin, Baltimore, Chicago–Midway, Dallas–Love, Denver, El Paso, Honolulu, Houston–Hobby, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Nashville, New Orleans, Oakland, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Portland (OR), Reno/Tahoe, Sacramento, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), TucsonSeasonal: Atlanta, Kailua-Kona, Lihue Spirit Airlines Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Cleveland (ends October 7, 2024), Columbus–Glenn, Dallas/Fort Worth, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale (ends September 2, 2024), Houston–Intercontinental, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Louisville, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Nashville, Newark, New Orleans, Oakland, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland (OR) (resumes July 10, 2024), Reno/Tahoe (begins July 10, 2024), Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Jose (CA), Seattle/Tacoma (resumes July 10, 2024) Starlux Airlines Taipei–Taoyuan Sun Country Airlines Minneapolis/St. Paul Swiss International Air Lines Zürich Turkish Airlines Istanbul United Airlines Austin, Baltimore, Boston, Cancún, Chicago–O'Hare, Cleveland, Cozumel, Denver, Guatemala City, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Houston–Intercontinental, Kahului, Kailua-Kona, Las Vegas, Lihue, London–Heathrow, Melbourne, Newark, Orlando, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Puerto Vallarta, San Diego, San Francisco, San José del Cabo, San Salvador, Seattle/Tacoma, Shanghai–Pudong (resumes August 29, 2024), Sydney, Tampa, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Vancouver, Washington–DullesSeasonal: Belize City, Bozeman, Calgary (begins June 27, 2024), Fort Myers, Jackson Hole, Liberia (CR), San José (CR), Tulum United Express Aspen, Austin, Boise, Bozeman, Eureka, Fresno, Las Vegas, Manzanillo, Monterey, Palm Springs, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Prescott, Redding, Redmond/Bend, Reno/Tahoe, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, VancouverSeasonal: Eagle/Vail, Glacier Park/Kalispell, Hayden/Steamboat Springs, Jackson Hole, Montrose, Sun Valley Virgin Atlantic London–Heathrow Viva Aerobus Guadalajara, Mexico City Seasonal: Monterrey Volaris Aguascalientes, Guadalajara, León/Del Bajío, Mexico City, Morelia, Oaxaca, Uruapan, Zacatecas Volaris Costa Rica Guatemala City, San José (CR) Volaris El Salvador San Salvador WestJet Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver, Winnipeg Seasonal: Toronto–Pearson XiamenAir Xiamen Zipair Tokyo Tokyo–Narita ^1 : Sichuan Airlines’s flight from Los Angeles to Chengdu–Tianfu makes a refueling stop at Hangzhou. Passengers may not disembark. The flight from Chengdu–Tianfu to Los Angeles is nonstop. Cargo AirlinesDestinationsRefs AeroLogic Frankfurt AeroUnion Guadalajara, León/El Bajío, Mexico City–AIFA, Monterrey Air China Cargo Beijing–Capital, Shanghai–Pudong Aloha Air Cargo Honolulu, Seattle/Tacoma Amazon Air Baltimore, Cincinnati Ameriflight Reno ANA Cargo Tokyo–Narita Asiana Cargo Anchorage, San Francisco, Seoul–Incheon Atlas Air Anchorage, Chicago–O'Hare, Chongqing, Cincinnati, Dallas/Fort Worth, Detroit, Guadalajara, Harrisburg, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Leipzig, Miami, New York–JFK, Ontario, Qingdao, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita Cargolux Anchorage, Calgary, Glasgow–Prestwick, Guadalajara, Hong Kong, Indianapolis, Luxembourg, Mexico City–AIFA, Milan–Malpensa, Seattle/Tacoma, Singapore Cathay Cargo Anchorage, Dallas/Fort Worth, Hong Kong, Mexico City–AIFA, Portland (OR) China Airlines Cargo Anchorage, Osaka–Kansai, San Francisco, Taipei–Taoyuan China Cargo Airlines Santiago de Chile, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen China Southern Cargo Anchorage, Guangzhou, Hefei, Shanghai–Pudong, Tianjin, Zhengzhou DHL Aviation Anchorage, Calgary, Cincinnati, Guadalajara, East Midlands, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Huatulco, Leipzig/Halle, Mexico City–AIFA, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Portland (OR), San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San José de Costa Rica, Seattle/Tacoma, Seoul–Incheon, Singapore, Tokyo–Narita, Tucson, Vancouver Emirates SkyCargo Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Dubai–Al Maktoum, Mexico City–AIFA, Zaragoza EVA Air Cargo Dallas/Fort Worth, San Francisco, Taipei–Taoyuan FedEx Express Anchorage, Auckland, Bangalore, Boston, Burbank, Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Edmonton, Fort Worth/Alliance, Fresno, Honolulu, Indianapolis, Memphis, Miami, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Nashville, Newark, Oakland, Ontario, Orange County, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Portland (OR), Seattle/Tacoma, Sydney, TulsaSeasonal: Hartford Icelandair Cargo Reykjavík–Keflavík Kalitta Air Anchorage, Cincinnati, Honolulu, Newburgh, Orlando, Seattle/Tacoma, Sydney, Vancouver Korean Air Cargo Anchorage, Chicago–O'Hare, Doha, Lima, San Francisco, Seoul–Incheon, Tokyo–Narita Lufthansa Cargo Frankfurt Mas Air Guadalajara, Miami, Mérida, Mexico City–AIFA, Quito National Airlines (N8) Anchorage, Nagoya–Centrair, Shanghai–Pudong Nippon Cargo Airlines San Francisco, Tokyo–Narita Qantas Freight Auckland, Chicago–O'Hare, Chongqing, Honolulu, Melbourne, Sydney Qatar Cargo Amsterdam, Brussels, Chicago–O'Hare, Doha, Liège, Luxembourg, Mexico City–AIFA, Ostend/Bruges SF Airlines Anchorage, Ezhou, Hangzhou, Shenzhen Silk Way West Airlines Baku Singapore Airlines Cargo Amsterdam, Anchorage, Brussels, Chicago–O'Hare, Hong Kong Southern Air Anchorage, Hong Kong, São Paulo–Guarulhos, Seoul–Incheon Sky Lease Cargo Miami, Tokyo–Narita UPS Airlines Dallas/Fort Worth, Louisville, Ontario, Orlando Western Global Airlines Anchorage, Fort Myers, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Seoul–Incheon WestJet Cargo Calgary, Vancouver Traffic and statistics An Avianca Airbus A321 with two American Airlines and one JetBlue aircraft in the background A United 737-800 and a Lufthansa 747-400 taxiing A Copa Airlines 737-800 taxiing. It is the world's fourth-busiest airport by passenger traffic and eleventh-busiest by cargo traffic, serving over 87 million passengers and 2 million tons of freight and mail in 2018. It is the busiest airport in the state of California, and the fifth-busiest (2022) airport by passenger boardings in the United States. In terms of international passengers, the second busiest airport for international traffic in the United States, behind only JFK in New York City. The number of aircraft movements (landings and takeoffs) was 700,362 in 2017, the third most of any airport in the world. Traffic by calendar year Passenger volume Aircraft movements Freight(tons) Mail(tons) 1994 51,050,275 689,888 1,516,567 186,878 1995 53,909,223 732,639 1,567,248 193,747 1996 57,974,559 763,866 1,696,663 194,091 1997 60,142,588 781,492 1,852,487 212,410 1998 61,215,712 773,569 1,787,400 264,473 1999 64,279,571 779,150 1,884,526 253,695 2000 67,303,182 783,433 2,002,614 246,538 2001 61,606,204 738,433 1,779,065 162,629 2002 56,223,843 645,424 1,869,932 92,422 2003 54,982,838 622,378 1,924,883 97,193 2004 60,704,568 655,097 2,022,911 92,402 2005 61,489,398 650,629 2,048,817 88,371 2006 61,041,066 656,842 2,022,687 80,395 2007 62,438,583 680,954 2,010,820 66,707 2008 59,815,646 622,506 1,723,038 73,505 2009 56,520,843 544,833 1,599,782 64,073 2010 59,069,409 575,835 1,852,791 74,034 2011 61,862,052 603,912 1,789,204 80,442 2012 63,688,121 605,480 1,867,155 88,438 2013 66,667,619 614,917 1,848,764 77,286 2014 70,662,212 636,706 1,921,302 79,850 2015 74,936,256 655,564 2,047,197 94,299 2016 80,921,527 697,138 2,105,941 99,394 2017 84,557,968 700,362 2,279,878 109,596 2018 87,534,384 707,833 2,338,642 109,694 2019 88,068,013 691,257 2,182,711 130,536 2020 28,779,527 379,364 2,329,348 135,498 2021 48,007,284 506,769 2,851,941 124,732 2022 65,924,298 556,913 2,632,536 122,034 2023 75,050,851 542,749 2,288,726 79,422 Source: Los Angeles World Airports Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Annual passenger traffic at LAX airport. See Wikidata query. Top domestic destinations International carriers at Tom Bradley International Terminal Los Angeles airport diagram of terminals Busiest domestic routes from LAX (January 2023 - December 2023) Rank Airport Passengers Carriers 1 New York–JFK, New York 1,419,000 American, Delta, JetBlue 2 San Francisco, California 1,351,000 Alaska, American, Delta, JetBlue, Southwest, United 3 Las Vegas, Nevada 1,327,000 Alaska, Allegiant, American, Delta, JetBlue, JSX, Southwest, Spirit, Sun Country, United 4 Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois 1,176,000 American, Spirit, United 5 Honolulu, Hawaii 1,151,000 Alaska, American, Delta, Hawaiian, Southwest, United 6 Newark, New Jersey 1,082,000 Alaska, JetBlue, Spirit, United 7 Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas 1,044,000 American, Delta, Spirit, United 8 Seattle/Tacoma, Washington 1,032,000 Alaska, American, Delta, United 9 Atlanta, Georgia 992,000 American, Delta, Spirit 10 Denver, Colorado 936,000 American, Delta, Southwest, Spirit, United Top international destinations A world map showing all countries airlines fly to and from the Los Angeles International Airport in blue. Busiest international routes from LAX (October 2022 – September 2023) Rank Airport Passengers Carriers 1 London–Heathrow, United Kingdom 1,546,657 American, British Airways, Delta, United, Virgin Atlantic 2 Guadalajara, Mexico 1,018,858 Aeroméxico, Alaska, VivaAerobus, Volaris 3 Seoul–Incheon, South Korea 977,636 Air Premia, Asiana Airlines, Korean Air 4 Vancouver, Canada 918,820 Air Canada, American, Flair, United, WestJet 5 Taipei–Taoyuan, Taiwan 885,900 China Airlines, EVA Air, Starlux Airlines 6 Tokyo–Haneda, Japan 846,351 All Nippon Airways, American, Delta, Japan Airlines, United 7 Mexico City, Mexico 830,422 Aeroméxico, American, Delta, Viva Aerobus, Volaris 8 Paris–Charles de Gaulle, France 790,378 Air France, Air Tahiti Nui, Delta 9 San José del Cabo, Mexico 751,800 Alaska, American, Delta, JetBlue, United 10 Sydney, Australia 746,756 American, Delta, Qantas, United Airline market share Largest airlines at LAX (January 2023 – December 2023) Rank Airline Passengers Share 1 Delta Air Lines 14,831,038 19.76% 2 American Airlines 11,217,795 14.95% 3 United Airlines 11,118,802 14.82% 4 Southwest Airlines 7,150,151 9.53% 5 Alaska Airlines 4,859,873 6.48 % 6 Spirit Airlines 3,822,993 5.09% 7 JetBlue 3,466,690 4.62% 8 Air Canada 1,326,357 1.77% 9 Volaris 1,090,465 1.45% 10 Hawaiian Airlines 967,719 1.29% Ground transportation and access LAX sign as seen near the entrance of the airport Transiting between terminals In the secure area of the airport, tunnels or above-ground connectors link all the terminals except for the regional terminal. LAX Shuttle route A operates in a counter-clockwise loop around the Central Terminal Area, providing frequent service for connecting passengers. However, connecting passengers who use these shuttles must leave and then later re-enter security. LAX Shuttle routes LAX operates several shuttle routes to connect passengers and employees around the airport area: Route A Terminal Connector operates in a counter-clockwise loop around the Central Terminal Area, providing frequent service for connecting passengers. However, connecting passengers who use these shuttles must leave and then later re-enter security. Route C City Bus Center connects the Central Terminal Area and the LAX City Bus Center which is served by transit buses from Beach Cities Transit, Culver CityBus, Los Angeles Metro, Santa Monica Big Blue Bus and Torrance Transit. Buses on this route also serve the Employee South Lot. Route E Economy Parking connects the Central Terminal Area and the West Intermodal Transportation Facility, the airport's economy parking garage. Route G Metro Connector connects the Central Terminal Area and the Aviation/LAX station on the Metro C Line, 2.4 miles (3.9 km) away. Buses also stop at the "Remote Rental Car Depot", a bus stop served by shuttles to smaller rental car companies. Route X LAX Employee Lots connects the Central Terminal Area and the Employee Parking Lots. The route has three service patterns, the East Lot route only stops at Terminals 1, 2, 3, and B; the West Lot route only stops at Terminals 4, 5, 6, and 7; and the South Lot route stops at all terminals and also stops at the City Bus Center as Route C. Transit buses Buses at LAX City Bus Center Main article: LAX City Bus Center Most transit buses operate from the LAX City Bus Center, which is located away from the Central Terminal Area on 96th Street, east of Sepulveda Boulevard. LAX Shuttle route C offers free connections between the LAX City Bus Center and the Central Terminal Area. The LAX City Bus Center is served by Beach Cities Transit line 109 to Redondo Beach, Culver CityBus lines 6 and Rapid 6 to Culver City and UCLA, Los Angeles Metro Bus lines 102 to South Gate, 111 to Norwalk, 117 to Downey and 232 to Long Beach, Santa Monica Big Blue Bus lines 3 and Rapid 3 to Santa Monica, and Torrance Transit line 8 to Torrance. During the overnight hours, Los Angeles Metro line 40 offers service to Downtown Los Angeles. The LAX City Bus Center will eventually be replaced by the LAX/Metro Transit Center station, which will be connected to the rest of LAX by the Automated People Mover system. There is also a bus stop at Sepulveda Boulevard and Century Boulevard that is a 1⁄4-mile (0.40 km) walk away from Terminals 1 and 7/8 that is served by LADOT Commuter Express line 574 to Sylmar and Encino. This bus stop is also served by some of the same routes as the LAX City Bus Center: Los Angeles Metro lines 40 (overnight only), 117 and 232 and Torrance Transit line 8. FlyAway Bus Main article: FlyAway (bus) Flyaway bus at Los Angeles Union Station The FlyAway bus is a nonstop motorcoach/shuttle service run by LAWA, which provides scheduled service between LAX and Union Station in Downtown LA or the FlyAway terminal at the Van Nuys Airport in the San Fernando Valley. FlyAway buses stop at every LAX terminal in a counter-clockwise direction, starting at terminal 1. The service hours vary based on the line, with most leaving on or near the top of the hour. Buses use the regional system of high-occupancy vehicle lanes and high-occupancy toll lanes (Metro ExpressLanes) to expedite their trips. Metro Rail and the LAX Automated People Mover Main article: LAX Automated People Mover vteLAX Automated People Mover Legend West CTA (Terminals 3, 4, B) Center CTA (Terminals 1, 2, 5, 6) East CTA (Terminals 7, 8) SR 1Sepulveda Boulevard Terminal 9 (Future) Century Boulevard LAX City Bus Center West ITF Maintenance and Storage Facility East ITF CONRAC All stations are accessible LAX does not currently have a direct connection to the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. LAX Shuttle route G offers free connections between the Central Terminal Area and the Aviation/LAX station on the C Line, 2.4 miles (3.9 km) away. The LAX Automated People Mover (APM), currently under construction by LAWA, is a 2.25 miles (3.62 km) rail line that will connect the terminal area with long- and short-term parking facilities, a connection to the Los Angeles Metro Rail and other transit at the LAX/Metro Transit Center, and a consolidated facility for all airport rental car agencies. The APM project is estimated to cost $5.5 billion and is scheduled to begin operation in 2025, with the connection to Metro Rail opening thereafter. LAWA does not operate shuttles to get to the Metro K Line; however, one seeking to get to/from LAX and the K Line can travel to Aviation/LAX station on LAWA Route M (Metro Connector), and from there take the C and K Line Link (line 857) to Westchester/Veterans station while the rest of the K Line connecting to the APM is being built. Freeways and roads The 405 freeway near LAXLAX's terminals are immediately west of the interchange between Century Boulevard and Sepulveda Boulevard (State Route 1). Interstate 405 can be reached to the east via Century Boulevard. Interstate 105 is to the south via Sepulveda Boulevard, through the Airport Tunnel that crosses under the airport runways. Taxis, ride-share and private shuttles Further information: Taxicabs of the United States § Los Angeles Arriving passengers take a shuttle or walk to the LAXit waiting area east of Terminal 1 for taxi or ride-share pickups. Taxi services are operated by nine city-authorized taxi companies and regulated by Authorized Taxicab Supervision Inc. (ATS). ATS queues up taxis at the LAXit waiting area. A number of private shuttle companies also offer limousine and bus services to LAX. Other facilities Hotels next to LAX The airport has the administrative offices of Los Angeles World Airports. Continental Airlines once had its corporate headquarters on the airport property. At a 1962 press conference in the office of Mayor of Los Angeles Sam Yorty, Continental Airlines announced that it planned to move its headquarters to Los Angeles in July 1963. In 1963 Continental Airlines headquarters moved to a two-story, $2.3 million building on the grounds of the airport. The July 2009 Continental Magazine issue stated that the move "underlined Continental Airlines western and Pacific orientation". On July 1, 1983 the airline's headquarters were relocated to the America Tower in the Neartown area of Houston. In addition to Continental Airlines, Western Airlines and Flying Tiger Line also had their headquarters at LAX. Flight Path Museum LAX The Flight Path Museum LAX, formerly known as the Flight Path Learning Center, is a museum located at 6661 Imperial Highway and was formerly known as the "West Imperial Terminal". This building used to house some charter flights. It sat empty for 10 years until it was re-opened as a learning center for LAX. The center contains information on the history of aviation, several pictures of the airport, as well as aircraft scale models, flight attendant uniforms, and general airline memorabilia such as playing cards, china, magazines, signs, and a TWA gate information sign. The museum's library contains an extensive collection of rare items such as aircraft manufacturer company newsletters/magazines, technical manuals for both military and civilian aircraft, industry magazines dating back to World War II and before, historic photographs and other invaluable references on aircraft operation and manufacturing. The museum has on display "The Spirit of Seventy-Six," a DC-3 that flew in commercial airline service, before serving as a corporate aircraft for Union 76 Oil Company for 32 years. The plane was built in the Douglas Aircraft Company plant in Santa Monica in January 1941, which was a major producer of both commercial and military aircraft. Accidents and incidents LAX Airport Response Coordination Center used to coordinate emergency response During its history there have been numerous incidents, but only the most notable are summarized below: 1930s On January 23, 1939, the sole prototype Douglas 7B twin-engine attack bomber, designed and built as a company project, suffered a loss of the vertical fin and rudder during a demonstration flight over Mines Field, flat spun into the parking lot of North American Aviation, and burned. Another source states that the test pilot, in an attempt to impress the Gallic passenger, attempted a snap roll at low altitude with one engine feathered, resulting in a fatal spin. Douglas test pilot Johnny Cable bailed out at 300 feet, his chute unfurled but did not have time to deploy, he was killed on impact, the flight engineer John Parks rode in the airframe and died, but 33-year-old French Air Force Capt. Paul Chemidlin, riding in the aft fuselage near the top turret, survived with a broken leg, severe back injuries, and a slight concussion. The presence of Chemidlin, a representative of a foreign purchasing mission, caused a furor in Congress by isolationists over neutrality and export laws. The type was developed as the Douglas DB-7. 1940s On June 1, 1940, the first Douglas R3D-1 for the U.S. Navy, BuNo 1901, crashed at Mines Field, before delivery. The Navy later acquired the privately owned DC-5 prototype, from William E. Boeing as a replacement. On November 20, 1940, the prototype NA-73X Mustang, NX19998, first flown October 26, 1940, by test pilot Vance Breese, crashed. According to P-51 designer Edgar Schmued, the NA-73 was lost because test pilot Paul Balfour refused, before a high-speed test run, to go through the takeoff and flight test procedure with Schmued while the aircraft was on the ground, claiming "one airplane was like another". After making two high speed passes over Mines Field, he forgot to put the fuel valve on "reserve" and during the third pass ran out of fuel. An emergency landing in a freshly plowed field caused the wheels to dig in, the aircraft flipped over, the airframe was not rebuilt, the second aircraft being used for subsequent testing. On October 26, 1944, WASP pilot Gertrude Tompkins Silver of the 601st Ferrying Squadron, fifth Ferrying Group, Love Field, Dallas, Texas, departed Los Angeles Airport, in a North American P-51D Mustang, 44-15669, at 1600 hrs PWT, headed for the East Coast. She took off into the wind, into an offshore fog bank, and was expected that night at Palm Springs. She never arrived. Owing to a paperwork foul-up, a search did not get under way for several days, and while the eventual search of land and sea was massive, it failed to find a trace of Silver or her plane. She is the only missing WASP pilot. She had married Sgt. Henry Silver one month before her disappearance. 1950s On June 30, 1956, United Airlines Flight 718 collided with TWA Flight 2 over the Grand Canyon, killing 128 people. Both aircraft departed LAX, with Flight 718 bound for Chicago Midway, and Flight 2 bound for Kansas City. The cause was found to be issued within the US air traffic control system and aviation law. 1960s On January 13, 1969, Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 933, a Douglas DC-8-62, crashed into Santa Monica Bay, approximately 6 nautical miles (11 km) west of LAX at 7:21 pm, local time. The aircraft was operating as flight SK933, nearing the completion of a flight from Seattle. Of nine crewmembers, three lost their lives to drowning, while 12 of the 36 passengers also drowned. On January 18, 1969, United Airlines Flight 266, a Boeing 727-100 bearing the registration number N7434U, crashed into Santa Monica Bay approximately 11.3 miles (18.2 km) west of LAX at 6:21 pm local time. The aircraft was destroyed, resulting in the death of all 32 passengers and six crew members aboard. 1970s On the evening of June 6, 1971, Hughes Airwest Flight 706, a Douglas DC-9 jetliner that had departed LAX on a flight to Salt Lake City, Utah, was struck nine minutes after takeoff by a U.S. Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter jet over the San Gabriel Mountains. The midair collision killed all 44 passengers and five crew members aboard the DC-9 airliner and one of two crewmen aboard the military jet. On August 4, 1971, Continental Airlines Flight 712, a Boeing 707, collided in midair with a Cessna 150 over Compton. Although the Cessna was destroyed upon landing, there were no fatalities. On August 6, 1974, a bomb exploded near the Pan Am ticketing area at Terminal 2; three people were killed and 35 were injured. On March 1, 1978, two tires burst in succession on a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 on Continental Airlines Flight 603 during its takeoff roll at LAX and the plane, bound for Honolulu, veered off the runway. A third tire burst and the DC-10's left landing gear collapsed, causing a fuel tank to rupture. Following the aborted takeoff, spilled fuel ignited and enveloped the center portion of the aircraft in flames. During the ensuing emergency evacuation, a husband and wife died when they exited the passenger cabin onto the wing and dropped down directly into the flames. Two additional passengers died of their injuries approximately three months after the accident; 74 others aboard the plane were injured, as were 11 firemen battling the fire. On the evening of March 10, 1979, Swift Aire Flight 235, a twin-engine Aerospatiale Nord 262A-33 turboprop en route to Santa Maria, was forced to ditch in Santa Monica Bay after experiencing engine problems upon takeoff from LAX. The pilot, co-pilot, and a female passenger drowned when they were unable to exit the aircraft after the ditching. The female flight attendant and the three remaining passengers—two men and a pregnant woman—survived and were rescued by several pleasure boats and other watercraft in the vicinity. 1980s In January 1985, a woman was found dead in a suitcase that was lying on the baggage carousel for a while. The suitcase had arrived on a Lufthansa flight. The woman was later discovered to have been an Iranian citizen who had recently married another Iranian with UGreen card status. She had been denied a US visa in West Germany and therefore decided to enter the US in this way. On August 31, 1986, Aeroméxico Flight 498, a DC-9 en route from Mexico City, Mexico, to Los Angeles, began its descent into LAX when a Piper Cherokee collided with the DC-9's left horizontal stabilizer over Cerritos, causing the DC-9 to crash into a residential neighborhood. All 67 people on the two aircraft were killed, in addition to 15 people on the ground. 5 homes were destroyed and an additional 7 were damaged by the crash and resulting fire. The Piper went down in a nearby schoolyard and caused no further injuries on the ground. As a result of this incident, the FAA required all commercial aircraft to be equipped with Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). 1990s On February 1, 1991, USAir Flight 1493 (arriving from Columbus, Ohio), a Boeing 737-300, landing on runway 24L at LAX, collided on touchdown with SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569, a Fairchild Metroliner, preparing to depart to Palmdale. The collision was caused by a controller who told the SkyWest plane to wait on the runway for takeoff, then later gave the USAir plane clearance to land on the same runway, forgetting that the SkyWest plane was there. The collision killed all 12 occupants of the SkyWest plane and 23 of the 89 people aboard the USAir 737. 2000s Al-Qaeda attempted to bomb LAX on New Year's Eve 1999/2000. The bomber, Algerian Ahmed Ressam, was captured in Port Angeles, Washington, the U.S. port of entry, with a cache of explosives that could have produced a blast 40 times greater than that of a car bomb hidden in the trunk of the rented car in which he had traveled from Canada. He had planned to leave one or two suitcases filled with explosives in an LAX passenger waiting area. He was initially sentenced to 22 years in prison, but in February 2010 an appellate court ordered that his sentence be extended. On January 31, 2000, Alaska Airlines Flight 261, attempted to land at LAX after experiencing problems with its tail-mounted horizontal stabilizer. Before the plane could divert to Los Angeles, it suddenly plummeted into the Pacific Ocean approximately 2.7 miles (4.3 km) north of Anacapa Island of the California coast, killing all 88 people aboard. During the September 11 attacks, American Airlines Flight 11, United Airlines Flight 175 and American Airlines Flight 77 were destined for LAX and they were hijacked mid-flight by Al-Qaeda terrorists. Flight 11 and Flight 175 deliberately crashed into the Twin Towers of World Trade Center and Flight 77 deliberately crashed into The Pentagon. In the 2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting of July 4, 2002, Hesham Mohamed Hadayet killed two Israelis at the ticket counter of El Al Airlines at LAX. Although the gunman was not linked to any terrorist group, the man was upset at U.S. support for Israel, and therefore was motivated by political disagreement. This led the FBI to classify this shooting as a terrorist act, one of the first on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks. On September 21, 2005, JetBlue Flight 292, an Airbus A320 discovered a problem with its landing gear as it took off from Bob Hope Airport in Burbank. It flew in circles for three hours to burn off fuel, then landed safely at Los Angeles International Airport on runway 25L, balancing on its back wheels as it rolled down the center of the runway. Passengers were able to watch their own coverage live from the satellite broadcast on JetBlue in-flight TV seat displays of their plane as it made an emergency landing with the front landing gear visibly becoming damaged. Because JetBlue did not serve LAX at the time, the aircraft was evaluated and repaired at a Continental Airlines hangar. On June 2, 2006, an American Airlines Boeing 767 was about to complete a flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City when the plane's pilots noted that the number 1 engine lagged the number 2 one by 2 percent. The plane landed safely and passengers disembarked, but when maintenance personnel retarded its throttle to idle, the number one engine, which had been put to maximum power, suffered an uncontained rupture of the high pressure turbine stage 1 disk, causing the engine to explode. There were no injuries among the three people on board the aircraft at the time (all of them maintenance workers), but the airplane was written off. On July 29, 2006, after America West Express Flight 6008, a Canadair Regional Jet operated by Mesa Airlines from Phoenix, Arizona, landed on runway 25L, controllers instructed the pilot to leave the runway on a taxiway known as "Mike" and stop short of runway 25R. Even though the pilot read back the instructions correctly, he accidentally taxied onto 25R and into the path of a departing SkyWest Airlines Embraer EMB-120 operating United Express Flight 6037 to Monterey. They cleared each other by 50 feet (15 m) and nobody was hurt. On August 16, 2007, a runway incursion occurred between WestJet Flight 900 and Northwest Airlines Flight 180 on runways 24R and 24L, respectively, with the aircraft coming within 37 feet (11 m) of each other. The planes were carrying a combined total of 296 people, none of whom were injured. The NTSB concluded that the incursion was the result of controller error. In September 2007, FAA Administrator Marion Blakey stressed the need for LAX to increase lateral separation between its pair of north runways in order to preserve the safety and efficiency of the airport. 2010s On October 13 and 14, 2013, two incidents of dry ice bomb explosions occurred at the airport. The first dry ice bomb exploded at 7:00 p.m. in an employee restroom in Terminal 2, with no injuries. Terminal 2 was briefly shut down as a result. On the next day at 8:30 p.m., a dry ice bomb exploded on the ramp area near the Tom Bradley International Terminal, also without injuries. Two other plastic bottles containing dry ice were found at the scene during the second explosion. On October 15, a 28-year-old airport employee was arrested in connection with the explosions and was booked on charges of possession of an explosive or destructive device near an aircraft. On October 18, a 41-year-old airport employee was arrested in connection with the second explosion, and was booked on suspicion of possessing a destructive device near an aircraft. Authorities believe that the incidents were not linked to terrorism. Both men subsequently pleaded no contest and were each sentenced to three years' probation. The airport workers had removed dry ice from a cargo hold into which a dog was to be loaded, because of fears that the dry ice could harm the animal. In the 2013 Los Angeles International Airport shooting of November 1, 2013, at around 9:31 a.m. PDT, a lone gunman entered Terminal 3 and opened fire with a semi-automatic rifle, killing a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) officer and wounding three other people. The gunman was later apprehended and taken into custody. Until the situation was clarified and under control, a few terminals at the airport were evacuated, all inbound flights were diverted and all outbound flights were grounded until the airport began returning to normal operation at around 2:30 p.m. On August 28, 2016, there was a false report of shots fired throughout the airport, causing a temporary lock down and about 3 hours of flight delays. On May 20, 2017, Aeroméxico Flight 642, a Boeing 737-800, collided with a utility truck on a taxiway near Runway 25R, injuring 8 people, two of them seriously. On July 25, 2018, jetblast from a Dash 8 caused some dollies to crash into a United 737. On November 21, 2019, Philippine Airlines Flight 113, operated by a Boeing 777-300ER suffered an engine compressor stall shortly after take off from the airport's Runway 25R, forcing the flight to return. The flight made a successful emergency landing just 13 minutes after departure. There were 342 passengers and 18 crew on board the flight, with no injuries reported. 2020s On August 19, 2020, FedEx Express Flight 1026, a Boeing 767, made an emergency landing when its left main landing gear failed to extend. One of the pilots was injured while leaving the aircraft. On October 28, 2021, more than 300 passengers were forced to flee onto the tarmac after report of a person with a gun at the Terminal 1. Two people were injured, and the flights were temporarily suspended. No weapons were found, but two people were arrested and taken into custody by the airport police. On Friday, February 10, 2023, an American Airlines A321 aircraft was being towed without any passengers when it collided with a passenger bus, injuring five people who were riding on the bus. Aircraft spotting The "Imperial Hill" area of El Segundo is a prime location for aircraft spotting, especially for takeoffs. Part of the Imperial Hill area has been set aside as a city park, Clutter's Park. Another popular spotting location sits under the final approach for runways 24 L&R on a lawn next to the Westchester In-N-Out Burger on Sepulveda Boulevard. This is one of the few remaining locations in Southern California from which spotters may watch such a wide variety of low-flying commercial airliners from directly underneath a flight path. Another aircraft spotting location is at a small park in the take-off pattern that normally goes out over the Pacific. The park is on the east side of the street Vista Del Mar from where it takes its name, Vista Del Mar Park. Space Shuttle Endeavour At 12:51 p.m. on Friday, September 21, 2012, a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft carrying the Space Shuttle Endeavour landed at LAX on runway 25L. An estimated 10,000 people saw the shuttle land. Interstate 105 was backed up for miles at a standstill. Imperial Highway was shut down for spectators. It was quickly taken off the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, a modified Boeing 747, and was moved to a United Airlines hangar. The shuttle spent about a month in the hangar while it was prepared to be transported to the California Science Center. In popular culture Main article: Los Angeles International Airport in popular culture Numerous films and television shows have been set or filmed partially at LAX, at least partly due to the airport's proximity to Hollywood studios and Los Angeles. Film shoots at the Los Angeles airports, including LAX, produced $590 million for the Los Angeles region from 2002 to 2005. 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Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2017. ^ U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (February 2, 2010). "U.S. v. Ressam" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2010. ^ "Complaint; U.S. v. Ressam" (PDF). NEFA Foundation. December 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2010. ^ "Ressam Testimony in Mokhtar Haouari Trial". Southern District of New York. July 2001. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010. ^ "Ahmed Ressam's Millennium Plot". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on September 17, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2010. ^ "'Millennium bomber' sentence overturned; feds seek longer one – CNN.com". CNN. February 2, 2010. Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2010. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas MD-83 N963AS Anacapa Island, California". Aviation Safety Network. July 26, 2004. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2008. ^ Feldman, Charles (September 5, 2008). "Federal investigators: L.A. airport shooting a terrorist act". CNN. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2008. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A320-232 N536JB Los Angeles International Airport, California". Aviation Safety Network. October 7, 2005. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2008. ^ Stuart, Pfeifer; Garvey, Megan; Morin, Monte (September 22, 2005). "Disabled Airliner Creates a 3-Hour Drama in Skies". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 767-223ER N330AA Los Angeles International Airport, CA (LAX)". Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2022. ^ "Third Annual Archie League Medal of Safety Award Winners: Michael Darling". NATCA. Archived from the original on July 2, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2008. ^ "NTSB incident report. NTSB identification OPS07IA009A". National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2008. ^ "Outgoing FAA Administrator Marion Blakey: LAX Must Address Runway Safety". Metro Investment Report. September 2007. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. ^ a b Alsup, Dave (October 16, 2013). "Police: Arrest made in Los Angeles airport dry ice explosion". CNN. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013. ^ Abdollah, Tami (October 16, 2013). "AP Newsbreak: Arrest in LA airport ice explosions". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013. ^ Winton, Richard (October 16, 2013). "LAX dry ice explosions: Airport employee arrested in case". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013. ^ Abdollah, Tami (October 18, 2013). "Official: 2nd LAX worker also set off dry ice bomb". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013. ^ Serna, Joseph (February 21, 2014). "LAX dry ice bomb suspects get probation for disruptive blasts". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020. ^ "TSA Agent Reported Shot at LAX; Major Police Response". KTLA TV. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013. ^ "Passengers evacuated from terminal at Los Angeles International Airport after reports of gunshots". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013. ^ Helsel, Phil; Blankstein, Andrew (August 29, 2016). "False Reports of Gunfire Cause Chaos at Los Angeles Airport". NBC News. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016. ^ "Aeromexico plane collides with utility truck at LAX, injuring 8". BNO News. May 20, 2017. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2019. ^ "VIDEO: Dash 8's Prop Wash Blows Baggage Dolly into United 737 at LAX". August 14, 2018. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2022. ^ "Philippine Airlines plane makes emergency landing in Los Angeles airport due to engine problem". Cnnphilippines.com. November 22, 2019. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021. ^ Sanchez, Ray; Mossburg, Cheri (August 19, 2020). "FedEx cargo jet makes predawn emergency landing in Los Angeles". CNN. Los Angeles: Warner Bros. Discovery. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022. ^ "300 passengers flee onto tarmac after reports of gunman in LAX terminal". NBC News. Los Angeles. The Associated Press. October 29, 2021. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021. ^ "American Airlines Jet Collides With Shuttle Bus At LAX, 5 Injured". TMZ. February 11, 2023. Archived from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2023. ^ "Space Shuttle Endeavour Comes Home to Los Angeles". Dryden Flight Research Center. September 21, 2012. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2012. ^ Tony Barboza (January 22, 2007). "L.A. airports fly high with film shoots". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2013. Further reading Bullock, Freddy. LAX: Los Angeles International Airport (1998) Schoneberger, William A., Ethel Pattison, and Lee Nichols. Los Angeles International Airport (Arcadia Publishing, 2009.) External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Los Angeles International Airport. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles International Airport. Los Angeles International Airport official website LAneXt website LAX Noise Management Internet Flight Tracking System FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective June 13, 2024 Los Angeles International Airport travel guide from Wikivoyage Resources for this airport: AirNav airport information for KLAX ASN accident history for LAX FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days SkyVector aeronautical chart for KLAX FAA current LAX delay information View of LAX runways from inside air traffic control tower, California, 1986. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles. Places adjacent to Los Angeles International Airport Playa del Rey Westchester Inglewood Dockweiler State Beach and Pacific Ocean Los Angeles International Airport-LAX Lennox Hyperion plant El Segundo Hawthorne vteLos Angeles International AirportFacilities Airport Tunnel Automated People Mover (2024) City Bus Center Color tunnels Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility (2024) Hangar One LAX/Metro Transit Center (2024) Terminals Theme Building Events 1974 bombing 2002 shooting 2013 shooting Related FlyAway Jews for Jesus lawsuit Los Angeles Airport Police LAX in popular culture Coast Guard Air Station Los Angeles (former) Articles related to Los Angeles International Airport vteLos Angeles area airportsAlso includes some airports in the Inland Empire in proximity to Los AngelesMajor airportsLos AngelesWorld Airports (LAWA) Los Angeles International Airport (IATA:LAX) Template Van Nuys Airport (IATA:VNY)(X) Others Hollywood Burbank (IATA:BUR) Long Beach (IATA:LGB) Ontario() (IATA:ONT) John Wayne (Orange County) (IATA:SNA) Palmdale()(X) (IATA:PMD) Minor airportsLos AngelesCounty Gov't Brackett Field Compton/Woodley Airport Fox Field San Gabriel Valley Airport (El Monte) Whiteman Airport Other Los Angeles County Agua Dulce Airpark Catalina Airport Crystal Airport Hawthorne Municipal Airport LAPD Hooper Heliport Santa Monica Airport United States Air Force Plant 42 Zamperini Field (Torrance) Closed Grand Central Airport (Glendale) Hughes Airport Lancaster Airport Orange County Fullerton Municipal Airport Joint Forces Training Base - Los Alamitos Closed Marine Corps Air Station El Toro Santa Ana Army Air Base Meadowlark Airport (*) former LAWA airports(X) As of 2019 previously had commercial service but now does not. vteCity of Los AngelesBy topic History Timeline Outline Transportation Culture Landmarks Historic sites Skyscrapers Demographics Crime Sports Media Music Notable people Lists Murals Government Flag Mayor City Council President Common Council Other elected officials Airport DWP Fire Department Police Public schools Libraries Port Transportation Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Central Los Angeles & Wilshire area vteWestside region, Los AngelesDistricts andneighborhoods Bel Air East Gate Bel Air Benedict Canyon Beverly Crest Beverly Glen Beverly Hills Post Office Brentwood Brentwood Circle Brentwood Glen Crestwood Hills Century City Del Rey Holmby Hills Marina Peninsula Mar Vista Pacific Palisades Palisades Highlands Rustic Canyon Palms Playa del Rey Playa Vista Rancho Park Sawtelle South Robertson Beverlywood Castle Heights Cheviot Hills Crestview La Cienega Heights Reynier Village Venice Oakwood Venice Canal Historic District West Los Angeles Westchester Westdale Westside Village Westwood Tehrangeles Points of interestCemeteries Los Angeles National Pascual Marquez Family Westwood Village Memorial Park Country clubs Bel-Air Bel-Air Bay Hillcrest Los Angeles Riviera Will Rogers Polo Hospitals Century City Medical Plaza West Los Angeles VA Medical Center UCLA Medical Center Museums Flight Path Fowler Getty Getty Center Getty Villa Hammer Franklin D. 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Kress George Sturges Haldeman Harold Lloyd Kappe The Manor Neutra/Maxwell The One Pritzker Playboy Mansion Rocha Sheats–Goldstein Thomas Mann Venice of America Villa Aurora Warren Wilson Other Murphy Ranch Restaurants Apple Pan Café Gratitude Gladstones Malibu n/naka Pann's Pink Taco Versailles Vibrato Grill & Jazz SchoolsHighschools Ánimo Venice Archer School for Girls Brentwood Hamilton Marymount Milken Notre Dame Academy Palisades Raymond & Esther Kabbaz St. Bernard University Venice Westchester Enriched Sciences Magnets Wildwood Yeshiva University Colleges anduniversities American Jewish Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies Institute for Creative Technologies Loyola Marymount Mount Saint Mary's Otis Pepperdine Graduate Campus UCLA Powell Library Royce Hall Westside Pavilion Young Research Library Shopping centers Brentwood Country Mart Palisades Village Westfield Century City Sports venues Clippers Training Center Gersten Pavilion Los Angeles Tennis Center Pauley Pavilion Rancho Park Golf Course Studios 20th Century The Village Theaters Fox Fox Bruin Geffen Playhouse Ivy Substation Nimoy Nuart OtherBuildings Barry Binoculars Century Plaza Hotel Century Plaza Towers Constellation Place Dickinson & Gillespie Fox Plaza Holmby Hall Hotel Bel-Air Janss Investment Company Old Santa Monica Forestry Station Pacific Palisades Business Block Palms Railroad Depot Ralphs Grocery Store Sawtelle Streetcar Depot Venice Branch Wilshire Federal Other Sites Hyperion sewage treatment plant Public Art Silicon Beach Stone Canyon Reservoir Venice Canals TransportationBike paths Ballona Creek Coastal Culver Expo Freeways I-10 I-105 I-405 SR-1 SR-90 Imperial Highway LAX Automated People Mover City Bus Center Color Tunnels FlyAway Hangar One Intermodal Transportation Facility Rent-A-Car Facility Shuttles Terminals Theme Building Metro C Line D Line E Line K Line LAX/Metro Transit Center station Lincoln Boulevard Transit Corridor Sepulveda Transit Corridor StreetsEast-West Abbot Kinney Beverly Century Culver Lincoln Manchester Mulholland Olympic Pico San Vicente San Vicente (Santa Monica) Santa Monica Sunset Venice Washington Westwood Wilshire North-South Beverly Beverly Glen Centinela Coldwater La Cienega Robertson Sawtelle Sepulveda Airport Tunnel Intersections Persian Square Pico and Sepulveda Other Getty Center Tram Neighboring citiesand communities Beverly Hills Culver City El Segundo Hawthorne Inglewood Ladera Heights Malibu Marina del Rey Santa Monica West Hollywood Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Central Los Angeles & Wilshire area vteMajor airports in the United States Atlanta (Hartsfield–Jackson – ATL) Austin (Austin–Bergstrom – AUS) Baltimore (Baltimore/Washington – BWI) Boston (Logan – BOS) Charlotte (Douglas – CLT) Chicago Midway – MDW O'Hare – ORD Dallas–Fort Worth (Dallas Fort Worth – DFW) Denver (Denver – DEN) Detroit (Detroit Metropolitan – DTW) Fort Lauderdale (Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood – FLL) Honolulu (Daniel Inouye – HNL) Houston (George Bush – IAH) Las Vegas (Harry Reid – LAS) Los Angeles (Los Angeles – LAX) Miami (Miami – MIA) Minneapolis–Saint Paul (Minneapolis–Saint Paul – MSP) Nashville (Nashville – BNA) New York John F. 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Portals: Aviation Greater Los Angeles United States Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Geographic Structurae Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lax_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Airport (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Airport_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"international airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"surrounding metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Westchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"El Segundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Segundo,_California"},{"link_name":"Inglewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglewood,_California"},{"link_name":"the Westside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westside_(Los_Angeles_County)"},{"link_name":"South Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bay_(Los_Angeles_County)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles World Airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_World_Airports"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles city government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys_Airport"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"world's sixth-busiest airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic"},{"link_name":"Airports Council International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Council_International"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"West Coast of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_hub"},{"link_name":"focus city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_city"},{"link_name":"several other airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Los_Angeles_area"},{"link_name":"Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Burbank_Airport"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne_Airport"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_International_Airport"}],"text":"Airport serving Los Angeles, California, United States\"LAX\" and \"Los Angeles Airport\" redirect here. For other uses, see Lax and Los Angeles Airport (disambiguation).Los Angeles International Airport[a] (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX, FAA LID: LAX) is the primary international airport serving Los Angeles and its surrounding metropolitan area, in the U.S. state of California. LAX is located in the Westchester neighborhood of the city of Los Angeles, 18 miles (29 km; 16 nmi) southwest of Downtown Los Angeles, with the commercial and residential areas of Westchester to the north, the city of El Segundo to the south and the city of Inglewood to the east. LAX is the closest airport to the Westside and the South Bay.The airport is operated by Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), a branch of the Los Angeles city government, that also operates the Van Nuys Airport for general aviation. The airport covers 3,500 acres (1,400 ha) of land and has four parallel runways.[6][9]In 2022, LAX handled 65,924,298 passengers, making it the world's sixth-busiest airport. It was still in the top ten busiest airports in 2023, according to the Airports Council International rankings.[10] As the largest and busiest international airport on the West Coast of the United States, LAX is a major international gateway for the country, serving as a connection point for passengers travelling internationally (such as East and Southeast Asia, Australasia, Mexico and Central America). The airport holds the record for the world's busiest origin and destination airport,[11] because relative to other airports, many more travellers begin or end their trips in Los Angeles than use it as a connection. In 2019, LAWA reported approximately 88 percent of travellers at LAX were origination and destination passengers, and 12 percent were connecting.[12] It is also the only airport to rank among the top five U.S. airports for both passenger and cargo traffic.[13] LAX serves as a hub, focus city or operating base for more passenger airlines than any other airport in the United States.Although LAX is the busiest airport in the Greater Los Angeles Area, several other airports serve the region including Burbank, John Wayne (Orange County), Long Beach, Ontario, and San Bernardino.","title":"Los Angeles International Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010-1101-HangarNo1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hangar No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar_One_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Westchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester,_California"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"lima beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_lunatus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Master_Plan_Report-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Hangar No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar_One_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Master_Plan_Report-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Angeles_Airport,_1931.jpg"},{"link_name":"Army Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Day"},{"link_name":"Burbank Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank_Airport"},{"link_name":"Grand Central Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Airport_(California)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Master_Plan_Report-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Master_Plan_Report-16"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Trans World Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Southwest Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airways"},{"link_name":"Western Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Pan American Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Master_Plan_Report-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SearchHistory-19"},{"link_name":"jet age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_age"},{"link_name":"Theme Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_Building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6207-Continental_Passengers_Arriving_LAX.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"LAX West Intermodal Transportation Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_West_Intermodal_Transportation_Facility"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"LAX/Metro Transit Center station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX/Metro_Transit_Center_station"},{"link_name":"LAX Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Consolidated_Rent-A-Car_Facility"},{"link_name":"LAX Automated People Mover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Automated_People_Mover"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-29"}],"text":"Hangar No. 1 was the first structure at LAX, built in 1929, restored in 1990 and remaining in active use.[14]In 1926, the Los Angeles City Council and the Chamber of Commerce recognized the need for the city to have its own airport to tap into the fledgling, but quickly growing aviation industry. Several locations were considered, but the final choice was a 640-acre (1.00 sq mi; 260 ha) field in the southern part of Westchester. The location had been promoted by real estate agent William W. Mines, and Mines Field as it was known, had already been selected to host the 1928 National Air Races. On August 13, 1928 the city leased the land and the newly formed Department of Airports began converting the fields once used to grow wheat, barley and lima beans into dirt landing strips.[15]The airport opened on October 1, 1928[16] and the first structure, Hangar No. 1, was erected in 1929. The building still stands at the airport, remaining in active use and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[17] Over the next year, the airport started to come together: the dirt runway was replaced with an all-weather surface and more hangars, a restaurant, and a control tower were built. On June 7, 1930, the facility was dedicated and renamed Los Angeles Municipal Airport.[15]Los Angeles Municipal Airport on Army Day, c. 1931The airport was used by private pilots and flying schools, but the city’s vision was that Los Angeles would become the main passenger hub for the area. However, the airport failed to entice any carriers away from the established Burbank Airport or the Grand Central Airport in Glendale.[15]World War II put a pause on any further development of the airport for passenger use. Before the United States entered the war, the aviation manufacturers located around the airport were busy providing aircraft for the allied powers, while the flying schools found themselves in high demand. In January 1942, the military assumed control of the airport, stationing fighter planes at the airfield and building naval gun batteries in the ocean dunes to the west.[15]Meanwhile, airport managers published a master plan for the land, and in early 1943 and convinced voters to back a $12.5 million bond for airport improvements. With a plan and funding in place, the airlines were finally convinced to make the move.After the end of the war, four temporary terminals were quickly erected on the north side of the airport and on December 9, 1946, American Airlines, Trans World Airlines (TWA), United Airlines, Southwest Airways and Western Airlines began passenger operations at the airport, with Pan American Airways (Pan Am) joining the next month.[16][15] The airport was renamed Los Angeles International Airport in 1949.[18]The temporary terminals would remain in place for 15 years but quickly became inadequate, especially as air travel entered the \"jet age\" and other cities invested in modern facilities. Airport leaders once again convinced voters to back a $59 million bond on June 5, 1956.The current layout of the passenger facilities was established in 1958 with a plan to build a series of terminals and parking facilities, arranged in the shape of the letter U, in the central portion of the property. The original plan called for the terminal buildings connected at the center of the property by a huge steel-and-glass dome. The dome was never built, but a smaller Theme Building built in the central area became a focal point for people coming to the airport.Continental passengers arriving at CAL terminal, July 1962, before jet bridges were constructedThe first of the new passenger buildings, Terminals 7 and 8, were opened for United Airlines on June 25, 1961, following opening festivities that lasted several days.[19][20] Terminals 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 opened later that same year.A major expansion of the airport came in the early 1980s, ahead of the 1984 Summer Olympic Games. In November 1983 a second-level roadway was added,[21] Terminal 1 opened in January 1984[22] and the Tom Bradley International Terminal opened in June 1984.[23] The original terminals also received expansions and updates in the 1980s.Since 2008, the airport has been undergoing another major expansion. All of the terminals are being refurbished, and the Tom Bradley International Terminal was substantially rebuilt, with a West Gates satellite concourse added.[24] Outside of the terminal area, the LAX West Intermodal Transportation Facility with 4,300 parking spaces opened in 2021 replacing the former Lot C.[25] A new LAX/Metro Transit Center station and a LAX Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility (ConRAC) are being built. All will be connected to the terminal area by the LAX Automated People Mover.[26] In the near future, airport managers plan to build two more terminals (0 and 9).[27] All together, these projects are expected to cost of $14 billion and bring LAX's total gates from 146 to 182.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Port of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"}],"sub_title":"The \"X\" in LAX","text":"Before the 1930s, US airports used a two-letter abbreviation, and at that time, \"LA\" served as the designation for Los Angeles Airport.[29] With the rapid growth in the aviation industry, in 1947, the identifiers expanded to three letters, and \"LA\" received an extra letter to become \"LAX\". The letter \"X\" does not otherwise have any specific meaning in this identifier.[30] \"LAX\" is also used for the Port of Los Angeles in San Pedro and by Amtrak for Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highsmithlaxlightsdnc2000.jpg"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention"}],"text":"The light towers, first installed in preparation for the Democratic National Convention in 2000, change colors throughout the night.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrefRunwayUse-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrefRunwayUse-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrefRunwayUse-32"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_winds"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrefRunwayUse-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrefRunwayUse-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Airfield","text":"Runways 24R/06L and 24L/06R (designated the North Airfield Complex) are north of the airport terminals, while runways 25R/07L and 25L/07R (designated the South Airfield Complex) are south of the airport terminals.LAX is located with the Pacific Ocean to the west and residential communities on all other sides. Since 1972, Los Angeles World Airports has adopted a \"Preferential Runway Use Policy\" to minimize noise levels in the communities closest to LAX.[31]Typically the loudest operations at an airport are from departing aircraft (as engines operate at high power), so during daytime hours (6:30am to midnight), LAX prefers to operate under the \"Westerly Operations\" air traffic pattern, named for the prevailing west winds. Under \"Westerly Operations\", departing aircraft take off to the west (over the ocean), and arriving aircraft approach from the east. To reduce noise to areas north and south of the airport, LAX prefers to use the \"inboard\" runways (06R/24L and 07L/25R) closest to the central terminal area and further from residential areas for departures, and the \"outboard\" runways for arrivals. Historically, over 90% of flights have used the \"inboard\" departures and \"outboard\" arrivals scheme.[31]During nighttime hours, when there are fewer aircraft operations and residential areas tend to be more noise sensitive, additional changes are made to reduce noise. Between 10pm and 7am, air traffic controllers try to use the \"outboard\" runways as little as possible and between midnight and 6:30am the air traffic pattern shifts to \"Over-Ocean Operations,\" where departing aircraft continue to take off to the west, but arriving aircraft also approach from the west (over the ocean).[31]There are times when the Over-Ocean and Westerly operations are not possible, particularly when the winds originate from the east, typically during inclement weather and Santa Ana winds events. When that happens, the airport shifts to the non-preferred \"Easterly Operations\" air traffic pattern where departing aircraft take off to the east, and arriving aircraft approach from the west.[31]The South Airfield Complex tends to see more operations than the North, due to a larger number of passenger gates and air cargo operations areas on the south side of the airport grounds.[31] In 2007, the southernmost runway (07R/25L) was moved 55 feet (17 m) to the south to accommodate a new central taxiway.[32][33] Runways in the North Airfield Complex are separated by 700 feet (210 m).[34] There were plans to increase the separation by 260 feet (79 m), which would have allowed a central taxiway between runways to have been built, but faced opposition from residents living north of LAX.[35] These plans were scrapped in 2016, in favor of lifting a gate cap at the airport and building a new park on the airport's north side.[36]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terminals of Los Angeles International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminals_of_Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terminals_of_Los_Angeles_International_Airport&action=edit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LAX_Terminal_Diagram.svg"},{"link_name":"landside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landside"},{"link_name":"LAX Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"airside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airside"},{"link_name":"exit and reenter airport security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport#Landside_and_airside_areas"},{"link_name":"LAX Automated People Mover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Automated_People_Mover"},{"link_name":"landside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landside"},{"link_name":"LAX Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Consolidated_Rent-A-Car_Facility"},{"link_name":"LAX/Metro Transit Center station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX/Metro_Transit_Center_station"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Terminals","text":"This section is an excerpt from Terminals of Los Angeles International Airport.[edit]\nMap of LAX showing Terminals 1 through 8, plus the Tom Bradley International Terminal (B) and the Regional Terminal (R)\nLos Angeles International Airport has more than 150 gates in nine passenger terminals arranged in the shape of the letter U or a horseshoe. On the landside of the airport, LAX Shuttle route A buses allow passengers to move between all terminals. On the airside, various pedestrian corridors allow passengers to move between all terminals on foot without having to exit and reenter airport security. Additionally, by early 2025, the airport will be served by the LAX Automated People Mover, which will connect terminals to one another on the landside, along with providing connections to the LAX Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility, parking facilities, and the LAX/Metro Transit Center station, which will be served by the Los Angeles Metro Rail system and public bus routes.[37] In addition to these terminals, there are 2 million square feet (190,000 m2) of cargo facilities.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6207-LAX_Theme_Building-Restaurant.jpg"},{"link_name":"Theme Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_Building"},{"link_name":"Googie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googie_architecture"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Historic-Cultural_Monument"},{"link_name":"retro-futuristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro-futurism"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Imagineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Imagineering"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"September 11, 2001 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Theme Building","text":"LAX Theme Building, July 1962The distinctive Theme Building in the Googie style was built in 1961 and resembles a flying saucer that has landed on its four legs. A restaurant with a sweeping view of the airport is suspended beneath two arches that form the legs. The Los Angeles City Council designated the building a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1992. A $4 million renovation, with retro-futuristic interior and electric lighting designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, was completed before the Encounter Restaurant opened there in 1997 but is no longer in business.[38] Visitors are able to take the elevator up to the observation deck of the \"Theme Building\", which had previously been closed after the September 11, 2001 attacks for security reasons.[39] A memorial to the victims of the 9/11 attacks is located on the grounds, as three of the four hijacked planes were originally destined for LAX.[40] The Bob Hope USO expanded and relocated to the first floor of the Theme Building in 2018.[41]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LAWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_World_Airports"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-29"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Economy Parking facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_West_Intermodal_Transportation_Facility"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Airport Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Airport_Police"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-44"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-28"},{"link_name":"LAX Automated People Mover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Automated_People_Mover"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"LAX/Metro Transit Center station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX/Metro_Transit_Center_station"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"LAX Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Consolidated_Rent-A-Car_Facility"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Recent and future developments","text":"LAWA currently has several plans to modernize LAX, at a cost of $30 billion.[42] These include terminal and runway improvements, which will \"enhance the passenger experience, reduce overcrowding, and provide airport access to the latest class of very large passenger aircraft\"; this will bring the number of LAX's total gates from 146 to 182.[28]Recently completed improvements include:[43]Renovations of Terminals 7 and 8 completed in 2019,[44] Terminal 1 in 2018,[45] and Terminals 2 and 3 in 2023.[46][47]\nTerminal 1.5, a building connecting Terminals 1 and 2, with a bus gate to take passengers to boarding gates in the Tom Bradley International Terminal (completed 2021)[48]\nThe Midfield Satellite Concourse (aka West Gates at Tom Bradley International Terminal) adding 15 gates (completed 2021)[49]\nThe Economy Parking facility, a 4,300-stall parking structure with passenger pick-up/drop-off areas, to later be connected to the terminal area by the APM (completed 2021)[50]\nA new Los Angeles Airport Police headquarters, replacing a smaller facility located where Concourse 0 is planned to be built (completed 2021)[51]Future improvements include:[43]Modernization of Terminals 4[52] and 6[53] (all under construction)\nExpansion of the Midfield Satellite Concourse adding 8 gates (under construction)[54][55]\nConcourse 0 east of Terminal 1, adding 9 gates and an additional international arrivals facility (planned)[27]\nTerminal 9 east of Sepulveda Boulevard, adding 12 gates and an additional international arrivals facility (planned)[27]\nLAX Automated People Mover (APM) (under construction)[26]\nLAX/Metro Transit Center station, a Los Angeles Metro Rail and bus station, connected to the terminal area by the APM (under construction)[56]\nLAX Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility, connected to the terminal area by the APM (under construction)[57]\nA high-voltage power receiving station to address persistent issues with the reliability, redundancy and capacity of electric service (under construction)[58]\nRoadway improvements, providing improved access to the above facilities and the Central Terminal Area (under construction)[59]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"}],"sub_title":"Passenger","text":"^1 : Sichuan Airlines’s flight from Los Angeles to Chengdu–Tianfu makes a refueling stop at Hangzhou. Passengers may not disembark. The flight from Chengdu–Tianfu to Los Angeles is nonstop.","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cargo","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N697AV_Avianca_Airbus_A321-231_s-n_6190_(37167005143).jpg"},{"link_name":"Avianca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avianca"},{"link_name":"Airbus A321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A321"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"JetBlue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBlue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Airlines_-_N16217_(8216931738).jpg"},{"link_name":"United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"737-800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Lufthansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa"},{"link_name":"747-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_737-8V3(w)_%27HP-1822CMP%27_Copa_Airlines_(14065437847).jpg"},{"link_name":"Copa Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Airlines"},{"link_name":"737-800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/737-800"},{"link_name":"world's fourth-busiest airport by passenger traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic"},{"link_name":"eleventh-busiest by cargo traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_cargo_traffic"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cargo_Traffic_2006_FINAL-213"},{"link_name":"fifth-busiest (2022) airport by passenger boardings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Wikidata query","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23%20Scroll%20down%20and%20hit%20blue%20arrow%20down%20to%20run%20and%20see%20the%20results%20%2B%20the%20sources%0ASELECT%20%3Fyear%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumber%29%20AS%20%3Fpassengers%29%20%20%20%28SAMPLE%28COALESCE%28%3Freference_URL%2C%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%29%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0AWITH%0A%7B%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fstatement%20%3Fdate%20%3Fyear%20%3Ftimevalue%20%3Fnumberperperiod%20%3Freference_URL%0A%20%20WHERE%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP238%20%3Fairport_code%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fairport_code%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%22LAX%22%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP3872%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20pqv%3AP585%20%3Ftimevalue%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP3872%20%3Fnumberperperiod.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimeValue%20%3Fdate.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP518%20%3Fapplies.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%2F%20%28pr%3AP854%7Cpr%3AP4656%29%20%3Freference_URL.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28BOUND%28%3Fapplies%29%3Dfalse%20%7C%7C%20%3Fapplies%20%3D%20wd%3AQ2165236%20%29%0A%20%20%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fdate%29%20AS%20%3Fyear%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3E1949%29.%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3C%20YEAR%28NOW%28%29%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25airport%0AWHERE%0A%7B%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20sum%20of%20monthly%20values%20within%20a%20year%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28SUM%28%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%0A%20%20%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20maximal%20value%20and%20a%20sample%20reference%20URL%20for%20each%20unique%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Freference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20WHERE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecmonth.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecmonth%20%20%3D10%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%3Fdate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%0A%20%20%7D%20%20UNION%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecyear.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecyear%20%20%3D9%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20year%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Fnumberperperiod%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Freference_URL%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1813%20%3Fthis.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20has%20shortname%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3Fthis%29%3D%22en%22%29%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%2Cen%22.%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel.%7D%0ABIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fthis%2C%3FitemLabel%29%20as%20%3Fshortname%29%0A%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%3Fyear%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Fitem%20DESC%20%28%3Fyear%29"}],"text":"An Avianca Airbus A321 with two American Airlines and one JetBlue aircraft in the backgroundA United 737-800 and a Lufthansa 747-400 taxiingA Copa Airlines 737-800 taxiing.It is the world's fourth-busiest airport by passenger traffic and eleventh-busiest by cargo traffic,[212] serving over 87 million passengers and 2 million tons of freight and mail in 2018. It is the busiest airport in the state of California, and the fifth-busiest (2022) airport by passenger boardings in the United States. In terms of international passengers, the second busiest airport for international traffic in the United States, behind only JFK in New York City.\nThe number of aircraft movements (landings and takeoffs) was 700,362 in 2017, the third most of any airport in the world.Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.\n\nAnnual passenger traffic at LAX airport.\nSee Wikidata query.","title":"Traffic and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Bradley_International_Terminal_taken_from_departing_flight_March_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Bradley International Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminals_of_Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Angeles_Airport_Diagram.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Top domestic destinations","text":"International carriers at Tom Bradley International TerminalLos Angeles airport diagram of terminals","title":"Traffic and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LAX_international_destinations_(2024).png"}],"sub_title":"Top international destinations","text":"A world map showing all countries airlines fly to and from the Los Angeles International Airport in blue.","title":"Traffic and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Airline market share","title":"Traffic and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Angeles_International_Airport_-_LAX_sign.jpg"}],"text":"LAX sign as seen near the entrance of the airport","title":"Ground transportation and access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminals_of_Los_Angeles_International_Airport#Regional_Terminal_(Terminal_R)"}],"sub_title":"Transiting between terminals","text":"In the secure area of the airport, tunnels or above-ground connectors link all the terminals except for the regional terminal.LAX Shuttle route A operates in a counter-clockwise loop around the Central Terminal Area, providing frequent service for connecting passengers. However, connecting passengers who use these shuttles must leave and then later re-enter security.","title":"Ground transportation and access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"LAX City Bus Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_City_Bus_Center"},{"link_name":"Beach Cities Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Cities_Transit"},{"link_name":"Culver CityBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_CityBus"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Local"},{"link_name":"Big Blue Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Blue_Bus"},{"link_name":"Torrance Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance_Transit"},{"link_name":"West Intermodal Transportation Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_West_Intermodal_Transportation_Facility"},{"link_name":"Aviation/LAX station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation/LAX_station"},{"link_name":"C Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"}],"sub_title":"LAX Shuttle routes","text":"LAX operates several shuttle routes to connect passengers and employees around the airport area:[217]Route A Terminal Connector operates in a counter-clockwise loop around the Central Terminal Area, providing frequent service for connecting passengers. However, connecting passengers who use these shuttles must leave and then later re-enter security.Route C City Bus Center connects the Central Terminal Area and the LAX City Bus Center which is served by transit buses from Beach Cities Transit, Culver CityBus, Los Angeles Metro, Santa Monica Big Blue Bus and Torrance Transit. Buses on this route also serve the Employee South Lot.Route E Economy Parking connects the Central Terminal Area and the West Intermodal Transportation Facility, the airport's economy parking garage.Route G Metro Connector connects the Central Terminal Area and the Aviation/LAX station on the Metro C Line, 2.4 miles (3.9 km) away. Buses also stop at the \"Remote Rental Car Depot\", a bus stop served by shuttles to smaller rental car companies.Route X LAX Employee Lots connects the Central Terminal Area and the Employee Parking Lots. The route has three service patterns, the East Lot route only stops at Terminals 1, 2, 3, and B; the West Lot route only stops at Terminals 4, 5, 6, and 7; and the South Lot route stops at all terminals and also stops at the City Bus Center as Route C.","title":"Ground transportation and access"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torrance_Transit_347_8_LAX_City_Bus_Center_27-Feb-2019_(46320310015).jpg"},{"link_name":"LAX Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"Beach Cities Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Cities_Transit"},{"link_name":"109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Cities_Transit#109"},{"link_name":"broken anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"},{"link_name":"Redondo Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redondo_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Culver CityBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_CityBus"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City_Transit#6"},{"link_name":"Rapid 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City_Transit#R6"},{"link_name":"Culver City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus"},{"link_name":"102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus#102"},{"link_name":"South Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gate,_California"},{"link_name":"111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus#111"},{"link_name":"Norwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk,_California"},{"link_name":"117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus#117"},{"link_name":"Downey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downey,_California"},{"link_name":"232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus#232"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Big Blue Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Blue_Bus"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Blue_Bus#3"},{"link_name":"Rapid 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Blue_Bus#R3"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"Torrance Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance_Transit"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance_Transit#8"},{"link_name":"Torrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance,_California"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus#40"},{"link_name":"LAX/Metro Transit Center station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX/Metro_Transit_Center_station"},{"link_name":"Sepulveda Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulveda_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Century Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"LADOT Commuter Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LADOT_Commuter_Express"},{"link_name":"574","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Department_of_Transportation#574"},{"link_name":"Sylmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylmar/San_Fernando_station"},{"link_name":"Encino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino,_Los_Angeles"}],"sub_title":"Transit buses","text":"Buses at LAX City Bus CenterMost transit buses operate from the LAX City Bus Center, which is located away from the Central Terminal Area on 96th Street, east of Sepulveda Boulevard.LAX Shuttle route C offers free connections between the LAX City Bus Center and the Central Terminal Area.The LAX City Bus Center is served by Beach Cities Transit line 109[broken anchor] to Redondo Beach, Culver CityBus lines 6 and Rapid 6 to Culver City and UCLA, Los Angeles Metro Bus lines 102 to South Gate, 111 to Norwalk, 117 to Downey and 232 to Long Beach, Santa Monica Big Blue Bus lines 3 and Rapid 3 to Santa Monica, and Torrance Transit line 8 to Torrance. During the overnight hours, Los Angeles Metro line 40 offers service to Downtown Los Angeles.The LAX City Bus Center will eventually be replaced by the LAX/Metro Transit Center station, which will be connected to the rest of LAX by the Automated People Mover system.There is also a bus stop at Sepulveda Boulevard and Century Boulevard that is a 1⁄4-mile (0.40 km) walk away from Terminals 1 and 7/8 that is served by LADOT Commuter Express line 574 to Sylmar and Encino. This bus stop is also served by some of the same routes as the LAX City Bus Center: Los Angeles Metro lines 40 (overnight only), 117 and 232 and Torrance Transit line 8.","title":"Ground transportation and access"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FlyAway_Union_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flyaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlyAway_(bus)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"LAWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_World_Airports"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys_Airport"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"high-occupancy vehicle lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane"},{"link_name":"high-occupancy toll lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane"},{"link_name":"Metro ExpressLanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_ExpressLanes"}],"sub_title":"FlyAway Bus","text":"Flyaway bus at Los Angeles Union StationThe FlyAway bus is a nonstop motorcoach/shuttle service run by LAWA, which provides scheduled service between LAX and Union Station in Downtown LA or the FlyAway terminal at the Van Nuys Airport in the San Fernando Valley.[218]FlyAway buses stop at every LAX terminal in a counter-clockwise direction, starting at terminal 1. The service hours vary based on the line, with most leaving on or near the top of the hour. Buses use the regional system of high-occupancy vehicle lanes and high-occupancy toll lanes (Metro ExpressLanes) to expedite their trips.","title":"Ground transportation and access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aviation/LAX station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation/LAX_station"},{"link_name":"C Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"LAX Automated People Mover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Automated_People_Mover"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"LAX/Metro Transit Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX/Metro_Transit_Center_station"},{"link_name":"consolidated facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Consolidated_Rent-A-Car_Facility"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urbanize.la-225"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opplanupdate-226"},{"link_name":"K Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus"},{"link_name":"Westchester/Veterans station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester/Veterans_station"}],"sub_title":"Metro Rail and the LAX Automated People Mover","text":"LAX does not currently have a direct connection to the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. LAX Shuttle route G offers free connections between the Central Terminal Area and the Aviation/LAX station on the C Line, 2.4 miles (3.9 km) away.The LAX Automated People Mover (APM), currently under construction by LAWA, is a 2.25 miles (3.62 km) rail line that will connect the terminal area with long- and short-term parking facilities, a connection to the Los Angeles Metro Rail and other transit at the LAX/Metro Transit Center, and a consolidated facility for all airport rental car agencies.[219][220]The APM project is estimated to cost $5.5 billion and is scheduled to begin operation in 2025,[221][222][223][224] with the connection to Metro Rail opening thereafter.[225]LAWA does not operate shuttles to get to the Metro K Line; however, one seeking to get to/from LAX and the K Line can travel to Aviation/LAX station on LAWA Route M (Metro Connector), and from there take the C and K Line Link (line 857) to Westchester/Veterans station while the rest of the K Line connecting to the APM is being built.","title":"Ground transportation and access"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los-Angeles-Airport-405-Freeway-Aerial-view-from-north-August-2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Century Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Sepulveda Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulveda_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"State Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Interstate 405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(California)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_105_(California)"},{"link_name":"Airport Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_Tunnel_(Los_Angeles)"}],"sub_title":"Freeways and roads","text":"The 405 freeway near LAXLAX's terminals are immediately west of the interchange between Century Boulevard and Sepulveda Boulevard (State Route 1). Interstate 405 can be reached to the east via Century Boulevard. Interstate 105 is to the south via Sepulveda Boulevard, through the Airport Tunnel that crosses under the airport runways.","title":"Ground transportation and access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taxicabs of the United States § Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicabs_of_the_United_States#Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"ride-share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridesharing_company"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"limousine and bus services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_bus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Taxis, ride-share and private shuttles","text":"Further information: Taxicabs of the United States § Los AngelesArriving passengers take a shuttle or walk to the LAXit waiting area east of Terminal 1 for taxi or ride-share pickups.[226][227][228] Taxi services are operated by nine city-authorized taxi companies and regulated by Authorized Taxicab Supervision Inc. (ATS).[229] ATS queues up taxis at the LAXit waiting area.A number of private shuttle companies also offer limousine and bus services to LAX.[citation needed]","title":"Ground transportation and access"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los-Angeles-Airport-LAX-hotels-Aerial-view-from-north-August-2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles World Airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_World_Airports"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Sam Yorty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Yorty"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Continental Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheCompany-235"},{"link_name":"America Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_General_Center"},{"link_name":"Neartown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neartown,_Houston"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Western Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Flying Tiger Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"}],"text":"Hotels next to LAXThe airport has the administrative offices of Los Angeles World Airports.[230]Continental Airlines once had its corporate headquarters on the airport property. At a 1962 press conference in the office of Mayor of Los Angeles Sam Yorty, Continental Airlines announced that it planned to move its headquarters to Los Angeles in July 1963.[231] In 1963 Continental Airlines headquarters moved to a two-story, $2.3 million building on the grounds of the airport.[232][233] The July 2009 Continental Magazine issue stated that the move \"underlined Continental Airlines western and Pacific orientation\".[234] On July 1, 1983 the airline's headquarters were relocated to the America Tower in the Neartown area of Houston.[235]In addition to Continental Airlines, Western Airlines and Flying Tiger Line also had their headquarters at LAX.[236][237]","title":"Other facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"TWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-3"},{"link_name":"Union 76 Oil Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Oil_Company"},{"link_name":"Douglas Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"}],"sub_title":"Flight Path Museum LAX","text":"The Flight Path Museum LAX, formerly known as the Flight Path Learning Center,[238] is a museum located at 6661 Imperial Highway and was formerly known as the \"West Imperial Terminal\". This building used to house some charter flights. It sat empty for 10 years until it was re-opened as a learning center for LAX.The center contains information on the history of aviation, several pictures of the airport, as well as aircraft scale models, flight attendant uniforms, and general airline memorabilia such as playing cards, china, magazines, signs, and a TWA gate information sign.The museum's library contains an extensive collection of rare items such as aircraft manufacturer company newsletters/magazines, technical manuals for both military and civilian aircraft, industry magazines dating back to World War II and before, historic photographs and other invaluable references on aircraft operation and manufacturing.[239]The museum has on display \"The Spirit of Seventy-Six,\" a DC-3 that flew in commercial airline service, before serving as a corporate aircraft for Union 76 Oil Company for 32 years. The plane was built in the Douglas Aircraft Company plant in Santa Monica in January 1941, which was a major producer of both commercial and military aircraft.[240]","title":"Other facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airport_Response_Coordination_Center_(6241152178).jpg"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"}],"text":"LAX Airport Response Coordination Center used to coordinate emergency responseDuring its history there have been numerous incidents, but only the most notable are summarized below:[241]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas 7B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-20_Havoc"},{"link_name":"North American Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"Douglas DB-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DB-7"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"}],"sub_title":"1930s","text":"On January 23, 1939, the sole prototype Douglas 7B twin-engine attack bomber, designed and built as a company project, suffered a loss of the vertical fin and rudder during a demonstration flight over Mines Field, flat spun into the parking lot of North American Aviation, and burned. Another source states that the test pilot, in an attempt to impress the Gallic passenger, attempted a snap roll at low altitude with one engine feathered, resulting in a fatal spin.[242] Douglas test pilot Johnny Cable bailed out at 300 feet, his chute unfurled but did not have time to deploy, he was killed on impact, the flight engineer John Parks rode in the airframe and died, but 33-year-old French Air Force Capt. Paul Chemidlin, riding in the aft fuselage near the top turret, survived with a broken leg, severe back injuries, and a slight concussion. The presence of Chemidlin, a representative of a foreign purchasing mission, caused a furor in Congress by isolationists over neutrality and export laws. The type was developed as the Douglas DB-7.[243]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas R3D-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-5"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"DC-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-5"},{"link_name":"William E. Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Boeing"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"NA-73X Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"Vance Breese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_Breese"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"Edgar Schmued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Schmued"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"WASP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Tompkins Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Tompkins_Silver"},{"link_name":"Love Field, Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field"},{"link_name":"North American P-51D Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"}],"sub_title":"1940s","text":"On June 1, 1940, the first Douglas R3D-1 for the U.S. Navy, BuNo 1901, crashed at Mines Field, before delivery. The Navy later acquired the privately owned DC-5 prototype, from William E. Boeing as a replacement.[244]\nOn November 20, 1940, the prototype NA-73X Mustang, NX19998,[245] first flown October 26, 1940, by test pilot Vance Breese, crashed.[246] According to P-51 designer Edgar Schmued, the NA-73 was lost because test pilot Paul Balfour refused, before a high-speed test run, to go through the takeoff and flight test procedure with Schmued while the aircraft was on the ground, claiming \"one airplane was like another\". After making two high speed passes over Mines Field, he forgot to put the fuel valve on \"reserve\" and during the third pass ran out of fuel. An emergency landing in a freshly plowed field caused the wheels to dig in, the aircraft flipped over, the airframe was not rebuilt, the second aircraft being used for subsequent testing.[247]\nOn October 26, 1944, WASP pilot Gertrude Tompkins Silver of the 601st Ferrying Squadron, fifth Ferrying Group, Love Field, Dallas, Texas, departed Los Angeles Airport, in a North American P-51D Mustang, 44-15669,[248] at 1600 hrs PWT, headed for the East Coast. She took off into the wind, into an offshore fog bank, and was expected that night at Palm Springs. She never arrived. Owing to a paperwork foul-up, a search did not get under way for several days, and while the eventual search of land and sea was massive, it failed to find a trace of Silver or her plane. She is the only missing WASP pilot. She had married Sgt. Henry Silver one month before her disappearance.[249]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Airlines Flight 718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_718"},{"link_name":"TWA Flight 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_2"},{"link_name":"Chicago Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Midway"}],"sub_title":"1950s","text":"On June 30, 1956, United Airlines Flight 718 collided with TWA Flight 2 over the Grand Canyon, killing 128 people. Both aircraft departed LAX, with Flight 718 bound for Chicago Midway, and Flight 2 bound for Kansas City. The cause was found to be issued within the US air traffic control system and aviation law.","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines_System_Flight_933"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Bay"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"United Airlines Flight 266","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_266"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Bay"}],"sub_title":"1960s","text":"On January 13, 1969, Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 933, a Douglas DC-8-62, crashed into Santa Monica Bay, approximately 6 nautical miles (11 km) west of LAX at 7:21 pm, local time. The aircraft was operating as flight SK933, nearing the completion of a flight from Seattle. Of nine crewmembers, three lost their lives to drowning, while 12 of the 36 passengers also drowned.\nOn January 18, 1969, United Airlines Flight 266, a Boeing 727-100 bearing the registration number N7434U, crashed into Santa Monica Bay approximately 11.3 miles (18.2 km) west of LAX at 6:21 pm local time. The aircraft was destroyed, resulting in the death of all 32 passengers and six crew members aboard.","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hughes Airwest Flight 706","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Airwest_Flight_706"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-9"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas"},{"link_name":"F-4 Phantom II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"San Gabriel Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707"},{"link_name":"Cessna 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_150"},{"link_name":"Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_California"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Los_Angeles_International_Airport_Bombing"},{"link_name":"Pan Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-10"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines Flight 603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_603"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Swift Aire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_Aire_Lines"},{"link_name":"Aerospatiale Nord 262A-33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_N_262"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria,_California"},{"link_name":"ditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditching"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Bay"}],"sub_title":"1970s","text":"On the evening of June 6, 1971, Hughes Airwest Flight 706, a Douglas DC-9 jetliner that had departed LAX on a flight to Salt Lake City, Utah, was struck nine minutes after takeoff by a U.S. Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter jet over the San Gabriel Mountains. The midair collision killed all 44 passengers and five crew members aboard the DC-9 airliner and one of two crewmen aboard the military jet.\nOn August 4, 1971, Continental Airlines Flight 712, a Boeing 707, collided in midair with a Cessna 150 over Compton. Although the Cessna was destroyed upon landing, there were no fatalities.[250]\nOn August 6, 1974, a bomb exploded near the Pan Am ticketing area at Terminal 2; three people were killed and 35 were injured.[251]\nOn March 1, 1978, two tires burst in succession on a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 on Continental Airlines Flight 603 during its takeoff roll at LAX and the plane, bound for Honolulu, veered off the runway. A third tire burst and the DC-10's left landing gear collapsed, causing a fuel tank to rupture. Following the aborted takeoff, spilled fuel ignited and enveloped the center portion of the aircraft in flames. During the ensuing emergency evacuation, a husband and wife died when they exited the passenger cabin onto the wing and dropped down directly into the flames. Two additional passengers died of their injuries approximately three months after the accident; 74 others aboard the plane were injured, as were 11 firemen battling the fire.\nOn the evening of March 10, 1979, Swift Aire Flight 235, a twin-engine Aerospatiale Nord 262A-33 turboprop en route to Santa Maria, was forced to ditch in Santa Monica Bay after experiencing engine problems upon takeoff from LAX. The pilot, co-pilot, and a female passenger drowned when they were unable to exit the aircraft after the ditching. The female flight attendant and the three remaining passengers—two men and a pregnant woman—survived and were rescued by several pleasure boats and other watercraft in the vicinity.","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"Aeroméxico Flight 498","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerom%C3%A9xico_Flight_498"},{"link_name":"DC-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-9"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Piper Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Cherokee"},{"link_name":"horizontal stabilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizer_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Cerritos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerritos,_California"},{"link_name":"Traffic Collision Avoidance System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_Collision_Avoidance_System"}],"sub_title":"1980s","text":"In January 1985, a woman was found dead in a suitcase that was lying on the baggage carousel for a while. The suitcase had arrived on a Lufthansa flight. The woman was later discovered to have been an Iranian citizen who had recently married another Iranian with UGreen card status. She had been denied a US visa in West Germany and therefore decided to enter the US in this way.[252]\nOn August 31, 1986, Aeroméxico Flight 498, a DC-9 en route from Mexico City, Mexico, to Los Angeles, began its descent into LAX when a Piper Cherokee collided with the DC-9's left horizontal stabilizer over Cerritos, causing the DC-9 to crash into a residential neighborhood. All 67 people on the two aircraft were killed, in addition to 15 people on the ground. 5 homes were destroyed and an additional 7 were damaged by the crash and resulting fire. The Piper went down in a nearby schoolyard and caused no further injuries on the ground. As a result of this incident, the FAA required all commercial aircraft to be equipped with Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS).","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USAir Flight 1493","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAir_Flight_1493"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn_Columbus_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic"},{"link_name":"SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyWest_Airlines_Flight_5569"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Metroliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Swearingen_Metroliner"},{"link_name":"Palmdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmdale_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"On February 1, 1991, USAir Flight 1493 (arriving from Columbus, Ohio), a Boeing 737-300, landing on runway 24L at LAX, collided on touchdown with SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569, a Fairchild Metroliner, preparing to depart to Palmdale. The collision was caused by a controller who told the SkyWest plane to wait on the runway for takeoff, then later gave the USAir plane clearance to land on the same runway, forgetting that the SkyWest plane was there. The collision killed all 12 occupants of the SkyWest plane and 23 of the 89 people aboard the USAir 737.[253][254]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Ressam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ressam"},{"link_name":"Port Angeles, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Angeles,_Washington"},{"link_name":"car bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_bomb"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-febninth-256"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comp-257"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-258"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbs-259"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN1-260"},{"link_name":"Alaska Airlines Flight 261","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines_Flight_261"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Anacapa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacapa_Island"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"American Airlines Flight 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11"},{"link_name":"United Airlines Flight 175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175"},{"link_name":"American Airlines Flight 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Twin Towers of World Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"The Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Los_Angeles_International_Airport_shooting"},{"link_name":"El Al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Al"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feldman-262"},{"link_name":"JetBlue Flight 292","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBlue_Flight_292"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"Bob Hope Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope_Airport"},{"link_name":"Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"JetBlue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBlue"},{"link_name":"JetBlue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBlue"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"America West Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_West_Express"},{"link_name":"Canadair Regional Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_Regional_Jet"},{"link_name":"Mesa Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"SkyWest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyWest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Embraer EMB-120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_EMB-120"},{"link_name":"United Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Express"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"runway incursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway_incursion"},{"link_name":"WestJet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WestJet"},{"link_name":"Northwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA"},{"link_name":"Marion Blakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Blakey"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barry-268"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"Al-Qaeda attempted to bomb LAX on New Year's Eve 1999/2000. The bomber, Algerian Ahmed Ressam, was captured in Port Angeles, Washington, the U.S. port of entry, with a cache of explosives that could have produced a blast 40 times greater than that of a car bomb hidden in the trunk of the rented car in which he had traveled from Canada.[255][256] He had planned to leave one or two suitcases filled with explosives in an LAX passenger waiting area.[257][258] He was initially sentenced to 22 years in prison, but in February 2010 an appellate court ordered that his sentence be extended.[259]\nOn January 31, 2000, Alaska Airlines Flight 261, attempted to land at LAX after experiencing problems with its tail-mounted horizontal stabilizer. Before the plane could divert to Los Angeles, it suddenly plummeted into the Pacific Ocean approximately 2.7 miles (4.3 km) north of Anacapa Island of the California coast, killing all 88 people aboard.[260]\nDuring the September 11 attacks, American Airlines Flight 11, United Airlines Flight 175 and American Airlines Flight 77 were destined for LAX and they were hijacked mid-flight by Al-Qaeda terrorists. Flight 11 and Flight 175 deliberately crashed into the Twin Towers of World Trade Center and Flight 77 deliberately crashed into The Pentagon.\nIn the 2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting of July 4, 2002, Hesham Mohamed Hadayet killed two Israelis at the ticket counter of El Al Airlines at LAX. Although the gunman was not linked to any terrorist group, the man was upset at U.S. support for Israel, and therefore was motivated by political disagreement. This led the FBI to classify this shooting as a terrorist act,[261] one of the first on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks.\nOn September 21, 2005, JetBlue Flight 292, an Airbus A320 discovered a problem with its landing gear as it took off from Bob Hope Airport in Burbank. It flew in circles for three hours to burn off fuel, then landed safely at Los Angeles International Airport on runway 25L, balancing on its back wheels as it rolled down the center of the runway. Passengers were able to watch their own coverage live from the satellite broadcast on JetBlue in-flight TV seat displays of their plane as it made an emergency landing with the front landing gear visibly becoming damaged. Because JetBlue did not serve LAX at the time, the aircraft was evaluated and repaired at a Continental Airlines hangar.[262][263]\nOn June 2, 2006, an American Airlines Boeing 767 was about to complete a flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City when the plane's pilots noted that the number 1 engine lagged the number 2 one by 2 percent. The plane landed safely and passengers disembarked, but when maintenance personnel retarded its throttle to idle, the number one engine, which had been put to maximum power, suffered an uncontained rupture of the high pressure turbine stage 1 disk, causing the engine to explode.[264] There were no injuries among the three people on board the aircraft at the time (all of them maintenance workers), but the airplane was written off.\nOn July 29, 2006, after America West Express Flight 6008, a Canadair Regional Jet operated by Mesa Airlines from Phoenix, Arizona, landed on runway 25L, controllers instructed the pilot to leave the runway on a taxiway known as \"Mike\" and stop short of runway 25R. Even though the pilot read back the instructions correctly, he accidentally taxied onto 25R and into the path of a departing SkyWest Airlines Embraer EMB-120 operating United Express Flight 6037 to Monterey. They cleared each other by 50 feet (15 m) and nobody was hurt.[265]\nOn August 16, 2007, a runway incursion occurred between WestJet Flight 900 and Northwest Airlines Flight 180 on runways 24R and 24L, respectively, with the aircraft coming within 37 feet (11 m) of each other. The planes were carrying a combined total of 296 people, none of whom were injured. The NTSB concluded that the incursion was the result of controller error.[266] In September 2007, FAA Administrator Marion Blakey stressed the need for LAX to increase lateral separation between its pair of north runways in order to preserve the safety and efficiency of the airport.[267]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dry ice bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_ice_bomb"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DryIceCnn-269"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DryIceAP-270"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DryIceLA-271"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DryIceLA2nd-272"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DryIceCnn-269"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"2013 Los Angeles International Airport shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Los_Angeles_International_Airport_shooting"},{"link_name":"semi-automatic rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifle"},{"link_name":"Transportation Security Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"Aeroméxico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerom%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-800"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNO-277"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"Philippine Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777-300ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777-300ER"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"On October 13 and 14, 2013, two incidents of dry ice bomb explosions occurred at the airport. The first dry ice bomb exploded at 7:00 p.m. in an employee restroom in Terminal 2, with no injuries. Terminal 2 was briefly shut down as a result. On the next day at 8:30 p.m., a dry ice bomb exploded on the ramp area near the Tom Bradley International Terminal, also without injuries. Two other plastic bottles containing dry ice were found at the scene during the second explosion. On October 15, a 28-year-old airport employee was arrested in connection with the explosions and was booked on charges of possession of an explosive or destructive device near an aircraft.[268][269][270] On October 18, a 41-year-old airport employee was arrested in connection with the second explosion, and was booked on suspicion of possessing a destructive device near an aircraft.[271] Authorities believe that the incidents were not linked to terrorism.[268] Both men subsequently pleaded no contest and were each sentenced to three years' probation. The airport workers had removed dry ice from a cargo hold into which a dog was to be loaded, because of fears that the dry ice could harm the animal.[272]\nIn the 2013 Los Angeles International Airport shooting of November 1, 2013, at around 9:31 a.m. PDT, a lone gunman entered Terminal 3 and opened fire with a semi-automatic rifle, killing a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) officer and wounding three other people. The gunman was later apprehended and taken into custody. Until the situation was clarified and under control, a few terminals at the airport were evacuated, all inbound flights were diverted and all outbound flights were grounded until the airport began returning to normal operation at around 2:30 p.m.[273][274]\nOn August 28, 2016, there was a false report of shots fired throughout the airport, causing a temporary lock down and about 3 hours of flight delays.[275]\nOn May 20, 2017, Aeroméxico Flight 642, a Boeing 737-800, collided with a utility truck on a taxiway near Runway 25R, injuring 8 people, two of them seriously.[276]\nOn July 25, 2018, jetblast from a Dash 8 caused some dollies to crash into a United 737.[277]\nOn November 21, 2019, Philippine Airlines Flight 113, operated by a Boeing 777-300ER suffered an engine compressor stall shortly after take off from the airport's Runway 25R, forcing the flight to return. The flight made a successful emergency landing just 13 minutes after departure. There were 342 passengers and 18 crew on board the flight, with no injuries reported.[278]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FedEx Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Express"},{"link_name":"Boeing 767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_767"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"}],"sub_title":"2020s","text":"On August 19, 2020, FedEx Express Flight 1026, a Boeing 767, made an emergency landing when its left main landing gear failed to extend. One of the pilots was injured while leaving the aircraft.[279]\nOn October 28, 2021, more than 300 passengers were forced to flee onto the tarmac after report of a person with a gun at the Terminal 1. Two people were injured, and the flights were temporarily suspended. No weapons were found, but two people were arrested and taken into custody by the airport police.[280]\nOn Friday, February 10, 2023, an American Airlines A321 aircraft was being towed without any passengers when it collided with a passenger bus, injuring five people who were riding on the bus.[281]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Segundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Segundo,_California"},{"link_name":"aircraft spotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting"},{"link_name":"Westchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"In-N-Out Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-N-Out_Burger"}],"text":"The \"Imperial Hill\" area of El Segundo is a prime location for aircraft spotting, especially for takeoffs. Part of the Imperial Hill area has been set aside as a city park, Clutter's Park.Another popular spotting location sits under the final approach for runways 24 L&R on a lawn next to the Westchester In-N-Out Burger on Sepulveda Boulevard. This is one of the few remaining locations in Southern California from which spotters may watch such a wide variety of low-flying commercial airliners from directly underneath a flight path.Another aircraft spotting location is at a small park in the take-off pattern that normally goes out over the Pacific. The park is on the east side of the street Vista Del Mar from where it takes its name, Vista Del Mar Park.","title":"Aircraft spotting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shuttle Carrier Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Endeavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"Interstate 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_105_(California)"},{"link_name":"Imperial Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Highway"},{"link_name":"Shuttle Carrier Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"California Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Science_Center"}],"sub_title":"Space Shuttle Endeavour","text":"At 12:51 p.m. on Friday, September 21, 2012, a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft carrying the Space Shuttle Endeavour landed at LAX on runway 25L.[282] An estimated 10,000 people saw the shuttle land. Interstate 105 was backed up for miles at a standstill. Imperial Highway was shut down for spectators. It was quickly taken off the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, a modified Boeing 747, and was moved to a United Airlines hangar. The shuttle spent about a month in the hangar while it was prepared to be transported to the California Science Center.","title":"Aircraft spotting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hollywood studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"}],"text":"Numerous films and television shows have been set or filmed partially at LAX, at least partly due to the airport's proximity to Hollywood studios and Los Angeles. Film shoots at the Los Angeles airports, including LAX, produced $590 million for the Los Angeles region from 2002 to 2005.[283]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ Commonly referred to as LAX with each letter pronounced individually.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bullock, Freddy. LAX: Los Angeles International Airport (1998)\nSchoneberger, William A., Ethel Pattison, and Lee Nichols. Los Angeles International Airport (Arcadia Publishing, 2009.)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Hangar No. 1 was the first structure at LAX, built in 1929, restored in 1990 and remaining in active use.[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2010-1101-HangarNo1.jpg/220px-2010-1101-HangarNo1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Los Angeles Municipal Airport on Army Day, c. 1931","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Los_Angeles_Airport%2C_1931.jpg/220px-Los_Angeles_Airport%2C_1931.jpg"},{"image_text":"Continental passengers arriving at CAL terminal, July 1962, before jet bridges were constructed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/6207-Continental_Passengers_Arriving_LAX.jpg/220px-6207-Continental_Passengers_Arriving_LAX.jpg"},{"image_text":"The light towers, first installed in preparation for the Democratic National Convention in 2000, change colors throughout the night.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Highsmithlaxlightsdnc2000.jpg/220px-Highsmithlaxlightsdnc2000.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of LAX showing Terminals 1 through 8, plus the Tom Bradley International Terminal (B) and the Regional Terminal (R)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/LAX_Terminal_Diagram.svg/220px-LAX_Terminal_Diagram.svg.png"},{"image_text":"LAX Theme Building, July 1962","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/6207-LAX_Theme_Building-Restaurant.jpg/220px-6207-LAX_Theme_Building-Restaurant.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Avianca Airbus A321 with two American Airlines and one JetBlue aircraft in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/N697AV_Avianca_Airbus_A321-231_s-n_6190_%2837167005143%29.jpg/220px-N697AV_Avianca_Airbus_A321-231_s-n_6190_%2837167005143%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A United 737-800 and a Lufthansa 747-400 taxiing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/United_Airlines_-_N16217_%288216931738%29.jpg/221px-United_Airlines_-_N16217_%288216931738%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Copa Airlines 737-800 taxiing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Boeing_737-8V3%28w%29_%27HP-1822CMP%27_Copa_Airlines_%2814065437847%29.jpg/220px-Boeing_737-8V3%28w%29_%27HP-1822CMP%27_Copa_Airlines_%2814065437847%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"International carriers at Tom Bradley International Terminal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tom_Bradley_International_Terminal_taken_from_departing_flight_March_2016.jpg/220px-Tom_Bradley_International_Terminal_taken_from_departing_flight_March_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Los Angeles airport diagram of terminals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Los_Angeles_Airport_Diagram.jpg/220px-Los_Angeles_Airport_Diagram.jpg"},{"image_text":"A world map showing all countries airlines fly to and from the Los Angeles International Airport in blue.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/LAX_international_destinations_%282024%29.png/300px-LAX_international_destinations_%282024%29.png"},{"image_text":"LAX sign as seen near the entrance of the airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Los_Angeles_International_Airport_-_LAX_sign.jpg/220px-Los_Angeles_International_Airport_-_LAX_sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"Buses at LAX City Bus Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Torrance_Transit_347_8_LAX_City_Bus_Center_27-Feb-2019_%2846320310015%29.jpg/220px-Torrance_Transit_347_8_LAX_City_Bus_Center_27-Feb-2019_%2846320310015%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flyaway bus at Los Angeles Union Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/FlyAway_Union_Station.jpg/220px-FlyAway_Union_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 405 freeway near LAX","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Los-Angeles-Airport-405-Freeway-Aerial-view-from-north-August-2014.jpg/220px-Los-Angeles-Airport-405-Freeway-Aerial-view-from-north-August-2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hotels next to LAX","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Los-Angeles-Airport-LAX-hotels-Aerial-view-from-north-August-2014.jpg/220px-Los-Angeles-Airport-LAX-hotels-Aerial-view-from-north-August-2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"LAX Airport Response Coordination Center used to coordinate emergency response","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Airport_Response_Coordination_Center_%286241152178%29.jpg/220px-Airport_Response_Coordination_Center_%286241152178%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"California portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California"},{"title":"California World War II Army Airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_World_War_II_Army_Airfields"},{"title":"List of airports in the Los Angeles area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Los_Angeles_area"},{"title":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"title":"Los Angeles Airport Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Airport_Police"},{"title":"Peirson Mitchell Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirson_Mitchell_Hall"}]	[{"reference":"\"2022 Form 10-K\" (PDF). 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Expansion \| Allegiant Travel Company\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220301111832/https://ir.allegiantair.com/news-releases/news-release-details/terminal-move-sets-stage-allegiants-la-expansion","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Southwest Airlines Announces New Crew Base for Pilots and Flight Attendants at Nashville International Airport (BNA)\" (Press release). August 14, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://swamedia.com/releases/nashville-crew-base?lang=en-US","url_text":"\"Southwest Airlines Announces New Crew Base for Pilots and Flight Attendants at Nashville International Airport (BNA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles International Airport : Top 10 Carriers : January 2021 through December 2021\" (PDF). Lawa.org. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. 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No word on when they'll return\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Edward (December 19, 2014). \"America's second busiest airport LAX plans $5bn expansion\". Flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141224190824/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/airline-business/2014/12/americas-second-busiest-airport-lax-plans-5bn-expansion","url_text":"\"America's second busiest airport LAX plans $5bn expansion\""},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/airline-business/2014/12/americas-second-busiest-airport-lax-plans-5bn-expansion/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) Airfield and Terminal Modernization Project\". Los Angeles World Airports. CDM Smith. April 4, 2019. Archived from the original on May 26, 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_d%27%C3%A9tats	Pays d'états	["1 Notes and references","2 See also"]	In red, the pays d'états in 1789 Under the Ancien Régime, a pays d'états (French pronunciation: ) was a type of généralité, or fiscal and financial region where, in contrast to the pays d'election, an estates provincial or representative assembly of the three orders had retained its traditional role of negotiating the raising of taxes with the royal commissaires or intendants, dividing the tax burden by diocese and parish, and controlling tax collection. The estates also held onto part of the funds thus raised to repair and develop the roads in its province. According to Roland Mousnier and Bernard Barbiche the pays d'états were: Alsace. Estates suppressed - 17th century Anjou. Estates suppressed - 15th century Artois. Estates suppressed - 1789. Auvergne. Estates suppressed - 17th century Basse-Navarre. Estates suppressed - 1789. Béarn. Estates suppressed - 1789. Berry. Estates suppressed - 16th century Bigorre. Estates suppressed - 1789. Bourgogne (Burgundy). Estates suppressed - 1789. Bresse. Estates suppressed - 1789. Bretagne (Brittany). Estates suppressed - 1789. Bugey. Estates suppressed - 1789. Cambrésis. Estates suppressed - 1789. Charolais. Estates suppressed - 1789. Comminges Estates suppressed - 1622 Corse (Corsica). Estates suppressed - 1789. Dauphiné. Estates suppressed - 17th century Flandre (Flanders). Estates suppressed - 1789. Foix. Estates suppressed - 1789. Franche-Comté. Estates suppressed - 18th century Gévaudan. Estates suppressed - 1789. Hainaut (Hainault). Estates suppressed - 1789. Labourd. Estates suppressed - 1789. Languedoc. Estates suppressed - 1789. Limousin. Estates suppressed - 15th century Mâconnais. Estates suppressed - 1789. Maine. Estates suppressed - 16th century Marche. Estates suppressed - 15th century Marsan. Estates suppressed - 1789. Nébouzan. Estates suppressed - 1789. Normandie (Normandy). Estates suppressed - 17th century Orléanais. Estates suppressed - 16th century Périgord. Estates suppressed - 16th century Provence. Estates suppressed - 1789. Quatre-Vallées. Estates suppressed - 1789. Quercy. Estates suppressed - 17th century Rouergue. Estates suppressed - 17th century Soule. Estates suppressed - 1789. Touraine. Estates suppressed - 16th century Velay. Estates suppressed - 1789. Vivarais. Estates suppressed - 1789. Notes and references ^ Les institutions de la France sous la monarchie absolue, 1598-1789, PUF, Paris, 2005 ^ Les institutions de la Monarchie française à l’époque moderne, XVIe-XVIIIe siècle, PUF, Paris, (1999) See also Subdivisions of France under the Ancien Régime Authority control databases National France BnF data Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancien Régime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"[pei deta]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"généralité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"pays d'election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_d%27election"},{"link_name":"estates provincial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Provincial_(France)"},{"link_name":"intendants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendant"},{"link_name":"Roland Mousnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Mousnier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bernard Barbiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Barbiche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artois"},{"link_name":"Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne_(province)"},{"link_name":"Basse-Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basse-Navarre"},{"link_name":"Béarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9arn"},{"link_name":"Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry"},{"link_name":"Bigorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigorre"},{"link_name":"Bourgogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Bresse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresse"},{"link_name":"Bretagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Bugey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugey"},{"link_name":"Cambrésis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambr%C3%A9sis"},{"link_name":"Charolais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charolais_(Pays)"},{"link_name":"Comminges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comminges"},{"link_name":"Corse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Dauphiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Flandre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foix"},{"link_name":"Franche-Comté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Gévaudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan"},{"link_name":"Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"Labourd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labourd"},{"link_name":"Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_Languedoc"},{"link_name":"Limousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limousin_(province)"},{"link_name":"Mâconnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2connais"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province)"},{"link_name":"Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche"},{"link_name":"Marsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsan"},{"link_name":"Nébouzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9bouzan"},{"link_name":"Normandie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"Orléanais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais"},{"link_name":"Périgord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Quatre-Vallées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatre-Vall%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Quercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercy"},{"link_name":"Rouergue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouergue"},{"link_name":"Soule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soule"},{"link_name":"Touraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touraine"},{"link_name":"Velay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velay"},{"link_name":"Vivarais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivarais"}],"text":"Under the Ancien Régime, a pays d'états (French pronunciation: [pei deta]) was a type of généralité, or fiscal and financial region where, in contrast to the pays d'election, an estates provincial or representative assembly of the three orders had retained its traditional role of negotiating the raising of taxes with the royal commissaires or intendants, dividing the tax burden by diocese and parish, and controlling tax collection. The estates also held onto part of the funds thus raised to repair and develop the roads in its province.According to Roland Mousnier[1] and Bernard Barbiche[2] the pays d'états were:Alsace. Estates suppressed - 17th century\nAnjou. Estates suppressed - 15th century\nArtois. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nAuvergne. Estates suppressed - 17th century\nBasse-Navarre. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nBéarn. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nBerry. Estates suppressed - 16th century\nBigorre. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nBourgogne (Burgundy). Estates suppressed - 1789.\nBresse. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nBretagne (Brittany). Estates suppressed - 1789.\nBugey. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nCambrésis. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nCharolais. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nComminges Estates suppressed - 1622\nCorse (Corsica). Estates suppressed - 1789.\nDauphiné. Estates suppressed - 17th century\nFlandre (Flanders). Estates suppressed - 1789.\nFoix. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nFranche-Comté. Estates suppressed - 18th century\nGévaudan. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nHainaut (Hainault). Estates suppressed - 1789.\nLabourd. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nLanguedoc. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nLimousin. Estates suppressed - 15th century\nMâconnais. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nMaine. Estates suppressed - 16th century\nMarche. Estates suppressed - 15th century\nMarsan. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nNébouzan. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nNormandie (Normandy). Estates suppressed - 17th century\nOrléanais. Estates suppressed - 16th century\nPérigord. Estates suppressed - 16th century\nProvence. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nQuatre-Vallées. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nQuercy. Estates suppressed - 17th century\nRouergue. Estates suppressed - 17th century\nSoule. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nTouraine. Estates suppressed - 16th century\nVelay. Estates suppressed - 1789.\nVivarais. Estates suppressed - 1789.","title":"Pays d'états"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Les institutions de la France sous la monarchie absolue, 1598-1789, PUF, Paris, 2005\n\n^ Les institutions de la Monarchie française à l’époque moderne, XVIe-XVIIIe siècle, PUF, Paris, (1999)","title":"Notes and references"}]	[{"image_text":"In red, the pays d'états in 1789","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pays_d%27etat.svg/300px-Pays_d%27etat.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Subdivisions of France under the Ancien Régime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subdivisions_of_France_under_the_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2351221#identifiers"},{"title":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941098g"},{"title":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941098g"},{"title":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/027349993"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941098g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941098g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027349993","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shachino	Shachino	["1 Geography","2 References"]	Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaShachino ШачиноVillageShachinoShow map of Vologda OblastShachinoShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°30′N 39°53′E / 59.500°N 39.883°E / 59.500; 39.883CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictSokolsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Shachino (Russian: Шачино) is a rural locality (a village) in Borovetskoye Rural Settlement, Sokolsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002. Geography Shachino is located 16 km northwest of Sokol (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kapustino is the nearest rural locality. References ^ Деревня Шачино на карте ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. ^ Расстояние от Сокола до Шачина vteRural localities in Sokolsky District Agafonovo Alekino Aleksino Alexeyevo Alferovskoye Andreyevskoye Andronovo Antufyevo Arkhangelskoye Bakulino Barskoye Beketovo Bekrenevo Berezino Berezov Pochinok Berkovo Bessolovo Bilnovo Biryakovo Bolshiye Ivanovskiye Bolshiye Ozerki Bolshoy Krivets Bolshoye Petrakovo Bolshoye Yakovkovo Boriskovo Borisovo Borshchevo Borshchovka Boyarskoye Bratskoye Bryukhovo Burtsevo Chekshino Chepurovo Chuchkovo Derevenka Dmitrikovo Dyakovo Dyurbenikha Fedyayevo Fefilovo Filyayevo Frolovo Georgiyevskoye Gerasimovo Gladkino Glebovo Golodeyevo Gololitsyno Gorbovo Gribanovo Gribtsovo Guriyevo Istominskoye Ivanikha Ivankovo Ivanovo Ivkovo Kachalka Kalinovo Kalitino Kamskoye Kapustino Karpovskoye Kazarinovo Kazarnoye Kaznakuryevo Khaminovo Kharlushino Klokovo Knyazhevo Kolotovye Komarovo Konanikha Konanovo Koposikha Kopylovo Korino Korzha Kotlaksa Kozhukovo Kozlovo Krinkino Kromovesovo Kulseyevo Kurya Kuvayevo Kuvshinovo Kuzminskoye Lebechikha Lendobovo Levkovo Lipovitsa Litega Lodeyshchik Loginovo Lubodino Malakhovo Malaya Murga Maloye Petrakovo Maloye Zalesye Maly Krivets Malye Goritsy Malye Ivanovskiye Malye Ozerki Mamonkino Marfinskoye Markovskoye Medvedkovo Melenka Melino Mikheyevo Mishutkino Mortkino Morzhenga Myalitsyno Nadeyevo Naliskoye Naumovskoye Navalkino Nekrasovo Nelidovo Nesterovo Nikolskaya Nikolskoye Nikulinskoye Novy Obrosovo Ogarovo Okulikha Okulovskoye Olarevo Opalevo Osanovo Osipikha Osipovo Ostrilovo Ovsyannikovo Ozerko Pakhino Pakhtalka Panyutino Pashenino Pashikovo Pepelnikovo Perevoz Perkhurovo Petrovskoye Petryayevo Pirogovo Plishkino Podolnoye Podyelnoye Pogost Ilyinsky Popovo Preobrazhenskoye Prisedkino Prokopovo Prokshino Prudovka Pustoshka Pyatino Pykhmarevo Repnoye Rodionovo Rodyukino Rogozkino Rostovka Ryazanka Rykulya Rylovo Savkino Selishche Seltso Semakino Semenkovo Semenovo Senino Shachino Shadrino Shastovo Shastovo-Zabereznoye Shchekotovo Shchurikha Shera Shiblovka Shipunovo Shishkino Shitrobovo Shulepovo Sidorkovo Skomorokhovo Sloboda Slobodishchevo Sonikha Sosnovaya Roshcha Sosnovets Spitsyno Staroye Stepanovo Sudoverf Sverchkovo Tataurov Pochinok Telyachye Tenkovo Timoninskoye Titovskoye Tokhmarevo Tolstoumovo Treparevo Trukhinka Tupitsyno Turbayevo Tureyevo Turovo Tyrykovo Ugol Ugolskoye Varushino Vasilevo Vasilyevskoye Vaskovo Vasyutino Veretye Verkhnyaya Storona Vitoryevo Vlasovo Voksino Vorobyovo Vyazovoye Vysokaya Yadrovo Yakovlevo Yertebino Yesipovo Zabereznichye Zabolotka Zadneye Zakharovo Zakurskoye Zaledeyevo Zalesye Zamoshye Zavrazhye Zhikharevo Zhilino Zuyevo This Sokolsky District, Vologda Oblast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Sokolsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Shachino (Russian: Шачино) is a rural locality (a village) in Borovetskoye Rural Settlement, Sokolsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Shachino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sokol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokol,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Shachino is located 16 km northwest of Sokol (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kapustino is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shachino&params=59_30_N_39_53_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"59°30′N 39°53′E / 59.500°N 39.883°E / 59.500; 39.883"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/sokolskiy-rayon/derevnya-shachino/","external_links_name":"Деревня Шачино на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_sokol-35_shachino","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Сокола до Шачина"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shachino&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Spens	Nathaniel Spens	["1 Career","2 Archer","3 Freemasonry","4 Death and Family","5 References (Lima)","6 External links"]	Nathaniel Spens (17 Apr 1728 -21 Jun 1815) was a Scottish medical doctor who qualified as Fellow of the Incorporation of Surgeons and then became increasingly interested in the practice of physic. He qualified as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and went on to become President of that College. Dr Nathaniel Spens (1728 -1815) in the uniform of the Royal Company of Archers. 1793. Reproduction of the original painting by Sir Henry Raeburn. Career Nathaniel Spens was a member of the Spens family who owned the estate of Lathallan in Fife. He was the son of Thomas Spens, 15th Laird of Lathallan and his wife Janet (née Douglas). He was admitted into the Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh on 24 July 1751. He obtained the degree of MD from the University of St Andrews. After practising as a surgeon in Edinburgh, he increasingly became more interested in the practice of physic, becoming a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1773 and fellow of that college the following year. He went on to become treasurer of the college and its president in 1794. In 1773 he was elected a member of the Aesculapian Club. On 12 April 1782 Spens was one of the founding members of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh and served as President in 1789. He purchased in 1792, the estate of Craigsanquhar, in Fife which had once been part of the family estate of Lathallan, but had been sold in 1524. Archer Spens was a prominent member of the Royal Company of Archers. The Royal Company of Archers began as a private club in 1676 obtaining its Royal Charter from Queen Anne in 1704. Amongst the prizes for which the Archers compete to this day is the Pagodas Medal, presented to the company by James Spens, son of Nathaniel, in memory of his father. His yew bow, which was presented to the Royal Company by his son Dr Thomas Spens, is still on display in Archers’ Hall. His portrait by Sir Henry Raeburn (1756 - 1823) in the uniform of the Royal Company hangs in Archers' Hall in Edinburgh. Freemasonry He was a Scottish Freemason. He was Initiated in Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No. 2, on 5 June 1751. He served as Master of that Lodge for 1778. He was Substitute Grand Master 1776—82 and Depute Grand Master 1782—86 of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. Death and Family He died on 21 Jun 1815 and is buried in Leuchars Old Cemetery in Fife. His son, Dr Thomas Spens, was, like his father, a member of the Royal Company of Archers and Treasurer and president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Dr Thomas Spens is credited with the first description of a case of heart block in Britain. References (Lima) ^ "Dr Nathaniel Spens, of Craigsanquhar b. 17 Apr 1728 d. 21 Jun 1815: MacFarlane Clan & Families Genealogy". www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info. ^ Gairdner, J. List of Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh from the year 1581 to 1873. Edinburgh 1874. https://archive.org/stream/b21465812/b21465812_djvu.txt ^ Comrie, J. A History of Scottish Medicine to 1860 London, Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, 1927. p 285 https://archive.org/details/b2045711x ^ Minute Books of the Aesculapian Club. Library of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. ^ Watson Wemyss, Herbert Lindesay (1933). A Record of the Edinburgh Harveian Society. T&A Constable, Edinburgh. ^ "Levi Hunter b. 1837 Mercer County, Pennsylvania d. Yes, date unknown: Douglas Family History". www.douglashistory.co.uk. ^ "The Collection : Dr Nathaniel Spens of Craigsanquhar by Sir Henry Raeburn". The Royal Company of Archers. Retrieved 29 March 2022. ^ Paul, J. B. (1875). The history of the Royal Company of Archers: The Queen's body-guard for Scotland. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood. ^ History of the Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No.2, compiled from the records 1677-1888. By Alan MacKenzie. 1888. P.245. ^ "Dr Nathaniel Spens (1728-1815) - Find A Grave..." www.findagrave.com. External links Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No. 2 (Edinburgh)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nathaniel_Spens_x.jpg"}],"text":"Dr Nathaniel Spens (1728 -1815) in the uniform of the Royal Company of Archers. 1793. Reproduction of the original painting by Sir Henry Raeburn.","title":"Nathaniel Spens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spens family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Spens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-list-2"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Aesculapian Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesculapian_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Harveian Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harveian_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Nathaniel Spens was a member of the Spens family who owned the estate of Lathallan in Fife. He was the son of Thomas Spens, 15th Laird of Lathallan and his wife Janet (née Douglas).[1] He was admitted into the Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh on 24 July 1751.[2]\nHe obtained the degree of MD from the University of St Andrews.[3] After practising as a surgeon in Edinburgh, he increasingly became more interested in the practice of physic, becoming a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1773 and fellow of that college the following year. He went on to become treasurer of the college and its president in 1794. In 1773 he was elected a member of the Aesculapian Club.[4] On 12 April 1782 Spens was one of the founding members of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh and served as President in 1789.[5]\nHe purchased in 1792, the estate of Craigsanquhar, in Fife which had once been part of the family estate of Lathallan, but had been sold in 1524.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Company of Archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Company_of_Archers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Raeburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Raeburn"}],"text":"Spens was a prominent member of the Royal Company of Archers.[7] The Royal Company of Archers began as a private club in 1676 obtaining its Royal Charter from Queen Anne in 1704. Amongst the prizes for which the Archers compete to this day is the Pagodas Medal, presented to the company by James Spens, son of Nathaniel, in memory of his father.[8] His yew bow, which was presented to the Royal Company by his son Dr Thomas Spens, is still on display in Archers’ Hall.\nHis portrait by Sir Henry Raeburn (1756 - 1823) in the uniform of the Royal Company hangs in Archers' Hall in Edinburgh.","title":"Archer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"He was a Scottish Freemason. He was Initiated in Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No. 2, on 5 June 1751. He served as Master of that Lodge for 1778. He was Substitute Grand Master 1776—82 and Depute Grand Master 1782—86 of the Grand Lodge of Scotland.[9]","title":"Freemasonry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dr Thomas Spens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Spens_(physician)"}],"text":"He died on 21 Jun 1815 and is buried in Leuchars Old Cemetery in Fife.[10] His son, Dr Thomas Spens, was, like his father, a member of the Royal Company of Archers and Treasurer and president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Dr Thomas Spens is credited with the first description of a case of heart block in Britain.","title":"Death and Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Dr Nathaniel Spens, of Craigsanquhar b. 17 Apr 1728 d. 21 Jun 1815: MacFarlane Clan & Families Genealogy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info/genealogy/TNGWebsite/getperson.php?personID=I38964&tree=CC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-list_2-0"},{"link_name":"https://archive.org/stream/b21465812/b21465812_djvu.txt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/b21465812/b21465812_djvu.txt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"https://archive.org/details/b2045711x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/b2045711x"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Minute Books of the Aesculapian Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.rcpe.ac.uk/calmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=DEP%2fAEC%2f1&pos=2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"A Record of the Edinburgh Harveian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wellcomecollection.org/works/ww4e59xv"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Levi Hunter b. 1837 Mercer County, Pennsylvania d. Yes, date unknown: Douglas Family History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.douglashistory.co.uk/famgen/getperson.php?personID=I27392&tree=tree1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Collection : Dr Nathaniel Spens of Craigsanquhar by Sir Henry Raeburn\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.qbgsrca.co.uk/collection/the-collection/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"History of the Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No.2, compiled from the records 1677-1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cu31924030291771/page/n4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Dr Nathaniel Spens (1728-1815) - Find A Grave...\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.findagrave.com/memorial/141714719/nathaniel-spens"}],"text":"^ \"Dr Nathaniel Spens, of Craigsanquhar b. 17 Apr 1728 d. 21 Jun 1815: MacFarlane Clan & Families Genealogy\". www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info.\n\n^ Gairdner, J. List of Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh from the year 1581 to 1873. Edinburgh 1874. https://archive.org/stream/b21465812/b21465812_djvu.txt\n\n^ Comrie, J. A History of Scottish Medicine to 1860 [electronic resource] \nLondon, Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, 1927. p 285 https://archive.org/details/b2045711x\n\n^ Minute Books of the Aesculapian Club. Library of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.\n\n^ Watson Wemyss, Herbert Lindesay (1933). A Record of the Edinburgh Harveian Society. T&A Constable, Edinburgh.\n\n^ \"Levi Hunter b. 1837 Mercer County, Pennsylvania d. Yes, date unknown: Douglas Family History\". www.douglashistory.co.uk.\n\n^ \"The Collection : Dr Nathaniel Spens of Craigsanquhar by Sir Henry Raeburn\". The Royal Company of Archers. Retrieved 29 March 2022.\n\n^ Paul, J. B. (1875). The history of the Royal Company of Archers: The Queen's body-guard for Scotland. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood.\n\n^ History of the Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No.2, compiled from the records 1677-1888. By Alan MacKenzie. 1888. P.245.\n\n^ \"Dr Nathaniel Spens (1728-1815) - Find A Grave...\" www.findagrave.com.","title":"References (Lima)"}]	[{"image_text":"Dr Nathaniel Spens (1728 -1815) in the uniform of the Royal Company of Archers. 1793. Reproduction of the original painting by Sir Henry Raeburn.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nathaniel_Spens_x.jpg/220px-Nathaniel_Spens_x.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dr Nathaniel Spens, of Craigsanquhar b. 17 Apr 1728 d. 21 Jun 1815: MacFarlane Clan & Families Genealogy\". www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info/genealogy/TNGWebsite/getperson.php?personID=I38964&tree=CC","url_text":"\"Dr Nathaniel Spens, of Craigsanquhar b. 17 Apr 1728 d. 21 Jun 1815: MacFarlane Clan & Families Genealogy\""}]},{"reference":"Minute Books of the Aesculapian Club. Library of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.rcpe.ac.uk/calmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=DEP%2fAEC%2f1&pos=2","url_text":"Minute Books of the Aesculapian Club"}]},{"reference":"Watson Wemyss, Herbert Lindesay (1933). A Record of the Edinburgh Harveian Society. T&A Constable, Edinburgh.","urls":[{"url":"https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ww4e59xv","url_text":"A Record of the Edinburgh Harveian Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Levi Hunter b. 1837 Mercer County, Pennsylvania d. Yes, date unknown: Douglas Family History\". www.douglashistory.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/famgen/getperson.php?personID=I27392&tree=tree1","url_text":"\"Levi Hunter b. 1837 Mercer County, Pennsylvania d. Yes, date unknown: Douglas Family History\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Collection : Dr Nathaniel Spens of Craigsanquhar by Sir Henry Raeburn\". The Royal Company of Archers. Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qbgsrca.co.uk/collection/the-collection/","url_text":"\"The Collection : Dr Nathaniel Spens of Craigsanquhar by Sir Henry Raeburn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Nathaniel Spens (1728-1815) - Find A Grave...\" www.findagrave.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/141714719/nathaniel-spens","url_text":"\"Dr Nathaniel Spens (1728-1815) - Find A Grave...\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info/genealogy/TNGWebsite/getperson.php?personID=I38964&tree=CC","external_links_name":"\"Dr Nathaniel Spens, of Craigsanquhar b. 17 Apr 1728 d. 21 Jun 1815: MacFarlane Clan & Families Genealogy\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/b21465812/b21465812_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"https://archive.org/stream/b21465812/b21465812_djvu.txt"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/b2045711x","external_links_name":"https://archive.org/details/b2045711x"},{"Link":"http://archives.rcpe.ac.uk/calmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=DEP%2fAEC%2f1&pos=2","external_links_name":"Minute Books of the Aesculapian Club"},{"Link":"https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ww4e59xv","external_links_name":"A Record of the Edinburgh Harveian Society"},{"Link":"http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/famgen/getperson.php?personID=I27392&tree=tree1","external_links_name":"\"Levi Hunter b. 1837 Mercer County, Pennsylvania d. Yes, date unknown: Douglas Family History\""},{"Link":"https://www.qbgsrca.co.uk/collection/the-collection/","external_links_name":"\"The Collection : Dr Nathaniel Spens of Craigsanquhar by Sir Henry Raeburn\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924030291771/page/n4","external_links_name":"History of the Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No.2, compiled from the records 1677-1888"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/141714719/nathaniel-spens","external_links_name":"\"Dr Nathaniel Spens (1728-1815) - Find A Grave...\""},{"Link":"http://www.lck2.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No. 2 (Edinburgh)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Lavrik	Andrei Lavrik	["1 Career statistics","2 Honours","3 External links"]	Belarusian footballer (born 1974) In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Ivanavich and the family name is Lavrik. Andrei Lavrik Lavrik with Amkar PermPersonal informationFull name Andrey Ivanavich LavrikDate of birth (1974-12-07) 7 December 1974 (age 49)Place of birth Soviet UnionHeight 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) DefenderYouth career Dinamo MinskSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1992–1995 Dinamo-93 Minsk 94 (1)1996–1997 Dinamo Minsk 51 (9)1998–2001 Lokomotiv Moscow 86 (1)2002–2003 Dinamo-SPb St. Petersburg 64 (10)2004–2007 Amkar Perm 89 (4)2008 Torpedo Moscow 5 (0)2008–2009 Aktobe 37 (2)2010 Baltika Kaliningrad 3 (0)2010 Torpedo Zhodino 16 (2)Total 445 (29)International career1992–1995 Belarus U21 5 (1)1997–2005 Belarus 37 (1)Managerial career2011–2012 Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino (assistant)2014 Partizan Minsk2015 Bereza-20102017–2018 Dinamo Minsk (sporting director)2018–2019 Dinamo Brest (scout)2020–2023 Dinamo Minsk (sporting director) Club domestic league appearances and goals Andrei Ivanavich Lavrik (Belarusian: Андрэй Лаўрык; Russian: Андрей Лаврик; born 7 December 1974) is a Belarusian football official, coach and a former player. Career statistics # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 9 February 2005 Dyskobolia Stadium, Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Poland Poland 3 – 1 3–1 Friendly Honours Dinamo-93 Minsk Belarusian Cup: 1994–95 Dinamo Minsk Belarusian Premier League: 1997 Lokomotiv Moscow Russian Cup: 1999–2000, 2000–01 Aktobe Kazakhstan Premier League: 2008, 2009 Kazakhstan Cup: 2008 External links Andrei Lavrik – FIFA competition record (archived) Andrei Lavrik at National-Football-Teams.com vteBelarusian Footballer of the Year 1983: Gotsmanov 1984: Aleinikov 1985: Gotsmanov 1986: Aleinikov 1987: Gotsmanov 1988: Aleinikov 1989: Gotsmanov 1990: Myatlitski 1991: Kurbyko 1992: Zygmantovich 1993: Herasimets 1994: Zygmantovich 1995: Byalkevich 1996: Makowski 1997: Lavrik 1998: Khatskevich 1999: Gurenko 2000: Khatskevich 2001: Tumilovich 2002: Hleb 2003: Hleb 2004: Romaschenko 2005: Hleb 2006: Hleb 2007: Hleb 2008: Hleb 2009: Kulchy 2010: Zhevnov 2011: Hutar 2012: Bressan 2013: Kalachev 2014: Krivets 2015: Stasevich 2016: Kalachev 2017: Gordeichuk 2018: Stasevich 2019: Stasevich 2020: Skavysh 2021: Solovey 2022: Khvashchynski vteFC Partizan Minsk – managers Kevra (2002–03) Akshaev (2003–04) Zernov (2004) Piskaryov (2004) Puntus (2004–06) Malofeyev (2006–07) Zygmantovich (2007) Puntus (2007–09) Rumbutis (2009–10) Gevorkyan (2010) Rumbutis (2010) Kurnev (2011) Rumbutis (2011–12) Zinkevich (2012–13) Striegel (2013) Lavrik (2014) This biographical article related to a football defender from Belarus is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Ivanavich and the family name is Lavrik.Andrei Ivanavich Lavrik (Belarusian: Андрэй Лаўрык; Russian: Андрей Лаврик; born 7 December 1974) is a Belarusian football official, coach and a former player.","title":"Andrei Lavrik"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Belarusian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Belarusian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Belarusian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Russian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Russian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Russian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kazakhstan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kazakhstan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Cup"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kazakhstan_Cup"}],"text":"Dinamo-93 MinskBelarusian Cup: 1994–95Dinamo MinskBelarusian Premier League: 1997Lokomotiv MoscowRussian Cup: 1999–2000, 2000–01AktobeKazakhstan Premier League: 2008, 2009\nKazakhstan Cup: 2008","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=154381/index.html","external_links_name":"Andrei Lavrik"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/658.html","external_links_name":"Andrei Lavrik"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Lavrik&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a	1959 Vuelta a España	["1 Teams and riders","2 Route","3 Results","4 References"]	Cycling race 1959 Vuelta a EspañaRace detailsDates24 April – 10 MayStages17Distance3,048 km (1,894 mi)Winning time84h 36' 20"Results Winner Antonio Suárez (ESP) Second José Segú Soriano (ESP) Third Rik Van Looy (BEL) Points Rik Van Looy (BEL) Mountains Antonio Suárez (ESP) Sprints Vicente Iturat (ESP)← 1958 1960 → The 14th Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain), a long-distance bicycle stage race and one of the three grand tours, was held from 24 April to 10 May 1959. It consisted of 17 stages covering a total of 3,048 km (1,894 mi), and was won by Antonio Suárez. Suárez also won the mountains classification while Rik Van Looy won the points classification. Teams and riders Main article: List of teams and cyclists in the 1959 Vuelta a España Route List of stages Stage Date Course Distance Type Winner 1a 29 April Madrid – Madrid 9 km (6 mi) Team time trial Saint-Raphaël–R. Geminiani–Dunlop 1b 29 April Madrid – Toledo 114 km (71 mi) Rik Van Looy (BEL) 2 30 April Manzanares – Córdoba 228 km (142 mi) Antonio Karmany (ESP) 3 1 May Córdoba – Seville 140 km (87 mi) Vicente Iturat (ESP) 4 2 May Seville – Granada 240 km (149 mi) Federico Bahamontes (ESP) 5 3 May Guadix – Murcia 225 km (140 mi) Antonio Suárez (ESP) 6 4 May Murcia – Alicante 173 km (107 mi) Gabriel Mas (ESP) 7 5 May Alicante – Castellón 233 km (145 mi) Antonio Barrutia (ESP) 8 6 May Castellón – Tortosa 130 km (81 mi) Rik Van Looy (BEL) 9 7 May Tortosa – Barcelona 196 km (122 mi) Rik Van Looy (BEL) 10 8 May Granollers – Lleida 183 km (114 mi) Antonio Suárez (ESP) 11 9 May Lleida – Pamplona 242 km (150 mi) Rik Van Looy (BEL) 12 10 May Pamplona – San Sebastián 210 km (130 mi) José Carlos Sousa Cardoso (POR) 13 11 May San Sebastián – San Sebastián 9 km (6 mi) Team time trial Saint-Raphaël–R. Geminiani–Dunlop 14 12 May Eibar – Vitoria 62 km (39 mi) Individual time trial Roger Rivière (FRA) 15 13 May Vitoria – Santander 230 km (143 mi) Julio San Emeterio (ESP) 16 14 May Santander – Bilbao 187 km (116 mi) Roger Rivière (FRA) 17 15 May Bilbao – Bilbao 222 km (138 mi) Fernando Manzaneque (ESP) Total 3,048 km (1,894 mi) Results Final general classification Rank Rider Team Time 1 Antonio Suárez Licor 43 84h 36' 20" 2 José Segú Soriano Kas + 1' 06" 3 Rik Van Looy Faema–Guerra + 7' 00" 4 Pierre Everaert St.Raphael + 7' 44" 5 Emmanuel Busto Peugeot–Dunlop + 16' 29" 6 Roger Rivière St.Raphael + 17' 30" 7 Hilaire Couvreur Faema–Guerra + 24' 24" 8 Luis Otaño Peugeot–Dunlop + 26' 34" 9 Joseph Vloeberghs Faema–Guerra + 27' 17" 10 Jesús Galdeano Faema + 29' 40" 11 Marcel Rohrbach Peugeot–Dunlop 12 René Marigil Licor 43 13 Juan Campillo Faema 14 Frans Van Looveren Faema–Guerra 15 Hans Junkermann Faema–Guerra 16 José Luis Talamillo Boxing 17 Guido Boni Tricofilina-Coppi 18 Jesús Loroño Faema 19 Claude Colette Peugeot–Dunlop 20 Julio San Emeterio Kas 21 Andrés Trobat Licor 43 22 Antonio Karmany Kas 23 Gabriel Company Bauza Faema 24 Salvador Botella Faema 25 Fernando Manzaneque Licor 43 References ^ "XIV Vuelta Ciclista a Espana". El Mundo Deportivo. 13 May 1959. p. 5. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "General Information 1959". La Vuelta.com. Retrieved 23 March 2008. ^ "1959 » 14th Vuelta a Espana". Procyclingstats. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "14ème Vuelta a España 1959". Memoire du cyclisme (in French). Archived from the original on 25 October 2004. ^ "Vuelta Ciclista a Espana 1959" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo. 11 May 1959. p. 9. Retrieved 4 August 2018. vte1959 Vuelta a España « 1958 1960 » Teams and cyclists Stage 1a–8 Stage 9–17 vteVuelta a EspañaBy yearmen 1935 1936 suspended due to Spanish Civil War 1941 1942 suspended due to World War II 1945 1946 1947 1948 1950 suspended due to Spain's isolation during the Franco regime 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 By yearwomen 2023 2024 Classifications("jerseys")Current General classification(la roja) Points classification(jersey verde) Mountains classification(jersey puntos azules) Young rider classification(jersey blanco) Team classification(clasificación por equipos) Combativity award Former Combination classification (jersey blanco) Lists and topics General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Gran Partidas Related articles Grand Tour Amaury Sport Organisation La Vuelta Femenina	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(bicycle_race)"},{"link_name":"grand tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Antonio Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rik Van Looy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rik_Van_Looy"}],"text":"The 14th Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain), a long-distance bicycle stage race and one of the three grand tours, was held from 24 April to 10 May 1959.[1] It consisted of 17 stages covering a total of 3,048 km (1,894 mi), and was won by Antonio Suárez.[2] Suárez also won the mountains classification while Rik Van Looy won the points classification.","title":"1959 Vuelta a España"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams and riders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"XIV Vuelta Ciclista a Espana\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langli_(island)	Langli (island)	[]	Coordinates: 55°30′51″N 8°18′55″E / 55.51417°N 8.31528°E / 55.51417; 8.31528Langliclass=notpageimage\| Langli location Map of Ho Bugt Langli is a small marsh island in the Ho Bugt near Esbjerg on the Danish North Sea Coast. It is 0.8 km (0.5 mi) long and is accessible from Ho over a 3 km (2 mi) long causeway at low tide. Langli (original “Langeleje” = long camp) was up to the flood of 1634 part of a peninsula. Afterwards sea-laterally a second peninsula (today Skallingen) began to develop itself, which from now on protected Langli. The island was used for agriculture from the 16th century, but was not permanently settled until 1840 when two families moved there. They diked the island and successfully operated agriculture. In 1911 there were 38 inhabitants and even one school. The destruction by two floods and the refusal of the state to support the reconstruction of the dikes led to all inhabitants leaving the island in 1915. A later owner built himself a mansion on Langli. In 1982 the Danish state took the island over. Today, a scientific station is placed in the mansion. Langli is accessible to the public, by foot, between 16 July and 15 September each year. A multiplicity of different kinds of bird breed on Langli, e.g. seagulls, black-fronted terns etc. vteFrisian IslandsWest Frisian Islands(Netherlands) Noorderhaaks Texel Vlieland Richel Terschelling Griend Ameland Rif Engelsmanplaat Schiermonnikoog Simonszand Rottumerplaat Rottumeroog Zuiderduintjes Former islands Eierland Wieringen Monnikenlangenoog Bosch East Frisian Islands(Germany) Borkum Lütje Hörn Kachelotplate Memmert Juist Norderney Baltrum Langeoog Spiekeroog Wangerooge Minsener-Oldoog Mellum Former islands Buise Heligoland Bight(Germany) Langlütjen I & II Großer Knechtsand Heligoland Düne Neuwerk Scharhörn Nigehörn Trischen Tertius Blauort North Frisian Islands(Germany) Barrier Island Pellworm Amrum Föhr Sylt Uthörn Halligen Gröde Habel Hamburger Hallig Hooge Langeneß Norderoog Nordstrandischmoor Oland Süderoog Südfall Former islands Hainshallig Nordstrand Strand Danish Wadden Sea Islands(Denmark) Rømø Koresand Fanø Halligen Langli Mandø Former islands Jordsand vteIslands of Denmark Baltic Sea Zealand Funen Bornholm Christiansø (Ertholmene) Islands portalSydhavsøerne Lolland Falster Møn Fejø Bogø Femø Glænø Nyord Enø Askø Tærø Masnedø Vejrø Dybsø Langø Skalø Enehøje Farø Lilleø Rågø Vejlø Kalvø Slotø Barneholm Kattegat North Jutlandic Island Samsø Læsø Anholt Endelave Sejerø Tunø Hjarnø Nekselø Æbelø Hesselø Hjelm Græsholm Hirsholmene Ejlinge Draget South Funen Archipelago Ærø Tåsinge Thurø Lyø Avernakø Strynø Omø Drejø Agerø Skarø Bjørnø Siø Hjortø Birkholm Store Egholm Store Svelmø Hjælmshoved Strynø Kalv Illumø Vigø Limfjorden Mors Jegindø Venø Egholm Livø Fur Øresund Amager Saltholm Peberholm Slotsholmen Middelgrundsfortet Trekroner Fort Flakfortet Great Belt Langeland Agersø Gavnø Sprogø Romsø Little Belt Als Bågø Årø Fænø Barsø Brandsø Kalvø Wadden Sea Rømø Fanø Mandø Langli Other islands Orø (Isefjorden) Eskilsø (Roskilde Fjord) Vigelsø (Odense Fjord) Fjandø (Nissum Fjord) Møgelø (Julsø) Tornø (Odense Fjord) Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States 55°30′51″N 8°18′55″E / 55.51417°N 8.31528°E / 55.51417; 8.31528	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denmark_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denmark_adm_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HoBugt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ho 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Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekroner_Fort"},{"link_name":"Flakfortet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flakfortet"},{"link_name":"Great Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Belt"},{"link_name":"Langeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langeland"},{"link_name":"Agersø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agers%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Gavnø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavn%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Sprogø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprog%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Romsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roms%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Little Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Belt"},{"link_name":"Als","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Als_(island)"},{"link_name":"Bågø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A5g%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Årø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85r%C3%B8_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Fænø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6n%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Barsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bars%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Brandsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brands%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Kalvø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalv%C3%B8,_Germer_Bugt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wadden Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea"},{"link_name":"Rømø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8m%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Fanø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Mandø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Langli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Orø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Isefjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isefjord"},{"link_name":"Eskilsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskils%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Roskilde Fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskilde_Fjord"},{"link_name":"Vigelsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigels%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Odense Fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense_Fjord"},{"link_name":"Fjandø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjand%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nissum Fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissum_Fjord"},{"link_name":"Møgelø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8gel%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Julsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juls%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tornø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torn%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28167#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/315528213"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561246905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97003289"},{"link_name":"55°30′51″N 8°18′55″E / 55.51417°N 8.31528°E / 55.51417; 8.31528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langli_(island)&params=55_30_51_N_8_18_55_E_region:DK_type:isle"}],"text":"Langliclass=notpageimage\| Langli locationMap of Ho BugtLangli is a small marsh island in the Ho Bugt near Esbjerg on the Danish North Sea Coast.It is 0.8 km (0.5 mi) long and is accessible from Ho over a 3 km (2 mi) long causeway at low tide. Langli (original “Langeleje” = long camp) was up to the flood of 1634 part of a peninsula. Afterwards sea-laterally a second peninsula (today Skallingen) began to develop itself, which from now on protected Langli.The island was used for agriculture from the 16th century, but was not permanently settled until 1840 when two families moved there. They diked the island and successfully operated agriculture. In 1911 there were 38 inhabitants and even one school. The destruction by two floods and the refusal of the state to support the reconstruction of the dikes led to all inhabitants leaving the island in 1915. A later owner built himself a mansion on Langli. In 1982 the Danish state took the island over. Today, a scientific station is placed in the mansion.Langli is accessible to the public, by foot, between 16 July and 15 September each year. A multiplicity of different kinds of bird breed on Langli, e.g. seagulls, black-fronted terns etc.vteFrisian IslandsWest Frisian Islands(Netherlands)\nNoorderhaaks\nTexel\nVlieland\nRichel\nTerschelling\nGriend\nAmeland\nRif\nEngelsmanplaat\nSchiermonnikoog\nSimonszand\nRottumerplaat\nRottumeroog\nZuiderduintjes\nFormer islands\nEierland\nWieringen\nMonnikenlangenoog\nBosch\nEast Frisian Islands(Germany)\nBorkum\nLütje Hörn\nKachelotplate\nMemmert\nJuist\nNorderney\nBaltrum\nLangeoog\nSpiekeroog\nWangerooge\nMinsener-Oldoog\nMellum\nFormer islands\nBuise\nHeligoland Bight(Germany)\nLanglütjen I & II\nGroßer Knechtsand\nHeligoland\nDüne\nNeuwerk\nScharhörn\nNigehörn\nTrischen\nTertius\nBlauort\nNorth Frisian Islands(Germany)\nBarrier Island\nPellworm\nAmrum\nFöhr\nSylt\nUthörn\nHalligen\nGröde\nHabel\nHamburger Hallig\nHooge\nLangeneß\nNorderoog\nNordstrandischmoor\nOland\nSüderoog\nSüdfall\nFormer islands\nHainshallig\nNordstrand\nStrand\nDanish Wadden Sea Islands(Denmark)\nRømø\nKoresand\nFanø\nHalligen\nLangli\nMandø\nFormer islands\nJordsandvteIslands of Denmark\nBaltic Sea\nZealand\nFunen\nBornholm\nChristiansø (Ertholmene)\n\nIslands portalSydhavsøerne\nLolland\nFalster\nMøn\nFejø\nBogø\nFemø\nGlænø\nNyord\nEnø\nAskø\nTærø\nMasnedø\nVejrø\nDybsø\nLangø\nSkalø\nEnehøje\nFarø\nLilleø\nRågø\nVejlø\nKalvø\nSlotø\nBarneholm\nKattegat\nNorth Jutlandic Island\nSamsø\nLæsø\nAnholt\nEndelave\nSejerø\nTunø\nHjarnø\nNekselø\nÆbelø\nHesselø\nHjelm\nGræsholm\nHirsholmene\nEjlinge\nDraget\nSouth Funen Archipelago\nÆrø\nTåsinge\nThurø\nLyø\nAvernakø\nStrynø\nOmø\nDrejø\nAgerø\nSkarø\nBjørnø\nSiø\nHjortø\nBirkholm\nStore Egholm\nStore Svelmø\nHjælmshoved\nStrynø Kalv\nIllumø\nVigø\nLimfjorden\nMors\nJegindø\nVenø\nEgholm\nLivø\nFur\nØresund\nAmager\nSaltholm\nPeberholm\nSlotsholmen\nMiddelgrundsfortet\nTrekroner Fort\nFlakfortet\nGreat Belt\nLangeland\nAgersø\nGavnø\nSprogø\nRomsø\nLittle Belt\nAls\nBågø\nÅrø\nFænø\nBarsø\nBrandsø\nKalvø\nWadden Sea\nRømø\nFanø\nMandø\nLangli\nOther islands\nOrø (Isefjorden)\nEskilsø (Roskilde Fjord)\nVigelsø (Odense Fjord)\nFjandø (Nissum Fjord)\nMøgelø (Julsø)\nTornø (Odense Fjord)Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States55°30′51″N 8°18′55″E / 55.51417°N 8.31528°E / 55.51417; 8.31528","title":"Langli (island)"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Ho Bugt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HoBugt.jpg/220px-HoBugt.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langli_(island)&params=55_30_51_N_8_18_55_E_region:DK_type:isle","external_links_name":"55°30′51″N 8°18′55″E / 55.51417°N 8.31528°E / 55.51417; 8.31528"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315528213","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561246905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97003289","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langli_(island)&params=55_30_51_N_8_18_55_E_region:DK_type:isle","external_links_name":"55°30′51″N 8°18′55″E / 55.51417°N 8.31528°E / 55.51417; 8.31528"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskdaleside_cum_Ugglebarnby	Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby	["1 Eskdaleside murder (1841)","2 Venerable Nicholas Postgate's arrest (1679)","3 References"]	Coordinates: 54°26′18″N 0°39′45″W / 54.43833°N 0.66250°W / 54.43833; -0.66250Civil parish in North Yorkshire, England Civil parish in EnglandEskdaleside cum UgglebarnbyCivil parishA misty day at the Millennium Beacon in Eskdaleside, belowPopulation2,238 (2011 census)OS grid referenceNZ867055Civil parishEskdaleside cum UgglebarnbyUnitary authorityNorth YorkshireCeremonial countyNorth YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWHITBYPostcode districtYO22PoliceNorth YorkshireFireNorth YorkshireAmbulanceYorkshire UK ParliamentScarborough and Whitby List of places UK England Yorkshire 54°26′18″N 0°39′45″W / 54.43833°N 0.66250°W / 54.43833; -0.66250 Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby is a civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire, England, comprising the two villages of Sleights and Ugglebarnby. According to the 2011 UK census, Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby parish had a population of 2,238, a reduction on the 2001 UK census figure of 2,252. All Saints’ Church The village has a church dedicated to All Saints. Eskdaleside murder (1841) In 1841 the murder of Mrs Jane Robinson (née Wilson 1777) was one of the first cases in which an officer from Scotland Yard was sent to investigate a serious crime in the provinces. A miller, William Hill, had been charged with the murder and acquitted, but Nicholas Pearce traced a Thomas Redhead who had almost certainly committed the offence, but had died of smallpox shortly before Pearce traced him. Jane Robinson (née Wilson) was the daughter of John Wilson of Eskdalegate (1725–1794) and Mary Hall (1743–1832). She was murdered at Eskdalegate. Venerable Nicholas Postgate's arrest (1679) Eskdaleside was host to other events in its history, one being the arrest and later execution in York of an 82-year-old man. His only crime was that of being a Catholic priest. In 1596 the Venerable Nicholas Postgate, a Catholic priest and martyr, was born and lived in a humble home, now called The Hermitage, at Ugthorpe. He studied at Douay College, France, becoming a priest in 1628. He worked secretly as a priest in a wide area of Yorkshire, finally settling back to Ugthorpe in the 1660s. Although anti-Catholic feeling had subsided a good deal, it flared up again due to the fake Popish Plot of 1678; this followed a false testimony from Titus Oates in which he claimed there was a conspiracy to install a Catholic king, and he fomented a renewed and fierce persecution of English Catholics. It was to be the last time that Catholics were put to death in England for their faith; one of the last victims – but not the very last – was Nicholas Postgate. During the panic engineered by Oates, a prominent Protestant magistrate in London, Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, was murdered and Oates loudly blamed the Catholics; Sir Edmund's manservant, John Reeves, set out to get his revenge. For reasons which are not clear, he decided to base his actions in the Whitby area, possibly because he knew that priests arrived there from France. Nicholas Postgate was arrested at Redbarns Farm, Ugglebarnby, where he was to carry out a baptism. The family had apparently spoken publicly about the ceremony, thus alerting the authorities to Postgate's presence. Reeves, with a colleague called William Cockerill, raided the house during the ceremony and caught the priest, then aged 82. On 7 August 1679, he was tried for treason in York and then hanged, disembowelled and quartered. Every year since 1974 an open-air service has been held – alternately in Egton Bridge and Ugthorpe – in honour of Fr Postgate. References ^ a b UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby Parish (1170217335)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ UK Census (2001). "Local Area Report – Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby Parish (36UG015)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ "All Saints, Ugglebarnby". a church near you. Retrieved 7 March 2010. ^ "Daniel Good (1792 - 1842) is hunted by Nicholas Pearce". Retrieved 17 May 2009. ^ "Venerable Nicholas Postgate, Martyr". New Blackfriars. 2: 102–107. 1945. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.1945.tb05966.x. ^ a b "In Father Postgate's steps". Gazette & Herald. 24 July 2002. Retrieved 13 August 2019. ^ "Campaign to name saint gathers pace". Gazette & Herald. 1 June 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2022. vteCeremonial county of North YorkshireYorkshire PortalUnitary authorities Middlesbrough North Yorkshire Redcar and Cleveland Stockton-on-Tees (part) York Major settlements(cities in italics) Bedale Bentham Boroughbridge Catterick Garrison Colburn Easingwold Eastfield Eston Filey Grassington Guisborough Harrogate Hawes Haxby Helmsley Ingleby Barwick Kirkbymoorside Knaresborough Leyburn Loftus Malton Masham Middleham Middlesbrough Northallerton Norton-on-Derwent Pateley Bridge Pickering Redcar Richmond Ripon Saltburn-by-the-Sea Scarborough Selby Settle Skelton-in-Cleveland Skipton Stokesley Tadcaster Thirsk Thornaby-on-Tees Whitby Yarm YorkSee also: List of civil parishes in North Yorkshire Rivers Aire Derwent Esk Foss Leven Ouse Ribble Swale Tees Ure Wharfe Topics Parliamentary constituencies Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings Windmills Monastic houses History Rivers Schools Museums Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs SSSIs Nature Reserves	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_(borough)"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"2011 UK census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-1"},{"link_name":"2001 UK census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_census-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Saints_Church_Ugglebarnby_1_(Nigel_Coates).jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Civil parish in North Yorkshire, EnglandCivil parish in EnglandEskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby is a civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire, England, comprising the two villages of Sleights and Ugglebarnby.According to the 2011 UK census, Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby parish had a population of 2,238,[1] a reduction on the 2001 UK census figure of 2,252.[2]All Saints’ ChurchThe village has a church dedicated to All Saints.[3]","title":"Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Yard"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pearce"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1841 the murder of Mrs Jane Robinson (née Wilson 1777) was one of the first cases in which an officer from Scotland Yard was sent to investigate a serious crime in the provinces. A miller, William Hill, had been charged with the murder and acquitted, but Nicholas Pearce traced a Thomas Redhead who had almost certainly committed the offence, but had died of smallpox shortly before Pearce traced him.[4] Jane Robinson (née Wilson) was the daughter of John Wilson of Eskdalegate (1725–1794) and Mary Hall (1743–1832). She was murdered at Eskdalegate.","title":"Eskdaleside murder (1841)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Postgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Postgate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In_Father_Postgate's_steps-6"},{"link_name":"Douay College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_College,_Douai"},{"link_name":"Titus Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Oates"},{"link_name":"conspiracy to install a Catholic king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popish_Plot"},{"link_name":"Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Berry_Godfrey"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In_Father_Postgate's_steps-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Eskdaleside was host to other events in its history, one being the arrest and later execution in York of an 82-year-old man. His only crime was that of being a Catholic priest.In 1596[5] the Venerable Nicholas Postgate, a Catholic priest and martyr, was born and lived in a humble home, now called The Hermitage, at Ugthorpe.[6] He studied at Douay College, France, becoming a priest in 1628. He worked secretly as a priest in a wide area of Yorkshire, finally settling back to Ugthorpe in the 1660s.Although anti-Catholic feeling had subsided a good deal, it flared up again due to the fake Popish Plot of 1678; this followed a false testimony from Titus Oates in which he claimed there was a conspiracy to install a Catholic king, and he fomented a renewed and fierce persecution of English Catholics. It was to be the last time that Catholics were put to death in England for their faith; one of the last victims – but not the very last – was Nicholas Postgate.During the panic engineered by Oates, a prominent Protestant magistrate in London, Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, was murdered and Oates loudly blamed the Catholics; Sir Edmund's manservant, John Reeves, set out to get his revenge. For reasons which are not clear, he decided to base his actions in the Whitby area, possibly because he knew that priests arrived there from France.Nicholas Postgate was arrested at Redbarns Farm, Ugglebarnby, where he was to carry out a baptism. The family had apparently spoken publicly about the ceremony, thus alerting the authorities to Postgate's presence. Reeves, with a colleague called William Cockerill, raided the house during the ceremony and caught the priest, then aged 82. On 7 August 1679, he was tried for treason in York and then hanged, disembowelled and quartered.[6]Every year since 1974 an open-air service has been held – alternately in Egton Bridge and Ugthorpe – in honour of Fr Postgate.[7]","title":"Venerable Nicholas Postgate's arrest (1679)"}]	[{"image_text":"All Saints’ Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/All_Saints_Church_Ugglebarnby_1_%28Nigel_Coates%29.jpg/220px-All_Saints_Church_Ugglebarnby_1_%28Nigel_Coates%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby Parish (1170217335)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=1170217335","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby Parish (1170217335)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"UK Census (2001). \"Local Area Report – Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby Parish (36UG015)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/published/summaryreport.asp?file=sources/census_2001_ks","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby Parish (36UG015)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"All Saints, Ugglebarnby\". a church near you. Retrieved 7 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.achurchnearyou.com/all-saints-ugglebarnby/","url_text":"\"All Saints, Ugglebarnby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel Good (1792 - 1842) is hunted by Nicholas Pearce\". Retrieved 17 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historybytheyard.co.uk/daniel_good.htm","url_text":"\"Daniel Good (1792 - 1842) is hunted by Nicholas Pearce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Venerable Nicholas Postgate, Martyr\". New Blackfriars. 2: 102–107. 1945. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.1945.tb05966.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1945.tb05966.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1741-2005.1945.tb05966.x"}]},{"reference":"\"In Father Postgate's steps\". Gazette & Herald. 24 July 2002. Retrieved 13 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazetteherald.co.uk/news/6665917.in-father-postgates-steps","url_text":"\"In Father Postgate's steps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Campaign to name saint gathers pace\". Gazette & Herald. 1 June 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazetteherald.co.uk/news/777979.campaign-to-name-saint-gathers-pace/","url_text":"\"Campaign to name saint gathers pace\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eskdaleside_cum_Ugglebarnby&params=54_26_18_N_0_39_45_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB","external_links_name":"54°26′18″N 0°39′45″W / 54.43833°N 0.66250°W / 54.43833; -0.66250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eskdaleside_cum_Ugglebarnby&params=54.437527_N_0.664789_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Eskdaleside+cum+Ugglebarnby","external_links_name":"NZ867055"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eskdaleside_cum_Ugglebarnby&params=54_26_18_N_0_39_45_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB","external_links_name":"54°26′18″N 0°39′45″W / 54.43833°N 0.66250°W / 54.43833; -0.66250"},{"Link":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=1170217335","external_links_name":"\"Local Area Report – Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby Parish (1170217335)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/published/summaryreport.asp?file=sources/census_2001_ks","external_links_name":"\"Local Area Report – Eskdaleside cum Ugglebarnby Parish (36UG015)\""},{"Link":"http://www.achurchnearyou.com/all-saints-ugglebarnby/","external_links_name":"\"All Saints, Ugglebarnby\""},{"Link":"http://www.historybytheyard.co.uk/daniel_good.htm","external_links_name":"\"Daniel Good (1792 - 1842) is hunted by Nicholas Pearce\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1945.tb05966.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1741-2005.1945.tb05966.x"},{"Link":"https://www.gazetteherald.co.uk/news/6665917.in-father-postgates-steps","external_links_name":"\"In Father Postgate's steps\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazetteherald.co.uk/news/777979.campaign-to-name-saint-gathers-pace/","external_links_name":"\"Campaign to name saint gathers pace\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Korzo	FK Korzo	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Football clubФК КорзоFK KorzoFull nameFudbalski Klub Korzo PrilepFounded1972GroundStadion MogilaLeagueOFS Prilep B2023–248th Home colours Away colours FK Korzo after winning a match FK Korzo (Macedonian: ФК Корзо) is a football club based in the city of Prilep, North Macedonia. They currently play in the OFS Prilep B league. History The club was founded in 1972. FK Korzo is short for the Prilep settlement Staro Korzo. The club was re-established in the summer of 2007. It went up two tiers in just two years and after winning the Regional A and B Leagues they qualified for the Macedonian Third League. In June 2012 after beating the guest Vardar Negotino with 5–1 Korzo qualified for the Macedonian Second League. References ^ "Final standings in the 4th division groups". macedonianfootball.com. Retrieved 2024-05-29. External links FK Korzo on Facebook Club info at MacedonianFootball (in English) Club info at MakFudbal (in Macedonian) Football Federation of Macedonia (in Macedonian) This article about a football club in North Macedonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korzo_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Prilep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilep"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"OFS Prilep B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Municipal_Football_Leagues"}],"text":"FK Korzo after winning a matchFK Korzo (Macedonian: ФК Корзо) is a football club based in the city of Prilep, North Macedonia. They currently play in the OFS Prilep B league.","title":"FK Korzo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regional A and B Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Municipal_Football_Leagues"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Third League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Third_League"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Second_League"}],"text":"The club was founded in 1972.FK Korzo is short for the Prilep settlement Staro Korzo. The club was re-established in the summer of 2007. It went up two tiers in just two years and after winning the Regional A and B Leagues they qualified for the Macedonian Third League. In June 2012 after beating the guest Vardar Negotino with 5–1 Korzo qualified for the Macedonian Second League.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"FK Korzo after winning a match","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Korzo_2.jpg/220px-Korzo_2.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Final standings in the 4th division groups\". macedonianfootball.com. Retrieved 2024-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://macedonianfootball.com/final-standings-in-the-4th-division-groups/","url_text":"\"Final standings in the 4th division groups\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://macedonianfootball.com/final-standings-in-the-4th-division-groups/","external_links_name":"\"Final standings in the 4th division groups\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/FkKorzoPrilep","external_links_name":"FK Korzo"},{"Link":"https://macedonianfootball.com/team/korzo/","external_links_name":"Club info at MacedonianFootball"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501062634/http://makfudbal.com/index.php?option=com_joomleague&view=clubinfo&p=66%3A3---20112012&cid=78&Itemid=107","external_links_name":"Club info at MakFudbal"},{"Link":"http://ffm.mk/","external_links_name":"Football Federation of Macedonia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FK_Korzo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Luigi	Dr. Luigi	["1 Gameplay","2 Development and release","3 Reception","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]	2013 video game 2013 video gameDr. LuigiDeveloper(s)ArikaNintendo SPDPublisher(s)NintendoDirector(s)Takao NakanoTomoko NakayamaDaiki SasakiProducer(s)Hitoshi YamagamiIchirou MiharaDesigner(s)Tatsuya UshirodaComposer(s)Masaru TajimaSeriesDr. MarioLuigiPlatform(s)Wii UReleaseNA: December 31, 2013WW: January 15, 2014Genre(s)PuzzleMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Dr. Luigi is a 2013 puzzle video game developed by Arika and Nintendo SPD, and published by Nintendo for the Wii U console. It is the sixth game in the Dr. Mario series and is part of the larger Mario franchise. The player must clear a field of invading viruses using pill capsules to eliminate them, in a tile-matching fashion. The game offers four modes: "Operation L", which utilizes L-shaped pills; "Virus Buster", using the Wii U GamePad and touchscreen; "Retro Remedy" with standard Dr. Mario gameplay; and local and online multiplayer options, online utilizing the soon to be defunct Nintendo Network Service. Dr. Luigi was created for the Year of Luigi, celebrating the 30th anniversary of Luigi since his inception in 1983. Its release marked the celebration's continuation into the next calendar year of 2014. It was announced via a Nintendo Direct in December, and released on December 31, 2013, in North America and January 15, 2014, worldwide. Critical reception was average, with mixed opinions regarding its various modes and criticism for its lack of innovation. The game was followed by Dr. Mario: Miracle Cure in 2015, which includes some of Dr. Luigi's gameplay elements. On March 27, 2023, The Wii U e-shop was shut down, making it impossible to purchase and download the game. Gameplay See also: Dr. Mario § Gameplay The "Retro Remedy" game mode has pills slowly falling from the top, which the player must rearrange to destroy the viruses. Dr. Luigi is a tile-matching video game. In each round of the game, the player controls Luigi to eliminate the randomly placed viruses. Randomly colored pills are dropped onto the top of the field, distinguished by a bottle, and can be rotated by the player in four directions. When four or more capsule halves or viruses of matching color are aligned in vertical or horizontal configurations, they disappear. Any remaining floating capsules fall. The main objective is to complete levels, by eliminating all viruses from the playing field. A game over occurs if capsules reach the top of the playing field. Adjustable gameplay settings include the capsule falling speed, or highlighting where the capsule will land on the field. The game includes four game modes: "Operation L", where the capsules used are conjoined into an L-shape at move at a slower pace; "Virus Buster", a mode that is also in Dr. Mario Online Rx, which is played by holding the Wii U GamePad vertically and using the touchscreen to drag and drop the capsules; "Retro Remedy", which uses traditional Dr. Mario series rules and lacks the gimmicks of Operation L; and local and online multiplayer. In multiplayer, each player clears their own playing field of viruses before the opponent does. Eliminating multiple viruses or initiating chain reactions can cause additional capsules to fall onto the opponent's playing field. A player wins a single game upon eliminating all the viruses or if the opponent's playing field fills up. The first player to win three games wins overall. Development and release Dr. Luigi was developed by Arika, the developers of Dr. Mario Online Rx and Dr. Mario Express in 2008, and Nintendo SPD. Most of the contents are reused gameplay from old games, such as Virus Buster, which retains a similar concept from Online Rx, with the addition of updated graphics and sound. The main theme is a remix of the original track from Dr. Mario in 1990, composed by Hirokazu Tanaka. The game was developed for the Year of Luigi celebration, which celebrated the 30th anniversary of Luigi's debut in 1983. The anticipated ending of the celebration was the end of 2013, but Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé said that "there will be some Luigi products to carry the Luigi banner into the next calendar year." Dr. Luigi was announced via a December Nintendo Direct, and was released on December 31, 2013, in North America and January 15, 2014, internationally. Various elements from Dr. Luigi, such as Operation L, are in the game's successor, Dr. Mario: Miracle Cure. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic65/100Review scoresPublicationScore4Players65/100Eurogamer5/10Game Informer8/10GameSpot5/10IGN7.5/10Nintendo LifePolygon7/10USgamer2.5/5 Dr. Luigi's critical reception was average, having a score of 65/100 on review aggregator website Metacritic based on 38 reviews. In the first week of release in Europe, Dr. Luigi was the number one bestseller on the Wii U eShop, ahead of F1 Race Stars and the re-release of The Legend of the Mystical Ninja. The game's new gimmick, Operation L, received mixed opinions, mainly involving its simplistic additions to the Dr. Mario format. GameSpot's Heidi Kemps called Operation L "a disappointment" due to the shape's oversized nature that didn't allow for specific placement. Contrarily, IGN reviewer Scott Thompson originally thought that L-shaped pills would be a "shallow gimmick", but found it to be more entertaining than the traditional Dr. Mario gameplay. Game Informer's Mike Futter often played Retro Remedy instead of Operation L due in part to the difficulty of randomly-generated Operation L levels. Chris Schilling of Eurogamer liked the simple gameplay function and optional intense difficulty. Writing for 4Players, Jens Bischoff called Operation L "practically the only unique selling point of the download" and that it wasn't enough to justify its US$15 price. In comparison, Virus Buster was viewed more positively for its intuitive nature. Futter enjoyed the change of pace in Virus Buster, and how it shook up gameplay but retained the same mechanics. Thompson praised Virus Buster for its laid-back nature and more relaxing music, as a less stressful alternative to the other modes available. Virus Buster was a favorite of Polygon reviewer Ben Kuchera, lauded for being "a more direct, intuitive way to control the game" with a steady increase in difficulty. Kemps believed that Virus Buster benefited from using the Wii U GamePad instead of a Wii Remote used in the previous game. Online modes were considered functional yet lackluster. Kemps criticized the online features for lacking content and easy navigation, but he said that the features were at the least functional. Lee Meyer of Nintendo Life praised the online modes for utilizing handicaps to level the playing field, and because lag was "non-existent" with minimal downtime between rounds. The original Dr. Mario was released in 1990 after the success of Tetris, and, according to Schilling, the gameplay has not held up to modern standards due to its lack of change. He also found the price point to be high but considered this in part due to the free nature of Dr. Mario Online RX. He found all of the modes except multiplayer to be too repetitive for long-term play. Jeremy Parrish of USgamer shared similar opinions but said it had more replay value in comparison to prior games, mainly due to the number of modes available. Meyer and Kuchera saw little change in the formula but thought that the contents still worked as a pleasing puzzle game; according to Kuchera, Dr. Luigi was "a satisfying, customizable collection of puzzle games — even if it all feels a little too safe." See also New Super Luigi U – Another video game released for the Year of Luigi celebration List of Mario puzzle games Notes ^ Known in Japan as Dr. Luigi & Bacteria Eradication (Japanese: Dr. LUIGI & 細菌撲滅, Hepburn: Dr. Luigi & Saikin Bokumetsu) References ^ "Dr.LUIGI（ドクタールイージ）＆細菌撲滅" . Famitsu (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2022-04-23. Retrieved 2022-04-22. ^ a b c d e f g Thompson, Scott (2022-04-03). "Dr. Luigi Review: A Renewed Puzzle Prescription". IGN. Archived from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2022-04-03. ^ a b c d e f g Kuchera, Ben (2014-01-13). "Dr. Luigi Review: Easy Medicine". Polygon. Archived from the original on 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-04-03. ^ a b c d e Bischoff, Jens (2014-01-27). "Test: Dr. Luigi" . 4Players (in German). Archived from the original on 2022-04-04. Retrieved 2022-04-03. ^ a b c d e Meyer, Lee (2014-01-09). "Dr. Luigi Review (Wii U eShop): Just What the Doctor Ordered?". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2022-04-03. ^ a b c d e f Schilling, Chris (2013-01-20). "Dr Luigi Review: Going Viral". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-04-03. ^ a b c d Parrish, Jeremy (2014-01-10). "Dr. Luigi Wii U Review: Practitioner Imperfect". USgamer. Archived from the original on 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-04-03. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kemps, Heidi (2014-01-16). "Dr. Luigi Review: Mediocre medicine". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ "Dr. Luigi Overview". Polygon. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ a b Goldfarb, Andrew (2013-12-18). "Dr. Luigi Coming to Wii U". IGN. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2022-04-04. ^ Doolan, Liam (2013-12-05). "Reggie Declares The Year of Luigi Will Continue Into 2014". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2022-03-20. ^ McElroy, Griffin (2013-12-18). "Share All sharing options for: Dr. Luigi hitting the Wii U eShop on Dec. 31". Polygon. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-04-04. ^ Venter, Jason (2015-06-29). "Dr. Mario: Miracle Cure Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2022-04-23. Retrieved 2022-04-22. ^ a b "Dr. Luigi for Wii U Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2014-05-07. ^ a b c d e Futter, Mike (2013-01-03). "Dr. Luigi Review: Cosmetic Surgery". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2022-04-03. ^ Cook, Dave (2014-01-13). "Nintendo eShop Europe: Dr. Luigi, Mario Party & Castlevania 2 lead the week". VG247. Retrieved 2022-03-31. vteMario puzzle gamesDr. Mario series Dr. Mario Tetris & Dr. Mario 64 Online Rx Express Dr. Luigi Miracle Cure World Mario's Picross Mario's Picross Mario's Super Picross Mario vs. Donkey Kong Mario vs. Donkey Kong March of the Minis Minis March Again! Mini-Land Mayhem! Minis on the Move Tipping Stars Mini Mario & Friends: Amiibo Challenge Other games Alleyway Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker Hotel Mario Mario no Photopi Mario & Wario Nintendo Puzzle Collection Puzzle & Dragons: Super Mario Bros. Edition Tetris Attack Wario's Woods Wrecking Crew Yoshi Yoshi's Cookie See alsoNintendo - Intelligent Systems - Arika - Jupiter - Creatures - Nintendo Software Technology - Game Freak vteLuigi franchise Year of Luigi Character Luigi's Mansion Luigi's Mansion Dark Moon Luigi's Mansion 3 Mario & Luigi Superstar Saga Partners in Time Bowser's Inside Story Dream Team Paper Jam Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey Other Mario Is Missing! New Super Luigi U Dr. Luigi Related Mario Bros. Wrecking Crew Super Smash Bros. Nintendo Land The Super Mario Bros. Movie Category vteYear of Luigi Luigi Nintendo Next Level Games AlphaDream Arika Games Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon New Super Luigi U Mario & Luigi: Dream Team Super Mario 3D World (Luigi Bros.) Dr. Luigi People Satoru Iwata Shigeru Miyamoto Reggie Fils-Aimé Danny Wells Related Chicago Transit Authority (Chicago "L", Clark/Lake station) Super Mario Bros. 35th Anniversary Luigi's Mansion 3 Luigi franchise	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"puzzle video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_video_game"},{"link_name":"Arika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arika"},{"link_name":"Nintendo SPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_SPD"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Wii U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mario series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mario_puzzle_games#Dr._Mario"},{"link_name":"Mario franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"tile-matching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game"},{"link_name":"Wii U GamePad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U_GamePad"},{"link_name":"touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Network"},{"link_name":"Year of Luigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_Luigi"},{"link_name":"Luigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Direct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Direct"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mario: Miracle Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Mario:_Miracle_Cure"}],"text":"2013 video game2013 video gameDr. Luigi[a] is a 2013 puzzle video game developed by Arika and Nintendo SPD, and published by Nintendo for the Wii U console. It is the sixth game in the Dr. Mario series and is part of the larger Mario franchise. The player must clear a field of invading viruses using pill capsules to eliminate them, in a tile-matching fashion. The game offers four modes: \"Operation L\", which utilizes L-shaped pills; \"Virus Buster\", using the Wii U GamePad and touchscreen; \"Retro Remedy\" with standard Dr. Mario gameplay; and local and online multiplayer options, online utilizing the soon to be defunct Nintendo Network Service.Dr. Luigi was created for the Year of Luigi, celebrating the 30th anniversary of Luigi since his inception in 1983. Its release marked the celebration's continuation into the next calendar year of 2014. It was announced via a Nintendo Direct in December, and released on December 31, 2013, in North America and January 15, 2014, worldwide. Critical reception was average, with mixed opinions regarding its various modes and criticism for its lack of innovation. The game was followed by Dr. Mario: Miracle Cure in 2015, which includes some of Dr. Luigi's gameplay elements. On March 27, 2023, The Wii U e-shop was shut down, making it impossible to purchase and download the game.","title":"Dr. Luigi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Mario § Gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Mario#Gameplay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Luigi_Gameplay.jpeg"},{"link_name":"tile-matching video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game"},{"link_name":"Luigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNR-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGR-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4PR-5"},{"link_name":"game over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_over"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeR-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroGR-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGR-8"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mario Online Rx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Mario_Online_Rx"},{"link_name":"Wii U GamePad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U_GamePad"},{"link_name":"touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"drag and drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_and_drop"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGR-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGR-4"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_multiplayer_game"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4PR-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPOTR-9"}],"text":"See also: Dr. Mario § GameplayThe \"Retro Remedy\" game mode has pills slowly falling from the top, which the player must rearrange to destroy the viruses.Dr. Luigi is a tile-matching video game. In each round of the game, the player controls Luigi to eliminate the randomly placed viruses. Randomly colored pills are dropped onto the top of the field, distinguished by a bottle, and can be rotated by the player in four directions.[2][3] When four or more capsule halves or viruses of matching color are aligned in vertical or horizontal configurations, they disappear.[4] Any remaining floating capsules fall. The main objective is to complete levels, by eliminating all viruses from the playing field. A game over occurs if capsules reach the top of the playing field.[5][6] Adjustable gameplay settings include the capsule falling speed, or highlighting where the capsule will land on the field.[3]The game includes four game modes: \"Operation L\", where the capsules used are conjoined into an L-shape at move at a slower pace;[7] \"Virus Buster\", a mode that is also in Dr. Mario Online Rx, which is played by holding the Wii U GamePad vertically and using the touchscreen to drag and drop the capsules;[7] \"Retro Remedy\", which uses traditional Dr. Mario series rules and lacks the gimmicks of Operation L;[3] and local and online multiplayer.[2] In multiplayer, each player clears their own playing field of viruses before the opponent does. Eliminating multiple viruses or initiating chain reactions can cause additional capsules to fall onto the opponent's playing field. A player wins a single game upon eliminating all the viruses or if the opponent's playing field fills up. The first player to win three games wins overall.[4][8]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arika"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mario Online Rx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Mario_Online_Rx"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mario Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Mario_Express"},{"link_name":"Nintendo SPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_SPD"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPOTR-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPOTR-9"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Mario"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroGR-7"},{"link_name":"Year of Luigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_Luigi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNA-11"},{"link_name":"Nintendo of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_of_America"},{"link_name":"Reggie Fils-Aimé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Fils-Aim%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Direct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Direct"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNA-11"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mario: Miracle Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Mario:_Miracle_Cure"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Dr. Luigi was developed by Arika, the developers of Dr. Mario Online Rx and Dr. Mario Express in 2008, and Nintendo SPD.[8][9] Most of the contents are reused gameplay from old games, such as Virus Buster, which retains a similar concept from Online Rx, with the addition of updated graphics and sound.[8] The main theme is a remix of the original track from Dr. Mario in 1990, composed by Hirokazu Tanaka.[6] The game was developed for the Year of Luigi celebration, which celebrated the 30th anniversary of Luigi's debut in 1983.[10] The anticipated ending of the celebration was the end of 2013, but Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé said that \"there will be some Luigi products to carry the Luigi banner into the next calendar year.\"[11] Dr. Luigi was announced via a December Nintendo Direct, and was released on December 31, 2013, in North America and January 15, 2014, internationally.[12][10] Various elements from Dr. Luigi, such as Operation L, are in the game's successor, Dr. Mario: Miracle Cure.[13]","title":"Development and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-15"},{"link_name":"4Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Players"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4PR-5"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroGR-7"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIR-16"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPOTR-9"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNR-3"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 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Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIR-16"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroGR-7"},{"link_name":"4Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Players"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4PR-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNR-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGR-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPOTR-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIR-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIR-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNR-3"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGR-4"},{"link_name":"Wii U GamePad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U_GamePad"},{"link_name":"Wii Remote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Remote"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPOTR-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPOTR-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeR-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPOTR-9"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeR-6"},{"link_name":"Tetris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroGR-7"},{"link_name":"USgamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer"},{"link_name":"replay value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay_value"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGR-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyGR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeR-6"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic65/100[14]Review scoresPublicationScore4Players65/100[4]Eurogamer5/10[6]Game Informer8/10[15]GameSpot5/10[8]IGN7.5/10[2]Nintendo Life[5]Polygon7/10[3]USgamer2.5/5[7]Dr. Luigi's critical reception was average, having a score of 65/100 on review aggregator website Metacritic based on 38 reviews.[14] In the first week of release in Europe, Dr. Luigi was the number one bestseller on the Wii U eShop, ahead of F1 Race Stars and the re-release of The Legend of the Mystical Ninja.[16]The game's new gimmick, Operation L, received mixed opinions,[6][8][15] mainly involving its simplistic additions to the Dr. Mario format.[2][4] GameSpot's Heidi Kemps called Operation L \"a disappointment\" due to the shape's oversized nature that didn't allow for specific placement.[8] Contrarily, IGN reviewer Scott Thompson originally thought that L-shaped pills would be a \"shallow gimmick\", but found it to be more entertaining than the traditional Dr. Mario gameplay.[2] Game Informer's Mike Futter often played Retro Remedy instead of Operation L due in part to the difficulty of randomly-generated Operation L levels.[15] Chris Schilling of Eurogamer liked the simple gameplay function and optional intense difficulty.[6] Writing for 4Players, Jens Bischoff called Operation L \"practically the only unique selling point of the download\" and that it wasn't enough to justify its US$15 price.[4]In comparison, Virus Buster was viewed more positively for its intuitive nature.[2][3][8][15] Futter enjoyed the change of pace in Virus Buster, and how it shook up gameplay but retained the same mechanics.[15] Thompson praised Virus Buster for its laid-back nature and more relaxing music, as a less stressful alternative to the other modes available.[2] Virus Buster was a favorite of Polygon reviewer Ben Kuchera, lauded for being \"a more direct, intuitive way to control the game\" with a steady increase in difficulty.[3] Kemps believed that Virus Buster benefited from using the Wii U GamePad instead of a Wii Remote used in the previous game.[8]Online modes were considered functional yet lackluster.[8][5] Kemps criticized the online features for lacking content and easy navigation, but he said that the features were at the least functional.[8] Lee Meyer of Nintendo Life praised the online modes for utilizing handicaps to level the playing field, and because lag was \"non-existent\" with minimal downtime between rounds.[5]The original Dr. Mario was released in 1990 after the success of Tetris, and, according to Schilling, the gameplay has not held up to modern standards due to its lack of change. He also found the price point to be high but considered this in part due to the free nature of Dr. Mario Online RX. He found all of the modes except multiplayer to be too repetitive for long-term play.[6] Jeremy Parrish of USgamer shared similar opinions but said it had more replay value in comparison to prior games, mainly due to the number of modes available.[7] Meyer and Kuchera saw little change in the formula but thought that the contents still worked as a pleasing puzzle game; according to Kuchera, Dr. Luigi was \"a satisfying, customizable collection of puzzle games — even if it all feels a little too safe.\"[3][5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"}],"text":"^ Known in Japan as Dr. Luigi & Bacteria Eradication[1] (Japanese: Dr. LUIGI & 細菌撲滅, Hepburn: Dr. Luigi & Saikin Bokumetsu)","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The \"Retro Remedy\" game mode has pills slowly falling from the top, which the player must rearrange to destroy the viruses.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Dr._Luigi_Gameplay.jpeg/220px-Dr._Luigi_Gameplay.jpeg"}]	[{"title":"New Super Luigi U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Super_Luigi_U"},{"title":"Year of Luigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_Luigi"},{"title":"List of Mario puzzle games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mario_puzzle_games"}]	[{"reference":"\"Dr.LUIGI（ドクタールイージ）＆細菌撲滅\" [Dr. Luigi & Bacteria Eradication]. Famitsu (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2022-04-23. Retrieved 2022-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/games/t/30191/","url_text":"\"Dr.LUIGI（ドクタールイージ）＆細菌撲滅\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220423010809/https://www.famitsu.com/games/t/30191/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Scott (2022-04-03). \"Dr. Luigi Review: A Renewed Puzzle Prescription\". IGN. Archived from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2022-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/01/10/dr-luigi-review","url_text":"\"Dr. Luigi Review: A Renewed Puzzle Prescription\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220320000048/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/01/10/dr-luigi-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kuchera, Ben (2014-01-13). \"Dr. Luigi Review: Easy Medicine\". Polygon. Archived from the original on 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2014/1/13/5305788/dr-luigi-review-wii-u","url_text":"\"Dr. Luigi Review: Easy Medicine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220322171520/https://www.polygon.com/2014/1/13/5305788/dr-luigi-review-wii-u","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bischoff, Jens (2014-01-27). \"Test: Dr. Luigi\" [Test: Dr. Luigi]. 4Players (in German). Archived from the original on 2022-04-04. Retrieved 2022-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.4players.de/4players.php/dispbericht/Wii_U/Test/35376/80251/0/Dr_Luigi.html","url_text":"\"Test: Dr. Luigi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Players","url_text":"4Players"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220404024934/https://www.4players.de/4players.php/dispbericht/Wii_U/Test/35376/80251/0/Dr_Luigi.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Lee (2014-01-09). \"Dr. Luigi Review (Wii U eShop): Just What the Doctor Ordered?\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2022-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/wiiu-eshop/dr_luigi","url_text":"\"Dr. Luigi Review (Wii U eShop): Just What the Doctor Ordered?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220321062625/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/wiiu-eshop/dr_luigi","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schilling, Chris (2013-01-20). \"Dr Luigi Review: Going Viral\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-01-20-dr-luigi-review","url_text":"\"Dr Luigi Review: Going Viral\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220322171521/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-01-20-dr-luigi-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Parrish, Jeremy (2014-01-10). \"Dr. Luigi Wii U Review: Practitioner Imperfect\". USgamer. Archived from the original on 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/dr-luigi-review-practitioner-imperfect","url_text":"\"Dr. Luigi Wii U Review: Practitioner Imperfect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer","url_text":"USgamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220322171526/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/dr-luigi-review-practitioner-imperfect","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kemps, Heidi (2014-01-16). \"Dr. Luigi Review: Mediocre medicine\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/dr-luigi-review/1900-6415627/","url_text":"\"Dr. Luigi Review: Mediocre medicine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210304011747/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/dr-luigi-review/1900-6415627/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Luigi Overview\". Polygon. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/game/dr-luigi/35897","url_text":"\"Dr. Luigi Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331230212/https://www.polygon.com/game/dr-luigi/35897","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldfarb, Andrew (2013-12-18). \"Dr. Luigi Coming to Wii U\". IGN. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2022-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/12/18/dr-luigi-coming-to-wii-u","url_text":"\"Dr. Luigi Coming to Wii U\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170920154611/http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/12/18/dr-luigi-coming-to-wii-u","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Doolan, Liam (2013-12-05). \"Reggie Declares The Year of Luigi Will Continue Into 2014\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2022-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2013/12/reggie_declares_the_year_of_luigi_will_continue_into_2014","url_text":"\"Reggie Declares The Year of Luigi Will Continue Into 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220320065742/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2013/12/reggie_declares_the_year_of_luigi_will_continue_into_2014","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McElroy, Griffin (2013-12-18). \"Share All sharing options for: Dr. Luigi hitting the Wii U eShop on Dec. 31\". Polygon. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2013/12/18/5223386/dr-luigi-hitting-the-wii-u-eshop-on-dec-31","url_text":"\"Share All sharing options for: Dr. Luigi hitting the Wii U eShop on Dec. 31\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331230215/https://www.polygon.com/2013/12/18/5223386/dr-luigi-hitting-the-wii-u-eshop-on-dec-31","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Venter, Jason (2015-06-29). \"Dr. Mario: Miracle Cure Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2022-04-23. Retrieved 2022-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/dr-mario-miracle-cure-review/1900-6416175/","url_text":"\"Dr. Mario: Miracle Cure Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220423025852/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/dr-mario-miracle-cure-review/1900-6416175/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Luigi for Wii U Reviews\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2014-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/dr-luigi/critic-reviews/?platform=wii-u","url_text":"\"Dr. Luigi for Wii U Reviews\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190111060453/https://www.metacritic.com/game/wii-u/dr-luigi","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Futter, Mike (2013-01-03). \"Dr. Luigi Review: Cosmetic Surgery\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2022-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/dr_luigi/b/wii_u/archive/2014/01/03/dr-luigi-review-popping-pills-and-busting-bugs.aspx","url_text":"\"Dr. Luigi Review: Cosmetic Surgery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210517122056/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/dr_luigi/b/wii_u/archive/2014/01/03/dr-luigi-review-popping-pills-and-busting-bugs.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Dave (2014-01-13). \"Nintendo eShop Europe: Dr. Luigi, Mario Party & Castlevania 2 lead the week\". VG247. 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Surgery\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210517122056/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/dr_luigi/b/wii_u/archive/2014/01/03/dr-luigi-review-popping-pills-and-busting-bugs.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/nintendo-eshop-europe-dr-luigi-mario-party-castlevania-2-lead-the-week","external_links_name":"\"Nintendo eShop Europe: Dr. Luigi, Mario Party & Castlevania 2 lead the week\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morgan_(trade_unionist)	David Morgan (trade unionist)	["1 Early life","2 Industrial disputes of the 1870s","3 David Morgan and Mabon","4 Religious affiliations","5 Public life","6 Later trade union career","7 References","8 Sources","8.1 Books and journals"]	David Morgan (Dai o'r Nant; 14 February 1840 – 5 July 1900) was a Welsh miners' agent and trade unionist who played a prominent role in the history of industrial relations in the South Wales Coalfield from the 1870s until his death in 1900. Early life Morgan was born at Nantygwenith, Merthyr Tydfil, the third son of William Morgan. His parents kept a public house known as the Full Moon at Nantygwenith, and this accounts for the pseudonym Dai o'r Nant. His father was a local musician of some note and there is evidence that his son inherited some of his talents. In the late 1850s the family moved to Mountain Ash where Morgan found work at the Deep Navigation Colliery. Industrial disputes of the 1870s It is not certain when David Morgan first emerged as a trade union activist but David Pretty suggests that he addressed a meeting at the celebrated 'rocking stone' on Pontypridd Common in 1868. There is firm evidence that he actively participated in a mass meeting of miners on Aberaman in early 1870 to urge the miners of the Aberdare Valley to join with those in Monmouthshire to demand an advance in wages. The early 1870s was a time that saw frequent industrial disputes in South Wales and there is evidence that Morgan was actively involved in these events. One of the earliest examples is of a large public meeting held at Aberaman in early 1870 attended by around 3000 miners. At this meeting, he supported a proposal that the miners of the Aberdare Valley join forces with those of the Rhondda and Monmouthshire to achieve their aims. Early in the following year, Morgan was again present at a delegate meeting of miners at Pontypridd. His involvement in these meetings demonstrate that he was already gaining stature as a representative, During the 1870s Morgan became increasingly involved with the Amalgamated Association of Miners. In 1872, Alexander Macdonald and Thomas Halliday, the national leaders of the AAM had visited Aberdare and addressed a meeting at the Temperance Hall. Within the month, Morgan was addressing a meeting at Mountain Ash, reminding his fellow miners, 'in a temperate and telling speech', that as trade unionists they had a responsibilities to discuss their grievances with the owners before embarking on strike action. Even at this early stage, Morgan was setting out his stall as an advocate of moderation, a stance he retained for most of his career. By May 1873 he was a member of the union executive and had attended a meeting in Manchester. In 1874 the miners' were defeated in a further coalfield-wide dispute which led to a reduction in wages. The AAM, as an umbrella organisation, went into terminal decline, although the various district unions struggled on, including that in the Aberdare Valley. Morgan sought election as miners' agent in 1875 but was defeated by Samuel Davies, Aberaman. Shortly afterwards, he withdrew from public life. David Morgan and Mabon Morgan first came to prominence in the 1870s but was often at odds with his contemporary, William Abraham (Mabon). The contrast between the tall and imposing figure of Morgan and the corpulent Mabon was striking. They did, however, share many features, including a background in nonconformist values and fine tenor voices, which they used to effect at meetings. As the years progressed their rivalry became more personal, with Morgan often outpolling Mabon in union ballots. Despite their personal animosity, however, and their frequent disputes on specific issues, the two men had more in common than their fiery relationship would suggest. In the 1870s, for example, both Morgan and Mabon opposed the hardline stance of Thomas Halliday and accepted that the miners would have to return to work on the owners' terms. As a result of the 1875 settlement, wages rates would be governed by a sliding scale regulated by the selling price of coal. In 1882, Morgan was elected miners' agent for the Aberdare, Merthyr and Dowlais Miners' Association and soon found himself at odds with Mabon over, for example, proposals to restrict coal production to maintain the selling price of coal. Soon after, he became embroiled in a bitter dispute at Mountain Ash having supported his preferred candidate for the post of physician at the Deep Duffryn and Navigation collieries. The majority of the miners at the two collieries supported another candidate and the outcome was that they withdrew support from Morgan as miners' agent and aligned themselves with Mabon's Cambrian Miners' Association. He pointedly refused to support Mabon when he successfully stood as Lib-Lab candidate for the Rhondda in 1885. Religious affiliations Morgan was an active Baptist and served as a deacons both at the Gadlys Baptist Church and subsequently at Calfaria, Aberdare. Public life David Morgan was involved in Liberal politics from the time of the 1868 General Election, when Henry Richard was elected as MP for Merthyr Boroughs. At the 1874 election the constituency was contested by Thomas Halliday as a Labour candidate but Morgan retained his support for Richard. In 1880 he again supported the two Liberal candidates, Richard and C.H. James. From the 1880s, Morgan became actively involved in local government and was elected to the Aberdare School Board and, in 1892, to Glamorgan County Council where he was later made an alderman. He failed, however, in his attempt to gain a seat on the Aberdare Urban District Council in 1894. Later trade union career In early 1888, David Morgan and Mabon set aside their differences to establish the South Wales and Monmouthshire Colliery Workmen's Federation. David Morgan and Mabon were forced to collaborate more closely when the Miners Federation of Great Britain, which was fiercely opposed to the sliding scale mechanism for regulating miners' wages, became increasingly active in south Wales. The authority of the district unions was undermined by events such as the Hauliers Strike of 1893. In his later years, Morgan became more militant and opposed Mabon during the 1898 South Wales coal dispute. He was later imprisoned as a result of alleged intimidation at Abernant Colliery. Fellow members at Calfaria passed unanimously passed a resolution expressing "deep sympathy with our dear brother David Morgan, a worthy deacon of this church, and with his wife and family, in their deep distress." Although he was soon released on appeal the episode was said to have affected his health and he died two years later, aged 60. References ^ Pretty 2001, p. 496. ^ Pretty 2001, p. 497. ^ "Mass Meeting of Colliers on Aberaman Mountain". Aberdare Times. 5 March 1870. p. 4. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ "Cyfarfod Mawr y Glowyr yn Aberdâr". Gwlagdarwr (in Welsh). 5 March 1870. Retrieved 10 March 2014. ^ "Important Meeting of Miners' Delegates at Pontypridd". Merthyr Telegraph. 24 March 1871. Retrieved 10 March 2014. ^ Pretty 2001, pp. 497–9. ^ "Great Meeting of Colliers at Aberdare". Aberdare Times. 10 February 1872. p. 4. Retrieved 10 March 2014. ^ "Mountain Ash". Aberdare Times. 2 March 1872. Retrieved 10 March 2014. ^ "Mountain Ash. Open Air Meeting of Colliers". Aberdare Times. 1 June 1872. Retrieved 10 March 2014. ^ Pretty 2001, p. 502. ^ Pretty 2001, p. 498. ^ Pretty 2001, pp. 499–500. ^ Pretty 2001, pp. 505–506. ^ Pretty 2001, p. 506. ^ Pretty 2001, p. 520. ^ Pretty 2001, p. 500. ^ Pretty 2001, pp. 503–504. ^ Pretty 2001, p. 514. ^ Pretty 2001, p. 526. ^ "Aberdare. Good Templars and Alderman D. Morgan". South Wales Daily News. 20 August 1898. p. 6. Retrieved 12 June 2019. Sources Books and journals Parry, Jon (1989). "Labour Leaders and Local Politics 1888–1902: The Example of Aberdare". Welsh History Review. 14 (3): 399–416. Retrieved 24 October 2013. Pretty, David A. (June 2001). "David Morgan ('Dai o'r Nant'), miners' agent. A Portrait of Leadership in the South Wales Coalfield". Welsh History Review. 20 (3): 495–531. Retrieved 10 March 2014. Trade union offices Preceded byNew position Agent for the Aberdare District of the South Wales Miners' Federation 1898–1900 Succeeded byCharles Stanton	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"David Morgan (trade unionist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001496-1"},{"link_name":"Mountain Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Ash,_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf"},{"link_name":"Deep Navigation Colliery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Navigation_Colliery"}],"text":"Morgan was born at Nantygwenith, Merthyr Tydfil, the third son of William Morgan. His parents kept a public house known as the Full Moon at Nantygwenith, and this accounts for the pseudonym Dai o'r Nant.[1] His father was a local musician of some note and there is evidence that his son inherited some of his talents. In the late 1850s the family moved to Mountain Ash where Morgan found work at the Deep Navigation Colliery.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001497-2"},{"link_name":"Aberaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberaman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT_5-3-70-3"},{"link_name":"Rhondda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G_5-3-70_Aberdar-4"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MT_24-3-71_Pontypridd_meeting-5"},{"link_name":"Amalgamated Association of Miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Miners"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001497%E2%80%939-6"},{"link_name":"Alexander Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Macdonald_(Lib-Lab_politician)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Halliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Halliday_(trade_unionist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT_10-2-72_Aberdare_AAM-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT_2-3-72_M_Ash-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT_1-6-72_M_Ash-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001502-10"}],"text":"It is not certain when David Morgan first emerged as a trade union activist but David Pretty suggests that he addressed a meeting at the celebrated 'rocking stone' on Pontypridd Common in 1868.[2] There is firm evidence that he actively participated in a mass meeting of miners on Aberaman in early 1870 to urge the miners of the Aberdare Valley to join with those in Monmouthshire to demand an advance in wages.The early 1870s was a time that saw frequent industrial disputes in South Wales and there is evidence that Morgan was actively involved in these events. One of the earliest examples is of a large public meeting held at Aberaman in early 1870 attended by around 3000 miners.[3] At this meeting, he supported a proposal that the miners of the Aberdare Valley join forces with those of the Rhondda and Monmouthshire to achieve their aims.[4] Early in the following year, Morgan was again present at a delegate meeting of miners at Pontypridd.[5] His involvement in these meetings demonstrate that he was already gaining stature as a representative,During the 1870s Morgan became increasingly involved with the Amalgamated Association of Miners.[6] In 1872, Alexander Macdonald and Thomas Halliday, the national leaders of the AAM had visited Aberdare and addressed a meeting at the Temperance Hall.[7] Within the month, Morgan was addressing a meeting at Mountain Ash, reminding his fellow miners, 'in a temperate and telling speech', that as trade unionists they had a responsibilities to discuss their grievances with the owners before embarking on strike action.[8] Even at this early stage, Morgan was setting out his stall as an advocate of moderation, a stance he retained for most of his career. By May 1873 he was a member of the union executive and had attended a meeting in Manchester.[9]In 1874 the miners' were defeated in a further coalfield-wide dispute which led to a reduction in wages. The AAM, as an umbrella organisation, went into terminal decline, although the various district unions struggled on, including that in the Aberdare Valley. Morgan sought election as miners' agent in 1875 but was defeated by Samuel Davies, Aberaman. Shortly afterwards, he withdrew from public life.[10]","title":"Industrial disputes of the 1870s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Abraham (Mabon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Abraham_(trade_unionist)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001498-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001499%E2%80%93500-12"},{"link_name":"Aberdare, Merthyr and Dowlais Miners' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare,_Merthyr_and_Dowlais_Miners%27_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001505%E2%80%93506-13"},{"link_name":"Cambrian Miners' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_Miners%27_Association"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001506-14"},{"link_name":"Lib-Lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal-Labour_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"Morgan first came to prominence in the 1870s but was often at odds with his contemporary, William Abraham (Mabon). The contrast between the tall and imposing figure of Morgan and the corpulent Mabon was striking. They did, however, share many features, including a background in nonconformist values and fine tenor voices, which they used to effect at meetings.[11] As the years progressed their rivalry became more personal, with Morgan often outpolling Mabon in union ballots.Despite their personal animosity, however, and their frequent disputes on specific issues, the two men had more in common than their fiery relationship would suggest. In the 1870s, for example, both Morgan and Mabon opposed the hardline stance of Thomas Halliday and accepted that the miners would have to return to work on the owners' terms. As a result of the 1875 settlement, wages rates would be governed by a sliding scale regulated by the selling price of coal.[12]In 1882, Morgan was elected miners' agent for the Aberdare, Merthyr and Dowlais Miners' Association and soon found himself at odds with Mabon over, for example, proposals to restrict coal production to maintain the selling price of coal.[13] Soon after, he became embroiled in a bitter dispute at Mountain Ash having supported his preferred candidate for the post of physician at the Deep Duffryn and Navigation collieries. The majority of the miners at the two collieries supported another candidate and the outcome was that they withdrew support from Morgan as miners' agent and aligned themselves with Mabon's Cambrian Miners' Association.[14]He pointedly refused to support Mabon when he successfully stood as Lib-Lab candidate for the Rhondda in 1885.","title":"David Morgan and Mabon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calfaria, Aberdare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calfaria,_Aberdare"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001520-15"}],"text":"Morgan was an active Baptist and served as a deacons both at the Gadlys Baptist Church and subsequently at Calfaria, Aberdare.[15]","title":"Religious affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Richard"},{"link_name":"Thomas Halliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Halliday_(trade_unionist)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001500-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001503%E2%80%93504-17"},{"link_name":"Aberdare School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare_School_Board"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_Glamorgan_County_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Aberdare Urban District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare_Urban_District_Council"},{"link_name":"1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Aberdare_Urban_District_Council_election"}],"text":"David Morgan was involved in Liberal politics from the time of the 1868 General Election, when Henry Richard was elected as MP for Merthyr Boroughs. At the 1874 election the constituency was contested by Thomas Halliday as a Labour candidate but Morgan retained his support for Richard.[16] In 1880 he again supported the two Liberal candidates, Richard and C.H. James.[17] From the 1880s, Morgan became actively involved in local government and was elected to the Aberdare School Board and, in 1892, to Glamorgan County Council where he was later made an alderman. He failed, however, in his attempt to gain a seat on the Aberdare Urban District Council in 1894.","title":"Public life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001514-18"},{"link_name":"Miners Federation of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miners_Federation_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Abernant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abernant,_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretty2001526-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWDN_DM_20-8-98-20"}],"text":"In early 1888, David Morgan and Mabon set aside their differences to establish the South Wales and Monmouthshire Colliery Workmen's Federation.[18]David Morgan and Mabon were forced to collaborate more closely when the Miners Federation of Great Britain, which was fiercely opposed to the sliding scale mechanism for regulating miners' wages, became increasingly active in south Wales. The authority of the district unions was undermined by events such as the Hauliers Strike of 1893.In his later years, Morgan became more militant and opposed Mabon during the 1898 South Wales coal dispute. He was later imprisoned as a result of alleged intimidation at Abernant Colliery.[19] Fellow members at Calfaria passed unanimously passed a resolution expressing \"deep sympathy with our dear brother David Morgan, a worthy deacon of this church, and with his wife and family, in their deep distress.\"[20] Although he was soon released on appeal the episode was said to have affected his health and he died two years later, aged 60.","title":"Later trade union career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Labour Leaders and Local Politics 1888–1902: The Example of Aberdare\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewobject/llgc-id:1080171/article/000016672"},{"link_name":"\"David Morgan ('Dai o'r Nant'), miners' agent. A Portrait of Leadership in the South Wales Coalfield\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journals.library.wales/view/1073091/1084601/506#?xywh=-4123%2C-196%2C10625%2C3856"}],"sub_title":"Books and journals","text":"Parry, Jon (1989). \"Labour Leaders and Local Politics 1888–1902: The Example of Aberdare\". Welsh History Review. 14 (3): 399–416. Retrieved 24 October 2013.\nPretty, David A. (June 2001). \"David Morgan ('Dai o'r Nant'), miners' agent. A Portrait of Leadership in the South Wales Coalfield\". Welsh History Review. 20 (3): 495–531. Retrieved 10 March 2014.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mass Meeting of Colliers on Aberaman Mountain\". Aberdare Times. 5 March 1870. p. 4. Retrieved 7 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3022708/3022712/39/","url_text":"\"Mass Meeting of Colliers on Aberaman Mountain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cyfarfod Mawr y Glowyr yn Aberdâr\". Gwlagdarwr (in Welsh). 5 March 1870. Retrieved 10 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://welshnewspapers.llgc.org.uk/en/page/view/3085337/ART26","url_text":"\"Cyfarfod Mawr y Glowyr yn Aberdâr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Important Meeting of Miners' Delegates at Pontypridd\". Merthyr Telegraph. 24 March 1871. Retrieved 10 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://welshnewspapers.llgc.org.uk/en/page/view/3075375/ART12","url_text":"\"Important Meeting of Miners' Delegates at Pontypridd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great Meeting of Colliers at Aberdare\". Aberdare Times. 10 February 1872. p. 4. Retrieved 10 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3023189/3023193/52/","url_text":"\"Great Meeting of Colliers at Aberdare\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mountain Ash\". Aberdare Times. 2 March 1872. Retrieved 10 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://welshnewspapers.llgc.org.uk/en/page/view/3023208/ART47","url_text":"\"Mountain Ash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mountain Ash. Open Air Meeting of Colliers\". Aberdare Times. 1 June 1872. Retrieved 10 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://welshnewspapers.llgc.org.uk/en/page/view/3023271/ART50","url_text":"\"Mountain Ash. Open Air Meeting of Colliers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aberdare. Good Templars and Alderman D. Morgan\". South Wales Daily News. 20 August 1898. p. 6. Retrieved 12 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3740805/3740811/118/","url_text":"\"Aberdare. Good Templars and Alderman D. Morgan\""}]},{"reference":"Parry, Jon (1989). \"Labour Leaders and Local Politics 1888–1902: The Example of Aberdare\". Welsh History Review. 14 (3): 399–416. Retrieved 24 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewobject/llgc-id:1080171/article/000016672","url_text":"\"Labour Leaders and Local Politics 1888–1902: The Example of Aberdare\""}]},{"reference":"Pretty, David A. (June 2001). \"David Morgan ('Dai o'r Nant'), miners' agent. A Portrait of Leadership in the South Wales Coalfield\". 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Good Templars and Alderman D. Morgan\""},{"Link":"http://welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewobject/llgc-id:1080171/article/000016672","external_links_name":"\"Labour Leaders and Local Politics 1888–1902: The Example of Aberdare\""},{"Link":"https://journals.library.wales/view/1073091/1084601/506#?xywh=-4123%2C-196%2C10625%2C3856","external_links_name":"\"David Morgan ('Dai o'r Nant'), miners' agent. A Portrait of Leadership in the South Wales Coalfield\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilay_Patel	Nilay Patel	["1 Education","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"]	American editor and journalist Nilay PatelPatel at Collision Conference 2016 in New Orleans, LouisianaNationalityAmericanEducationUniversity of Chicago (AB)University of Wisconsin–Madison (JD)Occupation(s)Editor-in-chief, The VergeKnown forEngadget, This Is My Next, The Verge Nilay Patel (/ˈniːlaɪ/) is an American editor and blogger who has been editor-in-chief of technology news website The Verge since 2014. Education In 2003, Patel earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the University of Chicago. In 2006, he received his Juris Doctor from the University of Wisconsin Law School. Career Patel had his first blogging job at Gapers Block, a Chicago-centric blog. He joined Engadget in 2008 and was responsible for blogging. In 2011 Patel left Engadget along with a few co-workers to start The Verge. In March 2014 he left The Verge to join sister site Vox. In July 2014 he returned to The Verge as editor-in-chief, after Joshua Topolsky left the position to work at Bloomberg. Patel is a co-host of The Vergecast, which has won the Webby Award for best technology podcast. He also hosts Decoder, a podcast on which he interviews tech and policy leaders, launched in 2020. Patel has appeared on a number of news channels, including MSNBC, Fox News, CNN, CNN International, NPR, Sky News, NHK, G4TV, and TWiT. References ^ a b "Why news sites benefit from having writers with legal backgrounds". Poynter Institute. 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2015-12-23. ^ "Engadget: Articles By Nilay Patel". engadget. ^ Southcott, Chris (2014-07-25). "Beyond The Verge: Joshua Topolsky leaves Vox Media for Bloomberg, while Nilay Patel returns as EIC". techgeek. Retrieved 2015-08-19. ^ Swisher, Kara (2014-03-23). "Nilay Patel, No Longer Managing Editor of The Verge, Moves to Vox.com". Re/code. Retrieved 2015-08-19. ^ "Nilay Patel becomes Editor-in-Chief of The Verge, Dieter Bohn is Executive Editor". Vox. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19. Retrieved 2015-08-19. ^ Abbruzzese, Jason (2014-07-24). "Josh Topolsky on Leaving The Verge and His Future at Bloomberg". Mashable. Retrieved 2015-08-19. ^ "Nilay Patel Managing Editor". Vox. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013. ^ Nilay Patel (27 October 2020). "Decoder with Nilay Patel: Welcome to Decoder". The Verge (Podcast). Vox Media Podcast Network. Retrieved 12 June 2024. ^ "Nilay Patel Profile and Activity". The Verge. 2024-02-12. Retrieved 2024-02-13. External links Nilay Patel on X Nilay Patel on Threads This article about a United States journalist born in the 20th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈniːlaɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor"},{"link_name":"blogger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger"},{"link_name":"The Verge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge"}],"text":"Nilay Patel (/ˈniːlaɪ/) is an American editor and blogger who has been editor-in-chief of technology news website The Verge since 2014.","title":"Nilay Patel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poynter.org-1"}],"text":"In 2003, Patel earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the University of Chicago. In 2006, he received his Juris Doctor from the University of Wisconsin Law School.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gapers Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapers_Block"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Engadget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poynter.org-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Joshua Topolsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Topolsky"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Webby Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webby_Awards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Patel had his first blogging job at Gapers Block, a Chicago-centric blog. He joined Engadget in 2008 and was responsible for blogging.[1][2] In 2011 Patel left Engadget along with a few co-workers to start The Verge.[3] In March 2014 he left The Verge to join sister site Vox.[4] In July 2014 he returned to The Verge as editor-in-chief,[5] after Joshua Topolsky left the position to work at Bloomberg.[6]Patel is a co-host of The Vergecast, which has won the Webby Award for best technology podcast.[7] He also hosts Decoder, a podcast on which he interviews tech and policy leaders, launched in 2020.[8]Patel has appeared on a number of news channels, including MSNBC, Fox News, CNN, CNN International, NPR, Sky News, NHK, G4TV, and TWiT. [9]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Why news sites benefit from having writers with legal backgrounds\". Poynter Institute. 2013-01-18. 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Retrieved 2015-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150919120329/http://blog.voxmedia.com/post/92754935427/nilay-patel-becomes-editor-in-chief-of-the-verge","url_text":"\"Nilay Patel becomes Editor-in-Chief of The Verge, Dieter Bohn is Executive Editor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)","url_text":"Vox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media","url_text":"Vox Media"},{"url":"http://blog.voxmedia.com/post/92754935427/nilay-patel-becomes-editor-in-chief-of-the-verge","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abbruzzese, Jason (2014-07-24). \"Josh Topolsky on Leaving The Verge and His Future at Bloomberg\". Mashable. Retrieved 2015-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2014/07/24/josh-topolsky-on-the-verge/","url_text":"\"Josh Topolsky on Leaving The Verge and His Future at Bloomberg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"\"Nilay Patel Managing Editor\". Vox. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921081022/http://voxmedia.com/media-kit/brand/talent/nilaypatel","url_text":"\"Nilay Patel Managing Editor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)","url_text":"Vox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media","url_text":"Vox Media"},{"url":"http://www.voxmedia.com/media-kit/brand/talent/nilaypatel","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nilay Patel (27 October 2020). \"Decoder with Nilay Patel: Welcome to Decoder\". The Verge (Podcast). Vox Media Podcast Network. Retrieved 12 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/27/21535183/decoder-with-nilay-patel-podcast-launch-date-trailer-subscribe","url_text":"\"Decoder with Nilay Patel: Welcome to Decoder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"}]},{"reference":"\"Nilay Patel Profile and Activity\". The Verge. 2024-02-12. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85sa_Linderborg	Åsa Linderborg	["1 Awards","2 References"]	Swedish writer, columnist and historian (born 1968) Åsa LinderborgÅsa Linderborg in September 2018.Born(1968-05-20)20 May 1968Västerås, SwedenOccupationwriter, columnist, historianLanguageSwedishNationalitySwedish Åsa Natacha Linderborg (née Andersson, born 20 May 1968) is a Swedish writer, columnist and historian . She writes regularly for Aftonbladet, where she works as chief cultural editor. Åsa Linderborg was born in the city of Västerås, where she also grew up. Her father worked as a metalworker and her mother, Tanja Linderborg, is a former politician and Member of Parliament for the Left Party. Åsa Linderborg herself became a member of the Left Party – Communists in 1980 and the following year of its youth wing, the Communist Youth. In 1987, she became an ombudsman for the Communist Youth in Mälardalen. Linderborg graduated with a Ph.D. in history from Uppsala University in 2001 with the dissertation Socialdemokraterna skriver historia: Historieskrivning som ideologisk maktresurs ("Social Democrats Write History: History Writing Used as an Ideological Power Resource"), about the Swedish Social Democratic Party. Mig äger ingen (Nobody Owns Me), was released. The book received good reviews and was nominated for the August Prize in the category best Swedish-language novel of the year. The book was later the basis for a film of the same name starring Mikael Persbrandt. On 27 March 2008, Linderborg was presented as the new deputy cultural editor of Aftonbladet, with Karin Magnusson becoming the chief cultural editor. In 2009 Linderborg replaced Magnusson as chief cultural editor. Shortly after she moved into this position, the Aftonbladet-Israel controversy erupted due to an article published in Aftonbladet's culture pages on alleged Israeli organ harvesting from Palestinians. In 2017, accusations of misconduct were published under her responsibility against the theatre director Benny Fredriksson, forcing him to resign, and apparently leading to his suicide three months later. Awards 2007 – ABF:s litteraturpris 2007 – BMF-plaketten 2007 – Lundequistska bokhandelns litteraturpris 2008 – Ivar Lo-Johanssons personliga pris References ^ Elf Karlén, Moa (2003). Hundra år av gemenskap - i kamp för socialism och människovärde (in Swedish). Stockholm: Nixon. ISBN 91-972019-8-7. ^ Christine Lemke-Matwey: Der Fall Fredriksson. Chronologie eines Versagens. In: Die Zeit vom 26. Juli 2018, S. 36–37 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Sweden Netherlands Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer"},{"link_name":"columnist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnist"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"Aftonbladet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftonbladet"},{"link_name":"Västerås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"Tanja Linderborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanja_Linderborg"},{"link_name":"Left Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Party_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Communist Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Left_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"ombudsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsman"},{"link_name":"Mälardalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4lardalen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"Uppsala University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University"},{"link_name":"Swedish Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"August Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Prize"},{"link_name":"Mikael Persbrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Persbrandt"},{"link_name":"Karin Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karin_Magnusson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aftonbladet-Israel controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftonbladet-Israel_controversy"},{"link_name":"organ harvesting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_harvesting"},{"link_name":"Benny Fredriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Fredriksson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Åsa Natacha Linderborg (née Andersson, born 20 May 1968) is a Swedish writer, columnist and historian . She writes regularly for Aftonbladet, where she works as chief cultural editor.Åsa Linderborg was born in the city of Västerås, where she also grew up. Her father worked as a metalworker and her mother, Tanja Linderborg, is a former politician and Member of Parliament for the Left Party. Åsa Linderborg herself became a member of the Left Party – Communists in 1980 and the following year of its youth wing, the Communist Youth. In 1987, she became an ombudsman for the Communist Youth in Mälardalen.[1]\nLinderborg graduated with a Ph.D. in history from Uppsala University in 2001 with the dissertation Socialdemokraterna skriver historia: Historieskrivning som ideologisk maktresurs (\"Social Democrats Write History: History Writing Used as an Ideological Power Resource\"), about the Swedish Social Democratic Party.Mig äger ingen (Nobody Owns Me), was released. The book received good reviews and was nominated for the August Prize in the category best Swedish-language novel of the year. The book was later the basis for a film of the same name starring Mikael Persbrandt.On 27 March 2008, Linderborg was presented as the new deputy cultural editor of Aftonbladet, with Karin Magnusson becoming the chief cultural editor. In 2009 Linderborg replaced Magnusson as chief cultural editor. Shortly after she moved into this position, the Aftonbladet-Israel controversy erupted due to an article published in Aftonbladet's culture pages on alleged Israeli organ harvesting from Palestinians.In 2017, accusations of misconduct were published under her responsibility against the theatre director Benny Fredriksson,[2] \nforcing him to resign, and apparently leading to his suicide three months later.","title":"Åsa Linderborg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABF:s litteraturpris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABF:s_litteraturpris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BMF-plaketten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMF-plaketten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lundequistska bokhandelns litteraturpris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lundequistska_bokhandelns_litteraturpris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivar Lo-Johanssons personliga pris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Lo-Johanssons_personliga_pris&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"2007 – ABF:s litteraturpris\n2007 – BMF-plaketten\n2007 – Lundequistska bokhandelns litteraturpris\n2008 – Ivar Lo-Johanssons personliga pris","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Elf Karlén, Moa (2003). Hundra år av gemenskap - i kamp för socialism och människovärde [One hundred years of being together - in the struggle for socialism and human dignity] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Nixon. ISBN 91-972019-8-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-972019-8-7","url_text":"91-972019-8-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110588731","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/41577529","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMmvkQfhjTGbby67dJDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2002645","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162114435","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162114435","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/137376146","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005079281","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/97mps35t1scj7g8","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p316070726","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810536784505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/060775254","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_6th_Hampden_district	Massachusetts House of Representatives' 6th Hampden district	["1 Towns represented","1.1 Former locales","2 Representatives","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	American legislative district Map of Massachusetts House of Representatives' 6th Hampden district, based on the 2010 United States census. Massachusetts House of Representatives' 6th Hampden district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of Hampden County. Democrat Michael Finn of West Springfield has represented the district since 2011. Towns represented The district includes the following localities: part of Chicopee part of Springfield West Springfield The current district geographic boundary overlaps with that of the Massachusetts Senate's Hampden district. Former locales The district previously covered: Holyoke, circa 1872 Ludlow, circa 1872 Representatives Hiram Q. Sanderson, circa 1858 Otis A. Seamans, circa 1859 William F. Ferry, circa 1888 Ethan C. Robinson, circa 1888 Arthur E. Marsh, circa 1920 Emma E. Brigham 1928-1936 Michael P. Pessolano, circa 1951 Anthony M. Scibelli, circa 1951 Garreth J. Lynch, circa 1975 Walter A. DeFilippi, 1991-2001 Stephen Buoniconti James T. Welch Michael J. Finn, 2011-current See also List of Massachusetts House of Representatives elections Other Hampden County districts of the Massachusetts House of Representatives: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th Hampden County districts of the Massachusett Senate: Berkshire, Hampshire, Franklin, and Hampden; Hampden; 1st Hampden and Hampshire; 2nd Hampden and Hampshire List of Massachusetts General Courts List of former districts of the Massachusetts House of Representatives References ^ "Massachusetts Representative Districts". Sec.state.ma.us. Retrieved May 2, 2020. ^ a b Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Elections Division. "State Representative elections: 6th Hampden district". PD43+. Retrieved May 2, 2020. ^ Massachusetts General Court, "Chapter 153. An Act Relative to Establishing Representative Districts in the General Court", Acts (2011) ^ David Jarman (July 30, 2019), "Upper legislative district ↔ lower legislative district correspondences: MA", How do counties, House districts, and legislative districts all overlap?, Daily Kos, State House Districts to State Senate Districts ^ a b "Representative Districts". Massachusetts Register. Boston: Sampson, Davenport, & Company. 1872. ^ "Massachusetts House of Representatives". Massachusetts Register. Boston: Adams, Sampson & Co. 1858. pp. 10–12. ^ Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Manual for the Use of the General Court. Boston. 1859 – via Internet Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Geo. F. Andrews (ed.). "Representatives: Hampden County". 1888 State House Directory. Official Gazette, Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Lakeview Press. ^ Public Officials of Massachusetts: 1920. Boston Review. ^ "Emma Brigham". The Boston Globe. July 19, 1973. p. 34. Retrieved July 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b 1951–1952 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston. ^ 1975–1976 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston. ^ State Library of Massachusetts, "Massachusetts State Legislator's Papers Collections at the State Library", Mass.gov, retrieved September 3, 2020 External links Ballotpedia "6th Hampden District, MA". Censusreporter.org. (State House district information based on U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey). League of Women Voters of Northampton Area vteDistricts of the Massachusetts General CourtSenate Berkshire, Hampshire, Franklin, and Hampden Bristol and Norfolk Bristol and Plymouth: 1st, 2nd Cape and Islands Essex: 1st, 2nd, 3rd Essex and Middlesex: 1st, 2nd Hampden Hampden and Hampshire: 1st, 2nd Hampshire, Franklin and Worcester Middlesex: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th Middlesex and Norfolk: 1st, 2nd Middlesex and Suffolk Middlesex and Worcester Norfolk, Bristol and Middlesex Norfolk, Bristol and Plymouth Norfolk and Plymouth Norfolk and Suffolk Plymouth and Barnstable Plymouth and Bristol: 1st, 2nd Plymouth and Norfolk Suffolk: 1st, 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex: 1st, 2nd Worcester: 1st, 2nd Worcester, Hampden, Hampshire and Middlesex Worcester and Middlesex Worcester and Norfolk Obsolete districts HouseBarnstable1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5thBerkshire1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4thBristol1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14thCape and IslandsBarnstable, Dukes and NantucketEssex 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18thFranklin1st, 2ndHampden1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12thHampshire1st, 2nd, 3rdMiddlesex1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37thNorfolk 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15thPlymouth1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12thSuffolk1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19thWorcester1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18thDefunct districts Former districts Commons vteMembers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives193rd General Court (2023–2024) Speaker of the House Ron Mariano (D) Speaker pro tempore Kate Hogan (D) Majority leader Michael Moran (D) Minority leader Bradley Jones Jr. (R) ▌Chris Flanagan (D, 1st Barnstable) ▌Kip Diggs (D, 2nd Barn.) ▌David Vieira (R, 3rd Barn.) ▌Sarah Peake (D, 4th Barn.) ▌Steven Xiarhos (R, 5th Barn.) ▌Dylan Fernandes (D, Barn., Dukes, Nan.) ▌John Barrett (D, 1st Berkshire) ▌Tricia Farley-Bouvier (D, 2nd Berk.) ▌Smitty Pignatelli (D, 3rd Berk.) ▌F. Jay Barrows (R, 1st Bristol) ▌Jim Hawkins (D, 2nd Bris.) ▌Carol Doherty (D, 3rd Bris.) ▌Steve Howitt (R, 4th Bris.) ▌Patricia Haddad (D, 5th Bris.) ▌Carole Fiola (D, 6th Bris.) ▌Alan Silvia (D, 7th Bris.) ▌Paul Schmid (D, 8th Bris.) ▌Christopher Markey (D, 9th Bris.) ▌William M. Straus (D, 10th Bris.) ▌Christopher Hendricks (D, 11th Bris.) ▌Norman Orrall (R, 12th Bris.) ▌Antonio Cabral (D, 13th Bris.) ▌Adam Scanlon (D, 14th Bris.) ▌Dawne Shand (D, 1st Essex) ▌Kristin Kassner (D, 2nd Ess.) ▌Andy Vargas (D, 3rd Ess.) ▌Estela Reyes (D, 4th Ess.) ▌Ann-Margaret Ferrante (D, 5th Ess.) ▌Jerry Parisella (D, 6th Ess.) ▌Manny Cruz (D, 7th Ess.) ▌Jenny Armini (D, 8th Ess.) ▌Donald Wong (R, 9th Ess.) ▌Daniel Cahill (D, 10th Ess.) ▌Peter Capano (D, 11th Ess.) ▌Thomas Walsh (D, 12th Ess.) ▌Sally Kerans (D, 13th Ess.) ▌Adrianne Ramos (D, 14th Ess.) ▌Ryan Hamilton (D, 15th Ess.) ▌Francisco E. Paulino (D, 16th Ess.) ▌Frank A. Moran (D, 17th Ess.) ▌Tram Nguyen (D, 18th Ess.) ▌Natalie Blais (D, 1st Frnk.) ▌Susannah Whipps (I, 2nd Frnk.) ▌Todd Smola (R, 1st Hpdn.) ▌Brian Ashe (D, 2nd Hpdn.) ▌Nicholas Boldyga (R, 3rd Hpdn.) ▌Kelly Pease (R, 4th Hpdn.) ▌Patricia Duffy (D, 5th Hpdn.) ▌Michael Finn (D, 6th Hpdn.) ▌Aaron Saunders (D, 7th Hpdn.) ▌Shirley Arriaga (D, 8th Hpdn.) ▌Orlando Ramos (D, 9th Hpdn.) ▌Carlos Gonzalez (D, 10th Hpdn.) ▌Bud Williams (D, 11th Hpdn.) ▌Angelo Puppolo (D, 12th Hpdn.) ▌Lindsay Sabadosa (D, 1st Hampshire) ▌Daniel R. Carey (D, 2nd Hpsh.) ▌Mindy Domb (D, 3rd Hpsh.) ▌Margaret Scarsdale (D, 1st Middlesex) ▌James Arciero (D, 2nd Mid.) ▌Kate Hogan (D, 3rd Mid.) ▌Danielle Gregoire (D, 4th Mid.) ▌David Linsky (D, 5th Mid.) ▌Priscila Sousa (D, 6th Mid.) ▌Jack Lewis (D, 7th Mid.) ▌James Arena-DeRosa (D, 8th Mid.) ▌Thomas M. Stanley (D, 9th Mid.) ▌John J. Lawn (D, 10th Mid.) ▌Kay Khan (D, 11th Mid.) ▌Ruth Balser (D, 12th Mid.) ▌Carmine Gentile (D, 13th Mid.) ▌Simon Cataldo (D, 14th Mid.) ▌Michelle Ciccolo (D, 15th Mid.) ▌Rodney Elliott (D, 16th Mid.) ▌Vanna Howard (D, 17th Mid.) ▌Rady Mom (D, 18th Mid.) ▌Dave Robertson (D, 19th Mid.) ▌Bradley Jones Jr. (R, 20th Mid.) ▌Kenneth Gordon (D, 21st Mid.) ▌Marc Lombardo (R, 22nd Mid.) ▌Sean Garballey (D, 23rd Mid.) ▌Dave Rogers (D, 24th Mid.) ▌Marjorie Decker (D, 25th Mid.) ▌Michael Connolly (D, 26th Mid.) ▌Erika Uyterhoeven (D, 27th Mid.) ▌Joe McGonagle (D, 28th Mid.) ▌Steven Owens (D, 29th Mid.) ▌Richard Haggerty (D, 30th Mid.) ▌Michael Day (D, 31st Mid.) ▌Kate Lipper-Garabedian (D, 32nd Mid.) ▌Steven Ultrino (D, 33rd Mid.) ▌Christine Barber (D, 34th Mid.) ▌Paul Donato (D, 35th Mid.) ▌Colleen Garry (D, 36th Mid.) ▌Dan Sena (D, 37th Mid.) ▌Bruce Ayers (D, 1st Norfolk) ▌Tackey Chan (D, 2nd Norf.) ▌Ron Mariano (D, 3rd Norf.) ▌James M. Murphy (D, 4th Norf.) ▌Mark Cusack (D, 5th Norf.) ▌William C. Galvin (D, 6th Norf.) ▌William Driscoll (D, 7th Norf.) ▌Ted Philips (D, 8th Norf.) ▌Marcus Vaughn (R, 9th Norf.) ▌Jeffrey Roy (D, 10th Norf.) ▌Paul McMurtry (D, 11th Norf.) ▌John H. Rogers (D, 12th Norf.) ▌Denise Garlick (D, 13th Norf.) ▌Alice Peisch (D, 14th Norf.) ▌Tommy Vitolo (D, 15th Norf.) ▌Matt Muratore (R, 1st Plymouth) ▌Susan Gifford (R, 2nd Plym.) ▌Joan Meschino (D, 3rd Plym.) ▌Patrick J. Kearney (D, 4th Plym.) ▌David DeCoste (R, 5th Plym.) ▌Vacant (6th Plym.) ▌Alyson Sullivan (R, 7th Plym.) ▌Angelo D'Emilia (R, 8th Plym.) ▌Gerard Cassidy (D, 9th Plym.) ▌Michelle DuBois (D, 10th Plym.) ▌Rita Mendes (D, 11th Plym.) ▌Kathleen LaNatra (D, 12th Plym.) ▌Adrian Madaro (D, 1st Suffolk) ▌Daniel Joseph Ryan (D, 2nd Suff.) ▌Aaron Michlewitz (D, 3rd Suff.) ▌David Biele (D, 4th Suff.) ▌Christopher Worrell (D, 5th Suff.) ▌Russell Holmes (D, 6th Suff.) ▌Chynah Tyler (D, 7th Suff.) ▌Jay Livingstone (D, 8th Suff.) ▌John F. Moran (D, 9th Suff.) ▌Bill MacGregor (D, 10th Suff.) ▌Judith García (D, 11th Suff.) ▌Brandy Fluker Oakley (D, 12th Suff.) ▌Daniel J. Hunt (D, 13th Suff.) ▌Robert Consalvo (D, 14th Suff.) ▌Sam Montaño (D, 15th Suff.) ▌Jessica Giannino (D, 16th Suff.) ▌Kevin Honan (D, 17th Suff.) ▌Michael Moran (D, 18th Suff.) ▌Jeff Turco (D, 19th Suff.) ▌Kimberly Ferguson (R, 1st Worcester) ▌Jonathan Zlotnik (D, 2nd Wor.) ▌Mike Kushmerek (D, 3rd Wor.) ▌Natalie Higgins (D, 4th Wor.) ▌Donnie Berthiaume (R, 5th Wor.) ▌John Marsi (R, 6th Wor.) ▌Paul Frost (R, 7th Wor.) ▌Michael Soter (R, 8th Wor.) ▌David Muradian (R, 9th Wor.) ▌Brian Murray (D, 10th Wor.) ▌Hannah Kane (R, 11th Wor.) ▌Meghan Kilcoyne (D, 12th Wor.) ▌John J. Mahoney (D, 13th Wor.) ▌Jim O'Day (D, 14th Wor.) ▌Mary Keefe (D, 15th Wor.) ▌Dan Donahue (D, 16th Wor.) ▌David LeBoeuf (D, 17th Wor.) ▌Joseph D. McKenna (R, 18th Wor.) ▌Kate Donaghue (D, 19th Wor.) ▌Democratic (133) ▌Republican (25) ▌Independent (1) ▌Vacant (1) Massachusetts General Court Massachusetts House of Representatives Massachusetts Senate vteGovernment of MassachusettsLegislative General Court Senate (Members, President) House of Representatives (Members, Speaker) Executive Governor (List) Lt. Governor Attorney General Auditor Secretary of the Commonwealth Treasurer and Receiver-General Office for Administration and Finance Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Department of Higher Education Emergency Management Agency Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs Department of Environmental Protection Department of Revenue Office of Health and Human Services Office of Housing and Economic Development Office of Labor and Workforce Development Department of Mental Health Department of Public Health Office of Public Safety and Security Department of Public Utilities Department of Transportation Department of Youth Services Judicial Boston Municipal Court District Court Superior Court Land Court Juvenile Court Housing Court Massachusetts Probate and Family Court Appeals Court (Judges) Supreme Judicial Court Essex Probate and Family Court Middlesex Probate and Family Court Independent agencies Board of Library Commissioners Commission Against Discrimination Commission on the Status of Women Disabled Persons Protection Commission Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board Massachusetts District Attorneys Massachusetts Inspector General Office of Campaign and Political Finance Office of the Comptroller Massachusetts Sheriffs State Ethics Commission Law Constitution General Laws Code of Massachusetts Regulations Abortion Alcohol Cannabis Capital punishment Crime Elder law Gambling Gun laws LGBT rights Taxation This Hampden County, Massachusetts geography–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_map_6th_Hampden_district_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_DC10SLDL25107_001.png"},{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"legislative districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_districts"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts General Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court"},{"link_name":"Hampden County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Michael Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Finn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elections-2"}],"text":"Map of Massachusetts House of Representatives' 6th Hampden district, based on the 2010 United States census.Massachusetts House of Representatives' 6th Hampden district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of Hampden County.[1] Democrat Michael Finn of West Springfield has represented the district since 2011.[2]","title":"Massachusetts House of Representatives' 6th Hampden district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acts2011-3"},{"link_name":"Chicopee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"West Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_Hampden_district"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upper2019-4"}],"text":"The district includes the following localities:[3]part of Chicopee\npart of Springfield\nWest SpringfieldThe current district geographic boundary overlaps with that of the Massachusetts Senate's Hampden district.[4]","title":"Towns represented"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holyoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Register1872-5"},{"link_name":"Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Register1872-5"}],"sub_title":"Former locales","text":"The district previously covered:Holyoke, circa 1872 [5]\nLudlow, circa 1872 [5]","title":"Towns represented"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1858Register-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1859manual-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette1888-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette1888-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-officials-9"},{"link_name":"Emma E. Brigham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_E._Brigham"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officers1951-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officers1951-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1975officers-12"},{"link_name":"Walter A. DeFilippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_A._DeFilippi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Papers-13"},{"link_name":"Stephen Buoniconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Buoniconti"},{"link_name":"James T. Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._Welch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elections-2"}],"text":"Hiram Q. Sanderson, circa 1858 [6]\nOtis A. Seamans, circa 1859 [7]\nWilliam F. Ferry, circa 1888 [8]\nEthan C. Robinson, circa 1888 [8]\nArthur E. Marsh, circa 1920 [9]\nEmma E. Brigham 1928-1936[10]\nMichael P. Pessolano, circa 1951 [11]\nAnthony M. Scibelli, circa 1951 [11]\nGarreth J. Lynch, circa 1975 [12]\nWalter A. DeFilippi, 1991-2001 [13]\nStephen Buoniconti\nJames T. Welch\nMichael J. Finn, 2011-current[2]","title":"Representatives"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Massachusetts House of Representatives' 6th Hampden district, based on the 2010 United States census.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2013_map_6th_Hampden_district_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_DC10SLDL25107_001.png/220px-2013_map_6th_Hampden_district_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_DC10SLDL25107_001.png"}]	[{"title":"List of Massachusetts House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elections_in_Massachusetts#Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"title":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_1st_Hampden_district"},{"title":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_2nd_Hampden_district"},{"title":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_3rd_Hampden_district"},{"title":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_4th_Hampden_district"},{"title":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_5th_Hampden_district"},{"title":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_7th_Hampden_district"},{"title":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_8th_Hampden_district"},{"title":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_9th_Hampden_district"},{"title":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_10th_Hampden_district"},{"title":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_11th_Hampden_district"},{"title":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_12th_Hampden_district"},{"title":"Berkshire, Hampshire, Franklin, and Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_Berkshire,_Hampshire,_Franklin,_and_Hampden_district"},{"title":"Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_Hampden_district"},{"title":"1st Hampden and Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_1st_Hampden_and_Hampshire_district"},{"title":"2nd Hampden and Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_2nd_Hampden_and_Hampshire_district"},{"title":"List of Massachusetts General Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_General_Courts"},{"title":"List of former districts of the Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_districts_of_the_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"}]	[{"reference":"\"Massachusetts Representative Districts\". Sec.state.ma.us. Retrieved May 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/eledist/reps11idx.htm","url_text":"\"Massachusetts Representative Districts\""}]},{"reference":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Elections Division. \"State Representative elections: 6th Hampden district\". PD43+. Retrieved May 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/search/year_from:1970/year_to:2020/office_id:8/district_id:58781","url_text":"\"State Representative elections: 6th Hampden district\""}]},{"reference":"Massachusetts General Court, \"Chapter 153. An Act Relative to Establishing Representative Districts in the General Court\", Acts (2011)","urls":[{"url":"https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2011/Chapter153","url_text":"\"Chapter 153. An Act Relative to Establishing Representative Districts in the General Court\""}]},{"reference":"David Jarman (July 30, 2019), \"Upper legislative district ↔ lower legislative district correspondences: MA\", How do counties, House districts, and legislative districts all overlap?, Daily Kos, State House Districts to State Senate Districts","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2019/7/30/1848730/-How-do-counties-House-districts-and-legislative-districts-all-overlap-These-new-tools-show-you","url_text":"\"Upper legislative district ↔ lower legislative district correspondences: MA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Kos","url_text":"Daily Kos"}]},{"reference":"\"Representative Districts\". Massachusetts Register. Boston: Sampson, Davenport, & Company. 1872.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/massachusettsreg1872bost/page/27/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Representative Districts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massachusetts House of Representatives\". Massachusetts Register. Boston: Adams, Sampson & Co. 1858. pp. 10–12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/massachusettsreg1858bost/page/n21/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Massachusetts House of Representatives\""}]},{"reference":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Manual for the Use of the General Court. Boston. 1859 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manualforuseofge1859mass/page/200/mode/2up","url_text":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Manual for the Use of the General Court"}]},{"reference":"Geo. F. Andrews (ed.). \"Representatives: Hampden County\". 1888 State House Directory. Official Gazette, Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Lakeview Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/officialgazette1888andr/page/50/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Representatives: Hampden County\""}]},{"reference":"Public Officials of Massachusetts: 1920. Boston Review.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/publicofficialso1920bost","url_text":"Public Officials of Massachusetts: 1920"}]},{"reference":"\"Emma Brigham\". The Boston Globe. July 19, 1973. p. 34. Retrieved July 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80830122/obituary-for-emma-e-brigham-aged-101/","url_text":"\"Emma Brigham\""}]},{"reference":"1951–1952 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/publicofficersof19511952bost","url_text":"1951–1952 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts"}]},{"reference":"1975–1976 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/publicofficersof19751976bost","url_text":"1975–1976 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts"}]},{"reference":"State Library of Massachusetts, \"Massachusetts State Legislator's Papers Collections at the State Library\", Mass.gov, retrieved September 3, 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_Massachusetts","url_text":"State Library of Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://www.mass.gov/lists/massachusetts-state-legislators-papers-collections-at-the-state-library","url_text":"\"Massachusetts State Legislator's Papers Collections at the State Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"6th Hampden District, MA\". Censusreporter.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusreporter.org/profiles/62000US25107-6th-hampden-district-ma/","url_text":"\"6th Hampden District, MA\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/eledist/reps11idx.htm","external_links_name":"\"Massachusetts Representative Districts\""},{"Link":"https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/search/year_from:1970/year_to:2020/office_id:8/district_id:58781","external_links_name":"\"State Representative elections: 6th Hampden district\""},{"Link":"https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2011/Chapter153","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 153. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Torro	Luigi Torro	["1 References"]	Italian painter Luigi Torro (1836–1900) was an Italian painter. Torro was born in Lauro, Terra di Lavoro, near Naples. After first studying literature and history locally, he traveled to Naples to study painting at the Academy under professor Giuseppe Mancinelli; from there he moved to Rome and entered the studio of professor Coghetti. He then traveled outside of Italy; while he was residing in Paris in 1859, war between Savoy and Austria erupted, and Toro returned to Italy to fight as a volunteer in the cacciatori delle Alpi (Hunters of the Alps). He stayed with the military forces, and was nominated to lead militia fighting brigands in Terra di Lavoro. In 1860, he was one of the first followers of Garibaldi to enter Calabria. His experience in the wars of independence provided him with ample subjects for his art. He painted two genre scenes about the fighting brigands, La messe and Il pasto dei villani. In 1861 he painted two oil canvases, the Guide esploratrici and the Entrance of Garibaldini to Calabria. In 1870, he opened a studio in Rome. Later in life he painted many genre country scenes. His masterwork was a painting of The philosopher Agostino Nifo of Sessa before the King of Naples (Charles V of Spain), which was once displayed at the Pinacoteca of Capodimonte. References ^ ‘‘Dizionario degli Artisti Italiani Viventi: pittori, scultori, e Architetti.’’, by Angelo de Gubernatis. Tipe dei Successori Le Monnier, 1889, page 524. This article about an Italian painter born in the 19th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terra di Lavoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_di_Lavoro"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Mancinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mancinelli"},{"link_name":"Coghetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Coghetti"},{"link_name":"Hunters of the Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters_of_the_Alps"},{"link_name":"Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Agostino Nifo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Nifo"},{"link_name":"Charles V of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Pinacoteca of Capodimonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Capodimonte"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Luigi Torro (1836–1900) was an Italian painter.Torro was born in Lauro, Terra di Lavoro, near Naples. After first studying literature and history locally, he traveled to Naples to study painting at the Academy under professor Giuseppe Mancinelli; from there he moved to Rome and entered the studio of professor Coghetti. He then traveled outside of Italy; while he was residing in Paris in 1859, war between Savoy and Austria erupted, and Toro returned to Italy to fight as a volunteer in the cacciatori delle Alpi (Hunters of the Alps). He stayed with the military forces, and was nominated to lead militia fighting brigands in Terra di Lavoro. In 1860, he was one of the first followers of Garibaldi to enter Calabria.His experience in the wars of independence provided him with ample subjects for his art. He painted two genre scenes about the fighting brigands, La messe and Il pasto dei villani. In 1861 he painted two oil canvases, the Guide esploratrici and the Entrance of Garibaldini to Calabria. In 1870, he opened a studio in Rome. Later in life he painted many genre country scenes. His masterwork was a painting of The philosopher Agostino Nifo of Sessa before the King of Naples (Charles V of Spain), which was once displayed at the Pinacoteca of Capodimonte.[1]","title":"Luigi Torro"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0bAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"‘‘Dizionario degli Artisti Italiani Viventi: pittori, scultori, e Architetti.’’"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Torro&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zama_Station	Zama Station	["1 Lines","2 Station layout","2.1 Platforms","3 History","4 Passenger statistics","5 Surrounding area","5.1 West Entrance","5.2 East Entrance","6 Buses","6.1 West Entrance","6.2 East Entrance","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°28′50.5″N 139°23′59.7″E / 35.480694°N 139.399917°E / 35.480694; 139.399917Railway station in Zama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan Zama Station座間駅East Exit of Zama StationGeneral informationLocation5-1682 Iriya, Zama-shi, Kanagawa-ken 252-0029JapanCoordinates35°28′50.5″N 139°23′59.7″E / 35.480694°N 139.399917°E / 35.480694; 139.399917Operated by Odakyu Electric RailwayLine(s)Odakyu Odawara LineDistance39.2 km from ShinjukuPlatforms2 side platformsConnections Bus terminal Other informationStation codeOH-31WebsiteOfficial websiteHistoryOpenedMarch 1, 1927Previous namesShin-Zama (to 1937); Zama-Yūen (to 1941)PassengersFY201920,833 daily Services Preceding station Odakyu Following station Ebinatowards Hon-Atsugi Odawara LineCommuter Semi Express Sōbudai-maetowards Yoyogi-Uehara Ebinatowards Isehara Odawara LineSemi Express Ebinatowards Odawara Odawara LineLocal Sōbudai-maetowards Shinjuku or Yoyogi-Uehara LocationZama StationLocation within Kanagawa PrefectureShow map of Kanagawa PrefectureZama StationZama Station (Japan)Show map of Japan Zama Station (座間駅, Zama-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Zama, Kanagawa, Japan, and operated by the private railway operator Odakyu Electric Railway. Lines Zama Station is served by the Odakyu Odawara Line, and is located 39.2 km (24.4 mi) from the line's Tokyo terminal at Shinjuku Station. Station layout The station consists of two side platforms serving two tracks, connected to the station building by footbridges. The station building is elevated, and is located above the tracks and platforms. Platforms View of the platforms, October 2007 1 ■ Odakyu Odawara Line for Hon-Atsugi, Shin-Matsuda, and Odawara 2 ■ Odakyu Odawara Line for Sagami-Ono, Shin-Yurigaoka, Yoyogi-Uehara, and Shinjuku Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line for Ayase History The station opened on 1 March 1927, as Shin-Zama Station (新座間駅). It was renamed Zama-Yūen Station (座間遊園駅) on 1 July 1937, and on 15 October 1941, it was renamed Zama Station. Station numbering was introduced in January 2014 with Zama being assigned station number OH31. Passenger statistics In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 20,833 passengers daily. The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below. Fiscal year daily average 2005 22,128 2010 21,983 2015 21,732 Surrounding area West Entrance Hoshigaya Temple Nashi-no-ki ruins Suzukamyō Shrine Iriya Elementary School Zama High School Zama Special School JA Sagami Zama Uni Zama store (department store) Zama Police station Iriya Station (JR Sagami Line) East Entrance Odakyu OX Yatoyama Park Zama Station Post office Buses West Entrance Services are operated by Kanagawa Chuo Transportation and Zama Community Bus. <Iriya Route> City Office branch (ZCB) <Iriya Route> Main City Office (ZCB) <Ebina 10> Ebina Station East Entrance (Kanachu) <Ebina 10> Sobudai-mae Station (via Tatsunodai) (Kanachu) East Entrance Services are operated by Kanagawa Chuo Transportation. <Sobudaishita 02> Sobudai-shita Station <Sobudai 04> Zama-Yotsuya <Sobudai 04, Ebina 10> Sobudai-mae Station (via Tatsunodai) <Sobudaishita 02> Sagamino Station North Entrance (via Tatsunodai) See also List of railway stations in Japan References ^ a b c Terada, Hirokazu (19 January 2013). データブック日本の私鉄 . Japan: Neko Publishing. p. 236. ISBN 978-4-7770-1336-4. ^ "2014年1月から駅ナンバリングを順次導入します！" (PDF). odakyu.jp (in Japanese). 24 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023. ^ Kusamichi, Yoshikazu (28 December 2013). "小田急グループ、鉄道から海賊船まで通しの駅番号…2014年1月から順次導入" . Response Automotive Media (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2023. ^ 鉄道部門：1日平均駅別乗降人員 (in Japanese). Japan: Odakyu Electric Railway. 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020. ^ 神奈川県県勢要覧（平成18年度） (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ 神奈川県県勢要覧（平成23年度） (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Kanagawa Prefecture. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ 神奈川県県勢要覧（平成28年度 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Kanagawa Prefecture. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ Route for Kanachu buses External links Media related to Zama Station at Wikimedia Commons Odakyu station information (in Japanese) vteStations of the Odakyū Odawara Line Shinjuku Minami-Shinjuku Sangūbashi Yoyogi-Hachiman (To Toride, Kita-Ayase, Ayase <<) Yoyogi-Uehara Higashi-Kitazawa Shimo-kitazawa Setagaya-Daita Umegaoka Gōtokuji Kyōdō Chitose-Funabashi Soshigaya-Ōkura Seijōgakuen-Mae Kitami Komae Izumi-Tamagawa Noborito Mukōgaoka-Yūen Ikuta Yomiuriland-mae Yurigaoka Shin-Yurigaoka (>> To Karakida) - Kakio Tsurukawa Tamagawagakuen-mae Machida Sagami-Ōno - (>> To Fujisawa, Katase-Enoshima) - Odakyū-Sagamihara Sōbudai-mae Zama Ebina Atsugi Hon-Atsugi Aikō-Ishida Isehara Tsurumaki-Onsen Tōkaidaigaku-mae Hadano Shibusawa Shin-Matsuda Kaisei Kayama Tomizu Hotaruda Ashigara Odawara (>> To Hakone-Yumoto)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zama, Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zama,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Odakyu Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_Electric_Railway"}],"text":"Railway station in Zama, Kanagawa Prefecture, JapanZama Station (座間駅, Zama-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Zama, Kanagawa, Japan, and operated by the private railway operator Odakyu Electric Railway.","title":"Zama Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odakyu Odawara Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_Odawara_Line"},{"link_name":"terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_station"},{"link_name":"Shinjuku Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2013-1"}],"text":"Zama Station is served by the Odakyu Odawara Line, and is located 39.2 km (24.4 mi) from the line's Tokyo terminal at Shinjuku Station.[1]","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"}],"text":"The station consists of two side platforms serving two tracks, connected to the station building by footbridges. The station building is elevated, and is located above the tracks and platforms.","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zama_Platform.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Platforms","text":"View of the platforms, October 2007","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2013-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2013-1"},{"link_name":"Station numbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_numbering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The station opened on 1 March 1927, as Shin-Zama Station (新座間駅).[1] It was renamed Zama-Yūen Station (座間遊園駅) on 1 July 1937, and on 15 October 1941, it was renamed Zama Station.[1]Station numbering was introduced in January 2014 with Zama being assigned station number OH31.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Odakyu_2019stats-4"}],"text":"In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 20,833 passengers daily.[4]The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.","title":"Passenger statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Surrounding area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Union_of_Agricultural_Cooperatives"},{"link_name":"Iriya Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriya_Station_(Kanagawa)"},{"link_name":"Sagami Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagami_Line"}],"sub_title":"West Entrance","text":"Hoshigaya Temple\nNashi-no-ki ruins\nSuzukamyō Shrine\nIriya Elementary School\nZama High School\nZama Special School\nJA Sagami Zama\nUni Zama store (department store)\nZama Police station\nIriya Station (JR Sagami Line)","title":"Surrounding area"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"East Entrance","text":"Odakyu OX\nYatoyama Park\nZama Station Post office","title":"Surrounding area"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Buses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ebina Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebina_Station"},{"link_name":"Sobudai-mae Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobudai-mae_Station"}],"sub_title":"West Entrance","text":"Services are operated by Kanagawa Chuo Transportation and Zama Community Bus.<Iriya Route> City Office branch (ZCB)\n<Iriya Route> Main City Office (ZCB)\n<Ebina 10> Ebina Station East Entrance (Kanachu)\n<Ebina 10> Sobudai-mae Station (via Tatsunodai) (Kanachu)","title":"Buses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sobudai-shita Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobudai-shita_Station"},{"link_name":"Sobudai-mae Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobudai-mae_Station"},{"link_name":"Sagamino Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamino_Station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"East Entrance","text":"Services are operated by Kanagawa Chuo Transportation.<Sobudaishita 02> Sobudai-shita Station\n<Sobudai 04> Zama-Yotsuya\n<Sobudai 04, Ebina 10> Sobudai-mae Station (via Tatsunodai)\n<Sobudaishita 02> Sagamino Station North Entrance (via Tatsunodai)[8]","title":"Buses"}]	[{"image_text":"View of the platforms, October 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Zama_Platform.jpg/220px-Zama_Platform.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of railway stations in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Japan"}]	[{"reference":"Terada, Hirokazu (19 January 2013). データブック日本の私鉄 [Databook: Japan's Private Railways]. Japan: Neko Publishing. p. 236. ISBN 978-4-7770-1336-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7770-1336-4","url_text":"978-4-7770-1336-4"}]},{"reference":"\"2014年1月から駅ナンバリングを順次導入します！\" [From January 2014, station numbering will be introduced sequentially!] (PDF). odakyu.jp (in Japanese). 24 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221026092741/http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8052_1284200_.pdf","url_text":"\"2014年1月から駅ナンバリングを順次導入します！\""},{"url":"http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8052_1284200_.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kusamichi, Yoshikazu (28 December 2013). \"小田急グループ、鉄道から海賊船まで通しの駅番号…2014年1月から順次導入\" [Odakyu Group, station numbers from railways to pirate ships, Introduced sequentially from January 2014]. Response Automotive Media (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200622180450/https://response.jp/article/2013/12/28/213984.html","url_text":"\"小田急グループ、鉄道から海賊船まで通しの駅番号…2014年1月から順次導入\""},{"url":"https://response.jp/article/2013/12/28/213984.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"鉄道部門：1日平均駅別乗降人員 [Station passenger figures (Fiscal 2019)] (in Japanese). Japan: Odakyu Electric Railway. 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odakyu.jp/company/railroad/users/","url_text":"鉄道部門：1日平均駅別乗降人員"}]},{"reference":"神奈川県県勢要覧（平成18年度） [Kanagawa Prefecture official statistics (fiscal 2005)] (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/uploaded/attachment/369528.pdf","url_text":"神奈川県県勢要覧（平成18年度）"}]},{"reference":"神奈川県県勢要覧（平成23年度） [Kanagawa Prefecture official statistics (fiscal 2010)] (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Kanagawa Prefecture. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/uploaded/attachment/427362.pdf","url_text":"神奈川県県勢要覧（平成23年度）"}]},{"reference":"神奈川県県勢要覧（平成28年度 [Kanagawa Prefecture official statistics (fiscal 2010)] (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Kanagawa Prefecture. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/uploaded/attachment/877254.pdf","url_text":"神奈川県県勢要覧（平成28年度"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zama_Station&params=35_28_50.5_N_139_23_59.7_E_region:JP_type:railwaystation_scale:3000","external_links_name":"35°28′50.5″N 139°23′59.7″E / 35.480694°N 139.399917°E / 35.480694; 139.399917"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zama_Station&params=35_28_50.5_N_139_23_59.7_E_region:JP_type:railwaystation_scale:3000","external_links_name":"35°28′50.5″N 139°23′59.7″E / 35.480694°N 139.399917°E / 35.480694; 139.399917"},{"Link":"https://www.odakyu.jp/station/zama/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221026092741/http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8052_1284200_.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2014年1月から駅ナンバリングを順次導入します！\""},{"Link":"http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8052_1284200_.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200622180450/https://response.jp/article/2013/12/28/213984.html","external_links_name":"\"小田急グループ、鉄道から海賊船まで通しの駅番号…2014年1月から順次導入\""},{"Link":"https://response.jp/article/2013/12/28/213984.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.odakyu.jp/company/railroad/users/","external_links_name":"鉄道部門：1日平均駅別乗降人員"},{"Link":"http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/uploaded/attachment/369528.pdf","external_links_name":"神奈川県県勢要覧（平成18年度）"},{"Link":"http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/uploaded/attachment/427362.pdf","external_links_name":"神奈川県県勢要覧（平成23年度）"},{"Link":"http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/uploaded/attachment/877254.pdf","external_links_name":"神奈川県県勢要覧（平成28年度"},{"Link":"http://dia.kanachu.jp/bus/viewtop","external_links_name":"Route for Kanachu buses"},{"Link":"https://www.odakyu.jp/station/zama/","external_links_name":"Odakyu station information"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Odia_films_of_2014	List of Odia films of 2014	["1 Oriya Films","2 References"]	This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2021) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Odia films of 2014" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ollywood (Odia) cinema 1930s 1936 1940s 1949 1950s 1950 1951 19531954 1956 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 vte This article lists of films produced by the Ollywood film industry and released in theaters in the year 2014. Premiere shows and film festival screenings are not considered as releases for this list. Oriya Films # Release Title Director Producer Cast CBFC 1 10 January Tu Au Mu Nishikanta Dalabehera Soumya Ranjan Patnaik Bijendra, Vandana, Kuna Tripathy, Aparajita, Mihir Das, Salil, Leena U 2 10 January To Bata Cahichi Rati Sara Sanjay Nayak Sanjay Nayak Chandan Kar, Priya, Debu Bose, Anita Das U/A 3 4 February Puni Dekha Haba Ara Janamare Ashok Kumar Mohanty Ashok Kumar Mohanty Bobby Mishra, Rali Nanda, Priyanka, Mihir Das, Aparajita, Pintu Nanda U 4 27 February Khaas Tumari Paain Sushanta Kumar Ratha Sushanta Kumar Ratha Dushmant, Devjani, Pinki Priyadarshini, Debu Bose U/A 5 13 March Smile Please S.K. Murlidharan Rabin Kumar Nanda, Rajesh Padhi Sabyasachi Mishra, Archita Sahu U 6 4 April Jai Hind Ranjan Mishra Pravati Mohapatra Dipan, Ijji, Minaketan, Saroj Das U 7 14 April Daddy: The Living God Appu Kanungo Chittaranjan Mishra Arindam, Mihir Das, Aparajita, Lipi U 8 1 May Hari Bola Nuha Tanka Bola Krishna Prasad Srinibash Padhiari Chunga, Kalpana, Jayee, Braja U/A 9 9 May Sahitya Didi Manoranjan Pal Manoranjan Pal Ronak Das, Adit Dikhit, Jyoti Mohapatra, Pintu Nanda A 10 23 May Omm: I Am Not God Sudhakar Vasanth Sudhakar Vasanth, Samaresh Routray Sambit, Prakruti Mishra, Samaresh U/A 11 13 June Golapi Golapi Susant Mani Sitaram Agrawalla Amlan, Riya, Sidhhant, Mihir, Aparajita U/A 12 14 June Something Something 2 Sudhakar Vasanth Anuprash Mohanty Anubhav Mohanty, Barsha Priyadarshini, Dhirendra Nath U 13 14 June Sangam Jatin Kumar Agarwal Divyajyoti Amman Siddhanta Mahapatra, Budhaditya, Akash, Jyoti Pani U/A 14 11 July 2014 Fear of the Year Tapas Jena, Pradeep Das A. Pradeep Kumar Sambit, Dushmant, Elli A 15 9 August Kidnap Srimanchala Nayak Lokanath Das Mina Ketan, Puspa Panda, Runu Mahapatra 16 29 August Lekhu Lekhu Lekhi Deli Susant Mani Sitaram Agrawalla Babushaan, Jhilik, Aparajita, Mahasweta U 17 29 August Ame Ta Toka Sandha Marka R. Bhagat Singh Sangita Satpathy Papu Pompom, Koeal, Mihir Das A 18 Oct Pagala Karichu Tu Sitaram Agrawalla Amlan,Riyaa U/A References ^ "Oriya Movies Library". UFO Moviez. Retrieved 12 April 2014. ^ "Odia Film Calendar 2014". OdiaLive. Retrieved 12 April 2014. vteIndian films by year and decade Most expensive Indian films Bengali Gujarati Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Meitei (Manipuri) Odia Punjabi Tamil Telugu Highest-grossing Indian films Bengali Bhojpuri Hindi Gujarati Kannada Malayalam Marathi Meitei (Manipuri) Punjabi Tamil Telugu Bengali 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Bhojpuri 2022 2023 Hindi 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Gujarati Before 2014 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Kannada 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Malayalam 1928–1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Marathi 1910s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Meitei (Manipuri) Brief list 2013 2018 2019 Odia 1936 1949 1950 1951 1953 1954 1956 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2022 2023 Punjabi 1970 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1981 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Tamil 1930s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Telugu 1930s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Tulu 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Other Assamese Tripuri Related Silent films of South India vte2014 films Afghan African Albanian American Argentine Armenian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani Bahraini Bangladeshi Belgian Bosnian Brazilian British Bulgarian Canadian Chinese Hong Kong Czech Danish Faroese Greenlandic Dutch Emirati Estonian French Georgian German Greek Hungarian Icelandic Indian Assamese Bengali Gujarati Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Odia Punjabi Tamil Telugu Tulu Iranian Iraqi Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Jordanian Latvian Luxembourgish Malaysian Maltese Mexican Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Nigerian Norwegian Omani Pakistani Philippine Polish Portuguese Qatari Romanian Russian Serbian Singaporean South Korean Spanish Swedish Swiss Tajik Turkish Turkmen Ukrainian	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollywood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFO-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article lists of films produced by the Ollywood film 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Little_Words_(film)	Three Little Words (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Key songs/dance routines","4 Contemporary reviews","5 Box office","6 Accolades","7 References","8 External links"]	1950 American musical film directed by Richard Thorpe Three Little WordsTheatrical release posterDirected byRichard ThorpeWritten byGeorge WellsProduced byJack CummingsStarringFred AstaireRed SkeltonVera-EllenArlene DahlCinematographyHarry JacksonEdited byBen LewisMusic byAndré PrevinHarry RubyColor processTechnicolorProductioncompanyMetro-Goldwyn-MayerDistributed byLoew's, Inc.Release date July 12, 1950 (1950-07-12) (U.S.) Running time102 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1,470,000Box office$4,526,000 Three Little Words is a 1950 American musical film biography of the Tin Pan Alley songwriting partnership of Kalmar and Ruby. It stars Fred Astaire as lyricist Bert Kalmar and Red Skelton as composer Harry Ruby, along with Vera-Ellen and Arlene Dahl as their wives, with Debbie Reynolds in a small but notable role as singer Helen Kane and Gloria DeHaven as her own mother, Mrs. Carter DeHaven. The film, released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, was written by Academy-Award-winning screenwriter George Wells, directed by Richard Thorpe and produced by Jack Cummings. Harry Ruby served as a consultant on the project, and he appears in a cameo role as a baseball catcher. The third in a series of MGM biopics about Broadway composers, it was preceded by Till the Clouds Roll By (Jerome Kern, 1946) and Words and Music (Rodgers and Hart, 1948) and followed by Deep in My Heart (Sigmund Romberg, 1954). Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Fred Astaire as Bert Kalmar Red Skelton as Harry Ruby Vera-Ellen as Jessie Brown Anita Ellis as Jessie Brown (singing voice) (uncredited) Arlene Dahl as Eileen Percy Keenan Wynn as Charlie Kope Gale Robbins as Terry Lordel Gloria DeHaven as Mrs. Carter De Haven Phil Regan as himself Harry Shannon as Clanahan Debbie Reynolds as Helen Kane Helen Kane as herself (singing voice) (uncredited) Paul Harvey as Al Masters Carleton Carpenter as Dan Healy George Metkovich as Al Schacht Harry Mendoza as himself This warm and engaging film was one of Astaire's favorites, possibly because of the nostalgic vaudeville connection. As Hollywood film biographies of the period go, it takes fewer liberties with the facts than usual, and Astaire and Skelton's onscreen portrayal of the partnership is considered psychologically accurate, complemented by a mutual chemistry, some quality acting by both, and some fine comedy touches by Skelton. Unusually for Hollywood songwriting biographies of this period, two of the songs, "Thinking of You" and "Nevertheless", became major hits on the film's release, reaching first and second place respectively, in the U.S. charts. In recognition of his acting performance, Fred Astaire was awarded the first Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy in 1951. Key songs/dance routines This film provides an object lesson in how to integrate the many songs and dances seamlessly and naturally into the script - a principle first introduced into the Hollywood musical by Astaire as far back as 1934. Astaire's choreography takes the opportunity provided by Vera-Ellen's technical prowess to showcase dance routines notable for leg kicks, lifts and - Astaire's innovative combination of the two - the hurdling lift, first invented for "The Yam" number in Carefree (1938). These routines are contrasted with some choreographically primitive numbers typical of vaudeville c. 1920. The spirit of the partnered dances expands on the theme of marital contentment previously explored in The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939) and the prior year's The Barkleys of Broadway (1949). Vera-Ellen's singing voice was dubbed by Anita Ellis. "Where Did You Get That Girl?": Astaire and Vera-Ellen, dressed in top hat, white tie and tails, impersonate the vaudeville partnership of Kalmar and Brown with this genial song and dance duet set around 1919. (The song itself dates to 1913 and was written by Kalmar and an earlier partner, Harry Puck, before the lyricist teamed with Ruby.) Fred and Adele Astaire had greatly admired the Kalmar-Brown partnership: "We used to stand in the wings and watch Jessie and Bert with thrilled envy, wondering if we could equal their finesse and reach their headline billing". The routine is very straightforward, and when contrasted with the creations of Astaire, Gene Kelly and others, illustrates the profound evolution popular dance had undergone in the intervening period. Incidentally Ruby, working as a song plugger, had once played tunes for the Astaire siblings. "Mr. and Mrs. Hoofer At Home": A hectic and high-kicking comic dance duet for Astaire and Vera-Ellen which is set in a suburban family living room and portrays the various challenges of contented domesticity. The routine, which, in contrast to the previous one, is thoroughly modern in conception, is nonetheless shown performed at the Keith's Theatre (which later became the K in RKO) in Washington, D.C. in the presence of President Woodrow Wilson, a noted vaudeville fan. "My Sunny Tennessee": Astaire and Skelton deliver a version of this 1921 hit. "So Long, OO-Long": Kalmar and Ruby's 1920 Oriental-themed ditty is performed by Astaire and Skelton. "Who's Sorry Now?": This 1923 Kalmar and Ruby standard was sung by Gloria DeHaven. "Test Solo": Danced by Astaire, initially to a spare piano accompaniment by André Previn and then to the music of "Where Did You Get That Girl?". This was his fifth tap and cane solo, the first being "Top Hat, White Tie and Tails" from Top Hat (1935), followed by "I Can't Be Bothered Now" from A Damsel in Distress (1937), the "Audition Dance" from You Were Never Lovelier (1942), and "Puttin' On The Ritz" from Blue Skies (1946), - all remarkably dissimilar in execution. In the beginning of the solo, Astaire places his hat on top of a light stand and then waves to it. One year later, in "Sunday Jumps" from Royal Wedding (1951) he would take a clotheshorse into his arms and dance with it. "Come On Papa": Another high-kicking song and dance routine, this time for Vera-Ellen and chorus of sailors, to a 1918 song by Ruby and Edgar Leslie. "Nevertheless (I'm in Love with You)": Kalmar and Ruby's 1931 song is performed on stage by Astaire and Vera-Ellen to Skelton's piano accompaniment. "All Alone Monday": Gale Robbins delivers a performance of Kalmar and Ruby's 1926 ballad. "I Wanna Be Loved by You": Debbie Reynolds, in one of her earliest film appearances, performs this 1928 number with Carleton Carpenter, with Reynolds dubbed by the original boop-boop-a-doop girl Helen Kane (uncredited). "Thinking of You": One of the dance highlights of the film is this romantic partnered routine for Astaire and Vera-Ellen, which follows after Ellen's (dubbed) performance of this 1927 standard. The dance begins quietly and affectionately in a lounge area, and gradually builds becoming progressively more extrovert until the music changes into a rumba - the Latin dance of love - and Astaire embarks on a further exploration of the possibilities of blending Latin and ballroom dance styles, which he had first been inspired to undertake during his celebrated partnership with Rita Hayworth. After this departure - which illustrates the passion than can continue to flourish long after the married nuptials - the dance subsides into a tender coda, recalling its opening mood. "I Love You So Much": Arlene Dahl, accompanied by a chorus of top-hatted men, sings and dances her way through this number originally written for the 1930 film version of The Ramblers (later retitled The Cuckoos). "Medley" (incl. "Three Little Words": In this closing scene, Astaire and Skelton perform a medley of most of the songs featured in the film, ending with "Three Little Words" - Kalmar having finally found a suitable lyric for Ruby's melody, a running gag throughout most of the film. Contemporary reviews The New York Times, August 10, 1950: "There is a special quality about the new picture...which deserves immediate mention in detail. That is the polished performance of Fred Astaire as Bert Kalmar... Mr. Astaire has been wearing out thin-soled dancing shoes at a great pace over the years while most of us have grown a little heavier and somewhat slower of foot. But, he hasn't changed. Still lithe in appearance, Mr. Astaire has drawn rich dividends from time and is dancing in peak form...In talking of the fine dancing contributed by Mr. Astaire we forgot to mention how engagingly they carry off the romantic interest and bust into song when the script demands it." Variety, July 12, 1950: Stal.:"For Astaire, it's unquestionably his best picture in sometime. His terping, as always, is tops, his singing is adequate and his characterisation of Kalmar, while never deeply-etched, does full justice to the late songwriter's many talents...Vera-Ellen, with this picture, becomes the undisputed premiere danseuse of the screen. She matches Astaire tap for tap...and looks to be the best partner he's ever had." Box office According to MGM records the film earned $3,019,000 in the US and Canada and $1,507,000 elsewhere, resulting in a healthy profit of $1,252,000. Accolades The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated References ^ a b c The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study. ^ a b c d e f g h Mueller, John (1986). Astaire Dancing - The Musical Films. London: Hamish Hamilton. pp. 300–311. ISBN 0-241-11749-6. ^ a b c d e Astaire, Fred (1959). Steps in Time. London: Heinemann. p. 296. ^ a b Billman, Larry (1997). Fred Astaire - A Bio-bibliography. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 127–130. ISBN 0-313-29010-5. ^ "AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-13. External links Three Little Words at IMDb Three Little Words at AllMovie Three Little Words at the TCM Movie Database Three Little Words at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Three Little Words at Rotten Tomatoes Three Little Words (1950) – Mr. and Mrs. Hoofer At Home on YouTube vteFilms directed by Richard ThorpeFilms Fast and Fearless (1924) Battling Buddy (1924) Bringin' Home the Bacon (1924) Thundering Romance (1924) Rough Ridin' (1924) Double Action Daniels (1925) Full Speed (1925) Gold and Grit (1925) Galloping On (1925) The Desert Demon (1925) A Streak of Luck (1925) The Saddle Cyclone (1925) Fast Fightin' (1925) On the Go (1925) Double Daring (1926) The Bonanza Buckaroo (1926) Deuce High (1926) The Twin Triggers (1926) College Days (1926) The Bandit Buster (1926) The Dangerous Dub (1926) Rawhide (1926) Twisted Triggers (1926) Josselyn's Wife (1926) The Meddlin' Stranger (1927) The First Night (1927) The Obligin' Buckaroo (1927) Ride 'em High (1927) The Galloping Gobs (1927) The Desert of the Lost (1927) Tearin' Into Trouble (1927) The Ridin' Rowdy (1927) Roarin' Broncs (1927) White Pebbles (1927) Skedaddle Gold (1927) The Cyclone Cowboy (1927) Pals in Peril (1927) The Soda Water Cowboy (1927) The Ballyhoo Buster (1928) The Flyin' Buckaroo (1928) The Cowboy Cavalier (1928) The Valley of Hunted Men (1928) Saddle Mates (1928) Desperate Courage (1928) Border Romance (1929) The Utah Kid (1930) The Dude Wrangler (1930) Wings of Adventure (1930) Under Montana Skies (1930) The Thoroughbred (1930) Grief Street (1931) The Lawless Woman (1931) Murder at Dawn (1931) Forgotten Women (1931) The Devil Plays (1931) Neck and Neck (1931) Forgotten (1931) Beauty Parlor (1932) Escapade (1932) Forbidden Company (1932) Cross-Examination (1932) The King Murder (1932) The Midnight Lady (1932) Probation (1932) Slightly Married (1932) The Secrets of Wu Sin (1932) Thrill of Youth (1932) Women Won't Tell (1932) A Man of Sentiment (1933) Murder on the Campus (1933) Rainbow Over Broadway (1933) Love Is Dangerous (1933) City Park (1934) Stolen Sweets (1934) Green Eyes (1934) Cheating Cheaters (1934) Secret of the Chateau (1934) The Quitter (1934) Strange Wives (1934) Last of the Pagans (1935) The Voice of Bugle Ann (1936) Tarzan Escapes (1936) Dangerous Number (1937) Night Must Fall (1937) Double Wedding (1937) Man-Proof (1938) Love Is a Headache (1938) The First Hundred Years (1938) The Toy Wife (1938) The Crowd Roars (1938) Three Loves Has Nancy (1939) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1939) Tarzan Finds a Son! (1939) The Earl of Chicago (1940) 20 Mule Team (1940) Wyoming (1940) The Bad Man (1941) Barnacle Bill (1941) Tarzan's Secret Treasure (1941) Apache Trail (1942) Tarzan's New York Adventure (1942) White Cargo (1942) Three Hearts for Julia (1943) Above Suspicion (1943) Cry 'Havoc' (1943) Two Girls and a Sailor (1944) The Thin Man Goes Home (1944) Thrill of a Romance (1945) What Next, Corporal Hargrove? (1945) Her Highness and the Bellboy (1945) Fiesta (1947) This Time for Keeps (1947) On an Island with You (1948) A Date with Judy (1948) The Sun Comes Up (1949) Big Jack (1949) Challenge to Lassie (1949) Malaya (1949) Black Hand (1950) Three Little Words (1950) Vengeance Valley (1951) The Great Caruso (1951) The Unknown Man (1951) It's a Big Country (1952) Carbine Williams (1952) Ivanhoe (1952) The Prisoner of Zenda (1952) The Girl Who Had Everything (1953) All the Brothers Were Valiant (1953) Knights of the Round Table (1954) The Student Prince (1954) Athena (1954) The Prodigal (1955) The Adventures of Quentin Durward (1955) Ten Thousand Bedrooms (1957) Tip on a Dead Jockey (1957) Jailhouse Rock (1957) The House of the Seven Hawks (1959) Killers of Kilimanjaro (1959) The Tartars (1961) The Honeymoon Machine (1961) The Horizontal Lieutenant (1962) Follow the Boys (1963) Fun in Acapulco (1963) The Golden Head (1964) The Truth About Spring (1965) That Funny Feeling (1965) The Last Challenge (1967) The Scorpio Letters (1967) Serials Vultures of the Sea (1928) The Vanishing West (1928) The Fatal Warning (1929) The King of the Kongo (1929) The Lone Defender (1930) King of the Wild (1931) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Tin Pan Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley"},{"link_name":"Fred Astaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Astaire"},{"link_name":"Bert Kalmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Kalmar"},{"link_name":"Red Skelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skelton"},{"link_name":"Harry Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ruby"},{"link_name":"Vera-Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera-Ellen"},{"link_name":"Arlene Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene_Dahl"},{"link_name":"Debbie Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Helen Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Kane"},{"link_name":"Gloria DeHaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_DeHaven"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Carter DeHaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Parker_DeHaven"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Richard Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"Jack Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Cummings_(director)"},{"link_name":"biopics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopic"},{"link_name":"Till the Clouds Roll By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_the_Clouds_Roll_By"},{"link_name":"Jerome Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kern"},{"link_name":"Words and Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_and_Music_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Rodgers and Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hart"},{"link_name":"Deep in My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_in_My_Heart_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Romberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Romberg"}],"text":"Three Little Words is a 1950 American musical film biography of the Tin Pan Alley songwriting partnership of Kalmar and Ruby. It stars Fred Astaire as lyricist Bert Kalmar and Red Skelton as composer Harry Ruby, along with Vera-Ellen and Arlene Dahl as their wives, with Debbie Reynolds in a small but notable role as singer Helen Kane and Gloria DeHaven as her own mother, Mrs. Carter DeHaven. The film, released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, was written by Academy-Award-winning screenwriter George Wells, directed by Richard Thorpe and produced by Jack Cummings. Harry Ruby served as a consultant on the project, and he appears in a cameo role as a baseball catcher. The third in a series of MGM biopics about Broadway composers, it was preceded by Till the Clouds Roll By (Jerome Kern, 1946) and Words and Music (Rodgers and Hart, 1948) and followed by Deep in My Heart (Sigmund Romberg, 1954).","title":"Three Little Words (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred Astaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Astaire"},{"link_name":"Bert Kalmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Kalmar"},{"link_name":"Red Skelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skelton"},{"link_name":"Harry Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ruby"},{"link_name":"Vera-Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera-Ellen"},{"link_name":"Anita Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Ellis_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Arlene Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene_Dahl"},{"link_name":"Eileen Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Percy"},{"link_name":"Keenan Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keenan_Wynn"},{"link_name":"Gale Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Gloria DeHaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_DeHaven"},{"link_name":"Phil Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Regan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Harry Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Shannon_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Debbie Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Helen Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Kane"},{"link_name":"Helen Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Kane"},{"link_name":"Paul Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Harvey"},{"link_name":"Carleton Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"George Metkovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Metkovich"},{"link_name":"Al Schacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Schacht"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Astaire-3"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Astaire-3"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_-_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy"}],"text":"Fred Astaire as Bert Kalmar\nRed Skelton as Harry Ruby\nVera-Ellen as Jessie Brown\nAnita Ellis as Jessie Brown (singing voice) (uncredited)\nArlene Dahl as Eileen Percy\nKeenan Wynn as Charlie Kope\nGale Robbins as Terry Lordel\nGloria DeHaven as Mrs. Carter De Haven\nPhil Regan as himself\nHarry Shannon as Clanahan\nDebbie Reynolds as Helen Kane\nHelen Kane as herself (singing voice) (uncredited)\nPaul Harvey as Al Masters\nCarleton Carpenter as Dan Healy\nGeorge Metkovich as Al Schacht\nHarry Mendoza as himselfThis warm and engaging[2] film was one of Astaire's favorites,[3] possibly because of the nostalgic vaudeville connection.\nAs Hollywood film biographies of the period go, it takes fewer liberties with the facts than usual, and Astaire and \nSkelton's onscreen portrayal of the partnership is considered psychologically accurate,[2] complemented by a mutual chemistry, some quality acting by both, and some fine comedy touches by Skelton.[3] Unusually for Hollywood songwriting biographies of this period, two of the songs, \"Thinking of You\" and \"Nevertheless\", became major hits on the film's release, reaching first and second place respectively, in the U.S. charts.In recognition of his acting performance, Fred Astaire was awarded the first Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy in 1951.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Astaire-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-2"},{"link_name":"Carefree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carefree_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Vernon_and_Irene_Castle"},{"link_name":"The Barkleys of Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barkleys_of_Broadway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-2"},{"link_name":"Kalmar and Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalmar_and_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adele Astaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Astaire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Astaire-3"},{"link_name":"Gene Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-2"},{"link_name":"RKO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Who's Sorry Now?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Sorry_Now%3F_(song)"},{"link_name":"Gloria DeHaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_DeHaven"},{"link_name":"Top Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Hat"},{"link_name":"A Damsel in Distress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Damsel_in_Distress_(RKO)"},{"link_name":"You Were Never Lovelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Were_Never_Lovelier"},{"link_name":"Blue Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Skies_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Royal Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Come On Papa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_On_Papa"},{"link_name":"Nevertheless (I'm in Love with You)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevertheless_(I%27m_in_Love_with_You)"},{"link_name":"Gale Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Robbins"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"I Wanna Be Loved by You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Loved_by_You"},{"link_name":"Carleton Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Helen Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Kane"},{"link_name":"Thinking of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_of_You_(1927_song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Astaire-3"},{"link_name":"rumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Rumba"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_dance"},{"link_name":"ballroom dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballroom_dance"},{"link_name":"Rita Hayworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Hayworth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-2"},{"link_name":"Three Little Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Little_Words_(song)"},{"link_name":"Three Little Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Little_Words_(song)"}],"text":"This film provides an object lesson in how to integrate the many songs and dances seamlessly and naturally into the script \n- a principle first introduced into the Hollywood musical by Astaire as far back as 1934. Astaire's choreography takes the opportunity provided by Vera-Ellen's technical prowess[3] to showcase dance routines notable[2] for leg kicks, lifts and - Astaire's innovative combination of the two - the hurdling lift, first invented for \"The Yam\" number in Carefree (1938). These routines are contrasted with some choreographically primitive numbers typical of vaudeville c. 1920. The spirit of the partnered dances expands on the theme of marital contentment previously explored in The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939) and the prior year's The Barkleys of Broadway (1949). Vera-Ellen's singing voice was dubbed[2] by Anita Ellis.\"Where Did You Get That Girl?\": Astaire and Vera-Ellen, dressed in top hat, white tie and tails, impersonate the vaudeville partnership of Kalmar and Brown with this genial song and dance duet set around 1919. (The song itself dates to 1913 and was written by Kalmar and an earlier partner, Harry Puck, before the lyricist teamed with Ruby.) Fred and Adele Astaire had greatly admired the Kalmar-Brown partnership: \"We used to stand in the wings and watch Jessie and Bert with thrilled envy, wondering if we could equal their finesse and reach their headline billing\".[3] The routine is very straightforward, and when contrasted with the creations of Astaire, Gene Kelly and others, illustrates the profound evolution popular dance had undergone in the intervening period. Incidentally Ruby, working as a song plugger,[2] had once played tunes for the Astaire siblings.\n\"Mr. and Mrs. Hoofer At Home\": A hectic and high-kicking comic dance duet for Astaire and Vera-Ellen which is set in a suburban family living room and portrays[2] the various challenges of contented domesticity. The routine, which, in contrast to the previous one, is thoroughly modern[2] in conception, is nonetheless shown performed at the Keith's Theatre (which later became the K in RKO) in Washington, D.C. in the presence of President Woodrow Wilson, a noted vaudeville fan.\n\"My Sunny Tennessee\": Astaire and Skelton deliver a version of this 1921 hit.\n\"So Long, OO-Long\": Kalmar and Ruby's 1920 Oriental-themed ditty is performed by Astaire and Skelton.\n\"Who's Sorry Now?\": This 1923 Kalmar and Ruby standard was sung by Gloria DeHaven.\n\"Test Solo\": Danced by Astaire, initially to a spare piano accompaniment by André Previn and then to the music of \"Where Did You Get That Girl?\". This was his fifth tap and cane solo, the first being \"Top Hat, White Tie and Tails\" from Top Hat (1935), followed by \"I Can't Be Bothered Now\" from A Damsel in Distress (1937), the \"Audition Dance\" from You Were Never Lovelier (1942), and \"Puttin' On The Ritz\" from Blue Skies (1946), - all remarkably dissimilar in execution. In the beginning of the solo, Astaire places his hat on top of a light stand and then waves to it. One year later, in \"Sunday Jumps\" from Royal Wedding (1951) he would take a clotheshorse into his arms and dance with it.\n\"Come On Papa\": Another high-kicking song and dance routine, this time for Vera-Ellen and chorus of sailors, to a 1918 song by Ruby and Edgar Leslie.\n\"Nevertheless (I'm in Love with You)\": Kalmar and Ruby's 1931 song is performed on stage by Astaire and Vera-Ellen to Skelton's piano accompaniment.\n\"All Alone Monday\": Gale Robbins delivers a performance of Kalmar and Ruby's 1926 ballad.\n\"I Wanna Be Loved by You\": Debbie Reynolds, in one of her earliest film appearances, performs this 1928 number with Carleton Carpenter, with Reynolds dubbed by the original boop-boop-a-doop girl Helen Kane (uncredited).\n\"Thinking of You\": One of the dance highlights[3] of the film is this romantic partnered routine for Astaire and Vera-Ellen, which follows after Ellen's (dubbed) performance of this 1927 standard. The dance begins quietly and affectionately in a lounge area, and gradually builds becoming progressively more extrovert until the music changes into a rumba - the Latin dance of love - and Astaire embarks on a further exploration of the possibilities of blending Latin and ballroom dance styles, which he had first been inspired to undertake during his celebrated partnership with Rita Hayworth. After this departure - which illustrates the passion than can continue to flourish long after the married nuptials - the dance subsides into a tender coda, recalling its opening mood.\n\"I Love You So Much\": Arlene Dahl, accompanied by a chorus of top-hatted men, sings and dances her way through this number originally written[2] for the 1930 film version of The Ramblers (later retitled The Cuckoos).\n\"Medley\" (incl. \"Three Little Words\": In this closing scene, Astaire and Skelton perform a medley of most of the songs featured in the film, ending with \"Three Little Words\" - Kalmar having finally found a suitable lyric for Ruby's melody, a running gag throughout most of the film.","title":"Key songs/dance routines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billman-4"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billman-4"}],"text":"The New York Times, August 10, 1950: \"There is a special quality about the new picture...which deserves immediate mention in detail. That is the polished performance of Fred Astaire as Bert Kalmar... Mr. Astaire has been wearing out thin-soled dancing shoes at a great pace over the years while most of us have grown a little heavier and somewhat slower of foot. But, he hasn't changed. Still lithe in appearance, Mr. Astaire has drawn rich dividends from time and is dancing in peak form...In talking of the fine dancing contributed by Mr. Astaire we forgot to mention how engagingly they carry off the romantic interest and bust into song when the script demands it.\"[4]\nVariety, July 12, 1950: Stal.:\"For Astaire, it's unquestionably his best picture in sometime. His terping, as always, is tops, his singing is adequate and his characterisation of Kalmar, while never deeply-etched, does full justice to the late songwriter's many talents...Vera-Ellen, with this picture, becomes the undisputed premiere danseuse of the screen. She matches Astaire tap for tap...and looks to be the best partner he's ever had.\"[4]","title":"Contemporary reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mannix-1"}],"text":"According to MGM records the film earned $3,019,000 in the US and Canada and $1,507,000 elsewhere, resulting in a healthy profit of $1,252,000.[1]","title":"Box office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_Greatest_Movie_Musicals"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[5]","title":"Accolades"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mueller, John (1986). Astaire Dancing - The Musical Films. London: Hamish Hamilton. pp. 300–311. ISBN 0-241-11749-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-11749-6","url_text":"0-241-11749-6"}]},{"reference":"Astaire, Fred (1959). Steps in Time. London: Heinemann. p. 296.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Billman, Larry (1997). Fred Astaire - A Bio-bibliography. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 127–130. ISBN 0-313-29010-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29010-5","url_text":"0-313-29010-5"}]},{"reference":"\"AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees\" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/musicals_ballot.pdf","url_text":"\"AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Little_Words_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/musicals_ballot.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043044/","external_links_name":"Three Little Words"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v49675","external_links_name":"Three Little Words"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/454/enwp","external_links_name":"Three Little Words"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/26526","external_links_name":"Three Little Words"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/three_little_words","external_links_name":"Three Little Words"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pd6suTj5wQ0","external_links_name":"Three Little Words (1950) – Mr. and Mrs. Hoofer At Home"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/c48ccc42-2696-4540-a89e-7532bfd19630","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_J._Spurrier	Junior J. Spurrier	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Medal of Honor actions","3 Later life and death","4 Awards and decorations","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]	Junior James SpurrierBirth nameJames Ira Spurrier, Jr.Nickname(s)"Task Force Spurrier"Born(1922-12-14)December 14, 1922Castlewood, Virginia, U.S.DiedFebruary 25, 1984(1984-02-25) (aged 61)Tennessee, U.S.AllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1940-1945 1947-1951RankTechnical SergeantService number13018254UnitCompany G, 134th Infantry Regiment, 35th Infantry DivisionBattles/wars World War II Asiatic-Pacific Theater Normandy Northern France Rhineland Ardennes-Alsace Central Europe Awards Combat Infantryman Badge Medal of Honor Distinguished Service Cross Legion of Merit Bronze Star Medal (2) Purple Heart (2) American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal French Croix de guerre 1939-1945 Belgian Croix de guerre of 1940 Distinguished Unit Citation (2) Meritorious Unit Commendation Junior James Spurrier, born James Ira Spurrier, Jr., was a United States Army soldier who received the United States' two highest military decorations for valor—the Medal of Honor and Distinguished Service Cross—for his heroic actions in World War II. Early life and education Spurrier was born on December 14, 1922, in the Castlewood area of Russell County, western Virginia to farmer and Norfolk and Western Railway locomotive fireman and engineer James I. Spurrier and his wife Ruby, one of six children. The family suffered due to the Great Depression, moving frequently, and ended up in Bluefield, West Virginia, where the younger Spurrier found work in a Civilian Conservation Corps camp. His mother died in the summer of 1940, and he decided to enlist in the Army. Career By the fall of 1940, Spurrier was living in Wise County, Virginia. On September 25, 1940, he voluntarily enlisted into the United States Army from Richmond, Virginia. Spurrier filled his name in the wrong blanks in his enlistment paperwork, and became known to the Army throughout his time in service as "Junior J. Spurrier." Sent overseas on April 20, 1942, he first served in the infantry in the Pacific Theater. Injured in New Guinea in late 1943, he was returned to the United States for medical treatment, first to Camp Carson, Colorado, then to San Francisco, California. Deemed fit for duty, Spurrier was sent overseas again in June 1944 at his own request. He was eventually assigned to Company G of the 134th Infantry Regiment, 35th Infantry Division, as a replacement private on July 19, 1944. On July 26, 1944, he was promoted to staff sergeant and became a messenger and scout. On September 16, 1944, near Lay-Saint-Christophe, France, he earned the Distinguished Service Cross for spearheading an assault on a stubbornly-defended hill position. While twice positioning himself on an American tank destroyer, Spurrier used its .50 caliber machine gun to kill over a dozen German soldiers and force the surrender of twenty-two others. While fighting on the ground, he personally destroyed two enemy dugouts with hand grenades. Spurrier was awarded a Purple Heart for being wounded in action on September 21, 1944. Medal of Honor actions On November 13, 1944, Spurrier singlehandedly attacked and fought Germans in the village of Achain, France. Spurrier repeatedly returned to his company's command post with prisoners, and replenished his ammunition from both American and enemy weapons to continue his attack on the occupied village. Spurrier earned the Medal of Honor for nearly single-handedly capturing the village of Achain that day; the medal was presented to Spurrier by Lieutenant General William Hood Simpson, commander of the Ninth United States Army, during a ceremony on March 6, 1945. Staff Sergeant Junior J. Spurrier's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy at Achain, France, on 13 November 1944. At 2 p.m., Company G attacked the village of Achain from the east. S/Sgt. Spurrier armed with a BAR passed around the village and advanced alone. Attacking from the west, he immediately killed 3 Germans. From this time until dark, S/Sgt. Spurrier, using at different times his BAR and M1 rifle, American and German rocket launchers, a German automatic pistol, and hand grenades, continued his solitary attack against the enemy regardless of all types of small-arms and automatic-weapons fire. As a result of his heroic actions he killed an officer and 24 enlisted men and captured 2 officers and 2 enlisted men. His valor has shed fresh honor on the U.S. Armed Forces. Spurrier was wounded again on December 9, 1944, receiving a second Purple Heart. He was transferred to Company K of the 134th Infantry Regiment on April 24, 1945, and returned to the United States soon after. He was discharged from the U.S. Army on June 19, 1945. Spurrier had a younger brother, George, who also served in the Army and was killed in action in France on July 28, 1944, while with the 314th Infantry Regiment, 79th Infantry Division. Later life and death Spurrier was noted as an extraordinarily brave and independent prankster who often clashed with his commanders, and went absent without leave several times during his service. Discharged after World War II, he attempted to go into business and had a brief stint as a pitcher with the Galax Leafs of the Class D Blue Ridge League before re-enlisting in the U.S. Army in 1947. He was elevated to the rank of technical sergeant and placed on recruiting duty. He had a severe problem with alcohol, and was demoted to the rank of private in 1950; Spurrier deserted his post during the Korean War and the Army gave him a honorable discharge in 1951 rather than court-martial him. Spurrier had a turbulent and remarkable life after the military. He had a difficult time adjusting to civilian life, possibly due to posttraumatic stress disorder, and had several run-ins with the law in Virginia and Maryland. He eventually served three jail sentences, being released for the last time in 1969. Spurrier became a teetotaler, ran a radio and television repair business, and retired to a cabin in eastern Tennessee. Junior J. Spurrier died in relative obscurity on February 25, 1984, at the age of 61 after a lengthy illness. He was survived by a brother, a sister, and a daughter. He is buried in Mountain Home National Cemetery (Section HH, Row 15, Grave 8), in Johnson City, Tennessee. A memorial to Spurrier was dedicated at the Mercer County War Museum on July 2, 2006. Several of Spurrier's original awards were believed lost, but were located in November 2011 by Granville, West Virginia, police chief Craig Corkrean, in a safe belonging to his late father. Spurrier's Medal of Honor and other medals were presented to his two surviving sisters in a ceremony held on December 2, 2011. Awards and decorations Combat Infantryman Badge Medal of Honor Distinguished Service Cross Legion of Merit Bronze Star Medal with one "V" device and one oak leaf cluster Purple Heart with one oak leaf cluster American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with arrowhead device European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one silver campaign star World War II Victory Medal French Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 Belgian Croix De Guerre of 1940 Distinguished Unit Citation with one oak leaf cluster Meritorious Unit Commendation See also Biography portal List of Medal of Honor recipients Notes 1.^ Conflicting information exists as to Junior J. Spurrier's early life and his date and place of enlistment into the military. Official United States Army enlistment records state that Spurrier's place of residence in September 1940 was Wise County, Virginia and that he voluntarily enlisted at Richmond, Virginia, on September 25, 1940. General orders from the 35th Infantry Division for the award of Spurrier's two Purple Hearts likewise say that he "entered military service" from Virginia. Conversely, Spurrier's Medal of Honor citation says that he was born in Russell County, Kentucky, and "entered service" at Riggs, Kentucky. 2.^ One Bluefield Daily Telegraph article lists his service in the Pacific as twenty-two months, while another says thirty-one months; the latter may be his service in the Army as a whole up to the point when he returned to the United States. References ^ Willbanks, James (2011). America's Heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan. ABC-CLIO. p. 320. ISBN 9781598843934. ^ Willbanks, 321 ^ Willbanks, 320 ^ Murphy, Edward (1991). Heroes of WWII: True Stories of Medal of Honor Winners. New York City: Ballantine Books. p. 206. ISBN 9780345375452. ^ "Junior Spurrier, Bluefield's 'One Man Army' Is Given DSC". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Bluefield. 1945-01-06. Retrieved 2018-10-04. ^ Archer, Bill (2011-11-27). "Staff Sgt. Spurrier's Medal of Honor returning to Mercer". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Bluefield. Retrieved 10 February 2018. ^ "Soldier of the Month". Army Life and Army Recruiting News. Washington, D.C.: Adjutant General's Department, Department of the Army. December 1947. ^ "Sgt. Spurrier Re-Enlists In U.S. Army". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Bluefield. 1947-07-15. Retrieved 7 October 2018. ^ "AWOL Medal of Honor Winner Charged with Horse-Stealing," Knoxville News-Sentinel (Knoxville, KY), October 6, 1951 ^ "Medal Winner Invades Girl Friend's Home," Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN), November 20, 1951 ^ "'One-Man Army' Is Given Jail Term; Won War Fame," Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN), December 9, 1955 ^ "War Hero Given Suspended Fine" Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, MD), December 13, 1956 ^ "World War II Hero Given Break Once More," Lexington Leader (Lexington, KY), September 7, 1957 ^ "War Hero Sent to Spring Grove," Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, MD), August 21, 1958 ^ "War Hero Held In Shooting Case," Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, MD), September 6, 1961 ^ "One-Man Army Sentenced On Deadly Weapon Charge," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, MO), December 1, 1961 ^ "Honor Medal Winner Paroled," Evening Sun (Baltimore, MD), November 5, 1962 ^ "Congressional Medal Winner Set Free," Springfield News-Leader (Springfield, MO), 24 December 1969 ^ "James I. Spurrier Jr.," Johnson City Press-Chronicle (Johnson City, TN), February 26, 1984 ^ Wilbanks, James H. (2011). America's Heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 320–321. ISBN 9781598843934. ^ Bill Archer (2011-11-25). "Museum immortalizes service of Staff Sgt. Junior Spurrier". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Bluefield. Retrieved 7 October 2018. ^ "Police chief finds soldier's Medal of Honor". Charleston Gazette-Mail. Charleston. 2011-11-25. Retrieved 10 February 2018. ^ "W.Va. police chief finds Bluefield soldier's Medal of Honor". WVVA. Bluefield. 2011-11-25. Retrieved 10 February 2018.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Junior James Spurrier, born James Ira Spurrier, Jr., was a United States Army soldier who received the United States' two highest military decorations for valor—the Medal of Honor and Distinguished Service Cross—for his heroic actions in World War II.","title":"Junior J. Spurrier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castlewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlewood,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Russell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk and Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Bluefield, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefield,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Civilian Conservation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Spurrier was born on December 14, 1922, in the Castlewood area of Russell County, western Virginia to farmer and Norfolk and Western Railway locomotive fireman and engineer James I. Spurrier and his wife Ruby, one of six children. The family suffered due to the Great Depression, moving frequently, and ended up in Bluefield, West Virginia, where the younger Spurrier found work in a Civilian Conservation Corps camp.[3] His mother died in the summer of 1940, and he decided to enlist in the Army.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wise County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_J._Spurrier#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_J._Spurrier#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign"},{"link_name":"Camp Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Carson"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lay-Saint-Christophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay-Saint-Christophe"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":".50 caliber machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"}],"text":"By the fall of 1940, Spurrier was living in Wise County, Virginia. On September 25, 1940, he voluntarily enlisted into the United States Army from Richmond, Virginia.[1] Spurrier filled his name in the wrong blanks in his enlistment paperwork, and became known to the Army throughout his time in service as \"Junior J. Spurrier.\"Sent overseas on April 20, 1942, he first served in the infantry in the Pacific Theater.[2] Injured in New Guinea in late 1943, he was returned to the United States for medical treatment, first to Camp Carson, Colorado, then to San Francisco, California.[5][6] Deemed fit for duty, Spurrier was sent overseas again in June 1944 at his own request. He was eventually assigned to Company G of the 134th Infantry Regiment, 35th Infantry Division, as a replacement private on July 19, 1944. On July 26, 1944, he was promoted to staff sergeant and became a messenger and scout. On September 16, 1944, near Lay-Saint-Christophe, France, he earned the Distinguished Service Cross for spearheading an assault on a stubbornly-defended hill position. While twice positioning himself on an American tank destroyer, Spurrier used its .50 caliber machine gun to kill over a dozen German soldiers and force the surrender of twenty-two others. While fighting on the ground, he personally destroyed two enemy dugouts with hand grenades. Spurrier was awarded a Purple Heart for being wounded in action on September 21, 1944.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William Hood Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hood_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Ninth United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"BAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1918_Browning_Automatic_Rifle"},{"link_name":"M1 rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Garand_rifle"},{"link_name":"314th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"79th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"}],"sub_title":"Medal of Honor actions","text":"On November 13, 1944, Spurrier singlehandedly attacked and fought Germans in the village of Achain, France. Spurrier repeatedly returned to his company's command post with prisoners, and replenished his ammunition from both American and enemy weapons to continue his attack on the occupied village. Spurrier earned the Medal of Honor for nearly single-handedly capturing the village of Achain that day; the medal was presented to Spurrier by Lieutenant General William Hood Simpson, commander of the Ninth United States Army, during a ceremony on March 6, 1945.Staff Sergeant Junior J. Spurrier's official Medal of Honor citation reads:For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy at Achain, France, on 13 November 1944. At 2 p.m., Company G attacked the village of Achain from the east. S/Sgt. Spurrier armed with a BAR passed around the village and advanced alone. Attacking from the west, he immediately killed 3 Germans. From this time until dark, S/Sgt. Spurrier, using at different times his BAR and M1 rifle, American and German rocket launchers, a German automatic pistol, and hand grenades, continued his solitary attack against the enemy regardless of all types of small-arms and automatic-weapons fire. As a result of his heroic actions he killed an officer and 24 enlisted men and captured 2 officers and 2 enlisted men. His valor has shed fresh honor on the U.S. Armed Forces.Spurrier was wounded again on December 9, 1944, receiving a second Purple Heart. He was transferred to Company K of the 134th Infantry Regiment on April 24, 1945, and returned to the United States soon after. He was discharged from the U.S. Army on June 19, 1945. Spurrier had a younger brother, George, who also served in the Army and was killed in action in France on July 28, 1944, while with the 314th Infantry Regiment, 79th Infantry Division.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"absent without leave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertion#Desertion_versus_absence_without_leave"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_League"},{"link_name":"recruiting duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_recruitment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"severe problem with alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"honorable discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_discharge#Honorable_discharge"},{"link_name":"court-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"posttraumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"teetotaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teetotalism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mountain Home National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Home_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Johnson City, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_City,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Mercer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Granville, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Spurrier was noted as an extraordinarily brave and independent prankster who often clashed with his commanders, and went absent without leave several times during his service. Discharged after World War II, he attempted to go into business and had a brief stint as a pitcher with the Galax Leafs of the Class D Blue Ridge League before re-enlisting in the U.S. Army in 1947. He was elevated to the rank of technical sergeant and placed on recruiting duty.[7][8] He had a severe problem with alcohol, and was demoted to the rank of private in 1950; Spurrier deserted his post during the Korean War and the Army gave him a honorable discharge in 1951 rather than court-martial him.[9]Spurrier had a turbulent and remarkable life after the military. He had a difficult time adjusting to civilian life, possibly due to posttraumatic stress disorder, and had several run-ins with the law in Virginia and Maryland. He eventually served three jail sentences,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] being released for the last time in 1969. Spurrier became a teetotaler, ran a radio and television repair business, and retired to a cabin in eastern Tennessee.Junior J. Spurrier died in relative obscurity on February 25, 1984, at the age of 61 after a lengthy illness. He was survived by a brother, a sister, and a daughter.[19] He is buried in Mountain Home National Cemetery (Section HH, Row 15, Grave 8), in Johnson City, Tennessee.[20]A memorial to Spurrier was dedicated at the Mercer County War Museum on July 2, 2006.[21] Several of Spurrier's original awards were believed lost, but were located in November 2011 by Granville, West Virginia, police chief Craig Corkrean, in a safe belonging to his late father. Spurrier's Medal of Honor and other medals were presented to his two surviving sisters in a ceremony held on December 2, 2011.[22][23]","title":"Later life and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"Russell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"}],"text":"1.^ Conflicting information exists as to Junior J. Spurrier's early life and his date and place of enlistment into the military. Official United States Army enlistment records state that Spurrier's place of residence in September 1940 was Wise County, Virginia and that he voluntarily enlisted at Richmond, Virginia, on September 25, 1940. General orders from the 35th Infantry Division for the award of Spurrier's two Purple Hearts likewise say that he \"entered military service\" from Virginia. Conversely, Spurrier's Medal of Honor citation says that he was born in Russell County, Kentucky, and \"entered service\" at Riggs, Kentucky.2.^ One Bluefield Daily Telegraph article lists his service in the Pacific as twenty-two months, while another says thirty-one months; the latter may be his service in the Army as a whole up to the point when he returned to the United States.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of Medal of Honor recipients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients"}]	[{"reference":"Willbanks, James (2011). America's Heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan. ABC-CLIO. p. 320. ISBN 9781598843934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843934","url_text":"9781598843934"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Edward (1991). Heroes of WWII: True Stories of Medal of Honor Winners. New York City: Ballantine Books. p. 206. ISBN 9780345375452.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/heroesofwwii00edwa/page/206","url_text":"Heroes of WWII: True Stories of Medal of Honor Winners"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/heroesofwwii00edwa/page/206","url_text":"206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345375452","url_text":"9780345375452"}]},{"reference":"\"Junior Spurrier, Bluefield's 'One Man Army' Is Given DSC\". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Bluefield. 1945-01-06. Retrieved 2018-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/bluefield-daily-telegraph-jan-06-1945-p-1/","url_text":"\"Junior Spurrier, Bluefield's 'One Man Army' Is Given DSC\""}]},{"reference":"Archer, Bill (2011-11-27). \"Staff Sgt. Spurrier's Medal of Honor returning to Mercer\". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Bluefield. Retrieved 10 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bdtonline.com/news/local_news/staff-sgt-spurrier-s-medal-of-honor-returning-to-mercer/article_d3e571db-b487-57f4-aa78-e8c98833d950.html","url_text":"\"Staff Sgt. Spurrier's Medal of Honor returning to Mercer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soldier of the Month\". Army Life and Army Recruiting News. Washington, D.C.: Adjutant General's Department, Department of the Army. December 1947.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sgt. Spurrier Re-Enlists In U.S. Army\". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Bluefield. 1947-07-15. Retrieved 7 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/bluefield-daily-telegraph-jul-15-1947-p-1/","url_text":"\"Sgt. Spurrier Re-Enlists In U.S. Army\""}]},{"reference":"Wilbanks, James H. (2011). America's Heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 320–321. ISBN 9781598843934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843934","url_text":"9781598843934"}]},{"reference":"Bill Archer (2011-11-25). \"Museum immortalizes service of Staff Sgt. Junior Spurrier\". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Bluefield. Retrieved 7 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bdtonline.com/archives/museum-immortalizes-service-of-staff-sgt-junior-spurrier/article_d393ab2f-f88d-5882-965e-6de85407c8d8.html","url_text":"\"Museum immortalizes service of Staff Sgt. Junior Spurrier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police chief finds soldier's Medal of Honor\". Charleston Gazette-Mail. Charleston. 2011-11-25. Retrieved 10 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wvgazettemail.com/news/police-chief-finds-soldier-s-medal-of-honor/article_f0496599-5f2e-5c78-b56b-b567bf203a6f.html","url_text":"\"Police chief finds soldier's Medal of Honor\""}]},{"reference":"\"W.Va. police chief finds Bluefield soldier's Medal of Honor\". WVVA. Bluefield. 2011-11-25. Retrieved 10 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wvva.com/story/16122117/wva-police-chief-finds-soldiers-medal-of-honor","url_text":"\"W.Va. police chief finds Bluefield soldier's Medal of Honor\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_J._Spurrier#endnote_a","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_J._Spurrier#endnote_b","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/heroesofwwii00edwa/page/206","external_links_name":"Heroes of WWII: True Stories of Medal of Honor Winners"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/heroesofwwii00edwa/page/206","external_links_name":"206"},{"Link":"https://newspaperarchive.com/bluefield-daily-telegraph-jan-06-1945-p-1/","external_links_name":"\"Junior Spurrier, Bluefield's 'One Man Army' Is Given DSC\""},{"Link":"http://www.bdtonline.com/news/local_news/staff-sgt-spurrier-s-medal-of-honor-returning-to-mercer/article_d3e571db-b487-57f4-aa78-e8c98833d950.html","external_links_name":"\"Staff Sgt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienio_progresista	Bienio progresista	["1 Background","2 La Vicalvarada","3 Development","3.1 Political aspect","3.2 Legislative and economic aspects","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Articles","6.2 Books"]	Period in Spanish history This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In the history of Spain, the bienio progresista (Spanish pronunciation: , "Progressive Biennium" or "Progressivist Biennium") was the two-year period from July 1854 to July 1856, during which the Progressive Party attempted to reform the political system of the reign of Isabella II, which had been dominated by the Moderate Party since 1843 in the so-called década moderada. The Progressives were exaltados or veinteañistas, advocates of radical liberalism, in contrast to the conservative liberalism of the doceañistas or Moderates. Background After a decade of rule by the Moderates, the Spanish were aware of massive government corruption in the entrenched Moderate regime. Furthermore, all but the wealthiest were disenfranchised by a system of census suffrage that left less than one percent of the population eligible to participate in the country's electoral politics. The perceived injustice of this situation provoked protests and subversive movements. These movements were led by those liberal leaders who were not in accord with the Moderate government. For the most part, this meant the Progressives, but there were also moderates such as General Leopoldo O'Donnell who were simply opposed to what an increasingly corrupt and ineffective regime. The dismissal of prime minister Juan Bravo Murillo toward the end of 1852 marked the acceleration of the decline of the Moderate regime. The government attempted to rule by decree, ignoring its own constitution. Even many of the most prominent Moderates were unhappy with the cabinet that had been hand-picked by the queen mother Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. Francisco Martínez de la Rosa, Alejandro Mon y Menéndez and Leopoldo O'Donnell wished to form a government that would restore the country's confidence without handing power over to the Progressives, but they were excluded from any role in the government. La Vicalvarada Main article: Spanish Revolution of 1854 Street protests began in Zaragoza in February 1854, and had extended throughout the country by July. On 28 June 1854, O'Donnell, who had been hiding in Madrid during a wave of persecutions of prominent figures not aligned with the current regime, managed to unite diverse forces and to confront troops loyal to the government at Vicálvaro southeast of Madrid, where he demanded a new government that would put an end to the corruption. He made it clear that he respected Queen Isabella, but not her government. This coup attempt became known as La Vicalvarada; it did not result in the immediate fall of the government, but neither was it quickly crushed. Through the ensuing weeks, troops in Barcelona also pronounced in favor of La Vicalvarada. General O'Donnell and his troops retired to the south, where they connected with the Progressive general Serrano. Together they issued the Manifesto of Manzanares on 7 July 1854: We wish to preserve the Throne, but without the camarilla that dishonors it; we wish the rigorous practice of the fundamental laws, above all those of elections and the press (...); we wish seniority and merit to be respected in civil and military employment (...); we wish to lift from the populations the centralization that is devouring them, giving them the local independence necessary to conserve and augment their own interests; and as a guarantee of all that we wish and to place ourselves on a solid basis, the National Militia. These are our intentions, which we express frankly without imposing these on the Nation. The organs of government that ought to be constituted in free provinces, the Cortes generales that will later bring them together, the Nation itself, finally, will set the definitive bases for the liberal regeneration to which we aspire. We have consecrated our swords to the national will, and will not sheathe them until that will is satisfied. This manifesto was distributed among the populace, inviting the people to rise up in support. The popular reaction was immediate, with agitations and popular revolts throughout the country in support of the Manifesto. On 17 July, civilians and soldiers took to the streets of Madrid, (as well as Alzira, Cuenca, Logroño, Valencia and Zaragoza) in a violent uprising that threatened the life of queen mother Maria Christina, who had to seek refuge. The result was a revolution, to which the Catalan workers also allied themselves. Isabella II had no choice but to accede to the demands of the Manifesto. The bienio progresista began. Development The bienio progresista was a period full of illusion and hope among great sectors of the populace. The new government led by Baldomero Espartero attempted to put the Manifesto of Manzanares into practice, but ultimately it failed. Political aspect The Progressives, desiring a progressive constitution, annulled the Moderate Constitution of 1845 and attempted to write a new constitution based on the Progressive Constitution of 1837. However, they proved not to have enough unity to agree on a text. Nonetheless, they supported the rights of citizens, such as freedom of expression, freedom of the press, and freedom of political association. Other political parties arose, including socialist and federalist parties. The political panorama became much more complicated. Taking advantage of the new liberties, the workers' movement sprang into action, above all by means of the general strike. The peasants also began to protest and demand improvements in their situation. Municipal government was decentralized, with the restoration of local elections. The resulting municipal governments were yet another source of pressure on the Progressive government. On the other hand, the Moderates in the Cortes hounded the Progressives, taking advantage of a free press to attack them from the right. Legislative and economic aspects In the midst of all this political instability, the government brought about a major economic reform. First, there was the civil confiscation under Finance Minister Pascual Madoz: properties owned by municipalities, military orders, hospitals, hospices and casas de misericordia (charity homes) were confiscated and sold to raise funds for the State. The negative consequences were suffered not only by the agents of these institutions but by the poorer villagers, who used the municipal commons for their subsistence. When these lands were placed in private hands, they could no longer use them. Second, another law gave major benefits and privileges to whoever would invest in the construction of railways, given that transport was essential to the process of industrialization that was beginning to develop in Spain. Under this law, foreign investors, especially from France and the United Kingdom employed their capital in constructing railways; the law also proved very beneficial to the banks. Third and finally, a liberalization of banking and corporate law attempted to expand the financial system to underwrite industrial development. Whatever the intentions, the result was chaos. In the face of instability and conflict, O'Donnell led another coup in July 1856. The bienio progresista had ended in failure. See also Trienio liberal Sexenio Democrático Notes ^ Nosotros queremos la conservación del Trono, pero sin la camarilla que lo deshonra, queremos la práctica rigurosa de las leyes fundamentales mejorándolas, sobre todo, la electoral y la de imprenta (...), queremos que se respeten en los empleos militares y civiles la antigüedad y el merecimiento (...), queremos arrancar a los pueblos de la centralización que les devora, dándoles la independencia local necesaria para que se conserven y aumenten sus intereses propios, y como garantía de todo esto queremos y plantearemos bajo sólidas bases la Milicia Nacional. Tales son nuestros intentos, que expresamos francamente sin imponerlos por eso a la Nación. Las Juntas de gobierno que deben irse constituyendo en las Provincias libres, las Cortes generales que luego se reúnan, la misma Nación, en fin, fijará las bases definitivas de la regeneración liberal a que aspiramos. Nosotros tenemos consagradas a la voluntad nacional nuestras espadas y no las envainaremos hasta que ella esté cumplida. References Articles Isabel Casanova Aguilar, "El bienio progresista (1854-56): Historia de un intento de modernización institucional", Anales de Derecho, ISSN 0210-539X, Nº 6, 1984, pp. 131-132. Oscar Ignacio Mateos y de Cabo and José Fernando Merino Merchán, "La 'Vicalvarada' 140 años después: Aproximación al significado jurídico-constitucional del bienio progresista (1854-1856)", Revista de las Cortes Generales, ISSN 0214-0519, Nº 32, 1994, pp. 121-176. José Ramón de Urquijo and Goitia Hispania. "Las contradicciones políticas del bienio progresista", Revista Española de Historia, ISSN 0018-2141, Vol. 57, Nº 195, 1997, pp. 267-302. Braulio Díaz Sampedro, "Derecho e ideología en el bienio progresista", Anuario de la Facultad de Derecho, ISSN 0213-988X, Nº 24, 2006, pp. 159-175. Books María Fe Núñez Muñoz and Franco Díaz de Cerio, El bienio progresista (1854-1856) y la ruptura de relaciones de Roma con España según los documentos vaticanos, Universidad de La Laguna, 1993. ISBN 84-7756-381-0. José Luis Ollero Vallés, "El Bienio Progresista, 1854-1856", chapter in Sagasta y el liberalismo español, 2000, pp. 246-255, ISBN 84-8140-071-8. Alberto Ramos Santana, La desamortización civil en Cádiz en el bienio progresista, Cádiz: Excma. Diputación Provincial, D.L. 1982. ISBN 84-500-5279-3.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"history of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[ˈbjenjo pɾoɣɾeˈsista]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Isabella II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Moderate Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate_Party_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"década moderada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_moderada"},{"link_name":"radical liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)"},{"link_name":"conservative liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_liberalism"}],"text":"In the history of Spain, the bienio progresista (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbjenjo pɾoɣɾeˈsista], \"Progressive Biennium\" or \"Progressivist Biennium\") was the two-year period from July 1854 to July 1856, during which the Progressive Party attempted to reform the political system of the reign of Isabella II, which had been dominated by the Moderate Party since 1843 in the so-called década moderada. The Progressives were exaltados or veinteañistas, advocates of radical liberalism, in contrast to the conservative liberalism of the doceañistas or Moderates.","title":"Bienio progresista"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disenfranchised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfranchisement"},{"link_name":"census suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage#Census_suffrage"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Juan Bravo Murillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bravo_Murillo"},{"link_name":"decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government)"},{"link_name":"queen mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_mother"},{"link_name":"Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Francisco Martínez de la Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_la_Rosa"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Mon y Menéndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Mon_y_Men%C3%A9ndez"}],"text":"After a decade of rule by the Moderates, the Spanish were aware of massive government corruption in the entrenched Moderate regime. Furthermore, all but the wealthiest were disenfranchised by a system of census suffrage that left less than one percent of the population eligible to participate in the country's electoral politics.The perceived injustice of this situation provoked protests and subversive movements. These movements were led by those liberal leaders who were not in accord with the Moderate government. For the most part, this meant the Progressives, but there were also moderates such as General Leopoldo O'Donnell who were simply opposed to what an increasingly corrupt and ineffective regime.The dismissal of prime minister Juan Bravo Murillo toward the end of 1852 marked the acceleration of the decline of the Moderate regime. The government attempted to rule by decree, ignoring its own constitution. Even many of the most prominent Moderates were unhappy with the cabinet that had been hand-picked by the queen mother Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. Francisco Martínez de la Rosa, Alejandro Mon y Menéndez and Leopoldo O'Donnell wished to form a government that would restore the country's confidence without handing power over to the Progressives, but they were excluded from any role in the government.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Vicálvaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic%C3%A1lvaro"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Manifesto of Manzanares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_Manzanares"},{"link_name":"camarilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarilla"},{"link_name":"National Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Militia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Cortes generales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Generales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alzira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira,_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Logroño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"}],"text":"Street protests began in Zaragoza in February 1854, and had extended throughout the country by July. On 28 June 1854, O'Donnell, who had been hiding in Madrid during a wave of persecutions of prominent figures not aligned with the current regime, managed to unite diverse forces and to confront troops loyal to the government at Vicálvaro southeast of Madrid, where he demanded a new government that would put an end to the corruption. He made it clear that he respected Queen Isabella, but not her government. This coup attempt became known as La Vicalvarada; it did not result in the immediate fall of the government, but neither was it quickly crushed. Through the ensuing weeks, troops in Barcelona also pronounced in favor of La Vicalvarada.General O'Donnell and his troops retired to the south, where they connected with the Progressive general Serrano. Together they issued the Manifesto of Manzanares on 7 July 1854:We wish to preserve the Throne, but without the camarilla that dishonors it; we wish the rigorous practice of the fundamental laws, above all those of elections and the press (...); we wish seniority and merit to be respected in civil and military employment (...); we wish to lift from the populations the centralization that is devouring them, giving them the local independence necessary to conserve and augment their own interests; and as a guarantee of all that we wish and to place ourselves on a solid basis, the National Militia. These are our intentions, which we express frankly without imposing these on the Nation. The organs of government that ought to be constituted in free provinces, the Cortes generales that will later bring them together, the Nation itself, finally, will set the definitive bases for the liberal regeneration to which we aspire. We have consecrated our swords to the national will, and will not sheathe them until that will is satisfied.[1]This manifesto was distributed among the populace, inviting the people to rise up in support. The popular reaction was immediate, with agitations and popular revolts throughout the country in support of the Manifesto. On 17 July, civilians and soldiers took to the streets of Madrid, (as well as Alzira, Cuenca, Logroño, Valencia and Zaragoza) in a violent uprising that threatened the life of queen mother Maria Christina, who had to seek refuge. The result was a revolution, to which the Catalan workers also allied themselves.Isabella II had no choice but to accede to the demands of the Manifesto. The bienio progresista began.","title":"La Vicalvarada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldomero Espartero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero"}],"text":"The bienio progresista was a period full of illusion and hope among great sectors of the populace. The new government led by Baldomero Espartero attempted to put the Manifesto of Manzanares into practice, but ultimately it failed.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of 1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1845"},{"link_name":"Constitution of 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1837"},{"link_name":"freedom of expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression"},{"link_name":"freedom of the press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press"},{"link_name":"freedom of political association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_association"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"federalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism"},{"link_name":"workers' movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_movement_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"general strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike"},{"link_name":"right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"}],"sub_title":"Political aspect","text":"The Progressives, desiring a progressive constitution, annulled the Moderate Constitution of 1845 and attempted to write a new constitution based on the Progressive Constitution of 1837. However, they proved not to have enough unity to agree on a text. Nonetheless, they supported the rights of citizens, such as freedom of expression, freedom of the press, and freedom of political association. Other political parties arose, including socialist and federalist parties. The political panorama became much more complicated. Taking advantage of the new liberties, the workers' movement sprang into action, above all by means of the general strike. The peasants also began to protest and demand improvements in their situation.Municipal government was decentralized, with the restoration of local elections. The resulting municipal governments were yet another source of pressure on the Progressive government. On the other hand, the Moderates in the Cortes hounded the Progressives, taking advantage of a free press to attack them from the right.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pascual Madoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Madoz"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"military orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_order_(society)"},{"link_name":"hospitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital"},{"link_name":"hospices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospice"},{"link_name":"commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Legislative and economic aspects","text":"In the midst of all this political instability, the government brought about a major economic reform. First, there was the civil confiscation under Finance Minister Pascual Madoz: properties owned by municipalities, military orders, hospitals, hospices and casas de misericordia (charity homes) were confiscated and sold to raise funds for the State. The negative consequences were suffered not only by the agents of these institutions but by the poorer villagers, who used the municipal commons for their subsistence. When these lands were placed in private hands, they could no longer use them. Second, another law gave major benefits and privileges to whoever would invest in the construction of railways, given that transport was essential to the process of industrialization that was beginning to develop in Spain. Under this law, foreign investors, especially from France and the United Kingdom employed their capital in constructing railways; the law also proved very beneficial to the banks. Third and finally, a liberalization of banking and corporate law attempted to expand the financial system to underwrite industrial development.Whatever the intentions, the result was chaos. In the face of instability and conflict, O'Donnell led another coup in July 1856. The bienio progresista had ended in failure.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Nosotros queremos la conservación del Trono, pero sin la camarilla que lo deshonra, queremos la práctica rigurosa de las leyes fundamentales mejorándolas, sobre todo, la electoral y la de imprenta (...), queremos que se respeten en los empleos militares y civiles la antigüedad y el merecimiento (...), queremos arrancar a los pueblos de la centralización que les devora, dándoles la independencia local necesaria para que se conserven y aumenten sus intereses propios, y como garantía de todo esto queremos y plantearemos bajo sólidas bases la Milicia Nacional. Tales son nuestros intentos, que expresamos francamente sin imponerlos por eso a la Nación. Las Juntas de gobierno que deben irse constituyendo en las Provincias libres, las Cortes generales que luego se reúnan, la misma Nación, en fin, fijará las bases definitivas de la regeneración liberal a que aspiramos. Nosotros tenemos consagradas a la voluntad nacional nuestras espadas y no las envainaremos hasta que ella esté cumplida.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Trienio liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trienio_liberal"},{"title":"Sexenio Democrático","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexenio_Democr%C3%A1tico"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=2163745&orden=0","external_links_name":"Derecho e ideología en el bienio progresista"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Illinois_Senate_election	2010 Illinois Senate election	["1 Overview","2 Individual results","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	For the 2010 Illinois House of Representatives elections, see Illinois House of Representatives elections, 2010. For the 2010 election for United States Senate in Illinois, see United States Senate elections in Illinois, 2010. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2010 Illinois Senate election" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2010 Illinois Senate election ← 2008 November 2, 2010 (2010-11-02) 2012 → 21 of 59 total seats in the Illinois State Senate30 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader John Cullerton Christine Radogno Party Democratic Republican Leader's seat 6th-Chicago 41st-La Grange Last election 37 22 Seats won 35 24 Seat change 2 2 Popular vote 634,294 530,130 Percentage 54.22% 45.15% Swing 0.25% 0.38% Results: Republican gain Democratic hold Republican hold No election President before election John Cullerton Democratic President-Elect John Cullerton Democratic Elections in Illinois Federal government U.S. Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 Dem Rep 1988 1992 1996 Dem Rep 2000 Dem Rep 2004 Dem Rep 2008 Dem Rep 2012 Dem Rep 2016 Dem Rep 2020 Dem Rep 2024 Dem Rep U.S. Senate elections 1818 1819 1823 1824 1824 sp 1825 1830 sp 1831 1835 1837 1843 1846 1849 1849 sp 1853 1859 1861 1863 sp 1867 1879 1882 1885 1885 sp 1887 sp 1888 1890 1894 1896 1897 1901 1903 1907 1909 1913 1913 sp 1914 1918 1920 1924 1926 1928 sp 1930 1932 1936 1938 1940 sp 1942 1944 1948 1950 1954 1956 1960 1962 1966 1968 1970 sp 1972 1974 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1996 1998 2002 2004 2008 2010 2010 sp 2014 2016 2020 2022 2026 U.S. House elections 1818 1819 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1831 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1859 6th sp 1860 1861 6th sp 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1871 AL sp 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1895 10th sp 18th sp 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 4th sp 1920 1922 AL sp 1923 2nd sp 4th sp 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 19th sp 1946 1948 1950 1952 1953 7th sp 1954 1956 1957 7th sp 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1969 13th sp 1970 6th sp 1972 15th sp 1973 7th sp 1974 1975 5th sp 1976 1978 1980 10th sp 1982 1983 1st sp 1984 1985 14th sp 1986 1988 21st sp 1990 1991 15th sp 1992 1994 1995 2nd sp 1996 1998 2000 1st 2002 2004 2006 2008 14th sp 2009 5th sp 2010 17th 2012 2013 2nd sp 2014 2015 18th sp 2016 2018 2020 2022 1st 2024 State government General elections 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1969 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1818 1822 1826 1830 1834 1838 1842 1846 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Lieutenant Gubernatorial elections 1818 1822 1826 1830 1834 1838 1842 1846 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 Attorney General elections 2018 2022 Secretary of State elections 2022 Comptroller elections 2016 Senate elections 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 1964 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Judicial elections 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Ballot measures and referendums State capitol referendum (1834) Cutback Amendment (1980) Crime Victim Rights Amendment (1992) Illinois Governor Recall Amendment (2010) Public Pension Amendment (2012) Marsy's Law (2014) Right to Vote Amendment (2014) Transportation Taxes and Fees Lockbox Amendment (2016) Fair Tax (2020) Right to Collective Bargaining Amendment (2022) Chicago General elections 2019 2023 Mayoral elections 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1865 1867 1869 1871 1873 1876 1877 1879 1881 1883 1885 1887 1889 1891 1893 1893 sp 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1911 1915 1919 1923 1927 1931 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1977 sp 1979 1983 1987 1989 sp 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Aldermanic elections 1923 1925 1927 1929 2011 2015 2019 2023 Chicago Board of Education elections 2024 2026 Cicero Municipal elections 1924 Cook County County elections 1946 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 vte The 2010 elections for the Illinois Senate was conducted on Tuesday, November 2, 2010. The 2010 primary election was conducted on Tuesday, February 2, 2010. State Senators elected this year sat for two year terms, all of which expired at the beginning of the next General Assembly. Overview Illinois State Senate Elections, 2008 Party Votes Percentage Seatsup Seatsnot up Totalbefore Totalafter +/– Democratic 634,294 54.47% 14 23 37 35 -2 Republican 530,130 45.53% 7 15 22 24 +2 Totals 1,164,424 100.00% 21 38 59 59 — Individual results District Party Incumbent Status Party Candidate Votes % 1 Democratic Antonio Munoz Democratic Antonio Munoz 4 Democratic Kimberly A. Lightford Democratic Kimberly A. Lightford 7 Democratic Heather Steans Democratic Heather Steans Republican Adam Robinson 10 Democratic James DeLeo retired Democratic John G. Mulroe Republican Brian G. Doherty 13 Democratic Kwame Raoul Democratic Kwame Raoul 16 Democratic Jacqueline Y. Collins Democratic Jacqueline Y. Collins 19 Democratic Maggie Crotty Democratic Maggie Crotty Republican Adam Wojcik 22 Democratic Michael Noland Democratic Michael Noland Republican Steven Rauschenberger 25 Republican Chris Lauzen Republican Chris Lauzen Democratic Leslie N. Juby 28 Republican John J. Millner Republican John J. Millner Democratic Corinne Michelle Pierog 31 Democratic Michael Bond Democratic Michael Bond Republican Suzi Schmidt 34 Republican Dave Syverson Republican Dave Syverson Democratic Marla Wilson 37 Republican Dale Risinger Republican Dale Risinger 40 Democratic Toi Hutchinson Democratic Toi Hutchinson Republican Adam Baumgartner 43 Democratic Arthur Wilhelmi Democratic Arthur Wilhelmi Republican Cedra Crenshaw 46 Democratic David Koehler Democratic David Koehler 49 Democratic Deanna Demuzio Democratic Deanna Demuzio Republican Sam McCann 51 Republican Frank C. Watson resigned Republican Kyle McCarter Democratic Tim Dudley 52 Democratic Mike Frerichs Democratic Mike Frerichs Republican Al Reynolds 55 Republican Dale Righter Republican Dale Righter Democratic Josh Weger 58 Republican David Luechtefeld Republican David Luechtefeld Democratic Jeremy Randal Walker See also Illinois House of Representatives elections, 2010 Illinois Senate References General Election 2010: Offices and Candidates from the Illinois State Board of Elections External links Illinois State Board of Elections Illinois General Assembly - Illinois State Senate, 96th General Assembly Illinois State Senate elections, 2010 at Ballotpedia vte(2009 ←) 2010 United States elections (→ 2011)U.S.Senate Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware (special) Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois special Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts (special) Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New York New York (special) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Democratic primary South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia (special) Wisconsin U.S.House(electionratings) Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida 19th sp Georgia 9th sp Guam Hawaii 1st sp Idaho Illinois 17th Indiana 3rd sp Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 29th sp North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 12th sp Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia 5th Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Lt. Gov Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Lt. Gov Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Lt. Gov U.S. Virgin Islands Utah (special) Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Attorneysgeneral California Connecticut Florida Maryland Michigan Minnesota Ohio New York Statelegislatures Alabama House Senate California Assembly Senate Connecticut House Senate Delaware House Senate Georgia House Senate Illinois House Senate Iowa Senate Maryland House Senate Massachusetts Senate Michigan House Senate Minnesota House Senate Missouri House Senate Montana House New Mexico House New York Senate North Carolina House Senate Oregon legislative Pennsylvania House Senate Texas House Senate Washington (state) House Senate Wisconsin Assembly Senate Mayors Anaheim, CA Honolulu, HI (special) Irvine, CA Long Beach, CA Louisville, KY New Orleans, LA Newark, NJ Norfolk, VI Oakland, CA Orange County, FL Providence, RI San Jose, CA Santa Ana, CA Tallahassee, TN Washington, DC States Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming vteElections in IllinoisBy year 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1969 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1998 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Presidential 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 (Dem primary, Rep primary) 2012 2016 (Dem primary) 2020 (Dem primary) U.S. Senate 1885 1913 1914 1918 1920 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1948 1950 1954 1956 1960 1962 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1996 1998 2002 2004 2008 2010 2014 2016 2020 2022 U.S. House 2000 (1st) 2006 2008 2010 (17th) 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Special 2nd congressional, 1995 14th congressional, 2008 5th congressional, 2009 2nd congressional, 2013 18th congressional, 2015 Comptroller, 2016 Gubernatorial 1818 1822 1826 1830 1834 1838 1842 1846 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Lieutenant gubernatorial 1818 1822 1826 1830 1834 1838 1842 1846 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 Other state executive offices Attorney General 2018 2022 Secretary of State 2022 Comptroller 2016 State Senate 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 State House 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 State judicial 1936 1938 1940 1942 1948 1960 1962 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Ballot measures and referendums State capitol referendum (1834) Cutback Amendment (1980) Crime Victim Rights Amendment (1992) Governor Recall Amendment (2010) Public Pension Amendment (2012) Marsy's Law (2014) Right to Vote Amendment (2014) Transportation Taxes and Fees Lockbox Amendment (2016) Fair Tax (2020) Right to Collective Bargaining Amendment (2022) Chicago mayoral 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 (Mar) 1844 (Apr) 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1865 1867 1869 1871 1873 1876 (Apr) 1876 (Jul) 1877 1879 1881 1883 1885 1887 1889 1891 1893 (Apr) 1893 (Dec) 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1911 1915 1919 1923 1927 1931 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1977 1979 1983 1987 1989 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Chicago City Council 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Other municipal 1924 Cicero Cook County 1946 1980 (State's Attorney) 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois House of Representatives elections, 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2010"},{"link_name":"United States Senate elections in Illinois, 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections_in_Illinois,_2010"}],"text":"For the 2010 Illinois House of Representatives elections, see Illinois House of Representatives elections, 2010. For the 2010 election for United States Senate in Illinois, see United States Senate elections in Illinois, 2010.The 2010 elections for the Illinois Senate was conducted on Tuesday, November 2, 2010. The 2010 primary election was conducted on Tuesday, February 2, 2010. State Senators elected this year sat for two year terms, all of which expired at the beginning of the next General Assembly.","title":"2010 Illinois Senate election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Individual results"}]	[]	[{"title":"Illinois House of Representatives elections, 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2010"},{"title":"Illinois Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%222010+Illinois+Senate+election%22","external_links_name":"\"2010 Illinois Senate election\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%222010+Illinois+Senate+election%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%222010+Illinois+Senate+election%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%222010+Illinois+Senate+election%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%222010+Illinois+Senate+election%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%222010+Illinois+Senate+election%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718213813/http://www.elections.state.il.us/ElectionInformation/OfficesUpForElection.aspx?ID=29","external_links_name":"General Election 2010: Offices and Candidates"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221005343/http://www.elections.state.il.us/","external_links_name":"Illinois State Board of Elections"},{"Link":"http://www.ilga.gov/senate/default.asp","external_links_name":"Illinois General Assembly - Illinois State Senate, 96th General Assembly"},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois_State_Senate_elections,_2010","external_links_name":"Illinois State Senate elections, 2010"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Foley	Norma Foley	["1 Local politics","2 Parliamentary career","2.1 Minister for Education","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	Irish politician (born 1970) Norma FoleyTDFoley in 2020Minister for EducationIncumbentAssumed office 27 June 2020TaoiseachMicheál MartinLeo VaradkarSimon HarrisPreceded byJoe McHughTeachta DálaIncumbentAssumed office February 2020ConstituencyKerry Personal detailsBorn1970 (age 53–54)Tralee, County Kerry, IrelandPolitical partyFianna FáilSpouse Denis Maguire (m. 2005)ParentDenis Foley (father)Alma materUniversity College Cork Norma Foley (born 1970) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as Minister for Education since June 2020. She has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for Kerry since 2020. Local politics Foley was previously a member of Kerry County Council for the Tralee local electoral area, serving from 1994 until her election to the Dáil in 2020. She also served as a member of Tralee Urban District Council until its abolition in 2014. Parliamentary career After failing in her bid to secure a nomination as a general election candidate in Kerry North in 2002, Foley was added to the Fianna Fáil ticket as Tom McEllistrim's running mate in the same constituency in 2007. She polled 4,937 first preference votes and finished fifth overall in the three-seat constituency after being eliminated on the third count. Foley again failed in her bid to secure a nomination as a general election candidate in 2016, but was a late addition to the ticket as a third Fianna Fáil candidate in the Kerry constituency in advance of the 2020 general election. She polled 6,856 first preference votes and secured the fifth and final seat at the expense of her party colleague John Brassil on the eighth count. Johnnie Wall was co-opted to Foley's seat on Kerry County Council following her election to the Dáil. On her first day in the Dáil, Foley proposed her party leader Micheál Martin in his successful bid to become Taoiseach. Minister for Education Foley was appointed Minister for Education in June 2020 following the formation of a new coalition government, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland. Her tenure to date has resulted in several gaffes, most prominently involving the COVID-19 impact on education and state examinations. In September 2020, Foley announced that two coding errors were identified in the Leaving Certificate calculated grades system. She apologised and announced that around 7,200 students were affected, receiving a higher grade than they should have while some students received a lower grade. It was later confirmed that a third error was identified. In January 2021, Foley and the government were forced to abandon plans for Leaving Certificate students to attend school for three days a week, and instead students would return to homeschooling until February, after the ASTI directed its members not to return to in-school teaching. Also in January, Foley was forced to abandon plans to reopen special schools for thousands of children with special educational needs following safety concerns among staff unions. In February, Foley announced a new phase of planning for the Leaving Certificate exams, but the ASTI withdrew from discussions with the Department of Education after it said that the plan being developed would not provide a "meaningful Leaving Certificate" for students. In March, she lost her appeals against findings that two home-schooled students were unfairly excluded from the Leaving Certificate calculated grades process. On 17 December 2022, she was re-appointed to the same position following Leo Varadkar's appointment as Taoiseach. Personal life Prior to becoming a TD, she was a teacher at Presentation Secondary School, Tralee. She is married to fellow teacher Denis Maguire. Her parents are Denis and Hannah Foley. Her father Denis Foley was a Fianna Fáil TD for Kerry North from 1981 to 1989 and 1992 to 2002. References ^ "Norma Foley (b. 1970) - Irish Life and Lore". irishlifeandlore.com. February 2017. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020. ^ "Norma Foley". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020. ^ Lucey, Anne (25 June 2001). "Foley fails to win Kerry North nomination". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020. ^ O'Sullivan, Majella (8 January 2015). "FF's Norma Foley follows her dad with Dail bid". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020. ^ Lucey, Anne (17 December 2019). "Norma Foley added to Fianna Fáil ticket in Kerry". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020. ^ Crean, Dermot (10 February 2020). "It's all over in Kerry as Norma Foley takes fifth and final seat". Tralee Today. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020. ^ Michael, Neil (10 February 2020) . "Kerry results: Danny Healy-Rae retains seat on sixth count". Irish Times. Dublin. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021. ^ "Election 2020: Kerry". Irish Times. Dublin. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021. ^ "Norma Foley becomes Minister for Education and Helen McEntee Minister for Justice". Tralee Today. 27 June 2020. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2020. ^ McCurry, Cate (1 February 2022). "Government criticised over decision to go ahead with Leaving Cert exams". Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ McGrath, Dominic (19 April 2022). "Norma Foley heckled at teachers' union conference". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ Duffy, Rónán (30 September 2020). "Two errors identified in Leaving Cert Calculated Grades system, about 6,000 students affected". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 30 September 2020. ^ "Around 6,500 Leaving Cert students affected by Calculated Grades errors". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020. ^ O'Kelly, Emma (3 October 2020). "Review finds third error in calculated grades system". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 3 October 2020. ^ "Minister Foley confirms that schools will remain closed to students". gov.ie. Department of Education. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021. ^ O'Brien, Carl; Leahy, Pat (19 January 2021). "Government abandons plans to reopen special schools this week". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ "Minister Foley announces a new phase of planning for the State Examinations to include both the provision of Leaving Certificate examinations and also exploring a corresponding non-examination process". gov.ie. Department of Education. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ O'Brien, Carl (11 February 2021). "ASTI pulls out of talks over planning for this year's Leaving Cert". The Irish Times. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ Carolan, Mary (9 March 2021). "Minister loses appeals over home-schooled Leaving Cert students". The Irish Times. Retrieved 9 March 2021. ^ Lehane, Micheál (17 December 2022). "Reshuffle: Who is in the new Cabinet?". RTÉ News. Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ https://www.independent.ie/regionals/kerry/denis-loved-his-family-his-county-and-his-native-town/29808463.html External links Norma Foley's page on the Fianna Fáil website Political offices Preceded byJoe McHugh Minister for Education 2020–present Incumbent vteMembers of the Government of IrelandTaoiseachSimon Harris (FG)TánaisteForeign AffairsDefenceMicheál Martin (FF)Agriculture, Food and the MarineCharlie McConalogue (FF)Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and YouthRoderic O'Gorman (GP)EducationNorma Foley (FF)Environment, Climate and CommunicationsTransportEamon Ryan (GP)FinanceMichael McGrath (FF)Enterprise, Trade and EmploymentPeter Burke (FG)Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and SciencePatrick O'Donovan (FG)HealthStephen Donnelly (FF)Housing, Local Government and HeritageDarragh O'Brien (FF)JusticeHelen McEntee (FG)Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and ReformPaschal Donohoe (FG)Social ProtectionRural and Community DevelopmentHeather Humphreys (FG)Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and MediaCatherine Martin (GP) vteCurrent Teachtaí Dála (TDs) Members of the 33rd Dáil Éireann, as elected in 2020 with changesCeann Comhairle: Seán Ó Fearghaíl Fianna Fáil (35) J. Browne Butler Byrne Cahill Calleary Chambers N. Collins C. Crowe S. Donnelly Devlin Flaherty Fleming Foley Haughey Lahart Lawless M. Martin§ A. Moynihan M. Moynihan Murnane O'Connor McAuliffe McConalogue Michael McGrath McGuinness D. O'Brien J. O'Callaghan O'Connor Ó Cuív O'Dea C. O'Sullivan P. O'Sullivan Rabbitte Brendan Smith N. Smyth Troy Sinn Féin (35) Andrews Brady M. Browne Buckley Carthy Clarke Conway-Walsh Cronin S. Crowe Cullinane Daly Doherty P. Donnelly Ellis M. Farrell Gould Guirke M. Kenny Kerrane Mac Lochlainn McDonald§ Mitchell Munster Mythen Ó Broin Ó Laoghaire Ó Murchú O'Reilly O'Rourke Ó Snodaigh Quinlivan P. Ryan Stanley Tully Ward Fine Gael (34) Brophy Bruton C. Burke P. Burke Carey Carroll MacNeill Cannon Coveney Creed Dillon Donohoe Durkan English A. Farrell Feighan Flanagan Griffin Harris§ Heydon Higgins Humphreys Kehoe Madigan McEntee McHugh Naughton O'Donnell O'Donovan O'Dowd Phelan Richmond Ring Stanton Varadkar Green Party (12) Costello Duffy Hourigan Leddin C. Martin Matthews Noonan J. O'Brien Ó Cathasaigh O'Gorman E. Ryan§ O. Smyth Labour Party (6) Bacik§ Howlin Kelly Nash Sherlock D. Smith Social Democrats (6) Cairns§ Gannon C. Murphy C. O'Callaghan Shortall Whitmore PBP–Solidarity (5) Barry Boyd Barrett G. Kenny P. Murphy Bríd Smith Independent Ireland (3) M. Collins§ Fitzmaurice O'Donoghue Aontú (1) Tóibín§ Right to Change (1) J. Collins Independent (17) Berry Canney Connolly Fitzpatrick Grealish Harkin D. Healy-Rae M. Healy-Rae Lowry Mattie McGrath MacSharry V. Murphy Naughten Nolan Pringle Shanahan Wynne Women Bacik Butler Cairns Carroll MacNeill Clarke J. Collins Connolly Conway-Walsh Cronin Farrell Foley Harkin Higgins Hourigan Humphreys Kerrane McDonald§ Madigan C. Martin McEntee Mitchell Munster Murnane O'Connor C. Murphy§ V. Murphy Naughton Nolan O'Reilly Rabbitte P. Ryan Shortall§ B. Smith N. Smyth Tully Whitmore Wynne § Party leaders; Italics = Ministers vteTeachtaí Dála (TDs) for the Kerry constituencyThis table is transcluded from Kerry (Dáil constituency). (edit \| history) Dáil Election Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) 4th 1923 Tom McEllistrim(Rep) Austin Stack(Rep) Patrick Cahill(Rep) Thomas O'Donoghue(Rep) James Crowley(CnaG) Fionán Lynch(CnaG) John O'Sullivan(CnaG) 5th 1927 (Jun) Tom McEllistrim(FF) Austin Stack(SF) William O'Leary(FF) Thomas O'Reilly(FF) 6th 1927 (Sep) Frederick Crowley(FF) 7th 1932 John Flynn(FF) Eamon Kissane(FF) 8th 1933 Denis Daly(FF) 9th 1937 Constituency abolished. See Kerry North and Kerry South Dáil Election Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) 32nd 2016 Martin Ferris(SF) Michael Healy-Rae(Ind) Danny Healy-Rae(Ind) John Brassil(FF) Brendan Griffin(FG) 33rd 2020 Pa Daly(SF) Norma Foley(FF) vteMartin cabinet (2020–2022) Taoiseach: Micheál Martin Simon Coveney Barry Cowen Stephen Donnelly Paschal Donohoe Norma Foley Simon Harris Heather Humphreys Helen McEntee Michael McGrath Catherine Martin Darragh O'Brien Roderic O'Gorman Eamon Ryan Leo Varadkar Charlie McConalogue Dara Calleary vteVaradkar cabinet (2022–2024) Taoiseach: Leo Varadkar Simon Coveney Stephen Donnelly Paschal Donohoe Norma Foley Simon Harris Heather Humphreys Charlie McConalogue Helen McEntee Michael McGrath Darragh O'Brien Roderic O'Gorman Catherine Martin Micheál Martin Eamon Ryan vteHarris cabinet (2024–present) Taoiseach: Simon Harris Peter Burke Stephen Donnelly Paschal Donohoe Norma Foley Heather Humphreys Charlie McConalogue Helen McEntee Michael McGrath Darragh O'Brien Patrick O'Donovan Roderic O'Gorman Catherine Martin Micheál Martin Eamon Ryan vteMinisters for Education of Ireland John J. O'Kelly Michael Hayes Fionán Lynch Eoin MacNeill John M. O'Sullivan Thomas Derrig Seán T. O'Kelly Éamon de Valera Richard Mulcahy Seán Moylan Jack Lynch Patrick Hillery George Colley Donogh O'Malley Brian Lenihan Snr Pádraig Faulkner Richard Burke Peter Barry John Wilson John Boland Martin O'Donoghue Charles Haughey Gerard Brady Gemma Hussey Patrick Cooney Mary O'Rourke Noel Davern Séamus Brennan Niamh Bhreathnach Michael Smith Micheál Martin Michael Woods Noel Dempsey Mary Hanafin Batt O'Keeffe Mary Coughlan Ruairi Quinn Jan O'Sullivan Richard Bruton Joe McHugh Norma Foley vteFianna FáilHistory History of Fianna Fáil Abstentionism Anglo-Irish Treaty Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin Arms Crisis Beef Tribunal Celtic Tiger Comhairle na dTeachtaí Cumann na Poblachta The Emergency Fianna Fáil TDs (past and present Gang of 22 Independent Fianna Fáil Irish Civil War Irish EEC ascension Irish Recession (2008) The Irish Press Mahon Tribunal Moriarty Tribunal Northern Ireland peace process Progressive Democrats 2016 Irish government formation LeadershipLeaders De Valera Lemass Lynch Haughey Reynolds Ahern Cowen Martin Deputy leaders J. Brennan Colley MacSharry Lenihan Snr Wilson Ahern Rourke Cowen Coughlan Hanafin Lenihan Jnr Ó Cuív Calleary Chambers Seanad leaders Ryan Snr Lanigan Fallon Wright Cassidy O'Rourke O'Brien Ardagh Secretaries-General S. Brennan Wall P. Farrell Dorgan Leadership elections 1959 (Lemass) 1966 (Lynch) 1979 (Haughey) 1992 (Reynolds) 1994 (Ahern) 2008 (Cowen) 2011 (Martin) Party structures Cumann Leader of Fianna Fáil Ardfheis Fianna Fáil Front Bench Ógra Fianna Fáil Presidential candidatesPresidential candidates(winners in bold) Seán T. O'Kelly (1945) Éamon de Valera (1959, 1966) Erskine H. Childers (1973) Brian Lenihan Snr (1990) Mary McAleese (1997) Unopposed presidential candidateswith Fianna Fáil support Douglas Hyde (1938) Seán T. O'Kelly (1952) Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh (1974) Patrick Hillery (1976, 1983) Mary McAleese (2004) Elected representativesDáil Éireann James Browne Mary Butler Thomas Byrne Jackie Cahill Dara Calleary Jack Chambers Niall Collins Cathal Crowe Stephen Donnelly Cormac Devlin Joe Flaherty Seán Fleming Norma Foley Seán Haughey John Lahart James Lawless Micheál Martin Paul McAuliffe Charlie McConalogue Michael McGrath John McGuinness Aindrias Moynihan Michael Moynihan Jennifer Murnane O'Connor Darragh O'Brien Jim O'Callaghan James O'Connor Éamon Ó Cuív Willie O'Dea Christopher O'Sullivan Pádraig O'Sullivan Anne Rabbitte Brendan Smith Niamh Smyth Robert Troy Seanad Éireann Catherine Ardagh Niall Blaney Malcolm Byrne Pat Casey Shane Cassells Lisa Chambers Lorraine Clifford-Lee Ollie Crowe Mark Daly Paul Daly Aidan Davitt Timmy Dooley Mary Fitzpatrick Robbie Gallagher Gerry Horkan Eugene Murphy Erin McGreehan Denis O'Donovan Fiona O'Loughlin Ned O'Sullivan Diarmuid Wilson European Parliament Barry Andrews Barry Cowen Billy Kelleher Cynthia Ní Mhurchú AlliancesEuropean Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Renew Europe International Liberal International (observer)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fianna Fáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"Minister for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Education_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Teachta Dála","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_(D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oireachtas_db-2"}],"text":"Norma Foley (born 1970)[1] is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as Minister for Education since June 2020. She has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for Kerry since 2020.[2]","title":"Norma Foley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kerry County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Tralee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralee"}],"text":"Foley was previously a member of Kerry County Council for the Tralee local electoral area, serving from 1994 until her election to the Dáil in 2020. She also served as a member of Tralee Urban District Council until its abolition in 2014.","title":"Local politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kerry North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_North_(D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_general_election,_2002"},{"link_name":"Tom McEllistrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McEllistrim_(born_1968)"},{"link_name":"running mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_mate"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_general_election,_2007"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_general_election,_2016"},{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_(D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2020 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_general_election,_2020"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Brassil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brassil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishtimes-2020-02-10-ge20-kerry-report-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishtimes-2020-02-10-ge20-kerry-results-8"},{"link_name":"Micheál Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Martin"},{"link_name":"Taoiseach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach"}],"text":"After failing in her bid to secure a nomination as a general election candidate in Kerry North in 2002, Foley was added to the Fianna Fáil ticket as Tom McEllistrim's running mate in the same constituency in 2007.[3] She polled 4,937 first preference votes and finished fifth overall in the three-seat constituency after being eliminated on the third count.Foley again failed in her bid to secure a nomination as a general election candidate in 2016, but was a late addition to the ticket as a third Fianna Fáil candidate in the Kerry constituency in advance of the 2020 general election.[4][5] She polled 6,856 first preference votes and secured the fifth and final seat at the expense of her party colleague John Brassil on the eighth count.[6][7][8] Johnnie Wall was co-opted to Foley's seat on Kerry County Council following her election to the Dáil. On her first day in the Dáil, Foley proposed her party leader Micheál Martin in his successful bid to become Taoiseach.","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Education_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"coalition government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Government_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 impact on education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Leaving Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaving_Certificate_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ASTI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Secondary_Teachers,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Minister for Education","text":"Foley was appointed Minister for Education in June 2020 following the formation of a new coalition government, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland.[9] Her tenure to date has resulted in several gaffes, most prominently involving the COVID-19 impact on education and state examinations.[10][11] In September 2020, Foley announced that two coding errors were identified in the Leaving Certificate calculated grades system.[12] She apologised and announced that around 7,200 students were affected, receiving a higher grade than they should have while some students received a lower grade.[13] It was later confirmed that a third error was identified.[14]In January 2021, Foley and the government were forced to abandon plans for Leaving Certificate students to attend school for three days a week, and instead students would return to homeschooling until February, after the ASTI directed its members not to return to in-school teaching.[15] Also in January, Foley was forced to abandon plans to reopen special schools for thousands of children with special educational needs following safety concerns among staff unions.[16] In February, Foley announced a new phase of planning for the Leaving Certificate exams,[17] but the ASTI withdrew from discussions with the Department of Education after it said that the plan being developed would not provide a \"meaningful Leaving Certificate\" for students.[18] In March, she lost her appeals against findings that two home-schooled students were unfairly excluded from the Leaving Certificate calculated grades process.[19]On 17 December 2022, she was re-appointed to the same position following Leo Varadkar's appointment as Taoiseach.[20]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denis Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Foley"},{"link_name":"Kerry North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_North_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Prior to becoming a TD, she was a teacher at Presentation Secondary School, Tralee. She is married to fellow teacher Denis Maguire. Her parents are Denis and Hannah Foley. Her father Denis Foley was a Fianna Fáil TD for Kerry North from 1981 to 1989 and 1992 to 2002.[21]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Norma Foley (b. 1970) - Irish Life and Lore\". irishlifeandlore.com. February 2017. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishlifeandlore.com/product/norma-foley-b-1970/","url_text":"\"Norma Foley (b. 1970) - Irish Life and Lore\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728005912/https://www.irishlifeandlore.com/product/norma-foley-b-1970/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Norma Foley\". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Norma-Foley.D.2020-02-08/","url_text":"\"Norma Foley\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200624014728/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Norma-Foley.D.2020-02-08/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lucey, Anne (25 June 2001). \"Foley fails to win Kerry North nomination\". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/foley-fails-to-win-kerry-north-nomination-1.314668","url_text":"\"Foley fails to win Kerry North nomination\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629004808/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AehLypz8i6pYJ%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Ffoley-fails-to-win-kerry-north-nomination-1.314668+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Sullivan, Majella (8 January 2015). \"FF's Norma Foley follows her dad with Dail bid\". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/ffs-norma-foley-follows-her-dad-with-dail-bid-30893720.html","url_text":"\"FF's Norma Foley follows her dad with Dail bid\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200627211506/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/ffs-norma-foley-follows-her-dad-with-dail-bid-30893720.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lucey, Anne (17 December 2019). \"Norma Foley added to Fianna Fáil ticket in Kerry\". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/norma-foley-added-to-fianna-fail-ticket-in-kerry-971029.html","url_text":"\"Norma Foley added to Fianna Fáil ticket in Kerry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629202114/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/norma-foley-added-to-fianna-fail-ticket-in-kerry-971029.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crean, Dermot (10 February 2020). \"It's all over in Kerry as Norma Foley takes fifth and final seat\". Tralee Today. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://traleetoday.ie/its-all-over-in-kerry-as-norma-foley-takes-fifth-and-final-seat/","url_text":"\"It's all over in Kerry as Norma Foley takes fifth and final seat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629032733/http://traleetoday.ie/its-all-over-in-kerry-as-norma-foley-takes-fifth-and-final-seat/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michael, Neil (10 February 2020) [9 February 2020]. \"Kerry results: Danny Healy-Rae retains seat on sixth count\". Irish Times. Dublin. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/kerry-results-danny-healy-rae-retains-seat-on-sixth-count-1.4165274","url_text":"\"Kerry results: Danny Healy-Rae retains seat on sixth count\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times","url_text":"Irish Times"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210606210701/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/kerry-results-danny-healy-rae-retains-seat-on-sixth-count-1.4165274","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Election 2020: Kerry\". Irish Times. Dublin. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/election2020/kerry","url_text":"\"Election 2020: Kerry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times","url_text":"Irish Times"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210606212541/https://www.irishtimes.com/election2020/kerry","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Norma Foley becomes Minister for Education and Helen McEntee Minister for Justice\". Tralee Today. 27 June 2020. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/norma-foley-becomes-minister-for-education-and-helen-mcentee-minister-for-justice-1.4290632?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fnorma-foley-to-be-minister-for-education-with-helen-mcentee-minister-for-justice-1.4290632","url_text":"\"Norma Foley becomes Minister for Education and Helen McEntee Minister for Justice\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923095023/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/sweeping-changes-as-new-cabinet-unveiled-1.4290632?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fnorma-foley-to-be-minister-for-education-with-helen-mcentee-minister-for-justice-1.4290632","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCurry, Cate (1 February 2022). \"Government criticised over decision to go ahead with Leaving Cert exams\". Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/governments-move-to-press-ahead-with-traditional-leaving-cert-exams-criticised-1252029.html","url_text":"\"Government criticised over decision to go ahead with Leaving Cert exams\""}]},{"reference":"McGrath, Dominic (19 April 2022). \"Norma Foley heckled at teachers' union conference\". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/republic-of-ireland/norma-foley-heckled-at-teachers-union-conference-41567567.html","url_text":"\"Norma Foley heckled at teachers' union conference\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph","url_text":"Belfast Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Rónán (30 September 2020). \"Two errors identified in Leaving Cert Calculated Grades system, about 6,000 students affected\". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 30 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/calculated-grades-5218769-Sep2020/","url_text":"\"Two errors identified in Leaving Cert Calculated Grades system, about 6,000 students affected\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheJournal.ie","url_text":"TheJournal.ie"}]},{"reference":"\"Around 6,500 Leaving Cert students affected by Calculated Grades errors\". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2020/0930/1168450-leaving-cert/","url_text":"\"Around 6,500 Leaving Cert students affected by Calculated Grades errors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_News_and_Current_Affairs","url_text":"RTÉ News and Current Affairs"}]},{"reference":"O'Kelly, Emma (3 October 2020). \"Review finds third error in calculated grades system\". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 3 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/education/2020/1003/1169207-leaving-cert-calculated-grades/","url_text":"\"Review finds third error in calculated grades system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_News_and_Current_Affairs","url_text":"RTÉ News and Current Affairs"}]},{"reference":"\"Minister Foley confirms that schools will remain closed to students\". gov.ie. Department of Education. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/11176-minister-foley-confirms-that-schools-will-remain-closed-to-students/","url_text":"\"Minister Foley confirms that schools will remain closed to students\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Ireland)","url_text":"Department of Education"}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, Carl; Leahy, Pat (19 January 2021). \"Government abandons plans to reopen special schools this week\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/government-abandons-plans-to-reopen-special-schools-this-week-1.4462268","url_text":"\"Government abandons plans to reopen special schools this week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Minister Foley announces a new phase of planning for the State Examinations to include both the provision of Leaving Certificate examinations and also exploring a corresponding non-examination process\". gov.ie. Department of Education. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/16de3-minister-foley-announces-a-new-phase-of-planning-for-the-state-examinations-to-include-both-the-provision-of-leaving-certificate-examinations-and-also-exploring-a-corresponding-non-examination-process/","url_text":"\"Minister Foley announces a new phase of planning for the State Examinations to include both the provision of Leaving Certificate examinations and also exploring a corresponding non-examination process\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Ireland)","url_text":"Department of Education"}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, Carl (11 February 2021). \"ASTI pulls out of talks over planning for this year's Leaving Cert\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/asti-pulls-out-of-talks-over-planning-for-this-year-s-leaving-cert-1.4482443","url_text":"\"ASTI pulls out of talks over planning for this year's Leaving Cert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"Carolan, Mary (9 March 2021). \"Minister loses appeals over home-schooled Leaving Cert students\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 9 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/high-court/minister-loses-appeals-over-home-schooled-leaving-cert-students-1.4505500","url_text":"\"Minister loses appeals over home-schooled Leaving Cert students\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"Lehane, Micheál (17 December 2022). \"Reshuffle: Who is in the new Cabinet?\". RTÉ News. Retrieved 18 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/politics/2022/1217/1342500-cabinet-reshuffle-govt/","url_text":"\"Reshuffle: Who is in the new Cabinet?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_News","url_text":"RTÉ News"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.irishlifeandlore.com/product/norma-foley-b-1970/","external_links_name":"\"Norma Foley (b. 1970) - Irish Life and Lore\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728005912/https://www.irishlifeandlore.com/product/norma-foley-b-1970/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Norma-Foley.D.2020-02-08/","external_links_name":"\"Norma Foley\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200624014728/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Norma-Foley.D.2020-02-08/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/foley-fails-to-win-kerry-north-nomination-1.314668","external_links_name":"\"Foley fails to win Kerry North 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Kerry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629202114/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/norma-foley-added-to-fianna-fail-ticket-in-kerry-971029.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://traleetoday.ie/its-all-over-in-kerry-as-norma-foley-takes-fifth-and-final-seat/","external_links_name":"\"It's all over in Kerry as Norma Foley takes fifth and final seat\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629032733/http://traleetoday.ie/its-all-over-in-kerry-as-norma-foley-takes-fifth-and-final-seat/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/kerry-results-danny-healy-rae-retains-seat-on-sixth-count-1.4165274","external_links_name":"\"Kerry results: Danny Healy-Rae retains seat on sixth count\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20210606210701/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/kerry-results-danny-healy-rae-retains-seat-on-sixth-count-1.4165274","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/election2020/kerry","external_links_name":"\"Election 2020: Kerry\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20210606212541/https://www.irishtimes.com/election2020/kerry","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/norma-foley-becomes-minister-for-education-and-helen-mcentee-minister-for-justice-1.4290632?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fnorma-foley-to-be-minister-for-education-with-helen-mcentee-minister-for-justice-1.4290632","external_links_name":"\"Norma Foley becomes Minister for Education and Helen McEntee Minister for 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Mounted_Rifle_Regiment	Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment	["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 Embarkation","2 Gallipoli","2.1 First combat","2.2 Chunuk Bair","2.3 Hill 60","2.4 Lemnos","2.5 Evacuation","3 Sinai","3.1 Katia","3.2 Romani","3.3 Abd","3.4 Magdhaba","3.5 Rafa","4 Palestine","4.1 Gaza","4.2 Wadi Ghuzee line","4.3 Beersheba","4.4 Khuweilfe","4.5 Ayun Kara","4.6 River Auja","5 Jordan Valley","5.1 Jericho","5.2 Amman","5.3 Es Salt","5.4 Chaytor's Force","6 Post war","6.1 Casualties","6.2 Honours","7 References"]	Canterbury Mounted Rifles RegimentRegimental Headquarters marching through Cairo 1914ActiveAugust 1914 – June 1919CountryNew ZealandAllegiance British EmpireBranchNew Zealand ArmyRoleMounted infantrySizeRegimentPart ofNew Zealand Mounted Rifles BrigadeNickname(s)CanterburysMountedsMarchD'ye ken John PeelEngagementsFirst World War Gallipoli Campaign Sinai and Palestine Campaign Egyptian Revolution of 1919Commanders(1914–1919)John FindlayInsigniaPugaree flash worn on the hat-bandMilitary unit The Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment from New Zealand, raised for service during the First World War. It was assigned to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, and formed part of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. The regiment, with an establishment of twenty-six officers, 523 other ranks and 600 horses, was formed from three squadrons belonging to pre-war Territorial Force regiments: the 1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry), the 8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles and the 10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles. It also included a small headquarters and, until 1916, a Maxim machine-gun section. The Maxim guns were withdrawn but the regiment's fire-power increased during the war, and by the end of the conflict each squadron had four Hotchkiss machine-guns, one per troop. Being mounted infantry the regiment rode into battle on their horses, but were expected to dismount and fight on foot. The regiment fought predominantly against the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Their first involvement came in the Gallipoli Campaign between May and December 1915, during which they participated in the largest battle of that theatre at Chunuk Bair and the fighting for Hill 60. Evacuated to Egypt, they then took part in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from 1916 to 1918. The early battles they were involved in included those at Romani, Gaza and Beersheba. Later in the war they were part of the force that occupied the Jordan Valley, and took part in the raids on Amman and Es Salt. Their final wartime operation was in connection with the capture of the Turkish Fourth Army. During the four years of war the regiment lost 334 men dead from all causes, while another 720 were wounded or debilitated. After the war, the regiment played a minor role in the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, before being disbanded in June 1919. History The Commanding Officer Lieutenant-Colonel John Findlay Formation Raised on 12 August 1914, at the start of the First World War, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment came from the Canterbury region on the South Island of New Zealand. Commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel John Findlay, it was composed of a headquarters, a machine-gun section and three squadrons, formed from Territorial Force regiments. The New Zealand Territorial Force included a compulsory training system, and the four Military Districts were required to supply a mounted regiment for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. To meet that obligation, the Territorial Force regiments each provided a squadron, which kept their own regimental badges and traditions. The regiment's squadrons came from the 1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry) (1st Squadron), the 8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles (8th Squadron) and the 10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles (10th Squadron). The establishment was fixed at twenty-six officers and 523 other ranks, who used 528 riding horses, seventy-four draught horses and six pack horses. Each squadron, of 158 men, had a field headquarters and four troops. The Machine-Gun Section, with two Maxim Guns, had one officer, twenty-six other ranks, twenty riding horses and sixteen draught horses. Even though the regiment used horses, they were not cavalry but mounted infantry, and expected to ride to the battlefield, dismount and then fight as traditional infantry. Attached to, but not part of, the regiment were medical and veterinary officers, an artificer, three more other ranks and another eighteen horses. The regiment was assigned to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, serving alongside two other regiments: the Auckland Mounted Rifles and the Wellington Mounted Rifles. Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment aboard HMNZT Tahita just before leaving Lyttelton in New Zealand Embarkation On 23 September the regiment left their camp for Lyttelton and embarked on the transport ships HMNZT Tahiti and HMNZT Athenic. Leaving the same day, they arrived at Wellington the next afternoon, and disembarked the troops. On 14 October they boarded the transports again and set sail. With a short stop at Hobart, on 28 October they arrived at Albany, and anchored waiting to be joined by the Australian contingent. The combined convoy sailed on 1 November and reached Colombo on 15 November. Two days later it sailed into the Red Sea, and the Suez Canal. Docking at Port Said on 2 December and Alexandria the next day, the regiment disembarked on 4 December and boarded a train for their camp in the Cairo suburb of Zeitoun where they started a training programme, using the desert for manoeuvres, during both day and night. Gallipoli ANZAC beach-head area defended by the brigade In Egypt the regiment continued its training programme, working from reveille at 05:00 to 17:30 when they stabled their horses at the end of the working day. Every third or fourth night the soldiers performed guard duty or looked after the horses. It was in Egypt that the regiment, and brigade, came under command of the newly formed New Zealand and Australian Division which, along with the 1st Division, made up the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC). In April 1915, the division's infantry units left Egypt for an undisclosed destination, and it was not until 1 May that the regiment learned about the Gallipoli landings. Four days later the regiment received news that it would also deploy to Gallipoli, but in a dismounted role without their horses. On 7 May, twenty-six officers and 482 other ranks (some men remaining behind to look after their horses) boarded trains for Alexandria to board their transports. They arrived off the Gallipoli peninsula on 12 May, and started to disembark, landing at Anzac Cove. By now the troops had been re-equipped for their dismounted role, and carried a rifle with two hundred rounds of ammunition, a small pack, a haversack, mess tins, a bayonet, and an entrenching tool. Once ashore, the regiment camped that night behind the front line. The next day, they moved to the left flank in the north to relieve the Royal Naval Brigade. Their trenches stretched from the sea to Walkers Ridge and included two outposts, No.1 Post and No.2 Post. The regiment took over on the extreme right, with one squadron in the front line, one squadron in the support trench and the third squadron as the reserve. Next in line to their right, was the Auckland Mounted Rifles, and then the Wellington Mounted Rifles on the left. However, the regiment had to wait until it got dark before sending men forward to man the two outposts. First combat The regiment's first experience of combat started at midnight on 18/19 March when their Turkish opponents opened fire on their trenches. The main assault, in the brigade's sector, was against the Auckland Mounted Rifles; to support them the regiment sent two troops from the 1st and 10th Squadrons and one troop from the 8th Squadron to form their reserve. At daylight, the men manning No.1 Post could see a group of Turks concentrating around "The Nek" and opened fire on them with a machine-gun, forcing them to withdraw. The Turkish attack continued until that afternoon, when it gradually petered out. It was later estimated that 42,000 Turkish troops had been involved in the attack on the ANZAC beach-head, and by the end of the day 10,000 of them had become casualties. Later that day white flags were observed over the Turkish trenches, and some of their men wandered into no man's land. This was considered a ruse to retrieve arms and ammunition off the dead and to bring forward reinforcements, so the Turks were warned to return to their trenches as the New Zealanders were going to open fire again. A real armistice was arranged for 24 May, between 07:30 and 16:30, when the wounded were brought to safety and the dead buried. Squadrons settled into a routine with twenty-four hours in No.1 and No.2 Posts, twenty-four hours in the main trenches and twenty-four hours in support, then back to the outposts. Their first offensive action came on 28 May, when it was still dark. The Turks had built an outpost only 450 yards (410 m) from No.2 Post, so the 1st Squadron charged and captured the position. Once it was secured, the 6th Squadron from the Wellington Mounted Rifles provided the garrison for what was now called No.3 Post. They had some difficulties defending it, as the Turks launched a counter-attack to recapture it. After a battle lasting until the next day the 10th Squadron and two troops from the 8th Squadron managed to relieve the Wellington Regiment's survivors and take over the defence of the post. Shortly after the relief, it was decided that the position was untenable and it was abandoned. Casualties gradually mounted and the regiment's first replacements, three officers and forty-four other ranks, arrived at the end of June. Chunuk Bair Further information: Battle of Chunuk Bair Chunuk Bair area The objective of the British August offensive was to seize Chunuk Bair, a high point in the Sari Bair mountain range. The New Zealand and Australian Division would provide the attacking force. The initial attack was to clear the Turks from the foothills; this task was given to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, reinforced by the Maori Pioneer Battalion. The regiment, together with the Otago Mounted Rifles, was to clear Chailak Dere valley, then advance to Aghyl Dere in the north. They also had to capture Taylor's Hollow and Walden's Point, then turn east to capture Beauchop Hill. To reduce noise and maintain stealth, they were ordered to use only their bayonets. At 20:00 on 5 August, the 296 men of the regiment moved forward to No.2 Post in preparation for the attack, which was due to start at 21:00 the next night. Their assault started on time, with the 1st and 10th Squadrons forward, followed by the 8th Squadron and Machine-Gun Section in reserve. The leading men met and killed four Turks in an observation post. Then with still around two hundred yards (180 m) to go, a destroyer's searchlight beam lit up the advancing men, and a Turkish machine-gun opened fire on them. The 10th Squadron charged straight into the Turkish trench, while the 1st Squadron managed to manoeuvre around and attack the machine-gun from the rear. They achieved this without firing a shot or making a sound, and then advanced towards their last objective, Beauchop Hill. The hill was also captured, and the survivors started to dig in. Although it had taken all its objectives, the regiment had around forty per cent casualties, including the commanding officer, who was wounded, and the second in command, Major Overton, who had been killed. While digging in they were able to observe the rest of the battle, which did not seem to be going well. By the next day, 7 August, Turkish reinforcements were arriving at Chunuk Bair and the attack had failed. Since the start of the battle they had lost twenty-four men dead and sixty men wounded. Now commanded by Major Hutton, from the 10th Squadron, the regiment remained on Bauchop Hill in defence until 15 August, when they moved back to the entrance of Aghyl Dere, then later moved forward two hundred yards (180 m) and occupied an old Turkish trench. Hill 60 Further information: Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli) At 15:30 on 21 August the Battle for Hill 60 began. Charging straight at the hill, the regiment suffered sixty per cent casualties, among them Hutton in command. He was replaced by Major Hurst, from the 1st Squadron, and they succeeded in capturing the Turkish trench within fifteen minutes of going over the top. But on either side of them the rest of the attack had failed, leaving the regiment and the Otago Mounted Rifles isolated from the rest of the force. Not having the manpower to continue the assault, they were ordered to dig in and hold the position. They held on until 23 August when they were relieved by the Auckland and Wellington Mounted Rifles. Canterbury Mounted Rifles getting ready for the second assault on Hill 60 Gallipoli 27 August 1915 Three days later the regiment returned to their previous position to continue the assault. The attack began at 17:00 on 27 August with the regiment leading the brigade. They charged across the sixty yards (55 m) of open ground and into the first Turkish trench. Within minutes they were up and on their way again, and captured the second and third trenches, which they defended all night and through the next day. Casualties had been high; from the 119 men who had started the assault there were now only eighteen left, commanded by the only officer, Captain Gibbs. The brigade's other regiments were in a similar state, but they remained in the trenches until they were relieved after dark on 29 August. Lemnos On 13 September, the brigade, less its machine gunners, was relieved by the 5th Australian Brigade and sailed to the island of Lemnos to rest and recuperate. The regiment's strength was now just one officer and thirty-nine other ranks, twelve of whom were machine-gunners who had to remain at Gallipoli. By now, including the original contingent and their replacements, a total of thirty-two officers and 645 other ranks had served with the regiment at Gallipoli. On arrival the regiment came under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel George Stewart. By early October, replacements started arriving to bring the regiment back up to almost full strength. At the end of the month Stewart was evacuated sick, and Major John Studholme, the senior officer with the replacements, assumed temporary command of the regiment. On 10 November they returned to Gallipoli, camping that first night at Bauchop Hill. Evacuation The regiment spent their time building winter quarters, and tunnelling into the hillside to provide protection against shellfire, doing so until 27 November when they moved back into the front line. On 9 December, Major Christopher Powles, the Brigade-Major, took over command of the regiment, with Studholme as the second in command. Three days later, the order for the complete evacuation of the peninsula was issued. Men with minor ailments left first, followed by one regiment or battalion from each brigade. The Auckland Mounted Rifles were chosen as the first regiment to leave from the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, which meant that the Canterbury Mounted Rifles had to extend its lines to cover for the Aucklanders. The last men were due to leave over the night of 19/20 December. The last men to be evacuated from Gallipoli, known as "The Diehards" The regiment now numbered fourteen officers and 290 other ranks, which was to be reduced to nine officers and 163 men, the rest being among the first batch to be evacuated on 18 December. The remainder were divided in three groups. The first group, of three officers and ninety men, left the front for the embarkation beach at 17:30 the next day. They were followed by the second smaller group of three officers and forty-two men at 21:35. The last group, three officers and thirty-one men, had to cover for the whole regiment, keeping up a steady rate of fire and moving their one Maxim-gun around the position to support the deception that all defences were fully manned. This last group was also divided into three parts, the first of which left at 01:45 on 20 December. They were followed by the next group who waited ten minutes before withdrawing. The last small group of men left at 02:05, and reached the beach, without incident, at 03:30. The regiment sailed again to Lemnos, and on 22 December to Egypt, arriving at Alexandria on 26 December, and eventually returned to their old camp at Zeitoun. Sinai In Egypt reinforcements brought the regiment back up to full strength plus an added ten per cent, and the Machine-Gun Section was doubled in size from two to four guns. Another change was the appointment of Major James Whyte of the Wellington Mounted Rifles as commanding officer. On 23 January 1916 the regiment left Zeitoun to take up a new defensive post on the Suez Canal eighty-seven miles (140 km) to the east. While there, Findlay, having recovered from his wounds, returned as commanding officer on 19 February. By 7 March the regiment was once more ready for operations and moved into the front line, at Railhead Ferrypost on the canal. Later that month, the brigade was assigned to the ANZAC Mounted Division. Katia Northern Sinai Desert Further information: Battle of Katia Without any notice the regiment, and brigade, was ordered to Kantara, thirty-two miles (51 km) away on the Suez Canal, at 20:00 on 23 April. The reason was not then known by the troopers, but it later transpired that a Turkish force in the Sinai Desert had attacked British yeomanry positions at Katia and Oghratina. They reached Kantara at 07:00 and an hour later moved into the desert, camping at Hill 70 for the night. They sent reconnaissance patrols out into the desert, and manned observation posts. On 10 May the regiment was ordered to Romani and the next day to El Maler. Patrol activity was kept up, most of the time at troop strength, but sometimes involving the complete brigade. On 15 May the regiment carried out a reconnaissance of Oghratina and Bir el Abd, and for the first time sighted a hostile force in the desert; they did not manage to engage them. The next day several men had to be evacuated, suffering from heat exhaustion, as temperatures reached 129 °F (72 °C). This convinced Findlay to cut their patrol short, and travelling overnight they arrived back at Maler early on 17 May. Over the next weeks their patrols continued, to acclimatise the men to desert travel and conditions. Early in July, the regiment lost its machine-gun section when it was transferred to form the brigade Machine-Gun Squadron. On 19 July reconnaissance aircraft spotted a large Turkish force moving west across the desert. Romani Further information: Battle of Romani Mount Royston, scene of the battle of Romani in 1916 Just after midnight on 4 August the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades were attacked at Romani. At 08:00, the regiment, acting as the brigade vanguard, advanced towards Dueidar; at the same time they could hear firing in the distance from Romani. By 10:30 they were approaching the Turkish position on Mount Royston, and the regiment opened out to attack, with the 8th Squadron positioned on the left, the 1st in the centre, and the 10th on the right, with the Auckland Mounted Rifles following in support. The 5th Light Horse Regiment, who were supposed to be to the left of the 8th Squadron, had not yet arrived. The assault commenced at 15:00, supported by the Somerset Battery Royal Horse Artillery, and by 17:30 they had driven the Turks off Mount Royston. The brigade captured an artillery battery and over 1,000 prisoners. The regiment's casualties during the battle were one dead and fifteen wounded. The next day at 03:30 they moved to Katia, which was believed to be occupied by a large Turkish force. On arrival, the brigade galloped forward, attacking from the south. When they got close the regiment dismounted and continued on foot. Fighting all day, they waited in vain for the 3rd Light Horse Brigade to support the assault. Still holding their ground at 20:00, they had to retire and return to Bir et Maler to water their horses. Their casualties were two dead and fifteen wounded. The Turkish force withdrew towards Katia, which by the time the regiment's reconnaissance patrol got there had been abandoned; the Turks were heading towards Oghratina. Once the enemy were located, the regiment kept patrols in contact with them overnight and all during the next day while the Turks withdrew to Negilia. By 8 August the enemy had reached Bir el Abd, where they established defences and were waiting for the New Zealanders. Abd Further information: Battle of Bir el Abd Before dawn on 9 August the regiment was behind the Auckland Mounted Rifles heading towards Abd. The brigade was to attack head on, while the rest of the division circled around to attack the flanks. At 05:30 the Aucklands were engaged by the Turkish defenders, so the 8th Squadron was sent forward on their left to assist, and immediately came under fire. To support them the 1st and 10th Squadrons moved up on the left. The 8th Squadron advanced and captured a ridge line facing east, followed soon after by the other squadrons occupying the high ground to the west of Abd. From there they could see the Turkish defences, which consisted of trenches and redoubts, supported by artillery that kept up a steady rate of fire on the regiment. At 06:00 the Turks left their trenches to counter-attack the regiment, but were stopped by small arms fire and the attached Somerset Battery Royal Horse Artillery. The regiment then moved downhill towards Abd, but were faced with heavy Turkish artillery fire, which by 10:30 had stopped the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades to their left. At noon a second Turkish counter-attack came in waves towards the regiment's lines. They managed to fight them off, with heavy casualties. By 14:00 the Turks were attacking all the division's brigades in strength. The 1st and 2nd Light Horse in the north and the 3rd in the south began to retire, leaving the New Zealanders' position exposed on the flanks. Only by keeping up a heavy rate of small arms and artillery fire did they hold off the enemy. At 17:30, the divisional commander Harry Chauvel called off the attack and ordered a withdrawal, but as the New Zealanders were in danger of being overrun the withdrawal was postponed until dark, with the regiment forming a rearguard. The battle cost the regiment nine dead, twenty-two wounded and six men missing in action. The brigade withdrew to Debabis, caring for their wounded and resting for the next two days. On 12 August, they moved back to Abd, which had been evacuated by the Turks. Sending out reconnaissance patrols, they located the Turkish rearguard two miles (3.2 km) west of Salamana. Not being in a position to attack, they observed them until dusk, when the Turks moved further east to El Arish. Magdhaba Further information: Battle of Magdhaba Crossing the Wadi el Arish in 1916 On 20 December, in response to reports that the Turks had evacuated El Arish, the regiment started moving overnight towards the village. Advance patrols discovered that the Turks had withdrawn along the Wadi el Arish to Magdhaba. By dawn 23 December the regiment reached the wadi and joined up with the rest of the division, now heading towards Magdhaba. By 05:00 they could see the Turkish position; the brigade was ordered to move around and approach it from the north. Five hours later the brigade had reached a position to start their attack, with the Canterbury regiment on the brigade's left. Dismounted, the squadrons advanced in turn, covered by their machine-guns. At 15:00, when they were within five hundred yards (460 m) of the Turkish lines, they were able to charge, with bayonets fixed, and captured the Turkish trench. One by one the Turkish redoubts were captured, before nightfall. The regiment's casualties were light, at two dead and eleven wounded. Rafa Further information: Battle of Rafa By the end of the year the Turkish forces had been pushed out of the Sinai, and in January 1917, orders were given for the division to attack Rafa on the Egyptian–Palestine border. By dawn on 9 January, the regiment and division had reached the border, and the brigade manoeuvred to attack Rafa from the north-east. The 8th Squadron, leading the regiment, was moving around to the north of village, when the Turkish defenders opened fire on them. The regiment galloped forward, and one of their troops captured fifty prisoners at a police post. The remainder captured an uncompleted trench system, and another 171 prisoners, six of them German officers. The regiment was now position to block the Turkish withdrawal east, and were also able to observe the main Turkish defences. The regiment started advancing towards the village, the 8th Squadron on the left, and the 10th with the 1st Squadron on the right. Covered by their machine-guns, but under heavy Turkish fire, they gradually moved forward on foot. Troops took turns to run forward while the rest of the squadron covered them. The intensity of the battle was demonstrated by the Inverness Battery Royal Horse Artillery, which was supporting the brigade and ran out of ammunition at 14:00. Two hours later the division's covering force reported Turkish reinforcements approaching, and Lieutenant-General Philip Chetwode, who was commanding the attack, decided to call it off. Almost simultaneously Edward Chaytor, commanding the brigade, ordered another attack. Covered by their machine-guns the men carried out a bayonet charge and the Turks to their front surrendered. By this time the other brigades had started to withdraw, but seeing what had happened, they turned back and also charge, capturing the position. The battle cost the regiment six dead and nineteen wounded. Palestine British Palestine operations in 1917, Gaza and Beersheba at the bottom, Jaffa, Jerusalem and Jericho at the top Gaza Further information: First Battle of Gaza The British plan for Gaza required the ANZAC Mounted Division to circle around by night and block Turkish reinforcements getting to the town. On 26 March at 02:30, the brigade left camp in a heavy fog and crossed the Wadi Ghuzze two miles (3.2 km) south-east of Gaza. They soon reached their positions with the brigade, between the 2nd Light Horse and 22nd Mounted Brigades, and waited for the infantry divisions to assault the town. At 14:00, as the infantry were having problems, the brigade were ordered to attack. The regiment galloped towards the town, with the Wellington Mounted Rifles on their right and the Auckland Mounted Rifles in reserve. Once there, the regiment moved south along a ridge and attacked the garrison at Ali Muntar. This hilltop could command the approaches into Gaza. They soon captured the outlying Turkish trenches, forcing the defenders back towards the town. At 18:40 the 10th Squadron reached the hill top at the same time as the 53rd (Welsh) Division, who had been trying all day to take the position from the other side. Despite having captured a commanding position, both the regiment and the infantry division were ordered to withdraw. Turkish reinforcements had been reported en route, and the overall commander did not believe they could hold what they had captured. The regiment retired back the way they had come, and reached Belah just after midnight the next day. Casualties for the day were one dead and six wounded. Regimental Headquarters after the First Battle of Gaza Wadi Ghuzee line Further information: Second Battle of Gaza On 3 April the squadrons were issued Hotchkiss machine-guns, one per troop. After the British withdrawal, the Turks built a defensive line of trenches and redoubts, from the sea south of Gaza to Beersheba, following the route of the road. The British plan for the second attack involved the ANZAC Mounted Division providing flank protection, intercepting any reinforcements, and pursuing the retreating Turkish forces if required. The regiment moved out at 18:30 on 16 April, forming the vanguard for the division. At 04:30 the next morning the 10th Squadron, in the lead, crossed the Wadi Ghuzee at Shellal. Their only opposition came from enemy aircraft which bombed the division. Breaking out into an extended line, they reconnoitred towards Sharia and Beersheba, reporting on Turkish movements. At nightfall they withdrew back to Shellal. The next day was a repeat of the previous day. Then, after dark, the division was ordered to march overnight to support the Imperial Mounted Division. The regiment set out at 23:00, and by 09:00 on 18 April were the brigade reserve for their assault on "Sausage Ridge". At 14:30 the regiment was called upon, and galloped forward under an artillery bombardment. Dismounting, a machine-gun section set up just in time to stop a Turkish counter-attack. However, the British attack all along the line had faltered and was called off that night, and they withdrew back behind the Wadi Ghuzee. The three days of fighting cost the regiment three dead and twenty-eight wounded. Beersheba Further information: Battle of Beersheba (1917) The attack on Tel el Saba The regiment's involvement in the attack on Beersheba began at 18:00 on 30 October, when the ANZAC Mounted Division set off along the Wadi el Imshash towards the village. By 08:00 the brigade had reached its starting position at Bir Salim Irgeig, ready to begin their assault on Tel el Saba. Moving around the open Turkish flank they managed to approach the mound from the east. The regiment were to the right of the brigade line with the Auckland Mounted Rifles on their left. The regiment intended to move around and outflank the Turkish position from the north. Once the assault started they slowly moved up the hill, and eventually they passed the Wadi Khalil and were able to engage the rear of the Turkish position. Confronted by Turkish artillery and machine-gun fire coming from their north, they could advance no further. At 15:00 the Aucklanders managed to charge and capture the hill top. Elsewhere, Beersheba was captured following a mounted charge by the 4th Light Horse Brigade. The regiment's casualties during the battle were one dead and six wounded. Khuweilfe Further information: Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe The next day, 1 November, the brigade moved north-east following the withdrawing Turks. The regiment, forming the vanguard, came under machine-gun fire so the 10th Squadron charged directly at the position while the 1st Squadron moved around and attacked from the flank. The position was quickly captured with thirteen prisoners and a machine-gun taken. That night, they returned to Beersheba for water. Following two days of rest, they moved out on 4 November, to relieve the 5th Mounted Brigade in the Ras el Nagb mountains. Turkish artillery fired on them en route, wounding five men. Once in position, they were attacked at 03:00 the next morning by a small Turkish force, which was forced to retire. Then a Turkish cavalry force was sighted assembling in a valley, which the regiment opened fire on; they galloped away. At 11:00 the Turkish returned to the attack, supported by artillery and machine-gun fire, and managed to get to within two hundred yards (180 m) of the regiment's lines before being stopped. Turkish artillery continued to bombard the regiment for the rest of the day, only stopping after dark. The day's fighting cost the regiment six dead and forty-nine wounded. As there was no trace of their relief, and the horses had not been watered for forty-eight hours, they were sent back to Beersheba. Eventually relieved, on 6 November, by the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade, the men set out to the rear on foot, meeting their returning horses at Kh el Ras. Ayun Kara Battle of Ayun Kara Further information: Battle of Ayun Kara On 11 November, the brigade was ordered to move to the western flank and rejoin the division. It was not an easy task due to the difficult terrain, and one stage of thirty-one miles (50 km) took them thirty hours to cross. They eventually met with the division at Hamame the next day and had to rest and recuperate until moving out again on 13 November and camping for the night at Yebna. The next morning, 14 November, the regiment crossed the River Rubin, and at 12:30 located a Turkish position at Ayun Kara. The regiment was on the left front of the brigade advance, with the Wellington Mounted Rifles on their left and the Aucklanders in reserve. As the regiment advanced through orange groves, they were engaged by the Turkish defenders. The regiment then held a fire support position while the other two regiments attacked on the left. Fighting off several counter-attacks the brigade eventually, at nightfall, won the battle and held their ground overnight. Not being involved in the main assault, the regiment's casualties were rather light at one dead and six wounded. The next day the Turkish force had withdrawn, and the regiment advanced first to Beit Dejan, and then occupied the port of Jaffa on 17 November, where the commanding officer established the regimental headquarters in the German Consulate. River Auja Further information: Battle of Jaffa (1917) Around four miles (6.4 km) to the north of Jaffa is the River Auja, along which the withdrawing Turkish Fourth Army had formed a defence line. The only crossing points were a bridge at Khurbet Hadrah, and three fords. One of these was about two miles (3.2 km) to the east of Hadrah, another was at Jerisheh and the third at the river mouth. The brigade was ordered to assault the river and capture a crossing. On 24 November the regiment, with the 8th Squadron leading, crossed the ford at the river mouth. Taken by surprise, the Turkish defenders retired, and were followed by the regiment, who galloped into the nearby foothills and captured the village of Sheikh Muannis. The rest of the brigade continued the attack along the river, capturing the other crossings. To support their defence, the 161st (Essex) Brigade moved to the north of the river and dug in. The regiment sent mounted patrols forward to observe the surrounding country. The next day the Turkish counter-attacked the bridge-head at Khurbet Hadrah in force. Their first attempt failed, but after being reinforced they tried again the same day. Eventually the Essex Brigade were forced to withdraw back across the river. The regiment, to assist them, crossed at the river mouth and attacked the Turkish right, with the 10th Squadron heading, on foot, for Sheikh Muannis to assist the Wellington Mounted Rifles. Now defended by the 10th Squadron, the village's defenders withdrew across the river, and once clear they were followed by the squadron. Meanwhile, the 1st and 8th Squadrons, which had moved into the northern hills, were heavily attacked by the advancing Turks. They managed to hold a line, supported by their machine-guns, as they slowly retired, troop covering troop, back to the river. The Turkish force, now back in control of the northern river bank, made no attempt to force a crossing. Despite the nature of the battle, with the regiment withdrawing in daylight, their casualties were again rather light at two dead and four wounded. Jordan Valley Jericho Further information: Capture of Jericho The British captured Jerusalem in December, but the Turkish forces still held the Jordan Valley and the area around the Dead Sea, putting the British right flank in danger of a counter-attack. As a result, the regiment's next operation involved the capture of Jericho in the east. River Jordan during the First World War On 16 February the regiment started their move towards Bethlehem, arriving there the next day. Two days later the brigade started over the hills towards the River Jordan, marching overnight. The tracks forced them into single file, but by daylight they were at El Muntar. From there the terrain dropped three thousand feet (910 m) to the Jordan Valley. As soon as the brigade's vanguard appeared they were engaged by the Turkish defences. It was not until 07:00 that the regiment came into the open to assist the attack. The regiment was sent against a Turkish strong point at Hill 288, the 8th and 10th Squadrons leading with the 1st in reserve. The 10th Squadron had problems continuing their attack so the 1st was sent forward by a different route, and by noon the Turkish defenders were withdrawing to Nebi Musa. Here, using their artillery and machine-guns, the Turks held up the regiment's advance along a narrow defile until nightfall. The next morning the 10th Squadron were sent forward again, but the Turks had withdrawn during the night. At 05:30 on 21 February the regiment formed the brigade's vanguard as it started out again, reaching the Jordan Valley at 09:00. The regiment pushed ahead towards Jericho, leaving the 8th Squadron behind to repair the road they were using. Jericho was occupied by the 1st Light Horse Brigade, so the regiment deployed along the River Jordan, from the Dead Sea to a pontoon bridge at Ghoraniyeh, which was still held by the Turks. The next day was spent patrolling the vicinity of the river, and at 15:00 on 22 February the western side was declared clear of all Turkish forces. The brigade did not linger in the valley, and at 18:00 the same day they started back to Jerusalem. Amman Further information: Raid on Amman A raid on Amman was the next operation for the regiment. The ANZAC Mounted Division, 60th (London) Division and the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade would all take part. On 13 March the regiment started back to the Jordan Valley through heavy rain. Orders for the raid were issued; the brigade would advance on mountain tracks, via the village of Ain Es Sir, then to Amman. The rains postponed the raid, and it was not until 01:30 on 24 March that the brigade crossed the river Jordan, by a pontoon bridge at Hajlah. At 09:30 the regiment, the Wellington Mounted Rifles and the 181st (2/6th London) Brigade started clearing the area between the river and the foothills. The vanguard, formed by the 1st Squadron and the Auckland Mounted Rifles, had by 16:30 left the Wadi Jeria and started up into the hills. In the wet and cold weather progress was slow. The narrow tracks meant that all wheeled transport, including artillery and supply wagons, had to be left behind. They reached Ain Es Sir at 14:00, two hours behind the vanguard. Out of contact with the division, they remained at the village for the remainder of that day and the next. Patrols checked the area between the village and Amman, which was around six miles (9.7 km) away. The remainder of the division, which had travelled by a different route, arrived later that day. They were in no physical condition to attack, so the advance was postponed until the next day. The Amman raid The assault began at daylight on 27 March; the 8th Squadron moved across the plain to Kusr, where their progress was stopped by heavy Turkish small arms fire. The squadron formed a defensive line, while the 1st Squadron moved past them on the right and captured a small hill. Turkish artillery and machine-gun fire grew heavier all day, and another attempt by the 8th Squadron to move forward at 16:00 also failed. At 19:25 the Turks counter-attacked the 1st Squadron, but were forced to retire. That night patrols were sent to reconnoitre the Turkish positions, so they could be more easily attacked the next day. At dawn on 28 March the entire division tried another attack. The 1st Squadron managed to capture a small trench, but without their artillery support they were unable to move any further forward in the face of heavy Turkish machine-gun fire. All that day and night they managed to hold onto what they had won, waiting for reinforcement to continue the attack. The next day it was decided to make a dismounted attack on Hill 3039, outside Amman. The regiment, while still holding its own lines, provided eleven officers and 102 other ranks to take part in the assault. At 02:00 they formed up and started forward, the regiment's contingent forming the second line with the Wellington Mounted Rifles. The assault was successful, the first line capturing their objectives. The second line passed through them onto their objectives. With around three hundred yards (270 m) to go, Turkish machine-guns opened fire on them, but they pressed on, capturing a machine-gun and fourteen prisoners. Then the 8th Squadron moved forward with the 4th (ANZAC) Battalion, Imperial Camel Corps Brigade, and captured the last Turkish position on the hill. The brigade settled in to defend the hill, the regiment located between the brigade's other two units. At dawn Turkish artillery targeted the hill, and at 09:30 the Turks counter-attacked the New Zealanders. They were stopped by the brigade, using captured machine-guns in addition to their own weapons. Turkish artillery continued to bombard the hill until 16:00, when another counter-attack began, mostly to the regiment's left; this was driven off. The third counter-attack came an hour later but was also defeated. Elsewhere the rest of the division had been trying to reach Amman but could not make any progress. Unable to continue the attack, and with a shortage of ammunition and rations, the division was ordered to withdraw back to the River Jordan. The brigade was ordered at 18:00 to retire back to Ain Es Sir. On arrival the 1st Squadron formed a defensive line, while the rest of the regiment rested. However, the 1st Squadron were soon engaged by a Turkish force, and the regiment and the Auckland Mounted Rifles moved up to support them. For the remainder of the night, the division retired through the line held by the regiment, until 04:00 on 1 April when the Wellington Mounted Rifles took over from the regiment, which then followed the division back to the river. They reached the Jordan Valley at dusk and moved back across the river. During the operation, the regiment lost eighteen dead, thirty-seven wounded and one man missing in action. The brigade crossed the Jordan and the regiment camped two miles (3.2 km) to the south-east of Jericho. Not all of the ANZAC Mounted Division moved west of the river; the 1st Light Horse Brigade remained on the eastern bank forming a bridge-head. On 19 April the regiment crossed back over the river to conduct a reconnaissance of Shunet Nimrin. Advancing through Turkish artillery fire they got to within one thousand yards (910 m) of the Turkish lines in the foothills, and remained there all day, before returning to the western bank at 21:00. Es Salt Crossing the River Jordan Further information: Raid on Es Salt On 30 April the second raid across the Jordan began, their objective to capture Es Salt. This time a much larger force was involved under command of the Desert Mounted Corps. The regiment and brigade were part of the force assigned to attack Shunet Nimrin. Once again they advanced through Turkish artillery fire, and confronted by Turkish strong points in the foothills, were unable to make any progress. That night they moved back across the Jordan, having suffered three dead and eleven wounded. On 1 May the brigade became the corps reserve and at noon were ordered to assist the 179th (2/4th London) Brigade in their attack on El Haud. The regiment crossed the bridge and started forward, through artillery fire, first walking then increasing their pace to a canter, until they reached cover. But then they were ordered back and had to return to Umm Es Shert, so they headed back through the shellfire until they reached the village. They remained there overnight until ordered forward to support the 4th Light Horse Brigade defending the road from the Ed Damieh ford to Es Salt, which was the only route back for the rest of the force attacking Es Salt. For the next day the regiment held a defensive position along the road, and then moved, dismounted, into the mountains to help the Australian Mounted Division extricate themselves. On 3 May, once the Australians had moved past them, the regiment walked back down the track behind them, shelled by Turkish artillery. They then moved into the lines held by the infantry until the other forces had reached safety, before forming the rearguard back to Ghoraniyeh, arriving at 16:00 on 5 May. Chaytor's Force Further information: Chaytor's Force, Third raid on Amman, and Capture of the Damieh bridge The next months were spent training and refitting, until August when the brigade formed the divisional reserve located around Jericho. In September they moved forward to form the left (northern) flank of the Jordan Valley defences. At the same time, the regiment took command of the 1st and 2nd Battalions British West Indies Regiment and the 38th and 39th Battalions Royal Fusiliers, which were part of a larger deception force commanded by the divisional commander, Chaytor. They were tasked with convincing the Turks that the next British attack would be from the Jordan Valley, while the forces were actually being realigned to attack in the west. The regiment was heavily involved in the deception, carrying out offensive patrolling, constructing dummy camps, and moving back and forwards behind the lines to give the impression of a much larger force than was actually present. The main British attack started in the west on 19 September; the regiment remained in the Jordan Valley keeping patrols close to the Turkish positions to watch for any withdrawal. The first evidence of that was observed the next day, when the Turks retired from their forward positions. The regiment then moved to join the rest of the brigade at Khubret Fusail on the western bank of the Jordan. The Damieh bridge The next day the brigade started towards their first objective, the bridge at Damieh. At 10:30 the Auckland Mounted Rifles, assisted by the 1st Squadron, assaulted and captured the Damieh bridge with a bayonet charge. The 10th Squadron arrived after the bridge was secured, and followed the Aucklanders pursuing the withdrawing Turks into the hills. That night the regiment moved back across the bridge, leaving the 1st Squadron behind to guard it. The next day the brigade was ordered to resume the advance, so with the regiment as the vanguard, overcame the first obstacle, a Turkish machine-gun post. At 15:30 they reached Es Salt, passed through the town to the east, and formed a defensive position in the hills for the night. During the day they had captured 250 men, three artillery pieces and several machine-guns. The next day, 24 September, the regiment continued their advance, heading towards Suweile where they were joined by the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades. The next day about two miles (3.2 km) north-west of Amman they came upon two Turkish redoubts covering the road to the town. While the brigade's other regiments deployed to attack them, the regiment, with a section from the Machine-Gun Squadron, were ordered to manoeuvre around to assault them from the rear. At midday they were confronted by around two hundred Turkish troops defending a ridge line. The regiment, through artillery and machine-gun fire, assaulted and captured the ridge. Not stopping to consolidate the position, they continued forward towards Amman. Once there the 10th Squadron, and part of the 8th Squadron, assaulted the Citadel in a bayonet charge, capturing 119 German prisoners and six machine-guns. The regiment then charged through the town, capturing the railway station at 16:30. All told the regiment took 1,200 prisoners, fourteen machine-guns, and other military stores. Their own casualties were one dead and two wounded. Casualties and illness had reduced the regiment's strength to only 350 men, many of whom were struck down with malaria. The regiment remained in the Amman area until the night of 29/30 September when they moved south to Kastel and secured a large number of prisoners from the Turkish II Corps. On 3 October they were relieved by the 3rd Light Horse Regiment, and started back towards the Jordan Valley. By 9 October they had crossed the valley and had reached Jerusalem; they then went back to Ayun Kara, their part in the war being over. Post war Further information: Egyptian revolution of 1919 Men of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles sitting on a Turkish 14-inch gun at Kilid Bahr The war in the Middle East ended on 31 October 1918, following the signing of the Armistice of Moudros. In November the regiment was selected to be part of the Allied force of occupation for the Dardanelles peninsula. They would again be going in a dismounted role, but only twenty-five officers and 464 other ranks were involved. Leaving Egypt on 28 November they disembarked on 5 December and moved into their camps at Maidos and Kilid Bahr. On 19 January 1919, the majority of the regiment returned to Egypt, rejoining the brigade at Kantara. On 17 March the whole brigade was ordered to deploy to assist the civil authorities dealing with growing unrest among the Egyptian civilian population. The regiment moved to the Nile Delta on 23 March, forming a column with four armoured cars and an armoured train. Any one found rioting was arrested and tried in front of a court headed by the commanding-officer, who also imposed sentences. Within weeks the rioting was quelled and the regiment returned to their camp, remaining there until 17 June when they were ordered to send their horses to the remount depot and move to Ismailia on the Suez Canal. On 30 June they embarked on the transport ship HMNZT Ulimaroa for New Zealand and the regiment was disbanded. Casualties During the war 334 men from the regiment died from all causes. In the seven months of the Gallipoli Campaign they had 127 dead; fourteen of those died of illness and 113 were killed in action. Another forty-six, not included in that total, were reported missing believed dead. The two years of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign accounted for another 127 dead. At the same time 466 men were debilitated or wounded in action at Gallipoli, and another 254 were wounded during the later campaign, a total of 720 wounded for both campaigns. Many of the Gallipoli dead have no known grave; the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Chunuk Bair Cemetery, constructed on the site where the Turks buried Allied war dead following the evacuation, has 632 graves of which only ten men have been identified. At the nearby Hill 60 Cemetery, which has another 788 graves, only seventy-six were identified. Honours Several men of the regiment were recognised for their service by the British Empire awards system. Captain Robin Harper, later commander of the brigade machine-gun squadron, was perhaps the most decorated, being awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO), Military Cross (MC), Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) and being mentioned in despatches three times. Findlay was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and awarded a DSO, alongside six other officers who were also invested with the DSO. One officer was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, and another a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Another eleven officers were awarded the MC, while the other ranks received a total of twelve DCMs and twenty-three Military Medals. There were also a total of sixty mentions in despatches, some men being mentioned more than once. References Footnotes ^ At the time of the First World War, the modern Turkish state did not exist, and instead the territory was part of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. While the terms have distinct historical meanings, within many English-language sources the terms "Turkey" and "Ottoman Empire" are used synonymously, although many academic sources differ in their approaches. The sources used in this article predominantly use the term "Turkey". ^ The Wellington Mounted Rifles were attached to the 2nd Light Horse Brigade. Citations ^ Kinloch 2005, p.32 ^ Wilkie 1924, p.10 ^ Powles 1928, p.1 ^ "Lieutenant-Colonel John Findlay". New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. Retrieved 24 November 2013. ^ "Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment". New Zealand History. Retrieved 5 November 2013. ^ Waite 1919, p.6 ^ Kinloch 2005, p.30 ^ a b c d e f "Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment". New Zealand History. Retrieved 24 November 2013. ^ a b Wilkie 1924, p.3 ^ Stack 2011, p.1883 ^ Kinloch 2005, p.4 ^ Gullet 1923, p.58 ^ Powles 1928, p.3 ^ Powles 1928, p.4 ^ Wilkie 1924, pp.8–9 ^ Wilkie 1924, p.11 ^ Powles 1928, p.12 ^ Powles 1928, p.22 ^ Waite 1919, p.134 ^ Powles 1928, p.25 ^ Powles 1928, p.27 ^ Wilkie 1924, pp.15–18 ^ Nicol 1921, p.33 ^ Powles 1928, p.29 ^ Waite 1919, pp.138–139 ^ Fewster, Basarin, Basarin 2003, pp.xi–xii ^ Waite 1919, p.143 ^ Powles 1928, p.32 ^ Waite 1919, p.149 ^ Powles 1928, pp.36–37 ^ Waite 1919, p.150 ^ Powles 1928, p.37 ^ a b c "1915 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline". New Zealand History. Retrieved 25 November 2013. ^ Powles 1928, p.41 ^ Powles 1928, pp.45–46 ^ Powles 1928, p.47 ^ Powles 1928, p.48 ^ Powles 1928, p.51 ^ Powles 1928, pp.53–54 ^ Powles 1928, p.55 ^ Powles 1928, pp.56–57 ^ Waite 1919, p.252 ^ Powles 1928, p.59 ^ Powles 1928, pp.60–62 ^ a b c d e Powles 1928, p.65 ^ Powles 1928, pp.67–68 ^ Powles 1928, p.69 ^ Waite 1919, p.280 ^ Powles 1928, pp.71–72 ^ Powles 1928, pp.72–75 ^ a b c d e "1916 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline". New Zealand History. Retrieved 26 November 2013. ^ Powles 1928, p.80 ^ Powles 1928, p.84 ^ Gullet 1923, p.57 ^ Powles 1928, pp.90–91 ^ Powles 1928, pp.92–93 ^ Powles 1928, p.95 ^ Powles 1928, pp.98–99 ^ Powles 1928, pp.100–101 ^ Powles 1928, p.103 ^ a b c Powles 1928, p.106 ^ Powles 1928, p.107 ^ Powles 1928, pp.108–109 ^ Powles 1928, pp.109–110 ^ Powles 1928, pp.110–112 ^ Powles 1928, pp.112–114 ^ Powles 1928, p.115 ^ Powles 1928, pp.122–124 ^ a b Powles 1928, p.124 ^ Powles 1928, pp.131–132 ^ Powles 1928, pp.132–133 ^ a b Powles 1928, p.134 ^ a b c d e f g h i "1917 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline". New Zealand History. Retrieved 28 November 2013. ^ Powles 1928, pp.146–147 ^ a b Powles 1928, p.148 ^ Nicol 1921, p.140 ^ Nicol 1921, p.142 ^ Powles 1928, p.151 ^ Powles 1928, p.152 ^ Powles 1028, p.154 ^ Nicol 1921, p.145 ^ Powles 1928, p.169 ^ Powles 1928, p.170 ^ Wilkie 1924, p.162 ^ a b Wilkie 1924, p.170 ^ a b Wilkie 1924, p.171 ^ Powles 1928, pp.174–175 ^ Powles 1928, p.175 ^ a b Powles 1928, p.176 ^ Nicol 1921, pp.168–171 ^ Powles 1928, pp.177–178 ^ Powles 1928, pp.180–181 ^ Powles 1928, p.192 ^ Powles 1928, pp.192–194 ^ Powles 1928, p.195 ^ Powles 1928, p.196 ^ Powles 1928, p.199 ^ a b c d "1918 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline". New Zealand History. Retrieved 1 December 2013. ^ Nicol 1921, p.189 ^ Wilkie 1924, pp.189–190 ^ Wilkie 1924, p.193 ^ Powles 1928, p.204 ^ Powles 1928, p.205 ^ Powles 1928, p.206 ^ Powles 1928, p.208 ^ Powles 1928, pp.208–209 ^ Powles 1928, p.210 ^ a b Powles 1928, p.211 ^ Wilkie 1924, p.213 ^ Powles 1928, pp.214–215 ^ Powles 1928, pp.219–221 ^ Wilkie 1924, p.210 ^ Powles 1928, p.221 ^ Powles 1928, pp.221–222 ^ Powles 1928, p.223 ^ Wilkie 1924, p.218 ^ General Edmund Allenby (4 February 1922). "Supplement to the London Gazette, 4 February, 1920" (PDF). London Gazette. Retrieved 24 November 2013. ^ Wilkie 1924, p.219 ^ Powles 1928, pp.222–223 ^ Powles 1928, p.233 ^ Powles 1928, p.234 ^ Powles 1928, pp.234–235 ^ Powles 1928, pp.235–236 ^ a b Powles 1928, p.237 ^ Powles 1928, p.238 ^ Powles 1928, p.239 ^ Waite 1919, p.295 ^ Waite 1919, p.298 ^ Powles 1928, p.245 ^ Powles 1928, p.247 ^ a b Powles 1928, p.248 ^ "1919 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline". New Zealand History. Retrieved 4 December 2013. ^ "Chunuk Bair (New Zealand) Memorial". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 26 November 2013. ^ "Hill 60 Cemetery". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 26 November 2013. ^ Powles 1928, pp.253–264 Bibliography Fewster, Kevin; Basarin, Vecihi; Basarin, Hatice Hurmuz (2003). Gallipoli: The Turkish Story. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-045-5. Gullett, Henry Somer (1923). The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine, 1914–1918. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. VII. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. OCLC 59863829. Kinoch, Terry (2005). Echoes of Gallipoli: In the Words of New Zealand's Mounted Riflemen. Wollombi: Exisle Publishing. ISBN 0-908988-60-5. Luxford, J. H. (1923). With the Machine Gunners in France and Palestine. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. ISBN 1-84342-677-3. Nicol, C.G. (1921). The Story of Two Campaigns: Official War History of the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Wilson and Horton. ISBN 1-84734-341-4. Powles, Charles Guy (1928). The History of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. ISBN 978-1-84734-393-2. Powles, Charles Guy; A. Wilkie (1922). The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War. Vol. III. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. OCLC 2959465. Stack, Wayne (2011). The New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I. Men-at-arms series. Vol. 473. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-888-6. Waite, Fred (1919). The New Zealanders at Gallipoli. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs. ISBN 1-4077-9591-0. Wilkie, A. H. (1924). Official War History of the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. ISBN 978-1-84342-796-4. vteNew Zealand Great War Mounted RegimentsAuckland Mounted Rifles Regiment 3rd (Auckland) Mounted Rifles 4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles 11th (North Auckland) Mounted Rifles Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment 1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry) 8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles 10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment Queen Alexandra's 2nd (Wellington West Coast) Mounted Rifles 6th (Manawatu) Mounted Rifles 9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles Otago Mounted Rifles Regiment 5th Mounted Rifles (Otago Hussars) 7th (Southland) Mounted Rifles 12th (Otago) Mounted Rifles Corps troops II ANZAC Corps Mounted Regiment	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mounted infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_infantry"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Mounted_Rifles_Brigade"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"other ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_ranks_(UK)"},{"link_name":"squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(army)"},{"link_name":"Territorial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Force_(NZ)"},{"link_name":"1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Mounted_Rifles_(Canterbury_Yeomanry_Cavalry)"},{"link_name":"8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_(South_Canterbury)_Mounted_Rifles"},{"link_name":"10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_(Nelson)_Mounted_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Maxim machine-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_gun"},{"link_name":"section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(military)"},{"link_name":"Hotchkiss machine-guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1909_Benet%E2%80%93Mercie_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"troop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_(warfare)"},{"link_name":"at Chunuk Bair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair"},{"link_name":"for Hill 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_(Gallipoli)"},{"link_name":"Sinai and Palestine Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Romani"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_battle_of_Gaza"},{"link_name":"Beersheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Jordan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)"},{"link_name":"raids on Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Amman"},{"link_name":"Es Salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Es_Salt"},{"link_name":"Turkish Fourth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Fourth_Army"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revolution of 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919"}],"text":"Military unitThe Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment from New Zealand, raised for service during the First World War. It was assigned to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, and formed part of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force.The regiment, with an establishment of twenty-six officers, 523 other ranks and 600 horses, was formed from three squadrons belonging to pre-war Territorial Force regiments: the 1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry), the 8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles and the 10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles. It also included a small headquarters and, until 1916, a Maxim machine-gun section. The Maxim guns were withdrawn but the regiment's fire-power increased during the war, and by the end of the conflict each squadron had four Hotchkiss machine-guns, one per troop.Being mounted infantry the regiment rode into battle on their horses, but were expected to dismount and fight on foot. The regiment fought predominantly against the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Their first involvement came in the Gallipoli Campaign between May and December 1915, during which they participated in the largest battle of that theatre at Chunuk Bair and the fighting for Hill 60. Evacuated to Egypt, they then took part in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from 1916 to 1918. The early battles they were involved in included those at Romani, Gaza and Beersheba. Later in the war they were part of the force that occupied the Jordan Valley, and took part in the raids on Amman and Es Salt. Their final wartime operation was in connection with the capture of the Turkish Fourth Army. During the four years of war the regiment lost 334 men dead from all causes, while another 720 were wounded or debilitated. After the war, the regiment played a minor role in the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, before being disbanded in June 1919.","title":"Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lieutenant-Colonel_Findlay_Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Commanding Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_Officer"}],"text":"The Commanding Officer Lieutenant-Colonel John Findlay","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Commanded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel"},{"link_name":"machine-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-gun"},{"link_name":"section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(army)"},{"link_name":"Territorial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Force_(NZ)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzhistory-5"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Mounted_Rifles_(Canterbury_Yeomanry_Cavalry)"},{"link_name":"8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_(South_Canterbury)_Mounted_Rifles"},{"link_name":"10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_(Nelson)_Mounted_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"other ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_ranks_(UK)"},{"link_name":"draught horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draught_horse"},{"link_name":"pack horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_horse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmrr-8"},{"link_name":"troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop"},{"link_name":"Maxim Guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Gun"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkie-9"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"mounted infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_infantry"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"artificer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed-forces_artificer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkie-9"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Mounted_Rifles_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Auckland Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Mounted_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Wellington Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Mounted_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_aboard_HMNZT_Tahiti_1914.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"Raised on 12 August 1914, at the start of the First World War, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment came from the Canterbury region on the South Island of New Zealand.[3] Commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel John Findlay, it was composed of a headquarters, a machine-gun section and three squadrons, formed from Territorial Force regiments.[4][5] The New Zealand Territorial Force included a compulsory training system, and the four Military Districts were required to supply a mounted regiment for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. To meet that obligation, the Territorial Force regiments each provided a squadron, which kept their own regimental badges and traditions.[6] The regiment's squadrons came from the 1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry) (1st Squadron), the 8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles (8th Squadron) and the 10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles (10th Squadron).[7] The establishment was fixed at twenty-six officers and 523 other ranks, who used 528 riding horses, seventy-four draught horses and six pack horses.[8] Each squadron, of 158 men, had a field headquarters and four troops. The Machine-Gun Section, with two Maxim Guns, had one officer, twenty-six other ranks, twenty riding horses and sixteen draught horses.[9] Even though the regiment used horses, they were not cavalry but mounted infantry, and expected to ride to the battlefield, dismount and then fight as traditional infantry.[10] Attached to, but not part of, the regiment were medical and veterinary officers, an artificer, three more other ranks and another eighteen horses.[9] The regiment was assigned to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, serving alongside two other regiments: the Auckland Mounted Rifles and the Wellington Mounted Rifles.[11][12]Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment aboard HMNZT Tahita just before leaving Lyttelton in New Zealand","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyttelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttelton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"HMNZT Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Tahiti"},{"link_name":"HMNZT Athenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Athenic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Port Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Zeitoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitoun,_Cairo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Embarkation","text":"On 23 September the regiment left their camp for Lyttelton and embarked on the transport ships HMNZT Tahiti and HMNZT Athenic.[13] Leaving the same day, they arrived at Wellington the next afternoon, and disembarked the troops. On 14 October they boarded the transports again and set sail.[14] With a short stop at Hobart, on 28 October they arrived at Albany, and anchored waiting to be joined by the Australian contingent. The combined convoy sailed on 1 November and reached Colombo on 15 November. Two days later it sailed into the Red Sea, and the Suez Canal.[15] Docking at Port Said on 2 December and Alexandria the next day, the regiment disembarked on 4 December and boarded a train for their camp in the Cairo suburb of Zeitoun where they started a training programme, using the desert for manoeuvres, during both day and night.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANZAC_bridge-head_northern_part.svg"},{"link_name":"ANZAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Cove"},{"link_name":"reveille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reveille"},{"link_name":"New Zealand and Australian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_and_Australian_Division"},{"link_name":"1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Division_(Australian)"},{"link_name":"Australian and New Zealand Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_landings"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Anzac Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Cove"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"small pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_pack"},{"link_name":"haversack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpack"},{"link_name":"mess tins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess_tins"},{"link_name":"bayonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonet"},{"link_name":"entrenching tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrenching_tool"},{"link_name":"front line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_line"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"ANZAC beach-head area defended by the brigadeIn Egypt the regiment continued its training programme, working from reveille at 05:00 to 17:30 when they stabled their horses at the end of the working day. Every third or fourth night the soldiers performed guard duty or looked after the horses. It was in Egypt that the regiment, and brigade, came under command of the newly formed New Zealand and Australian Division which, along with the 1st Division, made up the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC).[17] In April 1915, the division's infantry units left Egypt for an undisclosed destination, and it was not until 1 May that the regiment learned about the Gallipoli landings. Four days later the regiment received news that it would also deploy to Gallipoli, but in a dismounted role without their horses. On 7 May, twenty-six officers and 482 other ranks (some men remaining behind to look after their horses) boarded trains for Alexandria to board their transports.[18] They arrived off the Gallipoli peninsula on 12 May, and started to disembark, landing at Anzac Cove.[19] By now the troops had been re-equipped for their dismounted role, and carried a rifle with two hundred rounds of ammunition, a small pack, a haversack, mess tins, a bayonet, and an entrenching tool. Once ashore, the regiment camped that night behind the front line.[20]The next day, they moved to the left flank in the north to relieve the Royal Naval Brigade. Their trenches stretched from the sea to Walkers Ridge and included two outposts, No.1 Post and No.2 Post.[21] The regiment took over on the extreme right, with one squadron in the front line, one squadron in the support trench and the third squadron as the reserve. Next in line to their right, was the Auckland Mounted Rifles, and then the Wellington Mounted Rifles on the left.[22][23] However, the regiment had to wait until it got dark before sending men forward to man the two outposts.[24]","title":"Gallipoli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"ANZAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZAC"},{"link_name":"no man's land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_man%27s_land"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"counter-attack to recapture it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_No.3_Post"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1915-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"First combat","text":"The regiment's first experience of combat started at midnight on 18/19 March when their Turkish opponents opened fire on their trenches.[25][nb 1] The main assault, in the brigade's sector, was against the Auckland Mounted Rifles; to support them the regiment sent two troops from the 1st and 10th Squadrons and one troop from the 8th Squadron to form their reserve. At daylight, the men manning No.1 Post could see a group of Turks concentrating around \"The Nek\" and opened fire on them with a machine-gun, forcing them to withdraw. The Turkish attack continued until that afternoon, when it gradually petered out. It was later estimated that 42,000 Turkish troops had been involved in the attack on the ANZAC beach-head, and by the end of the day 10,000 of them had become casualties. Later that day white flags were observed over the Turkish trenches, and some of their men wandered into no man's land. This was considered a ruse to retrieve arms and ammunition off the dead and to bring forward reinforcements, so the Turks were warned to return to their trenches as the New Zealanders were going to open fire again. A real armistice was arranged for 24 May, between 07:30 and 16:30, when the wounded were brought to safety and the dead buried.[27][28] Squadrons settled into a routine with twenty-four hours in No.1 and No.2 Posts, twenty-four hours in the main trenches and twenty-four hours in support, then back to the outposts. Their first offensive action came on 28 May, when it was still dark. The Turks had built an outpost only 450 yards (410 m) from No.2 Post, so the 1st Squadron charged and captured the position.[29] Once it was secured, the 6th Squadron from the Wellington Mounted Rifles provided the garrison for what was now called No.3 Post. They had some difficulties defending it, as the Turks launched a counter-attack to recapture it.[30] After a battle lasting until the next day the 10th Squadron and two troops from the 8th Squadron managed to relieve the Wellington Regiment's survivors and take over the defence of the post.[31] Shortly after the relief, it was decided that the position was untenable and it was abandoned.[32][33] Casualties gradually mounted and the regiment's first replacements, three officers and forty-four other ranks, arrived at the end of June.[34]","title":"Gallipoli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Chunuk Bair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Chunuk_Bair_battle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maori Pioneer Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_(M%C4%81ori)_Pioneer_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Otago Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Mounted_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"second in command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_in_command"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1915-34"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Chunuk Bair","text":"Further information: Battle of Chunuk BairChunuk Bair areaThe objective of the British August offensive was to seize Chunuk Bair, a high point in the Sari Bair mountain range. The New Zealand and Australian Division would provide the attacking force. The initial attack was to clear the Turks from the foothills; this task was given to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, reinforced by the Maori Pioneer Battalion. The regiment, together with the Otago Mounted Rifles, was to clear Chailak Dere valley, then advance to Aghyl Dere in the north. They also had to capture Taylor's Hollow and Walden's Point, then turn east to capture Beauchop Hill. To reduce noise and maintain stealth, they were ordered to use only their bayonets.[35] At 20:00 on 5 August, the 296 men of the regiment moved forward to No.2 Post in preparation for the attack, which was due to start at 21:00 the next night.[36] Their assault started on time, with the 1st and 10th Squadrons forward, followed by the 8th Squadron and Machine-Gun Section in reserve. The leading men met and killed four Turks in an observation post. Then with still around two hundred yards (180 m) to go, a destroyer's searchlight beam lit up the advancing men, and a Turkish machine-gun opened fire on them. The 10th Squadron charged straight into the Turkish trench, while the 1st Squadron managed to manoeuvre around and attack the machine-gun from the rear. They achieved this without firing a shot or making a sound, and then advanced towards their last objective, Beauchop Hill. The hill was also captured, and the survivors started to dig in.[37] Although it had taken all its objectives, the regiment had around forty per cent casualties, including the commanding officer, who was wounded, and the second in command, Major Overton, who had been killed.[38] While digging in they were able to observe the rest of the battle, which did not seem to be going well. By the next day, 7 August, Turkish reinforcements were arriving at Chunuk Bair and the attack had failed. Since the start of the battle they had lost twenty-four men dead and sixty men wounded.[33][39] Now commanded by Major Hutton, from the 10th Squadron, the regiment remained on Bauchop Hill in defence until 15 August, when they moved back to the entrance of Aghyl Dere, then later moved forward two hundred yards (180 m) and occupied an old Turkish trench.[40]","title":"Gallipoli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_(Gallipoli)"},{"link_name":"going over the top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_over_the_top"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_27_August_1915.jpg"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Hill 60","text":"Further information: Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)At 15:30 on 21 August the Battle for Hill 60 began. Charging straight at the hill, the regiment suffered sixty per cent casualties, among them Hutton in command. He was replaced by Major Hurst, from the 1st Squadron, and they succeeded in capturing the Turkish trench within fifteen minutes of going over the top. But on either side of them the rest of the attack had failed, leaving the regiment and the Otago Mounted Rifles isolated from the rest of the force. Not having the manpower to continue the assault, they were ordered to dig in and hold the position.[41][42] They held on until 23 August when they were relieved by the Auckland and Wellington Mounted Rifles.[43]Canterbury Mounted Rifles getting ready for the second assault on Hill 60 Gallipoli 27 August 1915Three days later the regiment returned to their previous position to continue the assault. The attack began at 17:00 on 27 August with the regiment leading the brigade. They charged across the sixty yards (55 m) of open ground and into the first Turkish trench. Within minutes they were up and on their way again, and captured the second and third trenches, which they defended all night and through the next day. Casualties had been high; from the 119 men who had started the assault there were now only eighteen left, commanded by the only officer, Captain Gibbs. The brigade's other regiments were in a similar state, but they remained in the trenches until they were relieved after dark on 29 August.[44]","title":"Gallipoli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5th Australian Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Brigade_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Lemnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnos"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Lemnos","text":"On 13 September, the brigade, less its machine gunners, was relieved by the 5th Australian Brigade and sailed to the island of Lemnos to rest and recuperate. The regiment's strength was now just one officer and thirty-nine other ranks, twelve of whom were machine-gunners who had to remain at Gallipoli. By now, including the original contingent and their replacements, a total of thirty-two officers and 645 other ranks had served with the regiment at Gallipoli.[45] On arrival the regiment came under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel George Stewart. By early October, replacements started arriving to bring the regiment back up to almost full strength. At the end of the month Stewart was evacuated sick, and Major John Studholme, the senior officer with the replacements, assumed temporary command of the regiment. On 10 November they returned to Gallipoli, camping that first night at Bauchop Hill.[46]","title":"Gallipoli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigade-Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade-Major"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_Mounted_Rilfes_last_men_to_leave_Gallipoli.jpg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1915-34"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Evacuation","text":"The regiment spent their time building winter quarters, and tunnelling into the hillside to provide protection against shellfire, doing so until 27 November when they moved back into the front line. On 9 December, Major Christopher Powles, the Brigade-Major, took over command of the regiment, with Studholme as the second in command.[47] Three days later, the order for the complete evacuation of the peninsula was issued. Men with minor ailments left first, followed by one regiment or battalion from each brigade. The Auckland Mounted Rifles were chosen as the first regiment to leave from the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade,[48] which meant that the Canterbury Mounted Rifles had to extend its lines to cover for the Aucklanders. The last men were due to leave over the night of 19/20 December.[49]The last men to be evacuated from Gallipoli, known as \"The Diehards\"The regiment now numbered fourteen officers and 290 other ranks, which was to be reduced to nine officers and 163 men, the rest being among the first batch to be evacuated on 18 December. The remainder were divided in three groups. The first group, of three officers and ninety men, left the front for the embarkation beach at 17:30 the next day. They were followed by the second smaller group of three officers and forty-two men at 21:35. The last group, three officers and thirty-one men, had to cover for the whole regiment, keeping up a steady rate of fire and moving their one Maxim-gun around the position to support the deception that all defences were fully manned. This last group was also divided into three parts, the first of which left at 01:45 on 20 December. They were followed by the next group who waited ten minutes before withdrawing. The last small group of men left at 02:05, and reached the beach, without incident, at 03:30. The regiment sailed again to Lemnos, and on 22 December to Egypt, arriving at Alexandria on 26 December, and eventually returned to their old camp at Zeitoun.[33][50]","title":"Gallipoli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1916-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"ANZAC Mounted Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZAC_Mounted_Division"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"In Egypt reinforcements brought the regiment back up to full strength plus an added ten per cent, and the Machine-Gun Section was doubled in size from two to four guns.[51] Another change was the appointment of Major James Whyte of the Wellington Mounted Rifles as commanding officer.[52] On 23 January 1916 the regiment left Zeitoun to take up a new defensive post on the Suez Canal eighty-seven miles (140 km) to the east. While there, Findlay, having recovered from his wounds, returned as commanding officer on 19 February.[53] By 7 March the regiment was once more ready for operations and moved into the front line, at Railhead Ferrypost on the canal. Later that month, the brigade was assigned to the ANZAC Mounted Division.[54]","title":"Sinai"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MapBattleOfRomani.png"},{"link_name":"Battle of Katia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Katia"},{"link_name":"Kantara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Qantarah_el-Sharqiyya"},{"link_name":"Sinai Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Desert"},{"link_name":"yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeomanry"},{"link_name":"Katia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katia,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Oghratina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oghratina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani,_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"El Maler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Maler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Bir el Abd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_el_Abd"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Machine-Gun Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Machine-Gun_Squadron_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Katia","text":"Northern Sinai DesertFurther information: Battle of KatiaWithout any notice the regiment, and brigade, was ordered to Kantara, thirty-two miles (51 km) away on the Suez Canal, at 20:00 on 23 April. The reason was not then known by the troopers, but it later transpired that a Turkish force in the Sinai Desert had attacked British yeomanry positions at Katia and Oghratina.[55] They reached Kantara at 07:00 and an hour later moved into the desert, camping at Hill 70 for the night. They sent reconnaissance patrols out into the desert, and manned observation posts. On 10 May the regiment was ordered to Romani and the next day to El Maler.[56] Patrol activity was kept up, most of the time at troop strength, but sometimes involving the complete brigade.[57] On 15 May the regiment carried out a reconnaissance of Oghratina and Bir el Abd, and for the first time sighted a hostile force in the desert; they did not manage to engage them. The next day several men had to be evacuated, suffering from heat exhaustion, as temperatures reached 129 °F (72 °C). This convinced Findlay to cut their patrol short, and travelling overnight they arrived back at Maler early on 17 May.[58] Over the next weeks their patrols continued, to acclimatise the men to desert travel and conditions.[59] Early in July, the regiment lost its machine-gun section when it was transferred to form the brigade Machine-Gun Squadron. On 19 July reconnaissance aircraft spotted a large Turkish force moving west across the desert.[60]","title":"Sinai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Romani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Royston.jpg"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Light_Horse_Brigade"},{"link_name":"2nd Light Horse Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Light_Horse_Brigade"},{"link_name":"vanguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard"},{"link_name":"Dueidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dueidar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_a-62"},{"link_name":"5th Light Horse Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Light_Horse_Regiment_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_a-62"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Royal Horse Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1916-52"},{"link_name":"3rd Light Horse Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Light_Horse_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1916-52"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Romani","text":"Further information: Battle of RomaniMount Royston, scene of the battle of Romani in 1916Just after midnight on 4 August the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades were attacked at Romani. At 08:00, the regiment, acting as the brigade vanguard, advanced towards Dueidar; at the same time they could hear firing in the distance from Romani.[61] By 10:30 they were approaching the Turkish position on Mount Royston, and the regiment opened out to attack, with the 8th Squadron positioned on the left, the 1st in the centre, and the 10th on the right, with the Auckland Mounted Rifles following in support. The 5th Light Horse Regiment, who were supposed to be to the left of the 8th Squadron, had not yet arrived.[61][nb 2] The assault commenced at 15:00, supported by the Somerset Battery Royal Horse Artillery, and by 17:30 they had driven the Turks off Mount Royston. The brigade captured an artillery battery and over 1,000 prisoners.[62] The regiment's casualties during the battle were one dead and fifteen wounded.[51] The next day at 03:30 they moved to Katia, which was believed to be occupied by a large Turkish force. On arrival, the brigade galloped forward, attacking from the south. When they got close the regiment dismounted and continued on foot. Fighting all day, they waited in vain for the 3rd Light Horse Brigade to support the assault. Still holding their ground at 20:00, they had to retire and return to Bir et Maler to water their horses.[63] Their casualties were two dead and fifteen wounded.[51]The Turkish force withdrew towards Katia, which by the time the regiment's reconnaissance patrol got there had been abandoned; the Turks were heading towards Oghratina. Once the enemy were located, the regiment kept patrols in contact with them overnight and all during the next day while the Turks withdrew to Negilia. By 8 August the enemy had reached Bir el Abd, where they established defences and were waiting for the New Zealanders.[64]","title":"Sinai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Bir el Abd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_el_Abd"},{"link_name":"redoubts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoubt"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Harry Chauvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Chauvel"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"missing in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_action"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1916-52"},{"link_name":"Debabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debabis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salmana,_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"El Arish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Arish"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Abd","text":"Further information: Battle of Bir el AbdBefore dawn on 9 August the regiment was behind the Auckland Mounted Rifles heading towards Abd. The brigade was to attack head on, while the rest of the division circled around to attack the flanks. At 05:30 the Aucklands were engaged by the Turkish defenders, so the 8th Squadron was sent forward on their left to assist, and immediately came under fire. To support them the 1st and 10th Squadrons moved up on the left. The 8th Squadron advanced and captured a ridge line facing east, followed soon after by the other squadrons occupying the high ground to the west of Abd. From there they could see the Turkish defences, which consisted of trenches and redoubts, supported by artillery that kept up a steady rate of fire on the regiment. At 06:00 the Turks left their trenches to counter-attack the regiment, but were stopped by small arms fire and the attached Somerset Battery Royal Horse Artillery.[65] The regiment then moved downhill towards Abd, but were faced with heavy Turkish artillery fire, which by 10:30 had stopped the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades to their left. At noon a second Turkish counter-attack came in waves towards the regiment's lines. They managed to fight them off, with heavy casualties. By 14:00 the Turks were attacking all the division's brigades in strength. The 1st and 2nd Light Horse in the north and the 3rd in the south began to retire, leaving the New Zealanders' position exposed on the flanks. Only by keeping up a heavy rate of small arms and artillery fire did they hold off the enemy. At 17:30, the divisional commander Harry Chauvel called off the attack and ordered a withdrawal, but as the New Zealanders were in danger of being overrun the withdrawal was postponed until dark, with the regiment forming a rearguard.[66] The battle cost the regiment nine dead, twenty-two wounded and six men missing in action.[51]The brigade withdrew to Debabis, caring for their wounded and resting for the next two days. On 12 August, they moved back to Abd, which had been evacuated by the Turks. Sending out reconnaissance patrols, they located the Turkish rearguard two miles (3.2 km) west of Salamana. Not being in a position to attack, they observed them until dusk, when the Turks moved further east to El Arish.[67]","title":"Sinai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Magdhaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Magdhaba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_in_the_Wadi_el_Arish.jpg"},{"link_name":"Magdhaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magdhaba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_b-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_b-71"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1916-52"}],"sub_title":"Magdhaba","text":"Further information: Battle of MagdhabaCrossing the Wadi el Arish in 1916On 20 December, in response to reports that the Turks had evacuated El Arish, the regiment started moving overnight towards the village. Advance patrols discovered that the Turks had withdrawn along the Wadi el Arish to Magdhaba. By dawn 23 December the regiment reached the wadi and joined up with the rest of the division, now heading towards Magdhaba.[68]By 05:00 they could see the Turkish position; the brigade was ordered to move around and approach it from the north. Five hours later the brigade had reached a position to start their attack, with the Canterbury regiment on the brigade's left.[69] Dismounted, the squadrons advanced in turn, covered by their machine-guns. At 15:00, when they were within five hundred yards (460 m) of the Turkish lines, they were able to charge, with bayonets fixed, and captured the Turkish trench. One by one the Turkish redoubts were captured, before nightfall.[69] The regiment's casualties were light, at two dead and eleven wounded.[51]","title":"Sinai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Rafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rafa"},{"link_name":"Rafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_c-74"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-General"},{"link_name":"Philip Chetwode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Chetwode"},{"link_name":"Edward Chaytor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Chaytor"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_c-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1917-75"}],"sub_title":"Rafa","text":"Further information: Battle of RafaBy the end of the year the Turkish forces had been pushed out of the Sinai, and in January 1917, orders were given for the division to attack Rafa on the Egyptian–Palestine border. By dawn on 9 January, the regiment and division had reached the border, and the brigade manoeuvred to attack Rafa from the north-east.[70] The 8th Squadron, leading the regiment, was moving around to the north of village, when the Turkish defenders opened fire on them. The regiment galloped forward, and one of their troops captured fifty prisoners at a police post. The remainder captured an uncompleted trench system, and another 171 prisoners, six of them German officers. The regiment was now position to block the Turkish withdrawal east, and were also able to observe the main Turkish defences.[71]The regiment started advancing towards the village, the 8th Squadron on the left, and the 10th with the 1st Squadron on the right. Covered by their machine-guns, but under heavy Turkish fire, they gradually moved forward on foot. Troops took turns to run forward while the rest of the squadron covered them.[72] The intensity of the battle was demonstrated by the Inverness Battery Royal Horse Artillery, which was supporting the brigade and ran out of ammunition at 14:00. Two hours later the division's covering force reported Turkish reinforcements approaching, and Lieutenant-General Philip Chetwode, who was commanding the attack, decided to call it off. Almost simultaneously Edward Chaytor, commanding the brigade, ordered another attack. Covered by their machine-guns the men carried out a bayonet charge and the Turks to their front surrendered. By this time the other brigades had started to withdraw, but seeing what had happened, they turned back and also charge, capturing the position.[72] The battle cost the regiment six dead and nineteen wounded.[73]","title":"Sinai"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palestine-WW1-2.jpg"}],"text":"British Palestine operations in 1917, Gaza and Beersheba at the bottom, Jaffa, Jerusalem and Jericho at the top","title":"Palestine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Battle of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza"},{"link_name":"22nd Mounted Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Mounted_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"53rd (Welsh) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_(Welsh)_Division"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_d-77"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_d-77"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1917-75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_headquarters.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Gaza","text":"Further information: First Battle of GazaThe British plan for Gaza required the ANZAC Mounted Division to circle around by night and block Turkish reinforcements getting to the town. On 26 March at 02:30, the brigade left camp in a heavy fog and crossed the Wadi Ghuzze two miles (3.2 km) south-east of Gaza. They soon reached their positions with the brigade, between the 2nd Light Horse and 22nd Mounted Brigades, and waited for the infantry divisions to assault the town. At 14:00, as the infantry were having problems, the brigade were ordered to attack.[74] The regiment galloped towards the town, with the Wellington Mounted Rifles on their right and the Auckland Mounted Rifles in reserve. Once there, the regiment moved south along a ridge and attacked the garrison at Ali Muntar. This hilltop could command the approaches into Gaza. They soon captured the outlying Turkish trenches, forcing the defenders back towards the town. At 18:40 the 10th Squadron reached the hill top at the same time as the 53rd (Welsh) Division, who had been trying all day to take the position from the other side.[75] Despite having captured a commanding position, both the regiment and the infantry division were ordered to withdraw. Turkish reinforcements had been reported en route, and the overall commander did not believe they could hold what they had captured. The regiment retired back the way they had come, and reached Belah just after midnight the next day.[75] Casualties for the day were one dead and six wounded.[73]Regimental Headquarters after the First Battle of Gaza","title":"Palestine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Battle of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza"},{"link_name":"Hotchkiss machine-guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1909_Benet%E2%80%93Mercie_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Beersheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Imperial Mounted Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Mounted_Division"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1917-75"}],"sub_title":"Wadi Ghuzee line","text":"Further information: Second Battle of GazaOn 3 April the squadrons were issued Hotchkiss machine-guns, one per troop.[76] After the British withdrawal, the Turks built a defensive line of trenches and redoubts, from the sea south of Gaza to Beersheba, following the route of the road. The British plan for the second attack involved the ANZAC Mounted Division providing flank protection, intercepting any reinforcements, and pursuing the retreating Turkish forces if required.[77]The regiment moved out at 18:30 on 16 April, forming the vanguard for the division. At 04:30 the next morning the 10th Squadron, in the lead, crossed the Wadi Ghuzee at Shellal. Their only opposition came from enemy aircraft which bombed the division. Breaking out into an extended line, they reconnoitred towards Sharia and Beersheba, reporting on Turkish movements. At nightfall they withdrew back to Shellal.[78] The next day was a repeat of the previous day.[79] Then, after dark, the division was ordered to march overnight to support the Imperial Mounted Division. The regiment set out at 23:00, and by 09:00 on 18 April were the brigade reserve for their assault on \"Sausage Ridge\". At 14:30 the regiment was called upon, and galloped forward under an artillery bombardment. Dismounting, a machine-gun section set up just in time to stop a Turkish counter-attack.[80] However, the British attack all along the line had faltered and was called off that night, and they withdrew back behind the Wadi Ghuzee.[81] The three days of fighting cost the regiment three dead and twenty-eight wounded.[73]","title":"Palestine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Beersheba (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GullettCh23p.390Tel_elSaba.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Tel el Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_el_Saba"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"4th Light Horse Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Light_Horse_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1917-75"}],"sub_title":"Beersheba","text":"Further information: Battle of Beersheba (1917)The attack on Tel el SabaThe regiment's involvement in the attack on Beersheba began at 18:00 on 30 October, when the ANZAC Mounted Division set off along the Wadi el Imshash towards the village. By 08:00 the brigade had reached its starting position at Bir Salim Irgeig, ready to begin their assault on Tel el Saba. Moving around the open Turkish flank they managed to approach the mound from the east. The regiment were to the right of the brigade line with the Auckland Mounted Rifles on their left. The regiment intended to move around and outflank the Turkish position from the north.[82] Once the assault started they slowly moved up the hill, and eventually they passed the Wadi Khalil and were able to engage the rear of the Turkish position. Confronted by Turkish artillery and machine-gun fire coming from their north, they could advance no further. At 15:00 the Aucklanders managed to charge and capture the hill top.[83] Elsewhere, Beersheba was captured following a mounted charge by the 4th Light Horse Brigade.[84] The regiment's casualties during the battle were one dead and six wounded.[73]","title":"Palestine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el_Khuweilfe"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkie_b-87"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1917-75"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkie_b-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkie_c-88"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1917-75"},{"link_name":"Imperial Camel Corps Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Camel_Corps_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkie_c-88"}],"sub_title":"Khuweilfe","text":"Further information: Battle of Tel el KhuweilfeThe next day, 1 November, the brigade moved north-east following the withdrawing Turks. The regiment, forming the vanguard, came under machine-gun fire so the 10th Squadron charged directly at the position while the 1st Squadron moved around and attacked from the flank. The position was quickly captured with thirteen prisoners and a machine-gun taken. That night, they returned to Beersheba for water. Following two days of rest, they moved out on 4 November, to relieve the 5th Mounted Brigade in the Ras el Nagb mountains.[85] Turkish artillery fired on them en route, wounding five men.[73] Once in position, they were attacked at 03:00 the next morning by a small Turkish force, which was forced to retire. Then a Turkish cavalry force was sighted assembling in a valley, which the regiment opened fire on; they galloped away.[85] At 11:00 the Turkish returned to the attack, supported by artillery and machine-gun fire, and managed to get to within two hundred yards (180 m) of the regiment's lines before being stopped. Turkish artillery continued to bombard the regiment for the rest of the day, only stopping after dark.[86] The day's fighting cost the regiment six dead and forty-nine wounded.[73] As there was no trace of their relief, and the horses had not been watered for forty-eight hours, they were sent back to Beersheba. Eventually relieved, on 6 November, by the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade, the men set out to the rear on foot, meeting their returning horses at Kh el Ras.[86]","title":"Palestine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Powles_pp.144-5_Ayun_Kara_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ayun Kara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ayun_Kara"},{"link_name":"Hamame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamame"},{"link_name":"Yebna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yebna"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"River Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Rubin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ayun Kara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayun_Kara"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1917-75"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_e-91"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1917-75"},{"link_name":"Beit Dejan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Dejan"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_e-91"}],"sub_title":"Ayun Kara","text":"Battle of Ayun KaraFurther information: Battle of Ayun KaraOn 11 November, the brigade was ordered to move to the western flank and rejoin the division. It was not an easy task due to the difficult terrain, and one stage of thirty-one miles (50 km) took them thirty hours to cross. They eventually met with the division at Hamame the next day and had to rest and recuperate until moving out again on 13 November and camping for the night at Yebna.[87]The next morning, 14 November, the regiment crossed the River Rubin, and at 12:30 located a Turkish position at Ayun Kara.[73][88] The regiment was on the left front of the brigade advance, with the Wellington Mounted Rifles on their left and the Aucklanders in reserve. As the regiment advanced through orange groves, they were engaged by the Turkish defenders. The regiment then held a fire support position while the other two regiments attacked on the left. Fighting off several counter-attacks the brigade eventually, at nightfall, won the battle and held their ground overnight.[89] Not being involved in the main assault, the regiment's casualties were rather light at one dead and six wounded.[73] The next day the Turkish force had withdrawn, and the regiment advanced first to Beit Dejan, and then occupied the port of Jaffa on 17 November, where the commanding officer established the regimental headquarters in the German Consulate.[89]","title":"Palestine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Jaffa (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1917)"},{"link_name":"River Auja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Auja"},{"link_name":"Turkish Fourth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Muannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Muannis"},{"link_name":"161st (Essex) Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/161st_(Essex)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1917-75"}],"sub_title":"River Auja","text":"Further information: Battle of Jaffa (1917)Around four miles (6.4 km) to the north of Jaffa is the River Auja, along which the withdrawing Turkish Fourth Army had formed a defence line. The only crossing points were a bridge at Khurbet Hadrah, and three fords. One of these was about two miles (3.2 km) to the east of Hadrah, another was at Jerisheh and the third at the river mouth.[90]The brigade was ordered to assault the river and capture a crossing. On 24 November the regiment, with the 8th Squadron leading, crossed the ford at the river mouth. Taken by surprise, the Turkish defenders retired, and were followed by the regiment, who galloped into the nearby foothills and captured the village of Sheikh Muannis. The rest of the brigade continued the attack along the river, capturing the other crossings. To support their defence, the 161st (Essex) Brigade moved to the north of the river and dug in. The regiment sent mounted patrols forward to observe the surrounding country.[91]The next day the Turkish counter-attacked the bridge-head at Khurbet Hadrah in force. Their first attempt failed, but after being reinforced they tried again the same day. Eventually the Essex Brigade were forced to withdraw back across the river. The regiment, to assist them, crossed at the river mouth and attacked the Turkish right, with the 10th Squadron heading, on foot, for Sheikh Muannis to assist the Wellington Mounted Rifles. Now defended by the 10th Squadron, the village's defenders withdrew across the river, and once clear they were followed by the squadron. Meanwhile, the 1st and 8th Squadrons, which had moved into the northern hills, were heavily attacked by the advancing Turks. They managed to hold a line, supported by their machine-guns, as they slowly retired, troop covering troop, back to the river. The Turkish force, now back in control of the northern river bank, made no attempt to force a crossing.[92] Despite the nature of the battle, with the regiment withdrawing in daylight, their casualties were again rather light at two dead and four wounded.[73]","title":"Palestine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jordan Valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capture of Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Jericho"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Jordan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:River_Jordan_during_the_First_World_War.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"River Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Jordan"},{"link_name":"El Muntar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Muntar"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Nebi Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebi_Musa"},{"link_name":"defile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defile_(geography)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"pontoon bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_bridge"},{"link_name":"Ghoraniyeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoraniyeh"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1918-100"}],"sub_title":"Jericho","text":"Further information: Capture of JerichoThe British captured Jerusalem in December, but the Turkish forces still held the Jordan Valley and the area around the Dead Sea, putting the British right flank in danger of a counter-attack. As a result, the regiment's next operation involved the capture of Jericho in the east.[93]River Jordan during the First World WarOn 16 February the regiment started their move towards Bethlehem, arriving there the next day. Two days later the brigade started over the hills towards the River Jordan, marching overnight. The tracks forced them into single file, but by daylight they were at El Muntar. From there the terrain dropped three thousand feet (910 m) to the Jordan Valley. As soon as the brigade's vanguard appeared they were engaged by the Turkish defences. It was not until 07:00 that the regiment came into the open to assist the attack.[94] The regiment was sent against a Turkish strong point at Hill 288, the 8th and 10th Squadrons leading with the 1st in reserve. The 10th Squadron had problems continuing their attack so the 1st was sent forward by a different route, and by noon the Turkish defenders were withdrawing to Nebi Musa. Here, using their artillery and machine-guns, the Turks held up the regiment's advance along a narrow defile until nightfall. The next morning the 10th Squadron were sent forward again, but the Turks had withdrawn during the night.[95] At 05:30 on 21 February the regiment formed the brigade's vanguard as it started out again, reaching the Jordan Valley at 09:00. The regiment pushed ahead towards Jericho, leaving the 8th Squadron behind to repair the road they were using. Jericho was occupied by the 1st Light Horse Brigade, so the regiment deployed along the River Jordan, from the Dead Sea to a pontoon bridge at Ghoraniyeh, which was still held by the Turks.[96] The next day was spent patrolling the vicinity of the river, and at 15:00 on 22 February the western side was declared clear of all Turkish forces. The brigade did not linger in the valley, and at 18:00 the same day they started back to Jerusalem.[97][98]","title":"Jordan Valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raid on Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Amman"},{"link_name":"60th (London) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_(London)_Division"},{"link_name":"Imperial Camel Corps Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Camel_Corps_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"181st (2/6th London) Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/181st_(2/6th_London)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Ain Es Sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain_Es_Sir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amman_raid_1918.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kusr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kusr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_1928,_p.211-110"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_1928,_p.211-110"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1918-100"},{"link_name":"Shunet Nimrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunet_Nimrin"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"Amman","text":"Further information: Raid on AmmanA raid on Amman was the next operation for the regiment. The ANZAC Mounted Division, 60th (London) Division and the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade would all take part.[99] On 13 March the regiment started back to the Jordan Valley through heavy rain. Orders for the raid were issued; the brigade would advance on mountain tracks, via the village of Ain Es Sir, then to Amman.[100] The rains postponed the raid, and it was not until 01:30 on 24 March that the brigade crossed the river Jordan, by a pontoon bridge at Hajlah. At 09:30 the regiment, the Wellington Mounted Rifles and the 181st (2/6th London) Brigade started clearing the area between the river and the foothills.[101] The vanguard, formed by the 1st Squadron and the Auckland Mounted Rifles, had by 16:30 left the Wadi Jeria and started up into the hills.[102] In the wet and cold weather progress was slow. The narrow tracks meant that all wheeled transport, including artillery and supply wagons, had to be left behind.[103] They reached Ain Es Sir at 14:00, two hours behind the vanguard. Out of contact with the division, they remained at the village for the remainder of that day and the next. Patrols checked the area between the village and Amman, which was around six miles (9.7 km) away. The remainder of the division, which had travelled by a different route, arrived later that day. They were in no physical condition to attack, so the advance was postponed until the next day.[104]The Amman raidThe assault began at daylight on 27 March; the 8th Squadron moved across the plain to Kusr, where their progress was stopped by heavy Turkish small arms fire. The squadron formed a defensive line, while the 1st Squadron moved past them on the right and captured a small hill.[105] Turkish artillery and machine-gun fire grew heavier all day, and another attempt by the 8th Squadron to move forward at 16:00 also failed. At 19:25 the Turks counter-attacked the 1st Squadron, but were forced to retire. That night patrols were sent to reconnoitre the Turkish positions, so they could be more easily attacked the next day. At dawn on 28 March the entire division tried another attack. The 1st Squadron managed to capture a small trench, but without their artillery support they were unable to move any further forward in the face of heavy Turkish machine-gun fire. All that day and night they managed to hold onto what they had won, waiting for reinforcement to continue the attack.[106]The next day it was decided to make a dismounted attack on Hill 3039, outside Amman. The regiment, while still holding its own lines, provided eleven officers and 102 other ranks to take part in the assault. At 02:00 they formed up and started forward, the regiment's contingent forming the second line with the Wellington Mounted Rifles. The assault was successful, the first line capturing their objectives.[107] The second line passed through them onto their objectives. With around three hundred yards (270 m) to go, Turkish machine-guns opened fire on them, but they pressed on, capturing a machine-gun and fourteen prisoners. Then the 8th Squadron moved forward with the 4th (ANZAC) Battalion, Imperial Camel Corps Brigade, and captured the last Turkish position on the hill. The brigade settled in to defend the hill, the regiment located between the brigade's other two units. At dawn Turkish artillery targeted the hill, and at 09:30 the Turks counter-attacked the New Zealanders. They were stopped by the brigade, using captured machine-guns in addition to their own weapons.[108] Turkish artillery continued to bombard the hill until 16:00, when another counter-attack began, mostly to the regiment's left; this was driven off. The third counter-attack came an hour later but was also defeated. Elsewhere the rest of the division had been trying to reach Amman but could not make any progress.[108]Unable to continue the attack, and with a shortage of ammunition and rations, the division was ordered to withdraw back to the River Jordan.[109] The brigade was ordered at 18:00 to retire back to Ain Es Sir. On arrival the 1st Squadron formed a defensive line, while the rest of the regiment rested. However, the 1st Squadron were soon engaged by a Turkish force, and the regiment and the Auckland Mounted Rifles moved up to support them. For the remainder of the night, the division retired through the line held by the regiment, until 04:00 on 1 April when the Wellington Mounted Rifles took over from the regiment, which then followed the division back to the river. They reached the Jordan Valley at dusk and moved back across the river.[110] During the operation, the regiment lost eighteen dead, thirty-seven wounded and one man missing in action.[98]The brigade crossed the Jordan and the regiment camped two miles (3.2 km) to the south-east of Jericho. Not all of the ANZAC Mounted Division moved west of the river; the 1st Light Horse Brigade remained on the eastern bank forming a bridge-head. On 19 April the regiment crossed back over the river to conduct a reconnaissance of Shunet Nimrin. Advancing through Turkish artillery fire they got to within one thousand yards (910 m) of the Turkish lines in the foothills, and remained there all day, before returning to the western bank at 21:00.[111]","title":"Jordan Valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Mounted_Rifles_Brigade.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raid on Es Salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Es_Salt"},{"link_name":"Desert Mounted Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Mounted_Corps"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1918-100"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"179th (2/4th London) Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th_(2/4th_London)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"El Haud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Haud"},{"link_name":"Umm Es Shert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umm_Es_Shert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"4th Light Horse Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Light_Horse_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Australian Mounted Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Mounted_Division"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"sub_title":"Es Salt","text":"Crossing the River JordanFurther information: Raid on Es SaltOn 30 April the second raid across the Jordan began, their objective to capture Es Salt. This time a much larger force was involved under command of the Desert Mounted Corps. The regiment and brigade were part of the force assigned to attack Shunet Nimrin.[112] Once again they advanced through Turkish artillery fire, and confronted by Turkish strong points in the foothills, were unable to make any progress. That night they moved back across the Jordan, having suffered three dead and eleven wounded.[98][113]On 1 May the brigade became the corps reserve and at noon were ordered to assist the 179th (2/4th London) Brigade in their attack on El Haud. The regiment crossed the bridge and started forward, through artillery fire, first walking then increasing their pace to a canter, until they reached cover. But then they were ordered back and had to return to Umm Es Shert, so they headed back through the shellfire until they reached the village. They remained there overnight until ordered forward to support the 4th Light Horse Brigade defending the road from the Ed Damieh ford to Es Salt, which was the only route back for the rest of the force attacking Es Salt.[114] For the next day the regiment held a defensive position along the road, and then moved, dismounted, into the mountains to help the Australian Mounted Division extricate themselves. On 3 May, once the Australians had moved past them, the regiment walked back down the track behind them, shelled by Turkish artillery. They then moved into the lines held by the infantry until the other forces had reached safety, before forming the rearguard back to Ghoraniyeh, arriving at 16:00 on 5 May.[115]","title":"Jordan Valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaytor's Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaytor%27s_Force"},{"link_name":"Third raid on Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_raid_on_Amman"},{"link_name":"Capture of the Damieh bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_the_Damieh_bridge"},{"link_name":"British West Indies Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Khubret Fusail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khubret_Fusail&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Damieh_bridge_captured_by_the_New_Zealand_Mounted_Rifles_Brigade.jpg"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Suweile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suweile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_1928,_p.237-126"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmr1918-100"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_1928,_p.237-126"},{"link_name":"Kastel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qastal"},{"link_name":"Turkish II Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_II_Corps"},{"link_name":"3rd Light Horse Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Light_Horse_Regiment_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"Chaytor's Force","text":"Further information: Chaytor's Force, Third raid on Amman, and Capture of the Damieh bridgeThe next months were spent training and refitting, until August when the brigade formed the divisional reserve located around Jericho. In September they moved forward to form the left (northern) flank of the Jordan Valley defences. At the same time, the regiment took command of the 1st and 2nd Battalions British West Indies Regiment and the 38th and 39th Battalions Royal Fusiliers, which were part of a larger deception force commanded by the divisional commander, Chaytor.[116][117] They were tasked with convincing the Turks that the next British attack would be from the Jordan Valley, while the forces were actually being realigned to attack in the west. The regiment was heavily involved in the deception, carrying out offensive patrolling, constructing dummy camps, and moving back and forwards behind the lines to give the impression of a much larger force than was actually present.[118]The main British attack started in the west on 19 September; the regiment remained in the Jordan Valley keeping patrols close to the Turkish positions to watch for any withdrawal. The first evidence of that was observed the next day, when the Turks retired from their forward positions. The regiment then moved to join the rest of the brigade at Khubret Fusail on the western bank of the Jordan.[119]The Damieh bridgeThe next day the brigade started towards their first objective, the bridge at Damieh. At 10:30 the Auckland Mounted Rifles, assisted by the 1st Squadron, assaulted and captured the Damieh bridge with a bayonet charge.[120] The 10th Squadron arrived after the bridge was secured, and followed the Aucklanders pursuing the withdrawing Turks into the hills. That night the regiment moved back across the bridge, leaving the 1st Squadron behind to guard it. The next day the brigade was ordered to resume the advance, so with the regiment as the vanguard, overcame the first obstacle, a Turkish machine-gun post. At 15:30 they reached Es Salt, passed through the town to the east, and formed a defensive position in the hills for the night. During the day they had captured 250 men, three artillery pieces and several machine-guns.[121] The next day, 24 September, the regiment continued their advance, heading towards Suweile where they were joined by the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades.[122] The next day about two miles (3.2 km) north-west of Amman they came upon two Turkish redoubts covering the road to the town. While the brigade's other regiments deployed to attack them, the regiment, with a section from the Machine-Gun Squadron, were ordered to manoeuvre around to assault them from the rear. At midday they were confronted by around two hundred Turkish troops defending a ridge line. The regiment, through artillery and machine-gun fire, assaulted and captured the ridge. Not stopping to consolidate the position, they continued forward towards Amman. Once there the 10th Squadron, and part of the 8th Squadron, assaulted the Citadel in a bayonet charge, capturing 119 German prisoners and six machine-guns.[123] The regiment then charged through the town, capturing the railway station at 16:30. All told the regiment took 1,200 prisoners, fourteen machine-guns, and other military stores.[124] Their own casualties were one dead and two wounded.[98] Casualties and illness had reduced the regiment's strength to only 350 men, many of whom were struck down with malaria.[124] The regiment remained in the Amman area until the night of 29/30 September when they moved south to Kastel and secured a large number of prisoners from the Turkish II Corps. On 3 October they were relieved by the 3rd Light Horse Regiment, and started back towards the Jordan Valley.[125] By 9 October they had crossed the valley and had reached Jerusalem; they then went back to Ayun Kara, their part in the war being over.[126]","title":"Jordan Valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egyptian revolution of 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1919"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_Mounted_Rilfes_sitting_on_Turkish_gun_post_war.jpg"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Moudros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Moudros"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Maidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidos"},{"link_name":"Kilid Bahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilid_Bahr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Nile Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_1928,_p.248-133"},{"link_name":"Ismailia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles_1928,_p.248-133"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"text":"Further information: Egyptian revolution of 1919Men of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles sitting on a Turkish 14-inch gun at Kilid BahrThe war in the Middle East ended on 31 October 1918, following the signing of the Armistice of Moudros.[127] In November the regiment was selected to be part of the Allied force of occupation for the Dardanelles peninsula.[128] They would again be going in a dismounted role, but only twenty-five officers and 464 other ranks were involved. Leaving Egypt on 28 November they disembarked on 5 December and moved into their camps at Maidos and Kilid Bahr.[129] On 19 January 1919, the majority of the regiment returned to Egypt, rejoining the brigade at Kantara.[130]On 17 March the whole brigade was ordered to deploy to assist the civil authorities dealing with growing unrest among the Egyptian civilian population. The regiment moved to the Nile Delta on 23 March, forming a column with four armoured cars and an armoured train.[131] Any one found rioting was arrested and tried in front of a court headed by the commanding-officer, who also imposed sentences. Within weeks the rioting was quelled and the regiment returned to their camp, remaining there until 17 June when they were ordered to send their horses to the remount depot and move to Ismailia on the Suez Canal. On 30 June they embarked on the transport ship HMNZT Ulimaroa for New Zealand and the regiment was disbanded.[131][132]","title":"Post war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmrr-8"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles-46"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmrr-8"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles-46"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmrr-8"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles-46"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmrr-8"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powles-46"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"Casualties","text":"During the war 334 men from the regiment died from all causes. In the seven months of the Gallipoli Campaign they had 127 dead; fourteen of those died of illness and 113 were killed in action.[8][45] Another forty-six, not included in that total, were reported missing believed dead.[8][45] The two years of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign accounted for another 127 dead.[8][45] At the same time 466 men were debilitated or wounded in action at Gallipoli, and another 254 were wounded during the later campaign, a total of 720 wounded for both campaigns.[8][45]Many of the Gallipoli dead have no known grave; the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Chunuk Bair Cemetery, constructed on the site where the Turks buried Allied war dead following the evacuation, has 632 graves of which only ten men have been identified.[133] At the nearby Hill 60 Cemetery, which has another 788 graves, only seventy-six were identified.[134]","title":"Post war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Empire awards system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(BARM)"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Conduct Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Medal"},{"link_name":"mentioned in despatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Military Medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Medal"},{"link_name":"mentions in despatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmrr-8"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"sub_title":"Honours","text":"Several men of the regiment were recognised for their service by the British Empire awards system. Captain Robin Harper, later commander of the brigade machine-gun squadron, was perhaps the most decorated, being awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO), Military Cross (MC), Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) and being mentioned in despatches three times. Findlay was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and awarded a DSO, alongside six other officers who were also invested with the DSO. One officer was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, and another a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Another eleven officers were awarded the MC, while the other ranks received a total of twelve DCMs and twenty-three Military Medals. There were also a total of sixty mentions in despatches, some men being mentioned more than once.[8][135]","title":"Post war"}]	[{"image_text":"The Commanding Officer Lieutenant-Colonel John Findlay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lieutenant-Colonel_Findlay_Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles.jpg/220px-Lieutenant-Colonel_Findlay_Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment aboard HMNZT Tahita just before leaving Lyttelton in New Zealand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_aboard_HMNZT_Tahiti_1914.jpg/220px-Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_aboard_HMNZT_Tahiti_1914.jpg"},{"image_text":"ANZAC beach-head area defended by the brigade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ANZAC_bridge-head_northern_part.svg/220px-ANZAC_bridge-head_northern_part.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Chunuk Bair area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_Chunuk_Bair_battle.jpg/220px-Map_of_Chunuk_Bair_battle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Canterbury Mounted Rifles getting ready for the second assault on Hill 60 Gallipoli 27 August 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_27_August_1915.jpg/220px-Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_27_August_1915.jpg"},{"image_text":"The last men to be evacuated from Gallipoli, known as \"The Diehards\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Canterbury_Mounted_Rilfes_last_men_to_leave_Gallipoli.jpg/220px-Canterbury_Mounted_Rilfes_last_men_to_leave_Gallipoli.jpg"},{"image_text":"Northern Sinai Desert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MapBattleOfRomani.png/290px-MapBattleOfRomani.png"},{"image_text":"Mount Royston, scene of the battle of Romani in 1916","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mount_Royston.jpg/220px-Mount_Royston.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crossing the Wadi el Arish in 1916","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_in_the_Wadi_el_Arish.jpg/220px-Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_in_the_Wadi_el_Arish.jpg"},{"image_text":"British Palestine operations in 1917, Gaza and Beersheba at the bottom, Jaffa, Jerusalem and Jericho at the top","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Palestine-WW1-2.jpg/220px-Palestine-WW1-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Regimental Headquarters after the First Battle of Gaza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_headquarters.jpg/220px-Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_headquarters.jpg"},{"image_text":"The attack on Tel el Saba","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/GullettCh23p.390Tel_elSaba.jpeg/220px-GullettCh23p.390Tel_elSaba.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Battle of Ayun Kara","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Powles_pp.144-5_Ayun_Kara_map.jpg/220px-Powles_pp.144-5_Ayun_Kara_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"River Jordan during the First World War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/River_Jordan_during_the_First_World_War.jpg/220px-River_Jordan_during_the_First_World_War.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Amman raid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Amman_raid_1918.jpg/220px-Amman_raid_1918.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crossing the River Jordan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/New_Zealand_Mounted_Rifles_Brigade.jpg/220px-New_Zealand_Mounted_Rifles_Brigade.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Damieh bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Damieh_bridge_captured_by_the_New_Zealand_Mounted_Rifles_Brigade.jpg/220px-The_Damieh_bridge_captured_by_the_New_Zealand_Mounted_Rifles_Brigade.jpg"},{"image_text":"Men of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles sitting on a Turkish 14-inch gun at Kilid Bahr","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Canterbury_Mounted_Rilfes_sitting_on_Turkish_gun_post_war.jpg/220px-Canterbury_Mounted_Rilfes_sitting_on_Turkish_gun_post_war.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Lieutenant-Colonel John Findlay\". New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. Retrieved 24 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/name-130119.html","url_text":"\"Lieutenant-Colonel John Findlay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment\". New Zealand History. Retrieved 5 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/auckland-mounted-rifles","url_text":"\"Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment\". New Zealand History. Retrieved 24 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles","url_text":"\"Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment\""}]},{"reference":"\"1915 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\". New Zealand History. Retrieved 25 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles/1915","url_text":"\"1915 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\""}]},{"reference":"\"1916 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\". New Zealand History. Retrieved 26 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles/1916","url_text":"\"1916 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\""}]},{"reference":"\"1917 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\". New Zealand History. Retrieved 28 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles/1917","url_text":"\"1917 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\""}]},{"reference":"\"1918 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\". New Zealand History. Retrieved 1 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles/1918","url_text":"\"1918 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\""}]},{"reference":"General Edmund Allenby (4 February 1922). \"Supplement to the London Gazette, 4 February, 1920\" (PDF). London Gazette. Retrieved 24 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/31767/supplements/1530/page.pdf","url_text":"\"Supplement to the London Gazette, 4 February, 1920\""}]},{"reference":"\"1919 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\". New Zealand History. Retrieved 4 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles/1919","url_text":"\"1919 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chunuk Bair (New Zealand) Memorial\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 26 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/76000/CHUNUK%20BAIR%20%28NEW%20ZEALAND%29%20MEMORIAL","url_text":"\"Chunuk Bair (New Zealand) Memorial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Hill 60 Cemetery\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 26 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/66800/HILL%2060%20CEMETERY","url_text":"\"Hill 60 Cemetery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"Fewster, Kevin; Basarin, Vecihi; Basarin, Hatice Hurmuz (2003). Gallipoli: The Turkish Story. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-045-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74114-045-5","url_text":"1-74114-045-5"}]},{"reference":"Gullett, Henry Somer (1923). The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine, 1914–1918. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. VII. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. OCLC 59863829.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gullett","url_text":"Gullett, Henry Somer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59863829","url_text":"59863829"}]},{"reference":"Kinoch, Terry (2005). Echoes of Gallipoli: In the Words of New Zealand's Mounted Riflemen. Wollombi: Exisle Publishing. ISBN 0-908988-60-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908988-60-5","url_text":"0-908988-60-5"}]},{"reference":"Luxford, J. H. (1923). With the Machine Gunners in France and Palestine. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. ISBN 1-84342-677-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84342-677-3","url_text":"1-84342-677-3"}]},{"reference":"Nicol, C.G. (1921). The Story of Two Campaigns: Official War History of the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Wilson and Horton. ISBN 1-84734-341-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84734-341-4","url_text":"1-84734-341-4"}]},{"reference":"Powles, Charles Guy (1928). The History of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. ISBN 978-1-84734-393-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84734-393-2","url_text":"978-1-84734-393-2"}]},{"reference":"Powles, Charles Guy; A. Wilkie (1922). The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War. Vol. III. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. OCLC 2959465.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2959465","url_text":"2959465"}]},{"reference":"Stack, Wayne (2011). The New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I. Men-at-arms series. Vol. 473. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-888-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-888-6","url_text":"978-1-84908-888-6"}]},{"reference":"Waite, Fred (1919). The New Zealanders at Gallipoli. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs. ISBN 1-4077-9591-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Waite_(politician)","url_text":"Waite, Fred"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4077-9591-0","url_text":"1-4077-9591-0"}]},{"reference":"Wilkie, A. H. (1924). Official War History of the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. ISBN 978-1-84342-796-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-796-4","url_text":"978-1-84342-796-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/name-130119.html","external_links_name":"\"Lieutenant-Colonel John Findlay\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/auckland-mounted-rifles","external_links_name":"\"Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles","external_links_name":"\"Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles/1915","external_links_name":"\"1915 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles/1916","external_links_name":"\"1916 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles/1917","external_links_name":"\"1917 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles/1918","external_links_name":"\"1918 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/31767/supplements/1530/page.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Supplement to the London Gazette, 4 February, 1920\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/canterbury-mounted-rifles/1919","external_links_name":"\"1919 – Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/76000/CHUNUK%20BAIR%20%28NEW%20ZEALAND%29%20MEMORIAL","external_links_name":"\"Chunuk Bair (New Zealand) Memorial\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/66800/HILL%2060%20CEMETERY","external_links_name":"\"Hill 60 Cemetery\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59863829","external_links_name":"59863829"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2959465","external_links_name":"2959465"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuitzeo	Cuitzeo	["1 The Town of Cuitzeo del Porvenir","2 The Municipality","3 Geography","3.1 Hydropgraphy","3.2 Climate","4 History","5 Socioeconomics and culture","6 References"]	Coordinates: 19°58′07″N 101°08′22″W / 19.96861°N 101.13944°W / 19.96861; -101.13944Municipality in Michoacán, MexicoCuitzeoMunicipalityChurch and former monastery of Santa María MagdalenaCoordinates: 19°58′07″N 101°08′22″W / 19.96861°N 101.13944°W / 19.96861; -101.13944Country MexicoStateMichoacánMunicipal SeatCuitzeo del PorvenirTown Founded1550Municipality Founded1825Government • Municipal PresidentFernando Alvarado RangelPopulation (2010)Municipality • Municipality28,227 • Seat8,760Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (US Central)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (Central)WebsiteOfficial site Cuitzeo (Spanish: ⓘ) is a municipality located in the north of the Mexican state of Michoacán. The municipal seat is the town of Cuitzeo del Porvenir It is located in a relatively flat depression around Lake Cuitzeo, a large, very shallow lake, which is in danger of disappearing. The town was officially founded in 1550, with the founding of a large Augustinian monastery, which still stands. Today, the town is the seat of a rural municipality, providing local government to surrounding communities. The Town of Cuitzeo del Porvenir The town of Cuitzeo is located just over thirty km north of Morelia, on the north shore of Lake Cuitzeo. It is a quiet, rural town, with narrow streets and buildings of white facades with thatched or tile roofs. The streets are mostly traveled by people and pack animals and most of the ambient noise comes from birds in overhead trees, especially in the main plaza. Its main activities are agriculture, livestock, commerce and fishing with a population of 8,760 (2010) . The main structure in the town is the former Santa María Magdalena monastery complex located to one side of the main plaza. The complex consists of a church, cloister, garden and open chapel. Its main attraction is its Plateresque facade, with carvings of Spanish royal arms, Christian symbolism, Augustinian insignia and indigenous imagery, reflecting that the monastery was one of the most sumptuous of its time. Its style is influenced that the church front at Acolman, but it is larger and more imposing. The design and carving of the façade is attributed to a Purépecha craftsman named Juan Metl, whose signature is found inscribed on an ornamental plaque beside the main entrance. It is the only example of this from early colonial Mexico. Another important aspect of the exterior is the open chapel, which is elaborately framed, located behind the portería of the monastery complex. It contains a well preserved 16th century fresco of the Last Judgment and a 17th-century mural of a crucified friar, which may be Antonio de Roa. The monastery was founded by the Augustinians, with construction started in 1550 over the ruins of a former Purépecha temple to the sun god Curicaueri, using stone from the old building. The structure served as a headquarters for the order and a school. In 1865, it was used as a military fort. In 1965, the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia took control of the structure, and en 1974, a graphic arts museum ( Museo de la Estampa) was opened, renovating the refectory and other living quarters. The museum contains a permanent collection from over forty artists including Leopoldo Méndez and Alfredo Zalce . There are also halls and passageways dedicated to Purépecha archeology and religious items from the colonial era. The upper floor of the cloister contains the Sala Capitular, which houses the monastery library with over 1,100 volumes, mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries. Another important structure is the former Franciscan hospital which dates from the 18th century, as well as the Santa Magdalena Church, the Concepción Church, the San Pablo Church, the Calvario Church and the Virgin of Guadalupe Sanctuary. These churches have sculptures and paintings that date from the colonial period as far back as the 16th century. In 2006, the town was named a “Pueblo Mágico.” The Municipality The town of Cuitzeo del Porvenir is the municipal seat for a number of other communities within the municipality, which together cover a territory of 257.87km2. The municipality borders those of Santa Ana Maya, Alvaro Obregon, Tarímbaro, Huandacareo and Copándaro with the state of Guanajuato to the north and east. The municipal government consists of a municipal president, a syndic and 7 representatives called “regidors.” Outside of the seat, other important communities include Cuaracurio (pop. 1,656), San Agustín del Pulque (2,924), Mariano Escobedo (2,859), Cuamio (2,353), Dr. Miguel Silva (1, 021) and Jeruco (960) (2010 figures) . Important landmarks include the Tres Cerritos archeological sites where burial chambers for adults and children have been excavated. It was a ceremonial center which dates back to about 600 CE. Another site is Manuna Hill, on the northwest shore. A number of communities have important churches such as the Chapel of the Child Jesus in the community of Cuamio, the San Juan Bautista Church in Jeruco and the San Agustín Church in San Agustín del Pulque. Geography View of Lake Cuitzeo The town/municipality is located in the north of the state of Michoacán, in the Cuitzeo Depression, with only small hills such as the Manuna and Melón. Hydropgraphy Its hydrography is centered on Lake Cuitzeo with some seasonal streams and thermal springs such as the San Agustín del Maíz. It is a large, very shallow lake fed by fresh water springs. It is home to over ninety pieces of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants, and produces silversides, catfish and carp. In the winter swallows and ducks spend the winter here, migrating from Canada and the United States. The lake is in danger of disappearing. That which is not lake is primarily grasslands with some opuntia, huisache (Acacia) and other arid plants. Wildlife includes coyotes, raccoons, armadillos, and fish. There are some stands of pine trees. Climate The climate is temperate with rains in the summer. Average annual rainfall is 906.2 ml with temperatures varying between 10.2 and 27.5C. History 16th century fresco of the Last Judgment at the monastery's open chapel The name derives from the Purépecha “cuiseo” which means place of water containers. The current spelling dates to the 16th century. During the pre Hispanic period, the area was influenced by several cultures including those of Chupícuaro, Teotihuacán and Tula . By the end of that era, it was under the control of the Purépecha Empire. At the beginning of the colonial period, in 1528, the area was assigned as an encomienda to Gonzalo López, but by 1547, it has become a semi-autonomous “Republic of Indians.” Evangelization was first carried out by the Augustinians under Francisco de Villafuerte and Miguel de Alvarado, who began construction of the Santa María Magdalena monastery in 1550. This is considered the founding of the modern town. The 19th century is marked by political changes. In 1825, it was part of the “Departamento Norte” and in 1831, it became a municipality as part of the Puruándiro district. In 1861 it is officially named the seat of the current municipality with the name of Cuitzeo del Porvenir. Liberal forces took the town on April 7, 1865 during the Reform War. In 1870, Santa Ana Maya separated from Cuitzeo to form a new municipality. The 20th century began with the town sacked during the Mexican Revolution by a band of highway robbers under Inés Chávez García. In 1919, Huandacareo separated to form a new municipality. In 1950, Copándaro did the same. Running water was installed in 1955 and electricity in 1964. In 1975, all of the facades of the town were renovated. Socioeconomics and culture Basketry items for sale in the center of Cuitzeo The main economic activities of the municipality are agriculture, livestock, commerce and fishing. The most common handcraft is baskets and other items made with various types of vegetable fiber, including floor mats, and hats, using reeds and other plants from the lake. They are generally available for sale in the Cuitzeo town center. Major festivals include the feasts of the Virgin of the Conception in February and that of the patron saint of Mary Magdalene in July. There is also a secular event commemorating the arrival of Spanish culture in October. Other celebrations include the Fiesta del Buen Temporal in September and an annual festival as the Cerrito Temple in November. Traditional dishes include corundas, tamales, uchepos, esquites, along with silversides fish charales, from the lake prepared in various ways. The most traditional drinks are pulque and atole. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuitzeo del Porvenir. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Cuitzeo" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved February 25, 2014. ^ a b c "Cuitzeo" (in Spanish). Mexico: Government of Michocán. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Cuitzeo". Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México – Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo (in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014. ^ a b c d "Cuitzeo: a history in stone". Exploring Colonia Mexico. Espadaña Press. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2014.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kwiˈtseo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/CuitzeoPronunciation.ogg/CuitzeoPronunciation.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CuitzeoPronunciation.ogg"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"municipal seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_seat"},{"link_name":"Lake Cuitzeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Cuitzeo"},{"link_name":"Augustinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"}],"text":"Municipality in Michoacán, MexicoCuitzeo (Spanish: [kwiˈtseo] ⓘ) is a municipality located in the north of the Mexican state of Michoacán. The municipal seat is the town of Cuitzeo del Porvenir It is located in a relatively flat depression around Lake Cuitzeo, a large, very shallow lake, which is in danger of disappearing. The town was officially founded in 1550, with the founding of a large Augustinian monastery, which still stands. Today, the town is the seat of a rural municipality, providing local government to surrounding communities.","title":"Cuitzeo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"thatched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatched"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michgob-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"Plateresque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateresque"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exploring-4"},{"link_name":"Acolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acolman"},{"link_name":"Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exploring-4"},{"link_name":"Last Judgment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exploring-4"},{"link_name":"Purépecha temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha_temple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curicaueri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curicaueri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exploring-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Méndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_M%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Zalce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Zalce"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"Pueblo Mágico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_M%C3%A1gicos_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"}],"text":"The town of Cuitzeo is located just over thirty km north of Morelia, on the north shore of Lake Cuitzeo.[1] It is a quiet, rural town, with narrow streets and buildings of white facades with thatched or tile roofs. The streets are mostly traveled by people and pack animals and most of the ambient noise comes from birds in overhead trees, especially in the main plaza.[1][2] Its main activities are agriculture, livestock, commerce and fishing with a population of 8,760 (2010) .[3]The main structure in the town is the former Santa María Magdalena monastery complex located to one side of the main plaza. The complex consists of a church, cloister, garden and open chapel.[1] Its main attraction is its Plateresque facade, with carvings of Spanish royal arms, Christian symbolism, Augustinian insignia and indigenous imagery, reflecting that the monastery was one of the most sumptuous of its time.[4] Its style is influenced that the church front at Acolman, but it is larger and more imposing. The design and carving of the façade is attributed to a Purépecha craftsman named Juan Metl, whose signature is found inscribed on an ornamental plaque beside the main entrance. It is the only example of this from early colonial Mexico.[4] Another important aspect of the exterior is the open chapel, which is elaborately framed, located behind the portería of the monastery complex. It contains a well preserved 16th century fresco of the Last Judgment and a 17th-century mural of a crucified friar, which may be Antonio de Roa.[4]The monastery was founded by the Augustinians, with construction started in 1550 over the ruins of a former Purépecha temple to the sun god Curicaueri, using stone from the old building.[4][1] The structure served as a headquarters for the order and a school.[1]In 1865, it was used as a military fort. In 1965, the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia took control of the structure, and en 1974, a graphic arts museum ( Museo de la Estampa) was opened, renovating the refectory and other living quarters. The museum contains a permanent collection from over forty artists including Leopoldo Méndez and Alfredo Zalce .[1][3] There are also halls and passageways dedicated to Purépecha archeology and religious items from the colonial era. The upper floor of the cloister contains the Sala Capitular, which houses the monastery library with over 1,100 volumes, mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries.[1]Another important structure is the former Franciscan hospital which dates from the 18th century, as well as the Santa Magdalena Church, the Concepción Church, the San Pablo Church, the Calvario Church and the Virgin of Guadalupe Sanctuary. These churches have sculptures and paintings that date from the colonial period as far back as the 16th century.[1][3]In 2006, the town was named a “Pueblo Mágico.”[1]","title":"The Town of Cuitzeo del Porvenir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alvaro Obregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Tarímbaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C3%ADmbaro"},{"link_name":"Huandacareo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huandacareo,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Copándaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C3%A1ndaro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"syndic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"Jeruco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeruco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michgob-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"}],"text":"The town of Cuitzeo del Porvenir is the municipal seat for a number of other communities within the municipality, which together cover a territory of 257.87km2. The municipality borders those of Santa Ana Maya, Alvaro Obregon, Tarímbaro, Huandacareo and Copándaro with the state of Guanajuato to the north and east.[3] The municipal government consists of a municipal president, a syndic and 7 representatives called “regidors.”[3]Outside of the seat, other important communities include Cuaracurio (pop. 1,656), San Agustín del Pulque (2,924), Mariano Escobedo (2,859), Cuamio (2,353), Dr. Miguel Silva (1, 021) and Jeruco (960) (2010 figures) .[3]Important landmarks include the Tres Cerritos archeological sites where burial chambers for adults and children have been excavated. It was a ceremonial center which dates back to about 600 CE.[2] Another site is Manuna Hill, on the northwest shore.[3] A number of communities have important churches such as the Chapel of the Child Jesus in the community of Cuamio, the San Juan Bautista Church in Jeruco and the San Agustín Church in San Agustín del Pulque.[3]","title":"The Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_inmenso_Lago_de_Cuitzeo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"}],"text":"View of Lake CuitzeoThe town/municipality is located in the north of the state of Michoacán, in the Cuitzeo Depression, with only small hills such as the Manuna and Melón.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silversides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical_silversides"},{"link_name":"catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish"},{"link_name":"carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"opuntia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntia"},{"link_name":"Acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"}],"sub_title":"Hydropgraphy","text":"Its hydrography is centered on Lake Cuitzeo with some seasonal streams and thermal springs such as the San Agustín del Maíz. It is a large, very shallow lake fed by fresh water springs. It is home to over ninety pieces of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants, and produces silversides, catfish and carp. In the winter swallows and ducks spend the winter here, migrating from Canada and the United States. The lake is in danger of disappearing.[3][1]That which is not lake is primarily grasslands with some opuntia, huisache (Acacia) and other arid plants. Wildlife includes coyotes, raccoons, armadillos, and fish. There are some stands of pine trees.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate is temperate with rains in the summer. Average annual rainfall is 906.2 ml with temperatures varying between 10.2 and 27.5C.[3][1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SantaMariaMagdalenaCuitzeo14.JPG"},{"link_name":"Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"Chupícuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro"},{"link_name":"Teotihuacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_(Mesoamerican_site)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"Purépecha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"encomienda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"Puruándiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puru%C3%A1ndiro"},{"link_name":"Reform War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_War"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_Maya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Huandacareo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huandacareo"},{"link_name":"Copándaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C3%A1ndaro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"}],"text":"16th century fresco of the Last Judgment at the monastery's open chapelThe name derives from the Purépecha “cuiseo” which means place of water containers. The current spelling dates to the 16th century.[3] During the pre Hispanic period, the area was influenced by several cultures including those of Chupícuaro, Teotihuacán and Tula .[3] By the end of that era, it was under the control of the Purépecha Empire.[1]At the beginning of the colonial period, in 1528, the area was assigned as an encomienda to Gonzalo López, but by 1547, it has become a semi-autonomous “Republic of Indians.” Evangelization was first carried out by the Augustinians under Francisco de Villafuerte and Miguel de Alvarado, who began construction of the Santa María Magdalena monastery in 1550. This is considered the founding of the modern town.[3][1]The 19th century is marked by political changes. In 1825, it was part of the “Departamento Norte” and in 1831, it became a municipality as part of the Puruándiro district. In 1861 it is officially named the seat of the current municipality with the name of Cuitzeo del Porvenir. Liberal forces took the town on April 7, 1865 during the Reform War. In 1870, Santa Ana Maya separated from Cuitzeo to form a new municipality.[3]The 20th century began with the town sacked during the Mexican Revolution by a band of highway robbers under Inés Chávez García. In 1919, Huandacareo separated to form a new municipality. In 1950, Copándaro did the same. Running water was installed in 1955 and electricity in 1964. In 1975, all of the facades of the town were renovated.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BasketsCuitzeo03.JPG"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michgob-2"},{"link_name":"Mary Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inafed-3"},{"link_name":"corundas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corunda"},{"link_name":"tamales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale"},{"link_name":"uchepos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchepo"},{"link_name":"esquites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquites"},{"link_name":"charales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charales)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pulque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulque"},{"link_name":"atole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atole"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-1"},{"link_name":"Cuitzeo del Porvenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuitzeo_del_Porvenir"}],"text":"Basketry items for sale in the center of CuitzeoThe main economic activities of the municipality are agriculture, livestock, commerce and fishing.[3] The most common handcraft is baskets and other items made with various types of vegetable fiber, including floor mats, and hats, using reeds and other plants from the lake. They are generally available for sale in the Cuitzeo town center.[1][2]Major festivals include the feasts of the Virgin of the Conception in February and that of the patron saint of Mary Magdalene in July. There is also a secular event commemorating the arrival of Spanish culture in October.[1] Other celebrations include the Fiesta del Buen Temporal in September and an annual festival as the Cerrito Temple in November.[3]Traditional dishes include corundas, tamales, uchepos, esquites, along with silversides fish charales, from the lake prepared in various ways. The most traditional drinks are pulque and atole.[1]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuitzeo del Porvenir.","title":"Socioeconomics and culture"}]	[{"image_text":"View of Lake Cuitzeo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/El_inmenso_Lago_de_Cuitzeo.jpg/220px-El_inmenso_Lago_de_Cuitzeo.jpg"},{"image_text":"16th century fresco of the Last Judgment at the monastery's open chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SantaMariaMagdalenaCuitzeo14.JPG/220px-SantaMariaMagdalenaCuitzeo14.JPG"},{"image_text":"Basketry items for sale in the center of Cuitzeo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BasketsCuitzeo03.JPG/220px-BasketsCuitzeo03.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cuitzeo\" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved February 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/cuitzeo-pueblos-magicos-de-mexico.html","url_text":"\"Cuitzeo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cuitzeo\" (in Spanish). Mexico: Government of Michocán. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130510075642/http://michoacan.gob.mx/index.php/temas/gobierno-y-estado/69-turismo/pueblos-magicos/220-cuitzeo","url_text":"\"Cuitzeo\""},{"url":"http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/index.php/temas/gobierno-y-estado/69-turismo/pueblos-magicos/220-cuitzeo","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cuitzeo\". Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México – Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo (in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140225175157/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM16michoacan/municipios/16020a.html","url_text":"\"Cuitzeo\""},{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM16michoacan/municipios/16020a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cuitzeo: a history in stone\". Exploring Colonia Mexico. Espadaña Press. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205444/http://www.colonial-mexico.com/West%20Mexico/cuitzeo.html","url_text":"\"Cuitzeo: a history in stone\""},{"url":"http://www.colonial-mexico.com/West%20Mexico/cuitzeo.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cuitzeo&params=19_58_07_N_101_08_22_W_region:MX_type:city(28227)","external_links_name":"19°58′07″N 101°08′22″W / 19.96861°N 101.13944°W / 19.96861; -101.13944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cuitzeo&params=19_58_07_N_101_08_22_W_region:MX_type:city(28227)","external_links_name":"19°58′07″N 101°08′22″W / 19.96861°N 101.13944°W / 19.96861; -101.13944"},{"Link":"http://www.cuitzeo.gob.mx/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/cuitzeo-pueblos-magicos-de-mexico.html","external_links_name":"\"Cuitzeo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130510075642/http://michoacan.gob.mx/index.php/temas/gobierno-y-estado/69-turismo/pueblos-magicos/220-cuitzeo","external_links_name":"\"Cuitzeo\""},{"Link":"http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/index.php/temas/gobierno-y-estado/69-turismo/pueblos-magicos/220-cuitzeo","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140225175157/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM16michoacan/municipios/16020a.html","external_links_name":"\"Cuitzeo\""},{"Link":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM16michoacan/municipios/16020a.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205444/http://www.colonial-mexico.com/West%20Mexico/cuitzeo.html","external_links_name":"\"Cuitzeo: a history in stone\""},{"Link":"http://www.colonial-mexico.com/West%20Mexico/cuitzeo.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau%C4%8Di%C5%ABnai	Taučiūnai	["1 History","2 Demography","3 References","4 Bibliography"]	Coordinates: 55°16′59″N 24°03′11″E / 55.28306°N 24.05306°E / 55.28306; 24.05306Village in Kaunas County, LithuaniaTaučiūnaiVillageTaučiūnaiLocation in LithuaniaShow map of Kėdainiai District MunicipalityTaučiūnaiTaučiūnai (Lithuania)Show map of LithuaniaCoordinates: 55°16′59″N 24°03′11″E / 55.28306°N 24.05306°E / 55.28306; 24.05306Country LithuaniaCounty Kaunas CountyMunicipalityKėdainiai district municipalityEldershipVilainiai EldershipPopulation (2011) • Total60Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Taučiūnai (formerly Russian: Тавчуны, Polish: Tauczuny, Tawczuny) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 60 people. It is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Aristava, close to the A8 highway, on the shore of the Juodkiškiai Reservoir. There is a monument for the first Lithuanian volunteer soldier Povilas Lukšys, who died near Taučiūnai in 1919. History Taučiūnai has been known since 1375. There was a manor till the mid-20th century. The Taučiūnai folwark belonged to the Medekšos and the Vyšniauskai families. Demography Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1902109— 1923166+2.02%1959182+0.26%1970192+0.49%1979156−2.28%YearPop.±% p.a.1987137−1.61%1989112−9.58%200199−1.02%201160−4.88%Source: 1902, 1923, 1959 & 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001, 2011 Monument for Povilas Lukšys References ^ a b "Tauczuny". Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (in Polish). 15 pt. 2. Warszawa: Kasa im. Józefa Mianowskiego. 1902. p. 654. ^ "2011 census". Statistikos Departamentas (Lithuania). Retrieved August 21, 2017. ^ Mockienė 2023. ^ "Taučiūnai". Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol. 4. Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. 1988. p. 277. Bibliography Mockienė, Jurgita (24 January 2023) . "Povilas Lukšys". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. Retrieved 19 March 2023. vteVilainiai EldershipVillages Alksnėnai Apytalaukis Aristava Aristavėlė Bajėniškis Baliniai Bičkai Bubleliai Bubliai Bučioniai Būdai Daukainiai Dilgiai Dvarčininkai Džiugailiai Galkantai Gineitai Girelė Grąžčiai Katkai Kėžiai Koliupė Kūjėnai Laiveliai Lančiūnava Lepšynė Marijanka Medvėdai Melagiai Melninkai Milžemiai Norušiai Peiksva Pliupai Puplaukiai Repengiai Rudžiai Skerdikai Stasinė Stebuliai Stuobriai Šeteniai Šlaitkalnis Šventybrastis Taučiūnai Tiskūnai Užlukiai Užmiškis Valkaičiai Vasariškiai Vilainiai Zavišinė Zutkiai Hamlets Antapolis Gegužinė Juodkiškiai Ledai Pagojys Pušinė Former settlements Pracauninkai This Kaunas County, Lithuania location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SGKP-1"},{"link_name":"Kėdainiai district municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97dainiai_district_municipality"},{"link_name":"Kaunas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas_County"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-2"},{"link_name":"Aristava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristava"},{"link_name":"A8 highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A8_highway_(Lithuania)"},{"link_name":"Juodkiškiai Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodki%C5%A1kiai_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Povilas Lukšys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povilas_Luk%C5%A1ys_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockien%C4%972023-3"}],"text":"Village in Kaunas County, LithuaniaTaučiūnai (formerly Russian: Тавчуны, Polish: Tauczuny, Tawczuny)[1] is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 60 people.[2] It is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Aristava, close to the A8 highway, on the shore of the Juodkiškiai Reservoir. There is a monument for the first Lithuanian volunteer soldier Povilas Lukšys, who died near Taučiūnai in 1919.[3]","title":"Taučiūnai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1375"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TLE-4"},{"link_name":"folwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folwark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SGKP-1"}],"text":"Taučiūnai has been known since 1375. There was a manor till the mid-20th century.[4] The Taučiūnai folwark belonged to the Medekšos and the Vyšniauskai families.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tau%C4%8Di%C5%ABnai_002.JPG"}],"text":"Monument for Povilas Lukšys","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Povilas Lukšys\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vle.lt/straipsnis/povilas-luksys/"},{"link_name":"Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vilainiai_Eldership"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Vilainiai_Eldership&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vilainiai_Eldership"},{"link_name":"Vilainiai 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"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gegu%C5%BEin%C4%97,_K%C4%97dainiai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juodkiškiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodki%C5%A1kiai,_K%C4%97dainiai"},{"link_name":"Ledai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledai,_K%C4%97dainiai"},{"link_name":"Pagojys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagojys,_K%C4%97dainiai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pušinė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pu%C5%A1in%C4%97,_K%C4%97dainiai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pracauninkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pracauninkai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kaunas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas_County"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tau%C4%8Di%C5%ABnai&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:KaunasCounty-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:KaunasCounty-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:KaunasCounty-geo-stub"}],"text":"Mockienė, Jurgita (24 January 2023) [2018]. \"Povilas Lukšys\". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. Retrieved 19 March 2023.vteVilainiai EldershipVillages\nAlksnėnai\nApytalaukis\nAristava\nAristavėlė\nBajėniškis\nBaliniai\nBičkai\nBubleliai\nBubliai\nBučioniai\nBūdai\nDaukainiai\nDilgiai\nDvarčininkai\nDžiugailiai\nGalkantai\nGineitai\nGirelė\nGrąžčiai\nKatkai\nKėžiai\nKoliupė\nKūjėnai\nLaiveliai\nLančiūnava\nLepšynė\nMarijanka\nMedvėdai\nMelagiai\nMelninkai\nMilžemiai\nNorušiai\nPeiksva\nPliupai\nPuplaukiai\nRepengiai\nRudžiai\nSkerdikai\nStasinė\nStebuliai\nStuobriai\nŠeteniai\nŠlaitkalnis\nŠventybrastis\nTaučiūnai\nTiskūnai\nUžlukiai\nUžmiškis\nValkaičiai\nVasariškiai\nVilainiai\nZavišinė\nZutkiai\nHamlets\nAntapolis\nGegužinė\nJuodkiškiai\nLedai\nPagojys\nPušinė\nFormer settlements\nPracauninkaiThis Kaunas County, Lithuania location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Monument for Povilas Lukšys","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tau%C4%8Di%C5%ABnai_002.JPG/200px-Tau%C4%8Di%C5%ABnai_002.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2011 census\". Statistikos Departamentas (Lithuania). Retrieved August 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://statistics.bookdesign.lt/table_125_02.htm?lang=en","url_text":"\"2011 census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taučiūnai\". Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol. 4. Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. 1988. p. 277.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taryb%C5%B3_Lietuvos_enciklopedija","url_text":"Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija"}]},{"reference":"Mockienė, Jurgita (24 January 2023) [2018]. \"Povilas Lukšys\". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia_City_School_District	Batavia City School District	["1 Schools","2 Board of education","3 References","4 External links"]	School district in the U.S. state of New York Batavia City School DistrictAddress260 State Street Batavia, Genesee County, New York, 14020United StatesDistrict informationTypePublic school districtMottoWhere Education Makes a World of DifferenceGradesK–12SuperintendentJason SmithSchool boardBoard of Education of Batavia City SchoolsSchools4NCES District ID3603990Students and staffStudents2204 (2020–2021)Teachers217Staff439Student–teacher ratio10:1Other informationWebsitewww.bataviacsd.org Batavia City School District (BCSD) is a public school district headquartered in Batavia, New York. Schools Batavia High School Batavia Middle School John Kennedy Intermediate School Jackson Primary School Board of education The school district is overseen by the Board of Education of Batavia City Schools, which is composed of seven duly elected members. As of 2021, the elected members of the board of education include: Name Position John Marucci President John Reigle Vice President Alice Ann Benedict Member Barbara Bowman Member Jennifer Lendvay Member Chezeray Rolle Member Korinne Anderson Member References ^ "Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Batavia City School District". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. ^ "Board of Education / Board of Educations Members". External links Batavia City School District vteEducation in Genesee County, New YorkCentral and Union Free school districts are authorized to operate high schools, though not all do, while common school districts may not operate high schools.Schooldistricts Akron CSD Albion CSD Alden CSD Alexander CSD Attica CSD Batavia City SD Brockport CSD Byron-Bergen CSD Caledonia-Mumford CSD Elba CSD Le Roy CSD Medina CSD Oakfield-Alabama CSD Pavilion CSD Pembroke CSD Royalton-Hartland CSD Wyoming CSD Stateschools New York State School for the Blind This New York (state) school–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_School_District"},{"link_name":"Batavia, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_New_York"}],"text":"Batavia City School District (BCSD) is a public school district headquartered in Batavia, New York.","title":"Batavia City School District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batavia High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia_High_School_(New_York)"}],"text":"Batavia High School\nBatavia Middle School\nJohn Kennedy Intermediate School\nJackson Primary School","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The school district is overseen by the Board of Education of Batavia City Schools, which is composed of seven duly elected members. As of 2021, the elected members of the board of education include:[2]","title":"Board of education"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Batavia City School District\". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=3603990","url_text":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Batavia City School District\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics","url_text":"National Center for Education Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences","url_text":"Institute of Education Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Education / Board of Educations Members\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bataviacsd.org/page/board-of-educations-members","url_text":"\"Board of Education / Board of Educations Members\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=3603990","external_links_name":"3603990"},{"Link":"https://www.bataviacsd.org/","external_links_name":"www.bataviacsd.org"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=3603990","external_links_name":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Batavia City School District\""},{"Link":"https://www.bataviacsd.org/page/board-of-educations-members","external_links_name":"\"Board of Education / Board of Educations Members\""},{"Link":"https://www.bataviacsd.org/","external_links_name":"Batavia City School District"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batavia_City_School_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_House_(disambiguation)	Lego House (disambiguation)	["1 See also"]	Lego House may refer to: "Lego House", 2011 song by Ed Sheeran Lego House (Billund), opened in 2017 The Lego House, another name for the Lilla Bommen building in Sweden, also known as "The Lipstick" See also James May's Lego House, 2010 book about the house built for Toy Stories Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lego House.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lego House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_House"},{"link_name":"Lego House (Billund)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_House_(Billund)"},{"link_name":"Lilla Bommen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilla_Bommen_(building)"}],"text":"\"Lego House\", 2011 song by Ed Sheeran\nLego House (Billund), opened in 2017\nThe Lego House, another name for the Lilla Bommen building in Sweden, also known as \"The Lipstick\"","title":"Lego House (disambiguation)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Toy Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_May%27s_Toy_Stories#James_May's_Lego_House_(Episode_5)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Lego_House_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Lego_House_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Eastaugh	Cyril Easthaugh	["1 Early life and education","2 Ordained ministry","3 Later life","4 Personal life","5 References"]	The Right ReverendCyril EasthaughBishop of PeterboroughDioceseDiocese of PeterboroughIn office1961–1972PredecessorRobert StopfordSuccessorDouglas FeaverOther post(s)Bishop of Kensington (Diocese of London; 1949–1961)OrdersOrdination1929 (deacon)1930 (priest)Consecration1 November 1949by Geoffrey FisherPersonal detailsBorn(1897-12-22)22 December 1897County of London, United KingdomDied16 December 1988(1988-12-16) (aged 90)Spouse Lady Laura Mary Palmer (m. 1948⁠–⁠1988)ChildrenthreeEducationArchbishop Tenison's Grammar SchoolAlma materChrist Church, Oxford Cyril Easthaugh MC (22 December 1897 – 16 December 1988) was a British Anglican bishop in the 20th century. He was Bishop of Kensington from 1949 to 1961 and Bishop of Peterborough from 1961 to 1972. Early life and education Easthaugh was born on 22 December 1897 in South London, England. The family name had been changed from Eastaugh to Easthaugh in 1883. Having won a scholarship, he was educated at Archbishop Tenison's Grammar School (now Archbishop Tenison's Church of England School) in London. He left school at 17 to serve in the army during World War I. He was commissioned into the South Staffordshire Regiment. He was awarded the Military Cross (MC) in 1917, at the age of 19. After the war, he worked in business before feeling the call to the priesthood. He then matriculated into Christ Church, Oxford, to study theology. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1928; as per tradition, his BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA (Oxon)) degree in 1932. In 1928, he entered Cuddesdon College, a Church of England theological college in the Catholic tradition, to train for ordination. Ordained ministry Easthaugh was ordained in the Church of England: made a deacon at Michaelmas 1929 (22 September), by Cyril Garbett, Bishop of Southwark, at Southwark Cathedral, and ordained a priest in 1930. He served his curacy at St John the Divine, Kennington, a church in the Catholic tradition of the Church of England. He returned to his theological college (Cuddesdon) to serve as chaplain until 1934. He then served as vice-principal until 1935. He returned to parish ministry and became vicar of St John the Divine, Kennington. He spent fourteen years there, before his consecration to the episcopate in 1949. In 1941, the church building was struck by a bomb during the London Blitz. On 1 November 1949, he was consecrated a bishop at Westminster Abbey by Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury. He was appointed Bishop of Kensington, a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of London. From the confirmation of his election to the See in late December 1961, he became the Bishop of Peterborough until his retirement in 1971. For a decade he continued as chairman of the Christian Evidence Society. He was an opponent of union between the Methodist Church and the Anglican Communion. He was Life President of the Guild of All Souls, an Anglican devotional society. His churchmanship fell within the Catholic wing of the Church of England and he hoped for the eventual union of Anglicans with the Roman Catholic Church. However, he supported the retention of the peculiar flavour of Catholicism that had developed in England and did not support the Church of England becoming a carbon-copy of continental Roman Catholicism. Later life Easthaugh died on 16 December 1988. On 28 January 1989, a Requiem Mass was held for him at St Stephen's, Gloucester Road, London. It was led by Graham Leonard, the then Bishop of London who later entered the Roman Catholic Church. Personal life In 1948, Easthaugh married Lady Laura Mary Palmer, the third daughter of the Earl of Selborne. Together, they had three children; one son and two daughters. References ^ a b c d e f g h "Right Rev Cyril Easthaugh". The Times. No. 63268. 19 December 1988. p. 14. ^ "Who was Who 1987–1990": London, A & C Black, 1991 ISBN 0-7136-3457-X ^ Mentioned in biography of Malcolm Muggeridge ^ a b c "Cyril Easthaugh". Crockford's Clerical Directory (online ed.). Church House Publishing. Retrieved 22 June 2018. ^ "Ordinations". Church Times. No. 3479. 27 September 1929. p. 343. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 7 November 2019 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ a b c d "The Right Rev Cyril Easthaugh". The Independent. No. 687. 22 December 1988. p. 27. ^ "Our history". St John the Divine, Kennington. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015. ^ "New Bishops". Church Times. No. 4526. 4 November 1949. p. 734. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 12 April 2017 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ "(picture caption)". Church Times. No. 5159. 29 December 1961. p. 6. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 3 April 2016 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ Crockford's Clerical Directory 1975–76, London: Oxford University Press, 1976 ISBN 0-19-200008-X ^ "Society History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2008. ^ "Opponents of church unity gather their forces" (News) By Basil Gingell Religious Affairs Correspondent. The Times, 23 June 1971, p. 4. ^ a b "The Right Rev Cyril Easthaugh". The Independent. No. 715. 25 January 1989. p. 20. ^ Marriage details Church of England titles Preceded byHenry Montgomery Campbell Bishop of Kensington 1949–1961 Succeeded byEdward Roberts Preceded byRobert Stopford Bishop of Peterborough 1961–1972 Succeeded byDouglas Feaver vteBishops of Kensington Frederick Ridgeway John Maud Bertram Simpson Henry Montgomery Campbell Cyril Easthaugh Edward Roberts Ronald Goodchild (became first area bishop) Area bishops Ronald Goodchild Mark Santer John Hughes Michael Colclough Paul Williams Graham Tomlin Emma Ineson vteBishops of PeterboroughEarly modern John Chambers David Pole Edmund Scambler Richard Howland Thomas Dove William Piers Augustine Lindsell Francis Dee John Towers Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) Benjamin Lany Joseph Henshaw William Lloyd Thomas White Richard Cumberland White Kennett Robert Clavering John Thomas Richard Terrick Robert Lamb John Hinchliffe Late modern Spencer Madan John Parsons Herbert Marsh George Davys Francis Jeune William Connor Magee Mandell Creighton Edward Carr Glyn Theodore Woods Cyril Bardsley Claude Blagden Spencer Leeson Robert Stopford Cyril Easthaugh Douglas Feaver Bill Westwood Ian Cundy Donald Allister Debbie Sellin	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Kensington"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Peterborough"}],"text":"Cyril Easthaugh MC (22 December 1897 – 16 December 1988) was a British Anglican bishop in the 20th century. He was Bishop of Kensington from 1949 to 1961 and Bishop of Peterborough from 1961 to 1972.","title":"Cyril Easthaugh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Tenison's Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Tenison%27s_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-1"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"South Staffordshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Staffordshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-1"},{"link_name":"matriculated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculated"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-1"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Cuddesdon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuddesdon_College"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"theological college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_college"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism"},{"link_name":"tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchmanship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crockford_entry-4"}],"text":"Easthaugh was born on 22 December 1897 in South London, England.[1] The family name had been changed from Eastaugh to Easthaugh in 1883.[2] Having won a scholarship, he was educated at Archbishop Tenison's Grammar School (now Archbishop Tenison's Church of England School) in London. He left school at 17 to serve in the army during World War I.[1] He was commissioned into the South Staffordshire Regiment.[3] He was awarded the Military Cross (MC) in 1917, at the age of 19.[1]After the war, he worked in business before feeling the call to the priesthood. He then matriculated into Christ Church, Oxford, to study theology.[1] He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1928; as per tradition, his BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA (Oxon)) degree in 1932. In 1928, he entered Cuddesdon College, a Church of England theological college in the Catholic tradition, to train for ordination.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordained"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon#Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Michaelmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas"},{"link_name":"Cyril Garbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Garbett"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_of_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Southwark Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest#Anglican_or_Episcopalian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crockford_entry-4"},{"link_name":"curacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curacy"},{"link_name":"St John the Divine, Kennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Divine,_Kennington"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism"},{"link_name":"tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchmanship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-1"},{"link_name":"theological college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_college"},{"link_name":"Cuddesdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_College_Cuddesdon"},{"link_name":"vice-principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_(college)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Independent-6"},{"link_name":"vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_(Anglicanism)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-1"},{"link_name":"London Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"consecrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrated"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crockford_entry-4"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Kensington"},{"link_name":"suffragan bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_bishop"},{"link_name":"Diocese of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Times-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Peterborough"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Christian Evidence Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Evidence_Society"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"Anglican Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Guild of All Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_All_Souls"},{"link_name":"Anglican devotional society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_devotional_society"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent_-_Requiem_Mass-13"},{"link_name":"churchmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchmanship"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Independent-6"}],"text":"Easthaugh was ordained in the Church of England: made a deacon at Michaelmas 1929 (22 September), by Cyril Garbett, Bishop of Southwark, at Southwark Cathedral,[5] and ordained a priest in 1930.[4] He served his curacy at St John the Divine, Kennington, a church in the Catholic tradition of the Church of England.[1] He returned to his theological college (Cuddesdon) to serve as chaplain until 1934. He then served as vice-principal until 1935.[6] He returned to parish ministry and became vicar of St John the Divine, Kennington. He spent fourteen years there, before his consecration to the episcopate in 1949.[1] In 1941, the church building was struck by a bomb during the London Blitz.[7]On 1 November 1949, he was consecrated a bishop at Westminster Abbey[8] by Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury.[1][4] He was appointed Bishop of Kensington, a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of London.[1] From the confirmation of his election to the See in late December 1961,[9] he became the Bishop of Peterborough until his retirement in 1971.[10]For a decade he continued as chairman of the Christian Evidence Society.[11] He was an opponent of union between the Methodist Church and the Anglican Communion.[12] He was Life President of the Guild of All Souls, an Anglican devotional society.[13]His churchmanship fell within the Catholic wing of the Church of England and he hoped for the eventual union of Anglicans with the Roman Catholic Church. However, he supported the retention of the peculiar flavour of Catholicism that had developed in England and did not support the Church of England becoming a carbon-copy of continental Roman Catholicism.[6]","title":"Ordained ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Independent-6"},{"link_name":"Requiem Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_Mass"},{"link_name":"St Stephen's, Gloucester Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s,_Gloucester_Road"},{"link_name":"Graham Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent_-_Requiem_Mass-13"}],"text":"Easthaugh died on 16 December 1988.[6] On 28 January 1989, a Requiem Mass was held for him at St Stephen's, Gloucester Road, London. It was led by Graham Leonard, the then Bishop of London who later entered the Roman Catholic Church.[13]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earl of Selborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundell_Palmer,_3rd_Earl_of_Selborne"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_-_Independent-6"}],"text":"In 1948, Easthaugh married Lady Laura Mary Palmer, the third daughter of the Earl of Selborne.[14] Together, they had three children; one son and two daughters.[6]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Right Rev Cyril Easthaugh\". The Times. No. 63268. 19 December 1988. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cyril Easthaugh\". Crockford's Clerical Directory (online ed.). Church House Publishing. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/clergydetail?clergyid=16293","url_text":"\"Cyril Easthaugh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crockford%27s_Clerical_Directory","url_text":"Crockford's Clerical Directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_House_Publishing","url_text":"Church House Publishing"}]},{"reference":"\"Ordinations\". Church Times. No. 3479. 27 September 1929. p. 343. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 7 November 2019 – via UK Press Online archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1929_09_27_343","url_text":"\"Ordinations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","url_text":"0009-658X"}]},{"reference":"\"The Right Rev Cyril Easthaugh\". The Independent. No. 687. 22 December 1988. p. 27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Our history\". St John the Divine, Kennington. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102235/http://www.sjdk.org/heritage/history","url_text":"\"Our history\""},{"url":"http://www.sjdk.org/heritage/history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Bishops\". Church Times. No. 4526. 4 November 1949. p. 734. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 12 April 2017 – via UK Press Online archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1949_11_04_734","url_text":"\"New Bishops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","url_text":"0009-658X"}]},{"reference":"\"(picture caption)\". Church Times. No. 5159. 29 December 1961. p. 6. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 3 April 2016 – via UK Press Online archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1961_12_29_006","url_text":"\"(picture caption)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","url_text":"0009-658X"}]},{"reference":"\"Society History\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070810190640/http://www.christianevidencesociety.org.uk/uploads/PDF4website.pdf","url_text":"\"Society History\""},{"url":"http://www.christianevidencesociety.org.uk/uploads/PDF4website.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Right Rev Cyril Easthaugh\". The Independent. No. 715. 25 January 1989. p. 20.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19960928/ai_n14066424/pg_2","external_links_name":"Mentioned in biography of Malcolm Muggeridge"},{"Link":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/clergydetail?clergyid=16293","external_links_name":"\"Cyril Easthaugh\""},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1929_09_27_343","external_links_name":"\"Ordinations\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102235/http://www.sjdk.org/heritage/history","external_links_name":"\"Our history\""},{"Link":"http://www.sjdk.org/heritage/history","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1949_11_04_734","external_links_name":"\"New Bishops\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1961_12_29_006","external_links_name":"\"(picture caption)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070810190640/http://www.christianevidencesociety.org.uk/uploads/PDF4website.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Society History\""},{"Link":"http://www.christianevidencesociety.org.uk/uploads/PDF4website.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=99307","external_links_name":"Marriage details"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Vanderkaay	Alex Vanderkaay	["1 References","2 External links"]	American swimmer Alex VanderkaayPersonal informationFull nameAlexander VanderkaayNickname"AVK"National team United StatesBorn (1986-06-21) June 21, 1986 (age 37)Rochester, Michigan, U.S.Height6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)SportSportSwimmingStrokesMedley, Freestyle, ButterflyClubClub WolverineCollege teamUniversity of Michigan Medal record Men's swimming Representing the United States Summer Universiade 2009 Belgrade 200 m medley 2007 Bangkok 400 m medley 2009 Belgrade 400 m medley 2009 Belgrade 4×200 m freestyle relay Alex Vanderkaay (born June 21, 1986) is an American competition swimmer. At the 2007 World University Games, Vanderkaay won the silver medal in the 400-meter individual medley (IM). At the 2009 World University Games, he won the gold medal in the 200-meter IM and again the silver medal in the 400-meter IM. While attending the University of Michigan, Vanderkaay swam for the Michigan Wolverines swimming and diving team. He was the national college champion in the 400-yard IM in 2007 and 2008. Vanderkaay is the younger brother of former Michigan swimmers Christian Vanderkaay and four-time Olympic medalist Peter Vanderkaay, and older brother of current Michigan swimmer Dane Vanderkaay. Vanderkaay is currently a Senior Engagement Manager in the Healthcare industry for the New York–based, Flatiron Health. References ^ "Michigan athlete bio: Alex Vanderkaay". Archived from the original on May 4, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2009. External links Alex Vanderkaay at USA Swimming (archived June 2, 2021) vteSummer Universiade Champions in Men's 200 m Individual Medley 1981: Sergey Fesenko (URS) 1983: Alex Baumann (CAN) 1985: Chris Rives (USA) 1987: Neil Cochran (GBR) 1991: Greg Burgess (USA) 1993: Fraser Walker (GBR) 1995: Tom Wilkens (USA) 1997: Tatsuya Kinugasa (JPN) 1999: Tommy Hannan (USA) 2001 – 2003: Takahiro Mori (JPN) 2005: Eric Shanteau (USA) 2007: Brian Johns (CAN) 2009: Alex Vanderkaay (USA) 2011: László Cseh (HUN) 2013: Justin James (AUS) 2015: Justin James (AUS) / Josh Prenot (USA) 2017: Kosuke Hagino (JPN) 2019: Juran Mizohata (JPN) 2021: Gabriel Lopes (POR) vteNCAA Champions in Men's 400 y Individual Medley 1963: Ed Townsend (Yale) 1964: Richard McGeagh (USC) 1965: Carl Robie (Michigan) 1966: Ken Webb (Indiana) 1967: Dick Roth (Stanford) 1968: Bill Utley (Indiana) 1969: Hans Fassnacht (Long Beach State) 1970: Gary Hall Sr. (Indiana) 1971: Gary Hall Sr. (Indiana) 1972: Gary Hall Sr. (Indiana) 1973: Steve Furniss (USC) 1974: Steve Furniss (USC) 1975: Leroy Engstrand (Tennessee) 1976: Rod Strachan (USC) 1977: Rod Strachan (USC) 1978: Brian Goodell (UCLA) 1979: Brian Goodell (UCLA) 1980: Brian Goodell (UCLA) 1981: Jesse Vassallo (Miami (FL)) 1982: Jeff Float (USC) 1983: Ricardo Prado (SMU) 1984: Ricardo Prado (SMU) 1985: Jeff Kostoff (Stanford) 1986: Ricardo Prado (SMU) 1987: Jeff Kostoff (Stanford) 1988: David Wharton (USC) 1989: David Wharton (USC) 1990: David Wharton (USC) 1991: David Wharton (USC) 1992: Jeff Vance (SMU) 1993: Greg Burgess (Florida) 1994: Greg Burgess (Florida) 1995: Tom Dolan (Michigan) 1996: Tom Dolan (Michigan) 1997: Tom Wilkens (Stanford) 1998: Tom Wilkens (Stanford) 1999: Tim Siciliano (Michigan) 2001: Tim Siciliano (Michigan) 2002: Erik Vendt (USC) 2003: Robert Margalis (Georgia) 2005: Ous Mellouli (USC) 2006: Ryan Lochte (Florida) 2007: Alex Vanderkaay (Michigan) 2008: Alex Vanderkaay (Michigan) 2009: Tyler Clary (Michigan) 2010: Tyler Clary (Michigan) 2011: Bill Cregar (Georgia) 2012: Austen Thompson (Arizona) 2013: Chase Kalisz (Georgia) 2014: Chase Kalisz (Georgia) 2015: Will Licon (Texas) 2016: Josh Prenot (California) 2017: Chase Kalisz (Georgia) 2018: Abrahm DeVine (Stanford) 2019: Abrahm DeVine (Stanford) 2020 2021: Robert Finke (Florida) 2022: Hugo Gonzalez (California) 2023: Léon Marchand (Arizona State) vteB1G Swimmer of the Year winnersMale 1987: John Davey (IOWA) 1988: John Davey (IOWA)/Brent Lang (MICH) 1989: Dan Egeland (MINN) 1990: Artur Wojdat (IOWA) 1991: Artur Wojdat (IOWA) 1992: Artur Wojdat (IOWA) 1993: Marcel Wouda (MICH) 1994: Tom Dolan (MICH) 1995: Tom Dolan (MICH) 1996: Derya Büyükuncu (MICH) 1997: John Piersma (MICH) 1998: Tom Malchow (MICH) 1999: Alex Massura (MINN)/Chris Thompson (MICH) 2000: Alex Massura (MINN) 2001: Chris Thompson (MICH) 2002: Dan Ketchum (MICH) 2003: Terry Silkaitis (MINN) 2004: Matt Grevers (NU)/Peter Vanderkaay (MICH) 2005: Peter Vanderkaay (MICH) 2006: Peter Vanderkaay (MICH)/Matt Grevers (NU) 2007: Matt Grevers (NU) 2008: Ben Hesen (IND)/Alex Vanderkaay (MICH) 2009: Tyler Clary (MICH) 2010: Tyler Clary (MICH) 2011: Eric Ress (IND) 2012: Daniel Madwed (MICH) 2013: Connor Jaeger (MICH) 2014: Connor Jaeger (MICH) 2015: Dylan Bosch (MICH) 2016: Matt Hutchins (WIS) 2017: Felix Auböck (MICH) 2018: Ian Finnerty (IND) 2019: Vinicius Lanza (IND) 2020: Felix Auböck (MICH) 2021: Max McHugh (MINN)* 2022: Brendan Burns (IND) Female 1984: Martha Jahn (NU) 1985: Janelle Bosse (OSU) 1986: Diane Wallner (MINN) 1987: Gwen DeMaat (MICH) 1988: Janelle Bosse (OSU) 1989: Lori Holmes (NU) 1990: Susan Gottlieb (OSU) 1991: Susan Gottlieb (OSU) 1992: Mindy Gehrs (MICH) 1993: Alecia Humphrey (MICH) 1994: Alecia Humphrey (MICH)/Kim Paton (NU) 1995: Jocelyn Jay (OSU) 1996: Tanya Schuh (MINN) 1997: Shannon Shakespeare (MICH)/Gretchen Hegener (MINN) 1998: Gina Panighetti (WIS) 2001: Ellen Stonebraker (WIS) 2002: Susan Woessner (IND) 2003: Carly Piper (WIS) 2004: Bethany Pendelton (WIS) 2005: Carly Piper (WIS) 2006: Kaitlyn Brady (MICH) 2007: Siow Yi Ting (WIS) 2008: Emily Brunemann (MICH) 2009: Kate Fesenko (IND) 2010: Kate Fesenko (IND) 2011: Maggie Meyer (WIS) 2012: Allysa Vavra (IND) 2013: Lindsay Vrooman (IND) 2014: Brooklynn Snodgrass (IND) 2015: Kierra Smith (MINN) 2016: Lilly King (IND) 2017: Lilly King (IND) 2018: Lilly King (IND) 2019: Beata Nelson (WIS) 2020: Maggie Mac Neil (MICH) 2021: Maggie Mac Neil (MICH) 2022: Maggie Mac Neil (MICH) This biographical article related to a United States swimmer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"2007 World University Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"2009 World University Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan Wolverines swimming and diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_swimming_and_diving"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Peter Vanderkaay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vanderkaay"}],"text":"American swimmerAlex Vanderkaay (born June 21, 1986) is an American competition swimmer. At the 2007 World University Games, Vanderkaay won the silver medal in the 400-meter individual medley (IM). At the 2009 World University Games, he won the gold medal in the 200-meter IM and again the silver medal in the 400-meter IM. While attending the University of Michigan, Vanderkaay swam for the Michigan Wolverines swimming and diving team. He was the national college champion in the 400-yard IM in 2007 and 2008.[1]Vanderkaay is the younger brother of former Michigan swimmers Christian Vanderkaay and four-time Olympic medalist Peter Vanderkaay, and older brother of current Michigan swimmer Dane Vanderkaay. Vanderkaay is currently a Senior Engagement Manager in the Healthcare industry for the New York–based, Flatiron Health.","title":"Alex Vanderkaay"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Michigan athlete bio: Alex Vanderkaay\". Archived from the original on May 4, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070504061017/http://www.mgoblue.com/swimming-diving-m/playerbio.aspx?id=69526","url_text":"\"Michigan athlete bio: Alex Vanderkaay\""},{"url":"http://www.mgoblue.com/swimming-diving-m/playerbio.aspx?id=69526","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070504061017/http://www.mgoblue.com/swimming-diving-m/playerbio.aspx?id=69526","external_links_name":"\"Michigan athlete bio: Alex Vanderkaay\""},{"Link":"http://www.mgoblue.com/swimming-diving-m/playerbio.aspx?id=69526","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602224333/https://www.usaswimming.org/meet-the-team/national-team/bio/alex-vanderkaay","external_links_name":"Alex Vanderkaay"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Vanderkaay&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_moustache	Fake moustache	["1 History","2 Cultural significance","3 See also","4 References"]	Fake moustaches Part of a series onCostume Background History Industry Costume coordination Use of costume in Athenian tragedy Wardrobe supervisor Society and culture Fursuit Cosplay Costume party Masque Masquerade ball Parade World Costume Festival Design Costume design Costume designer Spirit gum Elements and methods Body painting Disguise Fake moustache Fatsuit Illusion costume Inflatable costume Zentai Traditional Faubourg Marigny Mardi Gras costumes French Quarter Mardi Gras costumes Halloween costume Santa suit Theatrical Commedia dell'arte masks Costumed performer Creature suit Dance costume Dead-character costume Domino mask Gorilla suit Kumadori Leotard Pantomime horse Stage dress Titan the Robot Period Plague doctor costume Modern dress Children Sesame Street Zoobilee Zoo Fictional Batsuit utility belt Ghostface Girdle of Gaea Monokuma Organizations Angels Costumes Costume Designers Guild Western Costume Awards Laurence Olivier AACTA Academy Award Africa Movie Academy BAFTA Critics' Choice César David di Donatello Filmfare Golden Arena IIFA National Film Award Robert Satellite Costume Designers Guild (TV) Costume Designers Guild (fantasy) People Category:Costume designers Museums Centre National du Costume de Scene Costume Museum of Canada Kastoria Costume Museum Devonshire Collection of Period Costume Korea Museum of Modern Costume Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume Museum of the History of the Greek Costume Portugal National Museum of Costume and Fashion Scotland National Museum of Costume vte A fake moustache or false moustache is an item of prosthetic make-up. Fake moustaches are made in a variety of ways, but usually require a form of adhesive to affix the moustache to the wearer's face. History The use of false facial hair dates back to antiquity. In Ancient Egypt, most men were clean-shaven (real facial hair being a signifier of low social status). Pharaohs, however, often wore elaborate false metal beards, linking them with Osiris, the god of the afterlife. In Ancient Greece, Aristophanes referenced false facial hair in his play Assemblywomen, in which the women of Athens disguise themselves as men using false beards.: 133 False facial hair has been used as a disguise for thousands of years.: 134 In particular, women throughout history have used false facial hair to disguise themselves as men, often to gain access to freedoms they were denied as women.: 136 False facial hair has also been used for theater and performance since at least the early modern period. Boy players would often wear false facial hair to appear older onstage.: 15 In the 19th century, fake moustaches held associations with deception and criminality. Lewis Powell, one of the conspirators in the Lincoln assassination plot, carried with him a fake moustache during his assassination attempt on William H. Seward.: 71 A key witness, Louis J. Weichmann, commented that he "thought no honest person had a reason to wear a false mustache".: 91 Despite these perceptions, false facial hair was worn for aesthetic reasons during the Victorian era, as facial hair was particularly fashionable during this period. In the mid-20th century, fake mustaches were sold commercially. The New York Herald Tribune reported in 1963 that customers were primarily "young boys for fun or to 'virilize' themselves" as well as "wives who give them to their husbands". During the 2010s, fake moustaches surged in popularity, as a humorous, ironic, and retro motif. Cultural significance In many forms of popular media, the use of a fake moustache as an unconvincing disguise is a commonly-used trope. The "disguised face" emoji (🥸) features a fake moustache, as well as a pair of glasses. Drawn-on fake moustaches are deployed humorously in graffiti and other artistic means. Marcel Duchamp's artwork L.H.O.O.Q. depicts the Mona Lisa with a moustache. In the 1946 cartoon Daffy Doodles, Daffy Duck draws fake moustaches on everyone she sees.: 138 Many iconic moustaches in popular media have been prosthetic: Charlie Chaplin, Groucho Marx, and David Suchet (as Hercule Poirot) all wore fake moustaches. Marx's moustache, in particular, has gained prominence as the namesake of groucho glasses, novelty glasses with a fake moustache attached. See also Groucho glasses References ^ "How fake facial hair is made for movies & TV". Insider. Retrieved August 21, 2023. ^ El Samman, Khaled (December 17, 2015). "King Tut's Beard Is Back, With Help from a Little Beeswax". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2023. ^ a b c d Casey, Helen (2018). "A Tiny Cloak of Privilege: Facial Hair and Story Telling". In Jennifer Evans; Alun Withey (eds.). New Perspectives on the History of Facial Hair – Framing the Face. Genders and Sexualities in History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 131–146. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73497-2_7. ISBN 978-3-319-73496-5. ^ Rycroft, Eleanor (2019). "Liminal Masculinity". Facial Hair and the Performance of Early Modern Masculinity. Studies in performance and early modern drama. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. pp. 65–96. doi:10.4324/9781351265041-3. ISBN 9781351265041. S2CID 243679413. ^ Ownsbey, Betty J. (1993). Alias "Paine": Lewis Thornton Powell, the mystery man of the Lincoln conspiracy. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-89950-874-0. ^ Poore, Benjamin Perley (1865). The Conspiracy Trial for the Murder of the President: And the Attempt to Overthrow the Government by the Assassination of Its Principal Officers. J. E. Tilton. ^ "Victorian beard craze inspired false 'mechanical' whiskers". phys.org. Retrieved August 21, 2023. ^ "1963: False Real-Hair Mustache Speeds Youths to Manhood". International Herald Tribune Retrospective. The New York Times. November 30, 2013 . Retrieved August 21, 2023. ^ "All of a sudden, mustaches especially fakes are everywhere". Deseret News. February 20, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2023. ^ "5 Baffling TV Tropes That Are Constantly Overused". Collider. April 15, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2023. ^ "Smart chicks on screen: representing women's intellect in film and television". Choice Reviews Online. 52 (5): 186. December 18, 2014. doi:10.5860/choice.188094. ISSN 0009-4978. ^ Hy, Mo. "Proposal for New Emoji: Disguised Face" (PDF). Unicode. ^ Kratz, Jessie (September 2, 2022). "Facial Hair Friday: Charlie Chaplin". Pieces of History. Retrieved August 20, 2023. ^ "Groucho Marx voted America's favorite facial hair icon". Yahoo News. November 26, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2023. ^ "Suchet: Moustache completes Poirot". Belfast Telegraph. December 20, 2010. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved August 20, 2023. ^ Gary Giddins (June 18, 2000). "There Ain't No Sanity Claus". The New York Times. Retrieved August 20, 2023. This fashion-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moustache01big.jpg"},{"link_name":"moustaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustache"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fake moustachesA fake moustache or false moustache is an item of prosthetic make-up. Fake moustaches are made in a variety of ways, but usually require a form of adhesive to affix the moustache to the wearer's face.[1]","title":"Fake moustache"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Pharaohs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Aristophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes"},{"link_name":"Assemblywomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblywomen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"early modern period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period"},{"link_name":"Boy players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_player"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lewis Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Powell_(conspirator)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln assassination plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"William H. Seward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Louis J. Weichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_J._Weichmann"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New York Herald Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"retro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_style"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The use of false facial hair dates back to antiquity. In Ancient Egypt, most men were clean-shaven (real facial hair being a signifier of low social status). Pharaohs, however, often wore elaborate false metal beards, linking them with Osiris, the god of the afterlife.[2] In Ancient Greece, Aristophanes referenced false facial hair in his play Assemblywomen, in which the women of Athens disguise themselves as men using false beards.[3]: 133False facial hair has been used as a disguise for thousands of years.[3]: 134 In particular, women throughout history have used false facial hair to disguise themselves as men, often to gain access to freedoms they were denied as women.[3]: 136False facial hair has also been used for theater and performance since at least the early modern period. Boy players would often wear false facial hair to appear older onstage.[4]: 15In the 19th century, fake moustaches held associations with deception and criminality. Lewis Powell, one of the conspirators in the Lincoln assassination plot, carried with him a fake moustache during his assassination attempt on William H. Seward.[5]: 71 A key witness, Louis J. Weichmann, commented that he \"thought no honest person had a reason to wear a false mustache\".[6]: 91Despite these perceptions, false facial hair was worn for aesthetic reasons during the Victorian era, as facial hair was particularly fashionable during this period.[7]In the mid-20th century, fake mustaches were sold commercially. The New York Herald Tribune reported in 1963 that customers were primarily \"young boys for fun or to 'virilize' themselves\" as well as \"wives who give them to their husbands\".[8]During the 2010s, fake moustaches surged in popularity, as a humorous, ironic, and retro motif.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(cinema)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"emoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji"},{"link_name":"fake moustache, as well as a pair of glasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_glasses"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"L.H.O.O.Q.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q."},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa"},{"link_name":"Daffy Doodles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffy_Doodles"},{"link_name":"Daffy Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffy_Duck"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Groucho Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_Marx"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"David Suchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Suchet"},{"link_name":"Hercule Poirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercule_Poirot"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"groucho glasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_glasses"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In many forms of popular media, the use of a fake moustache as an unconvincing disguise is a commonly-used trope.[10][11] The \"disguised face\" emoji (🥸) features a fake moustache, as well as a pair of glasses.[12]Drawn-on fake moustaches are deployed humorously in graffiti and other artistic means. Marcel Duchamp's artwork L.H.O.O.Q. depicts the Mona Lisa with a moustache. In the 1946 cartoon Daffy Doodles, Daffy Duck draws fake moustaches on everyone she sees.[3]: 138Many iconic moustaches in popular media have been prosthetic: Charlie Chaplin,[13] Groucho Marx,[14] and David Suchet (as Hercule Poirot)[15] all wore fake moustaches. Marx's moustache, in particular, has gained prominence as the namesake of groucho glasses, novelty glasses with a fake moustache attached.[16]","title":"Cultural significance"}]	[{"image_text":"Fake moustaches","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Moustache01big.jpg/220px-Moustache01big.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Groucho glasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_glasses"}]	[{"reference":"\"How fake facial hair is made for movies & TV\". Insider. Retrieved August 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insider.com/how-fake-facial-hair-is-made-for-movies-and-tv-2020-10","url_text":"\"How fake facial hair is made for movies & TV\""}]},{"reference":"El Samman, Khaled (December 17, 2015). \"King Tut's Beard Is Back, With Help from a Little Beeswax\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514062820/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/151217-king-tut-mask-beard-repaired-egypt-archaeology","url_text":"\"King Tut's Beard Is Back, With Help from a Little Beeswax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic","url_text":"National Geographic"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/151217-king-tut-mask-beard-repaired-egypt-archaeology","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Casey, Helen (2018). \"A Tiny Cloak of Privilege: Facial Hair and Story Telling\". In Jennifer Evans; Alun Withey (eds.). New Perspectives on the History of Facial Hair – Framing the Face. Genders and Sexualities in History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 131–146. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73497-2_7. ISBN 978-3-319-73496-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-73497-2_7","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-73497-2_7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73496-5","url_text":"978-3-319-73496-5"}]},{"reference":"Rycroft, Eleanor (2019). \"Liminal Masculinity\". Facial Hair and the Performance of Early Modern Masculinity. Studies in performance and early modern drama. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. pp. 65–96. doi:10.4324/9781351265041-3. ISBN 9781351265041. S2CID 243679413.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351265041-3","url_text":"10.4324/9781351265041-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351265041","url_text":"9781351265041"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243679413","url_text":"243679413"}]},{"reference":"Ownsbey, Betty J. (1993). Alias \"Paine\": Lewis Thornton Powell, the mystery man of the Lincoln conspiracy. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-89950-874-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-874-0","url_text":"978-0-89950-874-0"}]},{"reference":"Poore, Benjamin Perley (1865). The Conspiracy Trial for the Murder of the President: And the Attempt to Overthrow the Government by the Assassination of Its Principal Officers. J. E. Tilton.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TJEZAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Conspiracy Trial for the Murder of the President: And the Attempt to Overthrow the Government by the Assassination of Its Principal Officers"}]},{"reference":"\"Victorian beard craze inspired false 'mechanical' whiskers\". phys.org. Retrieved August 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://phys.org/news/2016-11-victorian-beard-craze-false-mechanical.html","url_text":"\"Victorian beard craze inspired false 'mechanical' whiskers\""}]},{"reference":"\"1963: False Real-Hair Mustache Speeds Youths to Manhood\". International Herald Tribune Retrospective. The New York Times. November 30, 2013 [November 13, 1963]. Retrieved August 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/30/1963-false-real-hair-mustache-speeds-youths-to-manhood/","url_text":"\"1963: False Real-Hair Mustache Speeds Youths to Manhood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"All of a sudden, mustaches especially fakes are everywhere\". Deseret News. February 20, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/2010/2/20/20097475/all-of-a-sudden-mustaches-especially-fakes-are-everywhere","url_text":"\"All of a sudden, mustaches especially fakes are everywhere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"5 Baffling TV Tropes That Are Constantly Overused\". Collider. April 15, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/baffling-overused-tv-tropes/","url_text":"\"5 Baffling TV Tropes That Are Constantly Overused\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"}]},{"reference":"\"Smart chicks on screen: representing women's intellect in film and television\". Choice Reviews Online. 52 (5): 186. December 18, 2014. doi:10.5860/choice.188094. ISSN 0009-4978.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_Reviews_Online","url_text":"Choice Reviews Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fchoice.188094","url_text":"10.5860/choice.188094"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-4978","url_text":"0009-4978"}]},{"reference":"Kratz, Jessie (September 2, 2022). \"Facial Hair Friday: Charlie Chaplin\". Pieces of History. Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2022/09/02/facial-hair-friday-charlie-chaplin/","url_text":"\"Facial Hair Friday: Charlie Chaplin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Groucho Marx voted America's favorite facial hair icon\". Yahoo News. November 26, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/groucho-marx-america-favorite-facial-hair-icon-194615033.html","url_text":"\"Groucho Marx voted America's favorite facial hair icon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suchet: Moustache completes Poirot\". Belfast Telegraph. December 20, 2010. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/suchet-moustache-completes-poirot/28577390.html","url_text":"\"Suchet: Moustache completes Poirot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph","url_text":"Belfast Telegraph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"Gary Giddins (June 18, 2000). \"There Ain't No Sanity Claus\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Giddins","url_text":"Gary Giddins"},{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/06/18/reviews/000618.18giddent.html","url_text":"\"There Ain't No Sanity Claus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.insider.com/how-fake-facial-hair-is-made-for-movies-and-tv-2020-10","external_links_name":"\"How fake facial hair is made for movies & TV\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514062820/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/151217-king-tut-mask-beard-repaired-egypt-archaeology","external_links_name":"\"King Tut's Beard Is Back, With Help from a Little Beeswax\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/151217-king-tut-mask-beard-repaired-egypt-archaeology","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-73497-2_7","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-319-73497-2_7"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351265041-3","external_links_name":"10.4324/9781351265041-3"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243679413","external_links_name":"243679413"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TJEZAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Conspiracy Trial for the Murder of the President: And the Attempt to Overthrow the Government by the Assassination of Its Principal Officers"},{"Link":"https://phys.org/news/2016-11-victorian-beard-craze-false-mechanical.html","external_links_name":"\"Victorian beard craze inspired false 'mechanical' whiskers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.nytimes.com/iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/30/1963-false-real-hair-mustache-speeds-youths-to-manhood/","external_links_name":"\"1963: False Real-Hair Mustache Speeds Youths to Manhood\""},{"Link":"https://www.deseret.com/2010/2/20/20097475/all-of-a-sudden-mustaches-especially-fakes-are-everywhere","external_links_name":"\"All of a sudden, mustaches especially fakes are everywhere\""},{"Link":"https://collider.com/baffling-overused-tv-tropes/","external_links_name":"\"5 Baffling TV Tropes That Are Constantly Overused\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fchoice.188094","external_links_name":"10.5860/choice.188094"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-4978","external_links_name":"0009-4978"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18311-disguised-face-emoji.pdf","external_links_name":"Proposal for New Emoji: Disguised Face"},{"Link":"https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2022/09/02/facial-hair-friday-charlie-chaplin/","external_links_name":"\"Facial Hair Friday: Charlie Chaplin\""},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/groucho-marx-america-favorite-facial-hair-icon-194615033.html","external_links_name":"\"Groucho Marx voted America's favorite facial hair icon\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/suchet-moustache-completes-poirot/28577390.html","external_links_name":"\"Suchet: Moustache completes Poirot\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/06/18/reviews/000618.18giddent.html","external_links_name":"\"There Ain't No Sanity Claus\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fake_moustache&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem_College	Sholem Aleichem College	["1 Overview","2 History","3 Academics","4 Performing arts","5 House system","6 Notable alumni","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°52′57″S 145°00′05″E / 37.882428°S 145.001312°E / -37.882428; 145.001312This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sholem Aleichem College" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) School in AustraliaSholem Aleichem CollegeLocation11 Sinclair Street, Elsternwick, VictoriaAustraliaCoordinates37°52′57″S 145°00′05″E / 37.882428°S 145.001312°E / -37.882428; 145.001312InformationTypeIndependent comprehensive co-educational early learning and primary Jewish day schoolMottoValues for a LifetimeDenominationJewishEstablished1947; 77 years ago (1947)PrincipalHelen GreenbergYearsEarly learning and K-6Enrolment250Colour(s)Blue, red, yellow Websitewww.sholem.vic.edu.au Sholem Aleichem College is an Independent Jewish co-educational early learning and primary day school located in the Melbourne suburb of Elsternwick, Victoria, Australia. Established in 1947, the school caters to the religious and general education needs of approximately 300 students, ranging from early learning, to Kindergarten and through to Year 6. Overview Established in 1947 by the Bundist movement as a Sunday school that taught Yiddish and Jewish studies, the current day school opened its doors to ten Prep children in 1975. Sholem's approach to Judaism is secular and inclusive, it celebrates all the Jewish festivals with cultural traditions, music and food. Sholem Aleichem College is one of the very few secular Jewish schools in the world that teach Yiddish. History In 1935, the Melbourne IL Peretz Sunday School, and later in 1947 its sister Sunday school, Sholem Aleichem, were established. They taught Yiddish and Jewish Studies. These Yiddish schools were inspired by the forward thinking Tsisho schools of Eastern Europe. Sholem Aleichem (pen-name) is the namesake of the school. He was born Sholom Rabinowitz in the Ukraine in 1859. Sholem Aleichem was a renowned Yiddish writer of stories, novels and plays, and a humourist. He died in New York, USA, in 1916 where it is estimated that 100,000 attended his funeral. Academics Sholem Aleichem College is ranked using the NAPLAN system. In January 2016, the school was the 8th ranked Primary School in Victoria and was the highest ranked Jewish Primary School. Between 60% and 90% of Sholem students have been in the top quarter of NAPLAN results every year since 2011. Performing arts Sholem Aleichem College has a well developed visual and performing Arts Program. A highlight of the Sholem school calendar is the school musical, in which every single student participates. Senior students also have the opportunity to become filmmakers, with a very unusual program that sees a specialist film director visit the school from the United States to tutor the students through the process of making a short film. Of particular interest is the instrumental music program. Every student in Years 3-6 has the opportunity to learn an instrument of their choice (from flute, clarinet, violin, cello and percussion), for free. This program has enabled Sholem to form ensembles / orchestras at each Year level. The students perform regularly at school and extensively within the Jewish and wider community. House system The four houses, Molodovsky (green), Peretz (yellow), Reyzen (red) are Leyb (blue) are mainly used for interhouse activities such as sporting events and community involvement and are named for Yiddish writers and poets – Kadya Molodowsky, Mani Leyb, Avrom Reyzen, I.L. Peretz. Notable alumni Yvette Coppersmith - artist, Archibald Prize winner (2018), finalist (2017, 2016, 2009, 2008) Husky Gawenda - award-winning singer-songwriter and principal writer, lead singer and guitarist of the band Hsuky (Triple J Unearthed winners, APRA award winner) Michael Gawenda - multi-award-winning journalist and editor of The Age from 1997 to 2004 See also Judaism portalSchools portal List of non-government schools in Victoria Judaism in Australia References ^ Landau, Melanie (2006). New Under the Sun: Jewish Australians on Religion, Politics & Culture. ISBN 9781863952385. ^ Slucki, David (17 January 2012). The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945: Toward a Global History. ISBN 9780813552255. ^ "Monash University Education department - Yiddish Schools in Melbourne". ^ "Monash University Education department -Sholem Aleichem College". ^ "Yiddish a Mixed Bag at Jewish Schools Worldwide". ^ "Vast Crowds Honor Sholem Aleichem; Funeral Cortege Of Yiddish Author Greeted By Throngs In Three Boroughs. Many Deliver Eulogies Services At Educational Alliance Include Reading Of Writer's Will And His Epitaph". New York Times. May 16, 1916. Retrieved April 20, 2008. "A hundred thousand people of the East Side, with sadness in their faces, lined the sidewalks yesterday when the funeral procession of Sholem Aleichem ("peace be with you"), the famous Yiddish humorist, whose real name was Solomon Rabinowitz, passed down Second Avenue and through East Houston. Eldridge, and Canal Streets, to the Educational Alliance, where services were held before the body was carried over the Williamsburg Bridge to ..." ^ "Sholem NAPLAN results". ^ "How to Unmake a Bully Article". ^ "How to Unmake a Bully Video featuring Sholem Aleichem College". YouTube. ^ "Yiddish Poetry Readers". External links Sholem Aleichem College website Case Study – Sholem Aleichem College Yiddish Attractions in Melbourne Australian My School Entry vte Jews and Judaism in AustraliaTopicsHistory History Kimberley Plan Sydney Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club bombings Society Judaism in Australia Antisemitism in Australia Australian Jews Notable figures Australian Jewish media Australia–Israel relations OrganisationsSynagoguesNSW Broken Hill (closed) Central Emanuel Great Maitland (closed) North Shore Yeshivah Sydney QLD Brisbane Synagogue TAS Hobart Launceston (closed) VIC Ark East Melbourne Elwood Geelong (closed) Melbourne Temple Beth Israel Yeshivah Melbourne WA Fremantle (closed) Perth SchoolsNSW Emanuel School Kesser Torah College Masada College Moriah College Yeshiva College (closed) VIC Adass Israel School Beth Rivkah Ladies College Bialik College Leibler Yavneh College Mount Scopus Memorial College Ohel Chana Sholem Aleichem College The King David School Yeshivah College WA Carmel School CommunalRoof bodies Executive Council of Australian Jewry Jewish Community Council of Victoria Zionist Federation of Australia Political groups Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council Australian Jewish Democratic Society Independent Australian Jewish Voices Religious Kosher Australia Melbourne Beth Din Rabbinical Council of Victoria Union for Progressive Judaism Student groups Australasian Union of Jewish Students Hineni Historical Australian Jewish Genealogical Society Australian Jewish Historical Society Jewish Holocaust Centre Jewish Museum of Australia Sydney Jewish Museum Other Australian Association for Jewish Studies Courage to Care Jewish Care Jewish House Maccabi Australia Moving Forward Together	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-sex_education"},{"link_name":"early learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-school_education"},{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"day school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_day_school"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Elsternwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsternwick,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"Year 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Six"}],"text":"School in AustraliaSholem Aleichem College is an Independent Jewish co-educational early learning and primary day school located in the Melbourne suburb of Elsternwick, Victoria, Australia. Established in 1947, the school caters to the religious and general education needs of approximately 300 students, ranging from early learning, to Kindergarten and through to Year 6.","title":"Sholem Aleichem College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundism"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Established in 1947 by the Bundist movement as a Sunday school that taught Yiddish and Jewish studies, the current day school opened its doors to ten Prep children in 1975.[1][2][3] Sholem's approach to Judaism is secular and inclusive,[4] it celebrates all the Jewish festivals with cultural traditions, music and food.Sholem Aleichem College is one of the very few secular Jewish schools in the world that teach Yiddish.[5]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sholem Aleichem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1935, the Melbourne IL Peretz Sunday School, and later in 1947 its sister Sunday school, Sholem Aleichem, were established. They taught Yiddish and Jewish Studies. These Yiddish schools were inspired by the forward thinking Tsisho schools of Eastern Europe.Sholem Aleichem (pen-name) is the namesake of the school. He was born Sholom Rabinowitz in the Ukraine in 1859. Sholem Aleichem was a renowned Yiddish writer of stories, novels and plays, and a humourist. He died in New York, USA, in 1916 where it is estimated that 100,000 attended his funeral.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NAPLAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAPLAN"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Sholem Aleichem College is ranked using the NAPLAN system. In January 2016, the school was the 8th ranked Primary School in Victoria and was the highest ranked Jewish Primary School. Between 60% and 90% of Sholem students have been in the top quarter of NAPLAN results every year since 2011.[7]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Sholem Aleichem College has a well developed visual and performing Arts Program.A highlight of the Sholem school calendar is the school musical, in which every single student participates. Senior students also have the opportunity to become filmmakers, with a very unusual program that sees a specialist film director visit the school from the United States to tutor the students through the process of making a short film.[8][9]Of particular interest is the instrumental music program. Every student in Years 3-6 has the opportunity to learn an instrument of their choice (from flute, clarinet, violin, cello and percussion), for free. This program has enabled Sholem to form ensembles / orchestras at each Year level. The students perform regularly at school and extensively within the Jewish and wider community.[10]","title":"Performing arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_system"},{"link_name":"Kadya Molodowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadya_Molodowsky"},{"link_name":"Mani Leyb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Leyb"},{"link_name":"Avrom Reyzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrom_Reyzen"},{"link_name":"I.L. Peretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.L._Peretz"}],"text":"The four houses, Molodovsky (green), Peretz (yellow), Reyzen (red) are Leyb (blue) are mainly used for interhouse activities such as sporting events and community involvement and are named for Yiddish writers and poets – Kadya Molodowsky, Mani Leyb, Avrom Reyzen, I.L. Peretz.","title":"House system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yvette Coppersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvette_Coppersmith"},{"link_name":"Archibald Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Prize"},{"link_name":"Husky Gawenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husky_Gawenda"},{"link_name":"Hsuky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hsuky_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triple J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J"},{"link_name":"Unearthed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unearthed_(talent_contest)"},{"link_name":"APRA award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Awards_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Michael Gawenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gawenda"},{"link_name":"The Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age"}],"text":"Yvette Coppersmith - artist, Archibald Prize winner (2018), finalist (2017, 2016, 2009, 2008)\nHusky Gawenda - award-winning singer-songwriter and principal writer, lead singer and guitarist of the band Hsuky (Triple J Unearthed winners, APRA award winner)\nMichael Gawenda - multi-award-winning journalist and editor of The Age from 1997 to 2004","title":"Notable alumni"}]	[]	[{"title":"Judaism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism"},{"title":"Schools portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schools"},{"title":"List of non-government schools in Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-government_schools_in_Victoria,_Australia"},{"title":"Judaism in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_in_Australia"}]	[{"reference":"Landau, Melanie (2006). New Under the Sun: Jewish Australians on Religion, Politics & Culture. ISBN 9781863952385.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FhYEpKw9OygC&dq=yiddish+sholem+aleichem+college&pg=PA80","url_text":"New Under the Sun: Jewish Australians on Religion, Politics & Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781863952385","url_text":"9781863952385"}]},{"reference":"Slucki, David (17 January 2012). The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945: Toward a Global History. ISBN 9780813552255.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BgCxZekvx50C&dq=yiddish+sholem+aleichem+college&pg=PA168","url_text":"The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945: Toward a Global History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813552255","url_text":"9780813552255"}]},{"reference":"\"Monash University Education department - Yiddish Schools in Melbourne\".","urls":[{"url":"http://future.arts.monash.edu/yiddish-melbourne/education-yiddish-schools-in-melbourne/","url_text":"\"Monash University Education department - Yiddish Schools in Melbourne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monash University Education department -Sholem Aleichem College\".","urls":[{"url":"http://future.arts.monash.edu/yiddish-melbourne/education-sholem-aleichem-college/","url_text":"\"Monash University Education department -Sholem Aleichem College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yiddish a Mixed Bag at Jewish Schools Worldwide\".","urls":[{"url":"http://forward.com/culture/141646/yiddish-a-mixed-bag-at-jewish-schools-worldwide/","url_text":"\"Yiddish a Mixed Bag at Jewish Schools Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sholem NAPLAN results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/46237","url_text":"\"Sholem NAPLAN results\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to Unmake a Bully Article\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/culture/article/2017/03/17/program-helps-students-unmake-bully-creating-their-own-anti-bullying-movies","url_text":"\"How to Unmake a Bully Article\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to Unmake a Bully Video featuring Sholem Aleichem College\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0ER2e6R6vo","url_text":"\"How to Unmake a Bully Video featuring Sholem Aleichem College\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Yiddish Poetry Readers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yiddishpoetry.org/readers.html","url_text":"\"Yiddish Poetry Readers\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sholem_Aleichem_College&params=37.882428_S_145.001312_E_type:edu_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"37°52′57″S 145°00′05″E / 37.882428°S 145.001312°E / -37.882428; 145.001312"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sholem+Aleichem+College%22","external_links_name":"\"Sholem Aleichem College\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sholem+Aleichem+College%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sholem+Aleichem+College%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sholem+Aleichem+College%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sholem+Aleichem+College%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sholem+Aleichem+College%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sholem_Aleichem_College&params=37.882428_S_145.001312_E_type:edu_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"37°52′57″S 145°00′05″E / 37.882428°S 145.001312°E / -37.882428; 145.001312"},{"Link":"http://www.sholem.vic.edu.au/","external_links_name":"www.sholem.vic.edu.au"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FhYEpKw9OygC&dq=yiddish+sholem+aleichem+college&pg=PA80","external_links_name":"New Under the Sun: Jewish Australians on Religion, Politics & Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BgCxZekvx50C&dq=yiddish+sholem+aleichem+college&pg=PA168","external_links_name":"The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945: Toward a Global History"},{"Link":"http://future.arts.monash.edu/yiddish-melbourne/education-yiddish-schools-in-melbourne/","external_links_name":"\"Monash University Education department - Yiddish Schools in Melbourne\""},{"Link":"http://future.arts.monash.edu/yiddish-melbourne/education-sholem-aleichem-college/","external_links_name":"\"Monash University Education department -Sholem Aleichem College\""},{"Link":"http://forward.com/culture/141646/yiddish-a-mixed-bag-at-jewish-schools-worldwide/","external_links_name":"\"Yiddish a Mixed Bag at Jewish Schools Worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1916/05/16/archives/vast-crowds-honor-sholem-aleichem-funeral-cortege-of-yiddish-author.html","external_links_name":"Vast Crowds Honor Sholem Aleichem; Funeral Cortege Of Yiddish Author Greeted By Throngs In Three Boroughs. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Kochhar	Atul Kochhar	["1 Early life","2 Restaurants","3 Media","4 Publications","5 References"]	British restaurateur This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Atul Kochhar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Atul KochharCulinary careerCooking styleIndian Rating(s) Michelin stars Current restaurant(s) KanishkaHawkynsSindhuIndian EssenceRiwazVaasuMasalchi Previous restaurant(s) Benares Vatika Ananda Tamarind (no longer held) Oberoi Hotel (New Delhi) Websitehttp://www.atulkochhar.com/ Atul Kochhar is an Indian-born, British-based chef and television personality. Kochhar was one of the first two Indian chefs to receive a Michelin star, awarded in London in 2001 whilst at Tamarind. He opened his own restaurant Benares, which won him a second Michelin star in 2007. Since then he has opened several other restaurants: Kanishka in London, Masalchi in Wembley Park, Sindhu Vaasu, Riwaz and Hawkyns in Buckinghamshire and Indian Essence in Petts Wood, Kent. Kochhar makes regular appearances on television shows, and has written a number of cookbooks: Curry Everyday, Simple Indian, Fish, Indian Style, Curries of the World, and 30 Minute Curries. Early life Kochhar was born in Jamshedpur, India, and began his cooking career at The Oberoi Group of hotels in India (1989–1994). He gained his diploma in Hotel Management from The Institute of Hotel Management Chennai. In June 1993 Kochhar graduated to the five star deluxe Oberoi Hotel in New Delhi. Here he worked as a sous chef in one of the five restaurants in the hotel supervising a staff of 18 and immediately raising the standards in the kitchen. In January 1994 Kochhar moved to the restaurant of chef Bernard Kunig. Kochhar continued his cooking career and in January 2001 at the age of 31, Kochhar was the first Indian chef to be awarded a Michelin star. Restaurants Kochhar was fired from London's Benares restaurant in 2018 after sending a series of anti-Islamic tweets to actress Priyanka Chopra. Kochhar's contract with JW Marriott Marquis Hotel in Dubai was also terminated following these tweets. Kochhar opened the restaurant Kanishka in March 2019 on London's Maddox Street. Media Kochhar has been featured on BBC2's television series Million Pound Menu. He previously presented a series called Curry on with Atul Kochhar on the B4U network and a series on Malaysia called Kochhar's Spice Kitchen. Kochhar appeared in Masterchef Goes Large, season two and BBC2's Great British Menu in a bid to create a menu in honour of the Queen's 80th Birthday. He also appeared in Market Kitchen and Saturday Kitchen series 1–3. Publications Fish, Indian Style (2008), Absolute, ISBN 9781904573838 Atul's Curries of the World (2013), Absolute, ISBN 9781906650797 Benares: Michelin Starred Cooking (2015), Absolute, ISBN 9781472900265 Simple Indian (2016), Quadrille, ISBN 9781849498937 30 Minute Curries (2017), Absolute Press, ISBN 9781472937773 Curry Everyday (2022), Absolute Press, ISBN 9781472985996 References ^ "Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef". 24 February 2015. ^ "Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef". 24 February 2015. ^ "Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef". 24 February 2015. ^ "News Article:'Hugely proud' Michelin starred chef Atul Kochhar celebrates Petts Wood's Indian Essence's Bib Gourmand". 1 October 2014. ^ "Atul Kochhar – The home of 2 Michelin starred chef Atul Kochhar". www.atulkochhar.com. ^ "Profile – Oberoi Hotels & Resorts". www.oberoihotels.com. ^ "Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef". 24 February 2015. ^ "Atul Kochhar 'no longer employed' by Mayfair's Benares". The Caterer. 8 August 2018. ^ "Celebrity chef Atul Kochhar in a soup for anti-Islam remarks". www.aljazeera.com. ^ Safi, Michael (13 June 2018). "Michelin-starred chef Atul Kochhar sacked over anti-Islam tweet". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ "Kanishka, Atul Kochhar's latest restaurant opens in Mayfair". hospitalityandcateringnews.com. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2022. ^ "BBC Two – My Million Pound Menu – Who's Who? Fred and the Investors". BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2019. ^ "Exclusive Cakes 4 U presents CURRY ON - an exclusive culinary - only on B4U". Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012. ^ "Atul Kochhar". BBC.	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Kochhar was one of the first two Indian chefs to receive a Michelin star, awarded in London in 2001 whilst at Tamarind.[1] He opened his own restaurant Benares, which won him a second Michelin star in 2007.[2] Since then he has opened several other restaurants: Kanishka in London, Masalchi in Wembley Park, Sindhu[3] Vaasu, Riwaz and Hawkyns in Buckinghamshire and Indian Essence in Petts Wood, Kent.[4]Kochhar makes regular appearances on television shows, and has written a number of cookbooks: Curry Everyday, Simple Indian, Fish, Indian Style, Curries of the World, and 30 Minute Curries.","title":"Atul Kochhar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamshedpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshedpur"},{"link_name":"The Oberoi Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oberoi_Group"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atulkochhar.com-5"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sous chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous-chef"},{"link_name":"Michelin star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_star"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Kochhar was born in Jamshedpur, India, and began his cooking career at The Oberoi Group of hotels in India (1989–1994). He gained his diploma in Hotel Management from The Institute of Hotel Management Chennai.[5] In June 1993 Kochhar graduated to the five star deluxe Oberoi Hotel in New Delhi.[6] Here he worked as a sous chef in one of the five restaurants in the hotel supervising a staff of 18 and immediately raising the standards in the kitchen. In January 1994 Kochhar moved to the restaurant of chef Bernard Kunig. Kochhar continued his cooking career and in January 2001 at the age of 31, Kochhar was the first Indian chef to be awarded a Michelin star.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Priyanka Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"JW Marriott Marquis Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JW_Marriott_Marquis_Dubai"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Maddox Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddox_Street"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Kochhar was fired from London's Benares restaurant in 2018 after sending a series of anti-Islamic tweets to actress Priyanka Chopra.[8] Kochhar's contract with JW Marriott Marquis Hotel in Dubai was also terminated following these tweets.[9][10]Kochhar opened the restaurant Kanishka in March 2019 on London's Maddox Street.[11]","title":"Restaurants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Million Pound Menu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Pound_Menu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"B4U network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B4U_(network)"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Masterchef Goes Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterChef_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Great British Menu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_British_Menu"},{"link_name":"Queen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Market Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"Saturday Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Kochhar has been featured on BBC2's television series Million Pound Menu.[12] He previously presented a series called Curry on with Atul Kochhar on the B4U network and a series on Malaysia called Kochhar's Spice Kitchen.[13] Kochhar appeared in Masterchef Goes Large, season two and BBC2's Great British Menu in a bid to create a menu in honour of the Queen's 80th Birthday. He also appeared in Market Kitchen and Saturday Kitchen series 1–3.[14]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781904573838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904573838"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781906650797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906650797"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781472900265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472900265"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781849498937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849498937"},{"link_name":"Absolute Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781472937773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472937773"},{"link_name":"Absolute Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781472985996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472985996"}],"text":"Fish, Indian Style (2008), Absolute, ISBN 9781904573838\nAtul's Curries of the World (2013), Absolute, ISBN 9781906650797\nBenares: Michelin Starred Cooking (2015), Absolute, ISBN 9781472900265\nSimple Indian (2016), Quadrille, ISBN 9781849498937\n30 Minute Curries (2017), Absolute Press, ISBN 9781472937773\nCurry Everyday (2022), Absolute Press, ISBN 9781472985996","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef\". 24 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.essentialsurrey.co.uk/food-and-drink/atul-kochar/","url_text":"\"Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef\". 24 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.essentialsurrey.co.uk/food-and-drink/atul-kochar/","url_text":"\"Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef\". 24 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.essentialsurrey.co.uk/food-and-drink/atul-kochar/","url_text":"\"Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef\""}]},{"reference":"\"News Article:'Hugely proud' Michelin starred chef Atul Kochhar celebrates Petts Wood's Indian Essence's Bib Gourmand\". 1 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/11508035.hugely-proud-michelin-starred-chef-atul-kochhar-celebrates-petts-woods-indian-essences-bib-gourmand/","url_text":"\"News Article:'Hugely proud' Michelin starred chef Atul Kochhar celebrates Petts Wood's Indian Essence's Bib Gourmand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atul Kochhar – The home of 2 Michelin starred chef Atul Kochhar\". www.atulkochhar.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atulkochhar.com/","url_text":"\"Atul Kochhar – The home of 2 Michelin starred chef Atul Kochhar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile – Oberoi Hotels & Resorts\". www.oberoihotels.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oberoihotels.com/about_us/group_profile.asp","url_text":"\"Profile – Oberoi Hotels & Resorts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef\". 24 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.essentialsurrey.co.uk/food-and-drink/atul-kochar/","url_text":"\"Interview: Atul Kochhar, Michelin-starred Indian chef\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atul Kochhar 'no longer employed' by Mayfair's Benares\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Norwegian_Football_Cup	1970 Norwegian Football Cup	["1 First round","2 Second round","3 Third round","4 Fourth round","5 Quarter-finals","6 Semi-finals","6.1 Replay","7 Final","8 References"]	Football tournament season 1970 Norwegian Football CupNorgesmesterskapet i fotball for menn 1970Tournament detailsCountry NorwayTeams128 (main competition)Defending championsStrømsgodsetFinal positionsChampionsStrømsgodset (2nd title)Runner-upLyn← 19691971 → The 1970 Norwegian Football Cup was the 65th edition of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The Cup was won by Strømsgodset after beating Lyn in the cup final with the score 4–2. This was Strømsgodset's second Norwegian Cup title. First round Team 1 Score Team 2 Arna 1–0 Ny-Krohnborg Askim 2–1 Sagene Borg 0–4 Fram (Larvik) Brann 2–1 (a.e.t.) Florvåg Brevik 0–3 (a.e.t.) Stag Bryn 3–1 Clausenengen Bryne 5–1 Vigrestad Buøy 3–3 (a.e.t.) Brodd Bærum 0–3 Lyn Drafn 3–2 Kampørn Egersund 1–4 Ulf Eidsvold IF 0–2 Brumunddal Eik 0–2 Teie Elverum 1–2 (a.e.t.) HamKam Falken 0–1 Ranheim Fana 2–3 (a.e.t.) Bjarg Flekkefjord 1–1 Kvinesdal Fredrikstad 2–0 Tistedalen Geithus 1–2 (a.e.t.) Mjøndalen Gossen 1–4 Skarbøvik Grue 5–1 Frigg Hamar 2–0 Brekken Harstad 3–0 Tromsø Haugar 3–0 Jarl Hødd 4–1 Herd Jotun 3–1 Varegg Kirkenes 1–2 Honningsvåg Kongsvinger 1–0 Eidsvold Turn Kopervik 1–0 Vard Kristiansund 2–0 Molde Kvik (Trondheim) 3–1 Nessegutten Langevåg 2–1 Aalesund Larvik Turn 4–0 Bamble Lisleby 3–0 Kjelsås Mo 3–0 Bodø/Glimt Moss 0–2 Østsiden Måløy 4–5 Bergsøy Odd 3–0 Jerv Odda 6–0 Årstad Os 0–2 Sandviken Rakkestad 2–1 Aurskog Raufoss 2–0 Reinsvoll Raumnes & Årnes 3–4 Lillestrøm Rindal 0–1 Løkken Rosenborg 4–0 Neset Røros 2–1 Nordre Trysil Sandefjord BK 1–3 (a.e.t.) Ørn Skeid 6–0 Gamlebyen Sogndal 1–0 Lena Stabæk 2–1 Kvik (Halden) Start 1–1 (a.e.t.) Donn Stein 0–1 Mjølner Stjørdals/Blink 3–1 Strinda Strindheim 0–3 Nidelv Strømmen 0–2 Ull/Kisa Sverre 1–3 Steinkjer Trosvik 1–2 Sarpsborg Tønsberg Turn 2–6 Strømsgodset Ulefoss 0–8 Pors Vardal 0–2 Gjøvik-Lyn Vidar 0–4 Viking Vindbjart 1–1 (a.e.t.) Vigør Vålerengen 0–2 Ready Ørsta 2–1 Tornado Replay Brodd 2–4 Buøy Kvinesdal 1–5 Flekkefjord Donn 1–5 Start Vigør 1–2 Vindbjart Second round Team 1 Score Team 2 Arna 2–6 Brann Bjarg 0–2 Haugar Brumunddal 1–4 Grue Bryn 0–4 Rosenborg Buøy 0–1 Bryne Fram (Larvik) 0–1 Stabæk Gjøvik-Lyn 1–0 Sogndal HamKam 3–0 Kongsvinger Hødd 2–1 Ørsta Kvik (Trondheim) 3–0 Stjørdals/Blink Langevåg 3–2 Bergsøy Lillestrøm 0–1 Raufoss Lyn 5–0 Røros Løkken 0–1 (a.e.t.) Ranheim Mjølner 2–0 Honningsvåg Mjøndalen 4–0 Hamar Nidelv 2–1 Mo Pors 5–1 Larvik Turn Ready 1–0 Jotun Sandviken 1–0 (a.e.t.) Odda Sarpsborg 1–2 Askim Skarbøvik 0–1 Kristiansund Stag 1–1 (a.e.t.) Start Steinkjer 5–0 Harstad Strømsgodset 6–0 Rakkestad Teie 0–1 Lisleby Ulf 1–1 (a.e.t.) Kopervik Ull/Kisa 0–1 Skeid Viking 5–1 Flekkefjord Vindbjart 0–3 Odd Ørn 0–2 Fredrikstad Østsiden 1–2 (a.e.t.) Drafn Replay Start 3–1 Stag Kopervik 2–0 Ulf Third round Team 1 Score Team 2 26 July 1970 Askim 1–2 Mjøndalen Skeid 2–1 Nidelv Stabæk 1–0 Mjølner Grue 2–6 (a.e.t.) HamKam Raufoss 4–2 Kvik (Trondheim) Odd 0–2 Lyn Kristiansund 0–5 Hødd Rosenborg 4–1 Langevåg Ranheim 0–1 Steinkjer Start 2–4 Strømsgodset Haugar 1–1 (a.e.t.) Sandviken Brann 2–0 Kopervik 28 July 1970 Lisleby 2–1 Pors 29 July 1970 Bryne 2–0 (a.e.t.) Viking Fredrikstad 5–0 Ready Drafn 2–3 Gjøvik-Lyn Replay: 29 July 1970 Sandviken 1–4 Haugar Fourth round Team 1 Score Team 2 9 August 1970 Lyn 2–1 Haugar Strømsgodset 2–1 Raufoss Mjøndalen 1–1 (a.e.t.) Skeid Gjøvik-Lyn 2–1 Rosenborg HamKam 2–1 Lisleby Brann 1–1 (a.e.t.) Bryne Hødd 0–1 (a.e.t.) Stabæk Steinkjer 3–1 Fredrikstad Replay: 20 August 1970 Skeid 0–1 Mjøndalen Bryne 0–0 (a.e.t.) Brann 2nd replay: 27 August 1970 Brann 3–0 Bryne ^ Played at Haugesund Stadion in Haugesund. Quarter-finals Team 1 Score Team 2 30 August 1970 Brann 0–2 Lyn Gjøvik-Lyn 0–3 HamKam Stabæk 2–4 Strømsgodset Steinkjer 2–1 Mjøndalen Semi-finals 4 October 1970 Lyn0–0Steinkjer Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo 4 October 1970 Strømsgodset7–0HamKam Amundsen 15'S. Pettersen 30', 89'I. Pettersen 36'Presberg 55', 58'E. Olsen 87' Marienlyst Stadion, Drammen Replay 18 October 1970 Steinkjer0–1Lyn Sandland ?' Guldbergaunet Stadion, Steinkjer Final 25 October 1970 Strømsgodset4–2Lyn Presberg 30' (pen.), 46'I. Pettersen 67', 69' Report Christophersen 10', 37' Ullevaal Stadion, OsloAttendance: 25,744Referee: Einar Røed (Tønsbergs TF) Strømsgodset's winning squad: Inge Thun, Arild Mathisen, Jan Kristiansen, Tor Alsaker-Nøstdahl, Erik Eriksen, Odd Arild Amundsen, Egil Olsen, Bjørn Odmar Andersen, Steinar Pettersen, Thorodd Presberg, Ingar Pettersen; Ole Johnny Friise, Håvard Beckstrøm, Johnny Vidar Pedersen, Sverre Rørvik and Per Rune Wølner. Lyn's team: Svein Bjørn Olsen, Jan Rodvang, Helge Østvold, Tore Børrehaug, Knut Kolle, Arild Gulden, Andreas Morisbak, Ola Dybwad-Olsen, Sven Otto Birkeland, Trygve Christophersen and Jon Palmer Austnes. References http://www.rsssf.no vteNorwegian Football CupSeasons 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Qualifying rounds 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Finals 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 vte1970 in Norwegian football « 1969 1971 » League competitions First Division Second Division Third Division Cup competitions Norwegian Football Cup Final European competitions European Cup '69–'70 '70–'71 European Cup Winners' Cup '69–'70 '70–'71 vte1969–70 in European football (UEFA) « 1968–69 1970–71 » Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark '69 '70 England Faroe Islands '69 '70 Finland '69 '70 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary '69 '70 Iceland '69 '70 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '69 '70 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '69 '70 Spain Sweden '69 '70 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '69 '70 Finland '69 '70 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '69 '70 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '69 '70 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union '69 '70 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Scotland UEFA competitions European Cup (Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) Non-UEFA competitions Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (Final) Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup '69 '70 Mitropa Cup vte1970–71 in European football (UEFA) « 1969–70 1971–72 » Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark '70 '71 England Faroe Islands '70 '71 Finland '70 '71 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '70 '71 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '70 '71 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '70 '71 Spain Sweden '70 '71 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '70 '71 Finland '70 '71 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '70 '71 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '70 '71 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union '70 '71 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Scotland UEFA competitions European Cup (Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) Non-UEFA competitions Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (Final) Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup '70 '71 Mitropa Cup	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian Football Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Strømsgodset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B8msgodset_Toppfotball"},{"link_name":"Lyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Fotball"}],"text":"The 1970 Norwegian Football Cup was the 65th edition of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The Cup was won by Strømsgodset after beating Lyn in the cup final with the score 4–2. This was Strømsgodset's second Norwegian Cup title.","title":"1970 Norwegian Football Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"First round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Haugesund_1-0"},{"link_name":"Haugesund Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesund_Stadion"},{"link_name":"Haugesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesund"}],"text":"^ Played at Haugesund Stadion in Haugesund.","title":"Fourth round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Quarter-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Fotball"},{"link_name":"Steinkjer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinkjer_FK"},{"link_name":"Ullevaal Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullevaal_Stadion"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Strømsgodset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B8msgodset_Toppfotball"},{"link_name":"HamKam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamarkameratene"},{"link_name":"S. Pettersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinar_Pettersen"},{"link_name":"I. Pettersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingar_Pettersen"},{"link_name":"Presberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorodd_Presberg"},{"link_name":"E. Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egil_Olsen_(footballer,_born_1948)"},{"link_name":"Marienlyst Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienlyst_Stadion"},{"link_name":"Drammen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drammen"}],"text":"4 October 1970\nLyn0–0Steinkjer\n\n\n\nUllevaal Stadion, Oslo4 October 1970\nStrømsgodset7–0HamKam\nAmundsen 15'S. Pettersen 30', 89'I. Pettersen 36'Presberg 55', 58'E. Olsen 87'\n\n\nMarienlyst Stadion, Drammen","title":"Semi-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steinkjer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinkjer_FK"},{"link_name":"Lyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Fotball"},{"link_name":"Sandland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasmund_Sandland"},{"link_name":"Guldbergaunet Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldbergaunet_Stadion"},{"link_name":"Steinkjer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinkjer"}],"sub_title":"Replay","text":"18 October 1970\nSteinkjer0–1Lyn\n\n\nSandland ?'\nGuldbergaunet Stadion, Steinkjer","title":"Semi-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strømsgodset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B8msgodset_Toppfotball"},{"link_name":"Lyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Fotball"},{"link_name":"Presberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorodd_Presberg"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"I. Pettersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingar_Pettersen"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsssf.no/1970/fcup"},{"link_name":"Ullevaal Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullevaal_Stadion"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Tønsbergs TF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8nsbergs_TF"},{"link_name":"Inge Thun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_Thun"},{"link_name":"Arild Mathisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arild_Mathisen"},{"link_name":"Egil Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egil_Olsen_(footballer,_born_1948)"},{"link_name":"Bjørn Odmar Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Odmar_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Steinar Pettersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinar_Pettersen"},{"link_name":"Thorodd Presberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorodd_Presberg"},{"link_name":"Per Rune Wølner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Rune_W%C3%B8lner"},{"link_name":"Svein Bjørn Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svein_Bj%C3%B8rn_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Jan Rodvang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Rodvang"},{"link_name":"Tore Børrehaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore_B%C3%B8rrehaug"},{"link_name":"Arild Gulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arild_Gulden"},{"link_name":"Andreas Morisbak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Morisbak"},{"link_name":"Ola Dybwad-Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Dybwad-Olsen"},{"link_name":"Sven Otto Birkeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Otto_Birkeland"}],"text":"25 October 1970\nStrømsgodset4–2Lyn\nPresberg 30' (pen.), 46'I. Pettersen 67', 69'\nReport\nChristophersen 10', 37'\nUllevaal Stadion, OsloAttendance: 25,744Referee: Einar Røed (Tønsbergs TF)Strømsgodset's winning squad: Inge Thun, Arild Mathisen, Jan Kristiansen, Tor Alsaker-Nøstdahl, Erik Eriksen, Odd Arild Amundsen, Egil Olsen, Bjørn Odmar Andersen, Steinar Pettersen, Thorodd Presberg, Ingar Pettersen; \nOle Johnny Friise, Håvard Beckstrøm, Johnny Vidar Pedersen, Sverre Rørvik and Per Rune Wølner.Lyn's team: Svein Bjørn Olsen, Jan Rodvang, Helge Østvold, Tore Børrehaug,\nKnut Kolle, Arild Gulden, Andreas Morisbak, Ola Dybwad-Olsen, Sven Otto Birkeland, Trygve Christophersen and Jon Palmer Austnes.","title":"Final"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.rsssf.no/1970/fcup","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.no/1970/Cup.html","external_links_name":"http://www.rsssf.no"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Rogue_(1938_film)	The Village Rogue (1938 film)	["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]	1938 film The Village RogueDirected byBéla PásztorWritten byGyörgy Kürthy Lajos PásztorBased onThe Village Rogue by Ede TóthProduced byGyörgy EngelStarringMargit Dajka Artúr Somlay Zsóka ÖlvedyCinematographyFerenc Gergelits Andor VidorEdited byZoltán FarkasMusic byLászló AngyalProductioncompanyUnitasRelease date 12 January 1938 (1938-01-12) Running time96 minutesCountryHungaryLanguageHungarian The Village Rogue (Hungarian: A falu rossza) is a 1938 Hungarian drama film directed by Béla Pásztor and starring Margit Dajka, Artúr Somlay and Zsóka Ölvedy. It was based on an 1875 play by Ede Tóth, previously made into a 1916 silent film of the same title. Cast Margit Dajka as Finum Rózsi Artúr Somlay as Feledi, bíró Zsóka Ölvedy as Feledi Piroska Zoltán Greguss as Göndör Sándor Erzsi Somogyi as Bátki Tercsi Kálmán Rózsahegyi as Gonosz Pista Ferenc Hoykó as Lajcsi, Feledi bíró fia János Balassa as Cigányprímás József Berky as Cigány József Bihari as Jóska, Feledi bérese Irma Cserei as Felediék szakácsnöje Lajos Gárday as Csendbiztos Lajos Gárdonyi as Kocsmáros György Hajnal as Cigány Zoltán Hosszú as Koma Margit Ladomerszky as Julis, a koma felesége Antal Matány as Cigány Ilona Náday as Mariska - Feledi Boriska barátnöje Erzsi Pártos as Kocsmárosné Domokos Sala as Cigányzenész Marcsa Simon as Gonosz Pista felesége Böske T. Oláh as Vendég a kézfogón Böske Tóth as Vendég a kézfogón References ^ Cunningham p.238 Bibliography Cunningham, John. Hungarian Cinema: From Coffee House to Multiplex. Wallflower Press, 2004. Juhász, István. Kincses magyar filmtár 1931-1944: az eredeti forgatókönyvből 1931 és 1944 között létrejött hazai mozgóképekről. Kráter, 2007. Rîpeanu, Bujor. (ed.) International Directory of Cinematographers, Set- and Costume Designers in Film: Hungary (from the beginnings to 1988). Saur, 1981. External links The Village Rogue at IMDb This article related to a Hungarian film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Béla Pásztor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9la_P%C3%A1sztor_(director)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Margit Dajka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margit_Dajka"},{"link_name":"Artúr Somlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_Somlay"},{"link_name":"Zsóka Ölvedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zs%C3%B3ka_%C3%96lvedy"},{"link_name":"Ede Tóth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ede_T%C3%B3th"},{"link_name":"silent film of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Rogue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Village Rogue (Hungarian: A falu rossza) is a 1938 Hungarian drama film directed by Béla Pásztor and starring Margit Dajka, Artúr Somlay and Zsóka Ölvedy. It was based on an 1875 play by Ede Tóth, previously made into a 1916 silent film of the same title.[1]","title":"The Village Rogue (1938 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margit Dajka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margit_Dajka"},{"link_name":"Artúr Somlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_Somlay"},{"link_name":"Zsóka Ölvedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zs%C3%B3ka_%C3%96lvedy"},{"link_name":"Zoltán Greguss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Greguss"},{"link_name":"Erzsi Somogyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzsi_Somogyi"},{"link_name":"Kálmán Rózsahegyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_R%C3%B3zsahegyi"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Hoykó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Hoyk%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"János Balassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1nos_Balassa_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"József Berky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zsef_Berky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"József Bihari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Bihari"},{"link_name":"Irma Cserei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irma_Cserei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lajos Gárday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lajos_G%C3%A1rday&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lajos Gárdonyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lajos_G%C3%A1rdonyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"György Hajnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gy%C3%B6rgy_Hajnal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zoltán Hosszú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zolt%C3%A1n_Hossz%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Margit Ladomerszky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margit_Ladomerszky"},{"link_name":"Antal Matány","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antal_Mat%C3%A1ny&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ilona Náday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilona_N%C3%A1day"},{"link_name":"Erzsi Pártos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzsi_P%C3%A1rtos"},{"link_name":"Domokos Sala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domokos_Sala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcsa Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcsa_Simon"},{"link_name":"Böske T. Oláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B6ske_T._Ol%C3%A1h&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Böske Tóth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B6ske_T%C3%B3th&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Margit Dajka as \tFinum Rózsi\nArtúr Somlay as Feledi, bíró\nZsóka Ölvedy as \tFeledi Piroska\nZoltán Greguss as \tGöndör Sándor\nErzsi Somogyi as \tBátki Tercsi\nKálmán Rózsahegyi as \tGonosz Pista\nFerenc Hoykó as \tLajcsi, Feledi bíró fia\nJános Balassa as \tCigányprímás\nJózsef Berky as \tCigány\nJózsef Bihari as\tJóska, Feledi bérese\nIrma Cserei as \tFelediék szakácsnöje\nLajos Gárday as \tCsendbiztos\nLajos Gárdonyi as \tKocsmáros\nGyörgy Hajnal as \tCigány\nZoltán Hosszú as \tKoma\nMargit Ladomerszky as\tJulis, a koma felesége\nAntal Matány as Cigány\nIlona Náday as \tMariska - Feledi Boriska barátnöje\nErzsi Pártos as \tKocsmárosné\nDomokos Sala as \tCigányzenész\nMarcsa Simon as \tGonosz Pista felesége\nBöske T. Oláh as \tVendég a kézfogón\nBöske Tóth as\tVendég a kézfogón","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cunningham, John. Hungarian Cinema: From Coffee House to Multiplex. Wallflower Press, 2004.\nJuhász, István. Kincses magyar filmtár 1931-1944: az eredeti forgatókönyvből 1931 és 1944 között létrejött hazai mozgóképekről. Kráter, 2007.\nRîpeanu, Bujor. (ed.) International Directory of Cinematographers, Set- and Costume Designers in Film: Hungary (from the beginnings to 1988). Saur, 1981.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028848/","external_links_name":"The Village Rogue"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Village_Rogue_(1938_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_V._Kokotovic	Petar V. Kokotovic	["1 Biography","2 Recognitions","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Petar V. KokotovićBorn1934 (age 89–90)CitizenshipAmericanKnown forDevelopment and applications of large-scale systems analysis and adaptive control theory.AwardsRichard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award (2002)IEEE Control Systems Award (1995) IFAC Quazza Medal (1990)Scientific careerFieldsControl theory, Adaptive control, Nonlinear control, Optimal control, Robust controlDoctoral students Joe Chow Charles Robert Hadlock Petros A. Ioannou Hassan K. Khalil Miroslav Krstić Petar V. Kokotovic (Serbian Cyrillic: Петар В. Кокотовић) is professor emeritus in the College of Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA. He has made contributions in the areas of adaptive control, singular perturbation techniques, and nonlinear control especially the backstepping stabilization method. Biography Kokotovic was born in Belgrade in 1934. He received his B.S. (1958) and M.S. (1963) degrees from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Electrical Engineering, and his Ph.D. (1965) from the USSR Academy of Sciences (Institute of Automation and Remote Control), Moscow. He came to the United States in 1965 and was professor at the University of Illinois for 25 years. He joined the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1991, where he was the founding and long-serving director of the Center for Control, Dynamical Systems and Computation. This center has become a role model of cross-disciplinary research and education. One of the Center’s achievements is a fully integrated cross-disciplinary graduate program for electrical and computer, mechanical and environmental, and chemical engineering fields. At UC Santa Barbara his group developed constructive nonlinear control methods and applied them, with colleagues from MIT, Caltech and United Technologies Research Center, to new jet engine designs. As a long-term industrial consultant, he has contributed to computer controls at Ford and to power system stability at General Electric. For his control systems contributions, Professor Kokotovic has been recognized with the triennial Quazza Medal from the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC), the Control Systems Field Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the 2002 Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award from the American Automatic Control Council, with the citation "for pioneering contributions to control theory and engineering, and for inspirational leadership as mentor, advisor, and lecturer over a period spanning four decades." Kokotovic was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1996 for the development and applications of large-scale systems analysis and adaptive control theory. He is a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Fellow of IEEE. His honors also include the D.C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award and two IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control outstanding paper awards. Dr. Kokotovic has co-authored numerous papers and ten books. His former students include Joe Chow, Charles Robert Hadlock, Petros A. Ioannou, Hassan Khalil, and Miroslav Krstić. Recognitions Fellow of the IEEE, 1980 Lecturer at the French National Seminar (CNRS) on "New Tools for Control," Paris, 1982 Outstanding Paper Award, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 1984 D.C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1987 Grainger Endowed Chair, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1990 Quazza Medal, Highest Triennial Award, International Federation of Automatic Control, 1990 IEEE Bode Prize Lecture, 1991 Foreign Expert to Evaluate French National Institute (INRIA), 1992 The 1993 IEEE Outstanding Transactions Paper Award The 1995 IEEE Control Systems Award Member, National Academy of Engineering, 1996 IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal, IEEE, 2001 Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award, American Automatic Control Council, 2002. Foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2011 See also Backstepping References ^ Petar V. Kokotović was elected in 1996 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering for development and applications of large-scale systems analysis and adaptive control theory. ^ a b c d "Petar Kokotovic". www.ieee-ras.org. IEEE Robotics & Automation Society. ^ "Petar Kokotovic Bio Abstract". www.ccdc.ucsb.edu. UC Santa Barbara. ^ a b c "Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award". American Automatic Control Council. Retrieved 2013-02-10. ^ "IEEE Control Systems Award Recipients" (PDF). IEEE. Retrieved 2011-03-30. ^ "IEEE Control Systems Award". IEEE Control Systems Society. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2011-03-30. ^ "IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal Recipients" (PDF). IEEE. Retrieved 2010-11-24. External links "I.E.E.E. Bio Page of Petar Kokotovic". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Retrieved 2008-01-17. vteAACC Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award1979–2000 Hendrik Wade Bode (1979) Nathaniel B. Nichols (1980) Charles Stark Draper (1981) Irving Lefkowitz (1982) John V. Breakwell (1983) Richard E. Bellman (1984) Harold Chestnut (1985) John Zaborszky (1986) John C. Lozier (1987) Walter R. Evans (1988) Roger W. Brockett (1989) Arthur E. Bryson (1990) John G. Truxal (1991) Rutherford Aris (1992) Eliahu I. Jury (1993) Jose B. Cruz Jr. (1994) Michael Athans (1995) Elmer G. Gilbert (1996) Rudolf E. Kalman (1997) Lotfi A. Zadeh (1998) Yu-Chi Ho (1999) W. Harmon Ray (2000) 2001–present A. V. Balakrishnan (2001) Petar V. Kokotovic (2002) Kumpati S. Narendra (2003) Harold J. Kushner (2004) Gene F. Franklin (2005) Tamer Başar (2006) Sanjoy K. Mitter (2007) Pravin Varaiya (2008) George Leitmann (2009) Dragoslav D. Šiljak (2010) Manfred Morari (2011) Arthur J. Krener (2012) A. Stephen Morse (2013) Dimitri Bertsekas (2014) Thomas F. Edgar (2015) Jason L. Speyer (2016) John S. Baras (2017) Masayoshi Tomizuka (2018) Irena Lasiecka (2019) Galip Ulsoy (2020) Miroslav Krstić (2021) Eduardo Sontag (2022) Stephen P. Boyd (2023) vteIEEE James H. Mulligan Jr. Education Medal1956–1975 Frederick Terman (1956) William Littell Everitt (1957) J. F. Calvert (1958) Gordon S. Brown (1959) Ernst Weber (1960) George F. Corcoran (1961) Ernst Guillemin (1962) William Gould Dow (1963) B. R. Teare Jr. (1964) Hugh H. Skilling (1965) William H. Huggins (1966) John Roy Whinnery (1967) Edward C. Jordan (1968) Donald Pederson (1969) Jacob Millman (1970) Franz Ollendorff (1971) Mac Van Valkenburg (1972) Lotfi A. Zadeh (1973) John G. Truxal (1974) Charles A. Desoer (1975) 1976–2000 John G. Linvill (1976) Robert Fano (1977) Harold A. Peterson (1978) John R. Ragazzini (1979) Aldert van der Ziel (1980) Ernest S. Kuh (1981) King-Sun Fu (1982) Mischa Schwartz (1983) Athanasios Papoulis (1984) James F. Gibbons (1985) Richard B. Adler (1986) Joseph W. Goodman (1987) Alan V. Oppenheim (1988) Ben G. Streetman (1989) James D. Meindl (1990) Hermann A. Haus (1991) Ronald W. Schafer (1992) Ronald A. Rohrer (1993) Chung Laung Liu (1994) Thomas Kailath (1995) Adel Sedra (1996) David A. Hodges (1997) Stephen W. Director (1998) Andries van Dam (1999) David Patterson (2000) 2001–present Brian Anderson (2001) Petar V. Kokotovic (2002) Yasuharu Suematsu (2003) Paul R. Gray (2004) Vincent Poor (2005) Sanjit K. Mitra (2006) Andrew S. Tanenbaum (2007) Joseph Bordogna (2008) Jose B. Cruz Jr. (2009) Randy Katz (2010) Raj Mittra (2011) Fawwaz T. Ulaby (2012) J. David Irwin (2013) John G. Proakis (2014) Richard Baraniuk (2015) Simon Haykin (2016) Stephen P. Boyd (2017) Delores M. Etter (2018) John G. Webster (2019) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii DBLP MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara"},{"link_name":"adaptive control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_control"},{"link_name":"singular perturbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_perturbation"},{"link_name":"nonlinear control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_control"},{"link_name":"backstepping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstepping"},{"link_name":"stabilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov_stability"}],"text":"Petar V. Kokotovic (Serbian Cyrillic: Петар В. Кокотовић) is professor emeritus in the College of Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA. He has made contributions in the areas of adaptive control, singular perturbation techniques, and nonlinear control especially the backstepping stabilization method.","title":"Petar V. Kokotovic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEE_RAS-2"},{"link_name":"University of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgrade_Faculty_of_Electrical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEE_RAS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEE_RAS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEE_RAS-2"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucsb-3"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE"},{"link_name":"Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman_Control_Heritage_Award"},{"link_name":"American Automatic Control Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automatic_Control_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aacc-4"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aacc-4"},{"link_name":"Charles Robert Hadlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Hadlock"},{"link_name":"Petros A. Ioannou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petros_A._Ioannou"},{"link_name":"Hassan Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_K._Khalil"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Krstić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Krsti%C4%87"}],"text":"Kokotovic was born in Belgrade in 1934.[2] He received his B.S. (1958) and M.S. (1963) degrees from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Electrical Engineering, and his Ph.D. (1965) from the USSR Academy of Sciences (Institute of Automation and Remote Control), Moscow.[2]He came to the United States in 1965 and was professor at the University of Illinois for 25 years.[2] He joined the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1991, where he was the founding and long-serving director of the Center for Control, Dynamical Systems and Computation.[2] This center has become a role model of cross-disciplinary research and education. One of the Center’s achievements is a fully integrated cross-disciplinary graduate program for electrical and computer, mechanical and environmental, and chemical engineering fields.At UC Santa Barbara his group developed constructive nonlinear control methods and applied them, with colleagues from MIT, Caltech and United Technologies Research Center, to new jet engine designs. As a long-term industrial consultant, he has contributed to computer controls at Ford and to power system stability at General Electric.[3]For his control systems contributions, Professor Kokotovic has been recognized with the triennial Quazza Medal from the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC), the Control Systems Field Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the 2002 Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award from the American Automatic Control Council, with the citation \"for pioneering contributions to control theory and engineering, and for inspirational leadership as mentor, advisor, and lecturer over a period spanning four decades.\"[4]Kokotovic was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1996 for the development and applications of large-scale systems analysis and adaptive control theory.[citation needed] He is a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Fellow of IEEE. His honors also include the D.C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award and two IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control outstanding paper awards.Dr. Kokotovic has co-authored numerous papers and ten books.[4]His former students include Joe Chow, Charles Robert Hadlock, Petros A. Ioannou, Hassan Khalil, and Miroslav Krstić.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IEEE Control Systems Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Control_Systems_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEEE-ControlSystems-Award-Recipients-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEEE-CSS-ControlSystems-Award-6"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_James_H._Mulligan,_Jr._Education_Medal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman_Control_Heritage_Award"},{"link_name":"American Automatic Control Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automatic_Control_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aacc-4"}],"text":"Fellow of the IEEE, 1980\nLecturer at the French National Seminar (CNRS) on \"New Tools for Control,\" Paris, 1982\nOutstanding Paper Award, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 1984\nD.C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1987\nGrainger Endowed Chair, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1990\nQuazza Medal, Highest Triennial Award, International Federation of Automatic Control, 1990\nIEEE Bode Prize Lecture, 1991\nForeign Expert to Evaluate French National Institute (INRIA), 1992\nThe 1993 IEEE Outstanding Transactions Paper Award\nThe 1995 IEEE Control Systems Award[5][6]\nMember, National Academy of Engineering, 1996\nIEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal, IEEE, 2001[7]\nRichard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award, American Automatic Control Council, 2002.[4]\nForeign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2011","title":"Recognitions"}]	[]	[{"title":"Backstepping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstepping"}]	[{"reference":"\"Petar Kokotovic\". www.ieee-ras.org. IEEE Robotics & Automation Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ieee-ras.org/roboticshistory/roboticist-detail/roboticistprofile.html?profileid=62","url_text":"\"Petar Kokotovic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Petar Kokotovic Bio Abstract\". www.ccdc.ucsb.edu. UC Santa Barbara.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccdc.ucsb.edu/event/119161","url_text":"\"Petar Kokotovic Bio Abstract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award\". American Automatic Control Council. Retrieved 2013-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://a2c2.org/awards/richard-e-bellman-control-heritage-award","url_text":"\"Richard E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Boons	Jozef Boons	["1 References","2 External links"]	Belgian cyclist (1943–2000) Jozef BoonsPersonal informationFull nameJozef BoonsBorn(1943-02-13)13 February 1943Vorst, BelgiumDied15 December 2000(2000-12-15) (aged 57)Laakdal, BelgiumTeam informationRoleRider Jozef Boons (13 February 1943 – 15 December 2000) was a Belgian racing cyclist. He won the Belgian national road race title in 1967. He also competed in the individual road race at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He died in 2000 after being hit by a truck. References ^ "Jozef Boons". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 1 May 2014. ^ "Jozef Boons". Cycling Archives. Retrieved 1 May 2014. ^ a b "Jozef Boons Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2014. External links Jozef Boons at Cycling Archives vteBelgian National Road Race Champion (men)1880–1899 Léon Houa (1894) Henri Luyten (1895–1896) Henri Bertrand (1897–1898) Jules Degeetere (1899) 1900–1919 Mathieu Quoidbach (1900) Paul Burger (1901) Jules Defrance (1902) Arthur Vanderstuyft (1903) Jules Sales (1904) Dieudonné Jamar (1905) Francois Verstraeten (1907–1908) Cyrille van Hauwaert (1909) Henri Hanlet (1910) Odile Defraye (1911) Omer Verschoore (1912) Joseph Van Daele (1913) Victor Dethier (1914) Jean Rossius (1919) 1920–1939 Jules Vanhevel (1920–1921) René Vermandel (1922) Félix Sellier (1923) René Vermandel (1924) Gerard Debaets (1925) Félix Sellier (1926) August Mortelmans (1927) Joseph Dervaes (1928) Joseph Wauters (1929–1930) Alphonse Schepers (1931) Georges Lemaire (1932) Louis Duerloo (1933) Louis Roels (1934) Gustave Danneels (1935) Jean Aerts (1936) Karel Kaers (1937) Petrus Van Theemsche (1938) Marcel Kint (1939) 1940–1959 Odiel Van Den Meersschaut (1940) André Defoort (1941) André Maelbrancke (1942) Rik Van Steenbergen (1943, 1945) Émile Masson Jr. (1946–1947) Achiel Buysse (1948) Valère Ollivier (1949) Albert Ramon (1950) Lode Anthonis (1951) Jozef Schils (1952) Alois Vansteenkiste (1953) Rik Van Steenbergen (1954) Emiel Van Cauter (1955) André Vlayen (1956–1957) Rik Van Looy (1958) Petrus Oellibrandt (1959) 1960–1979 Frans De Mulder (1960) Michel Van Aerde (1961) Jef Planckaert (1962) Rik Van Looy (1963) Edward Sels (1964) Walter Godefroot (1965) Guido Reybrouck (1966) Jozef Boons (1967) Julien Stevens (1968) Roger De Vlaeminck (1969) Eddy Merckx (1970) Herman Van Springel (1971) Walter Godefroot (1972) Frans Verbeeck (1973) Roger Swerts (1974) Willy Teirlinck (1975) Freddy Maertens (1976) Michel Pollentier (1977–1978) Gery Verlinden (1979) 1980–1999 Jos Jacobs (1980) Roger De Vlaeminck (1981) Frank Hoste (1982) Lucien Van Impe (1983) Eric Vanderaerden (1984) Paul Haghedooren (1985) Marc Sergeant (1986) Ferdi Van Den Haute (1987) Etienne De Wilde (1988) Carlo Bomans (1989) Claude Criquielion (1990) Benjamin Van Itterbeeck (1991) Johan Museeuw (1992) Alain Van Den Bossche (1993) Wilfried Nelissen (1994–1995) Johan Museeuw (1996) Tom Steels (1997–1998) Ludo Dierckxsens (1999) 2000–2019 Axel Merckx (2000) Ludovic Capelle (2001) Tom Steels (2002) Geert Omloop (2003) Tom Steels (2004) Serge Baguet (2005) Niko Eeckhout (2006) Stijn Devolder (2007) Jürgen Roelandts (2008) Tom Boonen (2009) Stijn Devolder (2010) Philippe Gilbert (2011) Tom Boonen (2012) Stijn Devolder (2013) Jens Debusschere (2014) Preben Van Hecke (2015) Philippe Gilbert (2016) Oliver Naesen (2017) Yves Lampaert (2018) Tim Merlier (2019) 2020–2039 Dries De Bondt (2020) Wout van Aert (2021) Tim Merlier (2022) Remco Evenepoel (2023) This biographical article related to a Belgian cyclist born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racing cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-procyclingstats-1"},{"link_name":"Belgian national road race title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyclingArchives-2"},{"link_name":"individual road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_individual_road_race"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-3"}],"text":"Jozef Boons (13 February 1943 – 15 December 2000) was a Belgian racing cyclist.[1] He won the Belgian national road race title in 1967.[2] He also competed in the individual road race at the 1964 Summer Olympics.[3] He died in 2000 after being hit by a truck.[3]","title":"Jozef Boons"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jozef Boons\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Hermann-Texas_Medical_Center	Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center	["1 Leadership","2 Hospitals and Institutes","2.1 Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital","2.2 Memorial Hermann Heart & Vascular Institute","2.3 Mischer Neuroscience Institute","2.4 TIRR Memorial Hermann","3 Rankings","4 Transportation","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 29°42′48″N 95°23′45″W / 29.7133°N 95.3959°W / 29.7133; -95.3959Hospital in Texas, United StatesMemorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center HospitalMemorial Hermann Healthcare SystemGeographyLocationTexas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United StatesOrganizationCare systemNot-for-profitTypeGeneral and Teaching HospitalAffiliated universityUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonServicesEmergency departmentLevel I trauma centerBeds1,104HistoryOpened1907LinksWebsitememorialhermann.orgListsHospitals in Texas MH-TMCclass=notpageimage\| Location within Texas Medical Center Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center is a nationally ranked hospital at the Texas Medical Center. It is the first hospital founded in the Texas Medical Center in Houston, Texas (and its founding predates the Texas Medical Center). Founded in 1925, it is the primary teaching hospital for McGovern Medical School (formerly The University of Texas Medical School at Houston (UTHealth Medical School)) and the flagship location of 13 hospitals in the Memorial Hermann Healthcare System. It is one of two certified Level I Trauma Centers in the greater Houston area. The Memorial Hermann Life Flight air ambulance service operates its fleet of helicopters from Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center. Pediatric care to the hospital is provided by Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital which treats infants, children, teens, and young adults age 0-21. Leadership Brian Dean was named CEO of Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center in 2015. Previously, he was the CFO for Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center. Hospitals and Institutes Memorial Hermann Hospital TMC in 2003 The Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center campus hosts the main Texas Medical Center Hospital along with Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital. TIRR Memorial Hermann rehabilitation hospital is also located in the Texas Medical Center. The campus houses four institutes: the Heart & Vascular Institute, the Mischer Neuroscience Institute, the Texas Trauma Institute and the Memorial Hermann IRONMAN Sports Medicine Institute. It is the only hospital in Houston with Burn Center Verification by the American Burn Association. The hospital founded Life Flight in 1976 as the first air ambulance service in Texas; today, Life Flight is the only hospital-based air ambulance serving Houston and surrounding communities. Physicians affiliated with the hospital performed the first successful liver transplant in Houston and were the first in the nation to perform a living-donor transplant on a neonatal patient. The campus has 1,104 licensed beds: Children's: 278 Women's: 68 Heart & Vascular Institute: 147 Adult: 589 Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital Main article: Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital is located inside Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center and is a member institution of the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions. It houses one of the nation's largest neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and is one of only two Level IV NICUs in Southeast Texas. The NICU at Children's Memorial Hermann treats more than 1,000 premature infants each year. The hospital is nationally recognized for The Fetal Center, a subspecialty center made up of maternal-fetal medicine specialists that perform in utero surgery to treat fetuses with birth defects inside the mother's womb before they are born. Affiliated physicians performed the first in utero spina bifida surgery in Texas after the MOMS trial, an NICHD-sponsored study of prenatal and postnatal closure of myelomeningocele. Memorial Hermann Heart & Vascular Institute The Memorial Hermann Heart & Vascular Institute, the only freestanding heart hospital in the Texas Medical Center, is an eight-floor, 1,650,000-square-foot (153,000 m2) building. Mischer Neuroscience Institute The Mischer Neuroscience Institute provides specialized treatment for diseases of the brain and spine. The institute was the first center in Texas and one of only a few institutions in the country to fully integrate neurology, neurosurgery, neuroradiology and neurorehabilitation. The institute has 140 neuro beds and five dedicated operating rooms It was the first neurosurgery center in Texas to offer microsurgery, interventional neuroradiology/endovascular surgery and gamma knife radiosurgery. Led by Medical Director Dr. Dong Kim and Co-Medical Director Dr. Louise McCullough, the Mischer Neuroscience Institute is a collaboration between UTHealth and Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center. Dr. James Grotta was principal investigator in Houston for the first major trial showing benefits of clot-busting drug tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The 1995 paper announcing the results of the trial, titled "Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke," was voted one of the top nine papers in the 200-year history of the New England Journal of Medicine in 2012. In 2013, the Mischer Neuroscience Institute was recognized by The Joint Commission and the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association with Advanced Certification for Comprehensive Stroke Centers. TIRR Memorial Hermann TIRR Memorial Hermann is a 119-bed rehabilitation hospital, rehabilitation and research center, outpatient medical clinic and network of outpatient rehabilitation centers in Houston, Texas that offers physical rehabilitation to patients following traumatic brain or spinal injury or to those suffering from neurologic illnesses. In 2012, U.S. News & World Report named TIRR Memorial Hermann to the list of America's Best Hospitals for the 23rd consecutive time. Rankings In 2010, Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center was ranked in 4 adult and 1 pediatric specialties by the U.S. News & World Report. It was ranked #30 in Kidney Disorders, #38 in Gynecology, #46 in Heart & Heart Surgery, #48 in Urology, and #30 in Pediatrics: Kidney Disorders. Transportation Memorial Hermann is served by the Memorial Hermann Hospital-Houston Zoo Station of the METRORail Red Line. Nearby airports with commercial airline service include Houston Hobby and George Bush Intercontinental Airport. References ^ "American Hospital Directory - Memorial Hermann - Texas Medical Center". Retrieved 19 February 2024. ^ "Brian Dean Named CEO of Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center". www.memorialhermann.org. Retrieved 2016-02-25. ^ "American Burn Association". Retrieved 21 April 2017. ^ "Children's Hospital Association \| DIRECTORIES". www.childrenshospitals.net. Archived from the original on 2014-09-04. ^ https://med.uth.edu/news/t-pa-paper-named-among-nejms-top-9/ t-PA Paper Named Among NEJM's Top 9 ^ "AHA Healthcare DataViewer - Trusted Data for Healthcare Industry Research - AHA Data Online". Retrieved 21 April 2017. ^ "Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center". US News & World Report. Retrieved January 20, 2011. External links Texas portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center. Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center Harris County Assessor's Block Book Map: Hermann Hospital, PDF format and JPG Format 29°42′48″N 95°23′45″W / 29.7133°N 95.3959°W / 29.7133; -95.3959 vteTexas trauma centersList of hospitals in TexasLevel I Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Temple Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas Ben Taub Hospital Brooke Army Medical Center Dell Seton Medical Center Doctors Hospital at Renaissance John Peter Smith Hospital Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center Methodist Dallas Medical Center Parkland Memorial Hospital Medical City Plano South Texas Health System McAllen University Hospital San Antonio University Medical Center - Lubbock University Medical Center of El Paso University of Texas Medical Branch UT Health Tyler Level II Baylor Scott & White Hillcrest Medical Center Baylor Scott & White Medical Center - Grapevine CHI St. Joseph Health CHRISTUS Spohn Hospital Corpus Christi Memorial-Shoreline CHRISTUS Trinity Mother Frances Hospital –Tyler Covenant Medical Center HCA Del Sol Medical Center HCA Houston Healthcare Clear Lake HCA Houston Healthcare Conroe HCA Medical City Arlington HCA St. David's Round Rock Medical Center HCA St. David's South Austin Medical Center Medical City Denton Memorial Hermann The Woodlands Hospital Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Plano The Hospitals of Providence East Campus United Regional Valley Baptist Medical Center Level III Baylor Scott & White All Saints Medical Center - Fort Worth Baylor Scott & White Medical Center - Centennial Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – College Station Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Lake Pointe Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – McKinney Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center CHI St. Joseph Health College Station Hospital CHI St. Lukes Health - Brazosport Children’s Hospital of San Antonio CHRISTUS Good Shepherd Medical Center - Longview CHRISTUS Southeast Hospital - St. Elizabeth & St. Mary CHRISTUS St. Michael Health System Citizens Medical Center DeTar Healthcare System Doctors Hospital of Laredo Driscoll Children’s Hospital Harris Health System Lyndon B. Johnson Hospital HCA Houston Healthcare Kingwood HCA Houston Healthcare Northwest HCA Houston Healthcare Southeast HCA Houston Healthcare Tomball Hendrick Medical Center Knapp Medical Center Laredo Medical Center Las Palmas Medical Center, a campus of LPDS Healthcare Longview Regional Medical Center Medical Center Hospital (in Odessa) Medical City Alliance HCA Medical City Hospital Dallas Medical City Frisco Medical City Las Colinas Medical City Lewisville Medical City McKinney Medical City North Hills Memorial Hermann Cypress Hospital Memorial Hermann Greater Heights Hospital Memorial Hermann Katy Hospital Memorial Hermann Southeast Hospital Memorial Hermann The Woodlands Medical Center Methodist Charlton Medical Center Methodist Hospital (in San Antonio) Methodist Mansfield Medical Center Methodist Stone Oak Hospital Midland Memorial Hospital Nacogdoches Memorial Hospital North Central Baptist Hospital Northwest Texas Hospital Paris Regional Medical Center North Campus Rio Grande Regional Hospital Shannon Medical Center St. Joseph Medical Center Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Alliance Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Hurst - Euless - Bedford Texoma Medical Center The Corpus Christi Medical Center- Bay Area The Hospitals of Providence Memorial Campus Titus Regional Medical Center UTMB Health Clear Lake Campus Valley Baptist Medical Center – Brownsville Valley Regional Medical Center Wadley Regional Medical Center William Beaumont Army Medical Center Wilson N. Jones Regional Medical Center Pediatric Level 1 Children's Medical Center Dallas Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital Dell Children's Medical Center Texas Children's Hospital University Hospital San Antonio Pediatric Level 2 Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Temple Cook Children's Medical Center Covenant Children's Hospital HCA Medical City Dallas vteTexas Medical CenterClinical institutionsAdult Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center Ben Taub Hospital Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center Houston Methodist Hospital Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center John Sealy Hospital Pediatric Texas Children's Hospital Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital UTMB Health Children’s Hospital Shriners Hospitals for Children (Houston, Galveston) Psychiatric The Menninger Clinic Harris County Psychiatric Center Specialized University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center The Texas Heart Institute TIRR Memorial Hermann METRORail stations Dryden/TMC Memorial Hermann Hospital / Houston Zoo Texas Medical Center Transit Center Education Baylor College of Medicine Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston University of Texas Medical Branch Houston Independent School District DeBakey High School for Health Professions Other landmarks The Texas Medical Center Library Shamrock Hotel (demolished) This list is incomplete. vteUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston)Academics McGovern Medical School Cizik School of Nursing School of Dentistry Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS) School of Public Health School of Biomedical Informatics Affiliated hospitals Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center Lyndon Baines Johnson General Hospital MD Anderson Cancer Center People James "Red" Duke Centers and Institutes Children's Learning Institute Other related Texas Medical Center Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houston_Medical_Center_Map.png"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houston_Medical_Center_Map.png"},{"link_name":"Texas Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Texas Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"McGovern Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGovern_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"UTHealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTHealth"},{"link_name":"Memorial Hermann Healthcare System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Hermann_Healthcare_System"},{"link_name":"Level I Trauma Centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_Centers#Level_I"},{"link_name":"Memorial Hermann Life Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Hermann_Life_Flight"},{"link_name":"Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Memorial_Hermann_Hospital"}],"text":"Hospital in Texas, United StatesMH-TMCclass=notpageimage\| Location within Texas Medical CenterMemorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center is a nationally ranked hospital at the Texas Medical Center. 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Previously, he was the CFO for Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center.[2]","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial-hermann-hospital.jpg"},{"link_name":"TIRR Memorial Hermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIRR_Memorial_Hermann"},{"link_name":"Texas Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Mischer Neuroscience Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischer_Neuroscience_Institute"},{"link_name":"American Burn Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Burn_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Life Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Hermann_Life_Flight"},{"link_name":"liver transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_transplantation"},{"link_name":"living-donor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_donor_liver_transplantation"},{"link_name":"Children's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Memorial_Hermann_Hospital"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Memorial Hermann Hospital TMC in 2003The Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center campus hosts the main Texas Medical Center Hospital along with Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital. TIRR Memorial Hermann rehabilitation hospital is also located in the Texas Medical Center. The campus houses four institutes: the Heart & Vascular Institute, the Mischer Neuroscience Institute, the Texas Trauma Institute and the Memorial Hermann IRONMAN Sports Medicine Institute.It is the only hospital in Houston with Burn Center Verification by the American Burn Association.[3]The hospital founded Life Flight in 1976 as the first air ambulance service in Texas; today, Life Flight is the only hospital-based air ambulance serving Houston and surrounding communities.Physicians affiliated with the hospital performed the first successful liver transplant in Houston and were the first in the nation to perform a living-donor transplant on a neonatal patient.The campus has 1,104 licensed beds:Children's: 278\nWomen's: 68\nHeart & Vascular Institute: 147\nAdult: 589 [citation needed]","title":"Hospitals and Institutes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Children%27s_Hospitals_and_Related_Institutions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"NICUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICU"},{"link_name":"maternal-fetal medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal-fetal_medicine"},{"link_name":"in utero surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_utero_surgery"},{"link_name":"spina bifida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spina_bifida"},{"link_name":"MOMS trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOMS_Trial"},{"link_name":"myelomeningocele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelomeningocele"}],"sub_title":"Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital","text":"Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital is located inside Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center and is a member institution of the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions.[4] It houses one of the nation's largest neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and is one of only two Level IV NICUs in Southeast Texas. 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Affiliated physicians performed the first in utero spina bifida surgery in Texas after the MOMS trial, an NICHD-sponsored study of prenatal and postnatal closure of myelomeningocele.","title":"Hospitals and Institutes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Memorial Hermann Heart & Vascular Institute","text":"The Memorial Hermann Heart & Vascular Institute, the only freestanding heart hospital in the Texas Medical Center, is an eight-floor, 1,650,000-square-foot (153,000 m2) building.","title":"Hospitals and Institutes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mischer Neuroscience Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischer_Neuroscience_Institute"},{"link_name":"neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology"},{"link_name":"neurosurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgery"},{"link_name":"neuroradiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroradiology"},{"link_name":"neurorehabilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurorehabilitation"},{"link_name":"gamma knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Knife"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dong Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Kim_(neurosurgeon)"},{"link_name":"Louise McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_McCullough"},{"link_name":"UTHealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTHealth"},{"link_name":"tissue plasminogen activator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_plasminogen_activator"},{"link_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Joint Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joint_Commission"},{"link_name":"American Heart Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association"},{"link_name":"American Stroke Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Stroke_Association"},{"link_name":"Advanced Certification for Comprehensive Stroke Centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Certification_for_Comprehensive_Stroke_Centers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Mischer Neuroscience Institute","text":"The Mischer Neuroscience Institute provides specialized treatment for diseases of the brain and spine. The institute was the first center in Texas and one of only a few institutions in the country to fully integrate neurology, neurosurgery, neuroradiology and neurorehabilitation. The institute has 140 neuro beds and five dedicated operating roomsIt was the first neurosurgery center in Texas to offer microsurgery, interventional neuroradiology/endovascular surgery and gamma knife radiosurgery.Led by Medical Director Dr. Dong Kim and Co-Medical Director Dr. Louise McCullough, the Mischer Neuroscience Institute is a collaboration between UTHealth and Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center. Dr. James Grotta was principal investigator in Houston for the first major trial showing benefits of clot-busting drug tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The 1995 paper announcing the results of the trial, titled \"Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke,\" was voted one of the top nine papers in the 200-year history of the New England Journal of Medicine in 2012.[5]In 2013, the Mischer Neuroscience Institute was recognized by The Joint Commission and the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association with Advanced Certification for Comprehensive Stroke Centers.","title":"Hospitals and Institutes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rehabilitation hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_hospital"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"}],"sub_title":"TIRR Memorial Hermann","text":"TIRR Memorial Hermann is a 119-bed rehabilitation hospital, rehabilitation and research center, outpatient medical clinic and network of outpatient rehabilitation centers in Houston, Texas that offers physical rehabilitation to patients following traumatic brain or spinal injury or to those suffering from neurologic illnesses.[6] In 2012, U.S. News & World Report named TIRR Memorial Hermann to the list of America's Best Hospitals for the 23rd consecutive time.","title":"Hospitals and Institutes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2010, Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center was ranked in 4 adult and 1 pediatric specialties by the U.S. News & World Report. It was ranked #30 in Kidney Disorders, #38 in Gynecology, #46 in Heart & Heart Surgery, #48 in Urology, and #30 in Pediatrics: Kidney Disorders.[7]","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memorial Hermann Hospital-Houston Zoo Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Hermann_Hospital-Houston_Zoo_Station"},{"link_name":"METRORail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METRORail"},{"link_name":"Houston Hobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Hobby_Airport"},{"link_name":"George Bush Intercontinental Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport"}],"text":"Memorial Hermann is served by the Memorial Hermann Hospital-Houston Zoo Station of the METRORail Red Line. Nearby airports with commercial airline service include Houston Hobby and George Bush Intercontinental Airport.","title":"Transportation"}]	[{"image_text":"Memorial Hermann Hospital TMC in 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Memorial-hermann-hospital.jpg/220px-Memorial-hermann-hospital.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"American Hospital Directory - Memorial Hermann - Texas Medical Center\". Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ahd.com/free_profile/450068/Memorial_Hermann_-_Texas_Medical_Center/Houston/Texas/","url_text":"\"American Hospital Directory - Memorial Hermann - Texas Medical Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Dean Named CEO of Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center\". www.memorialhermann.org. Retrieved 2016-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.memorialhermann.org/news/brian-dean-named-ceo-of-memorial-hermann-texas-medical-center/","url_text":"\"Brian Dean Named CEO of Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Burn Association\". Retrieved 21 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ameriburn.org/verification_verifiedcenters.php","url_text":"\"American Burn Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Children's Hospital Association \| DIRECTORIES\". www.childrenshospitals.net. Archived from the original on 2014-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140904081426/http://www.childrenshospitals.net/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Hospital_Directories&Template=%2FCustomSource%2FHospitalProfiles%2FHospitalProfileResultNew.cfm","url_text":"\"Children's Hospital Association \| DIRECTORIES\""},{"url":"http://www.childrenshospitals.net/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Hospital_Directories&Template=/CustomSource/HospitalProfiles/HospitalProfileResultNew.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AHA Healthcare DataViewer - Trusted Data for Healthcare Industry Research - AHA Data Online\". Retrieved 21 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahadataviewer.com/","url_text":"\"AHA Healthcare DataViewer - Trusted Data for Healthcare Industry Research - AHA Data Online\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Memorial_Hermann%E2%80%93Texas_Medical_Center&params=29.7133_N_95.3959_W_type:landmark_region:US-TX","external_links_name":"29°42′48″N 95°23′45″W / 29.7133°N 95.3959°W / 29.7133; -95.3959"},{"Link":"http://www.memorialhermann.org/locations/texas-medical-center/","external_links_name":"memorialhermann.org"},{"Link":"https://www.ahd.com/free_profile/450068/Memorial_Hermann_-_Texas_Medical_Center/Houston/Texas/","external_links_name":"\"American Hospital Directory - Memorial Hermann - Texas Medical Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.memorialhermann.org/news/brian-dean-named-ceo-of-memorial-hermann-texas-medical-center/","external_links_name":"\"Brian Dean Named CEO of Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.ameriburn.org/verification_verifiedcenters.php","external_links_name":"\"American Burn Association\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140904081426/http://www.childrenshospitals.net/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Hospital_Directories&Template=%2FCustomSource%2FHospitalProfiles%2FHospitalProfileResultNew.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Children's Hospital Association \| DIRECTORIES\""},{"Link":"http://www.childrenshospitals.net/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Hospital_Directories&Template=/CustomSource/HospitalProfiles/HospitalProfileResultNew.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://med.uth.edu/news/t-pa-paper-named-among-nejms-top-9/","external_links_name":"https://med.uth.edu/news/t-pa-paper-named-among-nejms-top-9/"},{"Link":"http://www.ahadataviewer.com/","external_links_name":"\"AHA Healthcare DataViewer - Trusted Data for Healthcare Industry Research - AHA Data Online\""},{"Link":"http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/memorial-hermann-texas-medical-center-6741890","external_links_name":"Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center"},{"Link":"http://memorialhermann.org/locations/texasmedicalcenter","external_links_name":"Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center"},{"Link":"http://books.tax.hctx.net/BlockBooksPDF/v118/AE1997_118-4_0152.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF format"},{"Link":"http://books.tax.hctx.net/v118/AE1997_118-4_0152.jpg","external_links_name":"JPG Format"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Memorial_Hermann%E2%80%93Texas_Medical_Center&params=29.7133_N_95.3959_W_type:landmark_region:US-TX","external_links_name":"29°42′48″N 95°23′45″W / 29.7133°N 95.3959°W / 29.7133; -95.3959"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000096915037","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143286018","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006183770","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Review_Republican	The Review Republican	["1 History","2 References"]	This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)The Review RepublicanThe 16 November 2006 front page ofThe Review RepublicanTypeWeekly newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)Community Media GroupPublisherTwin States PublishingFounded1854 The Review Republican is a weekly newspaper serving Warren, Fountain and Benton counties in Indiana. It is published weekly, on Thursdays. History The Review Republican was formed on October 22, 1914, as a merger between two other newspapers — the Warren Review and the Warren Republican. The Warren Republican began on December 6, 1854, a continuation of the earlier Wabash Commercial which was a Whig Party journal and Williamsport's first newspaper when it began in 1848. The Warren Review was a Republican Party-oriented journal in Williamsport first published on January 1, 1891, by Thomas A. Clifton, who formerly operated the Veedersburg Reporter in Fountain County, Indiana. The first editor of the new, consolidated paper was Review owner John H. Stephenson. The paper was purchased around 1921 by Isaac W. Cripe, whose son Herbert became sole owner on October 4, 1941, upon his father's death. Herbert's wife Florence later became coeditor and copublisher. On April 1, 1980, the Cripes sold the paper to Fall Creek Publications, Inc., headed by Arthur A. Allen. Allen sold the paper to Mary Ann Akers in 1981. Akers owned the paper until 2003, when she sold out to Community Media Group. References Miller, John W. Indiana Newspaper Bibliography, Indiana Historical Society, 1982. vteCommunity Media GroupDaily newspapers Atlantic News-Telegraph Bradford Era Courier-Express Finger Lakes Times Herald Journal Iroquois County's Times-Republic Ludington Daily News The News-Gazette Olean Times Herald The Oelwein Daily Register Rensselaer Republican Selected weekly newspapers The Neighbor The Review Republican Salamanca Press This article about an Indiana newspaper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"}],"text":"The Review Republican is a weekly newspaper serving Warren, Fountain and Benton counties in Indiana. It is published weekly, on Thursdays.","title":"The Review Republican"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whig Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Fountain County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_County,_Indiana"}],"text":"The Review Republican was formed on October 22, 1914, as a merger between two other newspapers — the Warren Review and the Warren Republican.The Warren Republican began on December 6, 1854, a continuation of the earlier Wabash Commercial which was a Whig Party journal and Williamsport's first newspaper when it began in 1848.\nThe Warren Review was a Republican Party-oriented journal in Williamsport first published on January 1, 1891, by Thomas A. Clifton, who formerly operated the Veedersburg Reporter in Fountain County, Indiana.The first editor of the new, consolidated paper was Review owner John H. Stephenson. The paper was purchased around 1921 by Isaac W. Cripe, whose son Herbert became sole owner on October 4, 1941, upon his father's death. Herbert's wife Florence later became coeditor and copublisher. On April 1, 1980, the Cripes sold the paper to Fall Creek Publications, Inc., headed by Arthur A. Allen. Allen sold the paper to Mary Ann Akers in 1981. Akers owned the paper until 2003, when she sold out to Community Media Group.","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Review_Republican&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Kwok_Chow	Raymond "Shrimp Boy" Chow	["1 Personal life","2 Criminal activity","2.1 Armed robbery and mayhem; 1980s reform","2.2 Involvement with Wo Hop To","2.3 Firearms trafficking and racketeering","2.4 Murder of Allen Leung","2.5 Head of Ghee Kung Tong","2.6 Murder of Jim Tat Kong","2.7 Leland Yee dragnet","2.8 Racketeering and murder trial","3 References","4 External links"]	Chinese-American criminal Raymond "Shrimp Boy" ChowBornChow Kwok-cheung (1959-12-31) December 31, 1959 (age 64)British Hong KongOther namesShrimp BoyHa JaiOccupationFormer Triad memberCriminal statusIncarcerated at USP Terre HauteSpouses Anna Ma (m. 1980; div. 1986) Cindy Szeto (m. 1990; div. 1992) Conviction(s)Murder, conspiracy to commit murder, robbery, aggravated assault, illegal possession of firearms, racketeering.Criminal penaltyLife imprisonment Raymond "Shrimp Boy" ChowTraditional Chinese周國祥Simplified Chinese周国祥TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōu GuóxiángYue: CantoneseJyutpingzau1 gwok3 coeng4 Raymond Kwok-Cheung Chow (Chinese: 周國祥; Jyutping: zau1 gwok3 coeng4; born December 31, 1959), nicknamed "Shrimp Boy", is a Hong Kong-born felon with ties to a San Francisco Chinatown street gang and an organized crime syndicate, including the American branch of the Hong Kong-based triad Wo Hop To and the Hop Sing Boys. In 2006, Chow became the leader of the Ghee Kung Tong (CKT), a Chinese fraternal association based in San Francisco, California. In 2014, Chow along with 28 other defendants including former California State Senator Leland Yee, were indicted for racketeering, money laundering, and a host of other alleged criminal activities. Leland Yee pleaded guilty to racketeering in July 2015 for conspiring with his campaign fundraiser to defeat donation limits through money laundering. Despite initial press releases, Chow was not indicted in a racketeering conspiracy with Leland Yee. Chow was indicted in a racketeering conspiracy which alleged that he oversaw a criminal faction of the Ghee Kung Tong. Chow is the only co-defendant of 29 to publicly profess his innocence and ask for an expedited jury trial. His trial began on November 9, 2015. On January 8, 2016, Chow was found guilty on all 162 charges, including one count of murder. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole, plus 20 years. Personal life Chow was born on December 31, 1959, in Hong Kong, then a British colony. He is of Taishanese descent, and had three brothers: two older and one younger.: 28 His nickname "Shrimp Boy" (蝦仔; haa1 zai2) was reportedly bestowed by his grandmother, due to his small stature. His father owned a barbershop, but lost his business to gambling debts when Chow was eight. The family moved into a single room shack for a year, until it burned down. On the program Gangland, Chow said he first joined a gang in his native Hong Kong when he was nine years old. After joining the gang, he intervened in a fight involving his gang mentor by striking his mentor's opponent on the head with a knife, becoming a gang hero in the process. Chow came to the United States with his parents at the age of 17, and dropped out of high school after approximately one month: 29 when he became involved with the Hop Sing Tong gang. The Empress of China restaurant atop the China Trade Center overlooks Portsmouth Square in Chinatown (2018) Chow has been married twice: to Anna Ma (1980–86) and Cindy Szeto (1990–92). His marriage to Szeto was not registered, but they had a reception at the Empress of China restaurant at the top of the China Trade Center, and it ended when he was arrested in 1992.: 29 After they met in 2008 until his arrest, Chow lived with Alicia Lo, her 11-year-old daughter, and two dogs. Chow had publicly renounced his former life of crime, and Lo, a UC Berkeley graduate without Chow's criminal ties, believed she was gradually rehabilitating Chow by introducing him to mainstream American culture. Meanwhile, Chow was teaching Lo Chinese culture. Chow wrote an autobiography entitled Shrimp Boy: The Sun of the Underworld (2011); the title was later updated to Shrimp Boy: Life of Crime, Violence and Redemption Inside the Chinatown Underworld (2013). The manuscript remains unpublished under a restraining order served to Lo in August 2016 after Chow was sentenced to two life terms in prison; no one may publish or profit from it until the government recovers approximately $255,000 in seized assets and fines. Criminal activity Chow stated he carried a letter of introduction from the leader of his gang in Hong Kong when he emigrated to San Francisco, joining the Hop Sing Boys. In an early incident, when he was 17, he was dropped off at a home in Hillsborough and was told to beat the resident to send a message from La Cosa Nostra; he finished the beating with the help of a two-by-four in two minutes and earned $3,000. One year after arriving in the city, Chow was involved in the infamous Golden Dragon massacre in 1977, dining at the restaurant with other Hop Sing Boys members. In the wake of the 1977 shooting, the Wah Ching were ascendant and the Hop Sing were chased out of San Francisco. Armed robbery and mayhem; 1980s reform Chow was first convicted of a crime in the United States in 1978, for an armed robbery in Chinatown, San Francisco which occurred on February 17, 1978. A victim identified Chow as one of a trio of robbers who had held up a group of 23 at a meeting of the Chinese-American Institute of Engineers. When one of the victims was being returned from the Hall of Justice, he recognized Chow's distinctive jade ring and medallion.: 24 Chow received an 11-year sentence for the 1978 robbery, of which he served 7 years and 4 months. During his first stint in prison, Chow studied to become a deep-sea welder, but his education was interrupted by a prison riot and he turned to dealing heroin inside San Quentin instead. He was released on April 30, 1985.: 24 After being released, Chow stopped at a noodle shop on his way back to San Francisco; he convinced the prostitutes outside to work for him and set up an escort service. One year later, in 1986, Chow was charged with 28 counts of assault with a deadly weapon, attempted murder, mayhem, and illegal possession of a firearm, related to the shooting of David Quach, a Wah Ching gang member, at the Golden Key Restaurant in San Francisco. Quach had been in an altercation with Chow's sister-in-law, Karen Ma. Chow was convicted in 1987 and sentenced to serve three years in prison.: 24 He was released in 1989. After his second release, Chow said he tried to renounce crime and found work as a bagger in a Daly City grocery store, but he left that job when his boss became suspicious after receiving a phone call from the SFPD gang task force. He also tried to work as a bodyguard in an Oakland Casino, but met Peter Chong, who had recently arrived from Hong Kong, shortly afterward. Involvement with Wo Hop To Hop Sing Tong building on Waverly Place in San Francisco's Chinatown (2013) Around 1989, Chong, a member of the Wo Hop To Triad, was sent to San Francisco, which was intended to be the first location for the Triad's plan to establish itself in America. Chong adopted Chow, then head of the Hop Sing, as his American lieutenant shortly after his arrival and the two formed an alliance. Under the alliance, the Hop Sing and Wo Hop To merged, and an umbrella organization, Tien Hu Wui, was formed to oversee their combined business. Chow opened a boy's athletic club in the Hop Sing Tong building basement in San Francisco to recruit new members, drawing from teenagers influenced by the heroic bloodshed genre of Hong Kong action cinema. Part of the initiation involved leading new recruits through a series of 36 loyalty oaths, promising death if any was broken. According to court records, Chow was also head of day-to-day operations. Early in the morning of August 28, 1990, Chow was in the lead car of two that were stopped by police after making an illegal U-turn in Foster City. Chow claimed he was driving an inebriated friend home from a bar, but was unable to produce the registration and could not account for his whereabouts earlier in the day. Norman Hsu was a passenger; Hsu claimed he had been kidnapped but declined to implicate Chow. The officer noticed Hsu appeared to be nervous and was trying to get his attention. When he was able to speak privately with the officer, Hsu stated "I'm being kidnapped, those three have been holding me against my will in Daly City for twelve hours." Hsu then told the officer he was being held in connection with a debt he owed Chow, and that the safety of him and his family had been threatened if he was unable to pay.: 26–27 At about the same time, the Wah Ching and Wo Hop To were struggling for power in San Francisco. Wah Ching member Danny Phat Vong was killed in April 1990 outside the Cats nightclub on Geary, and in retaliation, the Wah Ching killed Wo Hop To member Michael Bit Chen Wu outside The Purple Onion, a nightclub in North Beach, one month later. Wah Ching leader Danny Wong called for a cease-fire at the Harbor Village, and was toasted by Chong for his peacemaking efforts. The toast for peace was later repeated at Chow's wedding, who called Chong "Uncle to us all." Despite the apparent cease-fire, the violence continued, culminating in the assassination of Wong in April 1991. Chong was summoned to testify before the United States Senate on November 5, 1991, and was asked if he was the head of the Wo Hop To, and if he was responsible or involved in the murder of Danny Wong. Chong declined to answer each question, citing his Fifth Amendment rights. Firearms trafficking and racketeering Chow was arrested on May 31, 1992: 25 for suspected drug dealing at LaGuardia Airport while holding $12,000 in cash, which led him to believe there was a confidential informant within the gang. After Chow noticed Madeline "Mayflower" Lee's sentence was significantly lighter than her partners following their arrest for an attempted robbery, Chow identified her as the informant and twice ordered beatings of Lee. Lee noted the license plate of the getaway car after the first beating, which left her with a broken shoulder and missing teeth; Lee called Chow with the license plate information, asking him to find out who had beaten her. At his 1996 trial for racketeering, the prosecution alleged that Chow ordered her beaten again because she was insufficiently injured. During the second beating, a passing police officer intervened and one of the assailants, Raymond Lei, was arrested. Chow ordered Lee to drop the charges against Lei, but she refused, and instead helped police assemble a case against the leadership of the Wo Hop To: Chow and Chong. In October 1993, Chow, Chong, and several others were indicted on racketeering charges. Chow had already been arrested on charges of murder for hire, drug trafficking, and illegal firearms, and Chong fled the United States a few days ahead of the racketeering indictment. Chow was later tried in two separate proceedings. The first trial was for illegal gun sales and the second was for racketeering. His first trial resulted in a conviction on February 21, 1995, two weeks after it started, for six counts of illegal firearms trafficking. Two of his co-defendants had earlier pleaded guilty in exchange for reduced sentences. A year and a half after his conviction, Chow was sentenced to more than 23 years; sentencing for the 1995 conviction had been delayed while he was undergoing his second trial. An appeal in 1998 was unsuccessful; the Ninth Circuit ruled "the evidence against Chow was so overwhelming that it is unlikely the jury would have reached any other verdict". Chow's second trial (for racketeering) started in March 1996 and was dismissed as a mistrial in May 1996. At the outset, the defense portrayed him as a Buddhist and practitioner of kung fu, rather than a criminal mastermind trying to consolidate organized crime in Chinatowns nationwide. The defense strategy also claimed the government's case was simply not credible, as most of the evidence was produced by criminals who were testifying in exchange for reduced sentences. Two jurors said there was "no chance of reaching a unanimous verdict" after six days of deliberation. The lead lawyer for Chow's defense, Maureen Kallins, bragged that authorities had "spent $10 million to get this guy and they couldn't get him on any of the 38 counts." Kallins was a popular choice for defendants in the Bay Area. After Chong was captured and extradited to the United States in 2000, Chow became an informant and testified against his former boss in exchange for a reduced sentence. He was first released to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement in May 2002, and then put into supervised release from prison in January 2003.: 25 Chow stated that one reason he turned on Chong in 2000 was because he felt betrayed after Chong had hired away Kallins, his defense attorney from the second trial. Kallins was later removed from Chong's defense at his request, as her defense of Chow in the 1996 trial relied on blaming Chong for the crimes, a potential conflict of interest. As part of the deal to win early release in 2003, Chow testified against Chong. In addition, Chow's application for a resident visa was supported by the government. He requested a new identity and location under the witness protection but his request was denied by the prosecuting attorney; he was returned to San Francisco and was also required to wear a tracking device under the terms of his release. In addition, he was granted a monthly allowance of $2,000. Because Chow had applied for a S-5 visa (intended for witnesses in a criminal case) but had not yet secured it, his immigration status was not permanent and he could not legally work in the United States; in 2014, more than ten years after his release, the visa application was still pending. Initially, Chow lived with his brother and his brother's girlfriend, who complained about the amount of toilet paper he used. Chow's confinement to home ended in 2004, and his period of supervised release ended in 2005.: 26 Unemployable and afraid to leave his home, he suffered a nervous breakdown in 2004. As part of his rehabilitation, he counseled troubled youths about "the frame of the criminal mind" and began to meditate at Ocean Beach. Three days of meditation led him to an epiphany: "I change myself. I tell myself I'm not going to cross the line and commit the crime." Murder of Allen Leung Leung's White Crane, just inside the entrance to St. Louis Alley Shortly after Chow was released from prison, in late 2003, Allen Leung approached the FBI saying that Chow intended to "clean up Chinatown" by removing him and the head of another tong, according to testimony at Chow's 2015 trial from William Wu, the agent handling Chow. Leung was a prominent Chinatown leader, who had founded (with his two brothers) the Leung's White Crane Dragon and Lion Dance Association in 1971 and had served as president of the Hop Sing Tong (HST) four times, beginning in 1994 after the previous Hop Sing leadership (Chong and Chow) were in exile or imprisoned. Leung was also the dragon head of the Hung Moon Ghee Kong Tong (CKT), a fraternal association in San Francisco sometimes referred to as the Chinese Freemasons. An associate of Chow contacted Jack Lee, another HST elder, to ask for money "to do business" with the Hop Sing. Translation of letterto Hop Sing Tong Someone opened fire at your front door, but you're just chickens—, no response to it. Just keeping your mouth quiet. Having this kind of leader makes all the tongs lose face. I have a poem to dedicate to you: 'You should be embarrassed for a thousand years and your reputation stink for ten thousand years.' Lee raised $120,000 in pledges for a planned local youth group from Hop Sing chapters in other western states. While Hop Sing was still deciding whether to release the money to Chow, the headquarters of four tongs and a restaurant were splattered with red paint on February 25, 2005, but the headquarters of the Hop Sing were spared. However, on March 11, 2005, the Hop Sing voted to turn down the request for money; the next day, shots were fired into the headquarters of Hop Sing. A threatening letter written in Chinese was sent to the Hop Sing Tong. Thau Benh "Kevin" Cam later testified that Chow had ordered him to shoot the Hop Sing Tong headquarters. Leung approached the FBI again in the wake of the Hop Sing shooting, and said that Chow had personally demanded $100,000 at the Hop Sing headquarters in late 2004. Since Chow was still on supervised release, the FBI questioned him about the incident, and Chow countered that Hop Sing had instead approached him and "wanted him to loan-shark the money." Shortly afterward, Chow was taken into custody on immigration charges. The charges stemmed from Chow's apparent association with Chinatown gangs, in violation of his bargain with prosecutors, and deportation proceedings began. Leung stated that Chow or his associates "will try to get him and the board members" in retaliation for the failed demand for money, but Leung refused to wear a listening device, and the extortion case died for lack of evidence. 603 Jackson; the name of Leung's business, Wonkow Art Centres, can still be seen behind the red paint on the awning Chow joined the CKT at around this time. According to Kongphet "Fat Joe" Chanthavong, Chow convened a meeting in mid-2005 in the back room of an Oakland bar, instructing Chanthavong and two others to murder Leung. At the time, Allen Leung was president of the Hop Sing Tong (HST) and dragon head of the CKT; because the HST had refused to loan money to Chow to start a business, he had become upset and told his associate, Wen Bing "Skinny Ray" Lei, that Lei should replace Leung as head of the HST. Cam corroborated Chanthavong's testimony that Lei should take over the CKT, adding that Chow complained about Leung's leadership. Chow then instructed Cam to coordinate with Lei to get rid of Allen Leung. Cam and Lei would later recruit Chanthavong into the plot to murder Leung. Chanthavong was tasked with driving by Leung's shop at 603 Jackson to watch Leung's movements. Allen Leung's son Clifton testified that in December 2005 or January 2006, Lei had entered Leung's shop on Jackson Street ostensibly to discuss business, but casually asked if the security cameras in the office were functional. Allen turned to Clifton, asking the same question, and Clifton said they did not work. Allen Leung was shot to death on February 27, 2006, by an unidentified suspect at his Chinatown import-export business on Jackson Street. According to the police, the gunman entered Leung's office and demanded cash; although Leung offered it to him, the unknown suspect shot Leung in "an execution slaying" before Leung could hand over any money. During Chow's subsequent trial, Cam testified this was the third attempt on Leung's life; the first attempt was called off after Chanthavong withdrew, and the second attempt failed when Cam was unable to intercept Leung as he was leaving a banquet. "Skinny Ray" Lei was later indicted in January 2017 for Leung's murder, but died in July 2018 from metastatic lung cancer before he could be tried. Head of Ghee Kung Tong Chow led a Freemason salute to Leung at his funeral on March 18, and ascended to the leadership of the CKT in a ceremony in August 2006, where he received an official certificate of honor from San Francisco, arranged by Supervisor Fiona Ma. San Francisco Police and the FBI began investigating the murder of Leung by staking out Chow's swearing-in ceremony. The government's probe of Chow was dubbed 'Operation White Suit' after Chow visibly and uniquely wore a white mourning suit to Leung's funeral. Although Chow had previously supported Lei as dragon head, they argued after Leung's funeral; Lei told Chow that no one respected him because of his conduct. CKT headquarters, Spofford Street (2018) After ascending to the head of CKT, Chow became publicly visible as a mentor to Asian and African American youths, speaking to dozens of community groups each year and receiving congratulations from U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein for winning a "Change Agent" award in 2012 from Bayview Hunters Point Multipurpose Senior Services. According to a mayor's aide, Chow " up at events and to get pictures with politicians", eventually posting a picture he took with Gavin Newsom on his Facebook page. Meanwhile, for 'Operation White Suit', an undercover FBI agent (identified either as UCE 4599 or by the alias "David Jordan") had been introduced to Chow in May 2010 as an East Coast emissary from La Cosa Nostra. During a June 2010 fishing trip in Hawaii, Chow told "Jordan" and another undercover agent (UCE 4527, "Jimmy Chen") that although he could not be involved in any illegal activities, he could introduce them to people who could.: 28–29 Chow later introduced "Jordan" to Keith Jackson, president of the San Francisco Board of Education and a close friend of Leland Yee, in August 2010.: 29 "Jordan" began laundering money with Chow's associates in February 2011. By April 2011, Chow and "Jordan" had grown so close that at a karaoke bar, Chow whispered to "Jordan" that he knew of and approved all criminal activities in the CKT, serving as a judge within the organization.: 18, 31 The device that "Jordan" was wearing failed to record Chow's whisper. "Jordan" used the CKT to launder more than $2 million, purportedly gathered from illegal activities and was later inducted in the CKT as a consultant in March 2012; although Chow never laundered any of the money, "Jordan" reported that Chow had sanctioned others within CKT to work with him.: 19 In May 2012, Chow was secretly recorded by the FBI while he was conferring with "George" Heng Nieh (Chow's driver), stating that he did not want the CKT involved with "Jordan", the undercover agent posing as a member of the Mafia, for fear the CKT would be labeled 'an underworld society' that participated in organized crime. The case against Chow was built in part on the thousands of dollars given by "Jordan" to Chow; on one occasion, "Jordan" gave Chow $2,000 as thanks for the opportunity to work with Nieh. Although Chow protested, saying "Damn, that is bribery money, dude — that's not good", he did not return the payment. "Jordan"'s activities later expanded by December 2013 to include the trafficking of stolen liquor, cigarettes without a tax stamp, and marijuana.: 19–20 Murder of Jim Tat Kong Jim Tat Kong opposed Chow for the leadership of HST during an election meeting held in 2011. According to Chanthavong, Chow was incensed that Kong had dared to challenge his authority and, at a karaoke bar after that meeting, told Chanthavong "somebody needs to take care of Jimmy". In addition, "Jordan" stated that Chow's biggest grievance with Kong was that Kong had slept with the wife of a HST member who had fled to China; Chow also disagreed with Kong's strong-arm tactics to intimidate other HST members to vote for him. Chow told "Jordan" he would be withdrawing his protection from Kong.: 32 According to "Jordan", after the election Chow was "extremely, extremely agitated, talking so openly about vengeance" and publicly denounced Kong, declaring "He is no longer my brother". Chow added "there would be people on the street lined up to take vengeance". Chow testified at his 2015 trial that he had expelled Kong from HST because Kong had used Chow's name and reputation to recruit new youth drug dealers. Although expelling Kong effectively stripped him of protection, Chow intended that " gonna get his ass whupped", but said he never meant to kill Kong. Although "Jordan" warned Chow that "someone's going to smoke " after he lost protection from the HST, Chow replied "It's all good, you know; in the gangland, their own nature would take care of their own." Two years later, Kong and his girlfriend Cindy Bao Feng Chen were found dead in their minivan near Fort Bragg on October 17, 2013; each had been killed by a single gunshot to the head. Although Chow would be tried and convicted for conspiracy to murder Kong, authorities would later indict Wing Wo "Fat Mark" Ma in 2017 for the pair's murder. Ma was a carpenter who built greenhouses and other structures for Kong's marijuana-growing operation. Ma was also a police informant who had bribed Harry Hu, an investigator for the Alameda County District Attorney's office, between 2008 and 2013 to shield Ma's criminal activities from prosecution, including the murders of Kong and Chen. Ma had called and met Hu for help shortly after Ma was questioned about the murders on October 22, 2013. Ma was convicted for the murders, bribery, and marijuana-related charges in November 2019 after a three-week trial. Leland Yee dragnet On March 26, 2014, Raymond Chow was arrested during an FBI raid in connection with an investigation into official corruption by State Senator Leland Yee. Chow faced charges of money laundering and conspiracy to deal stolen property. He was accused of operating a faction, or subgroup in the CKT, a benevolent association, as a racketeering enterprise that trafficked in drugs, weapons, and stolen items. Federal authorities alleged Chow's reformation was a façade, and charged him with seven counts of money laundering, two counts of conspiring to transport and receive stolen liquor, and one count of conspiracy to traffic untaxed cigarettes. He faced a maximum of 20 years imprisonment for each money laundering count.: 5 Leland Yee In April 2014, trial lawyer Tony Serra joined Chow's defense team. Serra blasted the sting operation that led to Chow's arrest as entrapment: "They tempted my client in every fashion to commit a substantive crime." One of the key defense strategies, to present possible exculpatory evidence to the public, was denied by U.S. District Court Judge Charles Breyer in May 2014 on the grounds that it could disclose the identity of the undercover FBI agent known as "David Jordan". A superseding 228-count indictment filed in July 2014 expanded the crimes to include racketeering, money laundering, unlicensed firearms dealing, fraud, narcotics conspiracy, murder for hire, wire fraud, and conspiracy to receive and transport stolen property. Chow pleaded not guilty to the added racketeering charge and Serra welcomed the new charges as a measure of the government's desperation: "They obviously want to target him. They obviously have a weak case or they wouldn’t target him in this manner. So we are delighted to confront them." In September 2014, Chow sued the City of San Francisco and Mayor Edwin Lee, asking them to disclose records which Chow claimed would show that an undercover FBI agent, identified as UCE 4773 alias "Michael Anthony King", paid a total of $20,000 in bribes to Lee as campaign contributions. "King" and "Jordan" had worked together on the investigation into Leland Yee; "King" was the lead undercover agent until he was removed, allegedly for financial misconduct. According to FBI wiretaps, the bribes were solicited by others on behalf of Lee, but it was not clear if Lee was aware of their source. Keith Jackson was one of a trio charged with soliciting the bribe; by 2017, many of the charges had been dismissed and the remaining defendants accepted a no-contest plea deal in 2019 that resulted in no additional time served in prison. Judge Breyer ordered a separate trial for Yee and Jackson on the political bribery and illegal firearms importation charges following a hearing in November 2014. On July 7, 2015, Chow declined to take a plea deal from prosecutors on the racketeering charges and was ordered to stand trial with seven other defendants in November. Yee and three other defendants had all pleaded guilty to racketeering on July 1; of the three associates, two also admitted to participating in illegal activities through CKT, including narcotics distribution, firearms sales, and murder-for-hire. None of the four who accepted the plea deal were required to testify against Chow. Chow's defense team continued to excoriate the government investigation as entrapment, filing a motion to dismiss in August 2015 that claimed "the investigation stagnated quickly and is characterized by literally years of attempting to lure Chow into breaking the law to no avail"; prosecutors countered the motion included documents that had previously been sealed and the new motion to dismiss should also be sealed, but Judge Breyer disagreed, as the initial motion to dismiss had already been publicly posted. Judge Breyer threw out the motion to dismiss in late August, stating that Chow's defense had failed to prove the selective prosecution standard established in United States v. Armstrong. All seven of Chow's fellow defendants pleaded guilty in September, and were removed from the upcoming trial per a defense motion to sever the other defendants. Chow's defense team also claimed the trial date of November 2 would result in ineffective representation due to inadequate time to prepare, after receiving more than 100 gigabytes of evidence in discovery after August 25. After announcing they had uncovered new evidence in September, on October 15, 2015, federal prosecutors formally added charges of conspiracy to murder in connection with the deaths of Allen Leung and Jim Tat Kong. No charges had been filed previously for Leung's murder until one of Chow's racketeering co-defendants said they had heard Chow ordered the killing. The defense for Chow argued that Kong had murdered Leung in an attempt to take over the HST and the deaths of Kong and Chen in 2013 were a double suicide. Judge Breyer severed all charges that could result in the death penalty from the upcoming trial, which meant Chow potentially faced two trials: one for the earlier charges of racketeering and money laundering under his 2014 indictment, and a second one for the murder charges. Prosecutors issued a third superseding 162-count indictment, and Chow pleaded not guilty to the new charges of murdering Leung and conspiracy to commit the murder of Kong in "aid of racketeering". Prosecutors stated the murder charges were required to carry the potential for a death penalty because of Chow's criminal history, and the charges could not be added without the approval of Attorney General Loretta Lynch; they requested the trial be delayed to accommodate her review. However, the murder conspiracy charges were later combined with the racketeering charges in a single trial, and prosecutors announced they would not seek the death penalty. Racketeering and murder trial Chow's latest trial began on November 9, 2015. For the prosecution's opening remarks, Assistant U.S. Attorney Waqar Hasib called Chow the "sun of the underworld universe" who had ordered "a hit, a cold-blooded gangland-style hit" on Allen Leung "like something straight out of 'The Godfather'." In addition, Hasib asserted that by withdrawing the gang's protection from Kong, Chow had doomed him to be murdered eventually. Serra responded by citing Chow's vow to reform himself and renounce crime after his last release: "This is not the face of a person who has killed to achieve that status . It's quasi-beatific." I would get back in the business anytime, but my freedom is very important to me at this time. I'm just one step away. If I truly am not able to make it, I will go back into the shady business. — Raymond "Shrimp Boy" Chow, Recorded conversation with undercover FBI agent "Jimmy Chen" "Fat Joe" Chanthavong, who had first met and befriended Chow in 2001 while both were serving their sentences in a federal prison, testified for the prosecution beginning on November 10, 2015. Chanthavong decided to testify against Chow in 2013 after hearing secret recordings made by the FBI in which Chow advised his driver that Chanthavong and another associate of Chow, "Andy" Man Lai Li, should continue making drug and gun deals with the undercover agent posing as "David Jordan"; Chanthavong testified that he and Li were being used as bait: "I felt like I was getting thrown under the bus, that I was expendable". Other witnesses for the prosecution included "Kevin" Cam, "Andy" Li, and "Jimmy Chen" and "David Jordan", the undercover FBI agents; the courtroom was closed to the public during the agents' testimony to protect their identity. The testimony phase of the trial was temporarily delayed during the illness of one of the defense lawyers; during the delay, defense lead lawyer Serra pushed to have "Jordan"'s identity revealed so they could conduct a background investigation. In addition, Serra asked to put one of the prosecution lawyers on the witness stand to impeach the credibility of "Andy" Li. "Chen"'s testimony supported Chow's assertion that he had reformed. During their conversations, Chow would steer the topic away from illegal activities towards the book he was writing, at one point telling "Chen" that "money is not a big deal as long as one is happy", and he advised "Chen" to stay away from the criminal life. Taking the stand as the first defense witness on December 21, Chow testified about his renunciation of his former life of crime after his nervous breakdown in 2004. In addition, Chow testified the payments that had been pressed upon him by the undercover FBI agent known as David Jordan were accepted only "for his love and respect" and "if anyone tell me it's illegal money, drugs, alcohol ... I will not receive these monies." On January 8, 2016, Chow was found guilty on all 162 counts, including murder in aid of racketeering, racketeering conspiracy, conspiring to murder another rival, receiving and transporting stolen liquor across state lines, and money laundering. Chow's lawyers filed for a new trial, alleging the number of defense witnesses was unfairly limited and previous testimony in 2002 regarding the 1991 murder of Danny Wong had been wrongfully used against him. Judge Breyer denied the motion for a new trial on June 2, 2016. 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Retrieved August 15, 2019. ^ Dinzeo, Maria (August 4, 2015). "'Shrimp Boy' Says SF Mayor is Real Criminal". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved August 22, 2019. ^ Marshall, Chris (August 6, 2015). "Lawyers for 'Shrimp Boy' Violated Court Seal, Feds Say". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved August 22, 2019. ^ Dinzeo, Maria (August 7, 2015). "Feds' Request to Seal Chow Motion 'Futile'". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved August 22, 2019. ^ Dinzeo, Maria (August 27, 2015). "Judge Won't Toss Charges in 'Shrimp Boy' Chow Case". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved August 22, 2019. ^ Dinzeo, Maria (September 10, 2015). "Shrimp Boy Chow's Cohorts Plead Guilty Case". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved August 22, 2019. ^ "Shrimp Boy Chow Will Be Tried Separately". Courthouse News Service. September 16, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2019. ^ "Murder Evidence Weighted Ahead of Shrimp Boy Trial". Courthouse News Service. September 28, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2019. ^ Egelko, Bob (October 16, 2015). "Raymond 'Shrimp Boy' Chow charged in killing of alleged Chinatown rivals". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 10, 2015. ^ Egelko, Bob (November 9, 2015). "All eyes on 'Shrimp Boy' Chow trial as it starts in federal court". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 13, 2019. ^ a b "Murder Allegations Won't Delay 'Shrimp Boy' Trial". Courthouse News Service. October 15, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2019. ^ Winton, Richard (October 16, 2015). "'Shrimp Boy' Chow killed his way to the top of S.F. Chinatown group, feds charge". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 19, 2017. ^ a b Dinzeo, Maria (October 16, 2015). "Murder Charges Added to Shrimp Boy's Plate". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved August 22, 2019. ^ Egelko, Bob (October 26, 2015). "Murder charge added to 'Shrimp Boy' Chow's S.F. racketeering trial". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 15, 2019. ^ "No Death Penalty in 'Shrimp Boy' Chow Case". Courthouse News Service. October 27, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2019. ^ Dinzeo, Maria (November 9, 2015). "'Shrimp Boy' Chow Trial Opener Offers Dueling Portraits". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved August 19, 2019. ^ a b Dinzeo, Maria (November 24, 2015). "'Shrimp Boy' Wants Secret Agent Unmasked". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved August 26, 2019. ^ Dinzeo, Maria (November 20, 2015). "FBI Tapes Try to Nail Chinatown Gangsters". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved August 20, 2019. ^ Egelko, Bob; Rubenstein, Steve (January 8, 2016). "Raymond 'Shrimp Boy' Chow found guilty". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 23, 2017. ^ Egelko, Bob (June 2, 2016). "Judge rejects Raymond 'Shrimp Boy' Chow's plea for new trial". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 23, 2017. ^ "Federal Inmate Locator". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved October 26, 2018. Search for BoP Register Number 27822-054 ^ "Appeals Court Upholds 'Shrimp Boy' Chow Convictions". San Francisco Chronicle. Bay City News Service. May 15, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2019. ^ Breyer, Charles R. (August 27, 2020). "Case No. CR 14-0196 CRB: Order denying motion for compassionate release" (PDF). United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Retrieved June 18, 2024. External links "In Re: Criminal Complaint" (PDF). United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Francisco Division. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017. "Shrimp Boy Court Filings". Internet Archive. Retrieved March 22, 2018.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Jyutping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"triad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(underground_society)"},{"link_name":"Wo Hop To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo_Hop_To"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"},{"link_name":"Hop Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop_Sing_Tong"},{"link_name":"Ghee Kung Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee_Kung_Tong"},{"link_name":"Leland Yee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Yee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trialbegins-3"}],"text":"Raymond Kwok-Cheung Chow (Chinese: 周國祥; Jyutping: zau1 gwok3 coeng4; born December 31, 1959), nicknamed \"Shrimp Boy\", is a Hong Kong-born felon with ties to a San Francisco Chinatown street gang and an organized crime syndicate, including the American branch of the Hong Kong-based triad Wo Hop To[2] and the Hop Sing Boys.In 2006, Chow became the leader of the Ghee Kung Tong (CKT), a Chinese fraternal association based in San Francisco, California. In 2014, Chow along with 28 other defendants including former California State Senator Leland Yee, were indicted for racketeering, money laundering, and a host of other alleged criminal activities. Leland Yee pleaded guilty to racketeering in July 2015 for conspiring with his campaign fundraiser to defeat donation limits through money laundering. Despite initial press releases, Chow was not indicted in a racketeering conspiracy with Leland Yee. Chow was indicted in a racketeering conspiracy which alleged that he oversaw a criminal faction of the Ghee Kung Tong. Chow is the only co-defendant of 29 to publicly profess his innocence and ask for an expedited jury trial. His trial began on November 9, 2015.[3] On January 8, 2016, Chow was found guilty on all 162 charges, including one count of murder. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole, plus 20 years.","title":"Raymond \"Shrimp Boy\" Chow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"British colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Taishanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taishan,_Guangdong"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shrimpboylatimes-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presentence-report-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-140328-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"Gangland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangland_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shrimpboylatimes-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presentence-report-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presentence-report-6"},{"link_name":"Hop Sing Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop_Sing_Tong"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fbisting-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0310_China_Trade_Center_(41556185342).jpg"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Square"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presentence-report-6"},{"link_name":"UC Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Chow was born on December 31, 1959, in Hong Kong, then a British colony.[4] He is of Taishanese descent, and had three brothers:[5] two older and one younger.[6]: 28 His nickname \"Shrimp Boy\" (蝦仔; haa1 zai2) was reportedly bestowed by his grandmother,[7] due to his small stature.[8]His father owned a barbershop, but lost his business to gambling debts when Chow was eight. The family moved into a single room shack for a year, until it burned down.[7] On the program Gangland, Chow said he first joined a gang in his native Hong Kong when he was nine years old.[5] After joining the gang, he intervened in a fight involving his gang mentor by striking his mentor's opponent on the head with a knife, becoming a gang hero in the process.[7] Chow came to the United States with his parents at the age of 17,[6] and dropped out of high school after approximately one month[6]: 29 when he became involved with the Hop Sing Tong gang.[9]The Empress of China restaurant atop the China Trade Center overlooks Portsmouth Square in Chinatown (2018)Chow has been married twice: to Anna Ma (1980–86) and Cindy Szeto (1990–92). His marriage to Szeto was not registered, but they had a reception at the Empress of China restaurant at the top of the China Trade Center, and it ended when he was arrested in 1992.[6]: 29After they met in 2008 until his arrest, Chow lived with Alicia Lo, her 11-year-old daughter, and two dogs. Chow had publicly renounced his former life of crime, and Lo, a UC Berkeley graduate without Chow's criminal ties, believed she was gradually rehabilitating Chow by introducing him to mainstream American culture. Meanwhile, Chow was teaching Lo Chinese culture.[7]Chow wrote an autobiography entitled Shrimp Boy: The Sun of the Underworld (2011); the title was later updated to Shrimp Boy: Life of Crime, Violence and Redemption Inside the Chinatown Underworld (2013).[10] The manuscript remains unpublished under a restraining order served to Lo in August 2016 after Chow was sentenced to two life terms in prison; no one may publish or profit from it until the government recovers approximately $255,000 in seized assets and fines.[11]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hillsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough,_California"},{"link_name":"two-by-four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/two_by_four"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"Golden Dragon massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Dragon_massacre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-140412-12"},{"link_name":"Wah Ching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah_Ching"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"}],"text":"Chow stated he carried a letter of introduction from the leader of his gang in Hong Kong when he emigrated to San Francisco, joining the Hop Sing Boys. In an early incident, when he was 17, he was dropped off at a home in Hillsborough and was told to beat the resident to send a message from La Cosa Nostra; he finished the beating with the help of a two-by-four in two minutes and earned $3,000.[7] One year after arriving in the city, Chow was involved in the infamous Golden Dragon massacre in 1977, dining at the restaurant with other Hop Sing Boys members.[12] In the wake of the 1977 shooting, the Wah Ching were ascendant and the Hop Sing were chased out of San Francisco.[2]","title":"Criminal activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinatown, San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Chinese-American Institute of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Institute_of_Engineers_USA"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presentence-report-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-140328-8"},{"link_name":"San Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Quentin_State_Prison"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presentence-report-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-140412-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"assault with a deadly weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_with_a_deadly_weapon"},{"link_name":"mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presentence-report-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-140412-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-140328-8"},{"link_name":"Peter Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chong_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"}],"sub_title":"Armed robbery and mayhem; 1980s reform","text":"Chow was first convicted of a crime in the United States in 1978, for an armed robbery in Chinatown, San Francisco which occurred on February 17, 1978. A victim identified Chow as one of a trio of robbers who had held up a group of 23 at a meeting of the Chinese-American Institute of Engineers. When one of the victims was being returned from the Hall of Justice, he recognized Chow's distinctive jade ring and medallion.[6]: 24 Chow received an 11-year sentence for the 1978 robbery,[2] of which he served 7 years and 4 months.[8] During his first stint in prison, Chow studied to become a deep-sea welder, but his education was interrupted by a prison riot and he turned to dealing heroin inside San Quentin instead.[7] He was released on April 30, 1985.[6]: 24 [12]After being released, Chow stopped at a noodle shop on his way back to San Francisco; he convinced the prostitutes outside to work for him and set up an escort service.[7] One year later, in 1986, Chow was charged with 28 counts of assault with a deadly weapon, attempted murder, mayhem, and illegal possession of a firearm, related to the shooting of David Quach, a Wah Ching gang member, at the Golden Key Restaurant in San Francisco. Quach had been in an altercation with Chow's sister-in-law, Karen Ma. Chow was convicted in 1987 and sentenced to serve three years in prison.[6]: 24 He was released in 1989.[2][12][8] After his second release, Chow said he tried to renounce crime and found work as a bagger in a Daly City grocery store, but he left that job when his boss became suspicious after receiving a phone call from the SFPD gang task force. He also tried to work as a bodyguard in an Oakland Casino, but met Peter Chong, who had recently arrived from Hong Kong, shortly afterward.[7]","title":"Criminal activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hop_Sing_Tong_Building,_San_Francisco_Chinatown_(9274307070).jpg"},{"link_name":"San Francisco's Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Wo Hop To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo_Hop_To"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-140328-8"},{"link_name":"heroic bloodshed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong action cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"},{"link_name":"Foster City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Norman Hsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Hsu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-140330-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presentence-report-6"},{"link_name":"The Purple Onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Purple_Onion"},{"link_name":"North Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Beach,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-961212-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Involvement with Wo Hop To","text":"Hop Sing Tong building on Waverly Place in San Francisco's Chinatown (2013)Around 1989, Chong, a member of the Wo Hop To Triad, was sent to San Francisco, which was intended to be the first location for the Triad's plan to establish itself in America.[2] Chong adopted Chow, then head of the Hop Sing, as his American lieutenant shortly after his arrival and the two formed an alliance.[2] Under the alliance, the Hop Sing and Wo Hop To merged, and an umbrella organization, Tien Hu Wui, was formed to oversee their combined business.[8] Chow opened a boy's athletic club in the Hop Sing Tong building basement in San Francisco to recruit new members, drawing from teenagers influenced by the heroic bloodshed genre of Hong Kong action cinema. Part of the initiation involved leading new recruits through a series of 36 loyalty oaths, promising death if any was broken. According to court records, Chow was also head of day-to-day operations.[2]Early in the morning of August 28, 1990, Chow was in the lead car of two that were stopped by police after making an illegal U-turn in Foster City. Chow claimed he was driving an inebriated friend home from a bar, but was unable to produce the registration and could not account for his whereabouts earlier in the day. Norman Hsu was a passenger; Hsu claimed he had been kidnapped but declined to implicate Chow.[13] The officer noticed Hsu appeared to be nervous and was trying to get his attention. When he was able to speak privately with the officer, Hsu stated \"I'm being kidnapped, those three have been holding me against my will in Daly City for twelve hours.\" Hsu then told the officer he was being held in connection with a debt he owed Chow, and that the safety of him and his family had been threatened if he was unable to pay.[6]: 26–27At about the same time, the Wah Ching and Wo Hop To were struggling for power in San Francisco. Wah Ching member Danny Phat Vong was killed in April 1990 outside the Cats nightclub on Geary, and in retaliation, the Wah Ching killed Wo Hop To member Michael Bit Chen Wu outside The Purple Onion, a nightclub in North Beach, one month later.[14][15] Wah Ching leader Danny Wong called for a cease-fire at the Harbor Village, and was toasted by Chong for his peacemaking efforts. The toast for peace was later repeated at Chow's wedding, who called Chong \"Uncle to us all.\" Despite the apparent cease-fire, the violence continued, culminating in the assassination of Wong in April 1991.[2][16]Chong was summoned to testify before the United States Senate on November 5, 1991, and was asked if he was the head of the Wo Hop To, and if he was responsible or involved in the murder of Danny Wong. Chong declined to answer each question, citing his Fifth Amendment rights.[17]","title":"Criminal activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presentence-report-6"},{"link_name":"LaGuardia Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-960301-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfweekly2000-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-960502-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-960301-18"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Maureen Kallins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maureen_Kallins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-960502-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presentence-report-6"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060408-27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-960301-18"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060408-27"},{"link_name":"witness protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_protection"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFWeekly2007-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abclocal2007-09-07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-151221-31"},{"link_name":"S-5 visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-5_visa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-140412-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presentence-report-6"},{"link_name":"Ocean Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Beach,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-151221-31"}],"sub_title":"Firearms trafficking and racketeering","text":"Chow was arrested on May 31, 1992[6]: 25 for suspected drug dealing at LaGuardia Airport while holding $12,000 in cash, which led him to believe there was a confidential informant within the gang. After Chow noticed Madeline \"Mayflower\" Lee's sentence was significantly lighter than her partners following their arrest for an attempted robbery, Chow identified her as the informant and twice ordered beatings of Lee. Lee noted the license plate of the getaway car after the first beating, which left her with a broken shoulder and missing teeth; Lee called Chow with the license plate information, asking him to find out who had beaten her.[2] At his 1996 trial for racketeering, the prosecution alleged that Chow ordered her beaten again because she was insufficiently injured.[18] During the second beating, a passing police officer intervened and one of the assailants, Raymond Lei, was arrested. Chow ordered Lee to drop the charges against Lei, but she refused, and instead helped police assemble a case against the leadership of the Wo Hop To: Chow and Chong.[2]In October 1993, Chow, Chong, and several others were indicted on racketeering charges. Chow had already been arrested on charges of murder for hire, drug trafficking, and illegal firearms,[19] and Chong fled the United States a few days ahead of the racketeering indictment. Chow was later tried in two separate proceedings. The first trial was for illegal gun sales and the second was for racketeering.[2] His first trial resulted in a conviction on February 21, 1995, two weeks after it started, for six counts of illegal firearms trafficking.[20] Two of his co-defendants had earlier pleaded guilty in exchange for reduced sentences.[21] A year and a half after his conviction, Chow was sentenced to more than 23 years; sentencing for the 1995 conviction had been delayed while he was undergoing his second trial.[22] An appeal in 1998 was unsuccessful; the Ninth Circuit ruled \"the evidence against Chow was so overwhelming that it is unlikely the jury would have reached any other verdict\".[23]Chow's second trial (for racketeering) started in March 1996 and was dismissed as a mistrial in May 1996.[2][24] At the outset, the defense portrayed him as a Buddhist and practitioner of kung fu, rather than a criminal mastermind trying to consolidate organized crime in Chinatowns nationwide.[18] The defense strategy also claimed the government's case was simply not credible, as most of the evidence was produced by criminals who were testifying in exchange for reduced sentences.[25] Two jurors said there was \"no chance of reaching a unanimous verdict\" after six days of deliberation. The lead lawyer for Chow's defense, Maureen Kallins, bragged that authorities had \"spent $10 million to get this guy and they couldn't get him on any of the 38 counts.\"[24] Kallins was a popular choice for defendants in the Bay Area.[26]After Chong was captured and extradited to the United States in 2000, Chow became an informant and testified against his former boss in exchange for a reduced sentence. He was first released to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement in May 2002, and then put into supervised release from prison in January 2003.[6]: 25 [27] Chow stated that one reason he turned on Chong in 2000 was because he felt betrayed after Chong had hired away Kallins, his defense attorney from the second trial.[7][18] Kallins was later removed from Chong's defense at his request, as her defense of Chow in the 1996 trial relied on blaming Chong for the crimes, a potential conflict of interest.[28]As part of the deal to win early release in 2003, Chow testified against Chong. In addition, Chow's application for a resident visa was supported by the government.[27] He requested a new identity and location under the witness protection but his request was denied by the prosecuting attorney; he was returned to San Francisco and was also required to wear a tracking device under the terms of his release.[29][30] In addition, he was granted a monthly allowance of $2,000.[31] Because Chow had applied for a S-5 visa (intended for witnesses in a criminal case) but had not yet secured it, his immigration status was not permanent and he could not legally work in the United States; in 2014, more than ten years after his release, the visa application was still pending.[12] Initially, Chow lived with his brother and his brother's girlfriend, who complained about the amount of toilet paper he used.[7]Chow's confinement to home ended in 2004, and his period of supervised release ended in 2005.[6]: 26 Unemployable and afraid to leave his home, he suffered a nervous breakdown in 2004. As part of his rehabilitation, he counseled troubled youths about \"the frame of the criminal mind\" and began to meditate at Ocean Beach. Three days of meditation led him to an epiphany: \"I change myself. I tell myself I'm not going to cross the line and commit the crime.\"[31]","title":"Criminal activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7224_White_Crane_St_Louis_(49330430482).jpg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KQED-151110-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060408-27"},{"link_name":"fraternal association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Chinese Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Freemasons"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFWeekly2007-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060408-27"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-140412-12"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060408-27"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060301-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060301-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CT-060331-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHN-151217-36"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060408-27"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-140412-12"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060408-27"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060301-34"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060827-37"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060408-27"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060827-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0309_Wonkow_(26728599657).jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFWeekly2007-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KQED-151110-32"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHN-151111-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151216-39"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KQED-151110-32"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHN-151217-36"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060408-27"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060301-34"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151216-39"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Murder of Allen Leung","text":"Leung's White Crane, just inside the entrance to St. Louis AlleyShortly after Chow was released from prison, in late 2003, Allen Leung approached the FBI saying that Chow intended to \"clean up Chinatown\" by removing him and the head of another tong, according to testimony at Chow's 2015 trial from William Wu, the agent handling Chow.[32] Leung was a prominent Chinatown leader, who had founded (with his two brothers) the Leung's White Crane Dragon and Lion Dance Association in 1971[33] and had served as president of the Hop Sing Tong (HST) four times, beginning in 1994 after the previous Hop Sing leadership (Chong and Chow) were in exile or imprisoned.[27] Leung was also the dragon head of the Hung Moon Ghee Kong Tong (CKT), a fraternal association in San Francisco sometimes referred to as the Chinese Freemasons.[29] An associate of Chow contacted Jack Lee, another HST elder, to ask for money \"to do business\" with the Hop Sing.[27]Translation of letterto Hop Sing Tong[12][27][34]\n\nSomeone opened fire at your front door, but you're just chickens—, no response to it. Just keeping your mouth quiet. Having this kind of leader makes all the tongs lose face. I have a poem to dedicate to you: 'You should be embarrassed for a thousand years and your reputation stink for ten thousand years.'Lee raised $120,000 in pledges for a planned local youth group from Hop Sing chapters in other western states. While Hop Sing was still deciding whether to release the money to Chow, the headquarters of four tongs and a restaurant were splattered with red paint on February 25, 2005, but the headquarters of the Hop Sing were spared. However, on March 11, 2005, the Hop Sing voted to turn down the request for money; the next day, shots were fired into the headquarters of Hop Sing. A threatening letter written in Chinese was sent to the Hop Sing Tong.[34][35] Thau Benh \"Kevin\" Cam later testified that Chow had ordered him to shoot the Hop Sing Tong headquarters.[36]Leung approached the FBI again in the wake of the Hop Sing shooting, and said that Chow had personally demanded $100,000 at the Hop Sing headquarters in late 2004. Since Chow was still on supervised release, the FBI questioned him about the incident, and Chow countered that Hop Sing had instead approached him and \"wanted him to loan-shark the money.\"[27][12] Shortly afterward, Chow was taken into custody on immigration charges.[27][34] The charges stemmed from Chow's apparent association with Chinatown gangs, in violation of his bargain with prosecutors, and deportation proceedings began.[37] Leung stated that Chow or his associates \"will try to get him and the [Hop Sing] board members\" in retaliation for the failed demand for money, but Leung refused to wear a listening device, and the extortion case died for lack of evidence.[27][37]603 Jackson; the name of Leung's business, Wonkow Art Centres, can still be seen behind the red paint on the awningChow joined the CKT at around this time.[29] According to Kongphet \"Fat Joe\" Chanthavong, Chow convened a meeting in mid-2005 in the back room of an Oakland bar, instructing Chanthavong and two others to murder Leung.[32] At the time, Allen Leung was president of the Hop Sing Tong (HST) and dragon head of the CKT; because the HST had refused to loan money to Chow to start a business, he had become upset and told his associate, Wen Bing \"Skinny Ray\" Lei, that Lei should replace Leung as head of the HST.[38] Cam corroborated Chanthavong's testimony that Lei should take over the CKT, adding that Chow complained about Leung's leadership. Chow then instructed Cam to coordinate with Lei to get rid of Allen Leung. Cam and Lei would later recruit Chanthavong into the plot to murder Leung.[39] Chanthavong was tasked with driving by Leung's shop at 603 Jackson to watch Leung's movements.[32] Allen Leung's son Clifton testified that in December 2005 or January 2006, Lei had entered Leung's shop on Jackson Street ostensibly to discuss business, but casually asked if the security cameras in the office were functional. Allen turned to Clifton, asking the same question, and Clifton said they did not work.[36]Allen Leung was shot to death on February 27, 2006, by an unidentified suspect at his Chinatown import-export business on Jackson Street.[40] According to the police, the gunman entered Leung's office and demanded cash; although Leung offered it to him, the unknown suspect shot Leung in \"an execution slaying\" before Leung could hand over any money.[27][34][41] During Chow's subsequent trial, Cam testified this was the third attempt on Leung's life; the first attempt was called off after Chanthavong withdrew, and the second attempt failed when Cam was unable to intercept Leung as he was leaving a banquet.[39]\"Skinny Ray\" Lei was later indicted in January 2017 for Leung's murder,[42][43][44] but died in July 2018 from metastatic lung cancer before he could be tried.[45]","title":"Criminal activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060408-27"},{"link_name":"Fiona Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Ma"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-060827-37"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-160805-46"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-140330-13"},{"link_name":"white mourning suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_funeral_rituals"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHN-151217-36"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE-151013-47"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151216-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0295_Chee_Kung_Tong_(26728605727).jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"Dianne Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-140327-2-49"},{"link_name":"Gavin Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-140327-50"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pascua-51"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pascua-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151119-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pascua-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151119-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pascua-51"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-140412-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM101315-7"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pascua-51"}],"sub_title":"Head of Ghee Kung Tong","text":"Chow led a Freemason salute to Leung at his funeral on March 18,[27] and ascended to the leadership of the CKT in a ceremony in August 2006, where he received an official certificate of honor from San Francisco, arranged by Supervisor Fiona Ma.[37][46] San Francisco Police and the FBI began investigating the murder of Leung by staking out Chow's swearing-in ceremony.[13] The government's probe of Chow was dubbed 'Operation White Suit' after Chow visibly and uniquely wore a white mourning suit to Leung's funeral.[36][47] Although Chow had previously supported Lei as dragon head, they argued after Leung's funeral; Lei told Chow that no one respected him because of his conduct.[39]CKT headquarters, Spofford Street (2018)After ascending to the head of CKT, Chow became publicly visible as a mentor to Asian and African American youths, speaking to dozens of community groups each year[7] and receiving congratulations from U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein for winning a \"Change Agent\" award in 2012 from Bayview Hunters Point Multipurpose Senior Services.[48][49] According to a mayor's aide, Chow \"[showed] up at events and [tried] to get pictures with politicians\", eventually posting a picture he took with Gavin Newsom on his Facebook page.[50]Meanwhile, for 'Operation White Suit', an undercover FBI agent (identified either as UCE 4599 or by the alias \"David Jordan\") had been introduced to Chow in May 2010 as an East Coast emissary from La Cosa Nostra.[7] During a June 2010 fishing trip in Hawaii, Chow told \"Jordan\" and another undercover agent (UCE 4527, \"Jimmy Chen\") that although he could not be involved in any illegal activities, he could introduce them to people who could.[51]: 28–29 Chow later introduced \"Jordan\" to Keith Jackson, president of the San Francisco Board of Education and a close friend of Leland Yee, in August 2010.[51]: 29 \"Jordan\" began laundering money with Chow's associates in February 2011.[52] By April 2011, Chow and \"Jordan\" had grown so close that at a karaoke bar, Chow whispered to \"Jordan\" that he knew of and approved all criminal activities in the CKT, serving as a judge within the organization.[51]: 18, 31 The device that \"Jordan\" was wearing failed to record Chow's whisper.[52]\"Jordan\" used the CKT to launder more than $2 million, purportedly gathered from illegal activities and was later inducted in the CKT as a consultant in March 2012; although Chow never laundered any of the money, \"Jordan\" reported that Chow had sanctioned others within CKT to work with him.[51]: 19 In May 2012, Chow was secretly recorded by the FBI while he was conferring with \"George\" Heng Nieh (Chow's driver), stating that he did not want the CKT involved with \"Jordan\", the undercover agent posing as a member of the Mafia, for fear the CKT would be labeled 'an underworld society' that participated in organized crime.[12] The case against Chow was built in part on the thousands of dollars given by \"Jordan\" to Chow; on one occasion, \"Jordan\" gave Chow $2,000 as thanks for the opportunity to work with Nieh. Although Chow protested, saying \"Damn, that is bribery money, dude — that's not good\", he did not return the payment.[7] \"Jordan\"'s activities later expanded by December 2013 to include the trafficking of stolen liquor, cigarettes without a tax stamp, and marijuana.[51]: 19–20","title":"Criminal activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151113-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151119-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pascua-51"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151118-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-151222-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151119-52"},{"link_name":"Fort Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_CA"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Alameda County District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alameda_County_District_Attorney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Murder of Jim Tat Kong","text":"Jim Tat Kong opposed Chow for the leadership of HST during an election meeting held in 2011. According to Chanthavong, Chow was incensed that Kong had dared to challenge his authority and, at a karaoke bar after that meeting, told Chanthavong \"somebody needs to take care of Jimmy\".[53] In addition, \"Jordan\" stated that Chow's biggest grievance with Kong was that Kong had slept with the wife of a HST member who had fled to China; Chow also disagreed with Kong's strong-arm tactics to intimidate other HST members to vote for him.[52] Chow told \"Jordan\" he would be withdrawing his protection from Kong.[51]: 32 According to \"Jordan\", after the election Chow was \"extremely, extremely agitated, talking so openly about vengeance\" and publicly denounced Kong, declaring \"He is no longer my brother\". Chow added \"there would be people on the street lined up to take vengeance\".[54] Chow testified at his 2015 trial that he had expelled Kong from HST because Kong had used Chow's name and reputation to recruit new youth drug dealers. Although expelling Kong effectively stripped him of protection, Chow intended that \"[Kong was] gonna get his ass whupped\", but said he never meant to kill Kong.[55] Although \"Jordan\" warned Chow that \"someone's going to smoke [Kong]\" after he lost protection from the HST, Chow replied \"It's all good, you know; in the gangland, their own nature would take care of their own.\"[52]Two years later, Kong and his girlfriend Cindy Bao Feng Chen were found dead in their minivan near Fort Bragg on October 17, 2013; each had been killed by a single gunshot to the head.[56][57][58] Although Chow would be tried and convicted for conspiracy to murder Kong, authorities would later indict Wing Wo \"Fat Mark\" Ma in 2017 for the pair's murder. Ma was a carpenter who built greenhouses and other structures for Kong's marijuana-growing operation.[59] Ma was also a police informant who had bribed Harry Hu, an investigator for the Alameda County District Attorney's office, between 2008 and 2013 to shield Ma's criminal activities from prosecution,[60][61] including the murders of Kong and Chen. Ma had called and met Hu for help shortly after Ma was questioned about the murders on October 22, 2013.[62] Ma was convicted for the murders, bribery, and marijuana-related charges in November 2019 after a three-week trial.[63]","title":"Criminal activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leland Yee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Yee"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lelandyee-65"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-140412-12"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pascua-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LELAND_Y.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tony Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Serra"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"U.S. District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California"},{"link_name":"Charles Breyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Breyer"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Edwin Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lee_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-150707-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"selective prosecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_prosecution"},{"link_name":"United States v. Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-151016-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-151109-92"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE-151013-47"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151015-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT-151016-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151016-95"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Loretta Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151015-93"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151016-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"Leland Yee dragnet","text":"On March 26, 2014, Raymond Chow was arrested during an FBI raid in connection with an investigation into official corruption by State Senator Leland Yee. Chow faced charges of money laundering and conspiracy to deal stolen property. He was accused of operating a faction, or subgroup in the CKT, a benevolent association, as a racketeering enterprise that trafficked in drugs, weapons, and stolen items.[64] Federal authorities alleged Chow's reformation was a façade,[65] and charged him with seven counts of money laundering, two counts of conspiring to transport and receive stolen liquor, and one count of conspiracy to traffic untaxed cigarettes. He faced a maximum of 20 years imprisonment for each money laundering count.[12][51]: 5Leland YeeIn April 2014, trial lawyer Tony Serra joined Chow's defense team.[66] Serra blasted the sting operation that led to Chow's arrest as entrapment: \"They tempted my client in every fashion to commit a substantive crime.\"[67] One of the key defense strategies, to present possible exculpatory evidence to the public, was denied by U.S. District Court Judge Charles Breyer in May 2014 on the grounds that it could disclose the identity of the undercover FBI agent known as \"David Jordan\".[68][69]A superseding 228-count indictment filed in July 2014 expanded the crimes to include racketeering, money laundering, unlicensed firearms dealing, fraud, narcotics conspiracy, murder for hire, wire fraud, and conspiracy to receive and transport stolen property.[70] Chow pleaded not guilty to the added racketeering charge and Serra welcomed the new charges as a measure of the government's desperation: \"They obviously want to target him. They obviously have a weak case or they wouldn’t target him in this manner. So we are delighted to confront them.\"[71]In September 2014, Chow sued the City of San Francisco and Mayor Edwin Lee, asking them to disclose records which Chow claimed would show that an undercover FBI agent, identified as UCE 4773 alias \"Michael Anthony King\", paid a total of $20,000 in bribes to Lee as campaign contributions.[72] \"King\" and \"Jordan\" had worked together on the investigation into Leland Yee; \"King\" was the lead undercover agent until he was removed, allegedly for financial misconduct.[73] According to FBI wiretaps, the bribes were solicited by others on behalf of Lee, but it was not clear if Lee was aware of their source.[74] Keith Jackson was one of a trio charged with soliciting the bribe; by 2017, many of the charges had been dismissed[75] and the remaining defendants accepted a no-contest plea deal in 2019 that resulted in no additional time served in prison.[76] Judge Breyer ordered a separate trial for Yee and Jackson on the political bribery and illegal firearms importation charges following a hearing in November 2014.[77][78]On July 7, 2015, Chow declined to take a plea deal from prosecutors on the racketeering charges and was ordered to stand trial with seven other defendants in November.[79] Yee and three other defendants had all pleaded guilty to racketeering on July 1; of the three associates, two also admitted to participating in illegal activities through CKT, including narcotics distribution, firearms sales, and murder-for-hire.[80][81][82] None of the four who accepted the plea deal were required to testify against Chow.[83]Chow's defense team continued to excoriate the government investigation as entrapment, filing a motion to dismiss in August 2015 that claimed \"the investigation stagnated quickly [shortly after it started in 2009] and is characterized by literally years of attempting to lure Chow into breaking the law to no avail\";[84] prosecutors countered the motion included documents that had previously been sealed and the new motion to dismiss should also be sealed,[85] but Judge Breyer disagreed, as the initial motion to dismiss had already been publicly posted.[86] Judge Breyer threw out the motion to dismiss in late August, stating that Chow's defense had failed to prove the selective prosecution standard established in United States v. Armstrong.[87] All seven of Chow's fellow defendants pleaded guilty in September,[88] and were removed from the upcoming trial per a defense motion to sever the other defendants. Chow's defense team also claimed the trial date of November 2 would result in ineffective representation due to inadequate time to prepare, after receiving more than 100 gigabytes of evidence in discovery after August 25.[89]After announcing they had uncovered new evidence in September,[90] on October 15, 2015, federal prosecutors formally added charges of conspiracy to murder in connection with the deaths of Allen Leung and Jim Tat Kong.[91] No charges had been filed previously for Leung's murder until one of Chow's racketeering co-defendants said they had heard Chow ordered the killing.[92] The defense for Chow argued that Kong had murdered Leung in an attempt to take over the HST and the deaths of Kong and Chen in 2013 were a double suicide.[47] Judge Breyer severed all charges that could result in the death penalty from the upcoming trial,[93] which meant Chow potentially faced two trials: one for the earlier charges of racketeering and money laundering under his 2014 indictment, and a second one for the murder charges. Prosecutors issued a third superseding 162-count indictment, and Chow pleaded not guilty to the new charges of murdering Leung and conspiracy to commit the murder of Kong in \"aid of racketeering\".[94][95] Prosecutors stated the murder charges were required to carry the potential for a death penalty because of Chow's criminal history, and the charges could not be added without the approval of Attorney General Loretta Lynch;[93] they requested the trial be delayed to accommodate her review.[95] However, the murder conspiracy charges were later combined with the racketeering charges in a single trial,[96] and prosecutors announced they would not seek the death penalty.[97]","title":"Criminal activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trialbegins-3"},{"link_name":"Waqar Hasib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waqar_Hasib&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151118-54"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHN-151111-38"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151113-53"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHN-151217-36"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151124-99"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151118-54"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151120-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151124-99"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-151118-54"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-151221-31"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-151222-55"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-160108-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC-160805-46"},{"link_name":"Terre Haute USP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_Haute_USP"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_U.S._Circuit_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Northern District of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California"},{"link_name":"compassionate release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassionate_release"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Racketeering and murder trial","text":"Chow's latest trial began on November 9, 2015.[3] For the prosecution's opening remarks, Assistant U.S. Attorney Waqar Hasib called Chow the \"sun of the underworld universe\" who had ordered \"a hit, a cold-blooded gangland-style hit\" on Allen Leung \"like something straight out of 'The Godfather'.\" In addition, Hasib asserted that by withdrawing the gang's protection from Kong, Chow had doomed him to be murdered eventually. Serra responded by citing Chow's vow to reform himself and renounce crime after his last release: \"This is not the face of a person who has killed to achieve that status [as head of CKT]. It's quasi-beatific.\"[98]I would get back in the [criminal] business anytime, but my freedom is very important to me at this time. I'm just one step away. If I truly am not able to make it, I will go back into the shady business.\n\n\n — Raymond \"Shrimp Boy\" Chow, Recorded conversation with undercover FBI agent \"Jimmy Chen\"[54]\"Fat Joe\" Chanthavong, who had first met and befriended Chow in 2001 while both were serving their sentences in a federal prison, testified for the prosecution beginning on November 10, 2015.[38] Chanthavong decided to testify against Chow in 2013 after hearing secret recordings made by the FBI in which Chow advised his driver that Chanthavong and another associate of Chow, \"Andy\" Man Lai Li, should continue making drug and gun deals with the undercover agent posing as \"David Jordan\"; Chanthavong testified that he and Li were being used as bait: \"I felt like I was getting thrown under the bus, that I was expendable\".[53] Other witnesses for the prosecution included \"Kevin\" Cam,[36] \"Andy\" Li,[99] and \"Jimmy Chen\" and \"David Jordan\", the undercover FBI agents; the courtroom was closed to the public during the agents' testimony to protect their identity.[54][100]The testimony phase of the trial was temporarily delayed during the illness of one of the defense lawyers; during the delay, defense lead lawyer Serra pushed to have \"Jordan\"'s identity revealed so they could conduct a background investigation. In addition, Serra asked to put one of the prosecution lawyers on the witness stand to impeach the credibility of \"Andy\" Li.[99]\"Chen\"'s testimony supported Chow's assertion that he had reformed. During their conversations, Chow would steer the topic away from illegal activities towards the book he was writing, at one point telling \"Chen\" that \"money is not a big deal as long as one is happy\", and he advised \"Chen\" to stay away from the criminal life.[54] Taking the stand as the first defense witness on December 21, Chow testified about his renunciation of his former life of crime after his nervous breakdown in 2004.[31] In addition, Chow testified the payments that had been pressed upon him by the undercover FBI agent known as David Jordan were accepted only \"for his love and respect\" and \"if anyone tell me it's illegal money, drugs, alcohol ... I will not receive these monies.\"[55]On January 8, 2016, Chow was found guilty on all 162 counts, including murder in aid of racketeering, racketeering conspiracy, conspiring to murder another rival, receiving and transporting stolen liquor across state lines, and money laundering.[101] Chow's lawyers filed for a new trial, alleging the number of defense witnesses was unfairly limited and previous testimony in 2002 regarding the 1991 murder of Danny Wong had been wrongfully used against him. Judge Breyer denied the motion for a new trial on June 2, 2016.[102] He was sentenced to two life terms (one for racketeering, and one for murder) plus twenty years for the other convictions on August 4, 2016.[46] He is serving his sentence at Terre Haute USP.[103]In May 2019, a panel of three judges from the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld his conviction and rejected his appeal.[104] The United States District Court for the Northern District of California denied his motion for compassionate release in 2020, with Judge Breyer noting \"The Court therefore cannot conclude that '[t]he defendant is not a danger to the safety of any other person or to the community'\".[105]","title":"Criminal activity"}]	[{"image_text":"The Empress of China restaurant atop the China Trade Center overlooks Portsmouth Square in Chinatown (2018)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/0310_China_Trade_Center_%2841556185342%29.jpg/170px-0310_China_Trade_Center_%2841556185342%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hop Sing Tong building on Waverly Place in San Francisco's Chinatown (2013)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hop_Sing_Tong_Building%2C_San_Francisco_Chinatown_%289274307070%29.jpg/170px-Hop_Sing_Tong_Building%2C_San_Francisco_Chinatown_%289274307070%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leung's White Crane, just inside the entrance to St. Louis Alley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/7224_White_Crane_St_Louis_%2849330430482%29.jpg/170px-7224_White_Crane_St_Louis_%2849330430482%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"603 Jackson; the name of Leung's business, Wonkow Art Centres, can still be seen behind the red paint on the awning","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/0309_Wonkow_%2826728599657%29.jpg/170px-0309_Wonkow_%2826728599657%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"CKT headquarters, Spofford Street (2018)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/0295_Chee_Kung_Tong_%2826728605727%29.jpg/170px-0295_Chee_Kung_Tong_%2826728605727%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leland Yee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/LELAND_Y.jpg/170px-LELAND_Y.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Inmate Locator\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/","url_text":"\"Inmate Locator\""}]},{"reference":"Isaacs, Matt (June 14, 2000). \"Twice Burned\". SF Weekly. Archived from the original on January 1, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/twice-burned/Content?oid=2139126&showFullText=true","url_text":"\"Twice Burned\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080101211948/http://www.sfweekly.com/2000-06-14/news/twice-burned/full","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Egelko, Bob (November 10, 2015). \"'Shrimp Boy' depicted as ruthless killer, wise leader as trial opens\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Chow-likened-to-a-Mafia-don-as-racketeering-6620202.php","url_text":"\"'Shrimp Boy' depicted as ruthless killer, wise leader as trial opens\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA v. Raymond Chow: Motion to Dismiss for Selective Prosecution\". United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Retrieved December 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/273554556/USA-v-Raymond-Chow-Motion-to-Dismiss-for-Selective-Prosecution#scribd","url_text":"\"USA v. Raymond Chow: Motion to Dismiss for Selective Prosecution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California","url_text":"United States District Court for the Northern District of California"}]},{"reference":"Mozingo, Joe (March 28, 2014). \"Who is 'Shrimp Boy' Chow? A look at his violent past, alleged reform\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-shrimp-boy-20140328,0,2543001.story#ixzz2xHw3C6mI","url_text":"\"Who is 'Shrimp Boy' Chow? A look at his violent past, alleged reform\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Presentence Investigation Report, United States of America vs. Kwok Cheung Chow a/k/a Raymond Chow, a/k/a Ha Jai, a/k/a Shrimpboy, Docket No. 0971 3:14CR00196-001 CRB\". Internet Archive. July 18, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/shrimpboy/1509/1509-1%20-%20SENTENCING%20MEMORANDUM%20by%20Kwok%20Cheung%20Chow%20-%20Exhibit%20A","url_text":"\"Presentence Investigation Report, United States of America vs. Kwok Cheung Chow a/k/a Raymond Chow, a/k/a Ha Jai, a/k/a Shrimpboy, Docket No. 0971 3:14CR00196-001 CRB\""}]},{"reference":"Weil, Elizabeth (October 13, 2015). \"Shrimp Boy's Day in Court: What happened when one of San Francisco's most notorious underworld bosses tried to go clean\". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved October 14, 2015. When Lo began Shrimp Boy's re-education, she told me, she treated him as a foreigner or like a baby. He was so out of place in society, he drove an old bulletproof Mercedes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/18/magazine/shrimp-boys-day-in-court.html","url_text":"\"Shrimp Boy's Day in Court: What happened when one of San Francisco's most notorious underworld bosses tried to go clean\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A: A guide to Leland Yee corruption scandal: 'Shrimp Boy' to guns\". Los Angeles Times. March 28, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-a-guide-to-leland-yee-corruption-scandal-shrimp-boy-to-guns-20140328-story.html","url_text":"\"Q&A: A guide to Leland Yee corruption scandal: 'Shrimp Boy' to guns\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, Garance (March 27, 2014). \"FBI sting shows San Francisco Chinatown underworld\". San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. 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Retrieved August 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfweekly.com/news/suckafreecity/crime-doesnt-pay-even-shrimp-boy/","url_text":"\"Crime Doesn't Pay, Even for Shrimp Boy\""}]},{"reference":"Coté, John (April 12, 2014). \"The enigma of Raymond Chow, the self-proclaimed ex-gangster\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/The-enigma-of-Raymond-Chow-self-proclaimed-5398313.php","url_text":"\"The enigma of Raymond Chow, the self-proclaimed ex-gangster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (March 30, 2014). \"Yee case started in 2006 after killing of Chinatown leader\". San Francisco Chronicle. 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Chinatown cited in smuggling trial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alleged Asian Gang Boss Sentenced\". San Francisco Chronicle. August 15, 1996. Retrieved March 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Alleged-Asian-Gang-Boss-Sentenced-2970888.php","url_text":"\"Alleged Asian Gang Boss Sentenced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alleged S.F. Gang Leader Loses Appeal\". San Francisco Chronicle. May 2, 1998. Retrieved March 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Alleged-S-F-Gang-Leader-Loses-Appeal-3007678.php","url_text":"\"Alleged S.F. Gang Leader Loses Appeal\""}]},{"reference":"Hatfield, Larry D. (May 2, 1996). \"'Shrimp Boy' Chow's case ends in mistrial\". San Francisco Examiner. 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Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070806040849/http://www.sfweekly.com/2007-08-01/news/enter-the-dragon-head/","url_text":"\"Enter the Dragon Head\""},{"url":"http://www.sfweekly.com/2007-08-01/news/enter-the-dragon-head/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Vic (September 7, 2007). \"Financier Norman Hsu's Sordid Past\". KGO-TV. Archived from the original on September 11, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070911201630/http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=local&id=5643329","url_text":"\"Financier Norman Hsu's Sordid Past\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGO-TV","url_text":"KGO-TV"},{"url":"http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=local&id=5643329","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Egelko, Bob (December 21, 2015). \"Raymond 'Shrimp Boy' Chow takes stand in his own defense\". San Francisco Chronicle. 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Retrieved March 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shrimpboy","url_text":"\"Shrimp Boy Court Filings\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/","external_links_name":"\"Inmate Locator\""},{"Link":"https://archives.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/twice-burned/Content?oid=2139126&showFullText=true","external_links_name":"\"Twice Burned\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080101211948/http://www.sfweekly.com/2000-06-14/news/twice-burned/full","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Chow-likened-to-a-Mafia-don-as-racketeering-6620202.php","external_links_name":"\"'Shrimp Boy' depicted as ruthless killer, wise leader as trial opens\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/273554556/USA-v-Raymond-Chow-Motion-to-Dismiss-for-Selective-Prosecution#scribd","external_links_name":"\"USA v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Acton	Dawn Acton	["1 References","2 External links"]	English actress Dawn ActonBornDawn Jean Acton (1977-03-15) 15 March 1977 (age 47)Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, EnglandNationalityEnglishOccupationActressChildren1 Dawn Jean Acton (born 15 March 1977) is an English actress, known for portraying the role of Tracy Barlow in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street between 1988 and 1999. She left the soap opera at age 22, after having her baby son. As a child, she attended Stamford High School in Ashton-under-Lyne and trained at the Oldham Theatre Workshop. As of present, Dawn is working as a DJ and has been DJing for over 15 years. She has also been involved in charity work for local organisations. References ^ a b Hayward 1994, p. 1 ^ a b "Dawn Acton". www.corrie.net. Retrieved 30 May 2023. ^ Nolan, Emma (7 August 2019). "Coronation Street's original Tracy Barlow Dawn Acton is now a DJ". Metro. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ Fear, Helen (7 August 2019). "Former Tracy Barlow actress Dawn Acton reveals real reason she quit Coronation Street". Entertainment Daily UK. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019. Hayward, Anthony (1994). Who's Who on Television. London: Boxtree. ISBN 1-85283-936-8. External links Dawn Acton at IMDb This article about an English actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tracy Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Barlow"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Coronation Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Street"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayward-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-street-2"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Stamford High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_High_School,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Oldham Theatre Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Theatre_Workshop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayward-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-street-2"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Dawn Jean Acton (born 15 March 1977) is an English actress, known for portraying the role of Tracy Barlow in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street between 1988 and 1999.[1][2][unreliable source?] She left the soap opera at age 22, after having her baby son.[3]As a child, she attended Stamford High School in Ashton-under-Lyne and trained at the Oldham Theatre Workshop.[1][2]As of present, Dawn is working as a DJ and has been DJing for over 15 years. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Pendleton	Terry Pendleton	["1 Pre-MLB career","2 Major League career","2.1 St. Louis Cardinals (1984-1990)","2.2 Atlanta Braves (1991-1994)","2.3 Later career (1995-1998)","2.4 Career statistics","2.5 Coaching career","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	American baseball player and coach Baseball player Terry PendletonPendleton as a coach with the Atlanta BravesThird basemanBorn: (1960-07-16) July 16, 1960 (age 63)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Batted: SwitchThrew: RightMLB debutJuly 18, 1984, for the St. Louis CardinalsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 25, 1998, for the Kansas City RoyalsMLB statisticsBatting average.270Home runs140Runs batted in946 TeamsAs player St. Louis Cardinals (1984–1990) Atlanta Braves (1991–1994) Florida Marlins (1995–1996) Atlanta Braves (1996) Cincinnati Reds (1997) Kansas City Royals (1998) As coach Atlanta Braves (2002–2017) Career highlights and awards All-Star (1992) NL MVP (1991) 3× Gold Glove Award (1987, 1989, 1992) NL batting champion (1991) Braves Hall of Fame Terry Lee Pendleton (born July 16, 1960) is an American former third baseman in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played primarily for the St. Louis Cardinals and Atlanta Braves, but he also spent time with the Florida Marlins, Cincinnati Reds, and Kansas City Royals. During his 15-year career, he went to the World Series five times, yet his team never won a championship. After his playing career, he became a coach for the Braves. Pre-MLB career Pendleton started his baseball career as an Eastside Little League player, and then he moved on to play second base at Channel Islands High School. He played at Oxnard College from 1979 to 1980. The 1979 Oxnard team was the school's first team, and he helped lead the Condors to a state championship berth while earning a scholarship. He transferred to Fresno State for the 1981 and 1982 seasons, and he was a key contributor to the team's fourth consecutive conference title in the 1982 season, setting a school record with 98 hits on the season. He was recognized as an All-American. Pendleton had his jersey retired in 2007, alongside the jerseys of Tex Clevenger and Jimy Williams. He was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the seventh round of the 1982 amateur draft and subsequently signed with the team on June 12, 1982. Pendleton's minor league campaign began with the Johnson City Cardinals and the St. Petersburg Cardinals during the 1982 season. Pendleton was moved up to class AA baseball with the Arkansas Travelers for the 1983 season. He was selected to the league's all-star team. Making steady progress, Pendleton was promoted to class AAA in 1984 and played for the Louisville Redbirds. After four games at second base, Pendleton became a third baseman, the position he would play the rest of his career. The Cardinals were so impressed with Pendleton's development as a third baseman in Louisville that they traded their starting third baseman, Ken Oberkfell, to the Atlanta Braves and temporarily placed Andy Van Slyke at third base while Pendleton continued to gain experience. However, when Van Slyke committed 7 errors in 30 games, the Cardinals promoted Pendleton to the majors, and he began his major league career as the Cards' starting third baseman. Major League career St. Louis Cardinals (1984-1990) Pendleton made his major league debut on July 18, 1984, against the San Francisco Giants. Batting sixth in the lineup, he made an immediate impact, getting three hits in five at-bats en route to an 8–4 victory for the Cardinals. In 67 games during the 1984 season, Pendleton had a .324 batting average, 20 stolen bases, and finished tied for seventh in Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award voting. The 1985 season saw Pendleton remain in the starting lineup at third base. His batting average trailed off, and he only hit .240 for the season and was caught stealing 12 times; he had 17 stolen bases on the season. He hit an inside-the-park grand slam off Joe Sambito when Danny Heep collided with Terry Blocker in right-centerfield in the fifth inning of an 8–2 win over the New York Mets in the second game of a doubleheader at Shea Stadium on June 9, 1985. The Cardinals advanced to the 1985 World Series, and Pendleton ended up hitting the Cardinals' only triple, doing so in the Cardinals' 3–0 Game 4 win. His statline for the 1986 season was only modestly better. His batting average remained low at .239 and he only hit a single home run, but he was able to steal 24 bases, hit 26 doubles, and 5 triples. St. Louis management became disappointed with Pendleton after this season, but manager Whitey Herzog pointed out to them that it was his base running and fielding (he led the National League in putouts and assists) that made him vital to the team's success. Pendleton answered front office criticism in his best season to date, the 1987 season. He improved in many statistical aspects in which he was struggling, including raising his batting average to a respectable .286. He was a strong contributor to the team's pennant win, placing second on the team in home runs, third in runs batted in, and tied for third in stolen bases. Pendleton's fielding efforts led to his earning his first Gold Glove, the first by a Cardinal third baseman since Ken Reitz in 1975, as well as finishing tied for 17th in MVP voting. Unfortunately, as the Cardinals reached the 1987 World Series to play the Minnesota Twins, Pendleton ended up sidelined for most of the series with a rib cage injury. Despite this injury, Pendleton's switch-hitting ability meant that he was able to be used as a left-handed designated hitter during three of the four games the Cardinals played at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. He finished the series by playing three games, getting three hits on seven at-bats as the Cardinals fell in seven games for the second time in three years. As the 1988 season began, Pendleton seemed to struggle where he had flourished. Despite racking up 80 stolen bases in his first four seasons, he only stole three bases during the whole 1988 season; in fact, he went the rest of his career without stealing more than 10. Injuries also plagued him in 1988, as he missed a few weeks with a right hamstring injury and had arthroscopic surgery in mid-September, which cut his season short. Despite this, Pendleton hoped to rebound for the 1989 season. Rebounding was exactly what he did, as he played in all 162 games for the only time in his career, finished ninth in hits with 162, and earned his second Gold Glove with an impressive .971 fielding percentage. Despite an impressive 1989 season, Pendleton struggled during the 1990 season. His overall production declined that season, as evidenced by his .230 batting average and .277 on-base percentage,. By the end of the season, he was splitting time with rookie Todd Zeile. After the season ended, Zeile appeared to be the third baseman of the future for the Cardinals, and Pendleton became a free agent. Pendleton is one of many major league players to have an error on a baseball card. His 1985 Donruss card lists him as Jeff Pendleton. Atlanta Braves (1991-1994) After Pendleton was granted free agency on November 5, 1990, the Atlanta Braves were undergoing a similar overhaul as they acquired a new general manager, John Schuerholz. Assuming command of a last-place team, Schuerholz went to work and recruited half of a new infield by first signing Sid Bream to a contract and then inking Pendleton to a four-year, $10.2 million deal on December 3, 1990. With a new team and a new contract, Pendleton had a career year during the 1991 season, leading the Braves from a sixth-place finish the year prior to a division title and pennant. He had his best individual season, finishing with a .319 batting average and 187 hits, both of which led the National League. He also hit a career-high 22 home runs and a career-high eight triples. Despite his impressive statistics, Pendleton was not selected for the All-Star Game. He was, however, named the National League MVP, edging out Barry Bonds by only 15 points. Pendleton also won the MLB Comeback Player of the Year Award because of his statistical improvements. Pendleton's performance in the 1991 World Series—a rematch for him against the Twins and the third series he played in—was also impressive. He went 11 for 30, hit 2 home runs, and started at third for all 7 games. In Game 7 of the series, Pendleton hit a double in the eighth inning that should have scored a run, however Lonnie Smith did not advance home, and a double play to end the inning kept the score at 0–0, leading to the Braves' eventual Game 7 defeat and Pendleton's third Game 7 World Series loss in a row. As the 1992 season rolled around, Pendleton remained in peak form. In 160 games, Pendleton batted .311, hit 21 home runs, and scored 94 runs. He had 105 RBIs, which ranked second in the National League and marked the only time he passed 100 RBIs in his career. Also, he racked up 199 hits, which was good for the National League lead as well as a career-high total. He also finished second in the National League in at bats with 640, earning his only bid to the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Pendleton also won his third Gold Glove at third base (the first by a Braves third baseman since Clete Boyer in 1969) en route to the Braves making their second World Series appearance in a row. However, despite a 6-for-25 showing by Pendleton, the Braves fell to the Toronto Blue Jays in 6 games, losing all 4 games by 1 run. This marked Pendleton's fourth World Series loss in four attempts. Pendleton continued to produce extra-base hits during the 1993 season, hitting 17 home runs and 33 doubles. However, he appeared to be showing signs of slowing down; although he placed second in at bats with 633, he led the National League in outs with 490. His batting average of .272 was notably lower than his previous two seasons, and his luck did not fare any better as the 1994 season rolled around. He spent part of the season on the disabled list because of spasms in his neck and back, and after only hitting .252 for the season, Pendleton opted for free agency. Later career (1995-1998) Pendleton was granted free agency on October 24, 1994, and he was picked up by the Florida Marlins on April 7, 1995. Pendleton improved his batting average to .290, and hit 14 home runs while playing in 133 games. Pendleton went on to play 111 games for the Marlins in 1996, hitting .251 with 7 home runs. After spending the 1995 and most of the 1996 on the Marlins, he was traded back to the injury battered Braves. Right-fielder David Justice was lost for the season with a shoulder separation in May, and shortstop Jeff Blauser suffered a broken bone in his left hand, which caused him to miss some playing time. Acquiring Pendleton meant Chipper Jones could play at his natural shortstop position while Pendleton played third. Pendleton was traded to the Braves on August 13, 1996, for minor league prospect Roosevelt Brown. He went on to play in the 1996 World Series—the fifth World Series of his career. However, he was used only in a limited role en route to a 6-game loss to the New York Yankees, leaving Pendleton 0-for-5 in his chances for a World Series ring. Pendleton as the Braves' first base coach, 2011. The Braves let Pendleton go after the 1996 season, and he signed on with the Cincinnati Reds on January 27, 1997. However, he was released on July 24, 1997, after hitting .248 with one home run and two stolen bases. While with the Reds, Pendleton had three stints on the disabled list, and after his release, he spent the rest of the season recovering and did not sign with another club. In January 1998, the Kansas City Royals were looking for veteran leadership, and on January 20, 1998, signed Pendleton to provide a veteran presence and help mentor its younger players. Pendleton was used in a limited role, backing up Dean Palmer. He played 79 games in 1998, splitting time between the designated hitter position and third base. After the 1998 season ended—his 15th professional season—Pendleton retired to spend more time with his family. Career statistics In 1893 games over 15 seasons, Pendleton posted a .270 batting average (1897-for-7032) with 851 runs, 356 doubles, 39 triples, 140 home runs, 946 RBI, 127 stolen bases, 486 bases on balls, .316 on-base percentage and .391 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .957 fielding percentage and led National League third basemen in putouts and assists five times each. In 66 postseason games, including 5 World Series, he batted .252 (58-for-230) with 26 runs, 12 doubles, 3 triples, 3 home runs, 23 RBI, 2 stolen bases and 12 walks. Coaching career After spending a couple years with his wife and three children, Pendleton got his first coaching job in November 2001 as the hitting coach of the Atlanta Braves. Pendleton served in that role through the 2010 season. In 2006, he was on a short list of manager candidates to replace Frank Robinson as manager of the Washington Nationals; a few weeks into the process, Pendleton withdrew himself from consideration. In 2007, Pendleton was also reportedly one of the front-runners to replace Tony La Russa as manager of the St. Louis Cardinals before La Russa ultimately decided to stay with the Cardinals. He was a candidate to replace Bobby Cox when the esteemed Braves manager retired at the end of the 2010 season. When Fredi Gonzalez was announced as Braves manager after the 2010 season, Pendleton was moved from hitting coach to first base coach, where he replaced Glenn Hubbard. Gonzalez was fired and replaced by Brian Snitker in May 2016, and Snitker chose Pendleton as bench coach. Pendleton was replaced by Walt Weiss after the 2017 season. See also Biography portalBaseball portal List of Major League Baseball batting champions References ^ a b c d Saladino, Tom (1996-08-25). "ATLANTA CAN CHEER PENDLETON AGAIN". SPORTS. Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 2007-11-18. ^ a b c "Fresno State Baseball Begins Season with Busy Weekend". Fresno State Athletics. 2007-01-10. Retrieved 2007-10-20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Terry Pendleton Statistics - Baseball-Reference.com". Retrieved 2007-10-20. ^ a b c d "Terry Pendleton Statistics - The Baseball Cube". Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2007-10-21. ^ "Class AA Notes". The Sporting News. 1983-08-01. p. 42. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Ballplayers - Terry Pendleton - baseballbiography.com". Retrieved 2007-10-21. ^ "July 18, 1984 San Francisco Giants at St. Louis Cardinals Play by Play and Box Score". Retrieved 2007-10-21. ^ "Terry Pendleton hit an inside-the-park grand slam home run...," United Press International (UPI), Sunday, June 9, 1985. Retrieved February 3, 2023. ^ "1985 World Series Game 4 Box Score". Retrieved 2007-10-22. ^ Chass, Murray (1987-10-16). "WORLD SERIES '87; Cardinals Won't Have Pendleton at Third for Series". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-18. ^ "1987 World Series by Baseball Almanac". Retrieved 2007-10-22. ^ Sonderegger, John (1988-09-20). "PENDLETON LEAVES FOR NEVADA, SURGERY". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. ^ Markusen, Bruce (25 April 2012). "A baseball card mystery: Who is Jeff Pendleton?". TheHardballTimes.com. Retrieved 6 May 2012. ^ Chass, Murray (1990-12-09). "BASEBALL; Free-Agent Signings in the Game of Catch-the-Leader". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-18. ^ Chass, Murray (1990-12-04). "BASEBALL; McGee Signed by Giants; Expos Retain Martinez". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-18. ^ "Pujols wins first MVP award". Retrieved 2007-10-23. ^ "1991 World Series by Baseball Almanac". Retrieved 2007-10-23. ^ Curry, Jack (1991-10-28). "WORLD SERIES; Pendleton Unable To Shake Dome Hex". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-18. ^ "1992 World Series by Baseball Almanac". Retrieved 2007-10-24. ^ "Reds Release Pendleton". The New York Times. 1997-07-24. Retrieved 2007-11-18. ^ "Terry Hangs It Up After 15 Years". CBS Sportsline. 1998-12-12. Retrieved 2007-10-25. ^ "Team: Manager and Coaches: Terry Pendleton 9". Retrieved 2007-10-25. ^ Svrluga, Barry (2006-10-06). "Nats Contact Braves About Pendleton". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-10-24. ^ Svrluga, Barry (2006-10-25). "Braves' Pendleton Pulls Out Of the Nats' Manager Chase". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-10-24. ^ Strauss, Joe (2007-10-09). "Cards antsy over La Russa's decision". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. ^ "Braves to Hold Off on Announcing Skipper Replacement". Retrieved 2009-10-03. ^ Walton, Carroll Rogers (January 25, 2011). "Terry Pendleton ready for new role as first-base coach". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 21, 2016. ^ Bowman, Mark (May 18, 2016). "Pendleton, Perez discuss new roles, Snitker". MLB.com. Retrieved May 21, 2016. ^ "Terry Pendleton, Eddie Perez out as Braves coaches, Walt Weiss in". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terry Pendleton. Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Baseball Almanac vteNational League Most Valuable Player Award 1931: Frisch 1932: Klein 1933: Hubbell 1934: Dean 1935: Hartnett 1936: Hubbell 1937: Medwick 1938: Lombardi 1939: Walters 1940: McCormick 1941: Camilli 1942: Cooper 1943: Musial 1944: Marion 1945: Cavarretta 1946: Musial 1947: Elliott 1948: Musial 1949: J. Robinson 1950: Konstanty 1951: Campanella 1952: Sauer 1953: Campanella 1954: Mays 1955: Campanella 1956: Newcombe 1957: Aaron 1958: Banks 1959: Banks 1960: Groat 1961: F. Robinson 1962: Wills 1963: Koufax 1964: Boyer 1965: Mays 1966: Clemente 1967: Cepeda 1968: B. Gibson 1969: McCovey 1970: Bench 1971: Torre 1972: Bench 1973: Rose 1974: Garvey 1975: Morgan 1976: Morgan 1977: Foster 1978: Parker 1979: Hernandez & Stargell 1980: Schmidt 1981: Schmidt 1982: Murphy 1983: Murphy 1984: Sandberg 1985: McGee 1986: Schmidt 1987: Dawson 1988: K. Gibson 1989: Mitchell 1990: Bonds 1991: Pendleton 1992: Bonds 1993: Bonds 1994: Bagwell 1995: Larkin 1996: Caminiti 1997: Walker 1998: Sosa 1999: Jones 2000: Kent 2001: Bonds 2002: Bonds 2003: Bonds 2004: Bonds 2005: Pujols 2006: Howard 2007: Rollins 2008: Pujols 2009: Pujols 2010: Votto 2011: Braun 2012: Posey 2013: McCutchen 2014: Kershaw 2015: Harper 2016: Bryant 2017: Stanton 2018: Yelich 2019: Bellinger 2020: Freeman 2021: Harper 2022: Goldschmidt 2023: Acuña Jr. vteNational League batting champions 1876: Barnes 1877: White 1878: Hines 1879: Hines 1880: Gore 1881: Anson 1882: Brouthers 1883: Brouthers 1884: Kelly 1885: Connor 1886: Kelly 1887: Thompson 1888: Anson 1889: Brouthers 1890: Glasscock 1891: Hamilton 1892: Brouthers 1893: Hamilton 1894: Duffy 1895: Burkett 1896: Burkett 1897: Keeler 1898: Keeler 1899: Delahanty 1900: Wagner 1901: Burkett 1902: Beaumont 1903: Wagner 1904: Wagner 1905: Seymour 1906: Wagner 1907: Wagner 1908: Wagner 1909: Wagner 1910: Magee 1911: Wagner 1912: Zimmerman 1913: Daubert 1914: Daubert 1915: Doyle 1916: Chase 1917: Roush 1918: Wheat 1919: Roush 1920: Hornsby 1921: Hornsby 1922: Hornsby 1923: Hornsby 1924: Hornsby 1925: Hornsby 1926: Hargrave 1927: Waner 1928: Hornsby 1929: O'Doul 1930: Terry 1931: Hafey 1932: O'Doul 1933: Klein 1934: Waner 1935: Vaughan 1936: Waner 1937: Medwick 1938: Lombardi 1939: Mize 1940: Garms 1941: Reiser 1942: Lombardi 1943: Musial 1944: D. Walker 1945: Cavarretta 1946: Musial 1947: H. Walker 1948: Musial 1949: Robinson 1950: Musial 1951: Musial 1952: Musial 1953: Furillo 1954: Mays 1955: Ashburn 1956: Aaron 1957: Musial 1958: Ashburn 1959: Aaron 1960: Groat 1961: Clemente 1962: Davis 1963: Davis 1964: Clemente 1965: Clemente 1966: Alou 1967: Clemente 1968: Rose 1969: Rose 1970: Carty 1971: Torre 1972: Williams 1973: Rose 1974: Garr 1975: Madlock 1976: Madlock 1977: Parker 1978: Parker 1979: Hernandez 1980: Buckner 1981: Madlock 1982: Oliver 1983: Madlock 1984: Gwynn 1985: McGee 1986: Raines 1987: Gwynn 1988: Gwynn 1989: Gwynn 1990: McGee 1991: Pendleton 1992: Sheffield 1993: Galarraga 1994: Gwynn 1995: Gwynn 1996: Gwynn 1997: Gwynn 1998: L. Walker 1999: L. Walker 2000: Helton 2001: L. Walker 2002: Bonds 2003: Pujols 2004: Bonds 2005: Lee 2006: Sanchez 2007: Holliday 2008: Jones 2009: Ramírez 2010: González 2011: Reyes 2012: Posey 2013: Cuddyer 2014: Morneau 2015: Gordon 2016: LeMahieu 2017: Blackmon 2018: Yelich 2019: Yelich 2020: Soto 2021: Turner 2022: McNeil 2023: Arráez vteSporting News National League Comeback Player of the Year Award 1965: Law 1966: Regan 1967: McCormick 1968: A. Johnson 1969: Agee 1970: Hickman 1971: Downing 1972: Tolan 1973: D. Johnson 1974: Wynn 1975: Jones 1976: John 1977: McCovey 1978: Stargell 1979: Brock 1980: Reuss 1981: Knepper 1982: Morgan 1983: Denny 1984: Andújar 1985: Reuschel 1986: Knight 1987: Sutcliffe 1988: Leary 1989: Smith 1990: Tudor 1991: Pendleton 1992: Sheffield 1993: Galarraga 1994: Wallach 1995: Gant 1996: Davis 1997: Daulton 1998: Vaughn 1999: Henderson 2000: Galarraga 2001: Morris 2002: Lieberthal 2003: López 2004: Carpenter 2005: Griffey, Jr. 2006: Garciaparra 2007: Young 2008: Tatis 2009: Carpenter 2010: Hudson 2011: Berkman 2012: Posey 2013: Liriano 2014: McGehee 2015: Harvey 2016: Fernández 2017: Holland 2018: Kemp 2019: Donaldson 2020: Bard 2021: Posey 2022: Drury 2023: Bellinger vteNational League Third Baseman Gold Glove Award 1958: K. Boyer 1959: K. Boyer 1960: K. Boyer 1961: K. Boyer 1962: Davenport 1963: K. Boyer 1964: Santo 1965: Santo 1966: Santo 1967: Santo 1968: Santo 1969: C. Boyer 1970: Rader 1971: Rader 1972: Rader 1973: Rader 1974: Rader 1975: Reitz 1976: Schmidt 1977: Schmidt 1978: Schmidt 1979: Schmidt 1980: Schmidt 1981: Schmidt 1982: Schmidt 1983: Schmidt 1984: Schmidt 1985: Wallach 1986: Schmidt 1987: Pendleton 1988: Wallach 1989: Pendleton 1990: Wallach 1991: Williams 1992: Pendleton 1993: Williams 1994: Williams 1995: Caminiti 1996: Caminiti 1997: Caminiti 1998: Rolen 1999: Ventura 2000: Rolen 2001: Rolen 2002: Rolen 2003: Rolen 2004: Rolen 2005: Lowell 2006: Rolen 2007: Wright 2008: Wright 2009: Zimmerman 2010: Rolen 2011: Polanco 2012: Headley 2013: Arenado 2014: Arenado 2015: Arenado 2016: Arenado 2017: Arenado 2018: Arenado 2019: Arenado 2020: Arenado 2021: Arenado 2022: Arenado 2023: Hayes	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"}],"text":"Baseball playerTerry Lee Pendleton (born July 16, 1960) is an American former third baseman in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played primarily for the St. Louis Cardinals and Atlanta Braves, but he also spent time with the Florida Marlins, Cincinnati Reds, and Kansas City Royals. During his 15-year career, he went to the World Series five times, yet his team never won a championship. After his playing career, he became a coach for the Braves.","title":"Terry Pendleton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel Islands High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cheer-1"},{"link_name":"Oxnard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fresno-2"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fresno-2"},{"link_name":"Tex Clevenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Clevenger"},{"link_name":"Jimy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimy_Williams"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fresno-2"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"Johnson City Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_City_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbc-4"},{"link_name":"class AA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_AA"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Travelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Travelers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbc-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"class AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_AAA"},{"link_name":"Louisville Redbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Redbirds"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbc-4"},{"link_name":"Ken Oberkfell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Oberkfell"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Andy Van Slyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Van_Slyke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-6"}],"text":"Pendleton started his baseball career as an Eastside Little League player, and then he moved on to play second base at Channel Islands High School.[1] He played at Oxnard College from 1979 to 1980. The 1979 Oxnard team was the school's first team, and he helped lead the Condors to a state championship berth while earning a scholarship. He transferred to Fresno State for the 1981 and 1982 seasons, and he was a key contributor to the team's fourth consecutive conference title in the 1982 season, setting a school record with 98 hits on the season.[2] He was recognized as an All-American.[2] Pendleton had his jersey retired in 2007, alongside the jerseys of Tex Clevenger and Jimy Williams.[2] He was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the seventh round of the 1982 amateur draft and subsequently signed with the team on June 12, 1982.[3]Pendleton's minor league campaign began with the Johnson City Cardinals and the St. Petersburg Cardinals during the 1982 season.[4] Pendleton was moved up to class AA baseball with the Arkansas Travelers for the 1983 season.[4] He was selected to the league's all-star team.[5] Making steady progress, Pendleton was promoted to class AAA in 1984 and played for the Louisville Redbirds. After four games at second base, Pendleton became a third baseman, the position he would play the rest of his career.[4] The Cardinals were so impressed with Pendleton's development as a third baseman in Louisville that they traded their starting third baseman, Ken Oberkfell, to the Atlanta Braves and temporarily placed Andy Van Slyke at third base while Pendleton continued to gain experience.[6] However, when Van Slyke committed 7 errors in 30 games, the Cardinals promoted Pendleton to the majors, and he began his major league career as the Cards' starting third baseman.[6]","title":"Pre-MLB career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major League career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"at-bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-bat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1984 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_St._Louis_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"stolen bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_base"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"1985 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_St._Louis_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"inside-the-park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside-the-park_home_run"},{"link_name":"grand slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_slam_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Joe Sambito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sambito"},{"link_name":"Danny Heep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Heep"},{"link_name":"Terry Blocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Blocker"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_New_York_Mets_season"},{"link_name":"doubleheader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleheader_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Shea Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1985 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1986 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_St._Louis_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"triples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"Whitey Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitey_Herzog"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"putouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putout"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-6"},{"link_name":"1987 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_St._Louis_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-6"},{"link_name":"Gold Glove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NL_Gold_Glove_Winners_at_Third_Base"},{"link_name":"Ken Reitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Reitz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"1987 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"designated hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_hitter"},{"link_name":"Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Metrodome"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"1988 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_St._Louis_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1989 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_St._Louis_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"fielding percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"1990 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_St._Louis_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"on-base percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-base_percentage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"Todd Zeile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Zeile"},{"link_name":"baseball card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_card"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"St. Louis Cardinals (1984-1990)","text":"Pendleton made his major league debut on July 18, 1984, against the San Francisco Giants.[3] Batting sixth in the lineup, he made an immediate impact, getting three hits in five at-bats en route to an 8–4 victory for the Cardinals.[7] In 67 games during the 1984 season, Pendleton had a .324 batting average, 20 stolen bases, and finished tied for seventh in Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award voting.[3] The 1985 season saw Pendleton remain in the starting lineup at third base. His batting average trailed off, and he only hit .240 for the season and was caught stealing 12 times; he had 17 stolen bases on the season.[3] He hit an inside-the-park grand slam off Joe Sambito when Danny Heep collided with Terry Blocker in right-centerfield in the fifth inning of an 8–2 win over the New York Mets in the second game of a doubleheader at Shea Stadium on June 9, 1985.[8] The Cardinals advanced to the 1985 World Series, and Pendleton ended up hitting the Cardinals' only triple, doing so in the Cardinals' 3–0 Game 4 win.[9] His statline for the 1986 season was only modestly better. His batting average remained low at .239 and he only hit a single home run, but he was able to steal 24 bases, hit 26 doubles, and 5 triples.[3] St. Louis management became disappointed with Pendleton after this season, but manager Whitey Herzog pointed out to them that it was his base running and fielding (he led the National League in putouts and assists) that made him vital to the team's success.[6]Pendleton answered front office criticism in his best season to date, the 1987 season. He improved in many statistical aspects in which he was struggling, including raising his batting average to a respectable .286.[3] He was a strong contributor to the team's pennant win, placing second on the team in home runs, third in runs batted in, and tied for third in stolen bases.[6] Pendleton's fielding efforts led to his earning his first Gold Glove, the first by a Cardinal third baseman since Ken Reitz in 1975, as well as finishing tied for 17th in MVP voting.[3] Unfortunately, as the Cardinals reached the 1987 World Series to play the Minnesota Twins, Pendleton ended up sidelined for most of the series with a rib cage injury.[10] Despite this injury, Pendleton's switch-hitting ability meant that he was able to be used as a left-handed designated hitter during three of the four games the Cardinals played at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. He finished the series by playing three games, getting three hits on seven at-bats as the Cardinals fell in seven games for the second time in three years.[11]As the 1988 season began, Pendleton seemed to struggle where he had flourished. Despite racking up 80 stolen bases in his first four seasons, he only stole three bases during the whole 1988 season; in fact, he went the rest of his career without stealing more than 10.[3] Injuries also plagued him in 1988, as he missed a few weeks with a right hamstring injury and had arthroscopic surgery in mid-September, which cut his season short.[12] Despite this, Pendleton hoped to rebound for the 1989 season. Rebounding was exactly what he did, as he played in all 162 games for the only time in his career, finished ninth in hits with 162, and earned his second Gold Glove with an impressive .971 fielding percentage.[3] Despite an impressive 1989 season, Pendleton struggled during the 1990 season. His overall production declined that season, as evidenced by his .230 batting average and .277 on-base percentage,.[3] By the end of the season, he was splitting time with rookie Todd Zeile. After the season ended, Zeile appeared to be the third baseman of the future for the Cardinals, and Pendleton became a free agent.Pendleton is one of many major league players to have an error on a baseball card. His 1985 Donruss card lists him as Jeff Pendleton.[13]","title":"Major League career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"John Schuerholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schuerholz"},{"link_name":"Sid Bream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Bream"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"1991 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Atlanta_Braves_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"National League MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"Barry Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bonds"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"MLB Comeback Player of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_Comeback_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbc-4"},{"link_name":"1991 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lonnie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Smith_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"1992 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Atlanta_Braves_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"RBIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Clete Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clete_Boyer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"1993 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Atlanta_Braves_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"1994 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Atlanta_Braves_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-6"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta Braves (1991-1994)","text":"After Pendleton was granted free agency on November 5, 1990,[3] the Atlanta Braves were undergoing a similar overhaul as they acquired a new general manager, John Schuerholz. Assuming command of a last-place team, Schuerholz went to work and recruited half of a new infield by first signing Sid Bream to a contract[14] and then inking Pendleton to a four-year, $10.2 million deal on December 3, 1990.[15] With a new team and a new contract, Pendleton had a career year during the 1991 season, leading the Braves from a sixth-place finish the year prior to a division title and pennant.[6] He had his best individual season, finishing with a .319 batting average and 187 hits, both of which led the National League.[3] He also hit a career-high 22 home runs and a career-high eight triples.[3] Despite his impressive statistics, Pendleton was not selected for the All-Star Game. He was, however, named the National League MVP, edging out Barry Bonds by only 15 points.[16] Pendleton also won the MLB Comeback Player of the Year Award because of his statistical improvements.[4] Pendleton's performance in the 1991 World Series—a rematch for him against the Twins and the third series he played in—was also impressive. He went 11 for 30, hit 2 home runs, and started at third for all 7 games.[17] In Game 7 of the series, Pendleton hit a double in the eighth inning that should have scored a run, however Lonnie Smith did not advance home, and a double play to end the inning kept the score at 0–0, leading to the Braves' eventual Game 7 defeat and Pendleton's third Game 7 World Series loss in a row.[18]As the 1992 season rolled around, Pendleton remained in peak form. In 160 games, Pendleton batted .311, hit 21 home runs, and scored 94 runs.[3] He had 105 RBIs, which ranked second in the National League and marked the only time he passed 100 RBIs in his career. Also, he racked up 199 hits, which was good for the National League lead as well as a career-high total.[3] He also finished second in the National League in at bats with 640, earning his only bid to the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Pendleton also won his third Gold Glove at third base (the first by a Braves third baseman since Clete Boyer in 1969) en route to the Braves making their second World Series appearance in a row.[3] However, despite a 6-for-25 showing by Pendleton, the Braves fell to the Toronto Blue Jays in 6 games, losing all 4 games by 1 run.[19] This marked Pendleton's fourth World Series loss in four attempts. Pendleton continued to produce extra-base hits during the 1993 season, hitting 17 home runs and 33 doubles. However, he appeared to be showing signs of slowing down; although he placed second in at bats with 633, he led the National League in outs with 490.[3] His batting average of .272 was notably lower than his previous two seasons, and his luck did not fare any better as the 1994 season rolled around. He spent part of the season on the disabled list because of spasms in his neck and back, and after only hitting .252 for the season, Pendleton opted for free agency.[6]","title":"Major League career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Florida_Marlins_season"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Florida_Marlins_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cheer-1"},{"link_name":"David Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Justice"},{"link_name":"Jeff Blauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Blauser"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cheer-1"},{"link_name":"Chipper Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipper_Jones"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cheer-1"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Brown_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"1996 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_World_Series"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"World Series ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_ring"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terry_Pendleton_August_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-6"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-6"},{"link_name":"designated hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_hitter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Later career (1995-1998)","text":"Pendleton was granted free agency on October 24, 1994, and he was picked up by the Florida Marlins on April 7, 1995.[3] Pendleton improved his batting average to .290, and hit 14 home runs while playing in 133 games.[3] Pendleton went on to play 111 games for the Marlins in 1996, hitting .251 with 7 home runs.[3] After spending the 1995 and most of the 1996 on the Marlins, he was traded back to the injury battered Braves.[1] Right-fielder David Justice was lost for the season with a shoulder separation in May, and shortstop Jeff Blauser suffered a broken bone in his left hand, which caused him to miss some playing time.[1] Acquiring Pendleton meant Chipper Jones could play at his natural shortstop position while Pendleton played third.[1] Pendleton was traded to the Braves on August 13, 1996, for minor league prospect Roosevelt Brown.[3] He went on to play in the 1996 World Series—the fifth World Series of his career. However, he was used only in a limited role en route to a 6-game loss to the New York Yankees, leaving Pendleton 0-for-5 in his chances for a World Series ring.[6]Pendleton as the Braves' first base coach, 2011.The Braves let Pendleton go after the 1996 season, and he signed on with the Cincinnati Reds on January 27, 1997.[3] However, he was released on July 24, 1997, after hitting .248 with one home run and two stolen bases.[20] While with the Reds, Pendleton had three stints on the disabled list, and after his release, he spent the rest of the season recovering and did not sign with another club.[6] In January 1998, the Kansas City Royals were looking for veteran leadership, and on January 20, 1998, signed Pendleton to provide a veteran presence and help mentor its younger players.[6] Pendleton was used in a limited role, backing up Dean Palmer. He played 79 games in 1998, splitting time between the designated hitter position and third base.[3] After the 1998 season ended—his 15th professional season—Pendleton retired to spend more time with his family.[21]","title":"Major League career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"triples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_runs"},{"link_name":"RBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"stolen bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_bases"},{"link_name":"bases on balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bases_on_balls"},{"link_name":"on-base percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-base_percentage"},{"link_name":"slugging percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slugging_percentage"},{"link_name":"fielding percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"},{"link_name":"putouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putout"},{"link_name":"assists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-3"}],"sub_title":"Career statistics","text":"In 1893 games over 15 seasons, Pendleton posted a .270 batting average (1897-for-7032) with 851 runs, 356 doubles, 39 triples, 140 home runs, 946 RBI, 127 stolen bases, 486 bases on balls, .316 on-base percentage and .391 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .957 fielding percentage and led National League third basemen in putouts and assists five times each. In 66 postseason games, including 5 World Series, he batted .252 (58-for-230) with 26 runs, 12 doubles, 3 triples, 3 home runs, 23 RBI, 2 stolen bases and 12 walks.[3]","title":"Major League career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-braves-22"},{"link_name":"Frank Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Tony La Russa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_La_Russa"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Bobby Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Cox"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Fredi Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredi_Gonzalez"},{"link_name":"Glenn Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Hubbard_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Brian Snitker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Snitker"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Walt Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Weiss"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Coaching career","text":"After spending a couple years with his wife and three children, Pendleton got his first coaching job in November 2001 as the hitting coach of the Atlanta Braves.[22] Pendleton served in that role through the 2010 season. In 2006, he was on a short list of manager candidates to replace Frank Robinson as manager of the Washington Nationals; a few weeks into the process, Pendleton withdrew himself from consideration.[23][24] In 2007, Pendleton was also reportedly one of the front-runners to replace Tony La Russa as manager of the St. Louis Cardinals before La Russa ultimately decided to stay with the Cardinals.[25] He was a candidate to replace Bobby Cox when the esteemed Braves manager retired at the end of the 2010 season.[26]When Fredi Gonzalez was announced as Braves manager after the 2010 season, Pendleton was moved from hitting coach to first base coach, where he replaced Glenn Hubbard.[27] Gonzalez was fired and replaced by Brian Snitker in May 2016, and Snitker chose Pendleton as bench coach.[28] Pendleton was replaced by Walt Weiss after the 2017 season.[29]","title":"Major League career"}]	[{"image_text":"Pendleton as the Braves' first base coach, 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Terry_Pendleton_August_2011.jpg/220px-Terry_Pendleton_August_2011.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball batting champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_batting_champions"}]	[{"reference":"Saladino, Tom (1996-08-25). \"ATLANTA CAN CHEER PENDLETON AGAIN\". 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Retrieved 2007-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baseball-almanac.com/ws/yr1987ws.shtml","url_text":"\"1987 World Series by Baseball Almanac\""}]},{"reference":"Sonderegger, John (1988-09-20). \"PENDLETON LEAVES FOR NEVADA, SURGERY\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch","url_text":"St. Louis Post-Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"Markusen, Bruce (25 April 2012). \"A baseball card mystery: Who is Jeff Pendleton?\". TheHardballTimes.com. Retrieved 6 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/blog_article/a-baseball-card-mystery-who-is-jeff-pendleton/","url_text":"\"A baseball card mystery: Who is Jeff Pendleton?\""}]},{"reference":"Chass, Murray (1990-12-09). \"BASEBALL; Free-Agent Signings in the Game of Catch-the-Leader\". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6DE1331F93AA35751C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print","url_text":"\"BASEBALL; Free-Agent Signings in the Game of Catch-the-Leader\""}]},{"reference":"Chass, Murray (1990-12-04). \"BASEBALL; McGee Signed by Giants; Expos Retain Martinez\". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE4DA133BF937A35751C1A966958260","url_text":"\"BASEBALL; McGee Signed by Giants; Expos Retain Martinez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pujols wins first MVP award\". Retrieved 2007-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20051115&content_id=1268475&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb","url_text":"\"Pujols wins first MVP award\""}]},{"reference":"\"1991 World Series by Baseball Almanac\". Retrieved 2007-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baseball-almanac.com/ws/yr1991ws.shtml","url_text":"\"1991 World Series by Baseball Almanac\""}]},{"reference":"Curry, Jack (1991-10-28). \"WORLD SERIES; Pendleton Unable To Shake Dome Hex\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEEDF1139F93BA15753C1A967958260","url_text":"\"WORLD SERIES; Pendleton Unable To Shake Dome Hex\""}]},{"reference":"\"1992 World Series by Baseball Almanac\". Retrieved 2007-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://baseball-almanac.com/ws/yr1992ws.shtml","url_text":"\"1992 World Series by Baseball Almanac\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reds Release Pendleton\". The New York Times. 1997-07-24. Retrieved 2007-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E6DE1F3BF937A15754C0A961958260","url_text":"\"Reds Release Pendleton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terry Hangs It Up After 15 Years\". CBS Sportsline. 1998-12-12. Retrieved 2007-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1998/12/12/archive/main25034.shtml","url_text":"\"Terry Hangs It Up After 15 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team: Manager and Coaches: Terry Pendleton 9\". Retrieved 2007-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/team/coach_staff_bio.jsp?c_id=atl&coachorstaffid=510102122849","url_text":"\"Team: Manager and Coaches: Terry Pendleton 9\""}]},{"reference":"Svrluga, Barry (2006-10-06). \"Nats Contact Braves About Pendleton\". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/05/AR2006100501656.html","url_text":"\"Nats Contact Braves About Pendleton\""}]},{"reference":"Svrluga, Barry (2006-10-25). \"Braves' Pendleton Pulls Out Of the Nats' Manager Chase\". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/24/AR2006102401676.html","url_text":"\"Braves' Pendleton Pulls Out Of the Nats' Manager Chase\""}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Joe (2007-10-09). \"Cards antsy over La Russa's decision\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch","url_text":"St. Louis Post-Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"\"Braves to Hold Off on Announcing Skipper Replacement\". Retrieved 2009-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ajc.com/sports/1912103984rk?php.htm","url_text":"\"Braves to Hold Off on Announcing Skipper Replacement\""}]},{"reference":"Walton, Carroll Rogers (January 25, 2011). \"Terry Pendleton ready for new role as first-base coach\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_di_Cecina	Marina di Cecina	["1 References","2 Bibliography"]	Coordinates: 43°17′58″N 10°29′37″E / 43.29944°N 10.49361°E / 43.29944; 10.49361Frazione in Tuscany, ItalyMarina di CecinaFrazioneMarina di CecinaLocation of Marina di Cecina in ItalyCoordinates: 43°17′58″N 10°29′37″E / 43.29944°N 10.49361°E / 43.29944; 10.49361Country ItalyRegion TuscanyProvinceLivorno (LI)ComuneCecinaElevation2 m (7 ft)Population • Total2,000Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code57023Dialing code(+39) 0586 Marina di Cecina is a town in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Cecina, province of Livorno. At the time of the 2016 parish census its population was 2,000. References ^ CEI parish census. Bibliography S. Mordhorst (1996). Guida alla Val di Cecina. Siena.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cecina Mare. vteTuscany · Villages of the Province of Livorno Bagnaia Baratti Belvedere Bolgheri Cafaggio Castell'Anselmo Castelnuovo della Misericordia Castiglioncello Cavo Chiessi Colle d'Orano Collemezzano Colmata Colognole Donoratico Fiorentina Gabbro Gorgona Guasticce La California Lacona La Mazzanta La Pila La Sdriscia Magazzini Marina di Bibbona Marina di Campo Marina di Castagneto Carducci Marina di Cecina Montioni Mortaiolo Nibbiaia Nisportino Nisporto Nugola Parrana San Giusto Parrana San Martino Patresi Pianosa Poggio Pomonte Populonia Populonia Stazione Prata Procchio Quercianella Rio Marina Rio nell'Elba Riotorto Rosignano Solvay San Carlo San Giovanni San Lorenzo San Piero in Campo San Pietro in Palazzi Sant'Ilario in Campo Scaglieri Seccheto Stagno Vada Venturina Terme Vicarello Zanca-Sant'Andrea This Province of Livorno location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"frazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Cecina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecina,_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"province of Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Livorno"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Frazione in Tuscany, ItalyMarina di Cecina is a town in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Cecina, province of Livorno. 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Cecina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Montioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montioni"},{"link_name":"Mortaiolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortaiolo"},{"link_name":"Nibbiaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibbiaia"},{"link_name":"Nisportino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisportino"},{"link_name":"Nisporto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisporto"},{"link_name":"Nugola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nugola"},{"link_name":"Parrana San Giusto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrana_San_Giusto"},{"link_name":"Parrana San Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrana_San_Martino"},{"link_name":"Patresi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patresi"},{"link_name":"Pianosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianosa"},{"link_name":"Poggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poggio,_Marciana"},{"link_name":"Pomonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomonte,_Marciana"},{"link_name":"Populonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populonia"},{"link_name":"Populonia Stazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populonia_Stazione"},{"link_name":"Prata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prata,_Suvereto"},{"link_name":"Procchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procchio"},{"link_name":"Quercianella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercianella"},{"link_name":"Rio Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Marina"},{"link_name":"Rio nell'Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_nell%27Elba"},{"link_name":"Riotorto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riotorto,_Piombino"},{"link_name":"Rosignano Solvay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosignano_Solvay"},{"link_name":"San Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlo,_San_Vincenzo"},{"link_name":"San Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giovanni,_Portoferraio"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Suvereto"},{"link_name":"San Piero in Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Piero_in_Campo"},{"link_name":"San Pietro in Palazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Palazzi"},{"link_name":"Sant'Ilario in Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Ilario_in_Campo"},{"link_name":"Scaglieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaglieri"},{"link_name":"Seccheto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seccheto"},{"link_name":"Stagno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagno,_Collesalvetti"},{"link_name":"Vada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vada,_Rosignano_Marittimo"},{"link_name":"Venturina Terme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturina_Terme"},{"link_name":"Vicarello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarello,_Collesalvetti"},{"link_name":"Zanca-Sant'Andrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanca-Sant%27Andrea"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina_di_Cecina&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Livorno-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Livorno-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Livorno-geo-stub"}],"text":"S. Mordhorst (1996). Guida alla Val di Cecina. Siena.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cecina Mare.vteTuscany · Villages of the Province of Livorno\nBagnaia\nBaratti\nBelvedere\nBolgheri\nCafaggio\nCastell'Anselmo\nCastelnuovo della Misericordia\nCastiglioncello\nCavo\nChiessi\nColle d'Orano\nCollemezzano\nColmata\nColognole\nDonoratico\nFiorentina\nGabbro\nGorgona\nGuasticce\nLa California\nLacona\nLa Mazzanta\nLa Pila\nLa Sdriscia\nMagazzini\nMarina di Bibbona\nMarina di Campo\nMarina di Castagneto Carducci\nMarina di Cecina\nMontioni\nMortaiolo\nNibbiaia\nNisportino\nNisporto\nNugola\nParrana San Giusto\nParrana San Martino\nPatresi\nPianosa\nPoggio\nPomonte\nPopulonia\nPopulonia Stazione\nPrata\nProcchio\nQuercianella\nRio Marina\nRio nell'Elba\nRiotorto\nRosignano Solvay\nSan Carlo\nSan Giovanni\nSan Lorenzo\nSan Piero in Campo\nSan Pietro in Palazzi\nSant'Ilario in Campo\nScaglieri\nSeccheto\nStagno\nVada\nVenturina Terme\nVicarello\nZanca-Sant'AndreaThis Province of Livorno location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"S. Mordhorst (1996). Guida alla Val di Cecina. Siena.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marina_di_Cecina&params=43_17_58_N_10_29_37_E_type:city_region:IT-52","external_links_name":"43°17′58″N 10°29′37″E / 43.29944°N 10.49361°E / 43.29944; 10.49361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marina_di_Cecina&params=43_17_58_N_10_29_37_E_type:city_region:IT-52","external_links_name":"43°17′58″N 10°29′37″E / 43.29944°N 10.49361°E / 43.29944; 10.49361"},{"Link":"https://www.chiesacattolica.it/annuario-cei/ricerca-parrocchie/?regione_parrocchie=22&COD_DIOCESI&provincia&comune=cecina&nome","external_links_name":"CEI parish census"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina_di_Cecina&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

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